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I have recently started tutoring for Rocket Learning and I accomplished more in 1 hour with those students than I have all week in my regular class.
Well, my guess would be that it is a lot easier to have productive lessons and meaningful conversations with 5 students than it is with 34 students. Hmm, anyone else agree?This is really not an earth shattering notion but I have been thinking about it since yesterday. We read and discussed a nonfiction article and we were able to identify story elements, main idea, make inferences and compare the main character’s life to each of our own.
Rocket Leaning uses a similar lesson plan layout to the one I use in class (although I don’t use these cool rocket related terms):
- Ignite: Anticipatory Set (Music, Poems)
- In-Flight Writing (Pre/Draft/Edit/Publish) or Prepare for Liftoff (Phonemic awareness/ Phonics/Vocabulary/Fluency)
- Refueling – Test Prep/Practice
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Today, my colleague Commissioner Gunther Oettinger and I present the Commission's "reflection paper on the future of EU finances". What sort of budget will we need in future? In what should it invest? How should it work?
Putting a common budget together is no easy matter even at the best of times. In the age of Brexit and the emergence of new priorities such as migration and defence, it closely resembles to squaring the circle. The departure of the United Kingdom alone leaves us with a revenue shortfall of minimum EUR 10 billion a year. At the same time we need to finance new tasks such as defence, internal security... The total gap could therefore be up to twice as much. Therefore, though money is not everything, we will need the financial resources to fulfil these new tasks. Or scale down our ambitions…
There are two knee-jerk responses to this: those calling for cuts within the EU budget (mostly "net contributors", Member States whose direct contribution to the EU budget exceed the amount of EU funds available to them), and others (mostly "net beneficiaries", for whom the amount of available EU funds exceeds their direct contribution to the EU budget) who call for net contributors to up their contributions. However, we, as co-authors of this reflection paper, believe that we need to abandon the outdated, single-entry bookkeeping approach with its payees and payers. Instead we propose a completely new concept, which we elaborate in a reflection paper on the "future of EU finances", presented this Wednesday 28 June. It is one of five reflection papers looking at different dimensions of the "Future of Europe" debate. The main question is: what should the EU budget be like in future? The aim is to engage Member States, regions and cities, NGOs, businesses and citizens.
We want to set the bar really high for EU projects. Every euro we spend in Brussels must provide clear added value. The bottom line for the citizens in Berlin, Warsaw or Lisbon is that each Euro spent from the EU budget has more impact than if spent by their respective national budgets. It is the "subsidiarity principle", by which the EU acts only if it can do so better than national or regional levels, adapted to the budget.
In many cases, this means that it simply costs less if we act together than if every Member States acts alone. In the defence sector, for instance, just through economies of scale we can save between 25 and 100 billion Euro a year of national defence expenditures by reducing the number of different types of weapon systems, coordinating buying weapons and avoiding to duplicate structures.
In other areas, we can reach the critical mass only together to really achieve the goal. Supercomputing, is such an example. No single country or company has the financial resources to be able to compete with the forefront supercomputers. However, we need those for scientific computing simulation, for Big Data, the analysis of very large datasets, which should ultimately secure us an economic advantage.
Also, the EU budget avoids costly duplication such as in the case of research; pooling research investments together is better than having various labs in different Member States working in parallel on the exact same experiment.
By the same token, investing in less developed regions not only benefits those regions, but through exports directly linked to projects financed by the EU or indirectly because of more welfare, other regions benefit too. Indeed, all sectors of the German economy for instance, benefit from EU investments elsewhere in Europe.
Every single EU policy will have to pass the same test that consist of a number of conditionalities: future EU funding will have to be in line with the EU's priorities, especially in terms of economic strategy; link with important reforms; flexibility to react quickly and effectively to unforeseen new priorities and challenges.
One mistake must be avoided though: the EU budget has its limits. Yes, it contributes to improving 500 Million Europeans' daily lives, but it cannot and will never be the answer to each and every issue faced by Europeans at large. At around €140-150 billion a year, it represents a mere 1% of the combined GNI of all Member States. It also amounts to less than one EURO a day per European, less than the price of a cup of coffee a day in most Member States.
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Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to obtain the heat of formation of the acetyl cation. In one set of calculations, the reverse activation barrier for the production of acetyl cation from acetaldehyde has been shown to be significantly different zero and the value obtained (9.8 kJ mol −1 at 298 K) has been used to correct the Δ H∘ f298 (CH 3CO +) value derived from appearance energy measurements. In a second set of calculations, Δ H° f298 (CH 3CO +) has been obtained from the calculated heats of a number of reactions involving the acetyl cation together with experimental heats of formation for the species involved. The best theoretical estimate for Δ H° f298 (CH 3CO +), obtained as a mean of results from the two approaches, is 658 kJ mol −1. The best theoretical estimate for Δ H° f0(CH 3CO +), obtained in a similar manner, is 665 kJ mol −1.
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I do not know why he, a baseball cap beneath
his hard hat, silver-white beard, easy smile,
and wearing the lime-glow vest of construction,
stopped to tell me her story. I was lost in the fragrance
of the beach rose, savoring a sweet smell strong enough
to overpower the salty air of the ocean; a Japanese beauty
once treasured, now declared invasive. An outlaw.
Not on the top of the list, like the common reed
so integral to her plan to tilt the scales in the battle
between sea and land—which is what she was trying to do--
designing, patenting, constructing a simple terrace
to save their cottage. Standing 4’10” and nearing sixty,
the woman he called “sassy” hauled cedar boards down
a cliff of glacial moraine to create a structure for reeds
collected while scouring the beaches off Montauk Point.
When it held, she offered to terrace the beacon of light
perched on the point; a piece of history commissioned
by the first president to bring trade to the New World.
Tough of mind and strong of heart, she would not
take no for an answer. A town clambake netted money.
So did the musician renting a cottage for the summer.
And the senator’s son. And the reeds held. Until they did not.
Then he, a landscaper who volunteered alongside the woman,
enhanced the design with rocks, grasses, cloth strong enough
to withstand 100-knot winds. And the structure held.
Until it did not. Now he and the Army Corps are stacking
65,000 tons of boulders on the shore; $30,000,000
in rocks often so heavy only two can be loaded per truck
and hauled from a quarry upstate across crumbling bridges.
As the Arctic Sea ice disappears, the rocks are to repel
the inbound urge of the waves—warmer, wilder, higher--
seeking forever the changing shore; like the beach rose
sending rhizomes further and deeper into the sand.
from your local bookstore
or online retailer
and on this site.
The Ideal Gift
Tiny Treasures, a collection of wildflower photographs and poetic prose, available by clicking on the Purchase Products button below.
The 2nd Edition of Tiny Treasures is designed for use on PCs, tablets, and phones and is available at online stores. To learn more, click on the Ibook/Ebook button below:
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by Jim Forest
While browsing in our parish bookshop not long ago, I happened to notice in a rack of cards a reproduction of an image of Eve being lifted by Christ out of Adam’s body – a colorful miniature that comes from a 13th-century illuminated manuscript. Adam sleeps peacefully while Eve is wide awake. The right arm of Jesus suggests his power to create and also offers a sign of blessing, while his left arm grasps Eve’s wrists in a gesture that reminds me of a midwife pulling a child from the womb. Jesus contemplates both Eve and Adam with a expression of wordless love.
This special moment, recounted in the Book of Genesis, was a much-loved subject of Byzantine and medieval art. In churches, it is usually part of a cycle of wall images that begin with the creation of the cosmos and end with the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise. In each scene, Christ is the key figure. Though not yet incarnate, we see him as the man he was to become through the body of Mary. The Church Fathers saw the Second Person of the Holy Trinity as the one especially involved in the work of bringing matter into existence and shaping it into the vast array of life forms, with Adam and then Eve at the pinnacle of created beings.
While I found this illumination an especially fine version, just about any of the images that have to do with Adam and Eve fascinate me. Among the primary stories of the human race, there are few more primary than those revealing what our ancestors imagined the first human beings to be like. Remarkably, those whose memory shaped the Bible saw Eve’s creation as coming later than Adam’s. Her being called into being is the final great event in the creation narrative.
Such a story has almost nothing to do with what, these days, we think of as history. In fact we know very little about the first human beings. Much that we think we know is speculative. But the Adam and Eve story is profound. It stresses an original oneness in Adam and Eve, the two of them mysteriously sharing one body until the Eve is drawn out of Adam.
According to Genesis, before the Fall, Adam and Eve lived in a borderless paradise. They were not in competition with each other.
Was Eve made from one of Adam’s ribs? So the most familiar English translation of Genesis has it, but biblical translators point out that the Hebrew word in question, tsela, also means “side.” In that reading, Eve was one side of Adam. What is clear in either reading is that, before Eve emerged, she was an integral part of Adam. Adam carried Eve like a secret. Thus Adam’s maleness is coincident with his separation from Eve and the revelation of her femaleness. She is his other half, as he was her other half. Only in their complementarity, their actual oneness, are they whole. Both equally bear the image of God, and both equally bear the calling to acquire the divine likeness. As St. Gregory of Nyssa wrote: “One who is made in the image of God has the task of becoming what he is.”
At the same time there is the elusive but compelling memory that has long haunted the human mind of a primordial Eden – a paradise in which there was no conflict, no murder, no war. After Eve’s creation, man and woman live together in an unwalled oneness, a relationship with no trace of enmity. (The first murder, Cain killing Abel, occurs only after Adam and Eve have been expelled from Eden.)
But then comes the Fall. Eve is successfully tempted by a satanic serpent, Adam is tempted by Eve, and both eat the fruit of the forbidden tree. Suddenly they discover themselves not only naked but in a world in which walls are erupting all around them. In place of unity comes blame – Adam blaming Eve, Eve blaming the serpent, and neither repenting or appealing for God’s mercy and forgiveness. Ancient iconographic images of Adam and Eve often show them on either side of the forbidden tree, a wall-like barrier isolating them from each other. The unity they originally had is not altogether lost – it remains at the roots of human identity – but no longer is our original unity effortless. Men and women will in the future commit countless sins against each other. Men will even justify their domination over women as part of the punishment for Eve’s – not Adam’s – sin in Paradise.
Most of us live a long way from Eden. We live in a world in which “the war of the sexes” is the oldest war of all. The ongoing combat between men and women was touched on by a recent New Yorker cartoon. We see a newly married couple standing side by side next to a huge wedding cake. Each is holding a plate with a piece of the cake, while the bride says to the groom, “Your piece is bigger.” One wonders if this marriage will last through its first anniversary. Husband and wife are focused not on each other but on invisible scales: who is getting the better deal? At least, one assumes, the two cake-eaters have a carefully written prenuptial contract that will make their divorce slightly less complex.
Even so, it remains a great honor to be among the descendants of the first man and the first woman. An ancient Jewish commentary reveals our royal status by posing a question: Why was there only one Adam and only one Eve? The answer the rabbis gave is so that no human being could regard himself or herself as being of higher descent than anyone else.
The basic fact about all human beings is that we all belong to exactly the same family tree. More than that, we all bear equally the image of God and all bear the same calling to recover the divine likeness.
The human race has been far from paradise throughout known history. Who can guess in round numbers how many have been murdered down through the centuries? Most of the killing has been done by the sons of Adam, but often enough on behalf of Eve, if not with her fervent encouragement. These days, sadly, the daughters of Eve are increasingly joining the armed men on the world’s battlefields.
For Nancy and me lately, this image of Adam and Eve has acquired another level of meaning. On the last day of October, one of Nancy’s kidneys was removed from her body and implanted in mine. After five years of kidney illness and twenty-one months of dialysis, I now have a healthy kidney, my wife’s gift.
And what a gift it is. Renal failure had come on so gradually that I was barely aware of how sick I was even on the eve of the transplant. I knew in theory that each year on dialysis meant a life likely to be shortened by three years (which even so beats the rapid death caused by kidney illness without dialysis).
Now that the transplant has happened and has been a success, I suddenly realize just how much impact the illness had on me. I feel a little like Rip van Winkel waking up from a multi-year nap. Even in these first few weeks, while still recovering from surgery, I find I tire much less easily than was the case a month earlier. I was often sleeping eight-and-a-half or nine hours a night, and even then prying myself out of bed with a mental crowbar. Now seven-and-a-half hours is more than enough. The creatinine level in my blood, a key marker of renal failure, has fallen from 900, just before the transplant, to 120 or so. There are other markers. Food tastes are more vivid. The world seems brighter, colors more intense. I find myself looking at familiar things with an Adam-like sense of surprise. A friend told me how her brother, after receiving a donated kidney, felt like he was seeing the sky for the first time in ages. That’s a nice way of putting it.
All this is a gift from my wife, a daughter of Eve, from out of her own side.
Nancy and I have put this image of the oneness of Adam and Eve among the icons before which we pray morning and evening. It serves as a visual reminder of what God intends for man and woman: a mysterious unwalled oneness in which neither dominates the other but rather both collaborate – a partnership in which neither supplants the other and neither is complete without the other. This is the daily two-way traffic between the sons of Adam and the daughters of Eve, a life of self-giving love.
Jim Forest’s most recent books are The Road to Emmaus: Pilgrimage as a Way of Life (Orbis) and a children’s book, Silent as a Stone: Mother Maria of Paris and the Trash Can Rescue (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press). He and Nancy have an online journal about the kidney transplant: A Tale of Two Kidneys: www.ataleof2kidneys.blogspot.com.
From the Winter 2008 issue of In Communion / IC 48
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Those working on the project include scientists active within psychology, epidemiology, genetics, nutrition and endocrinology. All are internationally renowned experts in their field.
“There are many factors that contribute to cause obesity. The purely biological factors are, of course, very important, but the cultural, sociological and psychological aspects are just as important. This is why we want to create a comprehensive picture of the problem,” says Professor Suzanne Dickson at the Sahlgrenska Academy, who is co-ordinating the EU project.
The new research project has been given the name NeuroFAST (The Integrated Neurobiology of Food Intake, Addiction and Stress), and involves 12 research groups from seven countries. Participants are located in the Netherlands, Italy, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary and Spain, in addition to Sweden. The broad research collaboration within the project will ensure that it has access to a large group of patients on which to base the research. The research project is to last for five years.
The work of Suzanne Dickson and her colleagues at the Sahlgrenska Academy will focus on how the central nervous system controls the composition of the body. The Swedish research team is particularly interested in the signalling system in the hypothalamus, which is the part of the brain that controls hunger and thirst, among other things.
“There is a neurological reward system for food, which has many similarities to the reward system for alcohol. This reward system makes eating a pleasure, and it can also lead to addiction. We are investigating the detailed way in which various hormones and other substances interact within the reward system”, says Suzanne Dickson.
Suzanne Dickson has been very successful when applying for grants from the EU. She was, until recently, co-ordinator for Diabesity, an EU project with a budget of SEK 100 million. And her research team was recently awarded a further SEK 4 million from the EU, as part of the EurOCHIP project.
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If any corporation should appreciate the old maxim that variety is the spice of life, it's McCormick & Co., the Hunt Valley-based specialty food and seasoning manufacturer.
So it's fitting that McCormick has begun a diversity management program.
The program is designed to help managers become more sensitive to the vast differences they will encounter as the United States' work force grows more ethnically and culturally diverse.
Indeed, 36 percent of McCormick's 7,600 employees are minorities and 41 percent are women. Federal labor statistics predict that these percentages will increase during the next few decades -- and McCormick officials agree.
"About a year or two ago, we became aware of the changing demographics expected for the '90s and into the year 2000, and we decided we'd better start soon to prepare our organization for the changes to come," says Laura Paschall, McCormick's manager of corporate training and human relations services.
Like many other large companies, McCormick is slowly coming around to implementing a full-blown diversity management program.
To raise awareness to the need for sensitivity in accommodating multiculturalism, McCormick has opted for a videotape developed by Copeland Griggs Production Inc. of San Francisco.
Copeland Griggs has produced a number of videos on the subject of diversity management. McCormick has purchased the initial one -- for less than $1,000 -- which gives managers "a better feel for what cultural diversity is," Ms. Paschall says.
McCormick is trying to raise managers' awareness of the issue before tackling proposals for formal policies, Ms. Paschall says.
While the video makes the rounds at McCormick's Hunt Valley corporate headquarters, Ms. Paschall says it's too early to say what the company's next step will be.
McCormick might bring in consultants and include the issue of diversification management in corporate training programs, she says.
McCormick also has turned to Procter & Gamble, and other major corporations with diversification programs, for background and assistance.
Whatever comes next, McCormick is taking a long-term approach to the issue. The company plans for its program to run for at least five years.
Experts say that until companies understand that diversification management is a bottom-line issue and not a moral or legal one, it won't be taken seriously.
McCormick executives have lent more financial support than expected, Ms. Paschall says. That, she says, is a sign that the company understands the s importance of diversification.
She adds, "The effect on the bottom line is something we've definitely brought out in all of this."
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Afloat in the River of Now: Ten Exercises in Mindfulness and Acceptance
A Brief Guide to Psychological Mindfulness
David I. Mellinger, M.S.W. & Steven Jay Lynn, Ph.D.
In this paper, you’ll learn about the simple beauty of acceptance and mindfulness. We’ll help you cultivate an accepting attitude toward disturbing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. We’ll present 10 exercises in mindfulness and acceptance, including meditations that are geared to help you to improve your attentional focus, expand your awareness, and place your thoughts, physical sensations, and emotions in better perspective.
Meditation and mindfulness seem all the rage today. In 2017, Time Magazine published a special edition titled “Mindfulness: The New Science of Health and Happiness”; and a new magazine – Mindful: Healthy Mind, Healthy Life – recently began publication to a wide popular reception. Famous people like Oprah Winfrey, actor Hugh Jackman, singer Katy Perry, and Jerry Brown, the governor of California, are onboard the fast-moving meditation express and vouch for its transformative power. Settings as varied as preschool classes and the corporate boardroom have been infiltrated with meditation practices. Preschool students in a University of Wisconsin study three years ago were given short lessons in present-moment awareness, mindfulness, and compassion, and consequently earned higher marks in academic performance measures and showed greater improvements in areas that predict future success.(1)
The findings of a 2007 national survey of nearly 24,000 adults in the U.S. wrap statistics around its widespread popularity: 9.4 percent of respondents– which translates to an estimate of more than 20 million people—had practiced meditation in the past year.(2) Far from the stereotype of meditation practice identified with monks living on the steppes of Tibet, meditation is now an integral part of many modern-day psychotherapies. And with good justification: In the past two decades, psychologists, medical researchers, and neuroscientists have accumulated impressive evidence of the value of meditation in promoting health and well-being.
You should know that your authors practice the very acceptance and mindfulness techniques we’ll be sharing with you. David has been practicing and teaching meditation techniques to his clients for nearly 15 years. Steve first learned to meditate when he traveled to India back in 1971 as part of a “sabbatical” from graduate school at Indiana University. We’ll walk you through the 10 exercises that we practice and use with clients. The menu of techniques we recommend is more comprehensive than what you’ll encounter in many articles and books about meditation and mindfulness. Researchers have not yet compared these exercises directly with one another or studied their various combinations. Still, what we often find is that our clients take to some practices more than others. We strongly encourage our clients to experiment and learn what exercise works best for them or mix it up and discover what combination of techniques proves most useful. We encourage you to do likewise.
Though the exercises we describe may seem simple, they require diligent practice to master. Keep at it; don’t get discouraged. We hope you’ll discover that the payoff is well worth the effort.
Think of acceptance as an attitude of openness, freshness, and willingness to engage in your experiences at this very moment, without trying to push away or clutch tightly onto particular feelings or mental events. Clinical psychologist, Buddhist lay priest, and mindfulness meditation teacher Tara Brach calls this quality “radical acceptance” and defines it as “learning to recognize what is true in the present moment and embracing whatever we see with an open heart.”(3)
For most of us, everyday life is fraught with worry about circumstances we can’t change, despite our best intentions and dedicated efforts. As the author and journalist Christopher Hitchens wrote, “There is no escape from anxiety and struggle.”(4) The practice of acceptance is often especially valuable when some aspects of our current situation aren’t immediately changeable, or when the costs of changing are too dear. Acceptance can help reduce the suffering that results from continually telling oneself that the situation shouldn’t be the way it is and from struggling to control negative feelings. Suppression, avoidance of negative emotions, and compulsive behaviors are striking examples of control strategies that often backfire. Lack of acceptance can even stand in the way of change. For example, strong guilt and self-blame about binge eating or substance abuse most often do not lead to positive change.(5) When control strategies are tried and fail, it’s best to accept that, move on, and try other strategies we’ll acquaint you with.
Close-up. Ashley has worked hard to develop the worry-busting skills she needs to contend with the challenges of the first day on her new job as a preschool teacher in a Head Start program. Still, she didn’t sleep well the night before, her mind assaulted with all sorts of scenarios spun out by the Worry Machine, our name for the tendency to rivet our minds to topics of concern which transforms everyday tension and edginess into disturbing anxiety.
“What if I have to speak in front of a group of parents today? I’m really inexperienced; will it show?” “Will my class be observed?” “I didn’t get much sleep last night; what if I forget a few things – will my assistant think I’m flaky?” On the train to the school, the chaotic thoughts of the night before sometimes pour through her mind, this time with vivid images of the classroom and the children, and of her supervisor standing outside the door, peering through a window. “Will I have a panic attack in class?”, she muses.
So what does Ashley do? She “presses the pause button,” takes a few deep breaths, and implements a plan of acceptance: She opens herself to awareness of the moment. She stops thinking about what could happen if she panics, stops trying to make sure she doesn’t fall short of anybody’s expectations, and lets go of the other stress-driven concerns. Her heart is heavy, and she feels an inner tightness. “That’s just my anxiety- first day jitters,” she tells herself. She notices the advertisements near the ceiling of the train car, the colorful clothing of people to her left and right, the hard feel of the seat. She’s tired, her back and neck muscles tight… she yearns for a massage. And then she reminds herself to refocus on her game plan with the children, how much she loves working with kids, how she came to other jobs feeling tense, a feeling that inevitably morphed into excitement. Within the richness of the moment of Ashley’s expanded awareness, her anxiety has dampened and her worries have receded into the background. She is now positioned to focus on what she needs to do, and she doesn’t become undone.
- Paying attention in a particular way – on purpose, in the present moment, nonjudgmentally
- Cultivating a vivid, stable awareness of the here and now(6)
- The ability to remain in contact with moment to moment experience without judging, conceptualizing, or changing it in some way
- Increases willingness to experience whatever occurs, regardless of the emotional tone or flavor
The Two Ingredients of Mindfulness
First, when we’re mindful we clarify ourselves and our experience through becoming aware of what’s going on in our minds. We attune ourselves to all the mental events in our field of experience—thoughts, mental images, sensations, memories, and emotions. Second, when we’re mindful we embrace our experience in a nonjudgmental way without shunning it or pushing it away. From a position of mindfulness, it’s as if we’re watching the reflection in a mirror of a lively party boat floating past us on the vast River of Now.
Mindfulness is comprised of keen awareness and openhearted acceptance.
Psychologists Daphne Davis and Jeffrey Hayes reviewed psychotherapy studies on the benefits of mindfulness and concluded that substantial research supports the emotional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal benefits of mindfulness practice. Not only does mindfulness (including meditation) appear to bring forth positive emotions and promote the ability to control uncomfortable emotions, but it also facilitates greater flexibility in response to thoughts and emotions in general.(7) Mindfulness practice teaches an important lesson: We can learn to experience mental events separately from taking action, focus on the present, and not attempt to shut down painful experiences or prolong pleasant experiences.
Instead of pounding our mental gavels and rendering our anxious interpretations official (e.g., “That would be awful!” “It’s all my fault.” “I won’t be able to stand the panic.”), with mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches we can allow our judgments to subside rather than dominate our emotional reactions. We can learn to allow them to float in the river of our consciousness and ultimately learn to co-exist with our thoughts and feelings with an open heart.
Decentering: The content is irrelevant. Must our actions automatically and robotically follow our ever-changing moods, thoughts, and feelings? Don’t we have choices about whether to act assertive rather than meek, leave early or procrastinate before leaving because we’re anxious, or make a sarcastic remark? We learn in mindfulness training that our thoughts and feelings need not dominate our actions or shape our character.
In fact, in mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches, the specific content, intensity, or frequency of thoughts and feelings is essentially irrelevant. For example, according to mindfulness researchers James Herbert and Evan Foreman, a person can be filled with anxiety-provoking or angry perceptions and interpretations of other people’s reactions or the situation yet nevertheless can continue to perform effectively.(8) So when anxious and angry thoughts fill your mind, we’ll help you learn to “decenter” yourself from your thoughts and actions and to realize that your thoughts don’t define you: Neither your thoughts nor your feelings need drive your actions, nor do they define who you are or who you are capable of becoming.
A person can be filled with anxiety-provoking perceptions and interpretations of other people’s reactions or the situation yet nevertheless can continue to perform effectively.
For example, an individual engaged in decentering might say, “I am thinking that I feel anxious right now,” instead of “I am an anxious person, doomed to be anxious forever.” Perhaps it would be helpful to utilize a simile: “My thoughts are like leaves in a stream, present for an instant before floating away on the water.” She might think, “I’m feeling uneasy and a little ill, yet I’m perfectly free to choose whether to stay home or attend the barbecue.” Decentering represents an ability to observe thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind, as opposed to reflections of the self that are necessarily true.
Now let’s dive into the actual practice of mindfulness meditation. The traditional purpose of mindfulness meditation is to become mentally clear and capable of coping and maintaining in healthy and effective ways. The training in mindfulness we provide to you consists of two formal practices – Concentrating on Your Breathing (COYB) and Mindful Awareness Meditation (MAM).
Exercise 1: Concentrating on Your Breathing (COYB)
The practice of COYB lies at the very heart of mindfulness meditation. In the words of the Buddha: “The meditator, having gone to the forest, to the shade of a tree, or to an empty building, sits down with body held erect, and sets mindfulness to the fore. Always mindful, the meditator breathes in; mindful, the meditator breathes out.”(9)
Acquaint yourself with your breath. Find or create a place that’s relatively free from distraction to start your practice. Seat yourself in a relaxed, upright position. Notice your breathing and focus your attention steadily at the place in your body where your breath seems most vivid. Perhaps your nostrils are the best focal point, or you can rest your hand on your belly with one finger above your navel and the rest below and concentrate on the space between them. Start getting to know your breath with its associated sensations – the movement of air through your airway, the sounds of breathing in and out, perhaps the coolness of the air going in, the warmth of exhaled air, or the motion of your nostrils, mouth, chest, diaphragm, and stomach. “Know your breath” is the master instruction of COYB: Get acquainted with the ins and outs of your breathing and allow all else to glide into the background.
When focusing on their breath, people often judge it at first (“Too fast!” “Too deep!” “Too uneven!”), criticize themselves (“I’m not much good at this,” “I’m breathing wrong,” or “I keep getting distracted.”), and/or become dissatisfied when they don’t get particularly relaxed. At such moments, our judgmentalism is really interfering with our ability to simply become acquainted with our breath. Sometimes we might even become panicky about feeling unable to catch our breath, thinking catastrophically that we’re getting too short of breath, or worrying that focus on the breathing will lead to a scary loss of mental control.
Our breath takes care of itself and of us. Should you find yourself judging, simply remind yourself to return to observing or just following your breathing (“Where am I? In…or out?”). If you become panicky, remember that your breath takes care of itself and of you. Our breath, controlled automatically and effortlessly by our cerebellums from deep within our brains, puffs wind into the sails of our vitality and sustains us. So it’s simple: learn to find and follow the breath. Allow your mind to stay in the background, chattering away —and it will– while tuning back into your breath and keeping it center stage.
In Breath by Breath, mindfulness teacher Larry Rosenberg underscores the importance of allowing the breathing to follow its own nature. He observes, “Most of us are quite good at controlling. . . Our tendency is to tell the breath how to be, to ride the breath, to push it along, to help it out. That isn’t the instruction. The instruction is to let it be, to surrender to the breathing.(10) . . . If we can learn to allow the breath to unfold naturally, without tampering, then in time we may be able to do that with other aspects of our experience: We might learn to let feelings be, let the mind be.”(11) Psychologist, classical mindfulness researcher, and former Tibetan Buddhist monk Lobsang Rapgay wryly observes that it’s “difficult – but not impossible – for people to learn how to concentrate when they’re disturbingly anxious. . . However, if you can’t concentrate on your breath for a while, how are you going to concentrate on thoughts and feelings”?(12)
Exercise 2: Crank Up Your Concentration
Verbalize Your Intention
Begin each practice by verbalizing your intention – out loud or in a quiet “mental voice” – to focus on every breath and to notice whenever your mind wanders.
Golf great Jack Nicklaus, renowned for his ability to focus on his game in the face of distraction, once commented, “Concentration is a fine antidote to anxiety.”(13) The next exercise will help you to crank up your concentration to the point where you can steadily maintain focus on your breathing.
Spend a few moments putting everything else aside and then just think about the breathing. Breath in, breath out, counting each set until you count set #7, and then start back at 1, and continue like that. Notice when you get distracted, disengage for a moment, and start again. Recognizing distraction heightens your awareness of when you’re mindful of your breathing and when you aren’t. Once you find you can sustain your concentration long enough to count 10 to 15 breaths, then try to maintain your concentration without the counting. The counting piece is really dispensable and can be a distraction in itself. Just keep your body relaxed and balanced, work with your attention riveted to the present to the extent possible and see what you can accomplish.
Try practicing for a total of about ten or fifteen minutes every day, or longer, if you can manage it. Start each practice by verbalizing your intention to become more familiar with your breath and after you’ve concluded, engage in a little reflection. Remember the idea of openness? Allow yourself to be open to the totality of your experience—all of it: The good, the bad, and the ugly. We instruct our clients to not be surprised if they can’t even concentrate for thirty seconds at first; but after a couple of weeks we find that many are able to measure the length of undistracted concentration in minutes. Stick with it, and you’ll probably notice slow and steady improvement in your ability to concentrate. Yet if you keep having really frustrating difficulties with COYB, and you’re about to throw up your hands, try practicing with the aid of a recording, such as Jon Kabat-Zinn’s breathing meditation or the mindfulness meditation recordings from UCLA’s Mindful Awareness Research Center.(14)
Exercise 3: Informal practice of COYB
You’ll learn concentration on the breath better by meditating informally, as well. We recommend Pema Chödrön’s informal practice. First, just pause: intentionally interrupt the nonstop flow of your thoughts and behaviors. “Stop for a few seconds, take three conscious breaths, and move on. . . Don’t make it into a project. Pause and allow there to be a gap in whatever you’re doing.” The purpose of this practice is to create a momentary contrast between being completely self-absorbed and being awake and present.(15) Practice informally as often as possible, preferably numerous times a day.
One-Pointedness: One Thought at a Time
One-pointedness is a term for the frame of mind we can attain through concentration meditation. Keep this in mind:
|We can only think carefully and assiduously of one thing at a one time. If we’re focused on our breath, we can’t also be focused on something else (like a worry).|
When we seem to be multi-thinking about several things at once, we quickly discover that if we try to focus our full attention on one of them, the others drop off our mental screen. After realizing that you truly can only think carefully about one thing at a time and devoting your energy to doing so, you become better at practicing one-pointedness. A quote by the late screen actor, Omar Sharif, nicely captures the potential value of one-pointedness: “My philosophy of life is that I’m living every moment intensely, as if it were the last moment. I don’t think of what I did before or what I’m going to do. I think of what I’m doing right now.” The ability to wring zestful living from the experience of each moment as it unfolds doesn’t leave much emotional space for worry, does it?
|Sticky Thinking is Multi-thinking|
Mindful concentration can bust your worries. Practice sustaining your concentration on your breathing as it’s occurring. By using one-pointedness on the breath you’ll become more capable of holding in your mind and concentrating on one mental event or thought at a time. Doing so precludes preoccupation with other mental events or activities in that moment.
It’s very useful to adapt concentration meditation to turn our awareness away from sticky thinking. How would that work? We’re attempting to juggle multiple thoughts whenever we ruminate, or, for that matter, engage in any kind of sticky thinking, such as intense worry, apprehension, brooding, or obsessing.
Close-up. When Lily thinks: “Reed got me so upset, but if only I hadn’t made that smart remark, I wouldn’t have put him off. If only I could be more considerate!” her thoughts have multiple associations and dimensions:
- Reed behaved in a manner that got her upset.
- What she said (loosely translated): “GrrrrSnapSnarl!”
- The mental image of offending Reed with her behavior
- The notion that she’s an inconsiderate person
- The possibility of improving herself by overcoming her irritability
Lily could probably keep from ruminating if she were to shift her energy and focus, turn her attention onto her breath and sustain it. Then she could use her breath as an anchor and proceed to think in a more single-minded way about managing her irritability. Any time we focus on something other than our troublesome thoughts, it interrupts worry or rumination and – if only for a moment – releases us from getting entangled in sticky thoughts and increases our ability to respond flexibly in the here-and-now.
Exercise 4: Worry-Busting through One-pointedness on the Breath
Close-up. People often ruminate about interpersonal problems and decisions that provoke anxiety. Ethan and his girlfriend were planning to move in together, but so far they’d been unable to go apartment hunting. She came from a wealthy family and her income was greater than Ethan’s, so he’d kept finding himself getting tight inside and avoiding “rental talk” due to his misgivings about the cost of renting together. He knew his backing away wasn’t an issue of commitment to his girlfriend–not a shying away from closeness–yet lately even trying to create a budget was making him antsy.
Ethan decided that today he would act, rather than react reflexively to his thoughts and anxious feelings. Ethan had been practicing the mindfulness technique of “one-pointedness on the breath” for the past couple of weeks. At the last session of his anxiety workshop he’d committed to experimenting with one-pointedness to free himself up for apartment hunting. Tyra was showing him a page from Craig’s List and pointed out several attractive-sounding places nearby. This time, rather than reacting with the same tired, negative thoughts in the same old way, he found his mental focal point and concentrated on his breath. He then released his mental grip on the breath and considered very carefully what she was saying. This time, he really heard her. As she held forth on the virtues of the two-bedroom guesthouse, he again focused on breathing in and breathing out. Then he tuned in to Tyra, without missing a beat – or should we say a heartbeat – and agreed to go house hunting.
Concentration and awareness differ in subtle but important ways. Think of concentration as an effortful focus on a restricted range of experiences. When we concentrate, we increase awareness of some stimuli while we de-emphasize or even avoid others. In contrast, when we practice awareness, we tune in consciously to the “all” of our experience without focusing on some experiences and avoiding others.
Mindful Awareness Meditation (MAM)
Mindful Awareness Meditation (MAM) is among the most common of all mindfulness practices. The technique is simple. Sit calmly and pay attention to your breathing, develop awareness of your mind as it wanders–because that’s what our minds do naturally–acknowledge or label when and where it wanders to (e.g., “thinking”, “itching”.or “fidgeting”), and gently return your attention to your breath as often as needed.
Just as we described COYB as getting thoroughly acquainted with the breath, MAM consists of getting well acquainted with the mind as a whole.
The three main purposes of MAM are:
- To augment your mental flexibility and clarity
- To discover that you can actively observe your mind without getting caught up in stories or overwhelmed by cravings (e.g., “I’d really like a cookie”), aversions (e.g., “now that I think of it, I can’t stand that guy”) or other sticky thinking patterns
- To become familiar with the patterns of your mental functioning while using your ability to resume concentration onto your breath as an anchor
The House of Monkeys: Mindfulness and Feelings
Feelings are a vital part of mindfulness. In Buddhist psychology, the concept of feelings is known as vendana. Vendana encompasses both emotional feelings and physical sensations. Tibetan master and teacher Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche likens our senses and emotions to entryways into a house. Our ordinary, “restless, untrained mental consciousness” is represented by a monkey that’s set loose in the house (although western traditions often prefer a puppy, because puppies are much more familiar to most of us), acting crazy, “jumping around from opening to opening to check things out, looking for new, different, interesting things. . . But like every other sentient being, all a crazy monkey really wants is to be happy and avoid pain. So it’s possible to teach the monkey [or puppy] in your own mind to calm down by deliberately focusing its attention on one or the other of the senses, [on mental objects].”(16) And that – in a nutshell – is what MAM is all about.
Guided meditation sessions often begin with the teacher recommending an “intention,” an idea or concept to plan to notice or learn about during the practice. Two intentions for the first several occasions when you practice MAM are:
- To allow the awareness of the comings and goings of vendana – sensations and emotional feelings – as well as of thoughts and mental images. They arise, pass through your mind, and then are replaced by others. Your sensations and emotional feelings do not control you; nor do your thoughts. Try not to get caught up in efforts to control them. As we’ve noted earlier, feelings, thoughts, and mental images are but temporary mental events.
- To notice that awareness of our breath is strong at times, but then it slips out of focus. Our breath is always there, throughout the practice and throughout our lives. We can always regain awareness of our breath, just as we can attain awareness of the full range of our experiences.
We don’t need to go hunting for our breath:
Exercise 5: Practice Mindful Awareness
After choosing a quiet place, sit comfortably upright with your hands resting on your lap or your crossed legs (or you can kneel, or assume the lotus posture, if you prefer), with your eyes shut or half-shut. As with the concentration meditation exercise, turn your attention to your breathing by keeping quiet and alert and finding your breath in your body. When you notice different sensations arising, whether pleasant or unpleasant, “let [each] sensation [or emotional feeling] become the object of meditation, making a soft mental note to help keep the mind receptive and nonreactive.”(17) By “receptive,” we mean to allow yourself to be curious and try to enjoy the discovery of what goes through your mind and the process of mental flow. By “nonreactive,” we mean that you should see how it feels to try not to take any action in response to things that cross your mind – not to scratch that itch or chase that puppy. Just observe: Watch each thought, sensation, feeling, or emotion emerge and linger, or emerge and fade, and then let your attention return to the breath.
Don’t interrupt – simply label. During MAM, don’t interrupt the practice when you’re distracted or “start over” with breath counting the way you did during concentration practice: When the mental flow feels blocked or you find yourself caught up in distractions, the only action you need take is to label where your mind has gone.
If you get hung up on feelings, thoughts, images, or mental processes, give the experience a simple label like “hearing noises,” “itching,” “nervousness,” “This is distress,” “drifting,” “aching”, “thinking,” “judging,” or “remembering.”
“The key to the art of mindfulness meditation is cultivation of full, steady attention with a grateful and tender heart – the gentle returning of your attention again and again to the practice you have chosen.”(18)
Exercise 6: Informal Practice – The Mindfulness Break
We recommend that you also practice MAM informally using mindfulness breaks lasting three or four minutes. Begin by concentrating on your breath for eight or 10 sets. Then spend a minute or so scanning your body, paying special attention, without judging, to the feelings and sensations of your face, in your core – your chest and abdomen – and in your hands and feet. Finally, spend another few moments letting your awareness expand outward – tuning in to the touch of the air on your skin, then outward to encompass the elements of the physical space where you are, out through the walls, floor, and the ceiling, outward to the horizon and upward toward the firmament. Practice often and reflect on your experience each time you do.
Exercise 7: Switching Attention
After practice in intensive mindfulness training, the ability to sustain attention increases. In fact, even limited training in mindfulness meditation can boost attentional control (19), Attention shifting can be a valuable means of facilitating attentional control, flexing your mental flexibility muscle, and breaking up habitual, repetitive, negative thinking. When we’re disturbed by anxious, angry, or depressed feelings or moods, we’re likely to become “sticky” – engaged in apprehension, worry, ruminating, or obsessing. Our thinking may become tangled and over-focused on very disturbing images or ideas.
One technique we’ve found useful is to invite our clients to be aware of each body part, starting with the top of the head, paying nonjudgmental attention to what is experienced, and then releasing the attention from the designated part to refocus attention on the breath. We like to proceed in this manner, and you can try this on your own: “Start with what you experience at the very top of your head…what do you notice…what are you aware of? What sensations, if any, can you feel? Whatever it is, whatever you experience, just notice, be aware… now release your attention gently from the top of your head, and turn your awareness to your breath… just notice the ins and outs of it …perhaps you can be aware of the still point between inspiration and exhalation, or the warmth or coolness of the breath…what is it you notice? And now, gently and easily, bring your attention to your forehead muscle and the area around your eyes… whatever you feel there, whatever you experience, let it be…no need to judge… just let it be, as it is; and, yes, that’s right… now release your awareness from that area of your body and bring it right back to your breath…that’s it, right back to your breath, learning how to release and move your attention in a flexible way, carrying your breath with you…wherever you go, whatever you do.” Continue in this manner until the entire body is scanned, from head to toes, always returning to the breath.(20) If you like challenges and want to raise the level of difficulty of this exercise, add a breath count as well, as you shift from body part to breath, and start counting at 1 if you forget the count.
Exercise 8: Techniques for Enhancing Attention, Calm, and Acceptance
Here are some other things you can try to promote attention, awareness, calm, and acceptance:
(1) Letting be – Scan for “tension spots,” then disengage, releasing your attention from these areas and returning to the breath.
(2) Breathe in and out – Breathe in acceptance, compassion, tolerance for self and others, or forgiveness, and breathe out judgmentalism, self-criticism, tension the body or mind does not need, or other specific qualities of experience.
(3) Attention switching by paying bare attention – Paying bare attention to what’s inside or outside you helps you to stay in the present moment of your experience. Bare attention consists of engaging in being aware, without thinking, of a or a spot or object in the environment or a part of your body. Set this as your intention and devote between thirty seconds to several minutes to this practice. When you were learning COYB, you were cultivating bare attention exclusively on the breath. And when we practice MAM, we’re training to be “barely attentive” – to focus awareness during meditation, simply and with clarity, on each of the feelings, or mental objects, in our minds right now. Following once again the analogy of COYB, after each instance of bare attention – just like with each outbreath – disengage. Let it pass on.
Exercise 9: The LLAMP Technique for Mindful Worry-Busting
We advocate use of the LLAMP Technique (pronounced “lamp”), our modification of a worry-busting strategy derived from Chad LeJeune’s work, The Worry Trap, an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Treatment Manual.(21) LLAMP is an acronym for Labeling, Letting go of Control, Acceptance, Mindfulness, and Proceeding in a valued direction. When you discover you’re worrying intensely or when the time arrives to work on your sticky thinking, to use LLAMP, you would proceed by following these steps:
- L. The first L is labeling – Simply identify the type of cognition or anxious disturbance that’s occurring now that you’ve realized you’ve become anxious, such as “criticizing myself,” “worrying,” “obsessing,” “thinking panicky thoughts,” or “frightening myself.”
L – Next, tell yourself that you are “letting go of control.” That is, acknowledge that you’ve decided for now that you won’t get anywhere by trying to force your sticky thinking to a standstill. This is another way of abiding. Turn off your “struggle switch” while holding your issue in awareness. We recommend you actually say to yourself, “I’m not in control of my anxiety” or “I find that right now I’m caught up in panic (or obsessing, worrying, ruminating, or anticipatory anxiety)” or “I’m not going to battle with myself right now.”
A & M – The next step is a combination of acceptance and mindfulness. For a few moments, realize what your state of mind is right now. Let yourself be openly aware of your state of emotional distress, as well as your sense of how you’d rather be, if that’s what’s on your mind. Try for the moment to accept yourself without judging and mindfully focus your attention on the present moment – perhaps by grounding yourself, taking a few mindful breaths, or practicing bare attention.
P – Proceed in a valued direction. The final step has to do with values. We sometimes get so bogged down in repetitive thought patterns that we lose sight of what’s meaningful, important, and precious to us. Because we can only focus on one thing at a time, our anxieties can obscure the values we bring to situations.
Below is a list of many areas of life that people consider meaningful and valuable. Examine the list and consider the areas that are important to you.
- Friendships and social relationships
- Physical wellbeing, health, nutrition, self-care
- Employment, meaningful work
- Marriage, couples, intimate relationships
- Other family relationships
- Recreation, hobbies, creative and artistic expression
- Acting with clarity and confidence
- Life organization, time management, discipline/self-discipline, finances
- Citizenship, community, activism, altruism
- Other areas
Go through your “mental list” of values, select a value you hold dear, and take valued action. If social relating comes to mind, call a friend on the spot; if time management seems important at the moment, then plan how to spend the next little while or the following afternoon; or do a yoga stretch or exercise on a treadmill that might satisfy your yearning for enhancement of your physical wellbeing. Decide what it is you’re inclined to do more of right now. Ask yourself, “What’s the next right thing to do?” and do it. Punch the values that you aspire to right now into your mental GPS, and, if you feel comfortable doing so, add the value of mindfulness practice to the list.
The Buddhist conception of insight. COYB is a type of concentration meditation (samatha in Pali, the language in which the early Buddhist scriptures are written), whereas MAM is an introductory practice of what’s called Insight Meditation (vipassana in Pali). The terms mindfulness meditation and insight meditation are often used interchangeably. But concentration meditation is typically used for calming and learning to really focus and as a preparation for the work of insight meditation, whose purposes are to reveal how the mind is restless and stirred up to start with, leading to wisdom, understanding, and expansion of awareness. In order to become insightful in this sense, meditators often intersperse concentration meditation with insight meditation. In other words, sometimes we practice focusing our attention and sometimes we practice expanding our minds (and hearts) – our awareness – in the widest possible way to enrich our experience. In Buddhist tradition, insight also refers to clear, immediate awareness of the role of the Three Laws of Wisdom in our mental experience.
The Three Laws of Wisdom
When we carefully, actively attend to our mental experience, we ultimately discover that all the thoughts and feelings, cognitions, and mental images that arise soon pass away— an expression of the Law of Impermanence, the first of the “Three Laws of Wisdom” in Buddhist tradition.(22) We can deal far better with our anxieties and worries when we can describe and/or perceive them as temporary mental events that come and go, like the bottle that’s bobbing past us down the stream. The second Law of Wisdom holds that the root of all suffering is our natural tendency to become attached to positive experiences, to try to prolong them, and to push away or avoid negative experiences. But when we avoid negative experiences, we find they often rebound right back at us; and when we remain attached to positive experiences after they are over, what we often find ourselves with is emptiness, heartache, or longing. The Third Law of Wisdom acknowledges that we‘re forever changing. We don’t actually have “enduring selves” that exist independently of our ongoing experiences, our stories, and our beliefs. Although most of us wake up feeling like the same person we were last night, according to the third Law of Wisdom this is only an illusion that can contribute to confusion and suffering. Passing thoughts and feelings needn’t forever define who we are nor constrict our activities and joy of living. We are much vaster than that. Ideally, mindfulness meditators can reach the point of “insight” – of constant attunement to the manner in which the Three Laws of Wisdom are always shaping our experience.
How the Insights Produced by Mindfulness Help with Anxiety
- Empowering the “disengager” – As we become skilled in mindfulness, we become facile at disengaging from unhealthy over-identification with sticky thinking and disturbing themes without making a big deal of it.
- Less reactivity to anxiety –Even if we get stage fright or feel anxious while we’re interacting with others, for instance, our worries about their reactions, scrutiny, and judgments needn’t impact us substantially. Through practice of mindful awareness, our growing capacity for “bare attention” helps us be less reactive to anxiety. This decreased automatic reactivity, in turn, enables us to function better even when we’re highly anxious or panicky.
- Letting be – Mindfulness enables us to “let it be.” We become increasingly capable of letting the awareness of sticky thinking “touch us and go,” because, in essence, we aren’t fused together with our sticky thinking anymore. As we continue to practice, we become increasingly and more swiftly attuned to impulses to engage in anxiety-driven behavior – as they occur, closer and closer to the moment of onset. Like the breath, they arise, and then they pass. “Letting be” is this process of attunement to the comings and goings of anxious impulses as simple mental events that need not trigger actions inconsistent with our aims or values.
Finding the Quiet Inside Our Heads
According to Buddhist tradition, we need to be capable of still, lucid awareness before we can fully attain insight. “Better than a meaningless story of a thousand words is a single word of deep meaning which, when heard, produces peace.”(23)
Even when we’re mindful, words and ideas keep pouring through our minds, like moving water, like swirling clouds. Ironically, helpful phrases and adages, anti-anxiety coaching instructions, and even pearls of wisdom detract from mindful absorption in the present moment. John Teasdale, a research psychologist at Cambridge and co-developer of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (MBCT), describes this as the “conceptualizing/ doing mode of thought.”(24) When in this mode, the relative impersonality and detachment we experience interferes with our ability to gain the upper hand over emotional distress. In fact, we might get caught up in sticky thinking all over again. According to B. Alan Wallace, scholar, teacher, and former monk, the final condition needed for mindful composure is “the elimination of conceptualization that is compulsive, mechanical, and unintelligent, [mental] activity that is always fatiguing, usually pointless, and at times seriously harmful.”(25)
Exercise 10: Thought is Like a Bubble
Wallace suggests a way to get closer to a state of still, lucid awareness: By becoming aware that we’re “indulging in thought” while meditating, we can imagine that a particular thought is a bubble (like in a cartoon);(26) Or
Lama Surya Das, the most highly trained American lama in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, teaches that “true inner silence puts you in touch with the deeper dimensions of being and knowing – [spiritual] awareness and innate wisdom. . . Silence is the song of the heart. . . a natural melody open to anyone, even the tone deaf or religiously challenged.” Try going out into the woods or sitting within earshot of the wash of ocean surf. Sit atop a hillside or overlooking the city or town from a rooftop. “Look up at the bright stars at night; open your mind’s inner ear and listen to the lovely song of silence.”(27) As you discover that you’re increasingly capable of “walking your talk,” facing your fears with less and less anxious thinking, we think you’ll find that much of the helpful instructions you carry in your mind have already served their purpose. If you need them again, save this paper!
We have introduced you a realm of therapeutic applications of mindfulness and acceptance. Equipped with new wave skills, we believe you’ll discover that you’re more able to face your fears with a new attitude, face everyday worries from a different perspective, and start dealing with fright, anxiety, and catastrophic thinking with greater composure, presence, and balance.
Tyrrell, Kelly April (6/11/2015). “Kindness in the Classroom”, On Wisconsin Magazine.
2007 – Survey of meditators in the past year.
Brach, Tara (2003). Radical Acceptance: Embracing your life with the heart of Buddha. New York: Bantam Books, p. 4.
Hitchens, Christopher (2004). Love, Poverty, and War: Journeys and Essays.
Robbins, CJ and Rosenthal, MZ (2011). Dialectical Behavior Therapy. In Herbert, JD & Forman, EM (eds.). Acceptance and mindfulness in cognitive behavior therapy: Understanding and applying the new therapies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
Thompson, Evan (2015). Waking, Dreaming, Being. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp.87-88.
Davis, DM, PhD, and Hayes, JA (July/August 2012), What are the benefits of mindfulness? APA Monitor on Psychology (43, 7), p. 64.
Forman, EM and Herbert, JD (2011). The evolution of cognitive behavior therapy: The rise of psychological acceptance and mindfulness. In Herbert, JD & Forman, EM (eds.). Acceptance and mindfulness in cognitive behavior therapy: Understanding and applying the new therapies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
Anapanasati Sutra. Buddhadasa Bikkhu (1980). Quoted in Rosenberg, Larry (1998). Breath by Breath: The liberating practice of insight meditation. Boston, MA: Shambala Publications.
Rosenberg, Larry (1998). Breath by Breath: The liberating practice of insight meditation. Boston, MA: Shambala Publications, p. 24.
Ibid, pp. 20-21.
Rapgay, Lopsang (2011). Personal communication.
Palank, Edward (2000). The golf doc: Health, humor, and insight to improve your game. London: Jones and Bothwell, p. 66.
UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center (2011). Recorded breathing meditation instructions: http://marc.ucla.edu/body.cfm?id=22 Downloaded on November 4, 2013.
Chödrön, Pema (2009). Taking the leap: Freeing ourselves from old habits and fears. Boston, MA: Shambala Publications, p. 8.
Mingyur, Yongey Rinpoche (2007). The joy of living: Unlocking the secret & science of happiness. New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 143.
Goldstein, Joseph (2003). One dharma: The emerging western Buddhism. San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, p. 94.
Kornfeld, Jack (1993). A path with heart: A guide through the perils and promises of spiritual life. New York: Bantam Books, pp. 56-57.
Wend-Sormaz, Heidi (March/April 2005). Meditation can reduce habitual responding. Alternative Therapies (11, 2), 42-58.
Malaktaris, A, Lynn, SJ, Condon, L, Maxwell, R, Cleere, C (2012). Post- traumatic stress disorder: Cognitive hypnotherapy, mindfulness, and acceptance-based treatment approaches. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (54, 4).
LeJeune, Chad (2007). The worry trap: How to free yourself from worry & anxiety using acceptance and commitment therapy. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
Rosenberg, Op. Cit.,1998, p. 5
From the Dhammapada – Sayings of the Buddha. Quoted in Das, Lama Surya (1998). Awakening the Buddha within: Tibetan wisdom for the western world. New York: Broadway Books.
Teasdale, JD (1999). Metacognition, mindfulness and the modification of mood disorders. Clinical psychology and psychotherapy, 6, 146-155.
Wallace, BA (1993). Tibetan Buddhism from the ground up: A practical approach for modern life. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications, p. 108.
Ibid, p. 114.
Das, Lama Surya (1998). Awakening the Buddha within: Tibetan wisdom for the western world. New York: Broadway Books. p. 192.
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Berlin (Sep. 21)
Leaders of the Jewish community in Berlin today won their battle for better treatment of the several thousand Jews in the city who have hitherto received the same treatment from the Allied administration as other Germans.
The Jews will now be classified by the Berlin city administration as “victims of Fascism” and will receive increased food rations. They will be treated not as Germans, but as persons who actively participated in the fight against the Nazis. They were denied such treatment up to now, the authorities taking the view that giving special treatment to German Jews could be interpreted as accepting Hitler’s policy of racial discrimination, despite the fact that these Jews spent years in Nazi concentration camps.
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Every year we have more Americans that are in debt. One of the key reasons is that we are used to spending too much money, mostly on unnecessary things. On the other hand, no one taught us how to save, invest and budget.
Our mission is to change that. Therefore, in today’s article, we are talking about:
- What are the possible reasons why you’re overspending?
- Tips and tricks on how to stop spending money.
- Advice on how to start budgeting and saving money.
- What should you do after ‘healing’ from overspending?
- The best way to take control of your finances.
Let’s dive in!
Understand Why You’re Overspending
The first step if you want to stop overspending is to find your spending triggers. When you can detect and understand similar situations when you are more likely to go impulse shopping, it will be easier to regulate those urges.
Overspending is usually connected to the emotional and psychological state of mind. We overspend for many reasons, but people often guestimate their salary, expenses, debt payments and spending wrongly. Here are some most common triggers for spending more money than necessary.
We all have different incomes, monthly expenses, habits, and priorities. Often the problem is when people go out with their friends who have, for example, smaller monthly fees and love to spend money on shopping or day trips.
Even though their intentions aren’t to be a bad influence on their friends, they can be. Normally, you want to hang out with your friends and do the things they want to do. But, you need to see if you are spending money on the things you wouldn’t otherwise.
Maybe you don’t need to go to brunch every Sunday. Instead, grab a cup of coffee or even make brunch at someone’s house. You can do many activities for free (or with little money), like hiking instead of an expensive spin class.
This doesn’t mean that you should never do something that requires paying. Just be aware that maybe you spend more money when you want to socialize.
Don’t stop hanging out with your friends. Instead, change your activities and perhaps help them get back on track with their finances!
It’s not rare that people who are used to a particular lifestyle don’t know what to do or how to react when facing financial hardship. They are trying to do the same things they did when they had more money.
For some people is the time they got kids; for others is when they get a mortgage, and sometimes when they get fired. These people must learn how to use their budget when it’s changed.
Most of our financial habits and relationship with money comes from our upbringing.
If someone was raised in a household where money was tight, they might want to splurge themselves and spend money on the things they didn’t have to make up.
Or, if their parents were overspending, they might continue the same bad habits and patterns.
Many people find it relaxing to go shopping when stressed, anxious or upset. They say it’s like therapy. But, this is inconvenient for your financial situation and your mental health.
Buying something just to feel better doesn’t help you long-term. If you think this is your trigger, try doing yoga, going to the park, calling a friend, or making a cake instead of going to a shopping mall.
Spending money for some people is automatic; they don’t even think of how much is on their checking account before an impulse buy. But, instant gratification doesn’t last long and usually, after that, comes to regret. Lifestyle creep occurs when people constantly increase their spending over time and often accounts for unrecognized expenses.
It won’t be easy to change this because we associate some activities with our emotions and mental state, but it is possible. You made that habit, which means you can break it too. It just takes a little time to build self-discipline.
How To Stop Spending Money
Now that you know what triggers you to spend money, here are some tips and tricks on how to stop spending money.
Stop Ordering Food / Dining Out
We are all busy, and after a long day at work, making time and being eager to stand in front of the cooker and put together a meal is tough. It’s easier to take your phone and make an online order. You can then eat food someone brought you while you relax on the couch in front of the TV.
Yes, it sounds incredible. However, it is not good for our budget. Unfortunately, it quickly becomes a bad habit, and just like that, you’re ordering every night and spending thousands of dollars. Some studies show that, on average, an American family spends over $3,000 to eat out.
Another frequent situation is people who buy food while working. Day after day, 20$ after 20$ and it becomes an enormous amount of money spent just on food.
Sometimes people unintentionally end up going out to eat. For example, they go food shopping after work in their local grocery store and buy things that cross their minds.
When they head home, either they buy something that they already have (meaning it will go bad because they can’t eat that much), or they forget the key ingredients for their planned meal and now have to order/go out because there is no point of cooking.
Make a Plan
The solution for all of these is pretty much the same – planning. At first, it might be challenging, but it requires only half an hour per week (or a few minutes the day before). The most important thing is to fix the mindset and build a habit.
Planning ahead of your meals and shopping list will make it really convenient for busy weekdays. You will have a ready checklist when you go grocery shopping, and thanks to a meal plan, know what you need to cook each day.
If you know that you have no time after work, consider weekly meal prep. In just one day, you will make all (or most) of the food you eat throughout the week. And if you don’t bother spending half an hour per day making dinner, make sure to make bigger portions and pack leftovers for tomorrow’s lunch in the office.
Of course, you can still eat out or order food, but be sure that it was planned (for example, dining out every Friday evening or special occasion) or that you planned how much money you will contribute to this weekly/monthly.
Make Your Cookbook
You will be surprised how many recipes only take 15 minutes. Make a list of dishes that require almost no time and always have essential ingredients. After a bit of practice, you will be quicker in making food, and it will be easier.
Shop Online For Groceries
Some people feel overwhelmed in a big supermarket because they fall prey to shiny object syndrome and cannot refrain from compulsive spending.
If that is your case, too, consider online grocery shopping because it’s easier to search only for things you need, and you can always see a running total of your purchases.
Many online shops have the option to make a list of your favorite items, so next time ordering you will have a list of things ready. Small changes like this can have a significant impact on your spending habits.
Quit Spending On New Clothes
Let’s face it – new clothing is exciting. It adds a bit of spice to regular activities. Spending money on clothes is especially problematic if you’re inclined to buy cheaper clothes.
Usually, that stuff is lower quality and doesn’t last long. So, you spend too much money to buy a new wardrobe each season. Social media is often one of the biggest bad influences when it comes to a clothing impulse purchase.
More important than having big piles of clothes (that will look old in a few months) is having quality clothing that excites you to wear every time! Often is better to invest a little more money in some staple pieces that you will wear for years.
If you haven’t heard of a capsule wardrobe before, immediately go to Pinterest or YouTube!
The main idea is to buy 15-20 staples and mix & match them around for an endless number of different outfits.
Thanks to this method, every piece of clothing match another, and you are covered for various events and occasions. Always having what to wear and feeling good about it will help you to stop spending money on unnecessary clothes. This will help you save money but also time and nerves.
Take Care of Your Items
Taking good care of your clothing items can prolong their life. You will save a ton of money just whipping your shoes every time they get dirty, or don’t wash dark and pale clothes together.
Stop Spending Money On Coffee
Drinking coffee is a ritual for some people. And we get it – there is no better way to bust your energy or take a 5 min break than having a cup of coffee.
However, it’s not something that should be in debt for. Instead of buying a coffee every morning from a coffee shop, consider purchasing a thermos cup and making your own.
Another cheaper and healthier option is to exchange one cup of coffee for one cup of tea. Some tea, like black tea, has a decent amount of caffeine. Maybe it doesn’t seem like much money you would save, but if you apply this mindset to every area of spending, you will make all the difference.
Stop Paying With Your Credit Card
Your credit cards can be your worst enemy when you are striving to save, and the internet isn’t helpful. Personalized ads infiltrate social media feeds, influencers talking about ”life-changing” products, and the Amazon app beckons every time you unlock the phone seeking your attention and money.
Credit cards often push people into debt. The smartest thing for people with discipline problems is to stop using credit cards.
If you depend on your credit card because it supports you with expenses, you should objectively judge whether it is because you’re trying to build your credit score or unable to keep up with your bills. There is always a solution.
Exchange Your Credit card With Cash
Some people find it easier to keep up with their money if they have it in hand. Having a credit card for some seems like having unlimited free money. A debit card is another option if you don’t like cash.
With a debit card, every dollar you spend will be treated differently than with a credit card because you will actually feel that you are spending. You can also make a routine to check your bank balance daily to be aware of how much you have available and how much you spend.
Learn How To Budget
Making a plan and sticking with it is crucial for being on track with your finances. The best way to stop spending cash on unnecessary things is to understand your spending habits, change the bad ones, make a good budget plan and keep tracking your expenses. You can do it on your own, it doesn’t require a financial advisor, but it is kind of like a part-time job. However, your future self will appreciate it.
There are many ways how you can adequately budget, but maybe the easiest way to start on a working budget is following the 50/30/20 rule of thumb. An advantage of this method is that it applies to any monthly income and is straightforward to understand.
Before starting any budget plan, make sure that you understand where you were making mistakes when spending the most money.
The 50/30/20 Budget Rule
The main idea of the 50/30/20 budget rule is to split your income into three spending buckets: essentials, wants and savings.
That way, you will use 50% of your income for basic necessities and fixed payments like housing, groceries, utilities, health care and transportation.
The other 30% of your salary is intended for flexible expenses like a gym membership, education, going out, travelling, spa, clothing, grooming, streaming services, etc.
The remaining 20% of after-tax money goes to savings and debt repayment.
Following this rule, you are ‘forced’ to set aside some money for monthly savings. In addition, you have an exact amount of money you can spend in each category.
The bottom line of the 50/30/20 rule for budgeting is not powerful enough to make you rich and out of debt. It’s convenient for essential planning but not enough to achieve bigger financial goals.
Start Tracking Your Spending
Financial stress can cause physical health problems, struggles in relationships, and stress in retirement. Even if you start following the 50/30/20 rule or any other method, remember always to keep track of your spending habits.
You can install an app on your phone for that, you can have a small notebook in your bag, or you can save receipts in one place, like a folder.
It’s crucial to know how much you spend on what because otherwise, people lose their compass and start overspending just because they don’t have a clue on what. In addition, when you know how much are your fixed expenses, it’s easier to see whether you are spending too much on wants or not.
The illusion people have is when they spend a small amount of money at the time. But, purchase after purchase really can add up. When the month ends, people can face a dwindling bank account and big regret.
By tracking your spending, you will be accountable for every dollar you spend. This is a reminder to follow every expense, not just the big purchase.
What After Curbing Your Spending?
Okay, you stop overspending and then what? You will have more money left for your savings account, but you won’t assure secure golden years or wealth for your heirs. Besides that, the nature of money is to keep moving. It cannot just sit in your bank accounts.
So, the only thing you should do after learning to stop spending money is to start investing and even save more! We want our money to make more money, not to sit and wait for inflation to eat it. You can also contact a financial advisor for some advice, but don’t be afraid to research on your own as well.
And if the first thing in your head when hear ‘investing’ is ‘risk’, ‘losing money’, or ‘the stock market’, continue to read this article because there is a much safer and better way to invest your money!
Because we want to have money to use for big purchases and emergencies. We want to buy a new car, pay down a credit card balances, a pandemic hits, and we lose our job, or who knows what because life is unpredictable – we don’t want to go to the bank to make a loan every few months and then suffer to pay it back. Instead, we have our own stash of money for things like that.
When it comes to an emergency fund, the general advice is to save 6 to 9 months of your monthly expenses. If you have a goal like a family vacation, then it would be best to plan how much to save each month to have a desirable amount right on time.
Investing is putting money (or other resources) toward something that has expectancy to earn income, turn a profit or create other positive benefits. We buy assets that we believe will increase in value over time, which can grow our money.
There are many different investment vehicles that you can choose to invest in. They vary with risks, expectancy, investors’ knowledge and goals.
Investing is vital because it is the only way to ensure our financial security in the present and the future. There is no other way to grow your wealth that quickly.
Another important thing you should keep in mind is your retirement accounts. You are wrong if you think, ”Oh, I’m still young and have plenty of time ahead”. It’s never too early to start investing for retirement. In fact, the earlier you start, it will be easier, and you will enjoy it more once you retire.
Where to invest? Let us represent what we think is the best option.
The Ultimate Way To Take Control Over Your Finances
Buying a whole life insurance policy is the best way to invest your money. Because with just one tool, you will get lifelong protection and the option to invest and build wealth.
A whole life policy provides a cash value benefit to the policyholder. After each premium payment, a portion of it goes into a savings portion of the policy, called cash value. Every time you make a payment, the cash value accumulates at a taxed-free rate. The best part is that cash value can be utilized as needed and as the policyholder sees fit.
So, you can repay debt, use it as a down payment on a house, put it in a retirement account, or purchase more insurance with a higher death benefit to leave to your family a significant amount when you are gone. That’s why is whole life insurance for infinite banking most suitable option. Besides cash value, a whole life policy offers a tax-free income sum of money – a death benefit.
And here is the starting point of the Infinite Banking system. You access money through a withdrawal or a loan. Loans are more beneficial because they don’t disturb the compound interest in the policy.
Pros Of Infinite Banking Concept
Let’s highlight the key takeaways.
- The Infinite Banking Concept is a financial strategy based on a whole life insurance policy from a mutual insurance company used as a personal endless banking system.
- Whole life allows policyholders to borrow money and use the cash value of their policies.
- Whole life is a non-correlated asset meaning it is not tied directly to the stock market. Therefore, it is a much safer option than other investment vehicles.
- You immediately improve your cash flow and liquidity when using your whole life policy as an infinite banking system.
- With Infinite Banking, you fully control your financial assets through your whole life policy. It’s all about replicating the traditional banking system and becoming your own banker. Therefore, you have freedom as the banks do.
- Whole life insurance provides a variety of tax benefits.
After reading this article, we believe you know how to stop spending money on things you don’t need. It is easier to spend on little things than to make an effort and change destructive behaviour, but it is possible and needs to be done if you want to become a financially strong individual.
Instead of living paycheck to paycheck, we believe everyone can achieve their financial goals. The best way to start building wealth and being financially independent is using the Infinite Banking Concept.
Watch our free masterclass and learn how to become your own bank and own your lifestyle in just one hour!
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[From Oracle Technology Network
A potential security vulnerability has been discovered in Oracle9i Application Server and Oracle9i
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Note that SOAP is the basis of Web Services that are therefore also affected.
The article continues at
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The wonders of Rhassoul Clay are becoming more and more well-known.
But, the "what is it" and "why awareness of it suddenly on the rise is" questions are still there.
Beauty products and health products often have some areas where they overlap. This is one of the many areas that Rhassoul Clay comes into play.
There are so many health and beauty benefits and it's a miracle that Rhassoul Clay stayed under the radar for so long.
If you are looking for one product to replace many, read on! Rhassoul Clay may be the answer for you and there are probably many benefits you haven’t heard of before.
What Is Rhassoul Clay?
A high-quality soothing clay that acts through external contact. Rhassoul Clay will continue to keep its quality in dry and cool places. At its core, Rhassoul clay is what it sounds like, clay.
Some clays play roles in spa sessions or luxury weekends. With the many types of clays available though Rhassoul clay stands out from the others.
Naturally dried and volcanic in nature it isn’t like the others. It may be found by different names like Ghassoul Clay or Red Moroccan Clay but Rhassoul Clay cannot be confused for any other!
Even sometimes it is simply called Red Clay, but be careful in products that don’t specify where it is from.
Rhassoul Clay is from a mountain range in Morocco. The Atlas Mountains have a unique environment created by the ground temperature and volcanic activity.
This clay found in a dry form which makes it different from many other types of clay. Because of the ground heat, and volcanic activity, Rhassoul Clay is silky and crumbles.
Some Amazing Facts about Rhassoul Clay
- Romans utilized Rhassoul Clay for its healing and skin preserving properties!
- Greeks used it to cure a number of diseases and ailments.
- North Africa has used Rhassoul Clay as a beauty product for over 100 years.
- In Arabic Jebel Ghassoul, the original name of Rhassoul Clay was recognized by, means “Mountain of the Washer”.
On top of the cultural fun facts, there are a number of others. It has been in use for centuries and it’s a wonder that it is only recently making its way into North America.
What are common known facts about Rhassoul Clay?
- It is great for mature skin more than any other skin type.
- It can pull out toxins!
- It can restore elasticity.
- It is naturally moisturizing!
- Builds hair volume!
What you really need to know is how you can benefit and use Rhassoul clay in your daily life. Reap all the benefits and bulk up before this stuff really takes off!
Why Is Rhassoul Clay So Popular?
We’ve been discussing how Rhassoul Clay is growing in popularity, and it’s because there isn’t a downside. Rhassoul Clay is getting so much attention because of its uses as a beauty product.
Benefits of Rhassoul Clay for Skin
Use it as a face wash, or face mask you will immediately be able to feel the benefits.
Through absorbing unwanted oil and dirt, it acts as a potent extractor. Working to pull out toxins and impurities.
Improve the feel, texture, and appearance of your skin by initiating Rhassoul Clay into your beauty regimen.
How to use Rhassoul Clay For Skin
Use Rhassoul Clay as a face scrub daily to see the slow and steady improvement of your skin that will continue to show you benefits.
Do this by taking a small amount in the palm and mixing it with water to form a paste.
You can also mix the clay with apple cider vinegar or honey. But using either liquid to bring your dry, powdery clay into a nice paste will get you started for the morning, or detoxed at night.
You can take the above tip to the next step as an incredible mason jar gift!
Layer over each other, ground oatmeal, clay and other natural skin care supplements such as mint or aloe vera then gift away;
just add a small note that it needs a bit of water.
Benefits of Rhassoul Clay for Hair
Rhassoul Clay brings all the benefits for skin, into the hair.While it will seem strange at first working anything you would put on your face into your hair but this feeling will quickly go away!
Leaving hair silky smooth, and with restored volume from its mega-hydrating abilities.
Treating your hair as if it is one step above the rest starts with natural products. Often we reach for whatever is on the shelf, but, Rhassoul Clay is easily available and at completely affordable prices!
How to Use Rhassoul Clay for Hair
For deep clean mix ¼ cup of apple cider vinegar with your Rhassoul Clay until you work into a not as thick paste as you would use for your face.
I wish I could give more exact measurements but the variances of both hair thickness and lengths it isn’t quite possible.
Wet your hair first, and let the mud in! Then give your hair a good wring and after a few minutes, a thorough rinse.
Aside from the many benefits discussed here we’ve seen that Rhassoul Clay can work to tighten, firm and smooth your skin.
This works also to reduce acne and is a great option for sensitive skin.
A natural shampoo and eco-friendly body wash you can use Rhassoul Clay for nearly anything in line with beauty and skin or hair care.
If used incorrectly, Rhassoul Clay can have some unwanted effects.
Including undesirable reactions specifically on dyed or chemically treated hair. Most often what is seen is dampening or tarnished color of hair dye.
When used as a shampoo, frequently users may see hair breakage specifically if they aren’t using appropriate water to clay ratios.
The best advice possible for using Rhassoul Clay is to add water if you feel it’s too thick for use.
Where to buy Rhassoul Clay?
There are many places to get your desired amount of Rhassoul Clay.
Here are are some of the best brands that could serve your purpose and all available at Amazon.
Rhassoul Clay is an amazing and natural product that is becoming more available and more uses are being found on a regular basis!
Its benefits for skin and hair make it a suitable natural product for all who have tried many products but are not satisfied.
Did you ever try Rhassoul Clay? What is your experience? Please don't forget to share it here.
Article Updated On: 07.07.2017
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The hospital where I work has recently upped its trauma level status. So, it has come to my attention, there is now a trauma-related continuing education requirement for nurse practitioners working in the emergency department. My continuing education hours necessary for certification have already been completed, so, in the interest of maximizing my budget, I prefer to meet this new trauma requirement at low or no cost. Fortunately, I was able to identify a few budget-friendly trauma CME resources available to nurse practitioners online.
If you are also looking to meet a trauma continuing education requirement, or, could simply stand to bank a few more CE hours regardless of topic, check out the following budget-friendly trauma resources.
CMEweb offers a wide variety of continuing education content, including several trauma-related courses. Content on topics such as “Initial Evaluation and Clearance of Spinal Injuries”, “Blast Injuries”, and “Submersion and Drowning Injuries”, are sure to meet trauma CE requirements. Most courses cost between $35 and $45 to complete, and award about 2.5 credit hours. While CMEweb’s trauma content certainly isn’t free, the topics are relevant to practice in the trauma setting making them a purchase worth considering.
2. Society of Trauma Nurses
Membership in the organization is required to access continuing education content through the Society of Trauma Nurses. Paying the $110 membership fee may be worth it, however, for nurse practitioners with a trauma CE requirement. The organization’s website offers a handful of trauma-related continuing education courses free to nurse members.
3. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital offers a number of online trauma modules awarding free continuing medical education credit. Simply create a login, and get started. Course content is easy to navigate, and searchable by topic or keyword. Upon completion of a course, downloading a CME certificate is simple. Users may also opt to store CME certificates in the hospital’s online portal. Trauma content on the site includes courses such as “Bullets, Knives, and Fence Posts: Pediatric Penetrating Trauma”, “Post-Traumatic Headaches”, and “A Plan to Reduce Teen Driving Collisions”.
4. American College of Emergency Physicians
The American College of Emergency Physicians website features a general trauma, as well as a pediatric trauma, CME collection. While these collections cost $299 and $139 for non-ACEP members respectively, they do award between 7 and 18 hours of continuing education credit each. Compared with many other CME options available, the cost per credit of these courses is quite reasonable. Included in ACEP’s trauma modules are topics like “Burns, Bones, and Bruises in Babes” and “Drugs You Need in the Trauma Bay”.
5. Pediatric Trauma Society
The Pediatric Trauma Society lists several organizations offering free trauma continuing education credits. The list also includes links to each source, as well as helpful instructions for accessing CME content. If you’re looking for free continuing education content, moving through the Pediatric Trauma Society’s list of resources is bound to help you obtain the CE hours you need without cost.
Where have you found helpful trauma continuing education courses?
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Eating and body image concerns
Eating and body image concerns are common among the college population, affecting both women and men. While concerns range from mild problems to serious, life-threatening conditions, many students seek help to deal with milder concerns in order to be proactive. If you have concerns about your body image or how your eating is impacting other areas of your life, please contact us.
When students first come to talk about eating and body image concerns, they usually meet with a member of the counseling staff. The counselor will help clarify the student’s concerns and may recommend that the student meet with other members of the treatment team in order to receive more comprehensive care and support.
After their initial appointment, students with eating and body image concerns may meet with one or more of the treatment team for ongoing care. The eating disorders treatment team is comprised of a medical doctor, a psychiatrist, counselors, a dietician, and a nurse. Our counselors can help students better understand the emotional and relational aspects of their eating and body image concerns, as well as the impact it has on their academic and social lives. If concerns about physical health arise, students may meet with the nurse and physician. Students are often referred to our dietitian to develop a healthy eating plan. Finally, our psychiatrist can evaluate whether medication could help alleviate symptoms.
Making an appointment
To make an appointment with a professional from the Eating Disorders Treatment Team, please schedule online through the SHS portal. The mental health coordinator will ask you some question in order to connect you with the appropriate professional for your first visit. Subsequent visits can be scheduled online.
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Congressman Joe Courtney (CT-02) has introduced legislation to curb rising rates of workplace violence facing health care and social service employees such as nurses, physicians, emergency responders, medical assistants, and social workers.
The Workplace Violence Prevention for Health Care and Social Service Workers Act (H.R. 1309) is co-sponsored by Congressman Robert C. “Bobby” Scott (VA-03), Chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee, Congresswoman Alma Adams (NC-12), Chairwoman of the Subcommittee on Workforce Protections, as well as by 24 other Members of Congress. The bill directs the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to issue a standard requiring health care and social service employers to write and implement a workplace violence prevention plan to prevent and protect employees from violent incidents in the workplace.
“Health care and social service workers face a disproportionate amount of violence at work, and the data shows that these incidents are on the rise,” said Congressman Courtney. “Safety experts, employees, and Members of Congress have been pressing OSHA to address this outsized risk of violence for years, but have seen no meaningful action. This legislation is the result of a five-year process to build the foundation for long overdue change to protect America’s caring professions, and would require OSHA to issue a Workplace Violence Prevention Standard, giving workers the security that their employers are implementing proven practices to reduce the risk of violence on the job. With the Committee’s announcement just yesterday of a hearing next week on protecting health care and social workers from workplace violence, we can be assured that this bill is finally poised to move, and not just sit on the shelf.”
“Workplace violence against health care and social service workers continues to threaten those who dedicate their lives to caring for others,” said Chairman Scott. “This bill helps address this growing problem by requiring the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to set an enforceable standard that will protect workers from preventable acts of workplace violence. I am grateful to Rep. Courtney for his leadership on this bill and look forward to discussing this and other solutions at next week’s hearing on workplace safety.”
According to Congressman Courtney, incidents of violence against health care and social service workers is on the rise. A 2016 GAO study reported that rates of violence against health care workers are up to 12 times higher than rates for the overall workforce, and 70% of nonfatal workplace assaults in 2016 occurred in the health care and social assistance sectors. Recently released data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics found a sharp increase in serious injuries as a result of workplace violence among health care workers last year. Front line employees in these settings interact with a range of patients, clients, and their families, often with little training or direction for how to prevent or handle interactions that become violent. The Workplace Violence Prevention in Health Care and Social Services Act would ensure that health care and social service workplaces adopt proven prevention techniques and are prepared to respond in the tragic event of a violent incident, he said.
In 2013, Courtney requested that the Government Accountability Office study the trends in healthcare workplace violence and identify options for OSHA to curtail it, and in 2016 he and other members asked OSHA to develop a workplace safety standard to protect health care workers from this rising violence. In recent years, OSHA agreed to undergo rulemaking on health care workplace violence, but action has stalled under the Trump Administration. In the absence of voluntary action from OSHA, this legislation is necessary to ensure that nurses, doctors, medical assistants, emergency personnel, and social service workers are not subjected to needless preventable acts of violence on the job.
“The American Nurses Association, representing the nation’s 4 million registered nurses, is indebted to the members of Congress who remain steadfast in championing this critical legislation," said Ernest Grant, PhD, RN, FAAN – President, American Nurses Association." We believe in this bill because it underscores the urgency to address existing workplace cultures that discourage nurses from reporting for fear of retribution and to implement plans that prevent incidence of violence in the workplace. Safe work environments and quality care are not mutually exclusive, both must be considered in order to promote positive health outcomes for patients and communities. This bill is a step towards meaningful progress to prevent incidents of violence in all health care settings and we thank Rep. Courtney for introducing this legislation.”
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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 15/1/2010 (2560 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
With a nice stretch of above-seasonal weather, ice anglers are once again heading far and wide to try to catch a wide variety of species that make living in this part of the world so much fun. Over the last few years, more and more anglers have been targeting lake whitefish, a species that until 10 years ago was largely ignored by ice and open water anglers alike. With better ice fishing equipment and a wealth of information now available on how to catch this species in the winter, lake whitefish have suddenly become "in."
Tremendous sport fish
Lake whitefish could be the most spectacular ice fishing quarry that we have access to in Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario. Since the fish prefer cool clear water lakes with depths in the 20- to 50-metre range, the lakes of the Canadian Shield make for prime habitat. These aggressive winter predators are also more adaptable than lake trout, being more tolerant to warmer water temperatures. This expands their range to a wide variety of lakes in this part of the world. Hard to catch? Not in the least, as long as you keep a few certain rules in mind.
In the winter, whitefish can be found in a wide variety of locations.
On this particular day we keyed in on two different areas. One was an extended point off a lake island that dropped into deep water. Whitefish love transition spots between hard and soft bottom, preferring to feed off either insect larvae or small minnows in the winter. Mid-lake shoals and extended soft bottom flats also provide forage opportunities for these fish. In fact, at the first location, we found some beautiful hard fighting lake whitefish on a 12-metre sunken island that was also holding perch.
Situated in an ice tent on Shoal Lake in Ontario, I could watch the underwater world unfold below me on my Humminbird Ice 55 flasher. As I bent over the flasher I could see a fish streaking to my lure, a blur of blue on my five-colour display. As soon as the two intersected I braced for the bite. Sure enough my rod tip dipped enough to indicate that this fish had committed. Setting the hook, I hung on for what I knew would be a hard battle from another jumbo lake whitefish. Streaking and darting, this fish gave me everything I could handle on the tackle I was using. My four pound fireline was taxed to the limit with my medium light ice fishing rod bent over right to the hole.
I had started the fishing day by using a small Eye-Dropper jig by Northlands Tackle tipped with a small white one-inch Berkley power grub.
Almost all the whitefish caught that day came using the same technique, by dropping a lure to the bottom and reeling halfway up the water column. This would cause the whitefish to streak to the lure and slam the bait. Using electronics sure helped but is not an absolute necessity for this type of fishing.
Small silver spoons like the Williams Ice Jig, and the Northlands Eye-Dropper work well. Small jigs with Berkley one-inch power tubes or two-inch power grubs are also excellent producers. We also had excellent success tipping a one-quarter-ounce jig with a Berkley two-inch Realistix Minnow in chartreuse and glow. A small jigging Rapala can also be deadly along with Cicada's. Avid angler Darrin Bohonis likes to use a Rattle Snakie spoon and friend Steven Wintemute has had tremendous success using the Lindy darter ice jig.
An aggressive jigging action with artificial lures will call whitefish in from a distance, important considering that they can be scattered over a fairly large area.
If the fish do get finicky, rigging up a small hook below a couple of split shots with a dead shiner minnow can get you some jumbos as well.
The use of a hydrographic map, if available, will allow you to find in advance areas that are likely to hold whitefish. Since larger whitefish are usually very aggressive in the winter, it won't take long to determine if there are fish in the vicinity.
As the days get longer in March, whitefish tend to get into larger schools, meaning catching 50 to 100 fish a day is a real possibility.
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The cell phone organization will likely not head out out of their way to let you know that the video call you simply manufactured with a dealer has been produced free of charge by using sophisticated wide open standards-based Treatment Start Method (SIP) VoIP technology. A high quality VoIP professional (also referred to as a strong ITSP, as well as Web Telephone systems Expert services Provider) ought to, but not every do. Once you discover one that does indeed, having said that, you start out to discover the best way quick these tone of voice plus data technology is to work with plus the amount of they might beneficial business.
SIP is the market typical to get VoIP based telephone calling, as well as for providers who have various locations or perhaps out of the way teleworkers, the price tag personal savings via SIP dialling is usually significant. By way of transferring by standard phone wrinkles in order to SIP kick out outlines, a corporation will probably never again include to purchase calls in between the practices – regardless of whether they can be in Oh as well as Oman.
In addition to SIP getting in touch with you will find answers that fill up from the support moves to lower dialling costs in which firms should consider adopting. “Very least charge direction-finding” can be a technology that will, as soon as coupled with your teleworker resolution, can easily make certain you under no circumstances pay back anything a lot more for a trip compared to a person should. This too signifies that any kind of amount, no matter if land set and also mobile line, can get extra time for your active cellular phone procedure quite easily. That makes it easier with regard to companies to save but not only in primary phoning expenditures, nonetheless through using a lot more versatile workforce models.
One example is, client service is a vital expense because it assures customer retention and also boost the particular upsell possibilities – nonetheless the price of some sort of answering services company will be great, in addition to many of the more compact companies be put off by phone facilities for this reason. A whole VoIP alternative, making use of wide open benchmarks SIP, permits the lesser corporations to get innovative customer care representatives up to speed by using small purchase, spend less for your paycheck. You could have all of them a home based job within hours immediately after choosing them. This particular vibrant, real-time capacity development lets firms to hold funds staying with you exactly where the item belongs, as well as incline upward as long as needed. This particular could also apply to your technology sector by using technical support staff members, telesales team, and plenty of others.
That may be worth remembering this training isn’t new. It’s been about intended for decades. On the other hand, when technology has got leading-edge, this tool is also cheaper, helpful as well as versatile. For example, technology right now makes it possible for even the smallest of businesses for you to catch, make use of, and also message data. These kind of advances inside technology offer a number of marketing and advertising prospects that have been hard to get at as soon as message on assertions appeared to be limited to a couple of collections of black color written text using a imprinted document.
Data is very important inside our facts era, and we is going to take particular notice from precisely how developments with data technology can often make a highly effective assertion promoting campaign. Directories are no longer not any relegated to Fortune 500 companies. Virtually look at has some sort of automated data bank booming by using important purchaser data. This particular data may (and should) be familiar with create aimed, pertinent message that echoes instantly to a individual in the message.
There’s a local restaurant cycle in which I go to that particular reveals an illustration of this data collection. The masai have a respect software that delivers associates together with reductions after a certain quantity will be purchased. When Time passes now there, I actually side all of them the credit card while using the check. These people swipe the handcrafted card in addition to realize how frequently I actually pay a visit to, which will site We visit, just what exactly I get and the way very much I personally spend. They will individual a large cornucopia of details about my own food habits.
So, just how can these people take advantage of of which Fusionex ? There are numerous tactics, but simply because we’re also discussing phrases, let us take a look at how a data obtained simply by this neighborhood cafe may be applied with their loyalty club assertions (by how, it is a theoretical, since ecommerce will not post respect pub phrases – a huge mistake within my opinion). Consequently hypothetically, they are able to send myself our loyalty membership affirmation together with specifics of packages with foodstuff very similar to what We have requested in past times (Buffalo Wings).
They may send out my family my affirmation in a period of which I have got historically certainly not ingested in their establishment. They are able to put in a voucher for your higher border object I really don’t commonly order. These items have the potential for getting everyone (and my personal money) inside their cafe at any given time Which i do not take presently there to get meals Which i don’t buy. By utilizing the details (data) I actually provide them with, they could personalize the actual messaging on my own record in a way because to learn each the business as well as me.
If perhaps you consider them, there are many this kind of chances for them to modify their marketing communications to me. My spouse and i receive e-mail changes from their website typically that could be personalised similar to the statements. They can create a referrer system when I purchase my buddies to sign up for this devotion club. That could allow them to have even more data to use within their purchaser communications.
Even secretaries and personal assistants can certainly proceed house you need to working. This type of mobility as well as low-cost responsiveness is necessary in a very 21st century business operation. After in position, sophisticated VoIP technology can certainly add using effort and impair doc solutions effortlessly to build precisely what was once only imagined; the whole personal small business infrastructure. Your proficient, honest remedy company would be the gateway to a different structure which will not only lessen charge, however enhance output throughout extraordinary new ways. The excellent thing is it is no longer bomb research, and you just need to state of course to start with respect to success.
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The concept of the national is often perceived as the central obstacle for the realization of cosmopolitan orientations. Consequently, debates about the nation tend to revolve around its persistence or its demise. This article departs from this either-or perspective by investigating the formation of the ‘cosmopolitan nation’ as a facet of world risk society.
This paper engages key social theories of transnational mobilities in order to forge the concept of urban ‘green’ cosmopolitization, posited as a social scientific contribution to epochal conversations on climate change. Bringing Ulrich Beck’s notion of ‘cosmopolitization’ to bear on recent work around ‘urban policy mobilities’, professional planning practices in large-scale world cities as privileged sites for contemporary imaginings and material implementations of low-carbon sociotechnical change are analysed.
Mitigating human-induced climate change calls for a globalized change of consciousness and practice. It also demand a double transformation of the social sciences – first, from ‘methodological nationalism’ to ‘methodological cosmopolitanism’ and, second, an empirical reorientation towards ‘cosmopolitization’ as the social force of emerging cosmopolitan realities.
ERC Advanced Grant Project
Principle Investigator: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Beck
Climate change, framed in social scientific terms, offers a causal and moral narrative which connects, for example, users of electric toothbrushes in the USA and couples quarrelling about habits of consumption in Europe and Japan, with representatives disputing about a post-Kyoto agreement at global climate conferences, all the way to victims of flooding and draught events in Australia, China, India and Bangladesh. Even climate sceptics react to and thereby affirm the dominance of such a climate narrative. This coercive inclusion of the excluded ‘distant other’ is what I define as the social scientific fact of ‘cosmopolitization’ – in distinction from ‘cosmopolitanism’ as a philosophical norm.
By taking climate change as a comprehensive case study experiment, this research project aims at reinventing the social sciences for the ‘age of cosmopolitization’. The ground-breaking nature of the project is to advance the present state of debate by validating the new theoretical, methodological and empirical tools needed for such a ‘cosmopolitan turn’.
Working iteratively between theoretical reflection and empirical investigation, this approach promises to generate new knowledge on a pressing real-world problem (i.e. climate change), while at the same time elaborating and testing a model renewing the social sciences for the ‘age of cosmopolitization’.
This project is funded through an Advanced Grant by the European Research Council (ERC). Grant holder is Professor Ulrich Beck. The project is based at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.Read more »
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Table of Contents Hide
According to a recent note published by Oxford Business Group, Thailand ICT is not yet up to speed compared to its Asean neighbors. Despite advances over the past year, the slow pace of information and communications technology (ICT) development in Thailand could put the economy at a disadvantage against rival ASEAN neighbours, a series of reports have warned.
In early May, Thailand’s mobile phone operators began launching 3G mobile broadband services, utilising the 2.1-GHz frequency. However, these initial services did not provide nationwide coverage, with first taxi off the rank Advanced Info Service (AIS) reaching only Bangkok and 20 provinces. It is expected that coverage from all three providers – AIS, Total Access Communication (DTAC) and True Move – will be expanded to around 70% of the population by the end of the year and 90% by the middle of 2014.
Though a major step forward, with the 3G services offering internet speeds up to 300 times faster than those of the dated 2G technology, Thailand is still well off the ICT pace being set by some of its neighbours.
By contrast, Singapore is already using 4G, having rolled out such networks across the island in 2012.
The World Economic Forum’s (WEF’s) Global Information Technology Report 2013, issued in April, said Thailand edged up the rankings from the previous year’s performance, climbing to 74th place on the 144-rung ladder, up three positions.
The report, which assesses a nation’s information technology infrastructure, usage, affordability and socio-economic impacts, found that Thailand had made some progress over the past 12 months but that it still had a long way to go.
Though performing well in some categories, such as business-to-client usage of ICT services, Thailand lagged far behind Singapore, which was ranked second globally, as well as 30th-placed Malaysia and Brunei, which came it at 57th. Moreover, it was at risk of being overtaken by Indonesia, which rose four rungs on the WEF ladder to 76th.
According to the report, the relative affordability of technology is a highlight of Thailand’s performance, but this is offset by the relatively low penetration rate of technology other than mobile phones. The WEF also said more needed to be done at state level to promote ICT development.
“The institutional environment does not seem to be particularly conducive and the government does not appear to be particularly ardent at pushing the digital agenda nationwide,” it said.
Another to weigh into the discussion is the Information Technology Union (ITU), which has said Thailand needs to bridge the gap between its ICT platforms and those of other ASEAN countries, some of which are a decade further down the technology track. With additional spectrum set to be freed up this year in the 700-MHz band, as broadcast television shifts from analogue to digital, Thailand should move to utilise this spectrum for 4G and 5G mobile communications, ITU secretary general Hamadoun Toure said during a visit to Bangkok in early May.
The need to capitalise on this frequency may become pressing over the next year or two. On May 20, finance firm Vickers Securities Thailand issued a report warning the country faced a serious capacity shortfall over the next few years due to the limited amount of spectra available for 3G and 4G mobile services.
Shortfall or not, at least one of Thailand’s service providers is attempting to make the generational leap
On May 8 – as it rolled out its 3G service – True Move announced it would be launching a limited 4G service this year, with coverage extending to parts of Bangkok and 15 other urban centres, with some 2000 4G base stations to be operational by the end of 2013 along with another 5000 for 3G.
This move, which the company said was an attempt to get the jump on its rivals, may not be the game breaker the firm hopes for, simply because as yet there are few 4G-compatible handsets available on the market.
This may change – and quickly – if customer interest in the advanced technology is sparked, and as long as True Move can deliver services as planned. True Move’s effort to break away from the pack may also prompt DTAC and AIS to step up their own 4G programmes; however, all three providers are still in the process of digesting their 3G investments, while also needing greater bandwidth to fully capitalise on the next generation’s capacities.
If the service providers try to up the pace of ICT roll-out, the government and the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission, the sector’s national regulatory authority, may be pressured to release more spectrum to meet the demand created, easing the concerns of the WEF and the ITU.
Note: This article was written by Oxford Business Group, the highly acclaimed global publishing, research and consultancy firm. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily state or reflect the views of Thailand Business News
About the author
With some of the industry’s most experienced analysts conducting on-the-ground research throughout the year, OBG provides its global readership with the business intelligence they need to stay ahead.
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Find the no. of elements on the left side.
If it is n-1 the root is the median.
If it is more than n-1, then it has already been found in the left subtree.
Else it should be in the right subtree.
In the algorithmic notation, a string is expressed as any sequence of characters enclosed in single quote marks.
E.g. a single quote contained within a string is represented by two single quotes. Therefore, the string “It is John`s program.” is represented as ‘IT IS JOHN”S PROGRAM.'.
A Markov algorithm terminates in one of the two ways.
1) The last production is not applicable
2) A terminal production is applicable
A terminal production is a statement of the form x map to y., where x and y represent the strings in V* and the symbol “.” Immediately follows the consequences.
The general strategy in a Markov Algorithm is to take as input a string x and, through a number of steps in the algorithm, transform x to an output string y. this transformation process is generally performed in computers for text editing or program compilation.
5. The most basic tool used to express generating functions in closed form is the closed form expression for the geometric series, which is an expression of the form a+ar+ar2+-------+arn. It can either be terminated or extended indefinitely. What are the restrictions for this geometric series?
If a and r represents numbers, r must not equal1 in the finite case.In the infinite case the absolute value of r must be less than 1.These restrictions don't come into play with Generating functions.
The three most important skills which are used extensively while working with generating functions are
1)Manipulate summation expressions and their indices.
2)Solve algebraic equations and manipulate algebraic expressions, including partial function decompositions.
3)Identify sequences with their generating functions
This algorithm constructs the vectors TITLE, KEYWORD and T_INDEX.
This algorithm analyses the input phrases and creates the three arrays needed in procedure KWIC_GEN.
Prologue: -Saves the parameters, local variables and returns addresses.
Body: -If the best criterion has been reached: then perform the final computation and go to step3, otherwise, perform the partial computation and go to step1.
Restore the most recently saved parameters, local variables and return address. Go to this return addresses.
The format used is the same as for algorithms except that a return statement replaces an exit statement and a list of parameters follows the sub algorithms name. Although sub algorithms may invoke each other and that a sub algorithm may also invoke itself recursively
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Linked Data Explorer
On the art of building in ten books
- "De Re Aedificatoria, by Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472), was the first moderntreatise on the theory and practice of architecture. Its importance for the subsequent history ofarchitecture is incalculable, yet this is the first English translation based on the original, exceptionally eloquent Latin text on which Alberti's reputation as a theorist is founded. Joseph Rykwert and his colleagues have been scrupulous in following Alberti's original intentions. Their version is based on the critical text published in 1966 by Giovanni Orlandi. It replaces the only other significant English version, by the Venetian architect James Leoni, whose source was not the original Latin but an Italian translation dating from the sixteenth century. Rykwert's substantial introduction discusses Alberti's life and career - as papal functionary, writer on a wide variety of topics, and architect and discusses the De Re Aedificatoria itself - its relation to the De Architectura of Vitruvius, its influence on contemporary and later architectural theory and practice, and its bibliographic history. The apparatus also includes an index and a glossary of terms. The translators were fortunate to have the help of eminent Alberti scholar Hans-Karl Lücke of the University of Toronto. Alberti set out to replace Vitruvius's authority, which had been undisputed for over a thousand years. In a Latin which was both more elegant and more precise than that of his ancient predecessor, he succeeded in framing a coherent account of the fragmented knowledge of antique architecture as it had survived through the dark and middle ages. His was the one book which established architecture as an intellectual and professional discipline rather than a craft and gave it a proper theoretical context; by showing how the great examples of ruined antiquity could be emulated in practice, it provided a theoretical basis for the architecture of the Renaissance. Alberti organizes the work of the architect according to solidity, use, and grace. The ten books begin with a book of definitions; there follow two books devoted to materials and constructional methods; books four and five discuss the uses of the parts of the building and the different building types. The bulk of the second part, books six through nine deal with grace: the problems of designing sacred buildings, the problems of beauty and ornament, of proportions. Book ten takes up problems of restoration, water supply, and minor adjuncts to building. -- Publisher's website."
- "Early works"@en
- "Early works"
- "On the art of building in ten books"
- "On the art of building in ten books"@en
- "On the Art of building in ten books"
- "On the art of building : in ten books"
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Women’s Clubs in WWII
"Help from the Home Front: Women’s Clubs Contribute to the Cause"
by Jennifer Biser
Excerpted with permission from the Tar Heel Junior Historian. Spring 2008.
NC Museum of History
During the war years, women contributed to morale and to the Allied cause in a number of ways. Many served in the military’s auxiliary units for women, such as the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service). Actresses in Hollywood and female musicians volunteered and took their shows on the road, entertaining troops. When the draft hit professional baseball by taking the most talented athletes into military service, women began to play softball professionally. Across the country, women traded their skirts and purses for trousers and tool aprons. They swapped their rural homes for city dwellings, going to work in factories and assembling things like ships and planes. Such women got the nickname of Rosie the Riveter.
Members of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs of North Carolina (GFWC-NC) were another group working for the war. Clubs across the state—such as the North Carolina Sorosis in Wilmington, the Raleigh Woman’s Club, and the Whiteville Junior Woman’s Club—participated in a range of programs contributing to national defense. Their most common projects included sponsoring activities to boost soldier morale, such as hosting dinners and dances; volunteering in Red Cross sewing rooms, knitting sweaters and making bandages; and selling war bonds to finance the fight.
Efforts to sell U.S. war bonds and stamps were by far the most extensive and significant work of the GFWC-NC clubs. The costs associated with World War II were so high that the federal government had to borrow money from the public. The U.S. Treasury did this by selling war bonds and stamps. A person could buy the most popular Series E bond for $18.75. Ten years later, the Treasury paid the investor $25 when the bond matured. Stamps could be purchased for a lower price and placed in a booklet, until the amount of stamps equaled the cost of one bond. Most bonds were sold during seven nationwide war loan drives. North Carolina clubs saw these nationwide drives as a perfect chance to mobilize their members.
During the Third War Loan Drive, the North Carolina federation aimed to raise $360,000. This amount would equip an entire regiment, or approximately 3,000 soldiers. Clubs across the state not only met that mark, they doubled it, selling enough bonds to equip two regiments. The Fourth War Loan Drive became known as the “Buy a Bomber” campaign. North Carolina club women raised money for twenty-four bombers during this drive. A few months later, during the Fifth War Loan Drive, the GFWC-NC partnered with two sister organizations, the North Carolina Federation of Home Demonstration Clubs and the North Carolina Nurses Association, to raise $4,040,000 to fund and equip a hospital ship. After exceeding the goal for the drive by over $1 million, the federation “bought and supplied” the ship Larkspur, one of eighteen ships in the U.S. Army’s hospital fleet.
Even after this tremendous gift, club members continued to finance the fighting. During the Sixth War Loan Drive, the Whiteville group purchased the Hellcat Fighter as part of a larger campaign: “Air Armada for Our Navy.” By the end of the war, the North Carolina federation ranked fourth out of the forty-eight state organizations in bond sales. In all, the group’s members contributed $12,179,245 to the war in this way.
Innovation and determination enabled the women to sell such an impressive amount of bonds. For instance, the Junior Woman’s Club made Whiteville the first tobacco market town in North Carolina to launch the tobacco bond program. The club set up booths to sell bonds in six tobacco warehouses in Whiteville. Women encouraged tobacco growers to buy bonds with five cents from every pound of tobacco sold. The campaign eventually extended to every North Carolina tobacco market town.
Another common and trendy way to sell defense stamps was to make and sell corsages made of war stamps: “warsages,” to be worn in place of floral corsages. Club members assembled warsages and sold them in war bond booths, stores, restaurants, hotels, bus stations, and even on the street. Women who typically wore floral corsages on Easter or other holidays and on formal occasions put on these arrangements. Men even exchanged their boutonnieres for a more patriotic pin. Wearing stamps, not flowers, became the fashionable trend. This type of creativity, coupled with patriotism and determination, enabled North Carolina club women to achieve what they did for the protection of democracy.
In the midst of the war, R. L. McMillian, the director of Civilian Defense for North Carolina, commended North Carolina club women, saying, “The work you do helps to shorten the war, and every day saves untold lives.” Men who supported women's war efforts and women who became Rosie the Riveters may be the best-known heroes of World War II. But members of North Carolina women’s clubs became civic soldiers and worked determinedly for the war effort as well. Such women were, in their own way, home front heroes.
*At the time of the publication of this article, Jennifer Biser was a volunteer with the Christian Appalachian Project in eastern Kentucky, planning to pursue a master of arts in teaching and a career teaching high school social studies. Biser graduated in 2007 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a B.A. in history. She won the 2006 North Carolina Museum of History student essay contest for her honors thesis on the GFWC-NC during World War II.
Woman's Club of Fayetteville: http://www.womansclubfay.org/club/history.htm
North Carolina Federation of Home Demonstration Clubs. www.gfwcnc.org/
Partners in Winning the War: American Women in WWII: http://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/partners/39.htm
Individuals often wore buttons declaring that they had bought war bonds. Image courtesy of the North Carolina Museum of History.
Cover, The North Carolina Clubwoman. 1944. Image courtesy of the General Federation of Women’s Clubs of North Carolina.
Adults and Children bought war bonds and stamps at stands set up everywhere from movie theaters to bank lobbies (right) like the one
where this middle schooler volunteered. Some schools, like Burton Elementary in Durham (left), held a monthly drive where students
contributed coins to buy bonds.
1 January 2008 | Biser, Jennifer
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Presented by Independent Egyptian Abroad Alliance Victoria under the patronage of the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism with the support of Multicultural Arts Victoria and the Victorian Multicultural Commission
Art of the Urban Pharaohs
A visual art exhibition on creative protest and street art: Egypt's popular tools for democratisation
Friday March 21 - Monday 31 March 2014
Federation Square, Melbourne
Gallery hours 11am-6pm
Opening Friday 21st at 2pm - Free
Download Media Release |
Art of the Urban Pharaohs - Masterpieces Lost presented by the Independent Egyptian Alliance Victoria opens at Federation Square's Yarra Gallery on Friday 21st March at 2pm.
The exhibition brings together a range of street art and includes portraits of martyrs, complex adaptations of ancient Egyptian art photographed by Ossama Boshra, and art by renowned Egyptian artist Lotfi Abou Sariya.
Using a socio-political approach, the exhibition looks at how street art can be a barometer of popular conflicts and sentiments across the political spectrum.
"There were important anti-capitalist, nationalist and feminist currents of the revolution. Public art can stimulate thinking and invite contemplation and interaction. Aside from their intrinsic value as works of art, we are also fascinated by the way that creative culture and street art have emerged as popular tools for democratization" said Ms Reham Maklad, Exhibition Coordinator.
Art is a universal language that transcends cultural barriers, and in the case of Egyptians, their penchant for artistic expression appears deeply rooted.
On the 30th June 2013, Egyptians used their collective voice, by way of a 22 million-strong mass petition, to demand the departure of President Mohamed Morsi and a snap election.
This was widely misrepresented as a 'military coup', owing to the military's adoption of an enabling role and their swift facilitation of the people's will.
The ensuing civil unrest and factional skirmishes set the stage for a collision course between the Islamic brotherhood and a keen pro-secular majority.
Amidst unprecedented chaos and disarray, an important counterpoint has been the emergence of street art as an instrument of peaceful protest.
For some time now, the exhibition committee has been spearheading a public campaign to highlight the innate artistic talent captured in these images most of which, according to the committee, were white-washed in a tenuous game of cat and mouse between the government and its citizens.
The Exhibition Committee said "Egyptians have for thousands of years told their stories in the most creative and colourful ways.
They painted and engraved the walls of their temples and homes.
Today in modern Egypt, the ancient Egyptian ancestral talent resurfaces as a byproduct of the ongoing revolutionary changes taking place.
This is not scribble graffiti such as 'Mido loves Susan'. The graffiti represents the imagination of resilient people. The artworks are precious and ought to be considered as tools of protest and dialogue that are stronger and more enduring than the tyrannical rulers contemporary Egypt has seen".
This exciting project is a collaborative venture showing the power of unity whilst reflecting and promoting cultural as well as religious diversity
Please contact exhibition coordinator, Ms Reham Maklad, on Email email@example.com or call mobile 0425 745 375.
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There are thousands of children’s books in the Dakota County Library collection — and almost any can be used to develop or improve early literacy skills. Here are a few titles that were highlighted by the New York Public Library. Check out your local Dakota County Library branch for staff recommendations on additional resources you might use with your early readers.
Ah Ha! by Jeff Mack
A frog has a series of narrow escapes in this lively romp written using only two letters.
Flora and the Flamingo by Molly Idle
A wordless, lift-the-flap story of two very different dancers who find a way to overcome their differences through balletic movement.
Journey by Aaron Becker
Luminous illustrations chart an ordinary child's adventure through an extraordinary world.
Mr. Tiger Goes Wild by Peter Brown
Uptight society is in for a change when Mr. Tiger goes back to his jungle instincts. It's Wilderness vs. City. Which will win?
The Silver Button by Bob Graham
From a soldier's goodbye to a blackbird's lunch on a path, Graham shows all that can happen in a single moment in time.
Can’t Scare Me by Ashley Bryan
This rhythmic read-aloud tells the story of a wild and fearless little boy who boldly faces down his two- and three-headed giant foes. An exuberantly illustrated trickster tale.
Unicorn Thinks He’s Pretty Great by Bob Shea
Goat used to think he was pretty cool until that Unicorn came along. But how can you compete with a guy who can make it rain cupcakes?
Moonday by Adam Rex
Hush now—the moon has come down to Earth, the sun is nowhere to be seen...and now the tide is rising. A tale for dozy times with glimmering nighttime scenes.
Hank Finds an Egg by Rebecca Dudley
Lovingly crafted figures set in a gentle forest tell the tale of Hank and the hummingbird egg he comes to care for. A wordless charmer.
No Fits Nilson by Zachariah Ohora
A toddler tames her gorilla friend in this sweet tale of tantrums, tears, and banana ice cream.
My Cold Plum Lemon Pie Bluesy Mood by Tameka Fryer Brown
Jamie goes from gentle green and hungry yellow to moody black and stormy gray in a single day.
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In other sections of this website, we have spoken in brief about Meta Title Tags.
This, coupled with well researched content, is the most important 'On Page' factor for productive Search Engine Optimisation. Below are the guides to improve your rankings.
Priority one, is to ensure that your Meta Title is a short title about the main topic of the page. Try to be unique. This will be much tougher in some industries. Ensure that your Title Tag is 'echoed' with the 'Page Name' and the 'H1 Tag'.
The amount of characters for a Title Tag does not want to exceed 70. Anything over this amount will likely as not yield a truncated display in the SERP.
Some search engines use even less, 60 characters, so ensure the main key phrases are inside the first 60 to ensure a truncated title in a SERP still has good impact.
Write readable and to the point Titles for each and every page. Repeating the same Title on every page will work against you and the search engines will almost certainly create their own title from other content on your page. Even text displayed in your menu text. This might result in entirely the wrong result as far as you're concerned.
Above all, take the time to write a good page title and to not something like 'Home Page'. Even your 'Contact Us Page' should have something like 'Contact Us about CMS Web Design | Graphic & Logo Design'. Your Contact page will get listed and could be the 'Landing Page' of a visitor, so create a good reason for them to visit other pages. Makes good sense doesn't it...
Second only to the Title Tag, the Meta Description provides that little snippet of information displayed in the SERP (search engine result page). As a rule, it reflects the first paragraph or two of text on the page.
The Description really does need to be what it says it is... A description of the page content. It must be readable. The description displayed in the SERP is only two or three lines of text, so it's very important to ensure your first paragraph or two of text does not exceed what would be displayed in the SERP.
So how long a description should you write? Google will include approx 160 characters including spaces and punctuation. Yahoo approx 165 whilst MSN will increase to over 200 characters.
In our opinion, it's a good idea to write a description between 160 and 200 characters long. Make sure the juicier stuff is in the first 160. Anything else that is included in the SERP is a bonus.
The H Tags are multi-functional. They add formatting to important page headers making your page easier to understand. Also, the H tags add a hierarchical structure for the Search Engines.
There are six types of H Tag: H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 & H6. The H1 Tag should always be the Page Header and should also be the same text as the Title Tag.
Only use ONE H1 Tag per page. The H2 Tags can then be used once, twice or even three times to add definition and importance to Page Section Headers and the other H3 to H6 in a lesser importance order as required.
When it became fairly common knowledge amongst web designers that the H Tags help greatly in SEO. Many designers made the huge mistake of writing entire paragraphs in the H Tags, particularly the H1. Stuffing an H1 Tag with a large paragraph not only makes your page look awful, it's seriously frowned upon by the search engines and could have drastic effects on your ranking.
Page headers and sub headers us the H Tags. If you need to add emphasis to text within a paragraph without formatting the entire passage of text the same way. Use Bold or Italics just like you would in a word processing document.
For example, this passage of text has the words Bold Text written in Bold and the words Italic Text written in Italics.
It creates focus and adds to the page structure. Also, weight is added to the search engines listing of your indexed pages. The SE's read the <b>Bold</b> and <em>Italics</em> tags in much the same way a visitor to the page would.
We'll come and talk to you in your place of business. We will bring samples of our work to illustrate just how we can work with you.
Clients are always impressed with our work. We will go to great lengths to create design examples that are brand oriented with the clients business.
By combining our in depth knowledge with our passion for digital design, we can ensure that your designs are perfect and fit for purpose.
Based in Middlesbrough, Cleveland UK... Artwork Network are a graphic, print & website design company.
Providing Professionally designed and printed media to promote your business online and offline.
With considerable resources at our disposal, ArtWork NetWork will Plan, Design & Implement projects of any size. Step by step communication with you is maintained throughout the project from conception to delivery.
A passion & dedication to listening to the clients needs and delivering the desired result. Whether a box of business cards to a full company branding, we will attend to every detail.
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Sonargaon became the capital of Bengal during Isa Khan’s ruling. It was the administrative center of medieval Muslim rulers in East Bengal. The area falls under present-day Narayanganj District, Bangladesh. The name Sonargaon survives as Sonargaon Upazila in that district today.
Panam City was the center of the upper-middleclass people of Sonargaon which was established in the late 19th century as a trading center of cotton fabrics during British rule. Hindu cloth merchants built their residential houses following colonial style with inspiration derived from European sources. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the Muslim-Hindu riot, Panam City has reduced into a vacant community.
Few months back, we planned to visit this old city. We went by a bus from Dhaka (Gulistan which took around 1 hour to reach. It needs to get down from bus at Mograpara Crossing. From the crossing, we took a rickshaw and told the rickshaw puller to go to Panam City. Now this area is protected under the department of archaeology of Bangladesh. Panam still possesses three brick bridges belonging to the Mughal period: Panam bridge, Dalalpur Bridge and Panamnagar Bridge. The existence of these bridges and the canals enclosing the site on three sides is indicative of its being a sub-urban area of the medieval city.
The road which leads from the Mograpara crossing on the Dhaka-Chittagong highway in the direction of Panam extending up to the Neel-Kuthi looks like a dividing line between medieval Sonargaon and the present Panamnagar, the only surviving relics of the Panam area. The Panam Township stands on the east of this road opposite Aminpur, and a one-arched humped bridge leads from the same road over a narrow canal to the main street of Panamnagar. We moved through this way. We also entered the narrow paths (gali between two building) to watch the buildings from the back side. Some of the buildings are renovated recently. When we were walking through the Panam city, it gave us a wonderful feeling – walking down the capital city of the ‘Isa Khan’. This place was the center of the rulers.
We found that due to flood or some other reasons some structures were severely damaged and we found out cracks in many walls. When the Mughal took over the control of Sonagaon, they constructed highways and bridges and made a new look of Sonagaon and Panam City. Mughal era was the most significant era for all the region of sub-continent. Panam city has no different for this circumstances. Huge amount of construction works and developments in the life of city dweller had been occurring in the time of Mughal.
The path of the bridge is formed of bricks arranged circularly. These surroundings of bricks are set aside in place by several large pillars. Its length is 21.95m and width 4.72m. The bridge in the beginning had towers at its sides, which bordered a gateway. Though Sonagaon is a place of many antique structures, mainly two areas are surviving and witnessed the Mughal’s reign in that capital. The Panam community stands on the east of this road opposite to Aminpur, and a one-arched humped bridge leads from the same road over a narrow canal to the main avenue of Panam Nagar.
After the reign of Mughal, the East India Company captured the power of Sonargaon and Panam Nagar. When the East-India Company ruled over here for a long time, Sonagaon developed into a centre of trade in cotton textiles, mainly English piece goods, and thus raised the new township of Panam Nagar.
Panam Nagar, a unique township, stretched in a single street 5 metre wide on the average and 600 metre in length. All the buildings have the character of urban street front houses and are lined up on either side of this street which ends up at the Panam bazar. Panamnagar appears to be well protected by artificial canals all around. Two fairly wide canals run parallel to the street on its either side and joined by a narrow canal on the western side over which is the entrance bridge. On the eastern side, the canal on the south swerves rightward and goes eastward crossing the north-south road that passes through the Panam bazar. The northern canal, the Pankhiraj Khal, runs eastward to meet the Meghna-Menikhali stream.
The building layouts in Panamnagar are both detached and attached types, mostly rectangular in shape and elongated in the north-south direction. The buildings follow a pattern language by which a unity has been achieved, like the use of two or three storey height, symmetry, arched openings etc. On the other hand variety has been achieved through the introduction of verandahs, balconies, loggias and porches.
According to building layout design the dwelling houses of Panam can be classified into three basic typologies: central hall type, central courtyard type and consolidated type. The central halls being the nerve centre of the houses are highly romanticised with extensive decorations. The building activities and layout are arranged around the courtyards which are essentially enclosed, paved and open to sky. In general the courtyards are surrounded by veranda on all sides having arched openings. They have wonderful appeal to the visitors of these days.
We had a nice time there being guest in the old city. The Panam City is close to the capital city Dhaka. To have an off-day in such a city out of the busy urban life is wonderful. We should not miss to visit this old city.
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ST. LOUIS (AP) -- The Mississippi River's water level is dropping again and barge industry trade groups warn that river commerce could essentially come to a halt as early as next week in an area south of St. Louis.
The Coast Guard remains confident that the nation's largest waterway will remain open despite the worst drought in decades. But officials with the American Waterways Operators and Waterways Council Inc. said Thursday that even if the river is open, further limits on barges will halt commercial traffic.
Mike Petersen, of the Army Corps of Engineers, says ice on the northern Mississippi River is reducing the flow more than expected. The river level is now expected to get to 3 feet at Thebes, Ill., on Jan. 6, when new limits on barges could go into place.
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Best Art Form?
There are various art forms. Major forms are, painting(drawing), sculpture, architacture, music and poetry. Which one is best? This debate is part of art-discussions and so many well known personalities and experts. There are arguments favouring painting, music and poetry! Sculpure as an art consider more static and only related with one posture, one moment only. Architecture considered as huge and static both. Impact wise they pleased eyes. Effect wise paintings/ drawings are so good that poetically said that painting is a static poem! But the limitation lies with its frame and captured moment, though it has colorful touch!
Now remaining Music and poetry! Both have free forms and rythams! Poetic words lead the person up high and provides a deep and peaceful feeling with so many variations! Music has only the tumes but by playing differently such tunes and creating some thing unique, music also touches our heart!
These are the things related with these art forms!
Which art form is best for you?
I'm a keen practitioner in both music and poetry. Of the two, my poetry is original while my music is largely scored though sometimes improvised. So for me, poetry is the more creative involvement. However, I would hesitate to comment of which is the 'higher' art form. I do agree though that music and poetry together are the more cerebral art forms. Interesting topic.
I think that prose is every bit as much an art form as any of the others. Well-written prose can and does sing.
Prose poems are written since last one century and every time when prosee reachd at the level of poetic appeal, ceitics have said those prose piece 'poetic' or 'poem like' also!
I think that continuous imagery and poetic and symblic langusge pattern is more important in poetry. And mostly prose has no such things besides narration and straight communication! Some time in fiction writing such kind of poetic expression are become part of the fiction and one can identify as poems also!
by Dave McClure6 years ago
is perhaps to think of it as an ancient art form. Like all art forms, it springs from human creativity, human wonder, and human dissatisfaction with the mundane. Along with music, fine art, literature and the rest,...
by EpicNoob6 years ago
I figured I'd ask this question in response to the increasing popularity of video games in today's society. I guess the most prevalent software that is globally known is the Wii - a console which has wangled its way...
by Paul Edmondson8 years ago
I'm sure only a few of you remember when HubPages had a few passionate poets. We even had an unofficial official HubPages poet named Drax. A revolutionary named Idunn - who was mostly poet. A painter,...
by Steven Escareno6 years ago
A while back, someone told me they firmly believed that stripteasing was an art form. not sure, I quite agree, as I always viewed it as playful banter for lovers in the bedroom, or something you'd see at...
by Luis E Gonzalez4 years ago
I just received an email from staff stating that one of my hubs was unpublished for links not related to the content my article...the links are from Amazon and Ebay. The article deals with photographing nature's art...
by Sajib5 years ago
Do you think only living in rural and rustic places makes poetsmore competent than those living in urban?
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CHRIS RAINE'S friends thought he was mad when he proposed a year without alcohol.
Social suicide, they cried. And Mr Raine understood their fears. For a man whose weekends were spent with mates in a blur of binge-drinking, self-imposed sobriety was a daunting challenge. But his year off the booze boosted his confidence and provided a unique insight into why young Australians drink themselves into oblivion.
Hello Sunday Morning - the blog Mr Raine set up in January last year to document his alcohol-free odyssey - is gaining momentum, with 11 bloggers following his lead and more than 600 people joining the project's Facebook site.
Mr Raine, 23, who used to down 15 to 20 drinks a night most weekends, said Hello Sunday Morning aimed to achieve what government campaigns have failed to do: ask young people why they drink.
''If I'm a young person and I want to choose to not drink, there's a lot more to consider than getting beaten up or raped or being in a car accident,'' he said. ''Young people realise that drinking irresponsibly causes death and horrible social things but, either consciously or subconsciously, it's actually more valuable in a young person's mind to take that risk and for them to be part of a society that incurs those costs.''
On January 1, when his year of sobriety was up, Mr Raine found his desire for alcohol had greatly diminished. While he enjoys the occasional beer it is no longer the lifeblood it was. Through research conducted among his friends and the website, he discovered three main drivers of binge-drinking: a sense of identity that comes from being seen to drink the most fashionable brands; a boost in confidence, acting as a social lubricant; and a way to deal with emotions such as grief, happiness or anger.
Mr Raine said to change that culture young people needed to believe in an alternative that would improve their lives, give a sense of purpose and help them build meaningful relationships.
Mr Raine, who lives on the Sunshine Coast, will move to Melbourne next month in a bid to garner support from major drug and alcohol agencies such as the Australian Drug Foundation and Turning Point.
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It appears you're using an older browser. PHS will work better for you if you upgrade your browser or switch to another browser.
With Matta playground safety surfacing from PHS it is easy to provide a fun, attractive, and most importantly, safe area for children to play in. Our surfacing has been fully tested to ensure that it meets all relevant safety standards.
Our Matta playground safety surfacing system is made up of interlocking recycled PVC tiles that are unique in design. Tested and conforming to all relevant UK safety standards (BS EN1177), the design of the safety play surfacing aids the drainage of water.
Playground safety surfacing from PHS fits under and around all play equipment and the tile design allows the safety surfacing to be easily added to as a playground develops or new equipment is installed. This makes our surfacing one of the most versatile playground solutions available.
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mats in service throughout businesses across the UK
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.phs.co.uk/our-products/matting-flooring/playground-safety-surfacing
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en
| 0.946243
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The most complicated entities involved in the exchange of learned letters are the people who exchange them and the networks created by the exchange. This complexity is compounded by the fact that people and networks cannot really be separated: typically, the exchange of letters rests directly or indirectly on pre-existing networks of social exchange, so correspondence networks can be fully understood only with reference to data documenting non-epistolary as well as epistolary contact. After identifying research questions and drawing inspiration from previous work (I), WG 2 will devise a data model for the prosopographical information required to answer these questions and an input form as clear, simple, intuitive, and flexible as possible (II). It will then identify major electronic sources of relevant structured data, enable access to them (III), and design and create tools to help scholars reconcile and fill in gaps in their data in a semi-automated fashion (IV). The final task will be to devise tools for visualizing and analysing data sets — from individual people to multi-dimensional networks — in order to answer their research questions (V).
WG2 will be responsible also for establishing the technical grounding of this infrastructure as a whole, which will be based on the following general principles:
- Use open Linked Data data models and modularize tools behind open APIs where possible to maximize flexibility and reusability;
- Where possible, build upon open source tools and release own contributions as open source;
- In the future, following these two considerations will enable
- new actors to join the network more easily,
- new visualization and other tools to be developed on top of the framework with less effort,
- gradual improvement and evolution of the tools and infrastructure itself, and
- gradual improvement of data quality.
WG 2 is led by Eero Hyvönen, Professor in both the Department of Media Technology at Aalto University and the Department of Computer Science at the University of Helsinki.
He is also Research Director of Aalto’s Semantic Computing Research Group.
- Review prior work
- Study the harvesting, analysis, and visualization of material from the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography undertaken by the ‘Six Degrees of Francis Bacon’ project. Study the prospects for integrating this approach with the scholarly crowd-sourcing of prosopographical entries. Consider also the feasibility of a similar approach to other leading national biographical dictionaries;
- Analysis of epistolary metadata alone, which studies the manner in which information can be exchanged through networks documented by correspondence alone (Ruth and Sebastian Ahnert’s work with the State Papers Online for Tudor England);
- Analysis of people mentioned (co-citation proximity analysis), which reveals which people were most commonly discussed in proximity to one another in collections of correspondence;
- Analysis of relationships implicit in major biographical sources such as national biographical dictionaries;
- Analysis of relationships within prosopographical data, which maps the data on familial, personal, professional and other relationships captured prosopographically (for instance, in the Cultures of Knowledge project);
- Any combinations of the above.
- Formulate use cases and research questions (coordinated with step 3, identifying sources that could help answer these questions).
- Review related work on representing people and networks (VIAF, ULAN, VIVO, BIO, CIDOC CRM, RELATIONSHIP).
- The basic model is likely to consist of ‘event streams’, documenting a specific event in the biography of an individual, typically relating to other persons at a specific place and time.
- The model should focus on the kinds of events typically central to the life of an early modern intellectual, such as schooling, university study, academic travel, membership in learned societies (formal and informal), and stages in learned careers.
- Reconstructing the social networks underlying correspondence networks likewise requires focus on location and contact histories.
- Evaluate known data sources for suitability (coordinated with step 1.2)
- Authority files (VIAF, CERL, GND, ULAN, DBPedia, Freebase);
- Publication data (BNF, DNB, BNB, OCLC WorldCat, EEBO, ECCO);
- Appearances in letter metadata (EMLO, EE, CKCC, CEEC);
- Appearances in letter texts (CKCC/ePistolarium,CEEC, EE) [coordinate with WG3];
- Geographical gazetteers (TGN, Pleiades) [coordinate with WG1].
- Enable access to the data sources, either through utilizing existing APIs or importing and creation of such APIs.
- As a means of reciprocity, arrange equivalent API access to data created as part of the work of WG2 (e.g. EMLO internal authorities) and negotiate exchange with relevant external agencies (e.g. VIAF/CERL).
- Arrange user tests of EMLO web-form for manual collection of prosopographical data.
- Investigate semi-automated matching of personal name variants (using e.g. Silk/OpenRefine) on the basis of work undertaken by Cultures of Knowledge from April 2015 onward.
- Devise automated means of providing editors with relevant entries in standard biographical dictionaries, to inform record input, matching and disambiguation. This work will build on the Letter Metadata Prototype devised in Halle and further work being undertaken by Cultures of Knowledge in 2015.
- Precondition: compile a list of web-mounted biographical dictionaries covering the early modern period (a task for a scholarly sub-committee).
- Devise automated techniques for identifying and encoding personal names within textual corpora, in order to code letter texts and to enrich letter records with people mentioned (building on work in WG 1.10).
- Evaluate the suitability of existing tools (e.g. Palladio, Europeana4D, VISU) with regard to answering the research questions derived in step 1.2.
- Develop (open) functionality to fill gaps in existing tools.
- This exploration will be enriched and informed by conducting one or more pilot projects based on suitable (sub)corpora, illustrating potential for larger follow-up projects, for instance:
- Epistolary metadata + people mentioned: Circulation of Knowledge/ePistolarium;
- Epistolary metadata + prosopographical data: Cultures of Knowledge/EMLO.
- Evaluate results.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.republicofletters.net/index.php/working-groups/people-and-networks/
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en
| 0.895032
| 1,372
| 1.898438
| 2
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We discover pirate’s Groundhog’s Day with tragic love, a handful of tentacles and a musical snuff box that includes some Spaghetti Western inspiration in this episode. Join us as we tackle minute 89 of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man’s Chest and discuss some NorCal Pirate Festival missed connections, deep dive into Davy Jones’ tragic and eternally repeating cursed lost love with Calypso represented by his pipe organ and music box locket, breakdown the minute’s music by examining Davy Jones’ theme, and it’s connection and similarities to “La resa dei conti” from Ennio Morricone’s soundtrack to For a Few Dollars More.
Thank you for listening to this episode of The Black Pearl Show (Pirates of the Caribbean Minute)! If you enjoyed it, please like and share on Twitter and Facebook.
We’d also be VERY grateful if you could rate, review, and subscribe to Pirates of the Caribbean Minute (Black Pearl Show) on iTunes. You can also listen and review via Stitcher, Tune In, and Google Play.
For questions or comments, you can call the show at 86-37-PIRATE or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org. We just might feature your questions on future episodes.
Your support helps a lot in ranking this show and would be greatly appreciated.
If you’re looking for a podcast that discusses Disney’s Pirates of the Caribbean film franchise (in a movies by minutes format), integrates historical pirate and the golden age of piracy facts, analyzes and entertains, then Pirates of the Caribbean Minute is for you.
Cursed Listeners’ Crew (A Pirates of the Caribbean Minute Facebook Group): https://www.facebook.com/groups/272990339778981/
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://www.blackpearlminute.com/dead-mans-chest/close-tentacle-dead-mans-chest-minute-89/
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en
| 0.855089
| 444
| 1.789063
| 2
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In today's Wall Street Journal, one of the editorials makes the following statement:
Arizona got into this crisis because during the boom years--2003 to 2007--then-Governor Janet Napolitano, a Democrat, and Republicans in the legislature let spending climb by more than 100% to $10 billion from $6.6 billion.
Of course, the increase was 52%, which is distinctly less than 100%.
But how did the Journal's editors make this mistake? I think it's because they've succumbed to the incorrect modern usage in discussing increases. Here's an example:
GDP in a poor country rises from $10 billion to $40 billion. The modern usage is that it "rose fourfold." But it didn't. It rose threefold. When I've made this point to my students, I've pointed out that when a number rises from 50 to 90, by the modern usage one would say that it rose 1.8 fold. But it didn't. It rose 0.8 fold.
I was wondering when I would first see someone make the error that arises from using the modern usage consistently. I just did.
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<urn:uuid:2c05a731-2fc8-4726-be32-e59f6c88a05c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2010/05/the_wall_street.html
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| 0.970569
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Updated 17:25 28. 6. 2022, 14:35 Tragedy in southern Slovakia. According to information from Markíza television, only an 11-year-old girl drowned in the Ružiná reservoir near Lučenec on Tuesday. Police and firefighters, who managed to find Timey’s body after a few hours, intervened on the spot. Timea was having fun by the water with her cousin and friend, without the presence of her parents, who were at work. The girls wanted to cool off in the tank on the way home from school. They went into the water despite the fact that neither of them could swim. The girls stayed in the shallows by the shore. The water there is only about 20 to 30 centimeters deep. However, a short distance from the region, the slope is two to three meters deep. It was there that the girl got up, crumbled, and began to drown. Her cousin reacted immediately, and even though she could not swim on her own, she tried to save her. The situation became even more complicated, because she also began to drown in deep water. Therefore, her friend quickly grabbed her hair, pulled her and rescued her. But Timei could no longer help and she disappeared below the surface. The whole incident happened around 1 p.m. Within twenty minutes, police and fire brigades intervened on the spot. Subsequently, divers began to look for the girl, which they finally managed. The water tank is currently closed to the public, so far they are just filling it. Reconstruction works are also taking place in the area.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://alwaysfreshnews.com/news/world/364630/tragedy-in-the-south-of-slovakia-the-girls-had-fun-in-the-shallow-water-timea-%E2%80%A0-11-suddenly-slipped-into-the-depths-tvnoviny-sk-tvnoviny-sk/
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en
| 0.986702
| 359
| 1.601563
| 2
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Washington, June 14 (ANI): An American company is testing turbine prototypes in a bid to harness wind energy at high attitudes.
The California-based firm Joby Energy's prototype is a 30-kilowatt system that looks like a high-tech version of the Wright Brothers' plane, sans cockpit.
An array of turbines lift the structure into the air vertically and then it moves in a giant circular motion to maximize exposure to cross-winds.
Electricity is then transmitted through the tether.
"The redundancy of motors and turbines ensures that the system can be controlled in the unlikely event of on-board motor failure," Discovery News quoted Joby Energy spokesperson Sher Quaday, as saying.
Quaday added: "We use rigid wing structures as opposed to fabric structures, which enables us to operate for several years without replacing components."
According to Joby Energy, its system is reliable and efficient because it generates power on-board, transmitting energy electrically as opposed to mechanically.
If the current prototype is successful, Joby will try out a 100-kilowatt version next year.
The company estimates that its first system deployment is likely about two years away. (ANI)
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<urn:uuid:646bd66e-d76f-4e80-89e3-66eb1e749a62>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.oneindia.com/2010/06/14/soonairborne-turbines-to-harness-wind-energy-at.html
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en
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The author defines three basic approaches to the conception of man which appear in the history of Western thought: essential, existential and interpretative. In the context of each approach she points to particular types of reflection of the human. Essentialism takes the form of either the kind that connects the common generic basis of man with reason (theoretical and practical), or the kind that connects the basis of humanity with the senses (observational and object-practical) and thus with naturalness. In the context of the existential approach the particular conceptions are viewed from the outlook of the principle What or who is the aim of going beyond the self, in which the basis of the individual is realised. Special attention is given to the particular types of the interpretative approach, including in general the hermeneutical, post-structuralist and post-modernist conceptions. The author presents a detailed analysis of the reflections on man in selected post-structuralist conceptions.
Financed by the National Centre for Research and Development under grant No. SP/I/1/77065/10 by the strategic scientific research and experimental development program:
SYNAT - “Interdisciplinary System for Interactive Scientific and Scientific-Technical Information”.
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<urn:uuid:067c8151-b1ab-4e70-a668-3a6c13a6bf1c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.46418a2d-08ae-458a-8c42-7b1df4f0b761
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en
| 0.898375
| 248
| 2.34375
| 2
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For the first time in the long and sordid history of the Catholic Church’s saga with pedophile priests, the Vatican has approved a special judicial tribunal that could bring to justice the bishops who have helped protect offending priests.
But is it enough to protect kids? Survivors groups hope that this time the Vatican has come up with an approach that will work.
“It could be, but only time will tell,” David Clohessy, the national director of the Survivors Network of Those Abused By Priests (SNAP), told The Daily Beast. “But this isn’t like horseshoes. Every ‘miss’—however close it seems to be to the peg—means more kids will be raped.”
The new tribunal was the brainchild of American cardinal Sean O’Malley, who has become a central figure in the popular papacy of Pope Francis, which may make him a major contender when it comes time for the next conclave. As head of the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors, and one of the pope’s trusted confidantes who sit on the elite Commission of Cardinals, O’Malley presented the plan at a meeting of the pope’s key men in Rome this week. They adopted it unanimously.
The tribunal will not focus on the abusers themselves per se, but rather on complicit bishops who moved the abusers around, knowing full well they were putting children in harm’s way. The five-point plan drafted by O’Malley allows for a number of changes to the current procedure, including making it a duty for diocese to report claims of abuse to Rome, according to Vatican spokesman Father Federico Lombardi.
For years, the Vatican has distanced itself from its field offices, effectively toeing the party line that what happens in individual dioceses cannot be blamed on the central church in Rome. By making it compulsory to instead alert the Rome-based tribunal of all complaints, the Vatican is effectively closing the gap and effectively taking greater responsibility for what happens in its dioceses.
The real question, though, is whether the new process will actually translate into effective punishment for proven offenders, and whether the secular courts will still be kept at bay when it comes to punishing child abusers and sex offenders. The organization Bishop Accountability, which keeps a database of extensive public records of accusations against abusers, warned that the very office that enforces accountability must itself be accountable.
“A public docket, prompt announcements of decisions, and release of documents are essential,” the group said in a statement.
The new tribunal will operate under the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), which was reincarnated from the old Universal Inquisition department of the Holy See. It will have dedicated staff to sort through complaints and help process claims, and it will pass down judgments if it finds bishops complicit in the abuse.
Survivors groups are hopeful, but they say they would prefer that all sex abuse cases are all handled in the secular courts, not dealt with in a Vatican-operated tribunal.
“I don’t think we welcome any new internal cleric-dominated process, especially when it’s in the CDF, which, for decades, has refused to defrock or delayed defrocking some of the worst predator priests,” Clohessy says. “On paper, a mechanism like this looks good. But church abuse mechanisms always look good on paper. If this one is used to prevent cover-ups and punish ‘enablers,’ we’ll be surprised and pleased. If, however, it’s used to mollify distraught parishioners and generate good headlines, we won’t be surprised. That’s been the history of nearly all of the hundreds of church abuse panels over the past three decades.”
At face value, at least, this plan does feel fresh, if only because the Vatican has never directly mandated the investigation of bishops before. But it does call into question what this means for some of the most high-powered Vatican officials who are now facing allegations of taking part in the cover-ups, like Cardinal George Pell the Vatican’s financial czar who has been facing allegations in his native Australia for decades that he bribed victims and mishandled the case of defrocked pedophile priest Gerald Ridsdale.
Last week, Peter Saunders, one of the few non-clerical members of O’Malley’s Protection of Minors Commission, told Australia’s 60 Minutes program he thought Pell should be removed. “He has a catalogue of denigrating people, of acting with callousness, cold-heartedness, almost sociopathic,” Saunders told the program. “I consider him to be quite a dangerous individual.” Pell has threatened legal action against the program, and the Vatican was quick to distance itself and O’Malley’s commission from Saunders’ remarks, even though he is a member of the group.
Whether Pell’s case will be among the first heard by the new Vatican tribunal is anyone’s guess, but there are certainly plenty of others who could keep the tribunal busy once it is in place. Polish Archbishop Jozef Wesolowski, for one, is in Rome after being brought back from the Dominican Republic where he was the papal nuncio. At the time of his removal, the Vatican promised that Wesolowski would be investigated and brought to justice for the alleged abuse of young boys. So far as anyone knows, that has not happened. By being whisked back to Rome, he escaped secular court judgment in the Dominican Republic and even though he has been defrocked, he still enjoys immunity by living inside Vatican City.
Lombardi said that the O’Malley has given the new tribunal a five-year period to evaluate its success and effectiveness. God only knows how many children will be saved or be made to suffer while the Vatican and the victims groups work out whether the new plan works.
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<urn:uuid:225f2746-c468-47d5-a32d-d46a8d5da26c>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.thedailybeast.com/judgment-day-for-pervert-priests
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en
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LaserStack is a laser launch system combining the output from a selection of solid state diode lasers and coupling them to a microscope via fiber optic. High-speed imaging is enabled by on/off times and wavelength change times on the order of tens of microseconds. Laser lines can be custom selected and combined to meet any research need and the modular design readily allows for future expansion.
Highest quality single mode optical fibers allow coupling of any combination of the following wavelengths to the microscope, either singly or in any combination:
LaserStack 405nm – 50mW, 100mW, 140mW, 200mW
LaserStack 445nm – 75mW, 100mW
LaserStack 473nm – 75mW
LaserStack 488nm – 20mW, 50mW, 100mW, 150mW
LaserStack 514nm – 4omW, 100mW
LaserStack 561nm – 20mW, 50mW, 100mW, 150mW
LaserStack 594nm – 60mW, 100mW
LaserStack 640nm – 40mW, 100mW, 120mW, 140mW
LaserStack 660nm – 100mW
The optional LaserStack FiberSwitcher™ allows sub-millisecond changing between up to four illuminating devices via a high-speed galvo-driven mirror. FiberSwitcher can rapidly toggle laser output between such devices as:
Spinning Disk Confocal – CSU-X1 or CSU-W1
VectorTIRF – Motorized spinning X,Y TIRF system for large-field, even TIRF illumination
Vector™ – high-speed point scanner for FRAP and other photomanipulation techniques
Phasor™ – SLM based digital holography illuminator for 3D photostimulation and other photomanipulation techniques
FLIM – frequency based fluorescence lifetime imaging for quantitative fluorescence measurements
LaserStack can integrate lasers with MHz modulation for frequency domain FLIM in combination with a modulated intensified camera and the SlideBook FLIM module.
LaserStream can change the output wavelength from LaserStack with each camera exposure. Users can program LaserStream to select laser illumination in any combination or pattern they choose, limited in speed only by the exposure time of the camera.
The 3i mSwitcher high speed galvo port switcher allows rapid, 1ms selection of three optical output (or three input) paths for one input (output). This enables direct combination of multiple devices and methods.
Spherical aberration (SA) is the most serious monochromatic defect that occurs with microscope objectives. Indeed, SA is the limiting physics for most of 3-D microscopy. SA causes the image to appear blurry with less contrast. SA is generated when there is material with a different refractive index than the lens designer’s specification between the front of the objective and the image plane. Typically, SA becomes more serious as one focuses deeper into samples.
TTL Synchronization (TTL Sync) provides sophisticated electronic control of carefully timed devices in a microscopy system. In combination with SlideBook software, TTL Sync can both create and receive triggering signals from a variety of devices and orchestrate their cooperative function throughout an experiment. Timing that is simply not achievable through standard USB and serial connection to a PC is made possible by custom circuitry operating independently of but in cooperation with the computer and operating system.
At a basic level, TTL Sync provides software control of analog/digital I/O boards, utilizing them to direct a variety of signals via TTL and other methods. Key to this functionality is pulse generation and recording. This module can also be used to synchronize external stimulation and data collection instruments, such as electrodes, patch clamp recording devices, and perfusion systems.
Bifurcator™ can be both an optical splitter and a signal combiner, providing spectral separation or combination in a perfect image relay.
An exchangeable dichromatic mirror, precision alignment of each port, and the ability to combine 1.0x and 1.2x magnifications makes this a practical and powerful imaging tool.
Optimizer™ creates a perfect image relay for optimal positioning of emission filter wheels in a collimated infinity space.
Magnification can be chosen as either 1.0x or 1.2x to match various detectors.
The DeMuxer allows separation of the individual laser lines from a LaserStack laser launch. Individual signals can then be sent to any device requiring a single wavelength such as the inputs on an Olympus cell^TIRF™ system.
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<urn:uuid:45226375-d3c9-4e58-99e6-4d88f111a307>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.intelligent-imaging.com/lasers-optics-electronics
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en
| 0.85036
| 963
| 1.71875
| 2
|
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
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Transcript of Untitled Prezi
The Tocobaga developed many tools for hunting, cooking, and eating. From the thick shells they made hammers, dugout chopping tools, net weights, gorgets, plummets, and beads. They lived on top of shells, slept with shells, ate with shell plates and spoons, traded shells, and were buried with shells
By Lucas Huguley2013-2014
For the first 500-600 years, the Tocobaga tribe was the original natives of the Tampa Bay area. They had a rich and simple life.
Around the time of 1528, Spanish explorers discovered the Tampa Bay area. They found the Tocobaga tribe and brought disease and violence to the peaceful tribe. By the seventeenth century, the Tocobaga tribe no longer existed.
The Tocobaga’s enjoyed the huge harvest from Tampa Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. They ate clams, oysters, conchs, and fish . This was their primary source of food.
Another delicacy they had were manatees, which were abundant in the nearby waters. The coming of the first white man destroyed all of this.
Tocobaga Cultural Beliefs
The Tocobaga Indians built mounds within their villages, where the chief's home and the tribe's temple were each built on a mound.
The Tocobaga also built burial mounds outside the main village area as a place for burying the dead.
When the Tocobagas chief died they would place them in a temple for every person to see for four days. When the chief died the Tocobagas would not eat for four days.
One such tool was the adz. The adz was made of a shell or pointed stone tied to the end of a curved branch. It was used for digging.
For hunting, the Tocobaga Indians used a throwing stick called an atlatl. It looked and functioned much like a spear. It was used to kill animals for food and clothing. While hunting, the Tocobaga would wear deerskin, or sometimes deer heads over themselves, to get close enough to the animals to kill them.
During this time, the Tampa Bay area was rich with other animals such as deer, rabbits, armadillo, and squirrels. The Tocobaga were great hunters.
They also gathered a variety of berries, nuts, and fruit to supplement their diet. Interestingly, the Tocobaga Indians had corn, an unusual find in the Tampa Bay area. It is not clear how they got the corn, but it is speculated that they may have traded with a northern tribe for it.
The Tocobaga’s believed they had three souls: their shadow, their image in a pond, and the pupil of their eye. When Indians died, two souls departed the body and went into the body of a smaller animal, like a fish.
The Tocobaga Indians lived in small villages. Each village was built around a public area that was used as a meeting place. The houses mostly round and built with wooden poles holding up a roof of palm thatches.
The towns had a central plaza as well as a temple mound. The important residents lived around the plaza and the lesser privileged lived in small huts situated farther away.
The women of the Tocobaga tribes had a garbage heap called a midden, which was located next to their kitchen. Middens were created by the Tocoboga's use of shellfish for food. The midden consisted of a mound of shells that had grown and packed together throughout the years as shells were discarded after every meal.
One of the Tocobaga’s main source of food from land was deer.
While hunting, the Tocobaga would wear deerskin, or sometimes deer heads over themselves, to get close enough to the animals to kill them.
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<urn:uuid:d98b86d3-40a8-4f51-a34a-a51f8c3a33a4>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://prezi.com/iexsqwofuljl/untitled-prezi/
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en
| 0.978124
| 955
| 3.296875
| 3
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Watch the following staging of Trifles:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1LGwPFeSz8&t=6s (link for the video)
After watching the staging of Triflesabove, reply to this discussion post and describe how the video you watched compared to how you imagined the play while you were reading (in at least 5 sentences). Remember, when we read dramas we need to read like directors.
Here are some things to consider:
How did you picture the setting? The characters?
Pay attention to the blocking (the characters’ physical movements and proximity to each other).
Which scenes were significant in the play? Did the actors interpret them in the way that you imagined?
What were some key similarities and differences between what you imagined while reading in comparison to what you saw in the video.
Before we dive into a deeper analysis of the play, it will be helpful to consider and identify all of the interpretations we made as reade
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By pursuing a more concentrated urbanization path guided by action to boost urban productivity, China's local and national policy leaders would minimize the pressures and maximize the economic benefits of urban expansion.
The scale and pace of China's urbanization continues at an unprecedented rate. If current trends hold, China's urban population will hit the one billion mark by 2030. In 20 years, China's cities will have added 350 million people more than the entire population of the United States today. By 2025, China will have 221 cities with one million–plus inhabitants—compared with 35 cities of this size in Europe today—and 23 cities with more than five million. For companies in China and around the world, the scale of China’s urbanization promises substantial new markets and investment opportunities.
A video presentation of the findings of MGI research on China’s urbanization brings to life the opportunities and challenges of China's urban growth.
Yet the expansion of China's cities will represent a huge challenge for local and national leaders. Of the slightly more than 350 million people that China will add to its urban population by 2025, more than 240 million will be migrants. This growth will imply major pressure points for many cities including the challenge of managing these expanding populations, securing sufficient public funding for the provision of social services, and dealing with demand and supply pressures on land, energy, water, and the environment. The research examines these issues and the policy choices that China's leaders could make at national and local levels that can alter the shape of urbanization significantly.
MGI finds that an urgent shift in focus from solely driving GDP growth to an agenda of boosting urban productivity, achieving the same or better economic results with fewer resources, is not only an opportunity but a necessity. By moving in this direction, China would cut its public spending requirement by 2.5 percent of GDP or 1.5 trillion renminbi a year, reduce SO2 and NOx emissions by upward of 35 percent, halve its water pollution, and deliver private-sector savings equivalent to 1.7 percent of GDP in 2025 mainly through reduced consumption of natural resources. The analysis suggests that China should tailor policies that would shift urbanization toward a more concentrated shape of urbanization. This pattern of urbanization could produce 15 supercities with average populations of 25 million people, or spur the further development of 11 urban clusters of cities each with strong economic networks and combined populations of 60-plus million.
The research suggests that concentrated urban growth scenarios could produce 20 percent higher per capita GDP than that yielded by China's current urbanization path, would have higher energy consumption but also higher energy efficiency, and would contain the loss of arable land. Concentrated urbanization would also have the advantage of clustering the most skilled workers in urban centers that would be engines of economic growth, enabling China to move more rapidly to higher-value-added activities.
The two-part report offers a rich urban productivity agenda for China's city leaders and examines what national policies are needed for China to move to a path of more concentrated urban growth. It also offers detailed city case studies and explores the implications of China’s urbanization for key aspects of China’s economy including labor and skills, construction, infrastructure, transport, arable land, energy, water, pollution, and funding.
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Composting with worms (a.k.a. vermicomposting) is the proverbial win-win situation.
The benefits of making and using nature's best organic compost at home.
Worm slime not only helps keep the worm warm during winter, it's a boon to the soil.
Learn how to recycle yard clippings and organic table scraps into rich, soil-building compost.
Rich in nutrients and microorganisms, castings are the super-charged digested soil that worms leave behind.
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I wrote an article about MIT’s unique camera and projector system, which was published at Gizmag. Read it here.
Archive for the 'MIT' Category
Four robot videos: Vstone Tichno appears in a television commercial, a Segway-like vehicle developed in China, a balancing experiment using the tail of MIT’s Cheetah, and a nice summary of the Mars rover Curiosity.
The researchers at the German Aerospace Center love their robot Justin so much they even spend some of their free time playing with it. Take this video, for example, of Justin performing the iconic dance moves seen in the diner scene from Pulp Fiction. Now if they would just connect Justin’s torso to that pair […]
A look at two of the cheetah-inspired quadrupeds competing in DARPA’s M3 program.
Some of the do’s and don’ts of fire-fighting robots.
A historic deal with South Korea paves the way for humanoid robots in the United States.
A bio-inspired ostrich that can run at speeds in excess of 20 mph that, conceptually, looks quite a bit like robots from a popular video game franchise.
An overview of MIT’s socially intelligent interactive robot head, Kismet.
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When talking about the BRICS countries and their role in development, there is a lot of hot air surrounding debates on ‘South-South cooperation’ and plenty of warm words offered about ‘mutual learning’ and ‘solidarity’. But it was refreshing to be at a conference last week at PLAAS in Cape Town on the engagement of Brazil, China and South Africa in patterns of agrarian change to start from a different perspective: the influence on development pathways by the BRICS as new hubs of capital. The proposition of the BICAS group – similar but with different emphases to the CBAA project (also affiliated to the Future Agricultures Consortium) – is that we have to understand the origins, political and economic driving forces and limitations of the new hubs of capital, in order to get to grips with new dynamics of agrarian change across the world. There was a huge amount discussed at the conference, and the details are only now sinking in, but let me offer a few first thoughts on the emerging debates and their implications.
Despite the hyperbole often associated with ‘rising powers’, one thing that struck me from across the presentations was the limits to accumulation and the extension and penetration of new forms of capital. There has been much debate about ‘land grabbing’, alongside much misinformation and confusion about its extent, but many of the big investment deals that were profiled soon after the 2007-08 crisis have not materialised, and even very high profile programmes – such as Prosavana in Mozambique, the subject of much debate and a panel at the conference – have not really materialised on the ground.
Capitalist accumulation of course takes many forms, and not always those of violent displacement and dispossession. Instead, a much longer, quieter pattern of accumulation may be happening, driven by a new global configuration of capital. This is what Jun Borras called for southeast Asia, the ‘thousand pin pricks’ of small scale transfers of land and extension of (often) Chinese capital in the region. In Africa too, while land grabs still continue, Ruth Hall emphasised the extension into processing, input supply, agricultural technology including seeds, transport and retail. The multiple ‘value webs’ created are crucial in understanding the impacts of the extension of capital from the new hubs. Compared to dramatic grabs, the slow, cumulative ‘dull compulsion of economic relations’ may have as big an effect in the end. But, participants argued, this requires a different lens to understand its dynamics.
Of course since the financial crisis, the possibilities of accumulation have changed. Africa with its vast land area, and apparent emptiness, was seen as a new frontier. But since then commodity prices have collapsed, and the urgency of seeking new markets via Africa – to Europe and beyond, possibly assisted by aid-funded preferential access and state support from African governments eager for investment – has receded. Africa in particular has proven a tough place to extend business ventures. Red tape, local politics, harsh environments, poor infrastructure plague new capital, just as they have old capital.
Domestic political contexts and economic imperatives in China, Brazil and South Africa have changed too. Talk in China is of the ‘new normal’ where consumption demand stabilises, and growth rates decline from the supercharged levels of a few years ago. As China turns to rebalancing and making the economy more sustainable, the massive commodity demand has tailed off. This of course has a direct impact on Brazil, where the decline in commodity prices, particularly in agriculture, has major consequences. This has combined with the domestic political crisis dominated by corruption scandals and a backlash by the middle classes. Concerns again are more inward looking. South Africa has its own economic and political crises, reflecting its failure to deal with the legacies of apartheid, as discussed on this blog last week. This at one level pushes capital to seek alternatives elsewhere, but also highlights the rather fragile claim to be a ‘rising power’, when perhaps Nigeria will prove its economic might in the region if conflicts in the north can be addressed.
Another theme running through the conference, and now more thoroughly understood thanks to some great new work, is the influence of financialisation. This is transforming land and agrarian change, as new players – be they equity funds, sovereign wealth investments, or banks of different sorts – see land and agriculture as new asset classes and investment opportunities. As Moises Balestro commented, the old landowning rentier class of Brazil has a new ally in financialisation. This transforms the way capital operates – no longer necessarily driven by companies associated with nation states (whether BRICS or not), but often truly globalised flows of finance that upset the notion that new political blocs centred on states rule the roost. Such finance has no particular national character, nor any form of political accountability, yet has enormous power and influence.
The mirror effect
Alongside these changing dynamics of capital and accumulation trajectories, another theme of the conference was how the political economy of the new hubs of capital establish the nature and direction of new investments abroad. This is a strong theme of the CBAA project that argues that the histories of domestic political economies in China and Brazil, and the associated imaginaries and narratives of agriculture and development, strongly influence what forms of agricultural development cooperation arrives in Africa – and so the meanings of agriculture, farming and development, and with this the pathways that emerge through these encounters.
In Brazil the long-running tension and political accommodation of both agribusiness and ‘family farming’ with agrarian reform, that Sergio Sauer and Sergio Schneider both talked of, is exported in various projects and technical assistance programmes. Models appropriate to Brazilian contexts – and reflecting this on-going very Brazilian political struggle – arrive in Africa, resulting in frequent confusion, as various cases under the CBAA project describe.
From China, the tension between ‘filling the rice bowl’ and the need to keep a stable, rural peasantry and the narrative of agricultural modernisation was discussed by Ye Jingzhong. This is also reflected in its ‘going out’ policy, as elaborated in CBAA work by Chinese Agricultural University colleagues led by Li Xiaoyun. Thus in different Chinese Agricultural Technology Centres, emerging from different provinces in China, very different visions of agriculture and development are reflected. There is no one China, and variegated forms of capital, reflected in the range of emphases of Chinese State Owned Enterprises that generally run these centres in Africa.
South African capital as it extends into Africa reflects a more unified vision, with its projection of large-scale commercial farming and vertically integrated value chains. This of course mirrors the historical evolution of South Africa’s agrarian sector, from the apartheid era to today, linked closely to what Ben Fine calls the minerals-energy complex that has historically defined South Africa’s political economy. With the power of large agribusiness even more entrenched by the processes of post-apartheid liberalisation, and now reinforced by financialisation, the extension of South African capital, perhaps especially in retail, processing, transport and logistics, but also technology and input supply is, as Ruth Hall and Ward Anseeuw, described, pushes a very particular logic and vision.
There is thus a striking mirroring of domestic struggles, tensions, accommodations and political-economic dynamics as capital extends from the new hubs. This imposes particular directions for accumulation and investment, and smooths certain paths for capital, and so the nature of investments. For this reason, in order to understand agrarian change, the scope must be cast wider, as much activity is focused on roads, mines and infrastructure development. Across the world, aid and state backed investments in ‘corridors’ and ‘investment zones’ are providing conducive conditions for capital accumulation. New agribusinesses follow on behind, often as the second or third wave of investment. This is a long game, where the quick wins of the speculative post-crash boom have gone, but state-capital alliances are forging longer term patterns, setting in train investments and visions of development framed in very different contexts, as Chinese, Brazilian and South African hubs (as well as Indian, Turkish, Indonesian, Vietnamese and other new hubs) extend their reach.
Beyond the rhetoric of South-South cooperation
To my mind, this is the context in which the high-sounding rhetoric around ‘South South cooperation’ must be set. For Zimbabwe, ‘Looking East’ to China – or to south of the Limpopo to South Africa or across the Atlantic to Brazil – must be seen in this light. While ‘conditionalities’ are not as imposed by the west or the old International Finance Institutions of the World Bank or IMF, there are consequences of engagement. Transfers are not just cash or technology, but much more. They include visions and trajectories of development that were constructed elsewhere, and so carry with them different politics and economic relations.
Talking about the emergence of a class of new entrepreneurial farmer, linked to urban markets, in Tanzania (very similar in many ways to what we see in Zimbabwe today), Marc Wegerif, only half jokingly, commented that being low on the World Bank’s index for doing business may be a good thing, providing some level of protection for smaller, domestic economic players. No-one denies Zimbabwe needs investment, but this conference reemphasised that understanding the wider system of finance and capital accumulation in a regional and global context is essential, so this can be responded to strategically.
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Taoiseach Enda Kenny has described his visit, alongside the British Prime Minister David Cameron, to a series of Irish and British World War I memorials in Flanders as "poignant and powerful".
During a carefully balanced schedule, the two prime ministers spent three hours visiting the most solemn and symbolically important World War I sites, with both men acknowledging the sacrifice of the war dead from the other's country.
Mr Kenny became the first ever Taoiseach to lay a wreath at a British and Commonwealth cemetery.
Mr Cameron bowed his head at the grave of Willie Redmond, the Irish nationalist MP who was killed on the Western Front in 1917.
Mr Redmond had specifically requested to be buried apart from British war graves as a protest against the execution of the 1916 Easter Rising leaders.
Arriving at this evening's EU summit in Brussels following the event, the Taoiseach reflected: "The thought crossed my mind standing at the grave of Willie Redmond that that was why we have a European Union and why I'm attending a European Council.
"It's very striking when you stand there and look at the names of your own country people who fought in what was supposed to be the war to end all wars, and the senseless slaughter that occurred, and to visit the graveyards and see the names.
"It is very poignant and very powerful.
"I think it was the first time that an Irish Taoiseach actually had the opportunity to pay tribute to British soldiers and Irish soldiers who fought in World War I. So for me, personally, this was something very important."
In the visitors' book next to Redmond's grave, Mr Cameron wrote: "It is an honour to visit with the Irish PM to commemorate all those who gave their lives in the cause of freedom, including this historic site."
The visit began at the Island of Ireland Peace Park in Messines and was attended by joint British-Irish military honours personnel.
The park was inaugurated in 1998 by Queen Elizabeth and former president Mary McAleese, a move seen as a symbolic high point in the period of reconciliation coinciding with the signing of the Good Friday Agreement.
It commemorates the 50,000 Irish men, from north and south, who died in the slaughter, and in particular, the comradeship of northern loyalists from the 36th Ulster Division and the southern nationalists of the 16th Irish Division during the assault on Messines Ridge in 1917.
The Taoiseach and Mr Cameron both laid a wreath at the site and observed a minute's silence.
It was preceded by a rendition of the Piper's Lament performed by pipers Sgt Kevin Duncan and Corp Anthony Kelly from the Army School of Music.
Children from the local Kleinster School performed Silent Night.
Following the visit to Redmond's next to the village of Loker, the two men travelled to the Menin Gate in Ypres, which commemorates 185,000 British and Commonwealth war dead, including 100,000 men whose bodies were never recovered.
Mr Cameron read out For The Fallen, by war poet Robert Laurence Binyon, before both men laid a wreath at the gate.
Later, Mr Cameron told a group of visiting British school children that he had come across five members of his extended family listed among the names at Menin Gate.
The visit ended at Tyne Cot cemetery, the largest British and Commonwealth war cemetery, which contains the graves of 12,000 service men who died in World War I.
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From the 1950s to the 1970s, all religions including Islam were banned in China. During this period, no religious practice was allowed, therefore resulting in no debates.. However, at beginning of the 1980s, when China began to reform its policy towards religion, the mandate of banning was losing. As a result, all religions came to the surface. As more freedom was given, the religious debate took its course in continuation and the focus was on the following issues:
Mutual criticism among sects: As the religion and religious practice became legal, the Muslims showed unprecedented zeal to their religion. Imams (Ahongs) became very active and enthusiastic to preach Islam. This was almost lost during the past decades. Every sect, in order to attract new member and prevent old members from departing, tried the best possible way to justify its correctness and exposed deficiencies of others. All the old debates were repeated once again. All the sects were in a state of controversy against each other. The Ikhwan criticized the Menhuan and the Salafiyya while the Menhuan criticized the Ikhwan and the Salafiyya. The Salafiyya criticized the Menhuan and the Ikhwan. The themes were what had been debated in the previous decades among them.
View on Islamic books in Chinese: In 1981, the translation of the Quran in Chinese by professor Ma Jian was published. This was followed by a publication of the translation of “Taj”, a Hadith Collection, translated by a prominent Ahong, Chen Keli. The average Muslims had a chance to read the scripture by themselves without the aid and explanation of Ahongs. The translations were done according to the literal meaning of the text in a way that when words, such as, Allah's hands and eyes, appeared in the text they were translated into the meaning used for human organs. The Ikhwan and the Menhua criticized all Islamic books in Chinese as being disseminating the Salafi ideology and prohibited reading any religious books in Chinese languages. Majority of Muslims saw the Chinese books as easy access to Islamic understanding.
Attitude towards learning Arabic language: From mid 1980s, private schools for learning Arabic were established in different places in China, starting from Linxia of Gansu province. The objective of the schools was to bring up Imams and intellectuals of the new generation in quack speed while the madrasas (religious schools attached to the mosques) were doing the same job in a very slow process. As students of Arabic schools focused more on Arabic language and paid more attentions to text of the Quran and the Hadith as Salafiyya did, the Ahongs felt a risk of Wahabinization of Islamic education. The Ikhwan Ahongs launched a campaign against learning Arabic calling it the language of the Saudi Wahabism. Some Ahongs from the Menhuan also followed the suit.
View on studying abroad: From mid-1980s, Muslim youth began to go abroad for further learning or study Arabic language in different Islamic countries. These countries included Pakistan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Libya. The students in Saudi Arabia, were more or less influenced by the Wahabi ideology and therefore came back with a Wahabi tendency. On the other hand, students from other countries were unable to reach what the people expected from them in terms knowledge and practice. The people started to suspect the role of sending youth abroad. Many Ahongs from both the Ikhwan and the Menhuan began to criticize graduates of Islamic universities especially graduates of Islamic University of Madinah as either disseminating the Wahabi ideology or distorting Islam by their insufficient knowledge. As a result, they strongly opposed sending students abroad for learning.
Attitudes toward women's classes: With the increase in Madras and Arabic schools, women classes for basic knowledge of Islam were offered everywhere. However, a group of conservative Ahongs from Ikhwan strongly opposed the women classes. They argued that learning is not obligatory for women if they could perform the prayers. If they cannot perform the prayers, their husbands should take responsibility to teach them, and if not, then the women can get out of the house for pursuing the necessary knowledge. Further, this can only be done under strict conditions that she should be disguised as a beggar holding a stick in the hand, wearing torn clothes, soiling her face and walk on the side walk. As soon as she acquires the necessary knowledge she should stop learning and stay at home. Whereas others viewed that learning was equally obligatory on men and women. They should be able to acquire knowledge as freely as men and should be able to learn as much as she could. They argued that it is not considered Haram when a woman goes shopping and visiting her relatives and friends. Similarly, they should not be prohibited from learning Islamic knowledge. The debate of the women education or girls’ schools is still going on in some places of Gansu and Qinghai confined within the Ikhwan.
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While we are moving to a world with more and more gadgets to keep us connected, to keep us at ease and take care of things like never before; at the same time the world has more patients (depression), accidents (suicide) and crimes (rapes).
And what so what does a commoner think, it is all co-related. The western culture, technology, lifestyle is bringing it all. So a very simple question for all such thinkers... when winters come, why don’t these plants, trees take a break? Why don’t they go inside a shelter? If we/human can feel cold, don’t they? If we can change our schedules, state weather as the culprit for us being lazy , why can’t they.
Because they are rooted to earth. They know what they should adapt to and what not. They know their limits. They understand themselves.
Unlike them, we find happiness in THINGS. A gadget makes us happy, a gift makes us merrier than the company of a loved one. A London trip, photograph in a designer wear on FB, likes from friends. We prefer drinking, getting slouched, running from the problem and sleeping a peaceful sleep for a fortnight than over a brief talk with self and sorting out the issue.
Weird but true…
Facebook is nice and so are other social networking sites, they give you chance to talk/ share in our busy lives. But putting someone behind the bars because of a comment is not fair. Use gadgets, smart apps to say connected but don’t forget to show up.
Meet. Talk. Share. Emotions are best felt not when spoken…
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If there is one area of life most people can change in order to return to the Shire, in a metaphorical if not literal sense, it’s their eating habits. You can live in a 20-storey high-rise in Manhattan or Paris and still adopt a Hobbit lifestyle when it comes to eating. That’s because Hobbits are different from most of the enslaved subjects of Mordor not only in what they eat… but also in how and why they eat it. Hobbits, along with most of the free peoples of Middle-earth, eat pure, naturally-grown, mostly wild foods from their own gardens or nearby fields: lush berries, fresh bread, cheese, cold meats, mushrooms (lots of those!), wine and beer. They eat frequently, usually in groups and often accompanied by poetry readings and songs. Hobbits are not vegetarians but they have a varied diet of whole, local foods, including Nimcelen, the hobbit version of potato salad; Soroname, a warm soup filled with pasta, meat, tomatoes, beans and onions; and Lembas, Elvish waybread. They drink wine and, when they can get it, such invigorating liquors as Ent-draughts and Miruvor, the life-giving and energizing elixir of the Elves. Food has a spiritual as well as a biological purpose for them.
As even cursory readers of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings know, Hobbits like to eat well and often. They also take their time. “And laugh they did, and eat, and drink, often and heartily, being fond of simple jests at all times, and of six meals a day (when they could get them),” Tolkien notes in the famous “Prologue” to The Fellowship of the Ring. Indeed, foods of all types feature prominently in the long saga of The Lord of the Rings. The entire epic begins with a magnificent feast for Bilbo’s eleventy-first birthday party. As many commentators have pointed out, there is more eating than fighting in The Lord of the Rings, despite the gore of Hollywood’s over-amped CGI film versions. After what Tolkien calls “a very pleasant feast” at Bilbo’s birthday and going-away party—“rich, abundant, varied and prolonged”—Tolkien goes on to describe Frodo’s meal with Gildor Inglorion and the High Elves and another magnificent dinner at the Prancing Pony in Bree. The Elves describe their travelling food as “poor fare,” and yet Pippin recalls the food as “bread, surpassing the savour of a fair white loaf to one who is starving; and fruits sweet as wild berries and richer than the tended fruits of gardens” and a cup “that was filled with a fragrant draught, cool as a clear fountain, golden as a summer afternoon.” The fellowship leaves the Elves to share a few meals with the strange, primeval creature known as Tom Bombadill—including such delights as “yellow cream and honey-come, and white bread, and butter; milk, cheese, and green herbs and ripe berries gathered”—and then head for the small village of Bree. There, at the inn known as The Prancing Pony, they gather their strength for their quest, and Tolkien describes the food in detail:
They were washed and in the middle of good deep mugs of beer when Mr. Butterbur and Nob came in again. In a twinkling, the table was laid. There was hot soup, cold meats, a blackberry tart, new loaves, slabs of butter, and half a ripe cheese: good plain food, as good as the Shire could show, and homelike enough to dispel the last of Sam’s misgivings (already much relieved by the excellence of the beer).
In Tolkien’s vision, the growing, preparation and enjoyment of food take up most of the hobbits’ time—and serve a much higher purpose than the mere utilitarian re-fueling of Mordor’s orcs or modern society. The meals of the hobbits and the elves have social, even spiritual, purposes, helping to cement the bonds of friendship and strengthen the soul for hardships to come. In this, Tolkien is echoing an ancient spiritual tradition that extends back through his own Catholic faith, and the Anglo-Catholicism of his friends at Oxford, all the way through the Jewish and Christian testaments. The elaborate family Sabbath and Passover meals are central to Jewish religious practice. The central act of Christian worship in the majority of denominations, the Eucharist, is essentially a ritualized meal and a re-enactment of the Last Supper. To put it simply: What and how we eat matters… and there is a vast chasm existing between the nourishing, fresh, locally-grown food eaten in the Shire (and in most traditional societies)… and the manufactured, pre-packaged, artificial “food products” consumed by the harried worker-bees of consumer society.
The Shift to Industrial Mass Production of Food
Ironically enough, the growing and eating of food also provides a startling case study in just how radically different is the social and economic vision that informed Tolkien’s formative years—the Third Way de-centralized economics of G.K. Chesterton and his circle—and the dominant economic paradigm of our own world, the literal fusion of Big Government and Big Business in the modern corporate state. That’s because at the heart of Distributist or Third Way thought is a belief in radicalde-centralization, diversity and local control—particularly when it comes to the production of food. In contrast, the very essence of modern industrial food production is centralization, lack of diversity and national or corporate control.
In the early 20th century, there were approximately 6.4 million farms in the United States producing food for a population of 76 million people. By the year 2008, that number had fallen to just 2.2 million producing food for 300 million in the U.S. and for tens of millions more abroad. Even those statistics don’t tell the real story of consolidation and monopolization, however. That’s because most of the “independent” farms that still exist are really controlled by a handful of agricultural conglomerates—aided and abetted by Big Government regulators, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Big Business and Big Government work together to create regulations supposedly for the public’s benefit but really designed to put small competitors out of business. As a result, by some estimates just four companies now produce 90% of the food consumed in the United States: Cargill, Tyson Foods, General Mills and Kraft.
The success of global agribusiness is well known. In some ways, it’s a triumph of modern science and technology. Beginning in the 1920s, large agricultural conglomerates began applying the techniques of the Industrial Revolution to the growing and marketing of food. In place of diverse crops and animals grown in a variety of places, the big companies began a program of standardization, mechanization and centralized control. Efficiency became the prime directive. In place of small family farms dotted across the landscape, a handful of enormous factory farms were created that produce assembly-line “food products.” The goal was to produce vast amounts of standardized foods at extremely low prices… and the big conglomerates, with the help of government subsidy programs and regulations tailor-made for big companies, succeeded beyond anyone’s wildest dreams.
Thus, the twin forces of globalization and industrialization have created an enormous and inter-dependent multinational food industry that has resulted in supermarkets, at least in prosperous First World countries, being stuffed full of seemingly limitless amounts of pre-packaged “ready to eat” foods. A typical North American or European family is a virtual United Nations of food consumption, eating “beef products” produced in Argentina, coffee grown in vast plantations in Columbia, wheat grown in Nebraska, and strawberries from Turkey.
But as many food analysts have pointed out, the diversity that appears on store shelves is really anillusion carefully designed to mask an ugly truth: mass standardization. While there may be dozens and dozens of different “brands” of cereal on the shelves, mostly owned by the same one or two corporations, the underlying reality is that what’s inside the boxes is virtually identical. The negative health consequences of this relatively monotonous diet of pre-processed food products are only recently becoming apparent to average people.
The Health Consequences of Industrial Food
In recent years, ordinary consumers and health researchers have come to realize that this centralized industrial food production comes at an enormous cost in human health. The “virtual foods” we see on store shelves are mass-produced, chemically-enhanced synthetic products like the “fake butter” on movie popcorn, that look like real food but have all the nutritional value of chewable plastic:
1. High-yield, genetically-modified (GMO) fruits and vegetables grown in depleted soils drenched in pesticides, picked weeks early and filled with chemical dyes and preservatives so they arrive in stores looking “fresh”.
2. Corn- and animal-fed industrial meat products filled with potentially dangerous synthetic antibiotics (such as Zeranol, Trenbolone, and Melengestrol) and growth hormones—BANNED, for health reasons, from the European Union.
3. Dairy products, from milk to ice cream, produced from cows given a genetically-engineered hormone called rBGH to increase milk production.
4. Refined carbohydrates designed for maximum shelf life rather than nutritional content.
5. Laboratory-created “fat substitutes” that were designed to pass through the human bodyundigested.
6. Synthetic “instant” fast food products pumped full of chemical preservatives, partially hydrogenated oils and High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HGCS) to increase hunger and encourage increased consumption.
… and on and on.
The result is a tragic paradox: Despite record levels of obesity and despite gobbling fistfuls of chemical vitamins, millions of people in the industrialized west suffer from real nutritional deficiencies without even knowing it.
Medical researchers first suspected that people living in modern industrialized societies may suffer from unknown but potentially dangerous nutritional deficiencies when they began looking at two sets of facts:
1. The unexplained explosion in the rate of certain ailments since 1920, when modern industrial food manufacturing began in earnest; and,
2. The extremely low rates of these same chronic health problems among traditional peoples who don’t eat from tin cans or plastic boxes.
The first set of facts has been known for decades. Beginning about 1920, about the time when industrialized farming and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by crop dusters became common, the death rate from heart problems in the U.S. more than doubled and the death rate from cancer nearly tripled. At the same time, Americans also became afflicted with dozens of other ailments almost unknown to their grandparents and great-grandparents, including numerous food allergies, autoimmune ailments, joint problems, chronic breathing difficulties, migraine headaches, sexual infirmities, and the list goes on and on.
The truth is: Thanks to improvements in medicine (antibiotics) and public hygiene (sewer systems), Americans today live longer than their pioneer ancestors but are sicklier, weaker, and prone to health problems that didn’t even exist in 1900.
A second set of facts is even more alarming. Traditional societies that remain isolated from modern industrialized farming remain remarkably healthy, virtually free of the chronic health problems that plague modern North Americans and Europeans.
“On my arrival in Gabon, in 1913, I was astonished to encounter no cases of cancer,” wrote the medical missionary Dr. Albert Schweitzer, of his decades spent among African nations. “I saw none among the natives two hundred miles from the coast.” Nor was Schweitzer alone in his observations. When anthropologists, medical missionaries and others visited isolated groups all across the world, they were struck by the same fact: a remarkable absence of chronic disease! As the nutrition writer Michael Pollan writes in his magisterial expose of the food industry, In Defense of Food, these early researchers found “little to no heart disease, diabetes, cancer, obesity, hypertension, or stroke; no appendicitis, diverticulitis, malformed dental arches, or tooth decay; no varicose veins, ulcers or hemorrhoids.”
The typical response to this has been that “primitive” peoples simply didn’t live long enough to get such “western” ailments as cancer and heart disease. But we now know that this is not true. A recent study of longevity among the few remaining hunter-gatherer societies—such as the Yanomamo in the Amazon rainforest or the Kung people in Africa—found most traditional peoples live almost as long as their western counterparts, despite their utter lack of modern medical care. What’s more, when doctors examine the older members of hunter gatherer peoples, they find that they are largely free of the diseases that plague modern Americans.
What Pollan and other nutrition researchers now believe is that the recent explosion of chronic health problems in developed societies is due almost entirely to the nutritional deficiencies of modern industrial food production.
To put it simply: Modern industrialized farming and mass-production meat factories have tradedquantity for quality. For convenience and shelf life, the giant food companies inadvertently strip out the vital plant nutrients that keep you strong and healthy—and, in their place, pump in synthetic sweeteners, chemical preservatives and other additives. This makes abundant “food” that can last almost indefinitely on store shelves, but which lacks almost all of the vital nutrients you need for health, healing and longevity. Pollan and other food researchers claim, therefore, that it almost doesn’t matter what your specific diet is—the fish-oriented diet of Greenland, the Mediterranean diet of Greece, the rice diet of Japan—you will be far healthier eating that way than eating the processed foods of modern developed countries. How the food is produced turns out to be far more important, in terms of its effect on your health, than what you eat! Put another way, you’d be better off eating organic whale blubber every day than you would eating frozen pizzas.
Increasingly, medical researchers are agreeing with this assessment. Research now links poor or inadequate nutrition to four of the top 10 causes of death in the developed world: heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes. Research done by the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion found that a staggering 74% of Americans suffer from inadequate nutrient intake. Another study found that only 41% of the U.S. population gets enough phytonutrients from vegetables and only 24% get enough from fruits—and of some vital phytonutrients, such as the vision-supporting nutrients found in yellow vegetables like squash, they get almost none.
In other words, the harried citizens in modern industrial democracies have access to vast amounts of what looks like food yet are suffering from nutritional deficiencies that are seriously undermining their health and even shortening their lives.
The Political and Economic Costs
As you might expect, the early Distributists, writing in the 1920s when large industrial farms were just being created, foresaw this development clearly. They advocated a return to family-owned farms (not necessarily small) for financial, spiritual, political and health reasons. An early Distributist manifesto was even entitled Flee to the Fields. They maintained that a decentralized system of food co-ops and farmers’ markets, seen in Europe for generations, was the best way to ensure the security of food production and quality. In this, they were a voice crying in the wilderness, dismissed as “anti-modern” and old-fashioned.
Distributist thinkers such as G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc believed that modern political parties of the Left and Right were essentially different sides of the same coin: Marxists and Fascists, Democrats and Republicans, Labour and Conservative, all believe in big factories, standardization, uniformity, centralized control and mass production. They just quibble over who should be in charge, government bureaucrats or corporate executives. Stalin and Mao created vast industrial farms every bit as large and uniform as those of ConAgra and Tyson Foods.
Distribustists, in contrast, have been the only serious movement to question the orthodoxy of the modern corporate state, to insist on decentralization over centralization, local over national control, diversity over uniformity, smaller over bigger. In this, Distributists are quite in harmony with the growing local and organic food movement, a movement that is embraced by people across the political spectrum.
While many people associate local and “slow food” efforts to be pre-eminently left-wing and hippie-like ideals, many conservative and libertarian-minded folks also embrace the same ideals. One reason for this is because there is a growing awareness among ordinary people that large-scale industrial farming, controlled by a handful of agribusiness monopolies, comes with a startling number of hidden economic as well as political costs. Many organic and small farmer organizations even question whether, when all these hidden costs are taken into account, large factory farms are really as efficient and productive as they claim to be.
“Many of the costs of industrial agriculture have been hidden and ignored in short-term calculations of profit and productivity, as practices have been developed with a narrow focus on increased production,” says the Union of Concerned Scientists, in a special report issued in 2008. “The research establishment that underpins modern industrial agriculture has until recently paid little heed to the unintended and long-term consequences of these systems (emphasis added).” The UCS is calling for a fundamental re-thinking of the modern system of food production. “A new awareness of the costs is beginning to suggest that the benefits [of industrial farming] are not as great as they formerly appeared.”
One obvious hidden cost of industrial agriculture cited by the UCS is the high energy requirements of transportation—not just of the foods themselves (transporting oranges from New Zealand to the USA, for example) but of the myriad products that go into industrial food production itself. For example, the corn and soybeans that is used as feed for most industrial lifestock—in place of the ordinary grass used by organic ranchers—must be transported from gigantic farms to the ranches. The petroleum-based fertilizers and pesticides used to growth that wheat must, in turn, be transported to the farms, often over long distances. Then there is the energy costs used in industrial farming itself: the enormous combines and harvesters. In addition to transportation, there are refrigeration costs: again, all from limited energy sources.
Finally, that’s not counting the indirect costs of damage to the environment or to other food-producing systems, including,
- “damage to fisheries from oxygen-depleting microorganisms fed by fertilizer runoff…”
- “the cleanup of surface and groundwater polluted with… waste…”
- “the increased health risks borne by agricultural workers, farmers, and rural communities exposed to pesticides and antibiotic resistant bacteria.”
It’s little wonder that the USC concludes that “the full costs of industrial agriculture… call into question the efficiency of this approach to food production.”
Of greater concern to Tolkien and the early Third Way thinkers, however, were the political costs of industrialized, large-scale, centrally-planned food production. When hundreds of millions of people are utterly dependent upon just a handful of large multinational corporations for their very survival—or, for that matter, a centrally controlled State—it gives new meaning to Belloc’s term for the modern citizen: servile. For both Tolkien and Belloc, industrialism brings with it a radical dependence that undermines society and encourages a subtle despotism—particularly when it concerns food production. When the agents of Mordor take over the Shire in The Lord of the Rings, this is precisely what happens. As Matthew Akers describes it in the St. Austin Review:
This environmental destruction [of industrialization] has also destroyed the indigenous culture of the hobbits. They have become industrial serfs rather than agricultural freemen. Now, the hobbits depend upon the industrial work they perform at the new mill for their livelihood rather than enjoying the fruits of their agricultural labor. They also crouch in fear before the big government that has taken over the Shire, for this new government controls the mill, the hobbits’ source of livelihood. Once the hobbits are severed from nature, they are severed from their very essence: they are no longer free and fun-loving. Instead, they have become industrial slaves, both to their masters at the mill and to their bureaucratic masters in government.
Tolkien and the Distributists did not believe everyone should be family farmers. In the Shire, as in the Middle Ages, there were tradesmen, repair men, merchants and lawyers. Tolkien himself was a university professor, Chesterton a newspaperman. Yet they did believe that the “means of production” should be de-centralized, controlled by the many and not by the few. This is in stark contrast to the aims of both Big Government liberals and Big Business conservatives who seek to ensure that the means of production, in this case food production, are controlled by the few. Big Business does this through its relentless quest for monopoly; Big Government does this through myriad regulations that drive smaller companies and farms out of business. “Loathing Capitalism, however, Chesterton loathed Socialism more,” writes the Catholic philosopher Michael Novak of G.K. Chesterton, one of Distributism’s chief theoreticians. “He took his stand on two values which Capitalism claimed to stand upon but, he thought, destroyed: private property and personal self-determination.” Chesterton was one of the few thinkers to see clearly that both Big Business and Big Government want the same thing—total control— and that this is not in the best interests of the average person. This is especially true, we are now discovering, when it comes to the production of food.
The Fox Guarding the Hen House
One of the most troubling aspects of the corporate state’s control over food production is the way in which Big Business operatives infiltrate and control the very government agencies that are supposed to be regulating them. For example, many of the top officials of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration—charged with protecting the health of American food consumers—are themselves former employees of, or paid consultants to, the large multinational agribusinesses. Talk about the fox guarding the hen house! For example, former U.S. Food and Drug Administration commissioner Lester Crawford was actually convicted for lying about his financial ties to companies the FDA regulates (Pepsico). Clarence Thomas, the U.S. Supreme Court Justice who wrote the opinion that the Monsanto Corporation could legally patent its genetically modified seeds, was once a corporate lawyer in the pesticide and agriculture division of, yes, Monsanto.
There are a number of practical steps you can take to begin eating more like a Hobbit and, thereby, contributing to both your personal health and your political liberation. Here are a few.
1. Go organic. Whenever possible, begin buying organic food, especially when it comes to meat and dairy products. Organic products are more expensive so every family and individual has to adjust their purchases for their own economic situation. Many people believe that, for health reasons, switching to organic, free-range meats and dairy is more important than organic vegetables because of the use of growth hormones and antibiotics in meat and dairy.
2. Buy local only. Almost every town and city in North America and Europe hosts farmer’s markets where the few remaining family and small farms come to sell locally grown produce. There are now also hundreds of websites where you can quickly and easily identify stores in your area that sell locally-grown produce.
3. Eat in season. This is the hardest step of all to take. That’s because globalization means that consumers in prosperous nations have gotten used to eating whatever they want, whenever they want it, regardless of the season. But again, convenience comes at a high cost: the fruits you buy in January are picked unripe and artificially ripened with ethylene gas or calcium carbide (yum, yum!). Buying foods in season, however, has the effect of encouraging a far more diverse diet than would otherwise be the case: apricots in April, cherries in May, blueberries and raspberries in June.
4. Start your own garden. One reason to start your own garden is because it sensitizes you to what you’re missing by eating only mass-produced industrial food. Anyone who has ever tasted a homegrown heirloom tomato grown on the vine has trouble going back to the tasteless, “pre-ripened,” dyed-red globules sold in most supermarkets. Even if you only have a few green pepper plants sprouting on your balcony in your high-rise apartment, it is a vivid reminder of the Shire and why you should go out of your way to find “Hobbit-grown” foods whenever you can.
5. Join the Urban Chicken movement. Thousands of families in urban and suburban settings have set up small chicken coops in their back yards, sometimes disguised as children’s playhouses. The fun of growing chickens is heightened by getting dozens of “farm fresh,” organically-produced, nutritious eggs.
6. Eat less meat. Hobbits are not vegetarians and neither are most human beings. Yet their favourite foods are grown in the wild, particularly mushrooms. Many people are finding that a return to the so-called “paleolithic diet,” the diet of our hunter-gather ancestors, can result in surprising health benefits and even weight loss. This is a diet made up primarily of fruits and vegetables with occasional lean meat dishes.
7. Lobby for labeling. The industrial food lobby, aided by most national governments, has fought tooth and nail against food labelling requirements. The Big Food lobby has been especially fierce in its opposition to labels for Genetically Modified (GM) foods since so many consumer food products today now contain genetically-altered plants, such as corn. It is also opposed to mandatory labelling for products that contain growth hormones, antibiotics, pesticides and so on. That’s because the food industry does not want consumers “voting with their pocketbooks” and choosing organic foods that do not contain these chemical additives.
Those interested in preparing Hobbit foods themselves should consult Emerald Took’s Regional Cooking from Middle-earth: Recipes of the Third Age (Trafford Publishing, 2003).
Without access to any modern medicine, the Yanomamo live, on average, to about 75 years of age, mostly in very good health.
G.K. Chesterton, The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton, Volume 5 (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1987), p. 20.
This article courtesy of The Distributist Review.
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7 Of The Top Medical Procedures Whose Risks Far Exceed Any Benefit
Some of the top medical procedures in the world involve either radiating, poisoning or surgical removal of human tissue. To medical professionals, the solution is to eliminate the problem in the fastest way possible, regardless of the short or long-term consequences. Think twice before you decide to commit to any of these procedures. There is always an alternative.
A hysterectomy is major operation to remove a woman's uterus. Hysterectomies are the second most common form of surgery for women, with more than 600,000 performed annually in the United States. The use of a power tool that minces up tissue for removal -- called a morcellator -- can inadvertently spread undetected cancer. While the chance of that outcome was once thought to be quite low, the FDA now says the risk is as high.
If hysterectomy has been suggested to you as an option, you should carefully weigh the potential risks so that you are able to make a comfortable and informed decision about the dangers of the procedure. whether hysterectomy is right for you. The restoration and maintenance of physiologic (normal) function is, or should be, the ultimate goal of a hysterectomy, and this is often lacking after the procedure which can produce long-term side effects which are often debilitating.
“Our profession is entrenched in terms of doing hysterectomies,” says Ernst Bartsich, MD, a gynecological surgeon at Weill-Cornell Medical Center in New York. “Im not proud of that. It may be an acceptable procedure, but it isnt necessary in so many cases.” In fact, he adds, of the 617,000 hysterectomies performed annually, “from 76 to 85 percent” may be unnecessary.
Go knife-free. Endometrial ablation, a nonsurgical procedure that targets the uterine lining, is another fix for persistent vaginal bleeding.
Focus on fibroids. Fibroids are a problem for 20 to 25 percent of women, but there are several specific routes to relief that arent nearly as drastic as hysterectomy. For instance,myomectomy, which removes just the fibroids and not the uterus, is becoming increasingly popular. And there are other less-invasive treatments out there, too.
2) Lap Band Surgery (Gastric Banding)
This is a surgical weight loss procedure that involves the placement of an adjustable belt around the upper portion of the stomach.
A study from 2011 that sought to determine the long term efficacy and safety of gastric banding for morbid obesity revealed shocking results. The study looked at 82 patients who had undergone gastric banding between 1994 and 1997:
40% of patients experienced serious complications following surgery
An additional 22% had minor complications; and
60% needed subsequent surgery
1 in 6 opted to have gastric bypass
The high failure rate of Lap Band Surgery is most certainly detrimental in the long-term and continued widespread use as a restrictive weight loss operation will continue to deteriorate the health of those to who submit to this procedure.
The biggest danger of having a lap band procedure is the misconception that the band will do all the work of weight loss, and no effort on the part of the patient is necessary. In fact, one of the more common reasons for weight loss failure is the notion that a lifestyle change is not warranted. The band does force you to eat much less food, and in significantly smaller amounts. However, it is not a substitute for intelligence and common sense as to what to put into your mouth. People have been known to actually gain weight with a lap band, purely based on the types of foods eaten. The lap band is a tool in weight loss, not the answer. The only real answer to even the most problematic forms of morbid obesity is a great diet and physical activity. It's a solution that has worked on humanity since we've been around.
3) CAT Scan
CT (computed tomography) scans are now a well established medical imaging procedure which both the government and the scientific community have confirmed increases cancer risk. CT scanners can bombard the human body with radiation levels more than 1000 times greater than a standard x-ray. They damage DNA and create mutations that spur cells to grow into tumors. For radiation protection purposes it is assumed that any dose above zero can increase the risk of radiation-induced cancer (i.e., that there is no threshold).
"For many patients an MRI is the better choice," said Radiologist Isabella Montera. Unlike CT scans, which use X-rays, MRI scans use powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency pulses to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and other internal body structures. Differences between normal and abnormal tissue is often clearer on an MRI image than a CT. There there is no radiation involved in an MRI scan. "It can be a noisy exam and takes typically a longer period of time than CTs," said Montera.
This treatment--which can be given intravenously (through a vein), by mouth, through an injection (shot), or applied on the skin--destroys not only cancer cells but cells in general.
Chemotherapy is not particularly effective, nor does it decrease morbidity, mortality or diminish any specific cancer rates. In fact, it does the opposite. Chemotherapy boosts cancer growth and long-term mortality rates. Most chemotherapy patients either die or are plagued with illness within 10-15 years after treatment. It destroys their immune system, increases neuro-cognitive decline, disrupts endocrine functioning and causes organ and metabolic toxicities.
If a "magic bullet" were used FIRST by orthodox medicine, meaning the cut/burn/slash/poison treatments were avoided, a 90% true cure rate would be easy to achieve. But the fact is that the leaders in the medical community have absolutely no interest in finding a "magic bullet." A "magic bullet" would cost the drug companies hundreds of billions of dollars, and patients would have less hospitalization and less doctor visits, etc.
Colonoscopies use a viewing tube that enables an examiner (usually a gastroenterologist) to evaluate the appearance of the inside of the colon (large bowel).
Physicians detect abnormal growths called polyps which are considered abnormal growth of tissue projecting from mucous membrane or smooth muscle. They remove them on the spot. The problem is, most physicians think that if benign polyps are not removed from the large intestine, the can become malignant. This of course is not always the case. In fact, some polyps can exist in the digestive tract for decades without a problem. Removing polyps causes small perforations which can become infected and cause many other problems such as irregularities or blood in bowel movements, abdominal pain or sudden weight loss.
If your Doctor finds polyps, guess what? He or she will be calling you back in for a repeat colonoscopy in as few as three years. You may even be asked to have a third colonoscopy before the 10-year mark. If you are questioning whether these repeat colonoscopies are always necessary, you're onto something. A new study from Norway shows that requiring a repeat colonoscopy before the 10-year mark in everyone whose initial colonoscopy detects a polyp doesn't make sense.
Most colon polyps are adenomas, and the vast majority--about 90%--are completely harmless. But because it's usually not possible to tell which adenomas will become cancerous, doctors pluck out any that they find during a colonoscopy.
Avoiding the need for a colonoscopy is quite simple:
1. Strive to eat several of fruits and vegetables per day, half of which must be raw.
2. Avoid processed foods, such as white breads, refined sugars, pastas, packaged chips, frozen dinners, etc. The less processed foods and refined sugars that you ingest, the better your intestines will be.
3. Practice portion control. Don't eat an amount of food larger than two of your own fists. Also, don't eat during the two hours before you go to sleep; this can affect the proper digestion of food.
4. Drink more water. ater is crucial for optimum intestinal health: it keeps feces from drying up and allows them to move fluidly along the intestinal tract. Intestinal disorders which require colonoscopies like irritable bowel syndrome can be caused from toxins building up over time.
5. Take a probiotic supplement twice a day with meals. Common probiotic strains are: Lactobacillus acidophilus, L casei, L GG, and Bifidobacteria. Probiotics are essentially healthy bacteria that can help prevent or fight certain diseases, assist the immune system and help in the proper digestion of food.
6. Engage is physical activity daily.
6) Pap Smear
During this procedure, cells from a woman's cervix are collected and spread onto a microscope slide and then examined for supposedly pre-malignant or malignant changes.
The problem is that most doctors are performing unnecessary Pap smears, ignoring guidelines issued by major medical organizations and adding to health care costs.
Many women have been led to believe that cervical cancer is very common and that any woman is at risk for the disease for many years. However, many women have not been not informed on the true causes of cervical cancer. The truth is cervical cancer is very rare. HPV infections often clear without leading to the disease. Many women were encouraged to have yearly pap smears regardless of their risk factors.
Cervical cancer is not a major health issue for women under good gynecological care. HPV does not cause cervical cancer, it is the persistant infection, not the virus, that determines the risk. 93% of women initially infected with a particular strain of HPV will not show the same strain four menstrual cycles later. Three published papers on HPV prevalence in the U.S., indicated that types 62, 84 and 52 are the most prevalent. None of these are targeted in either approved HPV vaccine, and type 52 is an accepted high-risk "carcinogenic" strain of HPV.
7) Cortisone Injectionsand Corticosteroids
Used to treat localized inflammation (local injections) or widespread inflammation (systemic injections).
Any time you have any kind of injection, you are at risk of complications. In fact, they do create risks, not the least of which is the risk of infection. Steroid injections into tissues always (let's repeat that--ALWAYS) thin out the tissues into which they are injected. That is why doctors will typically tell you that you can only get 1 or 2 steroid injections in the same area.
If you do a steroid injection into a ligament, it increases the risk of rupture. If you inject them into the skin, you almost always will get a little pock mark. These are potent anti-inflammatory and tissue destroying injections. Yes, they decrease inflammation and improve comfort, but only temporarily and at what cost?
Prednisone is a synthetic corticosteroid used widely for numerous acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Its basic effect is to suppress the immune system’s natural inflammatory response. Prednisone is associated with serious side effects in the long term such as cataracts, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), fluid retention, osteoporosis, fractures, infections, adrenal disease, and numerous metabolic disorders.
There are many important nutrients that can be supplemented in high doses to reduce inflammation safely. The most important of these are vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA). The use of omega-6 has to be reduced in order for omega-3 to have maximum benefit.
High dose vitamin C and the amino acid L-lysine can help prevent the rapid atherosclerosis caused by Prednisone, so supplementation of both should be considered at levels of 3000 mg. each or more, daily, in any Prednisone weaning-off program.
Correcting nutrient deficiencies, either through dietary changes or supplements, is important because this allows the body to heal tissues and organs damaged by inflammation. In order to determine what these might be, you will need the help of a natural health care professional.
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Welcome to Hyperion Records, an independent British classical label devoted to presenting high-quality recordings of music of all styles and from all periods from the twelfth century to the twenty-first.
Hyperion offers both CDs, and downloads in a number of formats. The site is also available in several languages.
Please use the dropdown buttons to set your preferred options, or use the checkbox to accept the defaults.
Mass composition in late seventeenth-century France remained conservative; composers deliberately avoided the same modern features that they were by now using in the motet. Furthermore, Louis XIV’s personal dislike of sung Mass meant that composers working at the royal court did not need to write Masses at all. In this context, Charpentier’s eleven Masses are quite exceptional. They not only employ an up-to-date musical style but between them illustrate Charpentier’s own mantra that ‘diversity alone makes for all that is perfect’. For instance, alongside the well known Messe de minuit, which incorporates traditional French noël tunes, we find a Mass for women’s voices only (for the nuns of the convent Port-Royal), one for instruments alone, and the Messe à quatre chœurs, the distinguishing feature of which is clear from its title.
from notes by Shirley Thompson © 2004
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Creates a security binding element configured to require SOAP security based client authentication using an issued token. This binding element requires the transport to provide server authentication and message protection (for example, HTTPS).
Assembly: System.ServiceModel (in System.ServiceModel.dll)
public static TransportSecurityBindingElement CreateIssuedTokenOverTransportBindingElement( IssuedSecurityTokenParameters issuedTokenParameters )
- Type: System.ServiceModel.Security.Tokens.IssuedSecurityTokenParameters
The created binding has IncludeTimestamp set to true.
- Full trust for the immediate caller. This member cannot be used by partially trusted code. For more information, see Using Libraries from Partially Trusted Code.
Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP SP2, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003
The .NET Framework and .NET Compact Framework do not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see .NET Framework System Requirements.
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TempVars object (Access)
Represents the collection of TempVar objects.
Use the Add method or the SetTempVar macro action to create a TempVar object.
Use the Remove method or the RemoveTempVar macro action to delete a TempVar object from the TempVars collection.
Use the RemoveAll method or the RemoveAllTempVars macro action to delete all TempVar objects from the TempVars collection.
The TempVars collection can store up to 255 TempVar objects. If you don't remove a TempVar object, it will remain in memory until you close the database. It's a good practice to remove TempVar object variables when you are finished using them.
To refer to a TempVar object in a collection by its ordinal number or by its Name property setting, use the following syntax form:
Support and feedback
Have questions or feedback about Office VBA or this documentation? Please see Office VBA support and feedback for guidance about the ways you can receive support and provide feedback.
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Heavy flooding and rains in South India kills and displaces thousands
All throughout August: Caused by unusually high amounts of rainfall during the monsoon season, the state of Kerala experienced the worst flooding that it has ever dealt with in almost a century. The flooding caused 34 of the 55 dams in the state to be opened. Hundreds were killed, and at least 1 million people were evacuated. Kerala is still in the process of flood relief efforts.
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POARCH CREEK INDIAN RESERVATION, Ala., May 4, 2013 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- It is regrettable that Poarch Tribal law enforcement officials were not invited to show the Grand Jury video of the individual threatening to burn down our casino. That video, and other evidence, clearly shows that this individual has made threats to our property, our Tribal members, our employees and our customers.
When the incident occurred, law enforcement officials from both our Tribe and the county conducted an investigation, and subsequently filed charges of terrorist threat and criminal trespassing. As a Tribe, our concerns about the Oklahoma man only grew as we learned he had prior felony charges. Charges against him are still pending in this case in Alabama.
Publicly, this individual has worked diligently to have his actions against us portrayed as those of a martyr and political activist. However, his prior criminal record, his refusal to respect our property rights, his belligerent behavior toward our Tribal members and employees, and his complete disregard for the truth surrounding our Hickory Ground land clearly call into question both his veracity and motivation.
Additionally, while maintaining his publicly defiant stance in the media, this individual has sent numerous messages to our Tribal leaders pleading that the charges against him be dropped noting that an additional felony conviction would only enhance the sentence imposed against him. These are actions of a man who we consider duplicitous, dangerous and potentially destructive.
Like all citizens of Alabama and the United States, we have the right to restrict access to those who would trespass on our property. We will continue to exercise these rights and maintain the safety and security of our lands.
Below is a short summary of facts surrounding our development in Wetumpka. We would encourage the attorney "representing" the Muskogee Nation in Alabama to take time to understand both the history and the laws pertaining to Hickory Ground before making further public statements about our property.
Facts About the Tribe's Wetumpka Property and Its Development
1. Many years ago the Poarch and Muskogee Creek Tribes were separated by historical events. Today, we are separate sovereign nations with completely separate lands.
2. We have continually lived on our Alabama Tribal lands and survived centuries of poverty.
3. Our Wetumpka property is a small portion of what had been a large Indian town called Hickory Ground. The land had been farmed and developed by others for centuries. When it came up for sale, we saw a way to regain some of our historical lands, protect our ancestors and history, and provide for our people and our communities.
- We believed it was historically significant as a center of Creek Indian trade, government, and economic development.
- Unbeknownst to us, a small part of the property we acquired was Hickory Ground Town's Ceremonial Grounds. The Ceremonial Grounds had not (and has not) been disturbed and the Tribe staunchly protects the site.
- The current town of Wetumpka, Alabama, is built on what was once the Indian town of Hickory Ground. Prior to it becoming a Creek settlement, historians estimate that the area had been occupied by humans since at least 6000 B.C.
4. We asked the Muskogee Nation to join with us in applying for a grant to buy the property. They didn't respond.
5. If we had known then what we know now, we may have done things differently. However, we cannot rewrite history.
- The site had been eroded for many years due to farming and lack of maintenance.
- State archeologists asked to study the site and we agreed.
- We had limited finances, limited technology, and limited resources.
6. We did not know that our Wetumpka property encompassed the Ceremonial Grounds for the town until 5 years after we had started developing the site. There has been NO development on the Ceremonial Grounds.
7. The Ceremonial Grounds are protected and we have memorialized and preserved the remains found on our land.
- Our northern 17 acres are preserved in perpetuity as a memorial to the historical significance of the site.
- Remains found within the Ceremonial Grounds were never removed.
- In accordance with Creek Indian tradition, remains found outside the Ceremonial Grounds were interred adjacent to the Ceremonial Grounds with prayer and ceremony.
8. This property is Poarch land, and we know best how to protect and preserve our culture while providing for our community. It is inappropriate and divisive for one sovereign nation to try to control the lands of another sovereign.
About the Poarch Band of Creek Indians
The Poarch Band of Creek Indians is the only federally recognized Indian Tribe in the state of Alabama, operating as a sovereign nation with its own system of government and bylaws. The Tribe operates a variety of economic enterprises, which employ hundreds of area residents. Poarch Creek Indian Gaming manages three gaming facilities in Alabama, including: Wind Creek Casino & Hotel in Atmore; Creek Casino in Wetumpka; and, Creek Casino in Montgomery. The Poarch Band of Creek Indians is an active partner in the state of Alabama, contributing to economic, educational, social and cultural projects benefiting both tribal members and residents of these local communities and neighboring towns.
SOURCE Poarch Band of Creek Indians
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We hope you liked the posts on the Snow Leopard and the Blue Sheep from our winter trek in Ladakh, Kashmir, which we braved in sub zero conditions. Apart from these animals, a few birds do stay behind in the Hemis national park and rough it out during the harsh winter. From among these, the Chukar should get a special mention because you find them in small flocks almost everywhere in the Ladakh region.
These birds are so well camouflaged that it is literally impossible to spot them against the rocky slopes in spite of their noisy behavior. If spotting them is difficult, photographing them is a much stiffer challenge given that these birds are constantly on the move as they are foraging for seeds of plants submerged under the snow or in the rocky terrain. They are quite beautiful and make for interesting compositions, when they would perch on a cliff’s edge.
Here are some of the images that we managed to get of this ubiquitous, but shy subject.
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The photo above was altered to automatically change to its original colors, the photo below is original, but NASA is using a red/brown filter. NASA calls it false color.
Date of Discovery: July 2016
Location of discovery: Mars
Source NASA photo: http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl-raw-images/msss/01387/mcam/1387MR0068150080701911E01_DXXX.jpg
This is exciting. A statue was strategically placed on the edge of a cliff, to stand out more and be seen from a long ways away. It is probably a deity statue from its appearance and placement, and it has a lot of similarities to the Mother Mary statues here on Earth. Did you notice that the statue has a large diamond on top of its head?
Also, behind the statue is a green object that looks like grass, but could be a giant emerald left there as a gift for the deity statue. Awesome find by UFO Mania, and he has moved the UFO community a giant step forward towards full disclosure.
Scott C. Waring
UFO Mania States:
Another mysterious discovery has apparently just been made on the surface of the planet Mars. A recent image captured by NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover shows what looks like an ancient statue figure standing between two rock formations on the planet's surface.
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CircuitWest: The Search for Audiences Handbook
The Search for Audiences handbook is a tool for helping presenters (venues) build audiences. It details the research techniques CircuitWest and its participating members used for 12 Western Australian presenters in its projects involving focus groups (qualitative) and, in some cases, surveys (quantitative). It provides an overview of the main factors that influenced audience behaviour across the studies, as well as details the research questions posed and research respondents’ feedback. It also provides recommendations regarding strategies for audience development.
In July 2018, the Government of Western Australia funded CircuitWest to deliver grants, training, planning, facilitation and support for research into audience development across 12 regional towns and cities. Development of the project was prompted by feedback from presenters across WA based on a need to grow and better engage audiences, particularly in light of declining audience numbers across the sector.
The project provided one-off support for discrete audience development projects aiming to encourage new approaches to increasing audience numbers through in-depth research, listening to audiences engaged with presenters, collaboration with presenter-partner organisations and information from non-audiences who were not attending performances. The project supported new research projects and innovative thinking with the following aims:
- to create new strategic approaches to audience development;
- to learn how to promote products, works or organisations to new audiences in novel ways;
- to diversify and/or increase earned revenue streams through listening to audience
- to achieve business-objective growth based on insight into audience barriers;
- to deliver feedback for program development; and/or;
- to provide information pertaining to audience development for future marketing activities.
The handbook covers several key areas:
- the art of gathering
- target audience
- community needs
- the mystery
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Vote and Honor Black History!February 21, 2008
The election headlines are amazing:
Reports on CNN, NPR, and in the New York Times are raising the questions of race and gender in voting. The mighty Oprah, loved by legions of women and men of all races has been questioned for her choice in candidates. This is America, right? Is it so difficult for political pundits to conceive that I, a third-generation, college-educated black woman, can vote based on the issues, not on race or gender?
It’s Black History Month, so take a moment to educate yourself about blacks who have effected change in the U.S. government. Ida B. Wells, Fannie Lou Hamer, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Colin Powell, and Thurgood Marshall all advocated for change because America needed to change, not just because of melanin.
Black history is being made. However, neither Hillary nor Barack is the first to run for the presidency based on gender or race. Would the political playing field be different if Shirley Chisholm were still alive, making her second bid for the U.S. presidency?
I voted in a primary election. My party affiliation does not matter because I am honoring the legacy of my ancestors who fought for the 15th and 19th amendments to the U.S. Constitution. So in the words of former AAUW member Shirley Chisholm, “I am, was, and always will be a catalyst for change,” and I am making history.
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States asked to give report within three months
New Delhi: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has issued an Advisory to the Centre and States calling for timely identification, treatment and ending of discrimination against leprosy affected persons and called for a report within three months.
The Advisory to the Secretary of the Union Health Ministry and Chief Secretary of all States and Union Territories observed that with advances in medicine, leprosy is fully curable. However, India still accounts for 57 percent of the global leprosy caseload and most patients live in deplorable conditions. They also suffer from serious discrimination, it added.
The NHRC Advisory said that no person suffering from leprosy or any of his family members should be discriminated against and denied any right to healthcare, employment, education and land rights.
The National Human Rights Commission has called for special programmes to provide vocational training, employment benefit, unemployment benefits, parental leave, health insurance and funeral benefits to those affected by leprosy and their families.
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On behalf of all of the World Food Prize Laureates and our Council of Advisors, the World Food Prize Foundation extends its deepest condolences to Dr. Michal Artzy and the family, friends and colleagues of Dr. Daniel Hillel, 2012 World Food Prize Laureate, who passed away on March 9, 2021.
Barbara L. Stinson, President of the World Food Prize Foundation, paid tribute to Dr. Hillel, stating, “The world has lost a great scientist, peacemaker and leader in the effort to end hunger. His work developing numerous water conservation approaches has made deserts bloom. Millions of people living in dry land regions around the world will carry on his memory, as the techniques he developed free them from water scarcity, soil degradation and food insecurity.”
Dr. Hillel was honored as the 2012 World Food Prize Laureate for his role in conceiving and implementing a radically new mode of bringing water to crops in arid and dry land regions - called micro-irrigation. Hillel’s pioneering scientific work in Israel revolutionized food production, first in the Middle East, and then in other regions around the world over the past five decades. His work laid the foundation for maximizing efficient water usage in agriculture, increasing crop yields, and minimizing environmental degradation.
At the 2012 Laureate Award Ceremony, then Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon joined in presenting the Prize to Hillel. In recognizing Dr. Hillel, the Secretary-General stated, “…we draw hope from contributions like those of this year’s honoree.” He went on to say, “Imagine trying to coax crops out of the dry ground of the Middle East,” and that Dr. Hillel “stared at hard circumstances. Instead of waiting for a rainstorm, he had a brainstorm.”
Princess Haya bint Al Hussein of Jordan and Sheikh Hamad Bin Ali Bin Jassim Al-Thani of Qatar were also in attendance at the Award Ceremony. Dr. Hillel’s scientific achievements were noted alongside his dedication to working with people across borders to help improve food security for all. Of particular significance was that Dr. Hillel’s nomination for the World Food Prize contained letters of support from individuals and organizations in Jordan, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates.
Ambassador Kenneth Quinn, President Emeritus of the World Food Prize Foundation, stated, “I was deeply saddened by the passing of my dear friend Dr. Daniel Hillel. During my tenure as President, no moment more perfectly captured the theme of Peace Through Agriculture than when the Secretary-General of the United Nations traveled to Des Moines to join in presenting our prize to Dr. Hillel, an Israeli Jewish irrigation pioneer. Dr. Hillel had been nominated for our award by three Muslim scientists from three Muslim and Arab countries.”
Born in the United States but raised in Israel, Dr. Hillel was first drawn to the critical issue of agricultural water scarcity during his days living in the highlands of the Negev Desert. His research led to a dramatic shift from the prevailing method of irrigation. In the first half of the 20th century, farmers typically applied large amounts of water in brief periodic episodes of flooding to saturate their fields, followed by longer periods of drying out the soil. The new methods conceived and developed by Dr. Hillel applied water in small but continuous amounts directly to plant roots, dramatically reducing the amount of water needed to nourish crops, maintaining their consistent health and resulting in higher crop yields to feed more people.
Dr. Hillel’s water management concepts have spread around the world and are now used on more than 6 million hectares worldwide. By integrating complex scientific principles, designing practical applications and achieving wide outreach to farmers, communities, researchers and agricultural policymakers in more than 30 countries, Dr. Hillel impacted the lives of millions.
On receiving the Prize, Dr. Hillel said, "My joy and gratitude at being granted the World Food Prize this year is tempered by the realization that the work this award recognizes is far from complete. The task of improving the sustainable management of the Earth's finite and vulnerable soil, water, and energy resources for the benefit of humanity while sustaining the natural biotic community and its overall environmental integrity is an ongoing and increasingly urgent challenge for our generation and for future generations. Meeting this challenge will require enhanced global cooperation and integrated scientific research. It is a task, indeed a collective responsibility, that we cannot shirk and must indeed broaden and intensify."
Daniel Hillel was born the youngest of five children in Los Angeles, California, at the beginning of the Great Depression. After his father died, his mother moved the family to live with her parents in Palestine. His experience as a child living in the countryside on a kibbutz inspired his lifelong appreciation of the land and the need to protect its resources, leading him to pursue an academic and professional career in agriculture.
In 1946, Hillel returned to the United States to attend high school. He earned a B.Sc. degree in agronomy from the University of Georgia in 1950, and a M.Sc. degree in earth sciences from Rutgers University in 1951.
Hillel’s first post upon returning to the nascent state of Israel in 1951 was with the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture, where he took part in the first mapping of the country’s soil and irrigation resources. He soon left the Ministry to join a group of idealistic settlers dedicated to creating Sde Boker, a viable agricultural community in the Negev Desert highlands. When the country’s first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, toured the area a year later, he was so impressed by the venture that he resigned from the government and became a member of Sde Boker. Recognizing the young scientist’s exceptional capabilities, Ben-Gurion later sent Hillel on goodwill missions to promote sustainable agriculture in developing countries.
In 1957, Hillel earned a Ph.D. in soil physics and ecology at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, then did postdoctoral work at the University of California in soil physics and hydrology from 1959 to 1961.
Through his research, Hillel proved that plants grown in continuously moist soil, achieved through micro-irrigation, produce higher yields than plants grown under flooding or sprinkler irrigation. Using less water in agriculture per unit of land not only conserves a scarce resource in arid and semi-arid regions, but also results in significantly “more crop per drop”.
The technology he advanced, including drip, trickle and continuous-feed irrigation, has improved the quality of life and livelihoods throughout the Middle East and around the world. His water management concepts—promoted by the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as HELPFUL (High-frequency, Efficient, Low-volume, Partial-area, Farm-unit, Low-cost)—have spread from Israel to Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. HELPFUL irrigation technology is now used to produce high yields of nutritious food on more than six million hectares worldwide.
Hillel participated in many missions around the world, working for and with international agencies and organizations such as the World Bank, FAO, and the U.S. Agency for International Development to promote water-use efficiency in dozens of countries. He also worked with the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington, D.C. and the International Development Research Center of Canada. He held positions as a Senior Research Scientist at the Center for Climate Systems Research at Columbia University’s Earth Institute, and with the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
Along with his international field and development work, Hillel embarked on a career in academia as a researcher and professor at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, the University of Massachusetts, Columbia University, and other major research centers worldwide. He published more than 300 scientific papers, research reports and practical manuals and authored books for the general public on the vital role of soil and water in healthy agro-ecosystems.
Hillel demonstrated the synergistic linkages across food production, water management, and soil science. His achievements have been and will continue to be essential to extending the Green Revolution and confronting the many global challenges in fighting hunger and poverty into the next century.
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The divorce procedure can be stressful at the best of times. Arguably, the most taxing aspect is worrying about what will happen to the children.
Parents may feel that the courts are going to be biased in their rulings. Thus, it is important to separate the common misconceptions from reality in Texas child custody hearings. Outlined below are three of the most common misconceptions relating to child custody:
The court always grant physical possession of the child to the mother
In the past, the courts may have been more inclined to grant custody to the mother. However, the law of Texas today places a clear emphasis on the shared responsibility of both parents. Sadly, there are occasions where both parents are unable to reach an amicable agreement. In such a scenario, the court will come to a ruling based on what is best for the child rather than the gender of the parents.
The child can decide which parent gets physical possession
It is a common misconception that once a child hits the age of twelve, they are permitted to decide which parent gets physical possession. This is not the case. However, the law in Texas does allow children of this age to share their wishes with the court. Ultimately, this is only one of many factors that a judge will consider when looking at the best interests of the child.
The parent with the most physical custody makes all the rules
Legal custody, or conservatorship, is different than physical possession. Even if one parent has primary physical possession of a child, the parents may have joint conservatorship. If so, that means that both parents have an equal say in their child’s education, health care and other important issues.
Familiarizing yourself with Texas child custody law can protect your legal rights and ensure that decisions are made in the best interests of your family.
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https://www.texasbartoday.com/2021/09/3-common-misconceptions-about-child-custody-in-texas/
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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is conducting an online national survey of individuals with disabilities to determine the most effective and efficient methods to access emergency services.
According to the FCC, a new emergency-access system is being developed that will allow people to reach 911 not only by using voice telephones, but text, video and other devices, some of which use the Internet.
The survey asks questions that will help the FCC figure out which of these devices and communications services are needed, to ensure that people with disabilities will have access to the new system.
To take the survey, you must be at least 13 years old; have a disability or be a senior citizen; and live in the United States. The survey takes about 10 to 15 minutes to complete, and answers will be kept confidential.
The deadline for taking the survey is April 24, 2011. The survey is also available in Spanish.
For more information visit: https://www.disability.gov/technology/accessible technology.
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I have an idea that this tiny novel – and it is a multi-faceted true novel rather than a long short-story – will come to be seen as one of its distinguished author’s key works. In it the master theme of Bellow’s entire oeuvre, perhaps for the first time, surfaces openly. This theme, implicit in many of the novelist’s larger-scale works such as Mr Sammler’s Planet, Herzog and The Adventures of Augie March, can be expressed as the question: Can Judaism, in anything like its classic form, survive in America?
At first consideration it seems absurd even to admit the possibility of a negative answer. Since the start of those extensive migrations known as the Diaspora the Jews have triumphantly kept their culture and faith inviolate throughout the most testing of times and in the most unlikely of places. There are pockets of orthodox Jews in China and India and Black Jews in Ethiopia.
In Europe, while sometimes bitterly afflicted by pogrom and expulsion, the Jews have, in general, managed to achieve a modus vivendi with host cultures. As English earls or Silesian cobblers, they have continued to feel and exhibit a quintessential Jewishness. Even the ultimate pogrom, the Nazis’ ‘Final Solution’, left Judaism
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| 0.962307
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This work provides a rational framework for legislation. The unifying premise behind the essays is that, although legislation and regulation are the result of a political process, legislation and regulation can be the object of theoretical study. The volume focuses on problems that are common to most European legal systems and the approach involves applying to legislative problems the tools of legal theory - hence 'legisprudence'. Whereas traditional legal theory deals predominantly with the application of law by the judge, legisprudence enlarges the field of study so as to include the creation of law by the legislator. The original essays published in this collection expose and develop a range of new insights into the relationship between legislative problems and legal theory in a way which will engage and interest legal scholars throughout the world.
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In Australia, statins (the class of drugs used to lower blood cholesterol) now chew up 13 per cent of the money paid out by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), and the amount shelled out for them by the Australian taxpayer (via the PBS) grew by a third in just the last year alone.
That’s a worry for taxpayers, but with one in three Australians over the age of 50 now taking them, a greater concern is that new research suggests statins significantly increase the risks of Type II Diabetes and dementia.
The United States Food and Drug Administration is worried enough about those little ‘side-effects’ to require that statins immediately carry warnings about diabetes and cognitive impairment. But here in the land of nod, we’ve happily become the world’s biggest statin pill-poppers.
Don’t get me wrong. Statins do work. The studies have shown that they do lower LDL cholesterol and they do reduce heart-disease in younger men who’ve already had a heart attack. But there’s a good deal of evidence to suggest that the benefits for these folks had nothing to do with the cholesterol-lowering and quite a lot to do with their blood-thinning properties.
Unfortunately (for drug marketers) ‘younger men who’ve already suffered a heart attack’ (and lived to tell the tale) is a very, very small market. The only way to turn a buck from statins was to convince doctors to prescribe it (and the PBS to fund it) for ‘prevention’ (among people whose only sign of illness is being diagnosed with a higher than ‘normal’ blood-cholesterol reading).
A comprehensive review published in 2007 of all of the major high-quality trials on statins concluded that for these not-sick people (who make up the overwhelming majority) taking statins did not alter the overall risk of dying at all.
The studies showed that we would need to treat 67 otherwise healthy people with statins for five years in order to prevent just one of them suffering a heart-disease event. This puts the drugs in the category of being almost completely ineffective. By way of comparison, we need to treat 11 people with antibiotics in order to completely cure 10 of them.
When the data were broken down by gender and age, the results became even less impressive. Statins delivered absolutely no benefit for women at all. And men aged over 69 (those most at risk of fatal heart attacks) enjoyed no benefits either. The only people the drug appeared to help were men aged 30–69, and then only by a very small absolute margin.
The reason for the disappointing results may be that statin drugs work by shutting down the enzyme we use to manufacture cholesterol. Unfortunately we also use that same enzyme to manufacture one of our primary anti-oxidants, co-enzyme Q10. Shutting down cholesterol production also means shutting down Q10 production (and thereby impairing our ability to fight heart disease and other types of inflammation).
This might be why (although these drugs have a big effect on cholesterol levels) they have very limited effect on heart-disease outcomes. It might also be that although statins lower cholesterol, this has nothing to do with why they lower risks for people who’ve already had a heart attack. Just like aspirin, statins reduce clotting. And just like aspirin, the people who benefit the most from statins are those who’ve already suffered a heart attack. But no one will make a fortune selling aspirin at 97 cents a box.
However they are not merely harmless profiteering. A series of studies has suggested relationships between statin usage and increased diabetes and cognitive impairment (dementia to you and me). And a significant independent analysis of the trials, conducted in 2011 by the ever reliable Cochrane Review, concluded that becasue of this doctors to be cautious in prescribing statins to people who hadn’t already had a heart attack.
Statins are powerful drugs that alter the function of important liver enzymes, and the evidence suggests that the only class of people who benefit are younger men who’ve already had a heart attack. The only people who should be given statins should be this very small group (and then only if their doctor feels the benefit outweighs the risk of diabetes and dementia).
The US regulators are ringing the alarm bells. But here the Australian Heart Foundation is more concerned that not enough people are taking preventative medication. The Australian Medical Association is much more cautious. They say statins should only be prescribed to high risk patients. Good advice, but clearly someone isn’t listening. Heart disease rates are high but don’t come anywhere near needing to put a third of the over fifties on statins.
Meanwhile millions of Australians continue to take a drug they don’t need and which the evidence says significantly increases their chronic disease risks. We need to stop slavishly following the drug marketing agenda. The practise of mass (and accelerating) prescription of statins must stop immediately.
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by Linda Straker
- Revitalising OECS tourism markets a priority for new US Administration
- USA is Caribbean’s largest source market for tourism
- Over 2,000 employed in hospitality sector have lost their jobs
Revitalising Grenada’s and the other OECS member states’ tourism markets as part of balancing livelihood and sustainable developments amid the Covid-19 pandemic, is one of the priorities for the new US Administration.
“Once everyone is settled down, I would like to see an engagement with the Caribbean on some of the key issues of the Caribbean, now particularly with Covid-19 and the economic impact it has had on the islands, especially in the area of tourism,” said Linda Taglialatela, USA Ambassador to Barbados and the OECS.
“We really need to focus on how to revitalise the economy and how do we help. How do we help the countries move forward with monetary losses due to a lack of tourism?” she said during an interview last week Friday. Other areas of focus for the continued sustainable development of USA–OECS and Barbados relations will also include climate change, climate resilience and immigration.
“We really need to work closely on these issues.” Taglialatela is one of the few ambassadors to work directly with 3 administrations, having started her assignment to the OECS under the Barack Obama administration, followed by Donald Trump and now with Joseph Biden.
The USA is the Caribbean largest source market for tourism, and since the global pandemic was declared in February 2020 the travel and tourism industry is among the source of employment hardest hit. In Grenada, more than 2,000 employed directly or indirectly in the hospitality sector have lost their jobs because of Covid-19 measures.
Although countries are accepting commercial flights from the USA, PCR negative tests have now become a normal travel entry document to entry destinations including Canada, the USA and most Caribbean nations.
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Provided by: The Canadian Press
Written by: Patrick Mcgroarty, THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Nov. 12, 2008
BERLIN – An American man who suffered from AIDS appears to have been cured of the disease 20 months after receiving a targeted bone marrow transplant normally used to fight leukemia, his doctors said Wednesday.
While researchers – and the doctors themselves – caution that the case might be no more than a fluke, others say it may inspire a greater interest in gene therapy to fight the disease that claims two million lives each year. The virus has infected 33 million people worldwide.
Dr. Gero Huetter said his 42-year-old patient, an American living in Berlin who was not identified, had been infected with the AIDS virus for more than a decade. But 20 months after undergoing a transplant of genetically selected bone marrow, he no longer shows signs of carrying the virus.
“We waited every day for a bad reading,” Huetter said.
It has not come. Researchers at Berlin’s Charite hospital and medical school say tests on his bone marrow, blood and other organ tissues have all been clean.
However, Dr. Andrew Badley, director of the HIV and immunology research lab at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., said those tests have probably not been extensive enough.
“A lot more scrutiny from a lot of different biological samples would be required to say it’s not present,” Badley said.
This isn’t the first time marrow transplants have been attempted for treating AIDS or HIV infection. In 1999, an article in the journal Medical Hypotheses reviewed the results of 32 attempts reported between 1982 and 1996. In two cases, HIV was apparently eradicated, the review reported.
Huetter’s patient was under treatment at Charite for both AIDS and leukemia, which developed unrelated to HIV.
As Huetter – who is a hematologist, not an HIV specialist – prepared to treat the patient’s leukemia with a bone marrow transplant, he recalled that some people carry a genetic mutation that seems to make them resistant to HIV infection. If the mutation, called Delta 32, is inherited from both parents, it prevents HIV from attaching itself to cells by blocking CCR5, a receptor that acts as a kind of gateway.
“I read it in 1996, coincidentally,” Huetter told reporters at the medical school. “I remembered it and thought it might work.”
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I need solution to this Design and code a project to calculate the amount due and provide a summary of rentals.All movies rent for $1.80 and all customers receive a 10 percent discount. The form should contain input for the member number and the number of movies rented. Inside a group box, display the rental amount, the 10 percent discount, and the amount due. Inside a second group box, display the number of customers served and the total rental income(after discount).Include buttons for calculate,clear,print, and exit. The clear button clear the summary information. A print button allows the user to print the form. do not allow bad input to cancel the program: instead display a message to the user.
NB: We do not resell papers. Upon ordering, we do an original paper exclusively for you.
The post Video Bonanza programming assignment help appeared first on Nursing Writers Hub.
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By Nabeeha Chaudhary, M.A. student.
Insight from Karachi, Pakistan.
I have been back home in Karachi for more than a month now–Ramazan passed, Pakistan’s Independence Day passed, Eid-ul-Fitr came and went, the weather got hotter and wedding season began. The only thing that remains constant every time I step out of the house is the amount of people shopping. High end malls keep opening up, people are packed into the shopping centers and buying as if they will never get the chance to do so again. Prices have soared but shops seem to have gotten fuller. A new mall is under construction in the very spot that Mid East Hospital stood a few years ago. I knew it was coming (the hospital was sold back in 2005) but it is still an unpleasant shock to see the building converted and plastered with images of shops and restaurants “coming soon.” How can you tear down a fully functioning hospital, especially in a city where there are already not enough, to build a mall? This a question I keep repeating to myself but have no answer for.
The amount of beggars on the streets also soared during Ramazan. A leading English daily carried a few features on the topic, including “Beg, and you shall receive” wherein a beggar voices his preference for traveling by air (which he did) rather than by train to come to Karachi during Ramazan to beg. Begging is a full-fledged business in the country and Ramazan is a peak time for maximizing profit. People are meant to feel for the poor when they fast and experience hunger but these days the doling out of cash to beggars probably has more to do with the guilty conscience of the wealthy who are hauling around truckloads of shopping bags. The extreme social and economic disparity, the root cause of more than half the problems the country faces today, seems to just keep growing.
The economy has been suffering for far too long; exports keep suffering setbacks that have little to do with their quality or a decrease in demand and more to do with internal factors. Pakistani textiles are something to write home about and that includes jeans. Most people in Karachi know about a place called Zainab Market but not everyone is aware that, if you know where to go, you can get the best jeans at outrageously low prices here–jeans that are exported all over the world and sold for four or five times the price abroad. The shop owner complains though, that half the market for such exports has shifted to Bangladesh in the past few years. It takes me only a second to figure out why—the ridiculously long and frequent electricity cuts in the country are making it impossible to get any work done right.
Once known as the city of lights, these past few years Karachi has seen much more darkness than light. Both literally, with the constant electricity shortage (read mismanagement and corruption), and figuratively with the death, destruction and despair that has gripped the place. The resilient city still bustles with life though. People go about their daily lives; work, fun, ceremonies, hanging out–all goes on. In some areas of the city you might not even realize that things are any different than usual in Karachi until you see the various body counts in the news every single day. The situation is grim, quite grim, but on the ground reality is not as utterly awful as the news media would have you believe; normality still exists and happy moments are interspersed in all the madness. Karachi may not be the city of lights these days but it is still a city of bustling life, of people who face their fears and refuse to stop living. Here’s hoping for the lights to come back on.
Nabeeha Chaudhary is a second year M.A. student in the South Asian Studies department at the Jackson School. She grew up in Lahore and Karachi and studied at the University of Karachi for more than two years before transferring to Miami University where she completed her B.A. in English Literature. Her current research interests revolve around Media, Education, and Gender Disparities in South Asia with a focus on Pakistan.
This blog post was written while Nabeeha was in Karachi for part of summer 2012 to visit friends and family and to collect material for her M.A. project on the representation of women in Pakistani television serials.
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http://depts.washington.edu/know/wordpress/the-city-of-lights-no-more-karachi/
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International discussions on the demand responsive approach (DRA) started in the mid-1990s because past supply-driven approaches had led to the failure of many water supply and sewerage/on-site sanitation (WS&S/OS) projects in developing countries (DCs). DRA has already been adopted in many WS&S/OS projects targeting a certain rural or poor urban area(s) by using various demand assessment techniques such as participatory rapid appraisal (PRA) to select optimum technical options. However, adoption of DRA in large-scale urban WS&S/OS projects (covering various areas of different socio-economic groups with different needs) has been relatively delayed. Recently, the participatory geographic information system (PGIS) has emerged as an effective method of PRA, and high resolution satellite imagery (HRSI) has become commercially available. This paper presents a PGIS-based visual area categorization of different income groups using HRSI as a key for expediting the adoption of DRA to large-scale projects in DCs. This paper proposes an innovative pro-poor methodology of DRA for large-scale urban WS&S/OS projects. The methodology focuses on the improvement of multistage sampling in a household sample survey to plan mixed services suitable for various groups. The results of a partial application of the methodology in Pakistan are also presented.
Keywords: demand responsive approach, developing countries, high resolution satellite imagery, participatory GIS, sewerage, water supply
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Despite Lehigh’s recent sustainability initiatives, some students still feel as though Lehigh is not doing enough to reduce its fossil fuel usage.
The sentiment follows years after a movement and campus rally led by the Green Action Club on the UC front lawn in 2016 which demanded tighter university policies on ethical investments. The movement was sparked mainly by Lehigh’s investments in the fossil fuel and natural gas industries.
Samantha Roth, ’19, the president of the Green Action Club, spoke about the club’s limited interaction with the Board of Trustees after confronting them over Lehigh’s fossil fuel usage.
“The Board of Trustees met sometime in March 2018 to discuss divestment,” Roth said. “The official response we got was they could not divest because Lehigh does not control the investment firm that they hired. They can’t tell the investment firm what to invest in.”
Roth said she never spoke directly with the Board of Trustees.
“Pushing Lehigh to divest from fossil fuels was a dead end after last year,” she said. “The Green Action Club decided to take a break and reconvene later.”
Former Green Action President Andrew Goldman, ’19, also noted that nothing really changed following the rally in 2016. He said outside of coverage from The Brown and White, the administration never acknowledged the group’s requests unless they reached out to the administration, but never the other way around.
Goldman said as far as he knows, he is not aware of any changes that have occurred between 2016 and now in terms of the university’s investment policy despite student pressure.
Noor Baban, ’22, a resident of M&M’s outdoor adventure-themed floor, voiced her opinions regarding Lehigh’s inaction.
“I understand that Lehigh needs to utilize fossil fuels for certain programs such as the bus system, but for being such a prestigious school, I feel like we could create a greener campus and set ourselves as an example to other universities out there,” Baban said.
Baban said she does appreciate the work Lehigh has done with the hydration stations across campus and the overall green initiatives. However, she urged the Board of Trustees to take it a step further.
“I’d like for Lehigh to decrease and minimize their fossil fuel usage,” Baban said. “That would be ideal. We have the money. Why don’t we put it towards something green?”
In terms of making the campus greener, Roth encouraged students and outside donors to donate to the Green Fund through the Green Action Club. She said that donors can donate to Lehigh without having their money go toward fossil fuel usage.
Even though both current and former presidents of the Green Action Club are stepping back from this issue for now, both urge the student body to learn about the concept and get involved.
Roth encourages Lehigh to not allow corporations to influence their decisions. But Goldman struck a different tone.
“If the administration wants to watch civilization crash and burn, let them,” Goldman said. “It will be on their conscience, not mine.”
Both the President’s Office and the Investment’s Office referred The Brown and White to University Communications for comment, and no employee from the Office of Sustainability replied with comment after repeated request.
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Sometimes we assume that the solution to a problem has to be complicated. We overlook the little things forgetting how big an impact can be caused by something small.
And so we go in search of something complicated but to no avail. Then the problem continues and maybe even grows which causes us to become more frustrated.
Until finally we decide to start small, to have a conversation, to go to bed a little earlier or to drink more water.
In time the problem will begin to dissolve until suddenly it’s gone. However, it’s important to remember that these small solutions aren’t quick fixes. It could take weeks of conversations to fix a big problem.
When something is on your mind and you choose not to say it, the result is often unideal.
Let’s think of the thing you choose to hold in as a tennis ball. If you say it, you can drop the ball but if you don’t say it, you have to carry the ball around with you.
At first, it doesn’t really bother you because a tennis ball isn’t particularly big and you can carry it in one hand with no issue.
But after a few hours, days or weeks it starts to become an inconvenience.
We sometimes kid ourselves that things don’t bother us but then a few weeks later it’s still on our mind, the tennis ball is still in your hand.
And like with the tennis ball concept, we end up telling ourselves that it doesn’t matter because it’s small or easy to carry. But if you apply this mentality, you’ll find yourself carrying several tennis balls.
The point is that you don’t have to.
When you allow yourself to hold on to lots of little things, they eventually become a great burden instead of a potentially short conversation that you can move on from.
Good news is worth celebrating.
When you set yourself big goals and have high aspirations it can sometimes feel like the little wins aren’t worth celebrating.
But when you get a some good news, why not celebrate.
You don’t have to go all out and do something grand. Perhaps you just eat your favourite desert or put on your favoriye music and have a solo dance party.
The purpose of celebrating is to acknowledge the good bits instead of letting them pass you buy. So often we’re just focused on the end goal that we ignore what it took to get there.
You have the choice to treat people however you like and sometimes that will depend on how much you care.
Small acts of kindness can allow you to escape your own mind for long enough to remember that we’ve all got stuff going on.
Without knowing it, sometimes the kindness of strangers can be enough to change someone’s mood or brighten their day.
It doesn’t have to be something big, it could be as small as making someone a drink or picking something up that you thought they’d like when you’re out shopping.
In order to do those things you have to get out of your head a little and pay attention to what’s around you. In some ways kindness is about not being bare minimum.
You do it because you want to, not because you have to.
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A statewide initiative announced today by Pennsylvania’s 14 community colleges will help provide critical training to displaced workers in Pennsylvania, equipping them with the skills they need to get back to work in a high-demand, family-sustaining jobs.
The program, JobTrakPA, will use fast and affordable retraining to help PA’s displaced workers regain employment in today’s high-demand industries. JobTrakPA was made possible by a $20 million Department of Labor Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College Career Training (TAACCCT) grant awarded to the colleges last fall.
“Pennsylvania employers tell us that they have jobs waiting for workers with career-specific skills in several high-growth industries,” said Dr. Alex Johnson, president of the Pennsylvania Commission for Community Colleges and president of the Community College of Allegheny County. “Community colleges are part of a nationwide effort to provide a new skill-set to our workforce that will create career pathways for qualified workers in the shortest possible time.”
Currently, there are 15,000 TAA-eligible workers in Pennsylvania. The colleges, along with Pennsylvania CareerLink, are coordinating efforts to reach those workers and connect them to JobTrakPA for retraining and re-employment.
Three high-growth, in-demand industries have been identified as priorities by the colleges. Training in these industries will be offered throughout the state, but will vary by regional needs:
- Advanced Manufacturing;
- Energy Distribution, Production and Conservation; and
- Healthcare Information Technology.
Dr. Johnson noted that each of these industries is projected to grow substantially over the next few years, and highly-skilled workers are in demand.
“It is projected that there will be 4,800 job openings in advanced manufacturing in the coming years, over 32,000 job openings in energy distribution, production and conservation by 2016, and more than 9,000 job openings in healthcare information technology by 2016,” Dr. Johnson said. “As always, the community colleges stand poised and ready to respond to workforce needs. JobTrakPA will be a vital tool in getting Pennsylvanians trained and back to work.”
In addition to offering training, the community colleges have hired dedicated staff to help ensure students are successful at completing their courses. Following completion, staff will provide job placement assistance. The community colleges have already developed relationships with local employers who are ready to hire students who complete JobTrakPA training.
Throughout the Southern Alleghenies, Pennsylvania Highlands Community College has developed a Healthcare Technology Specialist associate degree program. This Associate of Applied Science degree already has over 15 students enrolled, with more spots available for the upcoming semesters.
“Enrollment in our Healthcare Information Technology program has far exceeded expectations,” states Dr. Walter Asonevich, President of Pennsylvania Highlands Community College. “These students are interested in education that leads to a rewarding career and provides a family sustaining wage. The programs offered via JobTrackPA will provide these opportunities.”
The Healthcare Technology Specialist degree prepares graduates for the growing healthcare technology field. Due to a shift toward electronic medical records and an aging population, the Pennsylvania Department of Labor anticipates the need for more than 9,000 trained medical records and health information technicians by 2016. This program will help prepare our students to fill those vital roles.
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Jacob Karni: The Next Phase in Large-Scale Solar Thermal Power Generation
Demand for power and renewable-friendly policies have created opportunities and encouraged the development of other solar technologies for large-scale applications. Large plants based on photovoltaic (PV), concentrated PV, Linear Fresnel Reflectors, Central Receivers (solar tower) and Dish Concentrators are proposed. However, Trough systems are used in most of the 50MW or larger solar plants built over the last few years, presently in construction, or planned for the next few years.
* Will Trough remain the dominant large-scale solar technology?
* Can any solar system ever reach cost parity with conventional power plants?
* Can solar energy be stored and transported so it could be used at times and places with little or no sunlight, and for powering motor vehicles?
* What would it take for solar to become a major player in the power industry?
-About the Speaker-
Professor Karni has 20 years of research and development experience with keen interest in the development of new methods for concentration, absorption, conversion, transmission and storage of concentrated solar energy, and implementing these methods in genuine solar power-conversion systems.
Karni was Assistant Professor at the Mechanical Engineering Dept. of SUNY at Stony Brook, N.Y. from 1984 to 1989 and has been at the Weizmann Institute since 1989. He was a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota in the summers of 1994 and 1996, and at Johns Hopkins University in the 1998-98 school year. In January 2002, Prof. Karni was promoted to head the Weizmann's Energy Center and he also oversees the entire Institutes' solar program.
This seminar took place on October 6, 2009 as part of the MITEI Seminar Series. We thank CERA for its generous support of the Series.
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http://video.mit.edu/watch/jacob-karni-the-next-phase-in-large-scale-solar-thermal-power-generation-4594/
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Become self-aware, thoughts on Personality and Intelligence
We are born with a unique genetic make-up (consider it a ‘gift from our parents’), different to anyone else's on the planet. Our DNA, brainpower, fingerprints, tongue print, the way we walk and talk, whether we like to draw or play sport and many other traits are all gifts which are unique to us.
One of the gifts we inherit is our intelligence (also called IQ or intelligence quotient – a term coined by German scientist William Stern) which is measured by a score derived from a number of standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.
IQ tests compare your intellectual performance with other people of your age.
IQ tests compare your intellectual performance with other people of your age who take the same test. You could think of the IQ score as similar to the ATAR results given to School-leavers which allow them to access University degrees but which do not tell us how well-adjusted or emotionally intelligent they are.
IQ seems to remain more or less stable throughout our lives although improvements have been noted in each generation due to nutrition, education and other factors. This means you can improve or sharpen it to some degree.
However, IQ tests don’t measure all kinds of intelligence such as social or emotional intelligence or even spatial, musical or kinaesthetic intelligence, each one of which we possess to a certain degree. (For more information read Howard Gardner’s “Multiple Intelligence” theory).
Some of us go out of our way to improve our intelligence because it can be improved and go on to attain better academic results.
While we have inherited a certain level of IQ, this does not depend on race, ethnicity, gender, class or other variables, despite views from a couple of centuries ago which compared brain functions of men and women (saying one was less than the other) and also racially stereotyped levels of intelligence.
Research has since shown that men and women share the same level of cognitive or intellectual skills and that there is no essential difference in intelligence between people of all races.
We begin to add to our genetic traits from the day we are born.
However, we begin to add to our genetic traits from the day we are born as we start learning – how to talk, assemble toys, new skills for school, sports and work, and later parenting skills and so on.
As we experience new things daily we start to like some and dislike others. Some of us begin to like walking in the sand, others develop a love of ice-cream, or rides in fast cars, or making music. We also find we take to some types of learning – academic, sport or skill-based – easily and others of us find a certain type of learning hard work.
During this time of learning, experiencing and experimentation, we are beginning to develop our own personality.
According to some psychologists, our personalities are almost formed by the time we are two or three years of age. Our parents, teachers, friends and family members give us a lot of feedback on our personality, skills and behaviours.
It seems obvious to them that we have certain ways of behaving and acting in this world. We ourselves may not be conscious of it but others observe big parts of our personality (e.g. outgoing, shy, introverted, practical, creative, analytical, and so on).
By the time we are adults (in our 20’s), we discover we have a huge range of skills, knowledge, experiences and additionally, a unique personality, which pulls us toward some skills, behaviours, occupations, interests and people and sometimes pushes us away from other skills, behaviours, occupations, actions and beliefs.
Yet most of us are not fully acquainted with our own personalities.
We have glimmerings of what we like or dislike and we seem to be stumbling on these by accident at times. It is when we want to get into a certain career or get into work, that the matter of personality and personality-fit to an occupation or job-role becomes more important. For this reason, I will focus on in this article our adult personalities – those which our colleagues see at work.
Many companies use their Induction & Orientation program (sometimes even in the Recruitment stage) and later during Training and Development workshops, to lead us through personality quizzes and give us an overview of how we behave and what our main traits and qualities are.
Dependent on the needs of the workplace and job itself and sometimes, the personal traits exhibited by people, workers may be sent for further training and development programs to build new and better skills.
Some of the personality quizzes or profiles used are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Team Management System (TMS) profile, DISC system, the 16 Personality Factor (16PF). (More about these later.)
Why do corporations do the personality profiling and then share the outcomes with you?
Belief amongst the Psychologists and Human Resource-Training community is: if you understand your unique personality traits and what makes you that unique individual, then you will know yourself better i.e. what motivates you, what energises you, what you instinctively believe in, how you react under certain circumstances e.g. emotional, psychological, physical and/or stress-related.
Corporate motivation to help us become self-aware comes down to ‘helping people become self-aware helps them improve their personal performance!’
Don’t be ultra-suspicious of corporate motives because building self-awareness helps us to iron out personality ‘glitches’, if any, round out any ‘traits' which are obvious to others but not to ourselves (blind spots) and become more aware of our colleagues’ personalities so that we can operate in a more team-like, collegiate way.
Some companies not only profile your personality but also your IQ.(Intelligence Quotient)
Some companies not only profile your personality but also your IQ.(Intelligence Quotient) and in some cases your work-related skills. IQ is sometimes measured either through Mensa type tests and also testing your Verbal Reasoning, Abstract Reasoning, Mathematical, Logical and Spatial Reasoning skills.
This is because these corporations believe that a successful Manager, Consultant or Team member needs to have certain levels of these skills.
However, intelligence is a “construct that includes problem-solving abilities, spatial manipulation and language acquisition”, which means the tests tell us how well our intellect works but that does not cover everything. The fact that you can do algebra and calculus, speak five languages and can store a lot of information in your memory is wonderful but it does not help us win friends and influence people!
IQ and technical skills will only go so far.
It is similar to using the ATAR School points to allow you to get into a University study course – so you become a doctor but have no kindness, warmth or bedside manner!
New research now shows that personality traits account for less than 20% of the ups and downs of work performance. While many of us become aware of our personalities because of the feedback given by family members and close friends, our personalities are almost fully formed by the time we are two or three years old (and then, a small window of formation around puberty).
So the most we can do to mitigate or improve our personalities is to remain aware of our ‘strengths and weaknesses’ (often euphemistically called our development needs) and soften or buffer them as we become more mature, more aware of the effect it has on others and in achieving our own aims in life.
In terms of leadership roles – supervisor, manager, team-leader, CEO – the personality and the intelligence factors which go with getting into a role and performing well become more important.
On a day-to-day basis, we make decisions…
On a day-to-day basis, we make decisions (instinctively) but much of that is tied to our personality (whether we are cautious or charge in without working out the consequences; whether we plan each step of the way or race in and stumble along working out the steps as we go forward, to give a few examples).
Personality tests like the MBTI, TMS or 16PF can give us a thumbnail sketch of how we make decisions and what our natural personality profile tends to be.
Often we don’t understand why we make decisions the way we do because the rationale is embedded deep in our brain and psyche due to learned behaviour, childhood and growing up experiences, deep socialisation (or teaching of our parents, culture, society/community).
The processes of why and how we do certain things are very complex.
The processes of why and how we do certain things are very complex and each person will need a lot of coaching, counselling and analysis to understand why he/she made the decision the way they did and why they selected some facts and not others.
So while I am going to stick to the example of work teams and the personality we show in our work-groups. To be clear, personality is not one dimensional; we don’t exhibit the same uni-dimensional personality to everyone we know from parent or spouse to the barista near work.
We show different aspects of ourselves at various times.
We show different aspects of ourselves at various times and also different strengths of the same personality trait in varying groups and settings.
To illustrate: if we have an extraverted personality and love to make jokes and party on, this will be more prominent in a family or group of friends than at work (and perhaps get more exaggerated after a few drinks).
I am sure many of you have experienced that different people and personalities in a group can set us off to show different parts of our personality. Which means we may take up one or more role/s in group settings.
Knight in shining armour.
For example, you may be an extraverted person and be the joker of the family/group of friends, however, if you see someone being harassed or bullied at work or on the train, it may fire up the Knight in shining armour within you or the Rescuer of small things.
These are all part of you and your personality, not seen all the time but the traits show themselves in different settings. (Does it have to do with our values – which is another part of us or tap into our experiences as a small child when we were bullied?)
In other cases, you could take on a task-related role in a group, because of your own expertise or your past experiences or thinking on the matter. You could find yourself taking on the role of an expert or judge or devil’s advocate or creator or note-taker (see Edward de Bono’s book – Six Thinking Hats).
At other times we take on various socio-emotional roles in a work group – encourager, peacemaker, tension-reliever (joker), confronter, recognition-seeker, victim, blocker, distractor, aggressor, persecutor, victim, rescuer and so on.
Many of these roles are unconscious.
Many of these roles are unconscious but may have their roots in our past experiences – child to adult. Whether these roles are conscious or unconscious, the people playing these roles are communicating feelings, values, and opinions about the task and the wider world outside the group
I have touched on matters re personality and examining our personal behaviour in this article
Recent research shows that people seeking or wanting greater self-awareness are considered to have good emotional intelligence (EQ) which leads to a ‘smartness’ beyond IQ.
The former (emotional intelligence or EQ) is very pertinent here if we wish to understand ourselves and also be successful in life – in dealing with people in personal and public life. (It becomes particularly important for leadership roles and building cohesive teams in organisations or if the person chooses to go into public e.g. political life and in personal life, it is supremely beneficial if we wish to become better parents and friends.)
These days EQ has been separated into two skillsets – Emotional Awareness and Social Awareness – which together are referred to ESI.
The four main skill-sets of Emotional Intelligence.
The four main skill-sets of Emotional Intelligence are grouped as Emotional Self-Awareness; Self-Management which includes Emotional Self-Control, Achievement Orientation, Positive Outlook and Adaptability; Social Awareness which includes Empathy and Organisational Awareness; and Relationship Management which includes Influencing, Coaching & Mentoring, Conflict Management, Inspirational Leadership and Teamwork.
Goleman and Boyatzis developed an Emotional & Social Competency Inventory framework (ESCI) which uses 360 degree rating to measure these skills by asking the person to (1) rate themselves and (2) asking people whom the person trusts and values to rate them. (This instrument is different to the MBTI, TMS, DISC and 16 PF Personality instruments mentioned above which are all self-rated – you fill in a questionnaire based on what you think you do under various circumstances and faced with various situations.)
Emotional and Social competencies are learned skills.
These Emotional and Social competencies are learned skills and contribute not only to higher performance at work and in personal life but also to greater life satisfaction.
Daniel Goleman (‘Emotional Intelligence’ and ‘Working with Emotional Intelligence’) was the first psychologist to write of this particular skill-set. He observed and highlighted the skills that were seen in outstanding leaders and went on to generalise that these skills were found in socially and emotionally well-adjusted and successful people. Daniel Goleman then worked with Prof. Richard Boyatzis to highlight the crucial need for self-awareness, something that psychologists and psychotherapists had recommended and striven to awaken in their clients.
Some ways that people can develop their EQ and SQ:
- Improve your listening skills. This means Active listening or paying close attention to what is being said (without interrupting or passing judgement), having appropriate body language so that the person speaking sees and hears your attention at all levels. As they finish, give them feedback by paraphrasing their message, clarifying points they have made, reflecting back on what they have said (this means you want me to ..) and finally thanking them for having trusted you with their thoughts and feedback. Be generous with your time and give people the opportunity to confide in you.
- Learn to express emotions productively. Research suggests that good leaders should “learn to identify and label emotions’ so that all can recognise when they are present and can better deal with them. For example, a leader may say ‘I am sad to hear that these views are current in the workplace’ or ‘I feel angry that some people are blaming Joe for speaking up’. Emotions comprise fear, anger, sadness, joy, disgust, shame, envy, hatred, love, kindness and many others which may be shades of basic emotions.
- Invite your family and close friends to give you feedback on how they observe and experience your behaviour. Reflect on how that behaviour ties in with your values, personality traits, actions and how you want to and do live your life.
- Take time to understand how and why you make decisions. Some personality tests such as the MBTI, TMS and 16PF can be helpful in this regard. Keeping a journal of important testing points and crucial decision-making junctures can also be helpful, particularly the facts and beliefs that led you to make a decision.
Much of what we have discussed above is aimed at bringing people into a state of self-awareness.
Goleman (in his work on EQ) also came to the conclusion that people who were emotionally aware, showed appropriate emotion in social situations (early childhood onwards) and could regulate emotions appropriately went on to become leaders and successful people.
This is good news for those of us who are learning to be more self-aware.
(According to Social Science theory, “Self-awareness is the capacity to take oneself as the object of thought—people can think, act, and experience, and they can also think about what they are thinking, doing, and experiencing… self-awareness theory is traced to Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund’s (1972) landmark theory of self-awareness… (they) proposed that, at a given moment, people can focus attention on the self or on the external environment.
Focusing on the self enables self-evaluation. When self-focused, people compare the self with standards of correctness that specify how the self ought to think, feel, and behave. The process of comparing the self with standards allows people to change their behaviour and to experience pride and dissatisfaction with the self. Self-awareness is thus a major mechanism of self-control…. many experiments have shown that when people are not self-focused, their actions are often unrelated to their personal standards—self-awareness is needed for people to reduce disparities between their actions and their ideals.”)
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Networking for Veterans (PB)
A Guidebook for a Successful Military Transition
Today's returning veterans are leaving active-service with vast leadership experiences and valuable technical skills. Yet does this mean they have the kind of networking skills necessary to succeed in today's competitive business environment? Not necessarily, according to authors Michael Abrams, Michael Faulkner and Andrea Nierenberg. "Networking" is a term that many veterans don't fully understand or practice, and as a result, they fail to take advantage of the many opportunities that are available to them during their military transition. Networking for Veterans teaches transitioning service-members how to properly network and build relationships with the people in their community who are most willing and able to help them launch new careers of their choosing.
Topics covered include overcoming the challenges of making a military transition, properly applying military skills and experiences to business situations, building a network of contacts, overcoming the fear of communicating, interpersonal relationship building, and more. It is a fundamental "how to" that all veterans can apply to their transition to the business world.
About the Authors
Mike Abrams joined the Marine Corps following the September 11th attacks, serving on active duty for seven years and deploying to eastern Afghanistan with an infantry company as the artillery forward observer. After leaving active duty, Mike attended New York University's Stern School of Business, graduating with an M.B.A. in Finance and Entrepreneurship & Innovation. While in business school, Mike co-founded a veteran mentoring program called Four Block. The program focuses on providing professional development to student veterans and connecting them with internship opportunities and entry-level positions at corporations.
Dr. Michael L. Faulkner is a U.S. Marine Corps Vietnam veteran who served from 1964-1970 and rose to the rank of Staff Sergeant. He spent 30 years in a variety of leadership and management ("coaching") positions with Dun & Bradstreet, the Direct Marketing Association (DMA), and entrepreneurial start-ups, as well as helping run the family business before moving into the academic world. Today Michael is a professor at the Keller Graduate School of Management at DeVry University. Michael is a member of MENSA, a former twotime national champion of Athletic Dueling, and an International Rotary Fellowship award winner. He has been published in peer review journals, dozens of magazines, newsletters, websites, and blogs, and has written half a dozen white papers, including one that was circulated to all elected members of Congress and the major media outlets. He has written or co-authored nine books and two one-act plays, which were both performed in regional theaters.
Andrea R. Nierenberg, best-selling author, speaker, and world-renowned business authority, is the force behind The Nierenberg Consulting Group. Called a "networking success story" by The Wall Street Journal, Andrea founded The Nierenberg Consulting Group in 1993. With a stellar 29 years as a leader in sales and marketing, Andrea is an in-demand business expert both at home and abroad. Her company partners with an array of the world's leading financial and media industry businesses.
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This article (originally posted on HRreview) interested us this week. Uncomfortable employees estimate to cost UK business over 52 billion! Wow! Time to get your ergonomic and work stations in order.
In a recent study commissioned by Fellowes, an office specialist company, 1,000 UK workers were interviewed regarding proper ergonomic factors and comfort levels at their work stations.
The study offered some startling results. Seventy-one percent of respondents claimed they have suffered from numerous job-related ailments including headaches, tension and/or aches in the neck and shoulders, vision problems and sore wrists. Productivity was reduced due to these factors, with 70 percent of employees spending an average of 51 minutes each day trying to get comfortable instead of working.
Fellowes commissioned the study to determine how many UK employers are administering risk assessments for their employees. According to study results, only 45 percent of respondents had ever completed a workstation risk assessment. This type of assessment helps employers identify trouble areas in the workplace, and is required by UK law.
When asked if having their employer more proactively work to improve workplace comfort would improve their opinion of them, the majority of participants responded favourably, with 14 percent willing to change jobs if another employer would provide a better working environment.
The results of this study overwhelmingly indicate that investing in workstation risk assessments and providing ergonomically correct workstations is a worthwhile investment, and can save a company big money while creating a happier workforce.
RecruitmentRevolution.com - A UK online recruitment agency
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Texas A&M-San Antonio | Twitter
This photo shows a vault in the former Federal Reserve Bank building, where the Daughters of the Republic of Texas will house its massive Alamo Library collection.
The recent conflict-ridden era for the Alamo came closer to an end Tuesday as Bexar County Commissioners Court approved a lease allowing the Daughters of the Republic of Texas to house its library in the former Federal Reserve Bank building.
The decision resolves a conflict over the massive collection that started after then-recently elected Texas General Land Office Commissioner George P. Bush fired the Daughters, or DRT,
in early 2015. The organization had managed the Shrine for more than a century. Bush cited 10 contractual violations committed by the DRT, the most concerning one being a failure by the DRT to repair the aging, damaged structure.
But lost in that mix was the vast DRT Alamo Library collection, which has more than 38,000 items. There was never any argument by the DRT that the state owned the Alamo and its grounds, but ownership of the library was hotly contested. Initially, Bush's office said the state owned the materials. But the Daughters protested, saying it was the DRT that collected all the items, not the state.
So the Daughters sued Bush and the GLO. A little more than a month ago, the GLO settled and agreed that the items belonged to the DRT and paid them $200,000 in court costs. An Associated Press investigation
found that staff in Governor Greg Abbott's office called the settlement "unfortunate" and "avoidable."
The settlement did, however, triggered a scramble to find somewhere to house the library, which is currently in a storage facility. In mid-July, news made its way to Councilman Roberto Treviño, whose district encompasses downtown San Antonio, that Texas A&M University-San Antonio was negotiating with the DRT to move the library into Centro de Artes, a city-owned building that sits in the so-called Zona Cultural — a state-sanctioned cultural district. Treviño quickly intervened, saying the proposal stood in stark contrast to the city's stated mission for the Centro de Artes to promote Latino arts and culture.
So instead, Bexar County has agreed to lease space to Texas A&M University-San Antonio, which is graduating to a four-year university this month, just down the street from the Alamo in the six story Federal Reserve Bank building so the school can add academic, gallery and archive space. Officials with A&M-SA say the presence of the DRT collection will enhance programs they already have planned for the building and increase the university's library archives and special collections unit (the DRT collection will be on loan).
While the DRT library has found a home, it's likely not the end to acrimony surrounding the Alamo. Last December, the GLO announced it purchased the Woolworth, Crockett and Palace buildings, all historically significant, that are across from Alamo Plaza. A press release announcing the acquisition promised no immediate change for tenants in the buildings, which include businesses like Grand Trolley Tours, 3D Tomb Raider, Ripley's Haunted Adventure and Guinness World Records. "While there will be no immediate changes for the tenants, having the state own these buildings will help as we all work together to make the Alamo the destination that it should be,” Bush said at the time.
And there are changes on the horizon at Alamo Plaza. The City of San Antonio and The Alamo Endowment, in coordination with the GLO, are developing an Alamo Plaza Master Plan that seeks to make the shrine and area around it akin to historically significant places like Gettysburg, Valley Forge or Jamestown, which have more reverent settings. Like those battlegrounds, many see the Alamo as a symbol of freedom whose image is recognized across the country—yet instead of a respectful, peaceful tone, the current atmosphere around the plaza is more reminiscent of a trip to Disney World.
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HOME | LAWS | ORGANIZATIONS | CASES | LEGISLATION | COMMON CORE | LEYES EN ESPAÑOL
House Bill 294/ SFA (1): Raises Compulsory School Attendance Age from 16 to 18
Representative Frank Rasche, Floor Amendment: Senator R. J. Palmer
House Bill 294 was introduced earlier this year in the Kentucky legislature to address the problem public schools have had with students dropping out. The bill did not impact the homeschool community and passed the House late last month by a 93-1 vote.
However, when it reached the Senate, Senator R. J. Palmer filed an amendment, Senate Floor Amendment 1 (SFA1), which would have raised the compulsory school attendance age from 16 to 18. If passed, this amendment would have required homeschool parents to report to their local school district for two more years.
Additionally, this amendment would have limited a parents’ right to decide when their child was ready to finish school. If parents wanted to stop their child’s education program before the child had graduated or turned 18, they and the child would have to have a counseling session with local public school officials before they would be allowed to do so.
House Bill 294 was sent to the Senate Rules Committee and thanks to your calls the amendment was defeated.
Later, House Bill 294 fail to pass out of the Senate rules committee before the legislative session ended.
|1/15/2008||(House) Introduced in the House|
|1/31/2008||(House) Passed House vote and sent to Senate.|
|2/6/2008||(Senate) Referred to Senate Education Committee|
|2/21/2008||(Senate) Senator Palmer filed compulsory attendance floor amendment|
|2/25/2008||(Senate) Sent to Rules Committee|
Raising the compulsory school attendance age from 16 to 18 would subject Kentucky home educators to the requirements of the homeschool two years longer than now required. (You do not need to share this reason with your legislators.)
Raising the compulsory attendance age will not reduce the dropout rate. In fact, the two states with the highest high school completion rates, Maryland at 94.5% and North Dakota at 94.7%, compel attendance only to age 16. The state with the lowest completion rate (Oregon: 75.4%) compels attendance to age 18. (Figures are three-year averages, 1996 through 1998.)
Twenty-nine states only require attendance to age 16. Older children unwilling to learn can cause classroom disruptions and even violence, making learning harder for their classmates who truly want to learn.
It would restrict parents’ freedom to decide if their 16-year-old is ready for college or the workforce. (Some 16-year-olds who are not academically inclined benefit more from valuable work experience than from being forced to sit in a classroom.)
Another significant impact of expanding the compulsory attendance age would be an inevitable tax increase to pay for more classroom space and teachers to accommodate the additional students compelled to attend public schools. When California raised the upper age limit of compulsory attendance, unwilling students were so disruptive that new schools had to be built just to handle them and their behavior problems, all at the expense of the taxpayer.
For more information on compulsory attendance, please see our Issues Library Page, “Compulsory Attendance Age Legislation.”
House Bill 294 has already passed the House, but only in its original form. If SFA 1 passes the Senate, the bill would be sent back to the House for concurrence.
If passed, SFA1 would raise the compulsory attendance age from 16 to 18 on July 1, 2010.
| Other Resources|
Bill Text (Word)
Amendment Text (Word)
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Jun 13, 2014
Post By: Children's Health
Even after the recall of the Nap Nanny in 2013, a sixth baby has died from being placed in one. Many parents say the popular portable baby recliner has been a lifesaver, as it helps their baby stay asleep. However, the Consumer Product Safety Commission urges everyone to completely stop using the Nap Nanny.
The injuries and deaths have occurred when the baby rolled out of the Nap Nanny or was harnessed in and the baby’s head became wedged between the side of the Nap Nanny and the crib.Between 2009 and 2012, about 165,000 Nap Nanny products were sold. Molly Bloomfield, an Injury Prevention Specialist at Children’s Medical Center, says more than 92 incidences with the Nap Nanny have been reported.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents steer clear of any type of sleeping insert or product that claims to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
“Babies need to sleep in a position that allows their airways to stay open,” says Molly. “The safest option is for babies to be placed on their backs in a crib approved by the Consumer Safety Product Commission."
Molly also says that parents need to remember that comfort items such as blankets, stuffed animals and pillows can cause babies to suffocate, too.
Sign up to get updates on what's new at Children’s Health!
Thank you for subscribing to the Children's Medical Center Newsletter.
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Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
A vaccine refrigerator is a refrigeration unit designed specifically for storing vaccines and other temperature-sensitive medical supplies, most of which need to be held at temperatures lower than that of a conventional fridge. The unit provides extremely stable low temperatures to prevent degradation of vaccines and other products, along with options like alarms and backup power to provide complete protection. Medical supply companies sell vaccine refrigerators, and they may also be available through refrigeration firms that work with the medical profession.
Vaccines need to stay at a stable temperature, or they can start to break down. The vaccine refrigerator maintains a very narrow range of temperatures to prevent damage caused by temperature fluctuations. It is also designed to keep temperatures consistent throughout the unit, avoiding hot and cold spots where vaccines could experience damage. The fridge comes with temperature sensors and may have an alarm that alerts when the temperature falls outside the safe storage range, so care providers know there may be a problem with the fridge and the vaccines it contains.
Backup power units for vaccine refrigerators may also be available. These come in the form of batteries to keep the temperature low in the event of a power failure, or in regions where power supplies are intermittent. In regions where there is no electrical grid at all, the vaccine refrigerator may run off a wind turbine, generator, or solar panel with a battery for power storage to make sure it will function in adverse conditions.
The unit may have shelving and drawers designed specifically for holding vaccines, as the packaging tends to be consistent in size and shape across manufacturers, and a generic fridge design should be able to accommodate most vaccines. A vaccine refrigerator is also usually configurable to allow users to adjust the capacity and organization inside. Some have a pass-through design, allowing personnel to load the fridge from the back and access vaccines from the front. This ensures that the oldest units are used first.
Vaccines are not usually hazardous, and no special controls are needed on a vaccine refrigerator to limit access. Some may have a lock to prevent loss and theft. In the case of a unit that may also store hazardous materials, the design is slightly different to accommodate the need for increased security. It may have options like locking drawers so anyone can access basic supplies, but a key is necessary to open the drawers for controlled substances.
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First and ONLY Michigan Master Builder specializing in Modular Construction
Oasis Homes has been leading Michigan in Modular Homes sales and helping our customers realize their dream by placing quality built modular homes on private property throughout Michigan. To better serve our customers, we offer many custom designed floor plans and architecturally designed homes. Customers investigating the benefits of modular homes for the first time may become confused by several terms that are often viewed as interchangeable, though in reality they refer to different types of housing or construction. The terms modular, pre-fab, and manufactured or mobile homes are listed to help you understand the difference.
Modular Homes are built in a factory in accordance with the same Michigan building codes, delivered in sections and assembled on-site to your property. These sections are delivered and placed on a permanent foundation. The quality of the building materials are generally better because they are not subjected to the usual weather conditions of an "on-site" construction. In the State of Michigan, these homes are also referred to as BOCA code homes. BOCA is an abbreviation for Building Officials and Code Administrators, it is this organization that developed the National Building Code and the code to which modular homes and stick-built homes are constructed. The State of Michigan requires modular homes to pass the same inspections as stick-built homes, except the inspections are performed at the manufacturing facility. Modular homes in comparison to manufactured homes have higher standards, materials and quality of workmanship. For appraisals and re-sale value, modular homes are treated as site-built homes.
The term Pre-Fab home is short for prefabricated home and essentially a catch all description for home components built off-site with extensive assembly on-site. The term is used to refer to a combination of panelized and modular building systems, and essentially can mean either one. The term "prefab" is also used in relation to the style of a house, rather than to a particular method of house construction. The only way to know for sure what the seller is offering is to ask specifically for the type of construction they are building. A house that is truly a pre-fab home has its components, such as floor, walls, and roof pre-built in a factory environment, and then assembled entirely at the customer's site.
Manufactured homes were known as "mobile homes" prior to 1976 and are constructed to comply with the National Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards or HUD code, a uniform building standard administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The HUD code, under federal law, preempts all local building codes for these single-family dwellings making it much easier to obtain permits. These types of homes are most common in “park communities”. The financing is not the same as a traditional home mortgage but similar to an auto loan.
The most common misconception of modular housing is that modular and manufactured homes are the same. The only similarities between the two homes is they are both are built in a factory setting. Manufactured houses are built to preemptive federal codes, which are governed by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). HUD code allows for homes to be built using a steel chassis and liberal building practices. Manufactured homes are typically found in park communities and are often referred to as “single or double wides”. Modular homes are always built in compliance with Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) guidelines which are more demanding than the HUD code. Modular homes are better quality homes and are more expensive due to materials and process than manufactured homes. Modular homes are built using conventional building materials, the same used for stick-built homes.
Modular homes are held to a higher standard than on-site stick built construction. The modular construction process utilizes proven processes and methods to build a quality home that is built to last. The building processes are most effectively constructed in a factory environment.
One of the major building difference is that the modular home walls and floors are fastened together with nails and a heavy duty construction adhesive to provide a stronger bond than just nails alone. On-site stick-built homes are usually only nailed together. The modular home floor construction is built with a double perimeter band rather than a single band used by stick builders. This added band makes the floor exceptionally strong and rigid. An integrated center beam is used in the floor system which allows for taller finished ceilings in basements. Stick built homes have a steel beam which drops below the floor joists and can decreases the basement finished ceiling height. Since the modular homes are built with perfectly square jigs, the floors are also perfectly square and the walls join properly. In two-story modular homes the structure is strengthened by installing both floor and ceiling joists to make it independently as strong as the first floor. This method of construction for a two-story modular home also reduces noise between floors. A stick built home has only one set of floor joists between the first and second floors that increases noise transfer.
Below is an excerpt from a Fema report regarding the structural integrity of modular homes after Hurricane Andrew.
Fema report – Modular Homes Stronger than Site Built, Building Systems magazine March 2003
“Building Performance: Hurricane Andrew in Florida” assessment teams from FEMA concluded that modular homes withstood the 131-135 mph winds of the category 4 storm in August 1992 far better than site-built housing.
Overall, relatively minimal structural damage was noted in modular housing developments. The module-to-module combination of units appears to have provided an inherently rigid system that performed much better than conventional presidential framing. This was evident in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the modular buildings."
Just because a home is a modular home it does not mean all modular homes are built the same. There are many types of quality levels in modular homes just as there are in traditional built homes. There are production entry level modular built homes as well as detailed upscale modular built homes. Both are very different in the process of how they are built. There are large differences in the structural materials, structural integrity, quality of construction, interior and exterior products, level of flexibility, fit and finish tolerances, durability, and warranties. Modular homes vary in the same way, from the basic entry level homes to the exceptional homes.
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This workshop has successfully ended. Thank you for your active participation! Now the slides for the opening session and the keynote are available on the program page.
Background and Objectives
This workshop aims to bring together leading software engineers, machine learning experts and practitioners to reflect on and discuss the challenges and implications of building software for complex Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems by using Machine Learning (ML) techniques.
The core idea behind this workshop is a growing concern that we have as software engineers in a world where data science, deep learning, and AI are becoming increasingly pervasive. The economic benefits of Machine-Learning Software Applications and artificial intelligence, in general, is forecast to surpass USD 8.81 Billion by 2022. Although AI research has allowed the development of novel algorithms capable of learning new tasks, adapting to the environment, and evolving, their implementation in software systems remains challenging. From an engineering perspective, once an algorithm is implemented, it requires a solid architecture, model/data validation, proper monitoring for changes, dedicated release engineering strategies, judicious adoption of design patterns and security checks, and thorough user experience evaluation and adjustment. All these activities require a combined knowledge in software engineering, data science, and machine learning. A failure to properly address these challenges in such complex software systems can lead to catastrophic consequences. An example of such failure is the recent human toll incidence caused by the $47-million Michigan Integrated Data Automated System (MiDAS), or the recent finding that simple tweaks can fool neural networks in identifying street signs. the Uber’s self-driving car that ran into a pedestrian even though the car’s sensors detected her presence. The software of the Uber's car which is Machine-Learning Software Applications reportedly decided not to react right away, considering the detection of the pedestrian as a "false positive."
The source of emerging difficulties is the shift of the development paradigm. Classically, we have constructed software systems in a deductive way, or by writing down the rules that govern the system behaviors as program code. With machine learning techniques, we generate such rules in an inductive way from training data. This shift does not only simply require new tools that intensively deal with data but also introduces unique characteristics. The resulting system behaviors are uncertain: black-box and unexplainable. They are intrinsically imperfect and it is practically impossible to reason their correctness in a deductive way.
Given the critical and increasing role of AI-based systems in our society it is now imperative to engage software engineers and machine learning experts in in-depth conversations about the necessary perspectives, approaches and roadmaps to address these challenges and concerns.
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Use EJS as Template Engine in Node.js
npm install ejs --save
Note: npm in the above commands stands for the node package manager, a place where install all the dependencies. –save flag is no longer needed after Node 5.0.0 version, as all the modules that we now install will be added to dependencies.
Now, the first thing we need to do is to set EJS as our templating engine with Express which is a Node.js web application server framework, which is specifically designed for building single-page, multi-page, and hybrid web applications. It has become the standard server framework for node.js.
The default behavior of EJS is that it looks into the ‘views’ folder for the templates to render. So, let’s make a ‘views’ folder in our main node project folder and make a file named “home.ejs” which is to be served on some desired request in our node project. The content of this page is:
Now, we will render this page on a certain request by the user as:
Now, the page home.ejs will be displayed on requesting localhost. To add dynamic content this render method takes a second parameter which is an object. This is done as:
Now, We will embed name to HTML page as:
The final HTML content:
Steps to run the program:
- After creating all the files go to the root directory of your project folder.
- Run command prompt in this directory.
- Type node file_name.js command to run your program and see the output as displayed.
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Start a 10-Day Free Trial to Unlock the Full Review
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For this spelling worksheet, students practice reading and writing the spelling words listed. Then they alphabetize each of the words on the lines provided on the bottom of the sheet.
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Writing as a Hobby
For many, writing is nothing more than a hobby.
Those who write as a hobby do so mainly to express themselves and do not expect to earn a living from their work. They simply wish to put their pen to paper and write about their day, some poems, or even a short story or two. It is treated as a hobby just as knitting, quilting or building model planes is to others.
When I was a child I can recall my Mom writing poems and submitting them to the local newspaper. She did it as a hobby and never earned much from them. I didn't give it much thought then, but see now she had a lot of talent as far as writing went. Somewhere along the way she lost interest and picked up crocheting as a hobby.
I have a book of poems my great-uncle wrote, once again strictly as a hobby. He was an automotive mechanic by day, and wrote hundreds of poems over the years. When he was in his 70s or so, his daughter had a book of them compiled for family and friends. He didn't pursue his writing poetry as a business, but did it simply because he loved to write.
Writing as a Business
Some people may start writing as a hobby (as I did), but eventually want to generate an income from it. This takes more planning, work and perseverance than as a hobby.
The first thing to do when contemplating becoming a writer for pay is to plan ahead. This not only means planning your articles, but also how you are going to support yourself and your family (if applicable) until you are earning a full time income.
As with any business, it is wise to implement a Business Plan. Do your research and determine how you are going to earn your income, where you are going to look for writing jobs and how much it is going to cost to get set up. This is also the best time to assess your skills and which niche(s) you are most suited for. Writing about topics that interest you will be much more satisfying than if you have to turn out articles about things that require a ton of research because you have no idea about what it entails.
After planning, the next thing to do is to let others know you have a service to offer. You can start by sharing your new business with family and friends, then branch out via social networking on sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Google+ to name a few.
In addition to social networking, it is a very good idea to also start a website and/or blog to showcase your talents. If you decide to make a website, I strongly suggest utilizing the blog function as well. This way your updates can be done in one place and potential clients will not have to hop from one site to another to view your work. I have personally had blogs separate from my websites, but decided combining the two was more practical. It has worked out well for both my Freelancer/Author site and my Alpaca site (although the latter does not get the attention it should).
When writing for pay, keep in mind there are expenses you may be entitled to claim on your tax return. These include expenses such as office supplies and equipment, a portion of rent/mortgage and utilities and even books/magazines if they pertain to your business. For a complete list of applicable deductions, consult your revenue agency or an accountant. Most tax software also lists possible deductions for freelancers/authors.
There are many books available online and in your local library which will lay out the steps required if you decide to write for pay. They are well worth the read, but keep in mind the author's situation may be different from your own. I have personally found taking a bit of advice from a variety of people in the field is better than being biased.
Whether you are a hobby writer, freelancer or author, writing can be very rewarding both creatively and monetarily (if you choose this route). The only person who can truly determine how far you wish to take your venture is you. Those who write striclty as a hobby derive great satisfaction from their creativity. Those who write for their bread and butter do it because it lets them be creative as well as provide a service for those who are less talented in the literary department.
No matter which path you choose, keep in mind that when writing starts to feel like a chore it is time to switch gears. This doesn't mean giving it up altogether, it simply means you either need a break or you need to read more. A hobby writer could easily go from writing to reading a wider variety of books, and a professional writer could switch to editing and proofreading. The change could either lead to a new chapter in life or give your creativity a kickstart. Either way, writing as a hobby or business will expand your horizons further than you ever thought possible.
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INTERSPEECH 2020 - Alzheimer's Dementia Recognition through
Spontaneous Speech: The ADReSS Challenge
||ADReSS 2020 Challenge
This challenge was organized by Saturnino Luz, Fasih Haider, and Sofia
de la Fuente Garcia of the University of Edinburgh and Davida Fromm
and Brian MacWhinney of Carnegie Mellon University.
The objective of the ADReSS challenge is to make
available a benchmark dataset of
spontaneous speech, which is acoustically pre-processed
and balanced in terms of age and gender, defining a shared task
through which different approaches to AD recognition in spontaneous
speech can be compared. Our JAD review describes the
state of research at the beginning of the challenge.
The Challenge has these features:
- It targets a difficult automatic
prediction problem of societal and medical relevance, namely, the
detection of cognitive impairment and
Alzheimer's Dementia (AD). To the best of our knowledge, this will
be the first such shared-task event focused on AD.
- While a number of researchers have proposed speech processing and
natural language procesing approaches to AD recognition through
speech, their studies have used different, often unbalanced and
acoustically varied data sets, consequently hindering
reproducibility and comparability of approaches. The ADReSS
Challenge will provide a forum for those different research groups
to test their existing methods (or develop novel approaches) on a
new shared standardized dataset.
- Th ADReSS Challenge dataset has been carefully selected so as to
mitigate common biases often overlooked in evaluations of AD
detection methods, including repeated occurrences
of speech from the same participant (common in longitudinal
datasets), variations in audio quality, and imbalances of gender and
- Unlike some tests performed in clinical settings, where short
speech samples are collected under controlled conditions, this task
focuses AD recognition using spontaneous speech.
describes the challenge.
It consists of two tasks:
- an AD classification task, where you are required to produce a
model to predict the label (AD or non-AD) for a speech session. Your
model can use speech data, language data (transcipts are
provided), or both.
- an MMSE score regression task, where you will create a model to
infer the subject's Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score
based on speech and/or language data.
After joining as a DementiaBank member,
you can gain access to the
training data and
the test data
The training data consists of three folders of data (full enhanced
audio, normalised sub-chunks, transcriptions) as well as two text
files with information on age, gender and MMSE scores for participants
with and without a diagnosis of AD (cc_meta_data.txt,
cd_meta_data.txt). A README file is also included for further
The baseline results are in this paper
Performance on AD classification is evaluated through F scores. Performance on
MMSE prediction is through root mean squared error (RMSE).
This sheet lists the participants in the challenge and
this sheet summarizes the results.
The complete set of conference papers is here .
|AD ||non-AD |
|Age Interval ||Male ||Female ||Male ||Female|
|[50, 55) ||2 ||0 ||2 ||0 |
|[55, 60) ||7 ||6 ||7 ||6 |
|[60, 65) ||4 ||9 ||4 ||9 |
|[65, 70) ||9 ||14 ||9 ||14 |
|[70, 75) ||9 ||11 ||9 ||11 |
|[75, 80) ||4 ||3 ||4 ||3 |
|Total ||35 ||43 ||35 ||43 |
Each session was segmented for voice activity using a voice activity
detection system based on a signal energy threshold. We set the log
energy threshold parameter to 65dB with a maximum duration of 10
seconds per speech segment. The segmented dataset contains 1,955
speech segments from 78 non-AD subjects and 2122 speech segments from
78 AD subjects. The average number of speech segments produced per
participant was 24.86 (standard deviationsd= 12.84). Audio volume was
normalised across all speech segments to control for variation caused
by recording conditions, such as microphone placement.
The ADReSS Challenge acknowledges the support and sponsorship of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research
programme, under grant agreement No 769661, towards the SAAM project
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AREVA commended the Harper Government for its plan presented this week to reform oversight of proposed natural resource projects that would improve project economics and spur new investments in Canada. The federal government plan would streamline review of proposed projects, and has received broad support from industry in Canada. The plan was announced by Natural Resources Minister Joe Oliver on April 17 at an industrial facility outside Toronto.
“The Harper Government’s plan for Responsible Resource Development will create good, skilled, well-paying jobs in cities and communities across Canada, while maintaining the highest possible standards for protecting the environment,” said Minister Oliver. “It will help prevent the long delays in reviewing major economic projects that kill potential jobs and stall economic growth by putting valuable investment at risk.”
In an article in the Saskatoon Star Phoenix, AREVA praised the federal government initiative:
“Reforms such as these certainly weigh into our considerations as we contemplate whether to make new investments in Canada,” said Jarret Adams, AREVA’s communications manager in Saskatoon.
“We certainly view this in a positive light,” he said. “We appreciate the government’s initiative to make regulatory review more predictable and efficient for proposed new projects.”
Read the rest of the article.
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The world has been clearly divided into the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic eras. The post-pandemic era is the one where lockdowns created a need to seek help online. Right from grocery orders to seeking medical advice from doctors.
Every doctor that was internet-savvy and wanted to help his fellow citizens knew that he had to onboard the internet and social media wagon to contribute his share. To top it off, an intensified FOMO pushed the doctors to think about how far they would be left behind in this ‘social media’ rat race when the pandemic would be over.
Adding to their woes was the perception of the people who thought that the doctor with the most ‘likes’, ‘comments’ or ‘shares’ is the best in his field. It is truly a sad state when the years of training, specialization and practice are not the defining parameters to be recognised as a ‘good doctor’ rather it is his social media presence, likes and comments.
In the post-pandemic era, online consultation became the norm. Apps and websites that rate and ‘list’ down the best doctors based on their social media followers, likes and ratings popped up overnight misleading the people into believing more followers, more likes, better ratings = the best doctor to consult.
To stop the obvious bending of medical ethics and regulations, The National Medical Commission (NMC) has drafted guidelines to be followed by a Registered Medical Practitioner (RMP) to curb the menace of misleading advertisements, unethical testimonials, promotions, and other unethical practices. The ethical guidelines section that has been introduced is called “The conduct of RMPs on social media’ for which the NMC has invited comments from the various stakeholders.
Dr. Kavya Singh, founder of a digital healthcare marketing agency – DocStokes, interpreted the guidelines in simple terms for us to understand. Stating these guidelines are the need of the hour, and terming them as ‘Better late than never’, Dr Kavya Singh says there’s still a lot of room for improvement but ‘is a good place to start’.
The guidelines roughly translate into the following, according to her:
While the RMPs can have and maintain their social media and website, the guidelines indicate that the information put forth by the RMPs should be verifiable and factual, should not be deceptive or misleading, and should not take advantage of patient’s lack of knowledge or vulnerability by keeping a clear distinction between teleconsultation and social media. Although, it should be noted that the NMC has not yet defined what falls under ‘social media’
Keeping the broader principle of medical ethics in mind, the NMC urges doctors to use social media wisely and has proposed the following the below guidelines:
- RMPs can provide information and announcement on social media.
- RMPs should avoid discussing the treatment of patients on public social media or prescribing medicine to patients on the public social media platform. If a patient approaches doctors through public social media, the doctor should guide the patient toward a telemedicine consultation or in-person consultation as the situation warrants.
- RMPs should not post patients’ photographs or scan images (CT/pet scans) on social media. Once an image is posted on social media, it becomes data that is owned by the social media company or the general public.
- RMPs should not request or share patients’ ‘testimonials or recommendations or endorsements or reviews’ on social media.
- RMPs should refrain from sharing images of healed/cured patients, surgery/procedure videos or images displaying impressive results under any circumstances.
- RMP is allowed to share educative material for the information of the general public. However, communication should be limited to the expertise of the RMP.
- RMP’s webpage should also follow the same guidelines as above
- RMPs should not indulge in the act of purchasing ‘likes’ or ‘followers’ for their social media. They should not pay money to be listed on top of search results (based on search algorithm behaviours). They should not register with software programs (apps) that charge fees for higher ratings or soliciting patients.
- On social media, the RMPs should behave in accordance with the medical ethics on professional behaviour towards their colleagues.
In the wake of these proposed guidelines, it has become even more crucial for the RMPs to not give in to the pressure of social media. Seeking help from random digital agencies or freelancers may seem tempting and cost-effective but one should be mindful of the fact that these agencies/individuals are not aware of the medical ethics code and regulations which might lead to troubles in the future.
Choosing the right digital marketing partner who understands the nuances of these guidelines like only a doctor can, is the first step in the right direction. Docstokes is the only healthcare digital marketing agency that is run by a doctor, Dr Kavya Singh. She, being a doctor, understands what could be construed as ethical or unethical marketing practices.
P.S.: you can refer to the NMC guidelines here
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Tip 1: Test Preparation is Important
Tip 2: Types of Tests
- Know the test schedule. Look at the course outline for the dates of your exams.
- Clarify with your instructor what information will be covered on the test and what types of questions will be utilized (true/false, essay, etc.).
- Schedule when you will study and stick to the schedule.
- Organize your notes and make sure you know which chapters will be covered on a test.
- Plan what you will study and when you will study it. Stick to the schedule.
- Get enough sleep and eat well before the test.
Objective Tests come in four forms: true/false, matching, multiple choice, and
fill in the blank.
In a TRUE/FALSE test, read the entire statement before you answer. Sometimes the
first part of the statement is true, while the last part is false. All of the
statements must be true for the answer to be true. Watch for words such as all,
every, never, always, and so on. These statements are often FALSE. Pay attention
to statements that contain negatives.
In a MATCHING test, read both lists completely before answering the items.
Cross out each answer as you find its match, unless told otherwise. Match
word-to-word answers according to their parts of speech (nouns to nouns).
Match words to a phrase by reading the phrase and then looking for the word
that describes it. Use capital letters because they are easier to read.
In a MULTIPLE CHOICE test, read the directions carefully. You may be asked to
mark the correct answer, the best answer, or all of the answers that are correct.
Read all of the answers before you mark the one you think is correct.
In a FILL IN THE BLANK test, look for key words from previous questions. Use the
context of the question as clues. Be sure the word you use fits into the sentence
and makes sense.
ONLY GUESS WHEN YOU ARE OUT OF TIME!!!!
Don't ever leave a blank on any test, because BLANK ANSWERS are ALWAYS
For a multiple-choice question: guess EITHER longest answer OR item
T/F question: guess (T).
It is all right to change answers, but if "flipping a coin," leave your first
answer on the test
Many students do not like essay tests. Come up with a strategy and follow it, you
will have more success when taking an essay test.
Read and reread the question until you are sure of what is being asked of you.
Look for key words like "compare, contrast, define." If you contrast instead of
compare, the answer will be wrong.
Try to rephrase the question into a thesis.
For example: Question - Explain five consequences of child abuse. Thesis - Child
abuse has five major consequences.
Write a quick outline to organize your thoughts, and allow enough time at the end
of the test to edit and proofread your work.
Tip 3: Taking the Test
Try to get to class ahead of time. Listen to the directions given. Always put
your name, date and any other information requested on your test. Write
Read all directions for each section of the test. Answer all questions.
Remember, some of the other questions may help you answer the ones you don't
Pace yourself and leave enough time at the end of class to look over your test
before turning it in. Make sure all the questions are answered and if using
Scantron, double check that all answers and number bubbles match up.
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Why do men wear earrings in their left ear? once we talk around men v jewelry, there arise plenty of questions in ours mind. We discover out the reason behind it, its originality and also different views and also rumors which we find about the attract earrings in the left ear. Is it just a fashion trend or that is concerned femininity concerns.
You are watching: Why do guys wear earrings in their left ear
In the 80s, attract earrings in his left is taken into consideration to be straight and oriented come the opposite gender yet wearing earrings in the ideal ears is taken totally opposite. It means when friend wear earrings in your right ear, you may have been attracted to same-gender.
But nowadays all this is considered a misconception and also wearing earrings is just related to a component of a who personality. You need to wear according to your choice which enhances your personality since it is not illegal.
It is her life and you have the right to spend the without any type of restrictions and also limitations. Perhaps you undertake earrings on her left because you feel easy to wear it or that is the reason due to the fact that the left next is the side, you use less when stop a phone.
So there are countless possibilities about wearing left earring ~ above guys. Right here we are stating some questions which space most typical when we desire to know why men wear earrings.
What is the origin of earrings?
Many civilization do not know the fact that earrings were mostly male jewellery not pertained to women .Many countless years ago, there space found numerous proofs around a guy wearing earrings.s source in ancient Asia. We also found that Egyptian wear earrings for the symbols of their wealth and also high status and opposite come it in ancient Rome earrings and also bracelets are worn through the servant as a symbol of slavery.What walk an earring in the left ear mean?
In old Greece, the is used by prostitutes. In the 13th century when Catholic Church banned the civilization by saying that they have the right to not use their body because that such purposes since your body is produced in the image of God and you don’t have the right to use her body for such purposes, after that this became common in thieves and also lower classes come wear earrings.
We have the right to say the wearing earrings is linked with her culture, education and tradition, what is the principle found in your culture about wearing earrings? It might be a symbol of wealth, power, status, a note of horror, location in society or a symbol of slavery.
Non Pierced Earrings for Guys
Does wearing earrings have any type of affiliation through spirituality and religion?
It is uncovered in part religions prefer Hinduism and also Buddhism where it is connected with religion. In India, your Gods have actually represented wearing dangles and also it is a practice in their society when they have actually a piercing ear ceremony in the childhood that the child, check out this amazing video clip for better understanding.
In Buddhism, they believe that Buddha has actually long earlobes which show his spirituality and his superior standing in the culture that’s why people who have the spiritual inclination, they offered to prefer pierced in your ears but it’s not mostly usual purpose mostly people used to pierce your ears simply for fashion and for the readjust in your visual outlook.
Does piercing in your ear have any good or bad effect on your life?
Some world consider piercing in the ear deserve to be influenced in her life. Some countries are renowned for your superstitious nature who have a solid belief in an excellent and negative luck and fortune favor Chinese world are familiar with the superstitious nature. In ancient China, piercing in her left ear means that this person’s life is in danger and also piercing in his ear can safeguard him from any mishap.
For this factor in old ages, sailors had actually piercings in your ear therefore they can be defended from any type of blizzard in the sea and pirates supplied piercing in the ear for your protection.
Are you motivated by her legend and celebrities and follow their style and also is this the reason you wear earrings in her ear?
We deserve to see the most world want to follow the layout of the person whom lock like. This likewise can be noticed in this case. Some famed actors stay earrings in their ear and their pan follow them and also copy your style and want to be acquainted like your actors.
Some renowned writers like Shakespeare are additionally famous for having a gold hoop in his ear and some old kings choose King James ll were likewise famous because that wearing earrings.
Is attract earrings connected with a health and wellness issue? go it influence your health?
Generally, it does no have any effect on her health, over there is no science behind this reality why guys wearing earrings, it is simply related to looking fashionable and different from others yet in some clinical treatment methodologies, it is worry that point of vision is in the facility of the left lobe the ‘s why they favor to pierced in your left ear fairly than the best one. They think piercing in the left ear may have actually a advantageous effect on their health.
Why is my nose piercing still no healed after ~ a year?
What women have actually an opinion around men wearing earrings? They choose or do not choose their style?
It is true that some men wear earrings to lure the the opposite gender however do you know all women have actually a different suggest of view around wearing earrings. It relies on their class, society, education and society from which castle belong.
Girls belonging indigenous a liberal course does not make it a issue of disgrace, castle think wearing earrings is a part of her personality and it’s your appropriate to invest your life in the way you like. Other world should not have the right to disgrace their personality.
Maybe it can produce some problems for you in your job, her boss may not choose your put on earrings, it does no look decent however you can impress them with other alternatives like wearing a decent outfit and tie etc.
A girl who belongs native a conservative course will not prefer you attract earrings, because that her, that is a matter of disgrace and also scarcity she deserve to not accept men with jewelry, she thinks the jewellery is just connected with females. She taken into consideration a boy that is wearing earrings has actually a feminist appearance. Some girls like men without jewelry except for a wedding ring they have the right to wear.
But the does not present the overall view that women and also left ear piercing meaning girl as every human has various nature and also personality, in this way every person has actually a different point of view about guys who space wearing earrings in your ears. Part girls say that guys look cool island once they are wearing earrings in their ears.
Is this essential, your earrings be suited through your personality?
Of course, what girlfriend wear must be suited to your personality. It will look awkward as soon as you wear something which does no suit you. You want to watch different and trendy. You want to display your individuality and your earrings should be matched v your skin tone and also shape of her face due to the fact that your skin colour strikes v some colours.
If your skin colour is fair and also you wear increased gold it does not give much influence on her face, silver or white will be suited to your skin. If your skin is dark then yellow gold looks great. Therefore you deserve to wear earrings follow to your skin tone. Prefer skin colour, the form of your face is additionally important once you are selecting your earrings. Round form earrings look at nice on one oval face. ~ above square challenge curved or round earring watch nice
So her skin colour and also face shape has a crucial role in the selection of your earrings.your earrings have to be small in size. You can wear your earrings through your own selection but one point is to remember the should enhance your personality.
How numerous different species of earrings for men are familiar?
There is a wide range of earrings accessible for you :
Magnetic earrings are really strong, stable and also easy in use and also leave no mark on your skin. Stud are preferred by beginners together they are simple in wearing and they are much more versatile Tapers can be uncovered in different colours and fit a big earlobe.
You deserve to found countless others favor barbells, novelty, gemstone and also diamond, clip-on earrings etc
Why do guys wear earrings in both ears?
Before some years it was taken into consideration that guys who are wearing earrings in your both ear room BI/HOMO but now the has become a false concept due to the fact that what friend wear it has actually no relation with your status. That is your own selection and preference what you prefer piercing in her one ear or both ears. Some feel the imbalance to wear an earring in just one ear the is why lock wear in both ears.
If you wear earrings in her both ears and also not feel attraction for both genders, that is typical you are not bi and also it’s median it is wrong to relate your gender with her appearance. It has actually no effect on her gender. Together fashion and trends change, men adapt to that fashion.
In which ear guys wear earrings? numerous famous celebrities like to stay in both ear while part celebrities choose to wear in one ear. It relies on you, not other people can indicate to girlfriend what you should wear.
When have the right to I readjust My Septum Piercing
Should guys get both ears pierced or one?
The civilization is an altering faster and with the trend and also fashion is also an altering so attract earrings is becoming an ext popular 보다 before, your look changes entirely when you embrace a fashion. Piercing in both ears or one ear can adjust you completely. Some world think the wearing one earring in both or one ears show the strength of a man however some feel it inappropriate to undertake earrings for males one earrings or 2 earrings.
It is pertained to your confidence and your preference when you decision to stay in one ear or 2 ears. If you desire to understand what is perfect and ideal for you, you need to know and also check out part celebrities what they room wearing since they space the trendsetter in society and most human being like their layout so if they are piercing ears, it method that it is in trend however if you do not see any type of person or celebrities piercing ears it method that piercing ears is no an ext in trend.
Some have actually observed that piercing in both ear is the most trendy and popular look because that guys. Some famed celebrities favor Usher, Harrison Ford, ns Diddy, Zayn Malik. Micheal Jordan and Christiano Ronaldo, they all look good wearing a solitary or twin earring.
You additionally think about which layout you feeling easy and also comfortable
What does that symbolize once a human being pierced in his both ears?
Today, piercing in males is becoming much more acceptable than ever before. Some decades ago jewellery was considered only a female’s obsession however now civilization are accepting guys piercing ears in one or both. Piercing in guys has actually some symbolic meaning.
In ancient times, If a human is the last member that his family, he has actually piercing in both ear which symbolizes the he is the only human being of his family members so he can not take part in any war. Because he is the critical member and if that is eliminated in a war his household can no be sustained.
In the modern-day age, some civilization think the piercing in both ear make a person look like feminist and he looks less masculine but it’s not true at all.
It is simply a issue of her own choice it does not have any kind of symbolic left ear piercing meaning at all. That is her life and also your piercing in her one ear or 2 ears it is just you deserve to decide nobody can enforce you come wear in one ear or two.
See more: What Does The Top Number Of A Time Signature Mean, Time Signature
As us have questioned all the questions why guys wear earrings however we can not give any type of solid factor for wearing earrings, It may be your custom, fashion, tendency or your inclination towards religious beliefs or spirituality. Castle wear earrings due to the fact that they deserve to wear what lock like.
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The Immaculata University Music Department is committed to developing in its students an understanding and appreciation of the power and place of music in the world by maintaining music as a primary discipline among the liberal arts; preparing students to use the power of music to teach, to heal, to worship, and to enrich the lives of all people; and promoting the art of music as a spiritual and cultural force in society.
Since the founding of Immaculata College in 1920, music has retained its role as an important academic discipline among the liberal arts as well as a prominent performing art among the creative and fine arts. As part of its identity within the Catholic-Christian university environment, the Music Department holds to the belief that music is fundamentally essential to the wholeness of the human person.
Immaculata University is an accredited member of the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM), and the music therapy program is approved by the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA). Immaculata University is committed to upholding standards of educational, musical and artistic excellence, represented by these outside organizations, providing the foundation for the department’s performance, teaching, and clinical training programs.
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LeanBiome is a brand-new dietary formula created to boost digestive system health and wellness. As the name defines, it targets the microbiome of the body as well as makes substantial changes to it. Giving probiotic and prebiotic pressures to the body, it declares to reveal amazing results in the type of weight loss leanbiome fake.
Weight reduction is dull and difficult, but there are lots of manner ins which you can make use of to make it workable. Of course, you would feel depressing when you have to stop eating your favored convenience food and control snacking. Taking assistance from a couple of items would certainly make this struggle simpler. One of these items is the LeanBiome nutritional blend, a fat burning supplement made with 100% all-natural components.
Everyone has a different metabolic rate, and cutting the calories may not necessarily help them reduce weight. Regardless of surrendering on your preferred foods and still no results showing up can be irritating and also advise individuals to stop their weight loss trip mid-way.
Can You Drop Weight Making Use Of Probiotics?
Probiotics are living bacteria that aid in digestion, boost resistance and regulate all body functions. As opposed to the regular image of ‘bacteria’ as pathogenic pressures, most of them are actually helpful for wellness as well as are needed to live a healthy and balanced life. There are numerous researches to expose the possibility of these probiotics as well as prebiotics in preserving health which is why using supplemental forms of these 2 is very usual.
There is no magic in probiotic-based weight management. The presence of these useful microorganisms aids the body process and absorb food totally as well as shed stubborn fat layers for power production.
The diversity in the microbiome suggests it has almost all microbial strains that are required to make improvements in wellness. But this balance can be affected by an adjustment in diet plan or lifestyle. The signs of disturbed microbiota include level of acidity, unwanted gas, irregular bowel movements, sluggish sensation, and also weight gain. As quickly as you begin taking probiotics, these issues settle, as well as the exact same takes place when you begin taking a probiotic supplement.
From the information collected, LeanBiome can quickly be termed as one of the top probiotic supplements these days, and there are a lot of factors to trust this item. According to the official site, it regulates mind and body sychronisation and also controls the psychological and also physical sides of excessive weight at the same time. The results consist of a faster as well as far better fat burning within a couple of weeks. This moment may differ in all customers, and the exceptionally obese patients might take three to six months to see visible modifications in wellness.
What is LeanBiome?
LeanBiome supplement is a weight reduction formula made with probiotic as well as prebiotic strains. According to the main web site, this probiotic mix works on removing the body from toxins, oxidative stress, free radicals, and various other waste materials hindering fat burning.
Many times, when the preferred weight-loss diets as well as one of the most reliable exercises fail to function, the body requires a metabolic transformation. Taking a probiotic supplement every day regulates yearnings, lowers state of mind swings, and also improves food digestion and stress and anxiety while altering the fat storage space capability of the body.
There are 30 capsules in each container of LeanBiome, and this set container suffices for the whole month. Every capsule is made with certain dietary components, playing a practical duty in weight reduction. It might work without diet as well as exercise, however the faster outcomes are observed when the supplement is utilized together with a healthy and balanced diet regimen and also active way of living.
Just How Does LeanBiome Aid in Fat Burning?
LeanBiome helps the efficiency of the body to absorb, melt and collect fat from the food. It is based upon a basic system that microbial stress in the body are involved in food digestion as well as weight monitoring. Diet tablets are commonly considered as harmful as well as risky, which holds true when you are selecting a synthetic product. If you are utilizing an all-natural product, there are lower threats included, and they are far better than any type of trending diet plan pills brand name.
LeanBiome is among these items that are easy to use and also safe for long-term use. It boosts metabolic rate as well as makes the body usage all of the calories gotten from food. The outcomes consist of far better gastrointestinal wellness as well as resistance, which displays in the type of improved quality of life.
What is Inside the LeanBiome Formula?
The most significant factor people succumb to rip-offs in the supplement sector is that business hide info from them. A number of these people do not also examine the components label, let alone the various other details, which is an incorrect strategy, according to wellness professionals. One must always focus on the active ingredients he is about to take and also know if any of these active ingredients is linked with negative effects.
Every ingredient included in the LeanBiome formula is picked after going through the study information revealing its advantages. Utilizing the initial dietary source can additionally assist get the probiotics, yet the supplement form has a better strength than food; plus, it provides you numerous stress in one little capsule, as well as you do not need to eat a great deal of probiotics abundant foods daily. It is a vegan/vegetarian-friendly product, devoid of nuts, soy, dairy, BPAs, and also genetically changed ingredients.
Although the specific sources for the LeanBiome components are not discussed, the firm guarantees they are trusted. The manufacturing takes place in the US, in an FDA-certified facility. The end product is firmly packed into premium plastic bottles and also secured to keep the quality. The firm additionally mentions that it checks every batch via a third-party testing facility to avoid the risk of contamination.
Greenselect Phytosome( GSP): this is a natural essence made from eco-friendly tea but with decreased caffeine levels and higher catechin levels. It suppresses cravings, regulates food cravings, gets rid of the body from toxic substances, and saves from eating way too much. Consequently, the body starts shedding extra fat and preserves a healthy weight.
Bifidobacterium longum: the supplement kind of this microorganisms can lower body fat, boost insulin reaction, control blood pressure and transform metabolic process entirely.
Lactobacillus Plantarum: while other LeanBiome ingredients deal with fat burning, this bacterial stress specifically helps gain the weight back. It controls blood sugar degrees and also makes sure there is no free-floating glucose in the body.
Bifidobacterium breve: this LeanBiome ingredient has natural anti-obesity benefits. It manages defecation, saves from inflammation, looseness of the bowels, and also abdominal discomfort, and also protects against digestive illness.
Bifidobacterium lactis: following in LeanBiome components is Bifidobacterium lactis, which lowers belly fat. It likewise saves from digestive conditions, especially in more youthful grownups.
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus: this strain advertises weight loss and removes fat from the troublesome locations, consisting of the belly, thighs, hips, as well as arms. It additionally saves from reabsorption of fat as well as gaining weight after losing it as soon as.
Lactobacillus paracasei: it decreases stubborn body fat and solutions the underlying problems that make it hard to slim down. It includes inflammation, toxins, oxidative stress and anxiety, totally free radicals, and others.
Lactobacillus Fermentum: this strain offers cholesterol administration as well as immunological advantages, straight impacting gastrointestinal health. It also saves from respiratory infections and kidney and liver illness.
Bifidobacterium bifidum: the surname in this checklist is Bifidobacterium bifidum, which makes food digestion much better and faster. It likewise regulates the awful microorganisms in the gut as well as protects against common gastrointestinal concerns.
Inulin: This ingredient is prebiotic, which controls defecation and aids in food digestion. Without inulin, troubles such as unwanted gas, irregularity, and level of acidity might appear, making digestion uncomfortable. In addition to that, inulin helps in the development and also spread of probiotic microorganisms and plays a role alongside them in keeping gut flora.
Lactobacillus gasseri: this LeanBiome component is a probiotic stress that speeds up metabolism, targets stubborn fat, as well as manages cravings completely. It works on lowering BMI as well as helps the body decline one entire dress size.
In spite of being a natural item, LeanBiome is not suitable for underage children and also pregnant and also breastfeeding ladies. It is additionally not advised if an individual struggles with underlying health concerns. If a person does not understand the function of probiotics in weight-loss, call a physician to learn the benefits of probiotic supplements.
Keep in mind: The LeanBiome weight reduction supplement is solely readily available online and can be acquired with the official site at an affordable price using this link.
- An easy, natural, and also rapid means to go down all undesirable weight
- Fat reduction from the persistent areas such as the tummy, upper legs, and so on.
- High power levels throughout fat burning as well as no weakness or tired feeling
- Healthy intestine microbiota, with a best balance betweenuseful and also dangerous germs
- All-natural ingredients without side effects or risks
- Easy to use capsule type, costs product packaging, as well as a travel-friendly container
- Refund plan appropriate on all orders of LeanBiome
- No prescription is required, but the general age limitation applies to all customers
- Regulated hunger, and also decreased food aversions, especially to harmful, fried, and also extremely processed foods.
- Enhanced immunity and also security from virus creating gastrointestinal illness
- Restricted availability, and also the only way to purchase is via the official internet site.
- Not offered at drug stores, superstores, and also Amazon
- Stocks are marketing quickly, and there is a high chance of supply finishing
- Not suitable for underage individuals, expectant and breast feeding mothers
Individual outcomes may differ
Where to Purchase LeanBiome? Is it Budget friendly?
LeanBiome is offered up for sale on the official web site below. You can position an order online, and also it will certainly be delivered to your front door within three to 5 days. Buying from the official website saves you from on the internet fraud and also offers you a chance to take pleasure in promotions as well as price cuts.
Do not think a person calling himself a certified dealership since the firm has none. The orders are gotten by the business staff and also dispatched from the storage facility straight.
It is not a costly product as well as only calls for a little health budget plan. There are 3 methods to buy it; you can buy one, 3, or 6 pack of containers. Purchasing the bundle packs conserves more money and also gives you extra containers for a minimal price.
Below are the most up to date rates information.
- Get 30-day supply for $59.00 + $9.95 United States Delivery
- Obtain a 90-day supply for $240 + Free United States Shipping
- Obtain a 180-day supply for $540 +Free US Shipping
If you are only a few extra pounds over your target weight, using one bottle would certainly suffice. But if you have even more weight to lose, think about acquiring a 3 or 6 bottle pack. The bundle loads conserve you from the initiatives of acquiring one bottle monthly. As the business has no registration offer and also the product is constantly available in minimal stock, a bundle pack is absolutely a far better selection.
LeanBiome Refund Plan
The outcomes can be various depending upon a great deal of elements, as well as it is also possible for LeanBiome to reveal no results on a user. If you see no changes in your weight regardless of using this item for a couple of weeks, do not shed hope, your cash is conserved with the business.
All LeanBiome orders include a 180-day money-back assurance. If there are no results or the progress appears really sluggish, the customer can talk with the firm and launch a refund request.
The company has an active client support group prepared to assist customers with reimbursements. Upon get in touch with, it would ask for the order number, contact details, and also banking details to confirm from records and also launch the refund process.
The business might ask to return the bottles by sending them to the firm address. Do not throw used or brand-new containers, and keep them safe in case you are asked to send them back.
The refund deal is only legitimate on orders bought from the main website. It does not facilitate the orders made via unapproved sources. Here are the call information of the firm.
The time to get the reimbursements depends on 180 days after buying the item. The requests obtained by the firm hereafter time will not be taken into consideration or authorized. So see the timeline meticulously. And also, this moment is enough to see the fat burning and metabolic adjustments in the body. Stay with the use guidelines and give this item a full opportunity to show its results. Talk to the company if you do not see it working.
LeanBiome pills intend to enhance the existence and effects of helpful bacteria inside the body. They can enhance food absorption, food digestion, as well as use to produce energy, with no fat buildup to make the body overweight. This is a blend of probiotic as well as prebiotic stress, as well as every single among them has clinical proof of its efficacy.
There is no way this supplement can fail for a person, but if the customer is dissatisfied, he can look for a complete reimbursement within 180 days of acquisition. If you have actually decided to give it a try, do not believe any longer as well as see the main web site today to verify the orders. The stock is offering quick, as well as it might end quickly. Get LeanBiome while it is still available using this direct web link to the official site.
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Question asked in Tests and Results
Is SAT compulsory to study in USA?
Asked by: aparichit
Posted on Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:21:03 GMT
I want to know if SAT is compulsory to study in USA and what about visa success if we do SAT or not?
SAT isnít compulsory but it is preferred. Visa success rate increases with SAT but it doesnít guarantee a visa. SAT helps you to get scholarships at many universities in USA. If you have poor academic performance, SAT also helps to prove your academic ability to both university and consular.
If your university has accepted you for admission without SAT, you donít have to take SAT test until you have poor academic grades.
abhijeet answered 8 years and 2 months ago
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MySQL has a lot of nice additions to the SQL-92 standard that make life easier for developers. The drawback to these shortcuts is that many developers don't learn how to cope in other database environments, like PostgreSQL. Take INSERT IGNORE for example: PostgreSQL does not have support for this syntax. A resourceful developer can do a quick google search to learn an alternative, but many of the solutions at the top of google will show the wrong way to solve this problem.
Common bad example 1: Use a SELECT statement to check if the key exists and INSERT only if the key is not found.
The main problem with this solution is the glaring race condition. In the time in between the SELECT and INSERT, another session can insert the record. You also have to write extra code into your application to process the SELECT query, which may have to specific for many cases. A big waste of time.
Common bad example 2: Delete the row containing the key to be inserted and then INSERT the data again.
Hopefully this is done in a transaction, but it still is dicey. While this solution requires no extra application code to be written, it will only work for very basic cases. Timestamps, flags and other meta data will be lost with a blind delete. This solution scares me the most.
Both examples 1 and 2 can also be made into stored procedures. Don't be tricked into thinking this is a better solution.
The best solution is to insert the data and, if there is an error, check the error code. This is basically what the MySQL INSERT IGNORE syntax does! PostgreSQL, and most major relational databases, follow the ANSI SQL-92 standard. The SQL-92 standard contains a clear list of error codes that an application can check against. If there is a duplicate key error, the application can handle it accordingly. This does not require an extra query, has no race condition and is easy to check for in the application.
For those wondering, 23505 is the error code for duplicate key errors.
A list of all the SQL error codes can be found here:
Edit: Maggie Nelson talks about her experience with this very same issue from an Oracle users point of view in The Rules of (Software) Engagement.
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Flood damage restoration is definitely the method of eliminating the excessive quantities of water from different sources. It may be a broken water pipe, toilet leakages, disasters, and leakages from th roof or from windows, sewer water lines, and leaking water heaters or in some instances, leakages due to water beds. The damage caused by deluge water is much more destructive and intrusive.
It can lead to injury to furniture and gadgets. One approach to prevent additional harm is always to shut off the key power. Additionally it is essential to use rubberized gloves and boots to avoid getting in contact with the water that could be from unsanitary resources. Nevertheless, addressing flood waters alone is a grueling task on its own and requires unique ways to effectively remove the water, clean the affected area and dry it out completely. It is necessary to have the assistance from building contractors to effectively restore the overloaded area.
Work along with your insurance coverage.
In case you have insurance coverage and also have protection for specific floods issues, those not caused by natural disasters, they might normally recommend an ideal contractor to address the deluge damage repair. If the company does not have any suggestions, you would still need to deal with those to address the repayment for your contractor once the project is done. Contact the insurance policy instantly to address this problem.
The insurance coverage adjuster can offer a list of service provider for water harm. You are taking at least 3 brands which you can evaluate. This is the beginning of your quest.
Check charges and services.
Several companies will need an assessment charge. They vary from service to service. Always do comparative analysis of the rates and see which ones are the best. However, it is far from enough to look at their services. Get in touch with the company immediately and speak to them with regards to their different restoration solutions.
Discuss your unique issue.
You have to tell the service provider regarding the degree and mother nature of the harm. Do not leave a detail. Inform them concerning the general situation of your home. This is critical in dealing with the flood damage restoration. Note if there are signs of mold and mildew and mold. Inform them in the event the ceiling starting to put currently. The contractors will be able to evaluate the severity of the damage and the way to produce a strategy.
Check when they are licensed or licensed.
The water harm service provider needs to be licensed from the IIRC which provides certifications to inspectors, restorers, mold inspectors along with other professionals in water damage removing. They have to also bear a contractor’s license. In order to check, get in touch with the licensing board within your state. Confirm the quantity and standing from the contractor’s permit. Also, be sure that the specialists have many years of encounter currently in sthyir company. This implies they know pretty much how you can handle the various problems regarding flood water damage repair.
Set inspection on the site.
Whenever you get the candidate that is most competent to suit your needs, demand an on-site inspection. They can then make much more solid evaluation concerning the gravitational forces of the problem as well as the solutions that has to be performed.
Because there are so many building contractors competing for jobs nowadays, these guidelines will serve as the checklist to obtain the right service provider for flood water damage restoration. It is actually required to study well for that right experts since water damage is a big work. Water harm affects a large number of homes each and every year go for highly reliable professionals that can successfully dry the area and make sure that it does not occur once again.
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Since opening in 1955, Disneyland has inspired new theme parks and attractions all around the world. But before the “Mickey Mouse Park” was a twinkle in his eye, Walt Disney drew inspiration from many different theme parks.
1. Electric Park, 1899-1925 — Kansas City, MO
Image courtesy of Yaxy 2011, used under Creative Commons license
Though Disney spent much of his youth in Chicago, in 1911 his family moved to Kansas City, home to Electric Park. According to Walt Disney’s Missouri, the second version of the amusement park (which opened in 1907) was located only 15 blocks north of the Disney home on East 31st Street. Walt and his younger sister Ruth often visited the park, which shot off fireworks at closing time each night, together.
Disney seems to have drawn inspiration from the nightly fireworks as well as the train system that circled Electric Park, which Disney would bring to his own park in the form of the Disneyland Railroad (1955).
2. Griffith Park, 1937-Present — Griffith Park, CA
According to Walt Disney’s recollections, the Eureka moment for Disneyland struck while sitting on a park bench watching his daughters ride the Griffith Park Merry-Go-Round. He pondered what it might be like to have an amusement park where parents and children could partake in youthful enjoyment together. In "History is Bunk": Historical Memories at Henry Ford’s Green Village, Disney is quoted as saying, “What this country really needs is an amusement park that families can take their children to.”
On opening day at Disneyland, he’d echo this message, saying, “Here age relives fond memories of the past and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future.” Perhaps because of the warm feelings elicited by the Griffith Park Merry-Go-Round, the King Arthur Carrousel (1955) would become one of Disney’s favorite attractions at his own theme park.
3. Henry Ford’s Museum and Greenfield Village, 1929-Present — Dearborn, MI
Image courtesy of The Henry Ford Museum
In 1940, Walt Disney made his first trip to Greenfield Village, a historically-themed amusement park designed to depict period environments from the 17th century onward. There, he visited with students and posed for a tintype photo. Quite taken with the park, he visited once again in 1948 with animator Ward Kimball on a side trip while traveling to Chicago for a Railroad Fair.
On the way back from the trip, Disney wrote a memo to production designer Dick Kelsey which took ideas from Greenfield. “The Main Village, which includes the Railroad Station, is built around a village green or informal park,” Disney wrote in the memo. He continued on to describe an opera house, movie theater, horse car, magic shop, and kids' clothing store. These ideas would be realized with Main Street, U.S.A., a nostalgia-inducing turn of the century-inspired street that continues to serve as Disney’s main hub.
4. Beverly Park, 1946-1974 — Beverly Hills, CA
David Bradley, whose wife Bernice worked in story research at Disney Studios, bought and opened Beverly Park, a small theme park on Beverly and La Cienega Boulevards in Beverly Hills (the current site of shopping center Beverly Center) in 1946. Through Bernice, David was introduced to Walt Disney, who began picking his brain and showing Bradley his plans for a theme park of his own. Bradley went on to consult for Disney and was instrumental in some of Disneyland’s signature characteristics. To name a couple, he convinced Disney to build Main Street at a reduced scale and introduce themed photo ops to the park.
5. Tivoli Gardens, 1843-Present — Copenhagen, Denmark
One of Copenhagen’s most famous attractions, Tivoli Gardens, drew Disney’s attention in 1951 when he visited with his good friend (and TV personality) Art Linkletter. Linkletter later spoke about the experience, describing Disney as taking notes about everything from the rides to the food that was served at Tivoli. The park featured twinkle lights and a variety of outdoor entertainment outlets, characteristics typical of Disneyland’s Main Street. The Danish amusement park was also known to be very clean and orderly, something Disney was determined to translate to his ‘land.
6. Children’s Fairyland, 1948-Present — Oakland, CA
As the story goes, while Disney was visiting Oakland, California's Children’s Fairyland, he asked to contribute a cartoon to a wall of the park and, when given permission, drew Mickey Mouse. He would also hire the first director of Fairyland, Dorothy Manes, to work as youth director of Disneyland, a post she held from 1955 to 1972.
Fairyland is also home to an attraction based on Alice in Wonderland, which supposedly influenced Disneyland’s dark ride of the same name that opened in 1958.
7. Madurodam, 1952-Present — The Hague, Netherlands
Image courtesy of Staka, used under Creative Commons license
Madurodam opened only a few years before Disneyland with a collection of miniatures depicting famous Dutch castles and other quaint buildings on display. In his book Walt Disney and Europe, author Robin Allan credits Disney’s visit to the Dutch attraction with animator and Imagineer Bill Cottrell with influencing the creation of the Fantasyland Storybook Land Canal Boats, which take guests on boat rides past miniature depictions of scenes from Disney films.
And Four More Potential Inspirations...
World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893 — Chicago, IL
Public Domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Before Disney was born, his father Elias was a construction worker at the World’s Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World’s Fair) in Chicago. Though Walt didn’t visit the Exposition himself—he wouldn’t be born until seven years after it closed—he spent much of his childhood in the Windy City and was likely intrigued by stories of the fair, which featured the first Ferris Wheel (named after designer George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr.), an elevated train, and moving sidewalks.
Eden Springs Park, 1930s-Present — Benton Harbor, MI
Disney was always fascinated by trains. When he was young, his uncle Michael Martin was a train conductor, and in his later years one of his most prized possessions was his live steam miniature backyard Carolwood Pacific Railroad.
It is rumored that Walt Disney may have visited Eden Springs Park and purchased a miniature train built by House of David religious community members, which he took back to California to study.
Playland at the Beach, 1926-1972 — San Francisco, CA
Image courtesy of James R. Smith, used under Creative Commons license
A year before Disneyland opened, Disney traveled to Northern California to visit Playland at the Beach, a San Francisco attraction put together by brothers George and Leo Whitney. George Whitney’s son, George K. Whitney, would become Director of Ride Operations at Disneyland (and the park's seventh employee) after being personally recruited by Disney.
Knott’s Berry Farm, 1940-Present — Buena Park, CA
Image courtesy of METRO96, used under Creative Commons license
Though Walter Knott and Walt Disney owned competing amusement parks just several miles from each other, they had an apparently cordial relationship with one another.
In the 1940s, Knott’s Berry Farm was home to a Bottle House and Music Hall, which had a collection of Swiss birdcages filled with automaton birds that made whistling noises. Some speculate that Walt Disney gained inspiration from these birds for his own Audio-Animatronics and, more specifically, the Enchanted Tiki Room (1963).
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Agents are individuals who agree to represent other individuals. The individual who an agent represents is called the principal.
Agency relationships are typically formed by agreements between the two parties. Agents can only act on behalf of the principal for specific issues, depending upon the agreement.
Agents act similarly to employees with the difference being that the agent works with the principal by representing them in specific situations and transactions. An agent is also provided with different types of power and authority to act on behalf of another individual or group of individuals in business settings.
What is a Principal?
A principal is an individual who agrees to have another individual, an agent, act on their behalf in certain situations. The principal has the right to control the agent’s conduct completely as it relates to the duties that are provided to the agent by the principal.
What is the Scope of an Agency Relationship?
Relationships between agents and principals are important because agents have the ability to enter into binding contracts on behalf of principals. Even if a principal-agent relationship exists, however, an agent is required to have authority to enter into the contracts for the principal.
In order for the contract of an agent to be binding on the principal, an agent must be acting within the scope of their authority. An agent is required to have at least one of the following types of authority in order for a contract to be binding, including:
- Express authority;
- Implied authority;
- Apparently authority; or
Express authority comes from express terms which can be specifically stated in the written contract between the principal and the agent. For example, the principal may state in the contract that they “authorize (name of agent) to sign all documents which are associated with sales transaction #50.” The terms may also expressly limit the authority of the agent in the contract.
Implied authority can result from the conduct or actions of the agent. Implied authority may also exist if the agent is performing conduct which is generally identified as authorized by the principal, either through customs or traditions. For example, an agent who is expressly authorized to work on computers may also be implicitly authorized to purchase the computer parts necessary to do their work.
Agents have apparent authority when a third party believes that the agents have the authority to act for the principals. The focus of apparent authority is on whether the third party believes that the agent has the authority to act on behalf of the principal. For example, if the agent is performing a specific task at the time which is specified for that task while wearing an identification badge and uniform which was issued by the principal, it may be implied that the agent is acting on the authority of the principal.
Ratification occurs when a principal accepts the benefits of a contract upon discovering the agreement but the principal was not aware of the contract and did not authorize the agent to enter into it on their behalf.
For example, suppose an agent purchases a sports car which is delivered to the principal. If the principal accepts the shipment of the car and drives it, the principal cannot then argue that they did not approve the purchase or shipment.
What Are the Duties of an Agent to the Principal?
Agents have several duties towards principals. The failure to perform these duties may result in a breach of contract or in tort liability. The duties of an agent are very similar to the duties of an employee and include:
- Loyalty: Agents must only act for the benefit of the principal and cannot act for their personal gain. In addition, any information regarding the agency relationship is to be kept confidential;
- Performance: An agent is required to perform for the principal in an acceptable manner, meaning that the agent should perform their duties with reasonable skill and responsibility;
- Notification: Notification is also referred to as the duty to inform. Agents are required to inform principals of all matters which concern the subject matter of the agency relationship. For example, if a painter hires an agent to sell their paintings and the agent learns a buyer will not be able to pay, the agent must inform the principal of this fact; and
- Obedience: Agents are required to act as the principal instructs and should not act without the permission of the principal, with certain exceptions, including:
- If the principal asks the agent to violate the law and the agent can refuse without breaching this duty; and
- An agent can deviate from the instructions of the principal during emergency situations.
What Are the Duties of a Principal to an Agent?
The principal also has duties towards their agent. Similar to the agent, the principal’s failure to perform those duties may result in a breach of contract or tort liability. The principal’s duties are very similar to those of an employer, including:
- Compensation: Because principals hire agents, agents expect to be paid in a reasonable manner. The circumstances and arrangement between the parties will determine what is considered reasonable. In addition, the principal must pay out-of-pocket expenses that an agent incurs while performing their duties;
- Cooperation: Principals must allow agents to perform their duties and are required to cooperate with and assist agents; and
- Safe working conditions: Principals must provide agents with safe working conditions. For example, principals should warn agents regarding unsafe situations when performing certain duties.
How Can an Agency Relationship be Terminated?
Agency relationships are formed when a party legally agrees that one party, the principal, legally agrees that the other party, the agent, is allowed to make decisions on their behalf. This agreement is only valid if no conflict of interest exists and if the principal will be the party who appoints an individual as their agent.
Conflicts of interest may include:
- Familial relationships;
- Having a direct stake in a pending deal; and
- Noncompete agreements.
In some situations, these conflicts may be waived. An agent is a fiduciary, which means that the principal trusts the agent to act as the principal would when making decisions.
For this reason, liability may fall back on the principal if something goes wrong. Common examples of an agency relationship include attorney and client relationships and real estate professional and a home buyer relationship.
Agency relationships are governed by employment law and contract law. Therefore, if any issues arise, a party should refer to these laws for legal recourse. It is important to be familiar with the methods of termination and penalties for wrongful termination in order to avoid any issues.
How Can an Attorney Help Me?
Agency relationships are similar to employer-employee relationships. A contract lawyer will be able to assist you with issues, questions, or concerns related to principal-agency relationships.
If you are considering entering into a principal-agency relationship, your lawyer can advise you of your potential rights and duties. If you are currently involved in a principal-agency relationship and wish to terminate that relationship, your attorney can advise you how to end the relationship without issue.
It is important to consult with an attorney prior to taking action to ensure that the appropriate steps are taken.
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Gilles Deleuze (January 18, 1925–November 4, 1995) was one of the most influential and prolific French philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. Deleuze conceived of philosophy as the production of concepts, and he characterized himself as a “pure metaphysician.” In his magnum opus Difference and Repetition, he tries to develop a metaphysics adequate to contemporary mathematics and science—a metaphysics in which the concept of multiplicity replaces that of substance, event replaces essence and virtuality replaces possibility. Deleuze also produced studies in the history of philosophy (on Hume, Nietzsche, Kant, Bergson, Spinoza, Foucault, and Leibniz), and on the arts (a two- volume study of the cinema, books on Proust and Sacher-Masoch, a work on the painter Francis Bacon, and a collection of essays on literature.) Deleuze considered these latter works as pure philosophy, and not criticism, since he sought to create the concepts that correspond to the artistic practices of painters, filmmakers, and writers. In 1968, he met Félix Guattari, a political activist and radical psychoanalyst, with whom he wrote several works, among them the two-volume Capitalism and Schizophrenia, comprised of Anti-Oedipus (1972) and A Thousand Plateaus (1980). Their final collaboration was What is Philosophy? (1991).
Deleuze is noteworthy for his rejection of the Heideggerian notion of the “end of metaphysics.” In an interview, he once offered this self-assessment: “I feel myself to be a pure metaphysician.... Bergson says that modern science hasn’t found its metaphysics, the metaphysics it would need. It is this metaphysics that interests me.” [Villani 1999: 130.]) We should also point to the extent of his non-philosophical references (inter alia, differential calculus, thermodynamics, geology, molecular biology, population genetics, ethology, embryology, anthropology, psychoanalysis, economics, linguistics, and even esoteric thought); his colleague Jean-François Lyotard spoke of him as a “library of Babel.” Although it remains to be seen whether the 20th century will be “Deleuzean,” as his friend Michel Foucault once quipped, Deleuze’s influence reaches beyond philosophy; his work is approvingly cited by, and his concepts put to use by, researchers in architecture, urban studies, geography, film studies, musicology, anthropology, gender studies, literary studies and other fields.
One of the barriers to Deleuze’s being better read among mainstream philosophers is the difficulty of his writing style in his original works (as opposed to his historical works, which are often models of clarity and concision). Deleuze’s prose can be highly allusive, as well as peppered with neologisms; to make matters even more complex, these terminological innovations shift from one work to the other. While claims of intentional obscurantism are not warranted, Deleuze did mean for his style to keep readers on their toes, or even to “force” them to rethink their philosophical assumptions. (We will discuss this notion of being “forced” to think below in 3.1.) As befits an encyclopedia entry, we will concentrate on the conceptual architecture of his thought, though readers should be aware that, perhaps more than with most philosophers, such a treatment of Deleuze’s work removes much of the performative effect of reading the original.
- 1. Life and Works
- 2. Deleuze’s Readings of Other Philosophers
- 3. The Philosophy of Difference
- 4. Collaboration with Guattari
- 5. Deleuze and the Arts
- 6. The Reception of Deleuze
- Academic Tools
- Other Internet Resources
- Related Entries
Deleuze was born in Paris to conservative, middle-class parents, who sent him to public schools for his elementary education; except for one year of school in Normandy during the Occupation, he lived in the same section of Paris his entire life. His personal life was unremarkable; he remained married to the same woman he wed at age 31, Fanny (Denise Paul) Grandjouan, a French translator of D. H. Lawrence, and raised two children with her. He rarely traveled abroad, although he did take a trip to the United States in 1975; for the most part he minimized his attendance at academic conferences and colloquia, insisting that the activity of thought took place primarily in writing, and not in dialogue and discussion. The most dramatic event in his life occurred early, when, during the Occupation, Deleuze’s older brother was arrested by the Nazis for resistance activities and deported; he died on the train to Auschwitz.
When the Germans began their occupation of France in June 1940, Deleuze’s family was on vacation in Normandy, and he spent a year being schooled there. Deleuze traced his initiation into literature and philosophy to his encounter with a teacher at Deauville named Pierre Halbwachs (son of the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs), who introduced him to writers such as Gide and Baudelaire. Early on, he recalled, philosophical concepts struck him with the same force as literary characters, having their own autonomy and style. After the Liberation, Deleuze returned to Paris and undertook his khâgne (an intensive year of preparatory studies) at the well-known Lycée Henri IV, and then studied the history of philosophy at the Sorbonne. He was taught by Jean Hippolyte and Ferdinand Alquié, whom he “loved and admired enormously,” as well as by Georges Canguilheim and Maurice de Gandillac. Like many of his peers he was as influenced by the writings of Jean-Paul Sartre as he was by the work of his academic mentors.
Deleuze’s historically oriented study at the Sorbonne led him to devote his first book, Empiricism and Subjectivity (1953), to Hume. In an era in which peers like Foucault and Derrida, students at the Ecole Normale Supérieure, concentrated on “the three ‘H’s” (Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger), Deleuze’s decision to write on empiricism and Hume was already a provocation, early evidence of the heterodox tendencies of his thought. From 1953 to 1962—which he later referred to as “a hole in my life”—Deleuze published little, moving among various teaching positions in Paris and the provinces. It was also during this time that he contracted the recurring respiratory ailment that would plague him for the rest of his life. In 1962, Nietzsche and Philosophywas published to considerable acclaim, cementing Deleuze’s reputation in academic circles. He followed this initial success with Kant’s Critical Philosophy (1963); Proust and Signs (1964); and Bergsonism (1966). In 1968 he published Difference and Repetition as his primary thesis for the doctorat d’Etat, with Spinoza and the Problem of Expression as the secondary thesis. The next year, 1969, proved to be an important one for Deleuze. First, he found a permanent teaching position in Paris, at the experimental campus of the University of Paris VIII in Vincennes (which later moved to its current location in St. Denis); he gave weekly seminars at this institution until his retirement in 1987. Second, he published another major text in his own name, Logic of Sense. But most importantly, it was then that he met Félix Guattari, a radical psychoanalyst and political militant, with whom he began a long collaboration. Their first joint volume, Anti-Oedipus (1972), was a best seller in France, a veritable succès de scandale, and thrust Deleuze into the limelight as a public intellectual. They followed this with Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature (1975), and then a book which, at least in the eyes of some, rivals Difference and Repetition for the title of Deleuze’s masterwork, A Thousand Plateaus (1980).
The 1980s were a decade of independent works for Deleuze: Francis Bacon: Logic of Sensation (1981); Cinema I: The Movement-Image (1983); Cinema II: The Time-Image (1985); Foucault (1986); and The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque (1988). He then resumed his collaboration with Guattari for their final joint work, What is Philosophy? (1991). His final years were spent in very ill health, although he did manage to publish a remarkable short essay, “Immanence: A Life” in 1995, before taking his own life on November 4, 1995.
Before he ever wrote “in his own name” in Difference and Repetition and Logic of Sense, Deleuze wrote a series of works on figures in the history of philosophy (Hume, Bergson, Nietzsche, Kant, and Spinoza). In writing these works, Deleuze sought to unearth the presuppositions he absorbed in his education; chief among them, he felt, was a deep-seated privilege of identity over difference. Deleuze thus set about trying to accelerate however he could a departure from Hegel, whom he saw as emblematic of that privilege. Deleuze attacks Hegel and others in what we can call—though Deleuze did not—the “identitarian” tradition first of all by means of a radicalized reading of Kant, whose genius, as Deleuze explains in Kant’s Critical Philosophy (1963), was to have conceived of a purely immanent critique of reason—a critique that did not seek “errors” of reason produced by external causes, but rather “illusions” that arise from within reason itself by the illegitimate (transcendent) uses of the syntheses of consciousness. Deleuze characterized his own work as a philosophy of immanence, arguing that Kant himself had failed to realize fully the ambitions of his critique, for at least two reasons: first, the failure to pursue a fully immanent critique, and second, the failure to propose a genetic account of real experience, resting content with the account of the conditions of possible experience.
First, Kant made the field of consciousness immanent to a transcendental subject, thereby reintroducing an element of identity that is transcendent (that is, external) to the field itself, and reserving all power of synthesis (that is, identity-formation) in the field to the activity of the always already unified and transcendent subject. (Deleuze was influenced in this regard by his reading of Sartre’s 1937 essay “The Transcendence of the Ego.”) Already in his Hume book, Empiricism and Subjectivity (1953), Deleuze had pointed to an empiricist reversal of Kant. Where Kant’s question had been “How can the given be given to a subject?” Hume’s question had been “How is the subject (human nature) constituted within the given?” In his mature work, Deleuze argues for an “impersonal and pre-individual” transcendental field in which the subject as identity pole which produces empirical identities by active synthesis is itself the result or product of differential passive syntheses (for instance, in what Deleuze calls the syntheses of habit, we find bodily, desiring, and unconscious “contractions” which unify a series of experiences, extracting that which it to be retained in the habit and allowing the rest to be “forgotten”). The passive syntheses responsible for subject formation must be qualified as “differential,” for three reasons. Each passive synthesis is serial, never singular (there is never one synthesis by itself, but always a series of “contractions,” that is to say, experience is ongoing and so our habits require constant “updating”); each series is related to other series in the same body (at the most basic level, for instance, the series of taste contractions is related to those of smell, sight, touch, hearing and proprioception); and each body is related to other bodies, which are themselves similarly differential (the series of syntheses of bodies can resonate or clash). Together the passive syntheses at all these levels form a differential field within which subject formation takes place as an integration or resolution of that field; in other words, subjects are roughly speaking the patterns of these multiple and serial syntheses which fold in on themselves producing a site of self-awareness. Of course, Deleuze never simply proclaims this as a bald thesis, but develops a genetic account of subjectivity in many of his books. Taking all this into account, Deleuze summarized his differential, immanent and genetic position by the at first glance odd phrase of “transcendental empiricism.” This is cashed out in terms of two characteristics: (1) the abstract (e.g., “subject,” “object,” “State,” the “whole,” and so on) does not explain, but must itself be explained; and (2) the aim of philosophy is not to rediscover the eternal or the universal, but to find the singular conditions under which something new is produced. In other words—and this is a pragmatic perspective from which Deleuze never deviated—philosophy aims not at stating the conditions of knowledge qua representation, but at finding and fostering the conditions of creative production.
Deleuze’s second criticism of Kant claims that he had simply presumed the existence of knowledge and morality as “facts” and then sought their conditions of possibility in the transcendental. But already in 1789, Salomon Maimon, whose early critiques of Kant helped generate the post-Kantian tradition, had argued that Kant’s critical project required a method of genesis—and not merely a method of conditioning—that would account for the production of knowledge, morality, and indeed reason itself. In other words, Maimon called for a genetic method that would be able to reach the conditions of real and not merely possible experience. Maimon found a solution to this problem in a principle of difference: whereas identity is the condition of possibility of thought in general, it is difference that constitutes the genetic and productive principle of real thought. These two Maimonian exigencies—the search for the genetic conditions of real experience and the positing of a principle of difference—appear in almost every one of Deleuze’s early monographs. Nietzsche and Philosophy (1962), for instance, suggests that Nietzsche completed and inverted Kantianism by bringing critique to bear, not simply on false claims to knowledge or morality, but on true knowledge and true morality, and indeed on truth itself: “genealogy” constituted Nietzsche’s genetic method, and the will-to-power was his principle of difference. Deleuze’s anti-Hegelianism is shown in his focus on the productivity of the non-dialectical (“affirmative”) differential forces termed by Nietzsche “noble.” These forces affirm themselves, and thereby differentiate themselves first, and only secondarily consider that from which they have differentiated themselves.
In Bergsonism (1966), Deleuze develops the ideas of virtuality and multiplicity that will serve as the backbone of his later work. From Maimon’s reading of Kant, we know that Deleuze needs to substitute the notion of the condition of the genesis of the real for the notion of conditions of possibility of representational knowledge. The positive name for that genetic condition is the virtual, which Deleuze adopts from the following Bergsonian argument. The notion of the possible, Bergson holds in Creative Evolution, is derived from a false problem that confuses the “more” with the “less” and ignores differences in kind; there is not less but more in the idea of the possible than in the real, just as there is more in the idea of nonbeing than in that of being, or more in the idea of disorder than in that of order. When we think of the possible as somehow “pre-existing” the real, we think of the real, then we add to it the negation of its existence, and then we project the “image” of the possible into the past. We then reverse the procedure and think of the real as something more than possible, that is, as the possible with existence added to it. We then say that the possible has been “realized” in the real. By contrast, Deleuze will reject the notion of the possible in favor of that of the virtual. Rather than awaiting realization, the virtual is fully real; what happens in genesis is that the virtual is actualized.
The fundamental characteristic of the virtual, that which means it must be actualized rather than realized, is its differential makeup. Deleuze always held the critical axiom that the ground cannot resemble that which it grounds; he constantly critiques the “tracing” operation by which identities in real experience are said to be conditioned by identities in the transcendental. For instance, Deleuze criticizes Kant for copying the transcendental field in the image of the empirical field. That is, empirical experience is personal, identitarian and centripetal; there is a central focus, the subject, in which all our experiences are tagged as belonging to us. Kant says this empirical identity is only possible if we can posit the Transcendental Unity of Apperception, that is, the possibility of adding “I think” to all our judgments. Instead of this smuggled-in or “traced” identity, Deleuze will want to have the transcendental field be differential. Deleuze still wants to work back from experience, but since the condition cannot resemble the conditioned, and since the empirical is personal and individuated, the transcendental must be impersonal and pre-individual. The virtual is the condition for real experience, but it has no identity; identities of the subject and the object are products of processes that resolve, integrate, or actualize (the three terms are synonymous for Deleuze) a differential field. The Deleuzean virtual is thus not the condition of possibility of any rational experience, but the condition of genesis of real experience.
As we have seen, the virtual, as genetic ground of the actual, cannot resemble that which it grounds; thus, if we are confronted with actual identities in experience, then the virtual ground of those identities must be purely differential. Deleuze adopts “multiplicity” from Bergson as the name for such a purely differential field. In this usage, Deleuze later clarifies, “multiplicity” designates the multiple as a substantive, rather than as a predicate. The multiple as predicate generates a set of philosophical problems under the rubric of “the one and the many” (a thing is one or multiple, one and multiple, and so on). With multiplicity, or the multiple as substantive, the question of the relation between the predicates one/multiple is replaced by the question of distinguishing types of multiplicities (as with Bergson’s distinction of qualitative and quantitative multiplicities in Time and Free Will). A typological difference between substantive multiplicities, in short, is substituted for the dialectical opposition of the one and the multiple.
In sum, then, against the “major” post-Kantian tradition of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, Deleuze in effect posited his own “minor” post-Kantian trio of Maimon, Nietzsche, and Bergson. To these he added a trio of pre-Kantians, Spinoza, Leibniz and Hume, but read through a post-Kantian lens. We have already touched on Deleuze’s reading of Hume. Let us now turn to Spinoza, for whom Deleuze’s admiration was seemingly limitless; for Deleuze, Spinoza was the “prince” or even the “Christ” of philosophers. There are many Spinozist inheritances in Deleuze, but one of the most important is certainly the notion of univocity in ontology. Univocity—as opposed to its great rivals, equivocity and analogy—is the key to developing a “philosophy of difference” (Deleuze’s term for his project in Difference and Repetition), in which difference would no longer be subordinated to identity. The result is a Spinozism minus substance, a purely modal or differential universe. In univocity, as Deleuze reads Spinoza, the single sense of Being frees a charge of difference throughout all that is. In univocal ontology being is said in a single sense of all of which it is said, but it is said of difference itself. What is that difference? Difference is difference in degrees of “power”; in interpreting this term we must distinguish the two French words puissance and pouvoir. In social terms, puissance is immanent power, power to act rather than power to dominate another; we could say that puissance is praxis (in which equals clash or act together) rather than poiesis (in which others are matter to be formed by the command of a superior, a sense of transcendent power that matches what pouvoir indicates for Deleuze). In the most general terms Deleuze develops throughout his career, puissance is the ability to affect and to be affected, to form assemblages or consistencies, that is, to form emergent unities that nonetheless respect the heterogeneity of their components. (Here we see the empiricist theme of the “externality of relations”: in an assemblage or consistency, the “becoming” or relation of the terms attains its own independent ontological status. In Deleuze’s favorite example, the wasp and orchid create a “becoming” or symbiotic emergent unit.)
Although Deleuze wrote a touching and certainly important book in tribute to his friend Foucault after the latter’s death in 1984, the final important figure in Deleuze’s readings of other philosophers is Leibniz, to whom, it must be recalled, Maimon appealed in his criticism of Kant. In 1988, Deleuze published a book on Leibniz entitled The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque, which added new elements to the reading of Leibniz that appeared in Deleuze’s earlier books: an interpretation centered on the concept of the fold, a development of a concept of the Baroque, and a attempt to define a neo-Leibnizianism in terms of contemporary artistic and scientific practices. While The Fold is a fascinating work, we will concentrate here on Deleuze’s early reading of Leibniz, which plays an important role in Difference and Repetition.
Deleuze pushes Leibniz’s thought to a point where Leibniz could never have taken it, given his theological presuppositions. This is the point where one begins to consider the virtual domain on its own account, freed from its actualization in a world and its individuals. On this score, Deleuze often likes to cite Jorge Luis Borges’s famous story, “The Garden of the Forking Paths,” in which such a virtual world is described in the labyrinthine book of a Chinese philosopher named Ts’ui Pên: “In all fiction, when a man is faced with alternatives, he chooses one at the expense of others. In the almost unfathomable Ts’ui Pên, he chooses—simultaneously—all of them… In Ts’ui Pên’s work, all the possible solutions occur, each one being the point of departure for other bifurcations.” Leibniz had in fact given a similar presentation of the world at the conclusion of the Theodicy. In Deleuze’s transformation of the Leibnizian / Borgesian image, the three Kantian transcendent Ideas of God, World, and Self all take on a completely different demeanor. First, God is no longer a Being who compares and chooses the richest compossible world; he has now become a pure Process that affirms incompossibilities and passes through them. (As the notion of “process” here attests, Deleuze’s relation to Whitehead is one of the most important contemporary issues for students of his thought; although the points of comparison are many, Deleuze himself rarely discussed Whitehead, save for several important pages in The Fold.) Second, the world is no longer a continuous world defined by its pre-established harmony; instead, divergences, bifurcations, and incompossibles must now be seen to belong to one and the same universe, a chaotic universe in which divergent series trace endlessly bifurcating paths, and give rise to violent discords and dissonances that are never resolved into a harmonic tonality: a “chaosmos,” as Deleuze puts it (borrowing a word from Joyce) and no longer a world. In contrast, Leibniz could only save the “harmony” of this world by relegating discordances and disharmonies to other possible worlds—this was his theological sleight of hand. Third, selves or individuals, rather than being closed upon the compossible and convergent world they express from within, are now torn open, and kept open through the divergent series and incompossible ensembles that continually pull them outside themselves. The “monadic” subject, as Deleuze puts it, becomes the “nomadic” subject. In other words, if Deleuze is Leibnizian, it is only by eliminating the idea of a God who chooses the best of all possible worlds, with its pre-established harmony and well-established selves; in Deleuze, incompossibilities and dissonances belong to one and the same world, the only world, our world. But they belong to our world as its virtual register; developing the thought of the virtual is one of the great challenges of Deleuze’s masterpiece, Difference and Repetition, to which we now turn.
Deleuze’s historical monographs were, in a sense, preliminary sketches for the great canvas of Difference and Repetition (1968), which marshaled these resources from the history of philosophy in an ambitious project to construct a “philosophy of difference.” Following Maimon’s critique, Difference and Repetition produces a two-fold shift from the Kantian project of providing the universal and necessary conditions for possible experience. First, rather than seeking the conditions for possible experience, Deleuze wants to provide an account of the genesis of real experience, that is, the experience of this concretely existing individual here and now. Second, to respect the demands of the philosophy of difference, the genetic principle must itself be a differential principle.
However, despite these departures, Deleuze maintains a crucial alignment with Kant; Difference and Repetition is still a transcendental approach. Here we should remind ourselves that the terms “transcendent” and “transcendental” have opposing significations. Transcendental philosophy in fact critiques the pretensions of other philosophies to transcend experience by providing strict criteria for the use of syntheses immanent to experience. On this score, at least, Deleuze aligns himself with Kant’s critical philosophy.
Three further preliminary notes are in order here. First, as we will discuss in section 4 below, the Capitalism and Schizophrenia project of Deleuze and Guattari will bring to the fore naturalist tendencies that are only implicitly present in the still-Kantian framework of Difference and Repetition. So, although there is some risk of reading backwards in this formulation, we can say that the “of” in the phrase “the experience of this concretely existing individual here and now” is both subjective and objective. It is the experience by human subjects of this individual object in front of it, and it is the experience enjoyed by the concretely existing individual itself, even when that individual is non-human or even non-living. (Deleuze’s panpsychism is treated briefly in Protevi 2011.) Second, then, in the demand for genetic principles to account for the real experience of concrete individuals, Deleuze is working in the tradition of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. Third, the notion of “genesis” is itself double; in Chapter 3, Deleuze lays out a dynamic genesis that moves from an encounter with intensity in sensation to the thinking of virtual Ideas, while Chapters 4 and 5 lay out a static genesis that moves from the virtual Idea through an intensive individuation process to an actual entity.
We are now ready to discuss the book itself. Murphy 1992 suggests that the first part of the book (the Introduction and Chapters 1 and 2) constitutes Deleuze’s treatment of the history of philosophy, while in the second part of the book (Chapters 4 and 5) Deleuze is doing philosophy in his own name. From this point of view, Chapter 3, on the “image of thought,” plays a pivotal role, leading us into Deleuze’s own philosophy. This transitional role of Chapter 3 is confirmed elsewhere when Deleuze says that the study of the image of thought is the “prolegomena to philosophy” (Negotiations, 149).
In Chapters 1 and 2, to find a differential genetic principle, Deleuze works through the history of philosophy to isolate the concepts of “difference in itself” and “repetition for itself” that the assumptions of previous philosophies had prevented from being formulated. “Difference in itself” is difference that is freed from identities seen as metaphysically primary. Normally, difference is conceived of as an empirical relation between two terms which each has a prior identity of its own (“x is different from y”). Deleuze inverts this priority: identity persists, but is now a something produced by a prior relation between differentials (dx rather than not-x). Difference is no longer an empirical relation but becomes a transcendental principle that constitutes the sufficient reason of empirical diversity (for example, it is the difference of electrical potential between cloud and ground that constitutes the sufficient reason of the phenomenon of lightning).
In Chapter 2, the concept of “repetition for itself” is produced as repetition that is freed from being repetition of an original self-identical thing so that it can be the repetition of difference. Following the formula of Deleuze’s reading of Nietzsche’s eternal return, repetition is the return of the differential genetic condition of real experience each time there is an indviduation of a concrete entity. Ultimately, then, Difference and Repetition will show that the individuation of entities is produced by the actualization, integration, or resolution (the terms are synonymous for Deleuze) of a differentiated virtual field of Ideas or “multiplicities” that are themselves changed, via “counter-effectuation,” in each individuating event.
Chapter 3 lays out 8 postulates of the “dogmatic image of thought.” Between the first four and last four postulates we find a theory of the faculties, which is thus at the crossroads of both the chapter and the book.
Let us take up the first four postulates. The first postulate concerns our supposed natural disposition to think; the denial of this is what necessitates our being forced to think. The second and third postulates concern subjective and objective unity. Subjective unity is captured by the notion of “common sense” such that our faculties of sensation, memory, imagination, and thought work in harmony, while objective unity is captured by the notion of “recognition” such that it is the same object that is sensed, remembered, imagined, and thought. The fourth postulate concerns “representation”, a key target of Deleuze’s critique. Here difference is submitted to a fourfold structure that renders difference subordinate to identity: 1) identity in the concept; 2) opposition of predicates; 3) analogy in judgment; and 4) resemblance in perception. A good way to approach Deleuze’s notion of representation is via Aristotle and Porphyry. Specific differences are the opposed predicates that function on a horizon of identity in the concept under division; thus animal is the genus that is divided into rational and irrational as specific differences that enable the isolation of the species “human.” Then, we find that the difference between individuals of the same species is infra-conceptual and can only be made via the perception of resemblances; Theaetetus looks like Socrates but not so much that they cannot be distinguished. Finally, the relation of substance to the other categories is analogical, such that being is said in many ways, but with substance as the primary way in which it is said.
After the first four postulates, we find the theory of the faculties, which will be Deleuze’s account of what it means to be “forced” to think in differential rather than identitarian terms. To free a notion of “difference in itself” such that difference need not be thought on the basis of a prior horizon of identity, Deleuze looks for an “encounter,” a sensation that cannot be thought, that cannot find the empirical category under which an object can be recognized, and thus forces the “transcendent exercise” of the faculty of sensibility, when something can only be sensed.
Here we see the dynamic genesis from intensity in sensation to the thinking of virtual Ideas. Each step here has a distinct Kantian echo. The faculties are linked in order; here Deleuze as well as Kant looks to the privilege of sensibility as the origin of knowledge—the “truth of empiricism.” With sensibility, pure difference in intensity is grasped immediately in the encounter as the sentiendum, that which can only be sensed. In the differential theory of the faculties, sensibility, imagination, memory, and thought all “communicate a violence” from one to the other—here Deleuze works with the Kantian notion of the sublime as discordant accord of the faculties. The “free form of difference” in intensity moves each faculty and communicates its violence to the next, though in this case there is no supernatural vocation that will redeem the conflict of imagination and reason, as there is in the resolution to the discussion of the sublime in the Critique of Judgment. Rather than a reconciliation of the faculties, with thought, a “fractured self”—here Deleuze takes up Kant’s notion of the split between the empirical ego and the Transcendental subject—is constrained to think “difference in itself” in Ideas.
We won’t discuss the last four postulates in detail, as they concern the theory of Ideas, the topic of Chapter 4, which we will shortly discuss. For now, let us note that two of Deleuze’s technical terms, intensity and virtuality, occupy two different places on this line of dynamic genesis. Intensity is the characteristic of the encounter, and sets off the process of thinking, while virtuality is the characteristic of the Idea.
With the notions of intensive and extensive we come upon a crucial distinction for Deleuze that is explored in Chapters 4 and 5 of Difference and Repetition. Extensive differences, such as length, area or volume, are intrinsically divisible. A volume of matter divided into two equal halves produces two volumes, each having half the extent of the original one. Intensive differences, by contrast, refer to properties such as temperature or pressure that cannot be so divided. If a volume of water whose temperature is 90º is divided in half, the result is two volumes at the original temperature, not two volumes at 45º. However, the important property of intensity is not that it is indivisible, but that it is a property that cannot be divided without involving a change in kind. The temperature of a volume of water, for instance, can be “divided” by heating the container from below, causing a temperature difference between the top and the bottom. In so doing, however, we change the system qualitatively; moreover, if the temperature differences reach a certain threshold (if they attain a certain “intensity” in Deleuze’s terms), the system will undergo a “phase transition,” losing symmetry and changing its dynamics, entering into a periodic pattern of motion—convection—which displays extensive properties of size: X centimeters of length and breadth. Drawing on these kinds of analyses, Deleuze will assign a transcendental status to the intensive: intensity, he argues, constitutes the genetic condition of extensive space. Intensive processes are themselves in turn structured by Ideas or multiplicities.
An Idea or multiplicity is really a process of progressive determination of differential elements, differential relations, and singularities. Let us take these step-by-step. “Elements” must have no independent existence from the system in which they inhere; phonemes as the elements of the virtual linguistic Idea are an example Deleuze uses in Difference and Repetition. When phonemes are actualized they enter into differential relations that determine the patterns of individual languages; thus the English phoneme /p/ is reciprocally determined by its differences from /t/, /b/, /d/, and so on. Finally, these differential relations of an individual language determine singularities or remarkable points at which the pattern of that language can shift: the Great Vowel Shift of Middle English being an example, or more prosaically, dialect pronunciation shifts.
For another example—and here, in the applicability of his schema to widely divergent registers, is one of the aspects of Deleuze as metaphysician—let us try to construct the Idea of hurricanes. The differential elements would be material “flows” driven by intensive differences in temperature and pressure but undetermined in form (neither smooth nor turbulent, neither big nor small) and function (neither forming nor destroying of weather events). These flows qua differential elements enter into relations of reciprocal determination linking changes in any one element to changes in the others; thus temperature and pressure differences will link changes in air and water currents to each other: updrafts are related to downdrafts even if the exact relations (the tightness of the links, the velocity of the flows) are not yet determined. Finally, at singular points in these relations singularities are determined that mark qualitative shifts in the system, such as the formation of thunderstorm cells, the eye wall, and so on. But this is still the virtual Idea of hurricanes; real existent hurricanes will have measurable values of these variables so that we can move from the philosophical realm of sufficient reason to that of scientific causation. A hurricane is explained by its Idea, but it is caused by real wind currents driven by real temperature supplied by the sun to tropical waters.
To see how Ideas are transcendental and immanent, we have to appreciate that an Idea is a concrete universal. In an early article on Bergson (“The Conception of Difference in Bergson” ), Deleuze gave a particularly helpful example of this notion. In La Pensée et le Mouvant, Bergson had shown that there are two ways of determining what the spectrum of “colors” have in common. (1) You can extract from particular colors an abstract and general idea of color (“by removing from the red that which makes it red, from the blue what makes it blue, from the green what makes it green”). Or, (2) you can make all these colors “pass through a convergent lens, bringing them to a single point,” in which case a “pure white light” is obtained that “makes the differences between the shades stand out.” The former case defines a single generic “concept” with a plurality of objects; the relation between concept and object is one of subsumption; and the state of difference remains exterior to the thing. The second case, on the contrary, defines a differential Idea in the Deleuzean sense: the different colors are no longer objects under a concept, but constitute an order of mixture in coexistence and succession within the Idea; the relation between the Idea and a given color is not one of subsumption, but one of actualization and differenciation; and the state of difference between the concept and the object is internalized in the Idea itself, so that the concept itself has become the object. White light is still a universal, but it is a concrete universal, and not a genus or generality.
The Idea of color is thus like white light, which “perplexes” within itself the genetic elements and relations of all the colors, but which is actualized in the diverse colors and their respective spaces. (Like the word “problem,” Deleuze uses the word “perplexion” to signify, not a coefficient of doubt, hesitation, or astonishment, but the multiple and virtual state of Ideas. Indeed, Deleuze adopts a number of neoplatonic notions to indicate the structure of Ideas, all of which are derived from the root word pli [fold]: perplication, complication, implication, explication, and replication.) Similarly, the Idea of sound could be conceived of as a white noise, just as there is also a white society or a white language, which contains in its virtuality all the phonemes and relations destined to be actualized in the diverse languages and in the remarkable parts of a same language.
We can now move to discuss Chapter 5, on the individuation of concretely existing real entities as the actualization of a virtual Idea. In isolating the conditions of genesis, Deleuze sets up a tripartite ontological scheme, positing three interdependent registers: the virtual, intensive, and actual. Deleuze’s basic notion is that in all realms of being intensive morphogenetic processes follow differential virtual multiplicities to produce localized and individuated actual substances with extensive properties. Simply put, the actualization of the virtual proceeds by way of intensive processes. Beneath the actual (any one state of a system), we find “impersonal individuations” or intensive morphogenetic processes that produce system states and beneath these we find “pre-individual singularities” (that is, the key elements in virtual fields, marking system thresholds that structure the intensive morphogenetic processes). We thus have to distinguish the intense “impersonal” field of individuation and its processes from the virtual “pre-individual” field of differential relations and singularities that make up an Idea or multiplicity.
Tying together the themes of difference, multiplicity, virtuality and intensity, at the heart of Difference and Repetition we find a theory of Ideas (dialectics) based neither on an essential model of identity (Plato), nor a regulative model of unity (Kant), nor a dialectical model of contradiction (Hegel), but rather on a problematic and genetic model of difference. Ideas define the being of a thing, but one cannot attain an Idea through the Socratic question “What is … ?” (which posits Ideas as transcendent and eternal), but rather through “minor” questions such as “Which one?” “Where?” “When?” “How?” “How many?” “In which case?” “From which viewpoint?”—all of which allow one to define the differential Ideas immanent in the intensive processes they structure.
From these examples we can see that Ideas structure the intensive processes that give rise to the behavior patterns of systems, and their singularities mark the thresholds at which systems change behavior patterns. In a word, the virtual Idea is the transformation matrix for material systems or bodies. Bodies are determined “solutions” to the “problem” that lays out the manifold options for incarnating bodies of that nature. Ideas then respond to the question “who?” (who is it that incarnates the Idea in this case?) rather than the essentialist “what is?” (what are the properties of the substance that provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for membership in the class of which the object is a member?)
For orientation purposes, it’s useful to consider Gilbert Simondon’s theory of individuation as a very simple model for what Deleuze calls “actualization.” For Simondon, crystallization is a paradigm of individuation: a supersaturated solution is metastable; from that pre-individuated field, replete with gradients of density that are only implicit “forms” or “potential functions,” individual crystals precipitate out. The crucial difference is that crystals form in homogenous solutions, while the Deleuzean virtual is composed of “Ideas” or “multiplicities” involving differential relations among heterogeneous components, whose rates of change are connected with each other. For an example of such heterogeneity, let us return to hurricane formation, the Idea of which we sketched above. Here it should be intuitively clear that there is no central command, but a self-organization of multiple processes of air and water movement propelled by temperature and pressure differences. All hurricanes form when intensive processes of wind and ocean currents reach singular points. These singular points, however, are not unique to any one hurricane, but are virtual for each actual hurricane, just as the boiling point of water is virtual for each actual pot of tea on the stove. In other words, all hurricanes share the same virtual structure even as they are singular individuations or actualizations of that structure.
In this treatment, we have concentrated on only some of the metaphysics in Difference and Repetition; much more could be said about the role that Nietzsche’s thought of the eternal return plays therein, in addition to Deleuze’s remarks on a dizzying array of figures from Plato and Scotus to Freud and Artaud. In the interests of space, however, let us move to a brief treatment of Deleuze’s second major work of the late 1960s, Logic of Sense.
While Difference and Repetition ranges over a wide field of philosophical topics, Logic of Sense focuses on two aspects of a single issue, the structure and genesis of sense. The genius of Frege and Russell was to have discovered that the condition of truth (denotation) lies in the domain of sense. In order for a proposition to be true (or false) it must have a sense; a nonsensical proposition can be neither true nor false. Yet they betrayed this insight, Deleuze argues, because they—like Kant before them—remained content with establishing the condition of truth rather than its genesis. In Logic of Sense, Deleuze attacks this problem, first developing the paradoxes that result from the structure of sense and then sketching a theory of its genesis. He does this using resources from analytic philosophy and the Stoics in the course of a reading of Lewis Carroll—a typically innovative, if not quirky, set of Deleuzean references.
In the first part of the book, Deleuze analyzes the structure of sense. He begins by identifying three types of relation within propositions:
- 1. Designation or denotation, which is the relation of a proposition to an external state of affairs (theory of reference, with its criterion of truth or falsity).
- 2. Manifestation, which marks the relation of the proposition to the beliefs and desires of the person who is speaking (with its values of veracity or illusion).
- 3. Signification or demonstration, which is the relation of the proposition to other propositions (the domain of logic, with its relations of implication and assertion).
Propositions, in other words, can be related either to the objects to which they refer, or to the subjects who utter them, or to other propositions. But each of these relations, in turn, can be taken to be primary. (1) In the domain of speech, it is the “I” that begins: manifestation not only makes denotation possible (Hume), but is also prior to signification (Descartes’ cogito). (2) In the domain of language, however, it is signification that is primary, since one is always born into a preexisting language, and signified concepts are always primary in relation to the self as a manifested person or to things as designated objects. (3) Yet in the domain of logic we see the primacy of designation: as shown by the hypothetical mode of implications, the logical value of demonstration is not the truth, but rather the conditions of truth (the conditions of possibility under which the proposition would be true); the premises must thus be posited as effectively true, which forces one to leave the pure order of implication in order to relate the premises to a denoted state of affairs. Logical designation, in other words, cannot fulfill its putative role as foundation, since it presupposes an irreducible denotation.
The theory of the proposition is thus caught in a circle, with each condition in turn being conditioned by what it supposedly conditions. “For the condition of truth to avoid this defect,” Deleuze argues, “it would have to have something unconditioned capable of assuring a real genesis of designation and the other dimensions of the proposition: the condition of truth would then be defined, no longer as the form of conceptual possibility, but as an ideal matter or ‘medium’ [matière ou ‘couche’ idéelle], that is, no longer as signification, but as sense” (LS 19). Sense, then, would be a fourth dimension of propositions, for which Deleuze reserves the term expression. For Deleuze as for Frege, sense is what is expressed in a proposition; the two senses of “morning star” and “evening star” are two ways in which the same denotatum may be expressed in propositions.
Deleuze’s contribution to the philosophy of sense really begins to take off when he shows that the attempt to make this fourth dimension evident is akin to Lewis Carroll’s Hunt for the Snark, or to unraveling a Möbius strip, since sense has neither a physical nor a mental existence. Deleuze suggests that it was the Stoics who first discovered the dimension of sense when they distinguished between corporeal mixtures and incorporeal events. I can attribute the proper name “Battle of Waterloo” to a particular state of affairs, but the battle itself is an incorporeal event (or sense) with no other reality than that of the expression of my proposition; what we find in the state of affairs are bodies mixing with one another—spears stabbing flesh, bullets flying through the air, cannons firing, bodies being ripped apart—and the battle itself is the effect or the result of this intermingling of bodies. Sense thus has a complex status. On the one hand, it does not exist outside the proposition that expresses it, but it cannot be confused with the proposition, since it has a distinct “objectity” of its own (it does not exist, but rather “subsists” or “insists”). On the other hand, it is attributed to states of affairs or things, but it cannot be confused or identified with state of affairs, nor with a quality or relation of these states. “Sense is both the expressible or the expressed of the proposition, and the attribute of the state of affairs. It turns one side toward things, and another side toward propositions. But it cannot be confused with the proposition which expressed it any more than with the state of affairs or the quality which the proposition denotes. It is exactly the boundary between propositions and things” (LS 22).
The structure of sense generates a number of paradoxes, which Deleuze distinguishes from the paradoxes of signification discovered by Russell in set theory (the set of all sets, and the “barber of the regiment”). The first is the paradox of regress, or indefinite proliferation: I can never state the sense of what I am saying, but I can take the sense of what I am saying as the object of another proposition, whose sense in turn I cannot state, ad infinitum. This first paradox points both to the impotence of the speaker (my inability to state the sense of what I am saying) and to the highest power of language (its infinite capability to speak about words). The second paradox is that of sterile reiteration or doubling: one can avoid the infinite regress by extracting sense as the mere double of a proposition, but at the price of catapulting us into a third paradox of neutrality or sterility—sense is necessarily neutral with regard to the various modes of the proposition: quality (affirmation, negation), quantity (all, some, none), relation, and modality (possibility, reality, necessity).
Thus extracted from the proposition, Deleuze argues that sense has the status of a pure ideational event, irreducible to propositions and their three dimensions: (1) the states of affairs the propositions denote; (2) the experiences or mental activities (beliefs, desires, images, representations) of persons who express themselves in the proposition; and (3) universals or general concepts. But how can sense be said to engender the other dimension of the proposition? This is the second task of a logic of sense: “to combine the sterility of sense in relation to the proposition from which it was extracted with its power of genesis in relation to the dimensions of the proposition” (LS 32).
In the second half of Logic of Sense, Deleuze analyzes what he calls the dynamic genesis of language, drawing in part from texts in developmental psychology and psychoanalysis. “What renders language possible,” he writes, “is that which separates sounds from bodies and organizes them into propositions, freeing them for the expressive function” (LS 181). Deleuze distinguishes three stages in the dynamic genesis, which at the same time constitute three dimensions of language: (1) the primary order is the noise produced in the depths of the body; (2) the secondary organization constitutes the surface of sense (and non-sense); and (3) the tertiary arrangement [ordonnance] is found in fully-formed propositions, with their functions of denotation, manifestation, and signification.
The first stage of the dynamic genesis of sense, the primary order of language, is found in the newborn infant. Deleuze draws from a tradition of developmental psychology whose insights are expressed in the vivid image of Daniel N. Stern: the infant’s experience is a kind of human “weatherscape,” made up entirely of sequences of risings and fallings of intensity—the jolting of a bright light or a sharp noise, the calming of a voice, or the explosive breakout of a storm of hunger (The Interpersonal World of the Infant, 1985). Deleuze will draw upon the writings of the French writer Antonin Artaud and call this life of intensities-in-motion the “body without organs.” This primary order of language (pure Noise as a dimension of the body) constitutes a first type of nonsense. But in the midst of this world of intensities, there also appears a particular noise: the sound of the child’s parents, or other adults. Long before the infant can understand words and sentences, it grasps language as something that pre-exists itself, as something always-already there, like a Voice on high. But for the child the Voice has the dimensions of language without having its condition. (Adults have the same experience when they hear a foreign language being spoken.) For the infant to accede to the tertiary arrangement of language (denotation, manifestation, signification), it must pass through its secondary organization, which is the production of the surface dimension of sense. How does this construction take place? From the flow of the Voice, the child will extract differential elements of various orders (phonemes, morphemes, semantemes) and begin to synthesize them into diverse series.
At this point, Deleuze isolates three series or syntheses: connective, conjunctive, and disjunctive. In the first, the child connects phonemes in a concatenation of successive entities (“mama,” “dada”); in the second, there is the construction of esoteric words out of these phonemes through their integration and conjunction (“your royal highness” is contracted into “y’reince”); in the third, the child starts making these esoteric words ramify and enter into relation with other divergent and independent series. We can clearly see that the constructions of this secondary organization of sense are not yet the fully formed units of the tertiary arrangement of language on high, but they are no longer merely the bodily noises of the primary order. Before the child has any understanding of linguistic units, it undertakes a vast apprenticeship in their formative elements. This is why the domain of sense is the condition or ground of propositions, not as their form of possibility, but as their “ideal matter or ‘medium’”: we are positioned immediately within sense whenever we denote, manifest, or signify. Moreover, since sense lies at the frontier of words and things—it is expressed in propositions and attributed to states of affairs, but it cannot be confused with either propositions or states of affairs—it engenders both the determinate dimensions of the proposition (denotation, manifestation, signification) as well as its objective correlates (the denoted, the manifested, and the signified).
The domain of sense is necessarily subject to a fundamental fragility, capable of toppling over into nonsense: the ground gives way to a groundlessness, a sans-fond. The reason for this is clear. Sense is never a principle or an origin; rather, it is an effect, it is produced, and it is produced out of elements that do not, in themselves, have a sense. Sense, in other words, has a determinate relation with nonsense. Deleuze, however, distinguishes between two very different types of nonsense. The first is that of Lewis Carroll, who remains at the surface of sense and, like children, makes use of the non-signifying elements of language in order to construct the portmanteau words (snark = shark + snake; frumious = furious + fuming) and nonsensical phrases (“’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves did gyre and gimble in the wabe”) that populate his writing. If Logic of Sense is in part a reading of Carroll’s work, it is because no one knew better than Carroll about the conditions for the production of sense, which Deleuze elucidates in detail: the extraction of differential elements or pure event, their organization in multiple series, and most importantly, the aleatory point or paradoxical element that links the series (the ideal “quasi-cause” that produces the effect of sense out of nonsense).
But there is a second type of nonsense, which is more profound than the surface nonsense found in Lewis Carroll. This is the terrifying nonsense of the primary order, which found expression in the writings of Antonin Artaud. Sense is what prevents the sonorous language from being confused with the physical body (noise). But in the primary order of schizophrenia experienced by Artaud, there is no longer anything to prevent propositions from falling back onto bodies, which mingle their sonorous elements with the olfactory, gustatory, and digestive effects of the body (Artaud’s cris-souffles: “ratara ratara ratara Atara tatara rana Otara otara katara”).
Deleuze will develop his theory of the body-without-organs in his collaboration with Félix Guattari, to which we now turn. As we shall see, the concept of the body-without-organs is put to work in a complex naturalistic philosophy of “desiring-production” that moves far beyond the question of sense into the realms of nature, history, and politics. In other words, if Logic of Sense represents Deleuze’s confrontation with the “linguistic turn” that was so important for twentieth-century philosophy, it is a confrontation that he quickly put behind him as he came to embrace fully his materialist and naturalistic leanings.
Following his work in the philosophy of difference, Deleuze meets Guattari in the aftermath of May 1968. These famous “events,” which have marked French culture and politics ever since, brought together students and workers, to the befuddlement of the established guardians of the revolution, the French Communist Party. Days of general strikes and standoffs with the police led the French President Charles de Gaulle to call a general election. De Gaulle’s call for a parliamentary solution to the crisis was backed by the Communists, who were evidently as scared of any revolution from below—which by definition would lack the party discipline they so craved—as were the official holders of State power, to whose position they aspired. The worker-student movement eventually collapsed, leaving memories of non-scripted social interactions and revealing the investments of the Party, lampooned thereafter as “bureaucrats of the revolution,” in Foucault’s words in his Preface to the English translation of Anti-Oedipus. The French Communist Party’s agreement with De Gaulle to allow a parliamentary solution to the social crisis was a glaring example of the horizon of identity (the desire that someone be in control of a central State bureaucracy) that allowed an opposition (of the Gaullists and the Communists as rivals for control of the State) to shackle difference. The government response to May 1968 changed French academic life in two ways. First, institutionally, by the creation of Paris VIII (Vincennes) where Deleuze taught; and second, in the direction of the philosophy of difference, which became explicitly political post-1968. It became, in fact, a politics of philosophy dedicated to exposing the historical force relations producing identity in all its ontological and epistemological forms. In other words, the philosophy of difference now set out to show how the unified objects of the world, the unified subjects who know and hence control them, the unified bodies of knowledge that codify this knowledge, and the unified institution of philosophy that polices the whole affair, are products of historical, political forces in combat with other forces.
In purely philosophical terms, the works with Guattari naturalize the still-Kantian framework of Difference and Repetition. By the time of Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus Deleuze and Guattari explicitly thematize that the syntheses they investigate are fully material syntheses, syntheses of nature in geological as well as biological, social, and psychological registers (Welchman 2009). Not just organic syntheses, but inorganic ones as well, are “spatio-temporal dynamisms.” With this full naturalization of syntheses, the question of panpsychism is brought into full relief (Protevi 2011), since material syntheses are as much syntheses of experience as they are syntheses of things, as we see in the title of Chapter 3 of A Thousand Plateaus: “The Geology of Morals: Who does the earth think it is?”
In considering Anti-Oedipus we should first discuss its performative effect, which attempts to “force us to think,” that is, to fight against a tendency to cliché. Reading Anti-Oedipus can indeed be shocking experience. First, we find a bizarre collection of sources; for example, the schizophrenic ranting of Antonin Artaud provides one of the basic concepts of the work, the “body without organs.” Second is the book’s vulgarity, as in the infamous opening lines about the unconscious (the Id): “It is at work everywhere, functioning smoothly at times, at other times in fits and starts. It breathes, it heats, it eats. It shits and fucks [Ça chie, ça baise]. What a mistake to have ever said the id” (7 / 1). A third performative effect is humor, as in the mocking of Melanie Klein’s analysis of children: “Say it’s Oedipus, or I’ll slap you upside the head [sinon t’auras un gifle]” (54 / 45; trans. modified). There are many more passages like this; it’s safe to say very few philosophy books contain as many jokes, puns, and double entendres as Anti-Oedipus. A fourth element is the gleeful coarseness of the polemics. Among many other examples, thinkers of the signifier are associated with the lap dogs of tyrants, members of the French Communist Party are said to have fascist libidinal investments, and Freud is described as a “masked Al Capone.” All in all, the performative effect of reading Anti-Oedipus is unforgettable.
Passing to the conceptual structure of the book, the key term of Anti-Oedipus is “desiring-production,” which crisscrosses Marx and Freud, putting desire in the eco-social realm of production and production in the unconscious realm of desire. Rather than attempting to synthesize Marx and Freud in the usual way, that is, by a reductionist strategy that either (1) operates in favor of Freud, by positing that the libidinal investment of social figures and patterns requires sublimating an original investment in family figures and patterns, or (2) operates in favor of Marx by positing neuroses and psychoses as mere super-structural by-products of unjust social structures, Deleuze and Guattari will call desiring-production a “universal primary process” underlying the seemingly separate natural, social and psychological realms. Desiring-production is thus not anthropocentric; it is the very heart of the world. Besides its universal scope, we need to realize two things about desiring-production right away: (1) there is no subject that lies behind the production, that performs the production; and (2) the “desire” in desiring-production is not oriented to making up a lack, but is purely positive. Desiring-production is autonomous, self-constituting, and creative: it is the natura naturans of Spinoza or the will-to-power of Nietzsche.
Anti-Oedipus is, along with its conceptual and terminological innovation, a work of grand ambitions: among them, (1) an eco-social theory of production, encompassing both sides of the nature/culture split, which functions as an ontology of change, transformation, or “becoming”; (2) a “universal history” of social formations—the “savage” or tribal, the “barbarian” or imperial, and the capitalist—which functions as a synthetic social science; (3) and to clear the ground for these functions, a critique of the received versions of Marx and Freud—and the attempts to synthesize them by analogizing their realms of application. In pursuing its ambitions, Anti-Oedipus has the virtues and the faults of the tour de force: unimagined connections between disparate elements are made possible, but at the cost of a somewhat strained conceptual scheme.
Anti-Oedipus identifies two primary registers of desiring-production, the natural or “metaphysical” and the social or “historical.” They are related in the following way: natural desiring-production is that which social machines repress, but also that which is revealed in capitalism, at the end of history (a contingent history, that is, one that avoids dialectical laws of history). Capitalism sets free desiring-production even as it attempts to rein it in with the institution of private property and the familial or “Oedipal” patterning of desire; schizophrenics are propelled by the charge of desiring-production thus set free but fail at the limits capitalist society proposes, thus providing a clue to the workings of desiring-production.
It’s important at the start to realize that Deleuze and Guattari do not advocate schizophrenia as a “lifestyle” or as the model for a political program. The schizophrenic, as a clinical entity, is the result of the interruption or the blocking of the process of desiring-production, its having been taken out of nature and society and restricted to the body of an individual where it spins in the void rather than make the connections that constitute reality. Desiring-production does not connect “with” reality, as in escaping a subjective prison to touch the objective, but it makes reality, it is the Real, in a twisting of the Lacanian sense of the term. In Lacan, the real is produced as an illusory and retrojected remainder to a signifying system; for Deleuze and Guattari, the Real is reality itself in its process of self-making. The schizophrenic is a sick person in need of help, but schizophrenia is an avenue into the unconscious, the unconscious not of an individual, but the “transcendental unconscious,” an unconscious that is social, historical, and natural all at once.
In studying the schizophrenic process, Deleuze and Guattari posit that in both the natural and social registers desiring-production is composed of three syntheses, the connective, disjunctive, and conjunctive; the syntheses perform three functions: production, recording, and enjoyment. We can associate production with the physiological, recording with the semiotic, and enjoyment with the psychological registers. While it is important to catch the Kantian resonance of “synthesis,” it is equally important to note, in keeping with the post-structuralist angle we discussed above, that there is no subject performing the syntheses; instead, subjects are themselves one of the products of the syntheses. The syntheses have no underlying subject; they just are the immanent process of desiring-production. Positing a subject behind the syntheses would be a transcendent use of the syntheses. Here we see another reference to the Kantian principle of immanence. Deleuze and Guattari propose to study the immanent use of the synthesis in a “materialist psychoanalysis,” or “schizoanalysis”; by contrast, psychoanalysis is transcendent use of the syntheses, producing five “paralogisms” or “transcendental illusions,” all of which involve assigning the characteristics of the extensive properties of actual products to the intensive production process, or, to put it in the terms of the philosophy of difference, all the paralogisms subordinate differential processes to identities derived from products.
According to the “universal history” undertaken in Anti-Oedipus, social life has three forms of “socius,” the social body that takes credit for production: the earth for the tribe, the body of the despot for the empire, and capital for capitalism. According to Deleuze and Guattari’s reading of the anthropological literature, tribal societies mark bodies in initiation ceremonies, so that the products of an organ are traced to a clan, which is mythically traced to the earth or, more precisely, one of its enchanted regions, which function as the organs on the full body of the earth. Material flows are thus “territorialized,” that is, traced onto the earth, which is credited as the source of all production. The signs in tribal inscription are not signifiers: they do not map onto a voice, but enact a “savage triangle forming … a theater of cruelty that implies the triple independence of the articulated voice, the graphic hand and the appreciative eye” (189). Empires overcode these tribal meaning codes, tracing production back to the despot, the divine father of his people. Material flows in despotic empires are thus “deterritorialized” (they are no longer credited to the earth), and then immediately “reterritorialized” on the body of the despot, who assumes credit for all production. When tribal signs are overcoded, the signifier is formed as a “deterritorialized sign” allowing for communication between the conquered and the conquerors. Signifiers are a “flattening” or “bi-univocalization”: two chains are lined up, one to one, the written and the spoken (205–6; cf. Derrida’s notion of “phonocentrism”). The body of the despot as imperial socius means that workers are the “hands” of the emperor, spies are his “eyes,” and so on.
Capitalism is the radical decoding and deterritorialization of the material flows that previous social machines had zealously coded on the earth or the body of the despot. Production is credited to the “body” of capital, but this form of recording works by the substitution of an “axiomatic” for a code: in this context an “axiomatic” means a set of simple principles for the quantitative calculation of the difference between flows (of deterritorialized labor and capital) rather than elaborate rules for the qualitative judgments that map flows onto the socius. Capitalism’s command is utterly simple: connect deterritorialized flows of labor and capital and extract a surplus from that connection. Thus capitalism sets loose an enormous productive charge—connect those flows! Faster, faster!—the surpluses of which the institutions of private property try to register as belonging to individuals. Now those individuals are primarily social (as figures of capitalist or laborer) and only secondarily private (family members). Whereas organs of bodies were socially marked in previous regimes (as belonging to the clan and earth, or as belonging to the emperor, as in the jus primae noctis), body organs are privatized under capitalism and attached to persons as members of the family. In Deleuze and Guattari’s terms, capitalism’s decoded flows are reterritorialized on “persons,” that is, on family members as figures in the Oedipal triangle.
Three differences between this work and its predecessor are immediately apparent. First, A Thousand Plateaus has a much wider range of registers than Anti-Oedipus: cosmic, geologic, evolutionary, developmental, ethological, anthropological, mythological, historical, economic, political, literary, musical, and even more. Second, the results of the paralogisms of Anti-Oedipus become “strata” in A Thousand Plateaus: the organism (the unification and totalization of the connective synthesis of production, or the physiological register), the signifying totality or signifiance, which we can perhaps render as “signifier-ness” (the flattening or “bi-univocalizing” of the disjunctive synthesis of recording, the semiotic register), and the subject (the reification of the conjunctive synthesis of consummation, the psychological register). Finally, while Anti-Oedipus has a classical conceptual architecture, that is, chapters that develop a single argument, A Thousand Plateaus is written as a “rhizome,” that is, as allowing immediate connections between any of its points. Because of this rhizomatic structure, a traditional summary of the “theses” and arguments of A Thousand Plateaus is either downright impossible, or at best, would be much too complex to attempt in an encyclopedia article. We will therefore have to limit ourselves to the following remarks.
In fourteen plateaus, or planes of intensity—productive connections between immanently arrayed material systems without reference to an external governing source—Deleuze and Guattari develop a new materialism in which a politicized philosophy of difference joins forces with the sciences explored in Difference and Repetition. A Thousand Plateaus is a book of strange new questions: “Who Does the Earth Think It Is?,” “How Do You make Yourself a Body Without Organs?,” “How does the war-machine ward off the apparatus of capture of the State?” and so on. To over-simplify, Deleuze and Guattari take up the insights of dynamical systems theory, which explores the various thresholds at which material systems self-organize (that is, reduce their degrees of freedom, as in our previous example of convection currents). Deleuze and Guattari then extend the notion of self-organizing material systems—those with no need of transcendent organizing agents such as gods, leaders, capital, or subjects—to the social, linguistic, political-economic, and psychological realms. The resultant “rhizome” or de-centered network that is A Thousand Plateaus provides hints for experimentation with the more and more de-regulated flows of energy and matter, ideas and actions—and the attendant attempts at binding them—that make up the contemporary world.
A Thousand Plateaus maintains the tripartite ontological scheme of all of Deleuze’s work, but, as the title indicates, with geological terms of reference. Deleuze and Guattari call the virtual “the Earth,” the intensive is called “consistency,” and the actual is called “the system of the strata.” As the latter term indicates, one of the foci of their investigations is the tendency of some systems to head toward congealment or stratification. More precisely put, any concrete system is composed of intensive processes tending toward the (virtual) plane of consistency and/or toward (actual) stratification. We can say that all that exists is the intensive, tending towards the limits of virtuality and actuality; these last two ontological registers do not “exist,” but they do “insist,” to use one of Deleuze’s terms. Nothing ever instantiates the sheer frozen stasis of the actual nor the sheer differential dispersion of the virtual; rather, natural or worldly processes are always and only actualizations, that is, they are processes of actualization structured by virtual multiplicities and heading toward an actual state they never quite attain. More precisely, systems also contain tendencies moving in the other direction, toward virtuality; systems are more or less stable sets of processes moving in different directions, toward actuality and toward virtuality. In still other words, Deleuze and Guattari are process philosophers; neither the structures of such processes nor their completed products merit the same ontological status as processes themselves. With this perspective, Deleuze and Guattari offer a detailed and complex “open system” which is extraordinarily rich and complex. A useful way into it is to follow the concepts of coding, stratification and territorialization. They are related in the following manner. Coding is the process of ordering matter as it is drawn into a body; by contrast, stratification is the process of creating hierarchal bodies, while territorialization is the ordering of those bodies in “assemblages,” that is to say, an emergent unity joining together heterogeneous bodies in a “consistency.”
These concepts, and several other networks of concepts considerations of space preclude us from considering, are put to work in addressing the following topics. After a discussion of the notion of “rhizome” in the first chapter (or “plateau” as they call it), Deleuze and Guattari quickly dismiss psychoanalysis in the second. In the third chapter they discuss the process of stratification in physical, organic, and social strata, with special attention to questions in population genetics, where speciation can be thought to stratify or channel the flow of genes. In chapters 4 and 5 they intervene in debates in linguistics in favor of pragmatics, that is to say, highlighting the “incorporeal transformations” (labels that prompt a different form of action to be applied to a body: “I now pronounce you man and wife”) that socially sanctioned “order words” bring about (Deleuze and Guattari also refer to speech act theory in this regard). They also lay out the theory of “territories” or sets of environmentally embedded triggers of self-organizing processes, and the concomitant processes of deterritorialization (breaking of habits) and reterritorialization (formation of habits). Chapters 6 and 7 discuss methods of experimenting with the strata in which we found ourselves. Chapter 6 deals with the organic stratum or the “organism”; the notorious term of art “Body without Organs” can be at least partially glossed as the reservoir of potentials for different patterns of bodily affect. Chapter 7 deals with the intersection of signifiance (“signifier-ness”) and subjectification in “faciality”; the face arrests the drift of signification by tying meaning to the expressive gestures of a subject. Chapters 8 and 9 deal with the social organizing practices they name “lines” and “segments”; of particular interest here is their treatment of fascism. Chapter 10 returns to the question of intensive experimentation, now discussed in terms of “becoming,” in which (at least) two systems come together to form an emergent system or “assemblage.” Chapter 11 discusses the “refrain” or rhythm as a means of escaping from and forming new territories, or even existing in a process of continual deterritorialization, what they call “consistency.” Chapters 12 and 13 discuss the relation of the “war machine” and the State; the former is a form of social organization that fosters creativity (it “reterritorializes on deterritorialization itself”), while the latter is an “apparatus of capture” living vampirically off of labor (here Deleuze and Guattari’s basically Marxist perspective is apparent). Finally, Chapter 14 discusses types of social constitution of space, primarily the “smooth” space of war machines and the “striated” space of States.
After a long period in which each pursued his own interests, Deleuze and Guattari published a last collaboration in 1991, What Is Philosophy? In answering their title question, Deleuze and Guattari seek to place philosophy in relation to science and art, all three being modes of thought, with no subordination among them. Thought, in all its modes, struggles with chaos against opinion. Philosophy is the creation or construction of concepts; a concept is an intensive multiplicity, inscribed on a plane of immanence, and peopled by “conceptual personae” which operate the conceptual machinery. A conceptual persona is not a subject, for thinking is not subjective, but takes place in the relationship of territory and earth. Science creates functions on a plane of reference. Art creates “a bloc of sensation, that is to say, a compound of percepts and affects” (WP, 164).
We will deal with Deleuze and the arts in some detail below. In discussing What is Philosophy?, let us concentrate on the treatment of the relation of philosophy and science. We should remember at the outset that the nomad or minor science evoked in A Thousand Plateaus is not the Royal or major science that makes up the entirety of what Deleuze and Guattari call ‘science’ in What is Philosophy?. The motives for this conflation are unclear; in the eyes of some, this change considerably weakens the value of the latter work. Be that as it may, in What is Philosophy? Deleuze and Guattari vigorously deny that philosophy is needed to help science think about its own presuppositions (“no one needs philosophy to reflect on anything” [WP 6]). Instead, they emphasize the complementary nature of the two. First, they point out a number of similarities between philosophy and science: both are approaches to “chaos” that attempt to bring order to it, both are creative modes of thought, and both are complementary to each other, as well as to a third mode of creative thought, art. Beyond these similarities, Deleuze and Guattari distinguish between philosophy as the creation of concepts on a plane of immanence and science as the creation of functions on a plane of reference. Both relate to the virtual, the differential field of potential transformations of material systems, but in different ways. Philosophy gives consistency to the virtual, mapping the forces composing a system as pure potentials, what the system is capable of. Meanwhile, science gives it reference, determining the conditions by which systems behave the way they actually do. Philosophy is the “counter-effectuation of the event,” abstracting an event or change of pattern from bodies and states of affairs and thereby laying out the transformative potentials inherent in things, the roads not taken that coexist as compossibles or as inclusive disjunctions (differentiation, in the terms of Difference and Repetition), while science tracks the actualization of the virtual, explaining why this one road was chosen in a divergent series or exclusive disjunction (differenciation, according to Difference and Repetition). Functions predict the behavior of constituted systems, laying out their patterns and predicting change based on causal chains, while concepts “speak the event” (WP 21), mapping out the multiplicity structuring the possible patterns of behavior of a system—and the points at which the system can change its habits and develop new ones. For Deleuze and Guattari in What is Philosophy?, then, science deals with properties of constituted things, while philosophy deals with the constitution of events. Roughly speaking, philosophy explores the plane of immanence composed of constellations of constitutive forces that can be abstracted from bodies and states of affairs. It thus maps the range of connections a thing is capable of, its “becomings” or “affects.” Science, on the other hand, explores the concretization of these forces into bodies and states of affairs, tracking the behavior of things in relation to already constituted things in a certain delimited region of space and time (the “plane of reference”). How do concepts relate to functions? Just as there is a “concept of concept” there are also “concepts of functions,” but these are purely philosophical creations “without the least scientific value” (WP 117). Thus concrete concepts like that of “deterritorialization” are philosophical concepts, not scientific functions, even though they might resonate with, or echo, scientific functions. Nor are they metaphors, as Deleuze and Guattari repeatedly insist:
Of course, we realize the dangers of citing scientific propositions outside their own sphere. It is the danger of arbitrary metaphor or of forced application. But perhaps these dangers are averted if we restrict ourselves to taking from scientific operators a particular conceptualizable character which itself refers to non?scientific areas, and converges with science without applying it or making it a metaphor (Deleuze 1989: 129).
Deleuze and Guattari’s refusal to recognize that their work contains metaphors is due to their struggle against the “imperialism” of the signifying regime, a major theme in both Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus: not every relation between different intellectual fields can be grasped by the most common notions of “metaphor,” reliant as they are on the notion of a transfer of sense from primary to secondary signification.
Kant had dissociated aesthetics into two halves: the theory of sensibility as the form of possible experience (the “Transcendental Aesthetic” of the Critique of Pure Reason), and the theory of art as a reflection on real experience (the “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment” in the Critique of Judgment). In Deleuze’s work, these two halves of aesthetics are reunited: if the most general aim of art is to “produce a sensation,” then the genetic principles of sensation are at the same time the principles of composition for works of art; conversely, it is works of art that are best capable of revealing these conditions of sensibility. Deleuze therefore writes on the arts not as a critic but as a philosopher, and his books and essays on the various arts—including the cinema (Cinema I and II), literature (Essays Critical and Clinical), and painting (Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation)—must be read as philosophical explorations of this transcendental domain of sensibility. The cinema, for instance, produces images that move, and that move in time, and it is these two aspects of film that Deleuze set out to analyze in The Movement-Image and The Time-Image: “What exactly does the cinema show us about space and time that the other arts don’t show?” Deleuze thus describes his two-volume Cinema as “a book of logic, a logic of the cinema” that sets out “to isolate certain cinematographic concepts,” concepts which are specific to the cinema, but which can only be formed philosophically. Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation likewise creates a series of philosophical concepts, each of which relates to a particular aspect of Bacon’s paintings, but which also find a place in “a general logic of sensation.” In general, Deleuze will locate the conditions of sensibility in an intensive conception of space and a virtual conception of time, which are necessarily actualized in a plurality of spaces and a complex rhythm of times (for instance, in the non-extended spaces and non-linear times of modern mathematics and physics).
For Deleuze, the task of art is to produce “signs” that will push us out of our habits of perception into the conditions of creation. When we perceive via the re-cognition of the properties of substances, we see with a stale eye pre-loaded with clichés; we order the world in what Deleuze calls “representation.” In this regard, Deleuze cites Francis Bacon: we’re after an artwork that produces an effect on the nervous system, not on the brain. What he means by this figure of speech is that in an art encounter we are forced to experience the “being of the sensible.” We get something that we cannot re-cognize, something that is “imperceptible”—it doesn’t fit the hylomorphic production model of perception in which sense data, the “matter” or hyle of sensation, is ordered by submission to conceptual form. Art however cannot be re-cognized, but can only be sensed; in other words, art splits perceptual processing, forbidding the move to conceptual ordering. This is exactly what Kant in the Third Critique called reflective judgment: when the concept is not immediately given in the presentation of art. With art we reach “sensation,” or the “being of the sensible,” the sentiendum.
Deleuze talks about this effect of sensation as the “transcendent exercise” of the faculty of sensibility; here we could refer to the third chapter of Difference and Repetition, where Deleuze lays out a non-Kantian “differential theory of the faculties.” In this remarkable theory, intensity is “difference in itself,” that which carries the faculties to their limits. The faculties are linked in order; here we see what Deleuze calls the privilege of sensibility as origin of knowledge—the “truth of empiricism.” In the differential theory of the faculties, sensibility, imagination, memory, and thought all “communicate a violence” from one to the other. With sensibility, pure difference in intensity is grasped immediately in the encounter as the sentiendum; with imagination, the disparity in the phantasm is that which can only be imagined. With memory, in turn, the memorandum is the dissimilar in the pure form of time, or the immemorial of transcendent memory. With thought, a fractured self is constrained to think “difference in itself” in Ideas. Thus the “free form of difference” moves each faculty and communicates its violence to the next. You have to be forced to think, starting with an art encounter in which intensity is transmitted in signs or sensation. Rather than a “common sense” in which all the faculties agree in recognizing the “same” object, we find in this communicated violence a “discordant harmony” (compare the Kantian sublime) that tears apart the subject (here we find the notion of “cruelty” Deleuze picks up from Artaud).
The writings of Deleuze have provoked a large literature of explication and introduction in both French and English; more recently, works in German, Italian, and other European languages have appeared. There have also been noteworthy critiques. Rather than attempt a complete survey of the voluminous secondary literature, we will concentrate on a few of the major critiques.
An early wave of criticism was directed in the 1980s at Deleuze’s collaborations with Guattari by feminists such as Alice Jardine and Luce Irigaray. Jardine 1985 criticized the concept of “becoming-woman” in A Thousand Plateaus, which Deleuze and Guattari position as the first step towards a de-subjectivizing “becoming-indiscernible.” Jardine argued that Deleuze and Guattari’s claim that even women must undergo a “becoming-woman” amounts to a threat to the hard-fought victories of concrete feminist struggle that allowed women to claim a subjectivity in the first place. According to Grosz 1994’s survey of the early feminist critiques, Irigaray argued that the use of “becoming-woman” as a figure of change incumbent upon all, including men, amounts to a masculinist and desexualizing appropriation of feminist struggle. In the 1990s and now into the 2000s, a number of feminists associated with the “corporeal feminism” movement have attempted positive connections with Deleuze in the name of an open and experimental attitude toward bodily potentials, in both the singular and political registers, as in the phrase “body politic.” See among others Braidotti 1994 and 2002; Gatens 1996; Grosz 1994 and 1995; Olkowski 1999; Lorraine 1999; and the essays in Buchanan and Colebrook 2002.
One of the most important criticisms of Deleuze was put forth in Badiou 1997. Badiou claimed, contrary to the dominant perception, that Deleuze is not so much a philosopher of the multiple as of the One. Conducted in the highly technical idiom for which he is known, Badiou criticizes Deleuze for a certain vitalism, which in Badiou’s eyes falls short of the axiomatic austerity demanded of philosophy. Whereas Badiou merely ignored the collaborative works with Guattari, Zizek 2003 conducts a polemic against the Guattari collaborations in favor of a Deleuzean logic of Being characterized as an “immaterial affect generated by interacting bodies as a sterile surface of pure Becoming” (as in Logic of Sense). A third critical work in this vein is Hallward 2005. For Hallward, the singular logic of Deleuze’s thought is analogous to the tradition of theophantic thinkers, whereby the divine spark of creation is entombed in creatures; the task of the creature is to redeem that divine spark from its creatural prison. But this redemption is not annihilation; Deleuze’s philosophy is not that of Lacanian-Zizekian “renunciation-extinction.”
In response to the Badiouan critique, we can note that one of the most promising leads for future research in discussing the relation of Badiou and Deleuze is to concentrate on the type of mathematics each thinker prefers. Rather than accepting Badiou’s characterization of Deleuze as a thinker of reality in biological term (as opposed to Badiou’s mathematical orientation), we should see Deleuze as proposing a “problematic” version of mathematics, versus Badiou’s axiomatic conception. This tack has been taken by Smith 2003.
Deleuze was one of the targets of the polemic in Sokal and Bricmont 1999. As much of their chapter on Deleuze consists of exasperated exclamations of incomprehension, it is hard to say what it is that Sokal and Bricmont think they have accomplished. One thing is clear though: Deleuze was perfectly aware of the finitist revolution in the history of the differential calculus, despite Sokal and Bricmont’s intimations otherwise. He writes in Difference and Repetition, “it is a mistake to tie the value of the symbol dx to the existence of infinitesimals; but it is also a mistake to refuse it any ontological or gnoseological value in the name of a refusal of the latter. In fact, there is a treasure buried within the old so-called barbaric or pre-scientific interpretations of the differential calculus, which must be separated from its infinitesimal matrix. A great deal of heart and a great deal of truly philosophical naivety is needed in order to take the symbol dx seriously …” (170). It seems obvious here that Deleuze’s treatment of early forms of the differential calculus is not meant as an intervention into the history of mathematics, or an attempt at a philosophy of mathematics, but as an investigation seeking to form a properly philosophical concept of difference by means of extracting certain forms of thought from what he clearly labels as antiquated mathematical methods. (For positive views of Deleuze’s use of mathematics as provocations for the formation of his philosophical concepts, see the essays in Duffy 2006.)
Another and perhaps more effective response to Sokal and Bricmont would be to point to the positive work done on Deleuze and science. Massumi 1992 and DeLanda 2003 attempt to show that Deleuze’s epistemology and ontology can be brought together with the results of contemporary dynamical systems theory (popularly known as “chaos” and “complexity” theory). Bell 2006 follows up on this work. Protevi 2001 looks at the accompanying notions of hylomorphism and self-organization in the history of philosophy; Bonta and Protevi 2004 treat Deleuze and dynamic systems theory with regard to its potentials for geographical work. For other issues on Deleuze and science, see the essays in Marks 2006. Finally, Ansell Pearson 1999 brought attention to Deleuze and biology; see also Toscano 2006 in this regard.
6.4 Deleuze Effects
As the interest in Deleuze continues to grow, three of its effects are of interest to us, one of which is sociological and the other two of which are philosophical.
The sociological effect is the globalization of institutions devoted to the study of Deleuze’s thought and its application in various fields. A noteworthy institutional initiative is the series of conferences sponsored by the journal Deleuze and Guattari Studies (see Other Internet Resources) under the leadership of Ian Buchanan. In addition to some 10 conferences in Europe and North America, an index of Deleuze’s widespread impact is the success of a number of conferences in Asia (to date, Taiwan, India, Singapore, and South Korea).
The two philosophical effects are that of reviving interest in those whom Deleuze discusses explicitly or those whose influence on Deleuze can be discerned, and that of providing a foil or counterpoint or reference point in readings of other philosophers.
The most prominent example of the revivifying effect is Bergson, relatively forgotten at the time of Deleuze’s Bergsonism (1966), but now the subject of a growing philosophical literature. Of course, we cannot attribute all this interest to Deleuze’s book and to the subsequent secondary literature on Deleuze that stresses the contribution of Bergson to Deleuze’s system (as we ourselves do above on the concept of the virtual and the critique of the possible), but it is not implausible to consider the counterfactual whereby without Deleuze’s work the interest in Bergson would not be as strong as it currently is. Among the Bergson commentaries Mullarkey 1999, Guerlac 2006, Moulard-Leonard 2009, and Grosz 2017 all link the two thinkers in their works.
The post-Kantian Salomon Maimon has been for some time now a subject of specialist interest by historians of philosophy; see the entry on Maimon; see also the recent English translation of his major work [Maimon 1790 ). Maimon’s relation to Deleuze is explored in Jones & Roffe (eds.) 2009, Smith 2010, and Voss 2011.
Another example of thinker whose current level of interest was arguably catalyzed by being noticed as an influence on Deleuze is the mid-20th century French philosopher Gilbert Simondon, whose notions of the “pre-individual” and of “crystallization” were influential in the development of Deleuze’s notions of the virtual and actualization, respectively. Among others, see Toscano 2006 and 2009, Scott 2014, Sauvagnargues 2016, Swan 2016, Alloa and Michalet 2017 for treatments of the Deleuze-Simondon relation.
Yet another would be the early 20th century French sociologist Gabriel Tarde, whose notion of microsociology is referred to approvingly in Deleuze and Guattari’s development of their notion of “micropolitics” (Deleuze and Guattari 1980 [1987, 216-219]). For Deleuze-inspired treatments, see Alliez 2001, Brighenti 2010, Read 2015, Tonkonoff 2017.
More recently and to a still muted extent is the revival of interest in mid-20th century French thinker Raymond Ruyer, whose notion of survol or “self-survey” is mentioned by Deleuze and Guattari in their brief remarks on the consistency of the concept in its neural instantiation in What is Philosophy (Deleuze and Guattari 1991 [1994, 210]). English translations of Ruyer’s works are Ruyer 2016 and 2018. Ruyer’s relation to Deleuze is explored in Bains 2002, Bogue 2009 and 2017, and Roffe 2017. Other treatments of Ruyer that are relevant would be Massumi 2014 and Grosz 2017.
Finally, while it’s certainly the case that Whitehead has garnered continuous interest, a good bit of current Whitehead scholarship includes reference to Deleuze as a leitmotif, as in Stengers 2011. A noteworthy new work influenced by both Deleuze and Whitehead is Williams 2016. See also Shaviro 2009, Robinson 2010, and Bell 2011 and 2012, on the Deleuze and Whitehead connection.
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- Alliez, Eric (ed.), 1998, Gilles Deleuze: une vie philosophique, Paris: Synthélabo.
- –––, 2001, “Différence et repetition de Gabriel Tarde,” Multitudes, 7 (4): 171–176.
- –––, 2004, Signature of the World: What is Deleuze and Guattari’s Philosophy?, Eliot Ross Albert (trans.), London: Continuum.
- Alloa, Emmanuel and Michalet, Judith, 2017, “Differences in Becoming: Gilbert Simondon and Gilles Deleuze on Individuation,” Philosophy Today, 61 (3): 475–502.
- Ansell Pearson, Keith (ed.), 1997, Deleuze and Philosophy: The Difference Engineer, London: Routledge.
- –––, 1999, Germinal Life: The Difference and Repetition of Deleuze, London: Routledge.
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- Badiou, Alain, 2000, Deleuze: The Clamor of Being, Louise Burchill (trans.), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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- –––, 2002, Metamorphoses: Towards a Materialist Theory of Becoming, Cambridge: Polity.
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- Brusseau, James, 1998, Isolated Experiences: Gilles Deleuze and the Solitudes of Reversed Platonism, Albany: SUNY Press.
- Bryant, Levi, 2008, Difference and Givenness: Deleuze’s Transcendental Empiricism and the Ontology of Immanence, Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
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- –––, 2010, Deleuze and the Meaning of Life, London: Continuum.
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- –––. 2006, The Logic of Expression: Quality, Quantity and Intensity in Spinoza, Hegel and Deleuze, London: Ashgate.
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- –––, 2017, The Incorporeal: Ontology, Ethics, and the Limits of Materialism, New York: Columbia University Press.
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- –––, 2009, Deleuze and the Genesis of Representation, London: Continuum.
- –––, 2012, Philosophy After Deleuze, London: Continuum.
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- –––, 2012, In Search of a New Image of Thought: Gilles Deleuze and Philosophical Expressionism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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- Lefebvre, Alexandre, 2008, The Image of Law: Deleuze, Bergson, Spinoza, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Lorraine, Tamsin, 1999, Irigaray and Deleuze: Experiments in Visceral Philosophy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Marks, John, 1998, Gilles Deleuze: Vitalism and Multiplicity, Pluto Press: London.
- –––, (ed.), 2006. Deleuze and Science, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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- –––, 2014, What Animals Teach Us about Politics, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
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- –––, 2007, The Universal (In the Realm of the Sensible): Beyond Continental Philosophy, New York: Columbia University Press.
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- –––, 2009, Political Affect: Connecting the Social and the Somatic, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up this entry topic at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database.
- Deleuze and Guattari Studies
- Deleuze Web (includes Deleuze’s lectures at Vincennes in French, English, and other languages)
- Deleuze and Guattari on the Web, a comprehensive site maintained by Charles Stivale of Wayne State University
- Summary of Deleuze’s ABCs, (L’Abécédaire de Gilles Deleuze), produced by Charles Stivale of Wayne State University
- Course page on Deleuze and Guattari, including lectures and outlines of texts by Deleuze and Deleuze and Guattari
- Entry on Deleuze, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- La voix de Gilles Deleuze, Transcripts and sound files (MP3) of Deleuze lectures
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