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Ghost ships were a controversial belief—or even a phenomenon—in some areas of the galaxy. Ghost ships were old starships that were somehow destroyed or lost mysteriously and their fate would become an object of legend and awe; for some reason, they would be believed to visit the spaces they were lost in again and again, along with the spirits of their dead pilots. It was unknown how many of these legends were purely superstition or actual phenomena, and whether they were in any way related to the Force, such as Force ghosts. Examples included the long-lost, sometimes-sighted Permondiri Explorer, the fabled Queen of Ranroon, the Gorgorror, the Nebula Stalker, and Admiral Fa'rey's ship which haunted the Daragon Trail. The Dusty Duck also became the subject of local ghost stories and fables on Tatooine after the death of its pilot, Aneesa Dym, at the hands of Darth Maul. The Dreighton Triangle, considered to be a haunted locale, was a legend that had originated from the massacre at the Battle of Dreighton. This legend was an ideal background for the Galactic Empire to construct their Phantom TIEs, whose mysterious appearances would further fertilize it. Because of the Eclipse's obsidian-black hull seemingly vanished in realspace when it exited hyperspace, New Republic forces initially thought it was a ghost ship, although they quickly learned otherwise when it opened fire, as New Republic information officer Nara Dun later recalled. - Star Wars: The Old Republic (Mentioned only) - Star Wars: Republic Commando (Mentioned only) - Han Solo's Revenge (Mentioned only) - Star Wars: Rebel Assault II: The Hidden Empire (Mentioned only) - The New Jedi Order: Destiny's Way (Mentioned only) - "La Légende des Cristaux"—Casus Belli 76 - Crucible (Mentioned only)	<urn:uuid:0ae7a56c-4d7f-4aa1-98a1-fd317826c6d2>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Ghost_ship	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00054-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968317	407	2.890625	3
Russia’s apparent interference in the United States’ Presidential election marks an escalation in the targeting of state sponsored cyber attacks. What the US does in response to this strike against the very basis of our (somewhat) fair and free elections process really matters. Letting Russia achieve its goals without any response is problematic, as it would encourage them and other state and non state actors to continue to target the US without fear of retribution. If you believe (as I do) that cyber operations will play a significant role in 21st century conflicts, doing nothing is clearly not an acceptable response. So, if the US were to respond, what is a proportionate response? As imperfect as our electoral system is, interference in Putin’s sham elections in which there is no opposition with a snowball’s chance in hell of winning, is clearly a non starter. A limited attack on critical infrastructure (shutting down the electric system in Novosibirsk) sounds good at first, but would seem to violate the laws of war about collective punishment and targeting civilians. There is also a risk that mounting such an attack would tip off Ivan to methods and sources, and make it harder to use such weapons in war time. An attack on a manufacturing control system aimed at shutting down production or damaging machinery might be more appropriate as a demonstration of both capabilities and intent. So, if the US were to take out Vodka Distillery No. 6, should we take public credit or would a private note government to government be enough to deter future attacks? It seems to me that taking public responsibility for such an attack is important if we want to deter Russia and other state and non state actors in the future. Of course, all of this seems to be academic as the next administration clearly benefited from this attack and seems to include many with close ties to Russia and Putin. Even if the Obama administration could plan, mount, and execute a response it is unclear whether the new administration would pursue a policy of continuing response over the next four years. Without threats of future retaliation for new cyber attacks, a response now would be a one time gesture of revenge. Getting political here for a minute, it seems to me that a President who does not pursue a program of responding to serious attacks by a nation state on our homeland would be, at the very least, not be doing their job and at worst, acting as an agent of a foreign state. Time will tell what President Trump will do, but you will have to pardon me if my expectations are low. In the coming days, the Obama administration should make every effort to collate and make public all the evidence of the Russian government’s role in this affair. Then, it is up to we as a people to demand a proportional response from our elected officials.	<urn:uuid:e889da30-e3a9-4bcb-912c-87919f0c43b7>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://paranoidprose.wordpress.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00318-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971932	571	2.03125	2
OSHA News Release - Table of Contents\| OSHA Regional News Brief – Region 5 U.S. Department of Labor March 22, 2016 OSHA cites lack of training after logging worker’s tragic death VALMEYER, Ill. - Federal investigators found blunt force trauma killed a 46-year-old worker when a tree inadvertently hit him during logging operations on a remote 100-acre Mississippi River levy site in Valmeyer. One of the nation’s most dangerous occupations, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports 77 recorded deaths in the forestry industry in 2014. The U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited American Design Builders LLC on March 10, 2016, for one serious and one other-than-serious safety violations, after it completed its investigation into the Sept. 14, 2015, death. The agency found the Columbia-based company, failed to train workers in CPR or emergency first aid, as required or provide a written training certification record. “When a job site has limited access to medical facilities, employers must train workers in emergency first aid and make provisions for prompt emergency treatment if it’s needed,” said Aaron Priddy, OSHA’s area director in Fairview Heights. “Loggers deal with massive weights and the momentum of falling, rolling, and sliding trees and logs exposing them to dangerous hazards on a daily basis. Employers need to plan for all scenarios.” OSHA has proposed penalties of $2,400. View current citations here. The company has 15 business days from receipt of its citations and penalties to comply, request an informal conference with OSHA’s area director in Fairview Heights, or contest the findings before the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. To ask questions, obtain compliance assistance, file a complaint, or report amputations, eye loss, workplace hospitalizations, fatalities or situations posing imminent danger to workers, the public should call OSHA’s toll-free hotline at 800-321-OSHA (6742) or the agency’s Fairview Heights Area Office at (618) 632-8612. Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers are responsible for providing safe and healthful workplaces for their employees. OSHA’s role is to ensure these conditions for America’s working men and women by setting and enforcing standards, and providing training, education and assistance. For more information, visit http://www.osha.gov. # # # Release Number: 16-503-CHI U.S. Department of Labor news materials are accessible at http://www.dol.gov. The department's Reasonable Accommodation Resource Center converts departmental information and documents into alternative formats, which include Braille and large print. For alternative format requests, please contact the department at (202) 693-7828 (voice) or (800) 877-8339 (federal relay). \|OSHA News Release - Table of Contents\|	<urn:uuid:cb8d835a-17f3-4cb5-8125-2e6bfb5e4926>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=NEWS_RELEASES&p_id=30477	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.901462	635	1.960938	2
Relating Divergence in Polychaete Musculature to Different Burrowing Behaviors: A Study Using Chris J. Law, Kelly M. Dorgan, * and Greg W. Rouse Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0202 Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95062 ABSTRACT Divergent morphologies among related species are often correlated with distinct behaviors and habitat uses. Considerable morphological and behav- ioral differences are found between two major clades within the polychaete family Opheliidae. For instance, Thoracophelia mucronata burrows by peristalsis, whereas Armandia brevis exhibits undulatory burrow- ing. We investigate the anatomical differences that allow for these distinct burrowing behaviors, then interpret these differences in an evolutionary context using broader phylogenetic (DNA-based) and morpho- logical analyses of Opheliidae and taxa, such as Scalibregmatidae and Polygordiidae. Histological three- dimensional-reconstruction of A. brevis reveals bilat- eral longitudinal muscle bands as the prominent musculature of the body. Circular muscles are absent; instead oblique muscles act with unilateral contraction of longitudinal muscles to bend the body during undu- lation. The angle of helical ﬁbers in the cuticle is con- sistent with the ﬁbers supporting turgidity of the body rather than resisting radial expansion from longitudi- nal muscle contraction. Circular muscles are present in the anterior of T. mucronata, and they branch away from the body wall to form oblique muscles. Helical ﬁbers in the cuticle are more axially oriented than those in undulatory burrowers, facilitating radial expansion during peristalsis. A transition in muscula- ture accompanies the change in external morphology from the thorax to the abdomen, which has oblique muscles similar to A. brevis. Muscles in the muscular septum, which extends posteriorly to form the injector organ, act in synchrony with the body wall muscula- ture during peristalsis: they contract to push ﬂuid anteriorly and expand the head region following a direct peristaltic wave of the body wall muscles. The septum of A. brevis is much thinner and is presumably used for eversion of a nonmuscular pharynx. Mapping of morphological characters onto the molecular-based phylogeny shows close links between musculature and behavior, but less correlation with habitat. J. Morphol. 000:000–000, 2013. V C2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. KEY WORDS: hydrostatic skeleton; muscle; polychaetes; functional morphology; locomotion Polychaete annelids are an abundant and mor- phologically diverse group of organisms that inhabit a wide range of habitats, with behaviors ranging from sessile tube-dwelling to active burrowing (Rouse and Pleijel, 2001). Even among motile poly- chaetes, the frequency and duration of movements vary considerably, and locomotory gaits differ among and sometimes within taxa, including para- podial crawling, undulation, and peristalsis, as well as several swimming gaits (Clark, 1964; Fauchald and Jumars, 1979). Investigation of the differences in morphological and muscular function is impor- tant for further understanding of differences in locomotory behaviors, which affect organismal dis- tribution, performance, ﬁtness, and habitat adapta- tion (Arnold, 1983; Irschick and Garland, 2001; Wainwright et al., 2008). Understanding of func- tional morphology underlying these burrowing behaviors has been limited by difﬁculty in observing infaunal organisms in situ (cf. Dorgan et al., 2006). Body movements in many polychaetes, like in other soft-bodied animals, are achieved using a hydrostatic skeleton in which a muscular body wall surrounds a constant volume of tissues and extracellular ﬂuids. Because ﬂuid-ﬁlled hydrostats maintain constant volume, any change in one dimension (1D) will cause a compensatory change Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online ver- sion of this article. Contract grant sponsor: NSF OCE; Contract grant number: OCE- 1029160; Contract grant sponsor: NSF OCE (G.W.R. and L. Levin); Contract grant number: OCE-0826254 and OCE- 0939557; Contract grant sponsor: NSF Polar Programs (G.W.R., N. Wilson, and R. Burton); Contract grant number: 1043749; Con- tract grant sponsor: Carlsberg Foundation; Contract grant number: Correspondence to: KM Dorgan; Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory, Dauphin Island, AL, 36528. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Received 29 July 2013; Revised 9 October 2013; Accepted 17 November 2013. Published online 00 Month 2013 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). C2013 WILEY PERIODICALS, INC. JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 00:00–00 (2013) in at least one other dimension, and different mus- cle groups act antagonistically to generate body movements of elongation, shortening, bending, and torsion (Kier and Smith, 1985). In a cylindrical, worm-shaped body, muscle ﬁbers perpendicular (circular, transverse, oblique) and parallel (longitu- dinal) to the long axis control the diameter and length, respectively (Kier, 2012). Locomotion by peristalsis, well-documented in earthworms and other vermiform animals, involves either alternat- ing or simultaneous waves of contractions of longi- tudinal and circular muscles in the body wall, in which contraction of longitudinal muscles expands the body radially and contraction of circular muscles elongates and extends the body anteriorly (Gray and Lissmann, 1938; Trueman, 1966; Sey- mour, 1976; Elder, 1980). A growing number of polychaete taxa, however, have been found to have body walls inconsistent with the traditionally described (e.g., Lanzavecchia et al., 1988; Gardiner, 1992) outer layer of circular muscles and inner layer of longitudinal muscles. Rather, many polychaetes lack circular muscle ﬁbers along part, or even all of the body (Tzetlin and Filippova, 2005; Purschke and M€ Some of these taxa also exhibit nonperistaltic loco- motory behaviors such as undulation (Clark and Clark, 1960; Clark and Hermans, 1976; Dorgan et al., 2013). Bending movements do not require circular musculature and, instead, are achieved by unilateral contraction of longitudinal muscles. Unilateral longitudinal contraction alone would result in shearing of the body; some mechanism of resisting radial expansion is necessary to prevent an asymmetrical increase in body thickness and resultant longitudinal shortening (Kier, 2012). In the polychaete Nephtys (Nephtyidae), dorsal- ventral muscles act to prevent radial expansion and enable bending (Clark and Clark, 1960), whereas in the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, a helical array of inextensible ﬁbers in the cuticle serves a similar function (Harris and Crofton, 1957; Fig. 1). Considerable behavioral differences are found between the two major clades within the poly- chaete family Opheliidae, where species in Opheli- ninae move by undulation and those in Opheliinae use peristaltic locomotion (Rouse and Pleijel, 2001). These behavioral differences are accompa- nied by clearly distinctive morphologies (Fig. 2) and habitats. The two clades are represented in this study by Armandia brevis and Thoracophelia mucronata, respectively. A. brevis both burrows and swims using undulatory movements (Clark and Hermans, 1976; Dorgan et al., 2013) and has a smooth, rigid body with ventral and lateral grooves extending along the entire length. It is found in surﬁcial (<3 cm) heterogeneous sedi- ments (Woodin, 1974; Hermans, 1978). Most mac- rofaunal burrowers in muddy sediments use eversible mouth parts or muscular anterior regions to apply dorsoventral forces to burrow walls and extend the burrow by fracture (Dorgan et al., 2005, 2006). A. brevis, however, lacks the morphological features consistent with this mecha- nism and, instead, uses body undulations (Fig. 2A) to plastically rearrange sediments (Dorgan et al., Fig. 1. (A) Unilateral longitudinal muscle contraction (red arrows indicate muscle contraction) with no mechanism of resisting radial expansion results in shearing of the body and longitudinal shortening (black arrows indicate body shape changes). Dorsal- ventral muscles (magenta) in Nephtys (B) and radially-oriented helical cuticle ﬁbers (black) in A. lumbricoides (C) serve to resist radial expansion and thus resist asymmetrical longitudinal shortening and facilitate bending. Axially-oriented helical cuticle ﬁbers (D) do not resist radial expansion, and thus longitudinal shortening can occur. 2 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology 2013). This mechanism is likely limited to uncom- pacted, surface sediments, consistent with habitat descriptions for A. brevis.T. mucronata (Fig. 2B) is found in the high intertidal on sandy beaches, in distinct zones of high abundance (McCon- naughey and Fox, 1949). It burrows by direct peri- stalsis, with the wave of contraction traveling anteriorly, and has a body divided into distinct regions: 1) an anterior cephalic region consisting of the prostomium and ﬁrst two chaetigers; 2) a swollen thoracic region; and 3) a tapering posterior region with ventral and lateral grooves. A lateral notopodial ridge separates the thoracic and poste- rior regions at the 10th chaetiger (Blake, 2000; Santos et al., 2004; Law et al., 2013). The substantial differences between these ophe- liid species in external morphology, behavior, and habitat suggest a divergence in underlying muscu- lature as well. A. brevis has longitudinal and oblique muscles, but lacks circular muscles, and has an open body cavity with two to –three ante- rior septa (Clark and Hermans, 1976; Tzetlin and Zhadan, 2009). The posterior region of T. mucro- nata has similar general musculature to A. brevis oder, 1958; Clark and Hermans, 1976), whereas circular muscles have been described in the anterior region (Hartmann- oder, 1958). T. mucronata also has an open body cavity, but with anterior septa that extend over the esophagus to form the “injector organ” (McConnaughey and Fox, 1949). Here, we directly compare musculature of A. brevis and T. mucro- nata and relate muscle structure to locomotory function for each species. We focus speciﬁcally on 1) the change in musculature at the transition region from the thorax of T. mucronata to the abdomen, over which circular muscles disappear, 2) the anterior septa, and 3) the oblique muscles in the posterior of T. mucronata and the entire body of A. brevis. Inextensible helical ﬁbers in the cuticle of hydro- stats resist changes in body shape, with more cir- cumferentially oriented ﬁbers resisting radial expansion caused by longitudinal muscle contrac- tion (facilitating undulatory movement) and ﬁbers oriented at small angles from the longitudinal body axis resisting elongation (facilitating peristal- sis), with an angle of 54!440intermediate between the two (Kier, 2012; Wainwright et al., 1976; Fig. 1C,D). Circumferentially oriented cuticle ﬁbers ("75!from the body axis) in the nematode, A. lumbricoides, prevent radial expansion so that unilateral longitudinal muscle contraction results in bending (Harris and Crofton, 1957; Fig. 1C). Clark and Hermans (1976) found that cuticle ﬁbers in the undulatory-moving opheliid, Ophelina sp., have angles "55!from the longitudinal body axis, and they suggested that bending is enabled by oblique muscles rather than the cuticle ﬁbers. We compare cuticle ﬁber angles between the undulatory-burrowing and peristaltic-burrowing opheliids, hypothesizing that cuticle ﬁber angles will be smaller than 54!440in the anterior of T. mucronata to enable radial expansion during We also construct an opheliid phylogeny based on DNA sequences to generalize the morphologies and behaviors of A. brevis and T. mucronata described in this study across Opheliidae. The morphologically similar Polygordiidae and the closely related Scalibregmatidae were incorporated for broader comparison. Polygordiids have been suggested to be close to or part of Opheliidae based on similar morphological characteristics such as cuticle, muscular organization, and undu- latory locomotion (McIntosh, 1875; Clark and Her- mans, 1976; Giard, 1880) and Travisia was recently moved from Opheliidae to Scalibregmati- dae (Paul et al., 2010), reﬂecting similar morpho- logical characters such as body shape and epidermal rugosity that have linked Travisia with Fig. 2. Live adult specimens of (A)Armandia brevis (Ophelini- nae), found in surﬁcial heterogenous sediments and exhibits undulating locomotion, and (B)Thoracophelia mucronata (Ophe- liinae), found in high intertidal sandy beaches and exhibits peri- staltic locomotion. Each species represents one of the two clades within Opheliidae. Scale bar 51 mm. 3OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology Scalibregmatidae for over a century (Ashworth, 1901). All three families share the presence of a ventral groove and mostly nonseptate bodies. Using the phylogeny, we generate here, we map morphological characters to examine broader rela- tionships among external morphologies, muscula- ture, and burrowing behavior and habitat. Several additional taxa, notably Terebellidae (Nogueira et al. 2010) and Pisionidens (Sigalionidae) (Aiyar and Alikunhi, 1940; Tzetlin, 1987; Norlinder et al., 2012), exhibit ventral or dorsal grooves, suggesting that broader analyses of these characteristics across annelids may be useful, but as this study focuses on morphological divergence, we limit our analysis to taxa closely related to opheliids (cf. Struck et al. 2006, 2011). Moreover, most Terebelli- dae are sessile tube dwellers rather than active burrowers (Fauchald and Jumars, 1979), and the ventral groove in this group may serve another In this study, we use morphological data from histology, 3D-reconstructions of thin sections, live microscopy, and cuticle ﬁber angle measurements, as well as DNA-based phylogenetic analyses to 1) describe the musculature and morphological fea- tures used for locomotion within Opheliidae, using A. brevis and T. mucronata as representatives of the two major opheliid clades; 2) relate these mus- cular and morphological features to disparate forms of burrowing and behavior; and 3) investi- gate broader morphological comparisons among Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae, and Polygordiidae. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. brevis (Moore, 1906) and T. mucronata (Treadwell, 1914) were collected from Mission Bay, San Diego, California on June 9, 2011 and La Jolla Shores Beach, California on May 4, 2012, respectively. Specimens (10) of each species were relaxed in and ﬁxed in 4% glutaraldehyde buffered with 0.2 sodium cacodylate with 0.3 mol l sucrose for 24 h. The specimens were then rinsed in buffer and dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol rinses and embedded in low viscosity Spurr’s resin, following manufacturer’s instructions (Spurr, 1969). Semithin serial cross-sections of specimens were pre- pared using a Histo diamond knife (DiATOME) on a PowerTome Ultramicrotome (Boeckeler Instruments) and stained with Tolui- dine blue. A total of four specimens, two each of A. brevis and T. mucronata, were sectioned at a thickness of 1.5 mm for histologi- cal 3D-reconstruction, and two A. brevis specimens were sec- tioned sagittally at a thickness of 3 mm to visualize anterior septa. Serial sections were photographed using either a Canon Powershot G9 camera attached to a Leica DMR microscope or a Canon T1i camera attached to an Olympus CX41 microscope. Selected sections were viewed with a Zeiss AxioObserver Z1 microscope with DIC ﬁlters and AxioVision software to photo- graph ﬁner details of the connectivity and transitions between circular and oblique musculature in both worms. 3D-Reconstruction and Visualization AMIRA 5.4 (Visage Imaging) running on MAC OS v.10.6.8 was used for all 3D-reconstructions, following procedures modi- ﬁed from Ruthensteiner (2008). Every other section, equaling 3- mm increments, of the A. brevis specimen was photographed, and every fourth section, equaling 6-mm increments, of the T. mucronata specimen was photographed. Before importing into AMIRA for 3D-reconstruction, section images were reduced in size, converted to grayscale, contrast enhanced, and color inverted using Adobe Photoshop CS5; color inversion is neces- sary for volume rendering in AMIRA. A 3D-reconstruction of the region of four anterior chaetigers of A. brevis (excluding the head region) targeted the following morphologies and muscula- ture: dorsal longitudinal muscles, ventral longitudinal muscles, oblique muscles, and ventral nerve cord. For T. mucronata, 3D- reconstructions of Chaetigers 2–9 focused on the body cavity and septum/injector organ and of Chaetigers 9–14 on the body cavity and lateral ridge. The least-squares alignment mode was initially used to align the sections, followed by manual adjust- ments when necessary. The Segmentation Editor was used to create the 3D-images of structures. Labeling of structures was done by hand on every third slice followed by interpolation to connect intermediate slices. Resampling and separation of the structures, labeled in Amira as “materials”, were performed prior to surface rendering to decrease ﬁle output size. Surface rendering was performed with the SurfaceGen module under unconstrained smoothing at default settings followed by the SmoothSurface module to improve surface quality with itera- tions of >80. The Volren module was used to visualize external features of both specimens. Dimensions were adjusted so 1 model unit equaled 1 mm. The 3D-model was embedded into a PDF ﬁle with the 3D Reviewer and 3D-Toolkit extensions found in Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro Extended running on Windows XP. Each 3D-object was saved as a separate Wavefront OBJ-ﬁle in AMIRA and recom- bined as one model in the 3D, Reviewer by importing one OBJ- ﬁle at a time. Objects were color edited and transferred to the 3D toolkit as a PDF for further editing of orientation, rendering style, background color, and lighting. Fiber Angle Measurements Cuticle ﬁber angles were measured in anterior, mid-body, and posterior regions, on dorsal and ventral sides of T. mucro- nata and Ophelina acuminata (€ Orsted, 1843), a species morpho- logically and behaviorally similar to A. brevis but larger and much easier to dissect. O. acuminata were collected from ﬁne- grained subtidal sediments in Friday Harbor, Washington, and T. mucronata from La Jolla Shores Beach, California. Four O. acuminata and three T. mucronata were anesthetized in 7.5% , ﬁxed in a phosphate-buffered mixture of 3% glutaralde- hyde and 3% paraformaldehyde, then rinsed in distilled water overnight, frozen at 220!C overnight to facilitate separation of cuticle from muscle tissue (Murray et al., 1981), and thawed in distilled water. In addition, ﬁve unpreserved T. mucronata were anesthetized in the freezer, frozen overnight, and thawed in distilled water. The cuticle was removed from different regions of the body, mounted on slides with a drop of distilled water, and visualized with polarized microscopy (Fig. 3). Angle of ﬁbers from the longitudinal axis of the body was measured as half of the total angle between crossed ﬁbers. Orientation of the cuticle was obvious from circumferential grooves (visible as lines) separating segments. To observe the movements of the septum and injector organ corresponding with the peristaltic wave, live T. mucronata were placed in tunnels in a thin layer of seawater gelatin between a microscope slide and cover slip. Tunnels were created by allow- ing the gelatin to set around straight pieces of ﬁshing line, which were then pulled out of the set gelatin. Small worms with diameter close to that of the ﬁshing line were positioned with the anterior at the entry of the tunnel and encouraged to move. Videos were recorded using a Canon T3i attached to a Leica DMR microscope with polarizing ﬁlters (see Supporting Information, S-Movie). Crossed polarizers were used to view 4 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology muscle ﬁbers, which are birefringent. Movements of internal structures and musculature as the worm moved through the tunnel were described, with emphasis on the synchrony between the body wall peristaltic wave and the musculature of the septum and injector organ. DNA Ampliﬁcation and Sequencing Forty one specimens of 33 species were used for phylogenetic analyses: 25 opheliids, four polygordiids, and 10 scalibregmatids. The two outgroup taxa, a capitellid Notomastus sp. and an areni- colid A. marina were chosen based on Struck et al.’s (2011) annelid phylogeny (Table 1) with Notomastus sp. being used as the root terminal. Newly collected specimens [from Beaufort, NC (Ophelina sp1.); Costa Rica (Ophelina sp3.); Friday Harbor, WA (Notomastus sp., O. acuminata,Polygordius sp., and Scali- bregma inﬂatum); Greenland (O. acuminata, O. cylindricaudata, and O. limacina); La Jolla, CA (A. brevis,Polyophthalmus sp., and T. mucronata); Lizard Island, Australia (Armandia sp1.); and off the Oregon coast (Ophelina sp2.)] were relaxed in 7.5% and ﬁxed in 95% ethyl alcohol. Sequences for the remain- ing 26 species were accessed through GenBank (Table 1). A Qiagen DNeasy tissue kit was used to extract genomic DNA from specimens according to the manufacturer’s instruc- tions. Approximately 500 base pairs of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (16S) were ampliﬁed using the primers 16SarL and 16SbrL (Palumbi, 1996) with temperature proﬁles of 95!C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95!C for 40 s, 48!C for 40 s, 68!C for 50 s, and ﬁnal extension at 68!C for 5 min (see Supporting Information, Table S1). Three nuclear loci were also sequenced. The small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S) was ampliﬁed using three primer sets: 1) 1F and 5R; 2) 3F and bi; and 3) a2.0 and 9R (Giribet et al., 1996, 1999). Temperature proﬁles for the 1F/5R and a2.0/9R primer sets were 95!C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95!C for 30 s, 52!C for 30 s, 72!C for 90 s, and ﬁnal extension at 72!C for 8 min. The temperature proﬁle for the 3F/bi primer set was 95!C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95!C for 30 s, 49!C for 30 s, 72!C for 90 s, and ﬁnal extension at 72!C for 8 min. Approximately 930 base pairs of the large subunit ribo- somal DNA (28S) were ampliﬁed using the primers Po28F1 and Po28R4 (Struck et al., 2006), and "360 base pairs of the nuclear protein coding gene Histone H3 were ampliﬁed using the primers H3aF and H3aR (Colgan et al., 1998). Both genes were ampliﬁed using the same temperature proﬁles of 94!C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94!C for 45 s, 48!C for 60 s, 72!C for 90 s, and ﬁnal extension at 72!C for 10 min. Ampliﬁcation reactions (25 ml) were conducted containing 2 ml of DNA template, 1 ml of forward and reverse primers, 12.5 ml GoTaq Green Master Mix (Promega), and 8.5 mlH ExoSAP-IT (Affymetrix) was used to purify PCR products. Sequencing was done by either Retrogen (San Diego, CA) or Euroﬁns MWG Operon (Louisville, KY). Sequences were edited using Geneious 5.5.6 (www.geneious.com) and aligned with MAFFT 3.8 (Katoh and Kuma, 2002) under default settings with no manual alterations. The combined molecular dataset consisted of 3,955 total characters, 1,075 of which were parsi- mony informative and 436 were uninformative. Parsimony analyses on the combined genes (16S, 18S, 28S, and H3) were conducted in PAUP 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) using a heuristic search with random stepwise addition of the terminals for 1,000 replicates, with tree bisection and reconnec- tion. The character matrix was equally weighted, and gaps were treated as missing data. Clade support was assessed using jackkniﬁng with 37% deletion of sites over 1,000 replicates with 10 random additions per iteration. Maximum likelihood analy- ses were performed in RAxML 7.2.8 (Stamatkis, 2006) as a four-gene partitioned dataset and under the General Time Reversible 1Gamma (GTR 1G) model. Bootstrap (thorough Fig. 3. Polarized images of cuticle from the anterior region of (A)Thoracophelia mucronata and (B)Ophelina acuminata with intersegmental groove (ISG) indicated. The body axis, indicated with the double-arrowed white line, is perpendicular to the interseg- mental grooves. Crossed helical ﬁbers of the cuticle are visible between intersegmental grooves, with one ﬁber traced with a dotted line on either side of the body axis line and ﬁber angle indicated as a. Scale bar 550 mm. 5OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology TABLE 1. GenBank and voucher accession numbers Taxon Specimen origin Voucher 16S 18S 28S H3 Arenicola marina, Linnaeus 2AY532328 AF508116 AY612629 DQ779718 Notomastus sp., Hendel Friday Harbor, WA, USA A3421 KF511858 KF511859 KF511860 KF511880 2DQ779604 DQ779641 DQ779676 DQ779719 Armandia brevis, Moore La Jolla, CA, USA A3411 KF511804 KF511818 KF511838 KF511861 Armandia brevis, Moore Friday Harbor, WA, USA 2HM746708 EU418854 HM746736 HM746752 Armandia maculata, Webster Twin Cayes, Belize 22 2 HM746737 HM746753 Armandia sp. Lizard Island, Great A3412 KF511806 KF511820 KF511843 KF511866 Ophelia bicornis, Savigny Ophelia limacina, Rathke Greenland A3403 KF511817 KF511829 KF511850 KF511868 Ophelia neglecta, Schneider Ophelia rathkei, Mcintosh North Sea island of Sylt, Ophelina acuminata (CA), Southern CA, USA A3413 KF511810 KF511825 KF511839 KF511869 Ophelina acuminata (Eur), 2HM746716 HM746735 HM746744 HM746761 Ophelina acuminata (Eu), Europe A3414 KF511811 KF511826 KF511840 2 Ophelina acuminata (FH), Friday Harbor, WA, USA A3404 KF511812 KF511827 KF511842 KF511870 Ophelina acuminata (GR), Greenland A3415 KF511813 KF511828 KF511841 KF511871 (NE), Hansen (1878) New England, USA 2HM746717 HM746730 HM746746 HM746763 (GR), Hansen (1878) Greenland A3416 2KF511824 KF511848 KF511865 Ophelina sp1. Beaufort, NC, USA A3417 KF511814 KF511834 KF511849 KF511876 Ophelina sp2. Oregon, USA 2KF511807 KF511822 KF511845 KF511862 Ophelina sp2. Oregon, USA A3418 KF511808 KF511821 KF511846 KF511863 Ophelina sp3. Costa Rica 2KF511809 KF511823 KF511847 KF511864 Lemon Tree Passage, 22 AB106267 AF185171 AF185259 Polyophthalmus sp. La Jolla, CA, USA A3419 KF511805 KF511819 KF511844 KF511867 Hutchings and Murray (1984) 22 2 AB106266 2 _ _ HM746725 HM746738 HM746755 (LJ), Treadwell (1914) La Jolla, CA, USA A3409 2KF511831 KF511852 KF511873 North Sea Island 22 AY525629 EU418872 2 Polygordius jouinae, Ramey et al. (2006) Beach Haven Ridge, New Jersey, USA 22 DQ153064 22 Polygordius lacteus, Schnei- 2DQ779633 DQ779669 DQ779707 DQ779757 Polygordius sp Friday Harbor, WA, USA KF511815 KF511835 KF511855 KF511879 Hyboscolex paciﬁcus, Moore Santa Barbara, CA, 2HM746712 AB106268 HM746740 HM746757 22 AF508120 22 Neolipobranchius sp., Gulf of Maine, USA 22 AY612616 AY612626 2 6 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology option) values were estimated using 100 pseudoreplicates under the same model. Characters for Transformations A behavioral and morphological character matrix was com- piled to relate burrowing mode with distinctive morphology and musculature across the DNA-generated phylogeny (Tables 2 and 3). We constructed nine characters based on key morpho- logical and behavioral features that underlie the different loco- motory behaviors exhibited by A. brevis and T. mucronata. The nine characters, with character states given in brackets, are shown below as a brief outline for each feature. Characters were only assigned states based on direct evidence found in the literature or on observations from this study with exception of Characters 1–3 (burrowing), where unknown burrowing states were generalized over genera. Characters with unknown states are indicated with a “?”. Characters that were inapplicable for a given terminal are indicated by “-“ (treated the same as “?”). Justiﬁcations and references for the scoring of each terminal are provided in Supporting Information, Appendix A. The bur- rowing behavioral and morphological characters were traced onto the tree generated by the maximum likelihood analysis using most parsimonious transformations implemented in Mes- quite 2.75 (Maddison and Maddison, 2011). Burrowing. Burrowing mode [(0) peristaltic (1) undulatory]. Many polychaetes with diverse morphologies burrow by peristalsis, in which a wave of muscular contraction moving anteriorly or posteriorly results in movement of the body (Trueman, 1978). Some polychaetes, such as A. brevis and O. acuminata, use undulatory body movements rather than peristalsis to move (Clark and Hermans, 1976; Dorgan et al., Type of peristalsis [(0) direct (1) retrograde]. Peristaltic locomotion can be categorized into two general types: retrograde peristalsis, in which the peristaltic wave travels in the opposite direction of locomotion, and direct peristalsis, in which the peristaltic wave travels in the same direction as loco- motion (Elder, 1980). For direct peristalsis to result in forward movement, simultaneous contractions of longitudinal and circu- lar musculature must move ﬂuid through the body cavity. Direct peristalsis is thus limited to animals with open body cav- ities such as T. mucronata (e.g., Wells, 1961; Elder, 1973). Ret- rograde peristalsis, on the other hand, can occur both in segmented animals divided by septa and those with open body cavities, (e.g., Seymour, 1976). Proboscis use during burrowing [(0) absent (1) present]. For worms burrowing in muds, eversion of a phar- ynx or proboscis applies a dorsoventral force on the burrow walls that is ampliﬁed at the crack tip, resulting in burrow extension by fracture (Dorgan et al., 2005; Murphy and Dorgan, 2011). Arenicolids evert their axial nonmuscular proboscises (Tzetlin and Purschke, 2005) for initial penetration into the sediment and further deepening of their burrows (Trueman, 1966). Both A. brevis and T. mucronata have nonmuscular pharynges that are, however, not used during burrowing. Musculature. Circular muscles [(0) absent (1) present but restricted to anterior (2) present along entire body]. Polychaete musculature has traditionally been described as consisting of an outer layer of circular muscles between the epidermis and longitudinal muscles (Lan- zavecchia et al., 1988; Gardiner, 1992). Opheliids, however, lack circular muscle in part or all of the body (Hartmann-Schroder, 1958; Clark and Hermans, 1976), Polygordiids also have Table 1. (continued). Taxon Specimen origin Voucher 16S 18S 28S H3 Polyphysia crassa, Orsted 2HM746719 HM746731 HM746748 HM746765 Scalibregma inﬂatum (Eu), 2AY532331 AF448163 AY612624 DQ779764 Scalibregma inﬂatum (FH), Friday Harbor, WA, USA A3420 KF511816 KF511837 KF511857 KF511877 Gulf of Maine, USA 22 AY612615 AY612623 2 Travisia brevis, Moore (1923) Friday Harbor, WA, USA 2HM746721 AY966901 HM746749 HM746767 Travisia kerguelensis, McIn- Antarctica 2KF511836 KF511856 KF511878 Travisia pupa, Moore (1906) Bamﬁeld, Canada 2HM746722 HM746733 HM746750 HM746768 GenBank numbers in bold indicate new sequences. Rousset et al. (2007). Paul et al. (2010). Bleidorn et al. (2003). Jordens et al. (2004). Hall et al. (2004). Stuck et al. (2008). Ramey et al. (2006). Persson and Pleijel (2005). TABLE 2. Summary of morphological characters 1. Burrowing mode: (0) peristaltic; (1) undulatory. 2. Type of peristalsis: (0) direct; (1) retrograde. 3. Proboscis use during burrowing: (0) absent; (1) present. 4. Circular muscles: (0) absent; (1) present, but restricted to anterior; (2) present, along entire body. 5. Oblique muscles: (0) absent; (1) present. 6. Septa: (0) along the entire body; (1) 3 25 anterior septa; (2) 1—2 anterior septa. 7. Modiﬁed anterior septa: (0) absent; (1) present. 8. Sand/mud habitat distribution: (0) sand; (1) mud. 9. Ventral groove (0) absent; (1) present, but restricted to posterior; (2) present, along the entire length of body. 7OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology traditionally been described with absent circular muscles (Frai- pont, 1887); however, a recent study shows “minute” circular muscles occur in Polygoridus appendiculatus (Lehmacher et al., Oblique muscles [(0) absent (1) present]. Oblique muscles are present in some polychaete groups, running from the midventral line on either side of the ventral nerve cord to the midlateral region (Rouse and Pleijel, 2001). Septa. Septa [(0) along the entire body (1) 3–5 anterior septa (2) 1–2 anterior septa]. Septa are uni- form throughout the body in most polychaetes (Fauchald and Rouse, 1997). However, some polychaetes are unusual in having only anterior septa and reduced or absent posterior septa, which seals off the head from the remaining undivided body cavity (Ashworth, 1904; Dales, 1962; Hunter et al., 1983; this Modiﬁed anterior septa [(0) absent (1) present]. We deﬁne a modiﬁed septum as a muscularized anterior sep- tum that is associated with anterior eversible structures. In Ophelia and Thoracophelia, these anterior septa extend toward the posterior to form the injector organ (Brown, 1938; McCon- naughey and Fox, 1949; Harris, 1994; this study). Similarly, a muscularized septum extends posteriorly in arenicolids and capitellids to form the gular membrane (Eisig, 1887; Wells, 1954; Dales, 1962). Habitat distribution. Sand/mud habitat distri- bution [(0) sand (1) mud]. Mechanical responses of granular sands and elastic cohesive muds to forces applied by burrowers differ (Dorgan et al., 2006). Habitat is characterized based on personal observations or literature descriptions. External morphologies. Ventral groove [(0) absent (1) present but restricted to posterior (2) present along entire body]. Opheliids are characterized by the presence of a ventral groove along the entire length of the body or restricted to just the posterior (Blake, 2000). Poly- gordiids also exhibit a ventral groove along the entire length of the body (Rota and Carchini, 1999). Morphology and Musculature A. brevis (and O. acuminata). The body is not divided into distinct body regions and shows deep ventral and lateral grooves along the entire length (Figs. 2A,4A). Internally, large dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscle bands lie directly beneath the epidermis (Fig. 4B,C). The ventral longitudinal muscles form two well-developed ven- tral bundles that shape the ridges of the ventral groove and are separated by the ventral nerve cord (Fig. 4B,G). The dorsal longitudinal muscle bands become thinner middorsally but do not sep- arate completely. No circular muscle ﬁbers are found between the epidermis and longitudinal muscles, but four bands of oblique muscle occur per segment (Fig. 4D,E). Oblique muscle bands extend from just dorsal of the ventral nerve cord and attach to the lateral epidermis between the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles (Fig. 4F– The only septa present occur in the anterior region, where two septa occur just posterior to the pharynx (Fig. 4I). The remaining body cavity is undivided by septa, allowing coelomic ﬂuids to ﬂow freely during body movements. The angle between the helical ﬁbers of the cuticle and the longitudinal axis in O. acuminata is not sig- niﬁcantly different from 54!440in the anterior (t- test, P>0.05) and only slightly lower in the posterior (52.4 60.2!(mean 6s.d.); t-test, P50.002; Fig. 5). T. mucronata.The body is divided into three distinct regions, i.e., the head (prostomium, peristo- mium, and chaetigers 1–2), thorax (Chaetigers 3– 10), and abdomen (Chaetigers 11–38); a pair of lat- eral ridges occur at Chaetiger 10 and a ventral groove is present only along the abdomen (Figs. 2B, 6A, and 7). Dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles run along the entire length of the body. The ventral nerve cord separates the ventral longitudinal TABLE 3. Character matrix 1 2 3456789 Arenicola marina 0 0 1201100 Notomastus sp. 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 0 Armandia bilobata 1—0? ? ? ? 02 Armandia brevis (SD) 1—0012012 Armandia brevis (FH) 1—0012012 Armandia maculata 1—0????12 Armandia sp. 1 — 0 ? ? ? ? ? 2 Ophelia bicornis 0? ?112101 Ophelia limacina 0? ? 11? ? 01 Ophelia neglecta 0? ?112101 Ophelia rathkei 0? ?11??01 Ophelina acuminata (CA) 1 — 0 0 1 ? ? 1 2 Ophelina acuminata (EU) 1 — 001??12 Ophelina acuminata (FH) 1 — 001? ? 12 Ophelina acuminata (GER) 1 — 001? ? 12 Ophelina acuminata (GR) 1 — 0 ????12 Ophelina cylindricaudata (GR) 1 — 0 ????12 Ophelina cylindricaudata (NE) 1 — 001??12 Ophelina sp1. 1 — 0 ????12 Ophelina sp2. 1 — 0 ????12 Ophelina sp2. 1 — 0 ????12 Ophelina sp3. 1 — 0 ????12 Polyophthalmus pictus 1—001?? 02 Polyophthalmus sp. 1 — 0 0 1 ? ? 0 2 Thoracophelia bibranchia 000?1??01 Thoracophelia ezoensiss 000?1??01 Thoracophelia mucronata 0 0 0112101 Polygordius appendiculatus 1—0210002 Polygordius jouinae 1—0?? ? ? 02 Polygordius lacteus 1—0010002 Polygordius sp 1—0?10002 Hyboscolex paciﬁcus 0 0 ?????10 Lipobranchius jeffreysii 0 0 ?????1? Neolipobranchius sp. 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? Polyphysia crassa 0 0 0211?10 Scalibregma inﬂatum (EU) 0 0 ? 211011 Scalibregma inﬂatum (FH) 0 0 ? 211011 Sclerobregma branchiata 0 0 ??????0 Travisia brevis 0? ?21??10 Travisia kerguelensis 0? ?????10 Travisia pupa 0? ? 211010 8 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology muscles; dorsal longitudinal muscles become thin- ner middorsally but are not completely divided. The posterior region of the body has musculature similar to A. brevis, with longitudinal muscle bands directly beneath the epidermis and no circular muscles in between. Oblique muscles extend from the ventral nerve cord to the lateral epidermis between the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles (Fig. 6J–N). The oblique muscles attach more ventrally than those of A. brevis (Fig. 4B), below the ventral nerve cord (Fig. 6J). In addition, in T. mucronata, a secondary, more ventral band of oblique muscle extends from the body wall ventral of the ventral nerve cord to either the lateral epidermis or the parapodial muscle complex (Fig. 6K,L). Longitudinal muscle bands are much smaller (Fig. 6J) than those of A. brevis (Fig 4B). In the head, chaetigers, thorax, and lateral ridges of the anterior region, a thin, nearly contin- uous layer of circular muscle lies beneath the epi- dermis (Fig. 6B–G). Circular muscle is also found in the transitional region between the thorax and abdomen, becoming less continuous more posteri- orly: circular muscle gradually disappears ven- trally in Chaetiger 9 of the thorax and becomes completely absent ventrally in Chaetiger 10 (Fig. 6F,H). Circular muscles are present dorsally (Fig. 6F,G) and in the lateral ridge (Fig. 6I) until the transitional Chaetiger 11 (Fig. 6J,M). Oblique muscles are also found in the anterior region of Fig. 4. Musculature of Armandia brevis (A) Schematic drawing of Armandia brevis (lateral view). (B) 1.5-mm semithin cross sec- tion. (C) 3D-reconstruction of body musculature over four anterior segments excluding the head (front-lateral view). (D) 3D- reconstruction of oblique muscles and ventral longitudinal muscles, shown in dorsal view. (E) Polarized image of ventral view of the body, revealing four bands of oblique muscle per segment; segments distinguished by eyespots and parapodia. (F) Semithin cross sec- tion, oblique muscle attaching to the epidermis (between parapodia). (G) Semithin cross section, oblique muscles attaching dorsal to the ventral nerve cord. (H) Semithin cross section, oblique muscle attaching to epidermis dorsal to parapodium. (I) Longitudinal cross section revealing two anterior septa. dlm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; es, eyespots; g, gut; obm, oblique muscles; pp, parapodia; sp, septa; vlm, ventral longitudinal muscles; vnc, ventral nerve cord. To activate the interactive 3D mode, view PDF in Adobe Reader and click on the image plate. 9OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology the body, ﬁrst apparent anterior to the septum in Chaetiger 3 (cf. Fig. 8). Anterior oblique muscles connect dorsal and ventral circular muscles, attaching lateral to the ventral nerve cord, and are much thinner than in the posterior (Fig. 6B– F). Circular muscle in the anterior region bifur- cates on both sides of the ventral nerve cord, with one branch extending away from the body wall to form oblique muscle (Fig. 6B,D,F,H). These oblique bands extend lateral-dorsally through the body cavity and reconverge with circular muscle in the lateral body wall between the epidermis and dor- sal longitudinal muscles (Fig. 6B,C,F,G). Gaps in the longitudinal muscle, both ventrally and later- ally, allow oblique muscle to branch from circular muscle (which lies between the longitudinal mus- cle, where present, and the epidermis) into the coelomic cavity (Fig. 6). A single muscular septum separates the anterior of body cavity between the third and fourth chaetigers of the thorax (Fig. 8A). The septum encapsulates the pharynx and extends over the esophagus to form the “injector organ” that in this specimen extends from the 6th to 9th chaetigers. The septum separates the head from the main body cavity (Fig. 8). The septum/injector organ complex also consists of septal longitudinal and circular muscle ﬁbers (Fig. 8C,E,G). Cuticle ﬁber angles were not signiﬁcantly differ- ent between the two methods of anesthetizing T. mucronata, with MgCl before ﬁxation in glutaral- dehyde (n53) and with cold, placing worms in the freezer without ﬁxation (n55; ANOVA, P>0.05). Results were therefore combined (n58). Fiber angles in both the thorax and abdomen were <54! 440(t-test, P<0.01), with anterior ﬁber angles sig- niﬁcantly smaller than posterior (ANOVA multiple comparison test, P<0.05; Fig. 5). Thoracic ﬁber angles were signiﬁcantly smaller for T. mucronata than O. acuminata (ANOVA multiple comparison test, P<0.01), but abdominal ﬁber angles were not signiﬁcantly different between the two species (ANOVA multiple comparison test, P>0.05). Functional Morphology of the Anterior of T. mucronata during Peristaltic Burrowing Direct peristaltic movement in T. mucronata involves not only anteriorly-traveling waves of contraction of circular and longitudinal body wall muscles, but considerable movement of the sep- tum, injector organ, and coelomic ﬂuid (Fig. 9; Supporting Information, S-Movie). As the peristal- tic wave moves forward into the head region, con- traction of body wall circular and longitudinal muscles and relaxation of the septum pushes the pharynx backwards and forces coelomic ﬂuids from the head region into the injector organ (Fig. 9A–E). Subsequent contraction of the septal circu- lar and longitudinal muscles forces the pharynx and coelomic ﬂuid back into the head region, expanding the head radially (Fig. 9F–J). The maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses for the combined molecu- lar data produced similar results, though the ML topology is shown here (Fig. 10). There were differ- ences in the placement of Arenicola between the two analyses (see below), and there were two most parsimonious trees of length 4652 steps that only differed from each other in the placement of Ophe- lia. rathkei and O. bicornis. Monophyly of Ophelii- dae was well supported (ML bootstrapping 5BS: 100%; MP jackkniﬁng 5JK: 100%), as were the two subfamilies Opheliinae and Ophelininae. How- ever, paraphyly was found for several genera and for one species-level taxon. Within Ophelininae, Ophelina was paraphyletic. The specimens of O. acuminata formed a clade that was the sister group to a well-supported clade comprised of the remaining ophelinins. The two specimens identi- ﬁed as O. cylindricaudata (New England, USA Fig. 5. Cuticle ﬁber angle (mean6s.d.) of the anterior and posterior of Thoracophelia mucronata (n58) and Ophelina acu- minata (n54). A dotted line is drawn at 54!44’. Schematic of anterior ﬁber angles shown for each species to illustrate 10 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology Fig. 6. Musculature of Thoracophelia mucronata (A) Schematic drawing of Thoracophelia mucronata with septum/injector organ shown in red (lateral view). (B) Semithin cross section of Segment 8. (C) Close up from B (lateral-dorsal). Band of oblique muscles (obm) merge with a continuous band of circular muscles (cm) between the epidermis and dorsal longitudinal muscles (dlm). (D) Close up from B (lateral-ventral). Thin layer of circular muscles lies between the epidermis and ventral longitudinal muscles (vlm), merg- ing with a band of oblique muscles that continues dorsally. (E) Schematic drawing of a cross section (thorax region) showing the gen- eral pattern of oblique muscles and circular muscles. Circular muscles underlie the epidermis and bands of oblique muscles connect circular ﬁbers ventrally, laterally, and dorsally. (F) Semithin cross section of Segment 10. No circular ﬁbers present between epider- mis and vlm. Dorsal and ventral circular muscles are connected by oblique muscle. (G) Close up of the right side of the section shown in F (lateral). Band of circular muscles between the epidermis and dorsal longitudinal muscles (dlm) extend away from the body wall and thicken to form oblique muscles (obm). (H) Close up from F (ventral). Band of oblique muscle merges with circular ﬁbers between ventral nerve cord and epidermis. No circular ﬁbers are present between epidermis and vlm. (I) Close up of lateral ridge from F (lateral). Circular muscle ﬁbers are visible beneath the epidermis of the lateral ridge. (J) Semithin cross section of Segment 14. (K) Close up of nonparapodial side from J (ventral). Circular muscle ﬁbers are absent, and multiple oblique muscle bands attach to epidermis. (L) Close up of parapodial side from J (ventral). Oblique muscle bands attach to epidermis. Secondary oblique muscle bands attach to parapodial complex. (M) Close up from J (dorsal). No circular ﬁbers present between dlm and epidermis. (N) Close up from L (ventral). No circular ﬁbers present between vlm and epidermis. dlm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; ep, epidermis; g, gut; io, injector organ; obm, oblique muscles; vlm, ventral longitudinal muscles; vnc, ventral nerve cord. 11OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology and western Greenland) did not form a clade, with several specimens of unidentiﬁed Ophelina (from the eastern Paciﬁc Ocean; Oregon and Costa Rica) forming a clade with the Greenland specimen of O. cylindricaudata.Ophelina was further found to be paraphyletic in that Ophelina sp. 1 (from the western Atlantic Ocean; North Carolina) formed a well-supported clade with Armandia and Polyoph- thalmus.Armandia was also found to be paraphy- letic, with Polyopthalmus well nested inside this group. Within Opheliinae, Ophelia was paraphy- letic with O. limacina recovered as the sister group to Thoracophelia under ML, rather than grouping with the other Ophelia specimens, though with poor support. In contrast, the MP analysis showed Thoracophelia to be paraphyletic with respect to Ophelia (not shown), also with Our data supported a clade comprising Ophelii- dae and Polygordius, though with very low sup- port under ML, in contrast to the strong support under MP (BS 46; JK 99). Scalibregmatidae was found to be sister to Opheliidae/Polygordius under MP (not shown), with strong support (JK 99), though under ML Arenicola was the sister-group to Scalibregmatidae (Fig. 10), albeit with low sup- port. The monophyly of Scalibregmatidae, includ- ing Travisia, was well supported (BS 91; JK 100). Travisia formed a clade with Neolipobranchius, and this clade is sister to the remaining For characters with multiple most parsimonious reconstructions (MPRs), only two of the possible reconstructions were used: using an accelerated transformation (ACCTRAN), where changes are assigned as close to the root as possible and rever- sals are favored, and a delayed transformation (DELTRAN), where changes are assigned as far away from the roots as possible and convergence is favored. The ML tree topology shown in Figure 10 was used for the transformations. Burrowing mode (Character 1) showed two MPRs. Both showed that peristaltic burrowing is a plesiomorphic for the ingroup (Fig. 11A), and under ACCTRAN there was a transition from peri- staltic to undulatory burrowing for the Opheliidae/ Polygordius clade, with a subsequent reversal back to peristaltic burrowing for Opheliinae (Fig. 11A). Under DELTRAN, peristaltic burrowing was the plesiomorphic condition for Opheliidae with undulatory burrowing appearing twice, once for Polygordius and once for Ophelininae. This ambi- guity is complicated by the poor support for the clade comprising Polygordius as sister to Ophelii- dae. Of our sampled taxa, only Notomastus was scored with retrograde peristalsis (Character 2). The change from retrograde to direct peristalsis therefore occurred either below or at the ingroup node, and thus it is unclear as to whether retro- grade peristalsis or direct peristalsis is the plesio- morphic condition for our terminal taxa. Direct peristalsis was, however, shared among Scalibreg- matidae, Arenicola, and Opheliidae. Only the terminals Notomastus and Arenicola were scored with proboscis use during burrowing (Character 3), which consisted of ﬁve MPRs. Under ACCTRAN, loss of proboscis use occurred once for the ingroup, with a subsequent reappear- ance in Arenicola. Under DELTRAN, a loss of pro- boscis use appeared independently for the scalibregmatid clade and also the Opheliidae/Poly- gordius clade. Various MPRs occurred owing to the unknown states for many of the scalibregmatid and Travisia terminals. The multistate character pertaining to circular musculature (Character 4) consisted of seven MPR (Fig. 11B). Under ACCTRAN, circular muscle bands were lost in the Opheliidae/Polygordius clade, with a reappearance of circular muscles in P. appendiculatus and a second reappearance, restricted to the anterior region of the body, in Opheliinae. Under DELTRAN, loss of circular muscles appeared independently in the Ophelini- nae clade and in P. lacteus. In addition, the loss of circular muscles in the posterior region appeared in the Ophelininae clade. There were three MPRs for the character based on oblique musculature (Character 5). Under ACCTRAN, the presence of oblique muscles appeared at the ingroup node with a subsequent loss in Arenicola whereas, under DELTRAN, oblique muscles appeared inde- pendently in Scalibregmatidae and the Opheliidae/ Fig. 7. 3D-reconstruction of Chaetigers 9–14 in Thoracophelia mucronata, showing the external morphological transition from thorax to abdomen (front-lateral view). lr, lateral ridge; vb, ven- tral bundle; vg, ventral groove. To activate the interactive 3D- mode, view PDF in Adobe Reader and click on the image plate. 12 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology The multistate character pertaining to septa (Character 6) only consisted of one MPR (Fig. 11C). Of the ingroup taxa, only Polygordius exhib- ited the outgroup condition of septa along the entire body. Loss of body septa along the body occurred twice, once for the clade of scalibregma- tids and Arenicola and once for Opheliidae. Noto- mastus,Arenicola, and the opheliid subfamily Opheliinae were scored with the presence of modi- ﬁed anterior septa (Character 7), which resulted in eleven MPRs, owing to the large number of ter- minals with unknown states. Under ACCTRAN, appearance of one or more altered anterior septa occurred once for the ingroup, with a subsequent disappearance in Scalibregmatidae, Polygordius, and Ophelininae. Under DELTRAN, 1 or more altered anterior septa appeared independently in Notomastus,Arenicola, and Opheliinae. Habitat distribution (Character 8) showed eight MPRs. Under ACCTRAN, a shift from mud- dwelling to sand-dwelling occurred at the ingroup node, with mud-dwelling reappearing twice, in Scalibregmatidae and in the opheliid subfamily Ophelininae (Fig. 11D). Sand-dwelling secondarily reappeared in Armandia bilobata and in the Poly- ophthalmus clade along with a subsequent second- ary reappearance of mud-dwelling in A. brevis (Fig. 11D). Alternatively, ﬁve independent changes from mud-dwelling to sand-dwelling occurred under DELTRAN: once in Arenicola, once in Fig. 8. Septum and injector organ of Thoracophelia mucronata (A) 3D-reconstruction of septum and injector organ (lateral view). (B) Semithin cross section from segment 4. (C) Close up of B showing septum with septal longitudinal and septal circular muscles. (D) Semithin cross section from segment 6. (E) Close up of D showing septum/injector organ transition with septal longitudinal and circular muscles. (F) Semithin cross section from segment 8. (G) Close up of F showing injector organ with septal longitudinal and circular muscles. cm, circular muscles; dlm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; g, gut; io, injector organ; slm, septa longitudinal muscles; sp, septum; scm, septal circular muscles. To activate the interactive 3D-mode, view PDF in Adobe Reader and click on the image 13OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology Polygordiidae, once in the opheliid subfamily Opheliinae, once in A. bilobata, and once in the The multistate character pertaining to ventral groove (Character 9) consisted of one MPR (Fig. 12A). The transformation shows a ventral groove along the whole body as plesiomorphic for the Opheliidae/Polygordius clade before transforming to being restricted to the posterior end in Ophelii- nae. The presence of a ventral groove restricted to the posterior end also appeared independently in Scalibregma (Fig. 12A). The presence of a ventral groove has been attributed to attachment of oblique muscles (Clark and Hermans, 1976), and the MPR for oblique muscles corresponds well to that of the presence of a ventral groove (data not shown). The ventral groove MPR also showed some interesting congruence with the MPR for the circular muscle character (Fig. 12B). The absence or restriction of circular muscles was coincident with presence of a ventral groove in the Ophelii- dae/Polygordius clade. The exception was the ven- tral groove (restricted to the posterior end) found in Scalibregma where circular muscles are present along the body. Functional Morphology of Undulatory Burrowing in A.brevis Undulating movements of A. brevis resemble those of nematodes both in qualitative behavior and in body shape, characterized by the ratio of amplitude to wavelength (Dorgan et al., 2013). Like nematodes, A. brevis has thick bands of longi- tudinal muscle that contract unilaterally for undu- latory bending. Bending during undulatory burrowing requires unilateral contraction of longi- tudinal muscles simultaneously with a mechanism to resist radial expansion and axial shortening on the side of muscle contraction. As the wave of con- traction passes posteriorly, longitudinal muscles on the nonbending side contract, extending the contracted longitudinal muscles and serving as a Fig. 9. Images with schematic drawings of the burrowing mechanism in T. mucronata.(A) Relaxed anterior showing sep- tum (s) in gold in the drawing, pharynx (p) drawn in blue, and injector organ (io) drawn in red. Scale bar 5200 mm (all images at same scale). (B) 0.27 s, peristaltic wave moving anteriorly. (C) 0.6 s, peristaltic wave approaches septum. (D) 0.9 s, peristaltic wave close to septum contact with body wall, pharynx moving posteriorly, septum relaxed and extending, injector organ inﬂat- ing. (E) 1.23 s, peristaltic wave moving anterior of septum, septum-body wall contact moving forward, pharynx posterior of septum-body wall contact, septum relaxed, injector organ inﬂated. (F) 1.63 s, head moving forward, septum-body wall con- tact moved forward, pharynx still posterior of septum contact but moving forward, injector organ inﬂated. (G) 1.87 s, pharynx moving forward and septum muscles contracting, injector organ muscles starting to contract, anterior close to or at full distance travelled. (H) 2.0 s, Septum mostly contracted, pharynx anterior of septum contact, injector organ contracting, anterior has reached full distance travelled. (I) 2.47 s, Septum fully con- tracted, head fully expanded, injector organ fully contracted. (J) 3.03 s, Septum and injector organ relaxed, injector organ par- 14 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology restoring force. The contracted oblique muscles presumably also extend when the body reaches the opposite curvature, although contraction of the ventral longitudinal muscle would likely extend relaxed oblique muscles as well. In the nematode A. lumbricoides, radially-oriented cuticle ﬁbers prevent unilateral radial expansion, enabling lon- gitudinal muscle contraction to bend the body (Fig. 1C). We found that helical ﬁbers in the cuticle of O. acuminata, a closely related species to A. brevis with very similar undulatory behavior and morphological and muscular features (Law and Dorgan, unpublished data), have ﬁber angles much lower than that of A. lumbricoides, consist- ent with ﬁndings by Clark and Hermans (1976). This suggests that the cuticle of A. brevis does not resist radial expansion in the same way as that of A. lumbricoides, rather that the oblique muscles contract on the same side as the longitudinal muscles to enable bending (Fig. 13). Fig. 10. Phylogenetic results of maximum likelihood tree from combined molecular data. Sup- port values are shown as bootstrap from maximum likelihood and jackknife from maximum par- simony analyses, respectively, separated by /. * indicates 100% bootstrap support. 15OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology Helical ﬁbers not only resist expansion or elon- gation depending on their angle, but they also con- trol the maximum volume in a cylinder and the extent to which body shape can change. At an intermediate ﬁber angle of 54!440, a cylinder reaches its maximum volume, and, if turgid, the ﬁbers will resist both expansion and elongation (Kier, 2012). The cuticle ﬁber angle in O. acumi- nata is not signiﬁcantly different from 54!440, cor- responding to the maximum volume of a circular cylinder, consistent with observations of rigid- bodied live worms. The cuticle, therefore, appears to function to prevent both radial expansion and axial elongation and may facilitate both bending and axial forcing against the substratum during Functional Morphology of Peristaltic Burrowing in T.mucronata Peristalsis in burrowers with segments sepa- rated by muscular septa, such as the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris, is described as a nearly simultaneous wave of circular and longitudinal muscle contractions of the body wall traveling in the opposite direction of locomotion (Gray and Lissmann, 1938; Clark, 1964). For direct peristal- sis, in which waves of contraction of the body wall travel in the direction of movement to result in forward movement, ﬂuid must be able to travel away from the region of contraction and thus requires an open body cavity (Clark, 1964; Elder, 1980). T. mucronata has an open body cavity con- sistent with direct peristalsis, but we show that activity of muscles of the septum and injector organ accompany anteriorly-traveling waves of contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles in the body wall. Muscle contractions in the septum/ injector organ complex force coelomic ﬂuid into the head region following passage of the peristaltic wave along the body wall (Fig. 9). This expansion of the anterior is likely important both in burrow construction and in anchoring to allow the remain- ing posterior body to be pulled forward into the burrow. Analogous structures for anterior expan- sion are found in other direct peristaltic burrowers as well: Arenicola marina has a modiﬁed anterior septum, the gular membrane, that is important in pharynx eversion (Wells, 1954), and the priapulid Priapulus caudatus has an open body cavity but Fig. 11. Character transformations using parsimony reconstruction methods. Tree topologies identical to tree seen in Figure 9. (A) Burrowing mode. (B) Presence of circular muscles. (C) Presence of septa. * indicates modiﬁed anterior septum. (D) Sand/mud habitat distribution. 16 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology uses an eversible praesoma to expand the anterior (Elder and Hunter, 1980). The difference in angle of helical ﬁbers in the cuticle between T. mucronata and O. acuminata is consistent with their different locomotory behav- iors. More axially-oriented ﬁbers in the anterior of T. mucronata resist axial elongation of the anterior so that an increase in internal pressure causes radial expansion (Clark and Cowey, 1958). The lower cuticle ﬁber angle indicates that the volume of ﬂuid is less than the maximum, consistent with observations of a less turgid body in T. mucronata than in A. brevis and O. acuminata (cf. Clark and Cowey, 1958). Cuticle ﬁber angles are not signiﬁ- cantly different in the posterior of the two species, which has more similar musculature as well. As with other members of Opheliinae (e.g., Ophelia rathkei; Brown, 1938), the posterior region of T. mucronata resembles the body plan of A. brevis in lacking circular muscle (Fig. 6J–N). However, compared to the thick and robust musculature of A. brevis, both longitudinal and oblique muscles in T. mucronata appear much thinner (Fig. 4B,6J). Whereas undulations occur along the entire length of A. brevis, the posterior of T. mucronata is much less active during burrow- ing. Rather than simply being dragged passively behind the anterior however, the posterior appears to be pulled along in discrete anterior movements (Dorgan, unpublished data), presumably by simul- taneous contraction of longitudinal muscles on both sides of the body. Rather than having a single thick band of oblique muscle as in A. brevis,T. mucronata has two thinner bands, with a more ventral second band that attaches laterally at the parapodia or just ventral of the lateral groove (Fig. 6M,N). We suggest that this secondary mus- cle band may both assist in parapodial control and also enable greater control of changes in body shape around the ventral ridge. Observations of live worms show considerable anterior-posterior movement of coelomic ﬂuid through the ventral Fig. 12. Character transformations using parsimony reconstruction methods. Tree topologies identical to tree seen in Figure 9. (A) Presence of ventral groove. (B) Presence of circular 17OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology ridges on either side of the ventral groove. Con- traction of posterior oblique muscles may reduce the diameter of the body during forward move- ment, potentially reducing frictional resistance along the abdomen. A. brevis and T. mucronata respectively belong in each of the two main clades within Opheliidae; the former in the undulatory Ophelininae and the latter in the peristaltic Opheliinae. Although monophyly of the opheliid subfamilies was well supported, paraphyly of genera was found within both subfamilies. Although a clade of two speci- mens of Ophelina cylindricaudata, two specimens of Ophelina sp. 2, and a single specimen of Ophe- lina sp. 3 was recovered, they likely belong to four different species (Fig. 10). In addition, Ophelina formed a grade, with Ophelina sp.1 forming a clade with Armandia and Polyophthalmus (Fig. 10). Ophelina sp.1 lacked the eyespots that occur in Armandia and Polyophthalmus and so was cor- rectly assigned to this genus, though further assessment is clearly required. Polyophthalmus nested within a grade of Armandia. Whether Armandia Filippi, 1861 should be synonymized with Polyophthalmus Quatrefages, 1850 in future taxonomic revisions requires additional investiga- tion. The absence of branchiae currently distin- guishes Polyophthalmus from Armandia and Ophelina (Blake, 2000). The MP and ML analyses showed incongruent topologies for the subfamily Opheliinae. The MP result showed Ophelia to be within a paraphyletic Thoracophelia, whereas ML (Fig. 10) showed Ophelia to be paraphyletic with respect to Thora- cophelia. In each, the support for these topologies Fig. 13. Schematic drawing of musculature used for bending in Armandia brevis and Ophelina acuminata from frontal dorsal (A) and frontal lateral (B) views. Bending (yellow arrows) is achieved by the unilateral contraction of dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles (red arrows) simultaneously with the antagonistic contraction of oblique muscles on the same side (red arrows). Contraction of oblique muscles acts to resist radial expansion and axial shortening, and longitudinal muscles on the opposite side serves as the restoring force. Inextensible helical ﬁbers in the cuticle are oriented at an intermediate ﬁber angle (between radially and axially ori- ented) corresponding to the maximum volume of a circular cylinder and may help prevent radial expansion as well as axial elonga- tion (black arrows). (C) Schematic of cross-section of Thoracophelia mucronata shown for comparison. Oblique muscles attach below the ventral nerve cord, a position likely to be less effective in resisting radial expansion. dlm, dorsal longitudinal muscles; obm, oblique muscles; vlm, ventral longitudinal muscles; vnc, ventral nerve cord. 18 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology was poor. The two genera have traditionally been distinguished by the difference in body regions: Ophelia has two distinct regions and Thoracophe- lia has three (Blake, 2000). Similar morphological characteristics such as the presence of a ventral groove, undulatory bur- rowing behavior, and lack of circular muscles have linked polygordiids with opheliids such as Arman- dia and Polyophthalmus for over a century (McIn- tosh, 1875; Fraipont, 1887; Rouse and Pleijel, 2001). Our parsimony analysis did recover a clade consisting of Opheliidae and the morphologically similar Polygordius with strong support, though it was markedly lower with ML (Fig. 10), suggesting further investigation is required. Additionally, the only previous molecular-based analysis on a broader scale (Rousset et al. 2007) that included these taxa found no close relationship for Ophelii- dae and Polygordius. A recent phylogenetic study suggested that Scalibregmatidae and Opheliidae are sister groups (Paul et al., 2010), but this was not found by Persson and Pleijel (2005) or Rousset et al. (2007), and Struck et al. (2008) found that Scalibregmatidae was closer to Fauveliopsis and Sternaspis (neither included in our analysis) than Our results showing that Travisia belongs with Scalibregmatidae, rather than Opheliidae, was consistent with ﬁndings ﬁrst shown by Persson and Pleijel (2005) and then corroborated by Paul et al. (2010). The placement of Travisia into Scali- bregmatidae conﬁrms century-old discussions of morphological similarities between the two taxa and suggestions that there may have been prob- lems with the placement of Travisia in Opheliidae (Ashworth, 1901; Blake, 2000; Rouse and Pleijel, 2001). Paul et al. (2010) found that their two spe- cies of Travisia formed a grade with respect to Neolipobranchius, suggesting that Neolipobran- chius Hartman and Fauchald, 1971 should be syn- onymized with Travisia Johnston, 1840 in future taxonomic revisions. Our inclusion of a third spe- cies of Travisia (T. kerguelensis) also found that Travisia includes Neolipobranchius. Evolution of Musculature It has been well-documented that peristaltic burrowing behavior is common in polychaetes and involves both circular and longitudinal muscles (e.g. Arenicola marina,Polyphysia crassa,L. ter- restris,T. mucronata; Trueman, 1966; Elder, 1973; Seymour, 1976). We found that the loss of circular muscles, in part of all of the body, coincided with a switch from peristaltic to undulatory burrowing in Polygordius (with the exception of P. appendicula- tus; Lehmacher et al., in press) and some Ophelii- dae (Fig. 12A,B). The reappearance of anterior circular muscula- ture was found for Opheliinae, which are peristaltic burrowers. The presence of circular musculature anteriorly is consistent with our analysis showing that T. mucronata exhibits peristaltic movements in only the anterior region of the body, in contrast to other direct peristaltic burrowers for which the wave travels the entire length of the body (e.g., P. crassa; Elder, 1973). The recent discovery of “minute” circular muscles in P. appendiculatus (Lehmacher et al., in press) is interesting as polygordiids exhibit undu- latory behavior (Dorgan, unpublished data), whereas circular muscles are generally used in peristaltic burrowing. They also have oblique muscles, similar to A. brevis, which likely simi- larly act with unilateral contraction of longitudinal muscles to bend the body during undulation. It seems feasible that the circular muscles may act in conjunction with the oblique muscles to prevent radial expansion and enable bending, although their function during undulatory burrowing and whether circular musculature may occur in other polygordiids requires additional study. With the exception of the outgroups Notomastus and Arenicola, all our terminal taxa (where known), both undulatory and peristaltic bur- rowers, showed oblique muscles that extend from the midventral line to the midlateral body wall. Oblique muscles either appear at the ingroup node, with a subsequent reversal in Arenicola (ACCTRAN), or appear independently in Scali- bregmatidae and the Opheliidae/Polygordius clade (DELTRAN). Broader taxon sampling is needed to distinguish between these two alternatives. Better resolution of the position of Polygordius is particu- larly important in determining the evolution of undulatory burrowing among these taxa. The function of oblique muscles appears to differ between undulatory and peristaltic burrowers. Oblique muscles are important during locomotion in A. brevis, acting with longitudinal muscles to achieve lateral bending (Fig. 13). The presence of similarly large oblique muscles as well as large longitudinal muscles in other undulatory Ophe- lina,Polyophthalmus (Purschke and M€ Fig 2B), and Polygordius suggests similar mecha- nisms during undulatory behaviors. The oblique muscles of the peristaltic burrower, T. mucronata (Fig. 6K,L) occur as multiple thinner bands that attach at distinct positions along the body wall, and oblique muscles of the related Ophelia sp. appear to be similar (Brown, 1938). We suggest that these secondary muscle bands likely contract bilaterally rather than unilaterally as in A. brevis and may help contract the body to reduce friction as it is pulled forward with the longitudinal The branching of circular muscles to form oblique muscles in the anterior of T. mucronata (Fig. 6C,D,G) suggests that oblique muscles may have been derived from circular muscles, although 19OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology our phylogeny leaves the plesiomorphic state of circular muscles in Opheliidae ambiguous, and we cannot discount the possibility that circular muscles may instead be derived from oblique muscles. This is further complicated by the poor support (ML) for a Polygordius/Opheliidae clade and by the presence of circular muscles in P. appendiculatus and uncertainty about other Poly- gordius. Transformations showing polygordiids lacking circular muscles (e.g., ACCTRAN), and the fact that oblique muscles are also shared by Poly- gordius and the Ophelininae clade, suggests that circular muscles may be secondarily derived from oblique muscles in T. mucronata and other Ophe- liinae (Fig. 12). An alternative MPR (DELTRAN), which showed polygordiids as having circular muscles, suggests that circular muscles were only lost once in Ophelininae. In this case, oblique muscles, present in the posterior of Thoracophelia and Scalibregmatidae, and presumably functioning to lift the ventral posterior and reduce friction as the posterior is dragged along, may have moved more proximally in Armandia to more effectively prevent radial expansion from longitudinal muscle contraction during bending. Further research on the development of musculature is needed to test Function of Septa in Burrowing Of all our taxon terminals, only the outgroup taxon, Notomastus, and Polygordius spp. were scored with the presence of septa along the entire body (Fig. 12C). Scoring for Polygordius sp., P. appendiculatus, and P. lacteus was based on Frai- pont’s (1887) anatomical study of various polygor- diid species in which he stated that the body cavity is separated by septa; presence of septa in P. jouinae remains unknown. Similarly, Rota and Carchini (1999) show the presence of intersegmen- tal septa in the post oesophageal region based on serial sectioning of Polygordius antarcticus. Under the MPR shown in Figure 12C, body septa were lost twice, once in the clade of scalibregmatids and Arenicola and once for Opheliidae (Fig. 12C). Like earthworms, the fully septate Notomastus exhibits retrograde peristalsis (Dorgan, unpublished data). Polygordius exhibits undulatory rather than peri- staltic movements (Clark and Hermans, 1976), similar to aseptate Armandia, but this is clearly not incompatible with the presence of septa along the body. Polygordius exhibits more complex move- ments than Armandia, and it is possible that septa may provide additional control for maneu- vering through pore spaces in coarse sands and gripping grains to prevent being washed out of the With the exception of Polygordius, the majority of our ingroup taxa, both peristaltic and undula- tory, have body cavities that are open and lacking septa, suggesting that an aseptate body form is not directly correlated with undulatory vs. peri- staltic behavior. The function of anterior septa, however, does differ between the undulatory and peristaltic burrowers in our study. In the undula- tory A. brevis, anterior septa are thin and not muscular. Anterior septa in Armandia likely func- tion in anterior hydrostatic pressure changes nec- essary for proboscis eversion (Tzetlin and Zhadan, 2009). Unlike some muscular proboscises (e.g., nereids, glycerids), that of A. brevis is not used during burrowing (Dorgan et al., 2013). The ante- rior septum in T. mucronata, however, has both septal circular and longitudinal muscles that con- tract to inﬂate the head region and are synchron- ized with the direct peristaltic wave in the body wall (Fig. 9). Our anatomical analyses reveal that only one anterior septum/injector organ occurs in T. mucronata, which differs from the two anterior septa suggested by McConnaughey and Fox (1949). A possible explanation for McConnaughey and Fox’s (1949) description of a second septum is that the oblique muscles, previously considered absent in the anterior region (Clark and Hermans, 1976), could easily be misinterpreted as a septum in serial sections (cf. Fig. 6). Modiﬁed anterior septa also appear in other closely related opheliids. Previous studies on Ophelia rathkei by Brown (1938) and O. bicornis by Harris (1994) reveal that two anterior septa are present rather than just a single anterior septum as exhibited by T. mucronata. Each of the two septa gives rise to an injector organ, with one sac being inside the other (Fig. 14). Harris (1994) sug- gested that the injector organs are “passive,” although still important in the maintenance of prostomial coelomic ﬂuid pressure, as the walls of the injector organs in O. bicornis lacked contract- ile activity needed to inﬂate/deﬂate and push coe- lomic ﬂuids from the organ into the head region. Rather, pressure created by the inﬂation of the blind capillaries of the prostomial plexuses against the inelastic cuticle provides additional turgidity during burrowing (Harris, 1994). Both the struc- ture and function of the injector organ in T. mucronata differ from Harris’ (1994) description of the injector organ in O. bicornis, with that of Ophelia appearing to be intermediate between the thin septa of A. brevis and the more muscular and extended injector organ of T. mucronata. A modiﬁed anterior septum, termed a gular membrane, has also been described in Arenicola (Wells, 1954). Like in T. mucronata, a muscular anterior septum extends posteriorly to form the gular membrane, which regulates coelomic ﬂuid pressure for proboscis eversion during burrowing and feeding (Wells, 1954; Dales, 1962; Trueman, 1966). The gular membrane and modiﬁed septum of Thoracophelia appear to be convergent, as other taxa included in our analysis, including 20 C. J. LAW ET AL. Journal of Morphology scalibregmatids, lack such modiﬁed septa. Scali- bregmatids such as Travisia pupa and S. inﬂatum have three to –four anterior septa, the most ante- rior of which is relatively muscular (Dales, 1962). Dales (1962) suggests that these anterior septa help regulate ﬂuid pressurization for proboscis eversion, which does not appear to be used by S. inﬂatum during burrowing (Dorgan, unpublished Even though the mechanical responses of muds and sands to burrowers are substantially different, muds are elastic materials through which most worms extend burrows by fracture, whereas sands are noncohesive granular materials, suggesting that morphologies and behaviors of burrowing ani- mals might be distinct between these two habitats, our data showed that habitat distribution is vari- able and did not coincide well with burrowing mode, musculature, or presence of septa (Fig. 11). The nearly identical morphologies, musculature, and undulatory burrowing behavior within Opheli- ninae did not coincide with a single sediment dis- tribution: A. bilobata and Polyophathalmus are sand-dwelling whereas Ophelina and the remain- ing of our Armandia species are mud-dwelling. In muds, A. brevis does not extend burrows by frac- ture like most mud-burrowers. Rather its body undulations displace surﬁcial aggregates of muddy sediment, a mechanism that seems just as feasible in surﬁcial granular sands (Dorgan et al., 2013), perhaps explaining this range of habitats for mor- phologically similar species. However, even gener- alizations based on similar morphologies and musculature that appear to be convergent seem to be an unreliable indicator of habitat distribution. For instance, injector organs (or gular membranes) are found in Arenicola (Wells, 1954) and the Thor- acophelia/Ophelia clade, suggesting that this con- vergent feature is an important characteristic for sand burrowing; however, the presence of a gular membrane in the mud-dwelling Notomastus (Eisig, 1887) does not follow this pattern. Moreover, Thoracophelia live in noncohesive, granular beach sands that differ mechanically from the heteroge- neous sands in which arenicolids are found, where hydraulic fracture can result from irrigation, indi- cating that at least some of these sediments con- tain enough organic material to behave elastically (Matsui et al., 2011). Simple characterization of sand vs. mud may therefore overgeneralize the mechanical responses of sediments to burrowing behaviors. Similarities in musculature, lack of septa, and use of direct peristalsis by Scalibregma- tidae and Thoracophelia/Ophelia suggest a similar function and potentially similar habitat, yet mem- bers of the former taxa inhabit muddy sediments, while the latter inhabit sandy beach environ- ments. Linking habitat distribution to morphologi- cal characters is further complicated by the presence of both undulatory and peristaltic poly- chaetes in the same habitat (e.g., Woodin, 1974). The high variability in habitat seen among our sampled taxa would increase further with greater taxonomic resolution. For example, whereas the four species of Ophelia included in this study are all found in clean sands, three species in that genus are found in muds or muddy sands (Bellan and Dauvin, 1991). Similarly, whereas most scali- bregmatids are found in very ﬁne muds, Asclero- cheilus beringianus is found in sandy silts and A. kudenovi in the rocky intertidal (Blake, 2000), and species in the genera Axiokebuita and Speleo- bregma, not included in our analysis, crawl or swim through coarse gravel and boulders in caves (Martinez et al., in press). Future comparisons of habitat and morphological characters across a broader diversity of annelids are needed to deter- mine whether these characters are correlated and may also identify additional convergence events. The ventral groove appears twice in the termi- nals assessed here; once in S. inﬂatum and once in the Opheliidae/Polygordius clade (Fig. 12A). This ventral groove is restricted to the posterior region of the body in Opheliinae and in S. inﬂa- tum. The presence of the ventral groove coincides well with the absence of circular muscles and the presence of oblique muscles: in the entire body of Ophelininae and Polygordius, the ventral groove is present where circular muscles are absent and where oblique muscles are present, and in Ophelii- nae, the ventral groove is present only in posterior region of the body that also lacks circular muscles but contain oblique muscles. This trend is incon- sistent in the peristaltic S. inﬂatum, where circu- lar muscles remain present in posterior region despite being characterized by a ventral groove (Ashworth, 1901). The ventral groove is not as prominent as that of opheliids, however, and scali- bregmids do have oblique muscles, contraction of Fig. 14. Schematic drawing of the anterior of Ophelia bicornis showing two smaller injector organs (io) instead of just a single septum/injector organ as seen in T. mucronata (Fig. 7). Adapted from Harris (1994). 21OPHELIID POLYCHAETE MUSCULATURE AND BURROWING Journal of Morphology which has been suggested to form the ventral and lateral grooves (cf. Clark and Hermans, 1976). With the exception of some Travisia, e.g., T. fusi- formis,T. gravieri, and T. hobsonae (Dauvin and Bellan, 1994), scalibregmatids have not been described as having a ventral groove. S. inﬂatum now represents the only other scalibregmatid to be scored with this feature, and whether other mem- bers of Scalibregmatidae have ventral grooves require additional anatomical study. Interestingly, several other annelid taxa have ventral grooves, including Terebellidae (Nogueira et al. 2010), which are primarily tube-dwelling, suggesting that oblique muscles likely have a func- tion more similar to those of T. mucronata than A. brevis.Pisionidens has oblique muscles that, like those of Armandia, extend diagonally across the coelomic cavity and create an externally visible groove, although in Pisionidens the oblique muscles connect dorsally rather than ventrally, resulting in a dorsal groove (cf. Fig. 2 of Tzetlin, 1987). Pisionidens lack circular muscles and live in sandy sediments, often interstitially, and their morphology indicates that they move similarly to Armandia. That oblique muscles appear to evolved independently in several independent clades and with clearly nonhomologous structures further supports their important role in locomotion. Examination of the musculature of A. brevis and T. mucronata reveals a number of divergences that lend insight into the functional morphology of these two species. Our direct comparison identiﬁed several functionally important differences in mor- phologies, e.g., the attachment of oblique muscles, and the orientations of the helical ﬁbers in the cuticle, in addition to previously described pres- ence vs. absence of circular muscles. Variability in musculature that is closely tied to locomotory function is seen broadly across the taxa included in our phylogenetic analysis. Although most of our ingroup taxa lack septa all along the body and use direct peristalsis, the presence of septa in Polygor- dius suggest that even this feature is not consist- ent, but has been lost and regained even among this limited sampling of polychaetes. Both Thora- cophelia and Arenicola have modiﬁed anterior septa that are important in burrowing, and these appear to be convergent features. Most of our characters show multiple equally parsimonious transformations, yet musculature seems to be closely tied to locomotory function and suggests that muscle structure is quite variable evolutio- narily and that divergence of muscle structure may be key to evolving different behaviors. Sup- plementary investigation of the associated motor patterns, however, is required to fully understand the evolution of both muscular and functional change (Lauder, 1990). Habitat, characterized here as sand vs. mud, showed very poor phylogenetic consistency. This is unsurprising given the vari- ability in musculature and that seemingly similar behaviors, e.g., direct peristalsis, are used by bur- rowers in both sands and muds. Polychaetes are an abundant and morphologi- cally diverse group of organisms and serve as important members of benthic communities (Rouse and Pleijel, 2001). Our results highlight the need for better understanding of both the locomotory functions of musculatures across a broader sam- pling of polychaetes and of the interactions between burrowing behaviors and habitat charac- teristics, for example, comparison of direct peri- stalsis in muds versus sands, in understanding the evolution of burrowing behaviors. Linking dif- ferences in morphologies between related taxa to their behaviors and habitats will give us greater context to the evolution and function of burrowing animals. Uncovering these functional roles allows better understanding of the relationship between community dynamics and ecosystem function as well as interpreting the importance of species GWR thanks Reinhardt Kristensen, Martin S!rensen, and Katrine Worsaae for the invitation to join the Arctic Workshop 2010: “Exploration of a cold trail: Arctic pieces to the puzzle of Evolution” and the Board of the Arctic Station for logistical support. 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Road Beautification of Dhaka City - Pages: 15 - Word count: 3609 - Category: Bangladesh A limited time offer! Get a custom sample essay written according to your requirements urgent 3h delivery guaranteedOrder Now Anything that is beautiful, easily attract favorable attention of everyone. So beautification is indeed very important. Among many beautification concern city beautification is a common phenomena in recent days. Dhaka City Corporation as well as many other public and private organizations have joined hands together for the beautification of Dhaka city. For beautifying the city DCC has developed many water fountain sculptures and garden in different important sites of the city. Every year, DCC allocates more then one crore taka for the city beautification program. The Nagar Bhaban and other important places are decorated and lighted on different special and national days of the country. Private organization most significantly commercial banks largely adopting various city beautifications project in recent times. As city beautification is an important part of CSR activities every organization should come forward to beautify Dhaka city. Dhaka Bank, City Bank, Dutch Bangla Bank, Agrani Bank, Brac Bank, Unilever, British American Tobacco and so many organizations are playing an important role to beautify the city. Zero point to Paltan II. Means of City Beautification We city dwellers see several form of Dhaka city beautification. Some of them are very attractive and nice to see. Besides informal means for beautification also enhances the beauty of Dhaka city. There are some common forms of city beautification as follows- ✓ Tree Plantation: Tree plantation is the most common form of road beatification in Dhaka city. It is also environment friendly as well as good looking. There are several public and private organizations that conducted mass tree plantations usually beautiful and long lasting trees are planted in the road sides. ✓ Beautiful Billboard: Now a days, it is called that Dhaka is a city of billboards. It is really true that Dhaka is covered with various kinds of billboards. Multinational, national, private organizations are competitively occupying billboard space. It is a very good sort of advertisement tool as well as enhances the beauty. ✓ Monument: It is another form of road beautification. Monument is costlier form but enhances the beauty a lot. There are several places in Dhaka where we see some beautiful monuments. These are very good looking too. ✓ Beautiful lightings: We see beautiful lightings in some occasion or on some special events. Special events like- SAARC, ICC World Cup etc. There are also colorful lightings on some special occasion’s like- Eid-ul-Fitre, Eid-ul-Azha, Victory Day, Independence Day and so on. ✓ Other tools: Besides these, there is few other form of road beautification. Sometimes we see electric display, projector display, passenger waiting bench and so on. Normally these beautifications are conducted by private business organization to boost up their image. We will be discussing more on those beautification tools in the later part of this report. III. City Beautification by Various Organizations Dhaka City planners dream up a layout to decorate the capital in high-rolling glamour through architectural landscaping. The process started with the Dhaka Urban Transport Project (DUTP), a taka 1200 crore WB-funded project, the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) and the Roads and Highways Department (RHD). They, together, undertook the repair and construction of 2447.69 kilometers of wide and narrow lanes, along with 163 kilometers of footpath. In addition to this, a taka 150-crore DCC project for the greening of Dhaka through planting trees, and adding color with flowering plants. Under the project, almost all important medians and road islands stretching from Bangabhaban to airport have been brought under fresh plantation. A total of 71 public and private organizations are implementing the project. The authorities have divided the city into 109 zones and asked the executing agencies to beautify these areas. The private organizations will plant trees on medians and road dividers and maintain the plants for the next four years. Besides, two parks have been handed over to private organizations for eight years for maintenance and beautification. The government is not spending in this project. Government agencies and private organizations are implementing this plan with their own funds. Dhaka City Corporation is just is coordinating the whole project. The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) is likely to award the best organizations for their efforts in planting and maintaining the medians of the city roads. DCC allowed the organizations to put a maximum of three advertisement boards in their designated areas on completion of the beautification work. The size of the billboards will be approved by the city corporation. Besides government authority various private organization especially commercial bank and other organization have adopter many activities towards Dhaka city beautification. Here are some beautifications conducted by some organizations. Green road square Dhaka Bank: Sponsored the city beautification program initiated by Dhaka City Corporation by refurbishing Dhaka Bank Fountain in front of Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Dhaka Bank Park in front of Dhaka Bank Head Office, beautification at Jashimuddin Crossing at Uttara costing 1.5 m, and also in front of Dhaka Bank Head Office costing 1.2 m. Exim Bank: EXIM Bank planted trees on the road-median from Bangla Motor Crossing to Hotel Sheraton Crossing. For plantation of the trees and proper maintenance of them, it has spent about Tk.1.20 million. To make the capital a modern city, the bank has join hands with the government. For secured movement of the urban people, it has built a foot bridge over Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue at Paribagh at a cost of Tk. 150.00 million. Construction of two other foot over-bridges, one at Tejgon and the other at Karwan Bazar is being planned. City Bank: Beautification and preserving environment at Lake Side park, Baridhara to develop an eco-friendly society for healthy human life in collaboration with Baridhara Society. ‘Ajker Padma’, an environment preserving program and also conducting ‘Fresh Air Excursion’ programs for children. Basic Bank: As a part of CSR contribution BASIC Bank adopts environment friendly practices in its operation. In its business operation BASIC Bank always considers the effects of bank’s financed projects on environment. This issue has been included in the process of project appraisal. Fuel driven vehicles are a major cause of air pollution and fuel procurement is a major source of expenditure of foreign currencies. Keeping these dual issues in mind the bank has been financing CNG refueling projects. So far BASIC Bank financed 23 CNG refueling projects of which 09 in 2008. Uttara Bank: Under beautification of Dhaka City program, the bank financed in the sculpture of national bird “Doel” which is known as “Doel square” in front of Karzon Hall of Dhaka University. Daffodil International University: Daffodil International University (DIU) achieved this Award from the honorable Prime Minister, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh for Beatification of Dhaka City. DIU specially takes care of 2 (two) Roads for plantation, related development & development since 2005 to till date. Total area is approximately six km. DIU is always in the desire of forming a positive Bangladesh. Natural balance is prerequisite to shape it. Green trees form a green earth. With this beautification project, DIU wants to convey message to all to stand against global warming and work for a green earth. A number of trees have been implanted on the traffic islands under supervision of DIU under this project. It really gives a charming look while plying through the areas. The lash, colorful islands overwhelmed by various trees, implanted by the DIU authority gives a feeling of coolness in the hot summers, humidity in the winters. The trees under the Beautification Project give the passers-by a realization to be in the lap of nature. The trees wave amidst the breeze. The trees bloom with colorful flowers. Thus the Beautification project attains a success. Dutch Bangla Bank: Dutch Bangla Bank is one of the fastest growing banks in Bangladesh. This bank is also popularly known for its CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) activities. Among the CSR activities DBBL performs in a loading role in road beautification. We see many beautification activities by them. Agrani Bank: Agrani Bank is another local bank that has several activities towards road beatification. We see national/local banks normally don’t go for city beautification, but Agrani Bank is different. They have several projects in Dhaka and whole Bangladesh. British American Tobacco (BAT): IT is one of the largest multinational organizations that have numerous projects in Dhaka City beautification. They also provide free tree to plant it and conduct several projects. BAT has road beautification work in Baridhara, Gulshan Lake and many other places. Besides it BAT conducts many other awareness programs toward cleaner environment and city beautification. AB Bank Limited: Arab Bangladesh Bank or AB bank that established in early 80’s. It is one of the reputed organization for CSR activities and as well as road beautification of Dhaka city. UCBL: They are also sponsored tree plantation program for maintaining ecological balance which makes the road the beautiful in Dhaka City. Islami Bank: Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has been working since long time for beautification of the road island from Rajarbagh Police Line to Kamalapur Railway Station. Different types of herbal plants were planted on the island including Neem, Tulshi, Pathorchuna, Bohera, Horitoki, Amla, Arjun etc. Wooden trees have also been planted. Those are Akashia and Mehegoni. Differnt type of decorative plants including Rongon, Ronjon, Bogenvelia, Benjamin, Alsanda, Arika palm, Musanda, Bokul, Weeping Debdaru, Malpuchia, Madhobilata etc have been increasing the beauty of the island. Amon hedge plants kata Mehedi, Folika lal border, Lotenta, Shewra, Hedge and Kenna etc. These plants give us life saving oxygen as well as beautify the city. While passing through the green island the busy commuters get peace in the mind for a while. HSBC: On World Environment Day, HSBC Bangladesh carried out a large scale tree plantation (more than 1000 trees) program at the Osmani Udayan, one of the largest parks in Dhaka City. HSBC launched ‘Go Green’ campaign to celebrate World Environment Day. Under this campaign, customers would get special discount on the CNG conversion loan and a Certificate. Their business case was about solving the imminent water crisis of Megacity Dhaka by harvesting rainwater, and providing clean, drinkable water for everyday use in domestic and commercial structures. HSBC supported the United Nations’ World Environment Day (WED) event by launching ‘Be Part of the Solution’ campaign. HSBC employees went to a nearby park and cleaned up the park of debris & wastes and deposited the items to the nearby waste facility. In addition, staff also planted about 600 trees in the park to provide a greener look. Grameenphone: Grameenphone actively participates in the city beautification program initiated by Dhaka City Corporation and also supports improvement of the traffic system in major cities. The company has beautified the road median from Shaheed Jahangir Gate to Bijoy Sharoni and in Gulshan Avenue. In 2006, Grameenphone has been received “Beautification Award 2006” for its outstanding contribution to beautifying Dhaka City from Prime Minister Office. Unilever: There is a huge structure boasting ‘Unilever’ at the junction of the hotel Shonargaon. Hatil Complex Limited: Hatil has been received “Beautification Award-2006” – given by Honorable Prime Minister of Bangladesh- Begum Khaleda Zia for the beautification of Dhaka Road Island. CityCell: CityCell actively participates in the city beautification program initiated by Dhaka City Corporation and also supports improvement of the traffic systems in major cities. Bridge – Dhanmondi Road 8 IV. Road Beautification on Various Occasions We see some small seasonal beautification on various occasions. This beautification enhances the beauty of Dhaka. Nationals Days: In Bangladesh, these are some national days such as 21st February, 26th March, and 16th December. In these days, Dhaka city wears a festive look. Colorful word and many other forms of beautification attract the city dwellers. ICC World Cup: The Engineering Corps of Army in association with Dhaka City Corporation completed the repair and beautification work of the capital ahead of the ICC Cricket World Cup. Bangladesh Army, DCC and 42 construction firms implemented the Tk 54 crore project. The project, which also includes road carpeting, footpath repairing, drainage and development of road dividers and beautification of 4.66 lakh square meter road, footpath and median. In a total, 27 roads from Mirpur Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium to Bangabandhu National Stadium brought under the project. Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) worked for the beautification of Dhaka city as exclusive sponsor of Bangladesh Cricket Board for the ICC Cricket World Cup-2011. Important squares, over bridges, bus stands, circles, different locations and establishments of Dhaka city have been decorated with stickers, posters, festoons, stand signs, bill boards, mega signs, canvas boards, gates, balloons, cutouts, neon signs, etc. Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban, National Monument, Shaheed Minar, Baitul Mokarram National Mosque, Curzon Hall, Mahastangarh, Cox’s Bazar sea beach, the Sundarbans, tea estates, Hill Tracts, the national bird Robin, Lilly and Kadam flowers, Parrot, Deer, Tiger, hand fan, rickshaw, sampan boat and lifestyle of indigenous people were reflected on these publicity measures. The Dhaka Metropolitan Police also takes part to beautify the road by successfully removing hawkers and beggars from Dhaka city before the World Cup to be inaugurated formally on February 17 at Bangabandhu National Stadium. ECB (Engineers Construction Battalion) worked for carpeting of roads, beautification of footpaths, improvement of drainage, road-marking and replacement of electric pillars, Col Masud said, adding, footpaths from Farmgate-Bangla Motor and Rampura-Baridhara are under construction. A total of 22 kilometers road have been developed as part of the beautification of Dhaka city during the cricket’s biggest extravaganza ICC Cricket World Cup in order to depict the city as glamorous towards the foreign guests. In a joint-venture of Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) and Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB), the beautification was been accomplished. The 22 Kilometers road includes Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport to Bangabandhu National Stadium (BNS) and BNS to Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium (SBNCS). DCC and BCB in their own expenditure have been doing the work. A total of Tk 54 crore has been allocated to implement the project that includes repair of 27 roads and beautification work. Besides these there are several organizations take part to beatify the road like Pepsi. City Beautification for SAARC: On the occasion of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) Head of State meeting at Dhaka, the government initiated a program for beautification of Dhaka City in 2005 through public participation. A great deal of work was done and the whole scenario of the city has taken a new shape with a very impressive look. Dhaka city is now more beautiful than ever. The beautification project, undertaken at the directives of the Prime Minister’s Office, is being executed by various government agencies and private organizations under the supervision of the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC). Under the project, almost all important medians and road islands stretching from Bangabhaban to airport have been brought under fresh plantation. A total of 71 public and private organizations are implementing the project. The authorities have divided the city into 109 zones and asked the executing agencies to beautify these areas. The private organizations will plant trees on medians and road dividers and maintain the plants for the next four years. Besides, two parks have been handed over to private organizations for eight years for maintenance and beautification. “The size of the billboards needs to be approved by the city corporation.” Bangladesh Navy has been assigned for the beautification of the road from Banani level crossing to Kakoli, and the ‘Advance Ad’ is beautifying the road from Kakoli point to Jahangir Gate via Mohakhali level crossing. The stretch from Jahangir Gate of Dhaka Cantonment to Bijoy Sarani is being beautified by GrameenPhone Limited and Bijoy Sarani to Farmgate Police Box by the Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (MCCI). The Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FBCCI) has been engaged in maintenance of the park to the west of Adamjee Court at Dilkusha while Arkay Group has taken the Panthakunja Park near Sonargaon Hotel. Bata Shoe Company Limited is beautifying the roads from Zia International Airport to Tongi Bridge, and the Roads and Highways Department is beautifying the stretch from the airport to Banani level crossing. Brac has been nominated to beautify the road from Manik Mia Avenue to Gono Bhaban while Lions Club for Agargaon link road to Taltala bus stand, and Grameen Bank for the stretch from Mirpur Section-10 to Sony Cinema. Farmgate Police Box to Bangla Motor crossing and the road from Dhaka Sheraton Hotel to Shahbagh crossing were handed over to Arkay Group for beautification. Gonosasthya Kendra has been nominated to beautify from Dhanmondi Road no 5 to the Sonargaon-Panthapath Road via Russell Square. Among other organisations, Transcom Limited, Concord Group, Bangladesh Army, Exim Bank, City Bank, Dutch-Bangla Bank, LGED, Bangladesh Railway, Lab Aid, CityCell, Hotel Sonargaon, Desco, ATN Bangla, Bhorer Kagoj, British American Tobacco, Bashundhara Group, Prime Textile, and MCCI are beautifying the city under the project. “We are taking part in this project to perform our corporate social responsibility,” said Syed Shawkat Imam, deputy manager (information) of GrameenPhone Limited. All the organisations had to take DCC’s prior approval to the designs and work for beautification. DCBC officials said the contract with any organisation would be cancelled if it failed to follow the approved design and complete the work on time. The authorities had earlier planned to relocate the Saarc Fountain in front of Sonargaon Hotel but officials said it will remain at its present position until the summit. It will then be relocated to Pantho Kunjo Park. The Airport Road adorned with a new look as part of the beautification process of the city ahead of the Saarc Summit. Kakrail crossing to Fakirapool V. Some Other Beautification Project by Dhaka City Corporation Dhanmondi Lake: Dhanmondi Lake is a prestigious project corporation. Dhanmondi Lake development project was undertaken to provide a place of recreation for the urban community of Dhaka City. This was a part of a long demand of the urban dwellers for their physical as well as mental nourishment. This park stretches with an area of 85.60 acres out of which almost 31 acres of land area and the rest is 54.6 acres water body. This park has also a vision to restore the environmental quality enhancement of public facilities. For operation and maintenance purposes the whole area is proposed to be eight different sectors and which consists different facilities. Gulshan Lake: Once Gulshan lade was a sort of amusement. People came here to pass their beautiful leisure time. But lack of maintenance and administrative action which lost it’s beauty. Recently DCC has come forward to enhance its beauty. DCC cleans the garbage form lade and plants beautiful trees around the lake. Besides there are also some arrangements made for visitors. Some other private organizations have also come forward to beautify this lake. Hopefully this lake will gain it’s previous beauty very soon. But proper maintenance will be a key tool to sustain it’s beauty. Other Park: Parks and playground in the city are notoriously few and far between. Needless to say that open public places for relaxation. Recreation and sports play a vital role in any scheme for a rational town planning and are deemed highly desirable from the point of view of the citizens physical well being. The need for having open places assumes greater important in the context of the fact that an immense bulk of the city’s populace dwell in sultry hovels where sun and air rarely access. DCC has 42 developed parks; those are situated in different parts of the city. The important parks are as follows: Sony cinema square, Mirpur It is sometimes easy to beautiful the city n short term, but maintenance of these beautification activities are quite difficult. We normally see some vulnerable structure monument. Another fact, it is often a problem because of too much billboard. Billboards and other vulnerable structure fall in the times of storm heavy wind and so on. So these activities can me made for maintaining these tools- ✓ A proper cooperation among these city beatifications activities. ✓ Structure of those beautification activities should be well-managed. ✓ Government can initiate several committees for the maintenance of those activities thus it can be well manages. ✓ They may also lessen the tax for whom participating in city beautification activities. ✓ Besides Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) should be more focused on beautification activities. ✓ Many more activities bye private organizations toward Dhaka City beautifications. Megacity Dhaka is celebrating it 400 years. Dhaka is one of the ancient cities in the world. But lack of management and some irresponsible work of some people make this city unhealthy. It is a matter of sorrow that Dhaka is regarded second among all cities of the world as most inconvenient city. It is not only a sorrow but also image losing factor for Dhaka. So beautification of Dhaka is badly needed. That is why we have to put emphasis not only short term beautification but also long term beautification. DCC and other organization should focus on environment friendly beautification. Besides, there should be more allocation on this sector. It is easy to beautify the roads and other places but it’s maintenance task should be properly managed. As socio economic Dhaka is the most important city, so we city dwellers should love the city and increase it’s beauty and image of Dhaka City.	<urn:uuid:12202926-ee63-462c-91db-f01e7d6180f6>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://blablawriting.net/road-beautification-of-dhaka-city-essay	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz	en	0.945169	4,909	1.648438	2
HCMC – Vietnam Renewable Energy Joint Stock Company (REVN) on Wednesday started operating 20 turbines of its wind power plant with a capacity of 30MW in Binh Thuan Province’s Tuy Phong District, said the provincial Department of Industry and Trade. Keywords: windVietnam Renewable Energy Joint Stock CompanyBinh Thuan ProvinceTuy Phong DistrictThe Provincial Departmentproject Vietnam Recyclable Energy Joint-Stock Company (REVN) started operation of the first 20 turbines of a wind power plant in Binh Thanh Commune, Tuy Phong District, Binh Thuan Province at 3pm on April 18th, according to the Provincial Trade and Industry Department. Keywords: windIndustry DepartmentBinh Thanh CommuneTuy Phong DistrictBinh Thuan Provincegenerateaggregate On April 17 the German company Siemens-Vietnam held a seminar to present its latest wind power technologies. Keywords: windTechnologiesErdal ElverjustifyThe GermanVietnam By Alstom recently confirmed that it will produce Haliade 150 turbines for the consortium led by EDF Energies Nouvelles which will carry out three projects for the French government installing wind turbines off the coast of France. Keywords: windoffshoreFactoriesIn FrancecreatewillSolutions	<urn:uuid:26b04f14-0e3c-4a11-94b5-df9ffbc7161c>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://en.baomoi.com/Group/178449.epi	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00314-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.839265	287	1.515625	2
In the Name of Allah, The Most Gracious, Ever Merciful. Love for All, Hatred for None. NOTE: Alislam Team takes full responsibility for any errors or miscommunication in this Synopsis of the Friday Sermon Hudhur began the Friday Sermon by reading an Urdu poetic verse from a lengthy poem by Hadhrat Musleh Maud (may Allah be pleased with him). Its English translation is as follows: They make you Hussein-like and themselves become like Yazid, What a good bargain it is; let the enemy hurl arrows Explaining, Hudhur said this poem was written in 1935, advising patience and steadfastness, when commotion against the Community was at its height. He said today he will speak with reference to these two lines and not the poem as a whole. For every Muslim, the lines depict a most tragic and heartrending event in the history of Islam. However, only those who are being cruelly persecuted can have a true insight into these words. Every Muslim has sympathy and compassion regarding this event. Shia community expresses this in their own way every year during the month of Muharram. In our view they take it to the level of transgression, but it is their way. Today, who but the Ahmadiyya Community can encompass the tragedy of Karbala. In the aforementioned poetic verse two individuals are mentioned; both professed the Kalima (Muslim declaration of faith). Yet one comprehended the reality of the Kalima and was a victim, and the other perpetrated cruelty while disregarding the Kalima. Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) , along with his family and a few associates was martyred at Karbala. This was a continuation from the martyrdom of Hadhrat Usman (may Allah be pleased with him). This is what happens when taqwa lessens, personal gain overrides communal gain and worldly matters are given precedence over faith. The height of barbarity is committed and people of God are murdered in the name of God. People who profess the Kalima persecute others Kalima-followers, children are murdered and all manner of cruelty is perpetrated against people of God who sacrifice their all for God. What could be more unfortunate than to carry out brutality in the name of God and His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him)? The Qur’an states: ‘And whoso kills a believer intentionally, his reward shall be Hell wherein he shall abide. And Allah will be wroth with him and will curse him and will prepare for him a great punishment.’ (4:94) God’s most intense displeasure for such people is that they will be in Hell for a long period of time and His cruse is on them. This is indeed a most grievous punishment and it could not be more unfortunate that a person who professes the Kalima is given such a punishment. On the other hand, God states about those innocents against whom cruelty is perpetrated: ‘…they are living, in the presence of their Lord, and are granted gifts from Him...’ (3:170). Hudhur explained nothing could be a greater reward than this. The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) said that Hadhrat Hussein and Hassan (may Allah be pleased with them both) will be the leaders of young men in Paradise and prayed for them in these words: ‘O Allah, I love them, You too love them.’ One who acquired such a high status will certainly be the inheritor of lofty stations in Paradise and his murderers will receive God’s severe chastisement. Hudhur said we are currently going through the first ten days of the month of Muharram. On the 10th of Muharram, the beloved of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him), Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) was murdered. The barbaric people did not realise the station of the person they committed the violence against. When faith diminishes, all senses are erased and fear of God is gone and it becomes immaterial what station anyone holds in the sight of God and His Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him). The details of this martyrdom and what followed ensures one that the people who committed this may have uttered the Kalima but in fact they did not believe in God. The Holy Qur’an teaches justice and moderation even against the enemy and this includes the enemy who was in pursuit of eliminating Islam and the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him). It was forbidden to mutilate bodies during warfare as was the custom in Arabia. The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) had come to eradicate all such matters. But the beloved grand-son of God’s beloved Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) about whom he had also said, ‘one who loves my grandsons loves me and one who loves me loves God and owing to love of God will go to Paradise’ was treated in this barbaric way. Hudhur explained that those who truly love also hold dear the loved ones of their beloved. They do not claim to ardently love someone and only cherish their dear ones during their life-time. This cannot be the way of those who are connected to God. Once during the time of his Khilafat Hadhrat Abu Bakr (may Allah be pleased with him) was going somewhere when he saw Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) playing. He picked him up and said, ‘he was very dear to my master, the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him). That is why I am also expressing love to him.’ Hudhur added, yet how was he treated at Karbala and how was the teaching of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) disregarded. Traditions relate that when Hadhrat Hussein’s (may Allah be pleased with him) soldiers were overcome by the enemy he turned his horse towards the Euphrates. Someone said, ‘come in between the stream and them’ and people blocked his way and did not let him go to the river. A man threw an arrow at Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) which struck under his chin. Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) had been fighting the enemy on foot like a brilliant rider attacks while evading arrows. Prior to martyrdom he was heard saying; ‘By God, after me you will not murder anyone from among people of God on whose murder God will be angrier at you than my murder. By God, I hope that God will humiliate you and thus bless me. He will take my revenge in a way that will astonish you. By God, if you murder me, God will create a warring situation among you and your blood will be spilled. God will not suffice at this, so much so that a great punishment will be increased manifold for you’. After martyring Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) the people of Koofa (enemy) started pillaging the tents and even snatched coverings from the heads of women. A man cried out, who would stamp on the body of Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) with their horses. Ten riders responded and trampled his body with their horses, crushing his chest and back. Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) had 45 arrow inflicted wounds on his body. Another tradition relates he had 33 spear wounds and 47 sword wounds. The height of cruelty was that the head of Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) was sent to the governor of Koofa the next day who had it affixed in Koofa. What can be worse than this barbaric treatment? Only a most wicked enemy can mete out such a treatment but not one who professes the Kalima and believes in the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him), who had indeed most strictly forbidden such heinous practises. Indeed this was done by people who were materialistic and had exceeded all limits to attain their objective. It was their materialistic tendencies that had spurred Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) not to take the bai’at of Yazid. The Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) writes that people were unanimous on the bai’at of Yazid, the impure, but Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) did not accept him. Yet his effort was to have conciliation and he had sent most of his associates back and only a few remained with him. He told the representatives of Yazid that he did not want war and asked to be allowed to go to the border so that he could be martyred in the cause of Islam or asked to be taken to Yazid so that he could make him understand. However, war was imposed on him which he faced valiantly. He only had 70 odd people against a large army and they gave their lives for the right cause. God has His own ways of reckoning and vengeance. Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) had said that God will take revenge. Yazid had temporary success but who is known in good terms today? Which Muslim names his child after Yazid? Rather, he is remembered by the term the Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) used for him: Yazid, the impure. Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) did not wish for governance, he only wanted truth to prevail. Hadhrat Musleh Maud (may Allah be pleased with him) wrote that the principle which Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) stood for was that the people of a country, a community have the right of electing/choosing seat of Khilafat. A son cannot give this right to his father. He said this principle is as sacred today as it was before and Hadhrat Hussein’s (may Allah be pleased with him) martyrdom has made this even more prominent. After Yazid’s death, his son Muawiyah, named after his grandfather, took bai’at from people but then went to his house and did not emerge for 40 days. When he re-emerged, he announced that although he had taken bai’at on his hand, he did not consider himself worthy of it and had only done so to avoid divisions. He said if anyone was deserving of leadership, he would give it to them but he did not see anyone worthy of it. He said he too was not worthy of it as was not his father or his grandfather. He said his father was much less in station than Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) and his grandfather lesser than Hadhrat Ali (may Allah be pleased with him). For this reason, he said, he resigned from leadership and it was up to the people whose bai’at they wished to take. His mother who was listening to this in Purdah was extremely angry at him but Muawiyah said he had spoken the truth. He went home and did not come out again and died. Hudhur said it is a tremendous testimony that Yazid’s own son did not agree with his Khilafat. He had pondered over the matter with seriousness and decided that he was not prepared to take this burden on. The sacrifice of Hadhrat Imam Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) gives us many lessons. He gave his life to established truth. We should always pray to God to seek His help to keep us on the right path. The Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) wrote that Messiah/Jesus (on whom be peace) has been likened to Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) . This means that the Messiah to come will also partake of this metaphor. But the time of second Messiah will InshaAllah not repeat the matters which weakened Islam. Yet, we should always pray that there is no slip-up in our faith. One aspect that God will not repeat is regarding Khilafat, which will now be constant. This was foretold by the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) and the Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) also explained it that some matters will not be repeated. He said that the first Messiah was put on the Cross by the Jews whereas he will be breaking the Cross. Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) was martyred by Yazid whereas through the people of the second Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him), the throngs of Yazid will be defeated. Hudhur said the month of Muharram teaches us to always send blessings and salutations (Durud) on the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) and his family and bring about pure changes in ourselves to play our role. We should display steadfastness in front of people with Yazid-like nature and be resolute. Only the Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) -like will be successful. God has commanded prayer and patience. Patience does not only signify enduring cruelty but also entails doing pious works with resolve. To express the truth without any fear is also patience. We should always abide by the model of Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) to partake of a measure of the triumph that is destined with the Promised Messiah (on whom be peace). Hudhur said Durud is most significant, ahadith draw our attention to it, the Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) drew our attention to it and most significantly, the Holy Qur’an draws our attention to it. We should concentrate on it especially during this month. Hadhrat Khalifatul Masih IV (may Allah have mercy on him) once initiated this and today Hudhur echoed it. Hudhur said invoking Durud was the most excellent way of expressing one’s sentiments about Karbala. It is a very good way of expressing love for the beloved of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him). Hudhur prayed that may God enable us to especially say the Durud these days and may it also be a source of personal and communal blessings for us. Hudhur read an extract from the writings of the Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) regarding which he said every Ahmadi should have it in his/her view. The Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) said that it should be very clear that anyone who says that God forbid Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) did not take bai’at of the Khalifa and was rebellious is a great liar. He said that it is our belief that Yazid was an impure person who did not fulfil what a true believer signifies. Love of world had blinded him whereas Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) was pure and among those chosen people whom God purifies Himself. He was among those who are of Paradise. His devotion to God is a model for us. Destroyed is the heart who is his enemy and successful is the heart that demonstrates his love by practice. It is extreme lack of faith to deride Hadhrat Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him), one who does this, wastes his faith. Hudhur prayed that may God always enable us to love the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be on him) and his family and also to send Durud on him. Hudhur said we should pray that may God remove the cruelty that is being perpetrated in the name of God and His Prophet in Pakistan and some other countries. Sectarian disturbances between Shia and Sunni people take place during Muharram and terrorist activities are also committed. May God protect from those and may this month pass in peace for Muslims countries. May they understand the objective of martyrdom of Hadhrat Imam Hussein (may Allah be pleased with him) and also recognise the Imam of the age. Next Hudhur announced that he would lead Funeral Prayers in absentia of three people: Mehdi Tapani sahib was from Zimbabwe where he had served as the national Tabligh secretary. He passed away on 15 Nov. He had taken his bai’at in 1990, was very helpful in acquiring land for a mosque. He leaves behind his widow, five sons and two daughters who are all married and are Ahmadis. AlHaaj Abu Bakr Gai sahib was from the Gambia. He passed away on 2 December. He took his bai’at in 2004 although from 1999 to 2004 he had worked as a doctor under the Nusrat Jehan scheme. He became a minster of health for the Gambian government in 2009. After his bai’at in 2004, he was foremost in chanda contributions and was very active in Tabligh work. He always said that he had experienced a miraculous spiritual change since taking bai’at. He had a great connection with Khilafat. Hudhur said his governmental position was helpful to us, may God provide us with a good substitute. Izzatul Nisa sahiba, who passed away on 17 November in Bangladesh was the mother of our missionary and in-charge Bangla desk Feroz Alam sahib. She was a very pious lady, very regular with her Salat and Tahajjud. She was a sincere Ahmadi. She had taken great care of the education of her children and in spite of having a humble background cared for others in the family who were disadvantaged. She had tremendous devotion for the Promised Messiah (on whom be peace) and Khilafat and told our detractors they had no idea of the blessings they were rejecting. She was a Moosia and leaves behind three sons and five daughters. May God elevate her station in Paradise and grant steadfastness to the bereaved. The Jumu'ah (Friday) prayer is one form of congregational worship in Islam. It takes place every Friday. Regular attendance at the Jumu'ah prayer is enjoined on the believer. According to a Saying of Muhammadsa this congregational prayer is twenty-five times more blessed than worship performed alone. (Bukhari) “O ye who believe! When the call is made for Prayer on Friday, hasten to the remembrance of Allah, and leave off all business. That is best for you, if you only knew.” more “… (He who) offers the Prayers and listens quitely when the Imam stands up for sermon, will have his sins forgiven between that Friday and the next”(Bukhari)	<urn:uuid:105d4512-a0b9-453c-8e52-6911ed5fbdde>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.alislam.org/friday-sermon/index2.php?d=2010-12-10	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00301-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.982849	3,920	2.328125	2
In a rare show of support for the American people, the US House of Representatives passed the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act almost unanimously. I say "almost" because there were still three congressmen who voted against the bill. I won't rake Congressmen Jeff Flake, Ron Paul, and Ed Royce over the coals yet, because I've been unable to find out why they didn't join 420 bi-partisan colleagues to pass it. H.R. 493 – which could also have been called the "I Can't Believe We Actually Need a Law to Make This Illegal" Act – prevents companies and insurance companies from using your genetic makeup when making both human resource (employment) or health insurance coverage decisions - which is great news for companies as well as their employees. Ask the CEO of any company – from small, family-run businesses to Fortune 500 companies – what expense has skyrocketed in recent years, and they will most likely tell you health insurance premiums for their employees. But thanks to GINA, health insurance carriers are barred from requiring genetic tests when fixing premiums for group plans or asking plan members to submit to genetic testing. Perhaps it might even prevent companies from using the tired old meme that it costs more to hire not-so-fit employees – although I'm not sure what their criteria are because my applications as a salaried employee have never asked about my weight… Of all the things that a candidate looking for a job should be worrying about, his or her family's health history shouldn't be one of them. So, while good things rarely happen quickly in Washington DC, occasionally they do come! Let's just hope that the Senate manages a similar vote once this bill hits the floor.	<urn:uuid:f89b6089-64aa-43c2-b446-875980fb3aa5>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.management-issues.com/news/4130/thumbs-down-for-genetic-apartheid/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00270.warc.gz	en	0.977769	350	1.554688	2
Monday, February 25th Emerging Leaders Workshop: Leadership and the Media w/Gary Kenton Does the media adequately inform the marketplace of ideas necessary for a functioning democracy? What are the ethical responsibilities of leaders to provide accurate and credible information? Is there a general bias in the media, liberal or conservative? What are the impacts of the Internet on the way we access information? Join us in exploring some of the important questions raised in our information age.	<urn:uuid:fe99f838-7115-42ae-8821-f8c3a9836637>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.marist.edu/events/2013/02/25/2257/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.727894	92	2.03125	2
Gold - and the US Savings Bomb Americans aren't saving anymore. The US personal savings rate has gone out the window. Already decried as "too low" in 1996, when it still boasted a (relatively) healthy 4%, it has dropped almost to the floor at the current near-zero rate of 0.2%. You can almost hear the mechanical voice over the loudspeakers: "Impact in zero point oh-three seconds!" Why did this happen? The reasons are so many, it's hard to count them all, but here are the two most important ones: - Americans have been suckered (forced) into drawing down their savings accounts and throwing money at the stock market. - Americans have been suckered (forced) to live beyond their means in order to keep their own (and thereby the world's) economy going. These two reasons have one - and only one - undeniable, inevitable consequence: there are natural limits to these excesses, and when these limits are reached, there will be hell to pay! The limits are being reached as you read these lines. To make point number one, it is not even necessary to waste a lot of words. All it takes is a quick look at a chart appearing in a Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco publication from 2002: To make point number two, we only need to read news reports on the 'euro vs dollar' situation. Points made by analysts in gold investment circles two years ago - which were promptly ridiculed or ignored by the financial media as "extreme" - are now commonplace. Here are two examples: Example 1: The current account deficit problem. Until only a few months ago, it was reported and greeted with an extensive yawn by everyone. The dollar continued to have occasional up-ticks in its mid-2004 bear rally. Nobody talked about it - except in gold-analyst circles. Today, you cannot find a news report on currencies that does not mention the problem, and they go on and on about it. Example No. 2: US consumers are consuming too much - but, oh shucks! The entire world economy depends on them continuing to do so, so we'd better leave it alone - lest we rock the boat to much and have to start treading water! Well, now everyone is writing about it as if only ignorant boob-heads could be unaware of it. I would like to ask the gentlemen and women of the press: why didn't you write about it earlier? Were you an ignorant boob-head then, or did you know - and were told not to write about it? The real reason for all of the dislocations we are witnessing in the world financial system must still be searched for in vain in the mainstream press. That reason happens to be that a world-wide, centrally mandated fiat currency regime that is dependent upon a purely fiat "reserve" currency can result in nothing less. The reserve currency issuer (the US since Bretton-Woods) was literally forced to print more and more dollars to accommodate the tremendous demand stemming from a developing globalized trade system. This function, which used to be fulfilled by gold for centuries, needed a substitute. Hence the US government's smoke-screen that the dollar was "as good as gold." At first, the dollar was at least internationally backed by the US stash of public gold. When a wolrd-wide dollar-glut developed in the late sixties, the French got smart and decided to cash in their dollar-claims for gold, which promptly threatened to bankrupt the US Treasury, so Nixon closed the gold window in 1971. But the simple fact that the dollar was now literally worth"less" didn't dissuade the world from needing it, precisely because there was now no gold available to back it (thanks to the IMF countries agreeing that no member-currency shall be tied to gold in any way). The world still needed a commonly accepted medium of international trade and an international "reserve" currency upon which other countries could pyramid their own inflation schemes. And the US was only too happy to oblige. Being able to print the world's trade and reserve currency without fear of excessive demands on US gold reserves freed the US to basically write uncovered checks for whatever it needed - with the only promise implicit in the deal being that this reckless check-writing shall continue in perpetuity. All of these hot checks written by the Fed, and the world's lack of a viable alternative (not true, but we'll get to that later) guaranteed the US a free lunch if there ever has been such a thing in the history of the world. But the world itself didn't make out too shabby, either. As a result of American profligacy, the other countries of the world were able to print their own monies to their heart's content, knowing that there would always be enough dollars floating around the system to be able to cash their own currencies in, exchange them for dollars, and buy and sell goods they produced and exported and imported to each other. And whom did they sell to? They sold primarily to the bad, wasteful, arrogant Americans, who imported and consumed a high percentage of what the world put out in terms of raw materials and consumer products. This was especially true with the exports of Europe and Japan, and more recently also of the other Asian exporters - and most recently also of China. So, the oft-decried spend-happiness of the American consumer (you and me) was directly responsible for the success of the Asian-Rim exporters and the general increase in world trade and prosperity. But that artificial prosperity came at a high price. In the process, Americans had to reach deep into their pockets. On top of that, and in order to perpetuate this phenomenon past its usual short-lived life-span, the US Fed had to drive interest rates lower ... and lower ... and lower still, and pump up the US money supply higher ... and higher ... and higher still. The direct result of lower and lower interest rates was a booming stock market that left American consumers no other choice but to liquidate their savings (which now yielded less and less interest) and throw them at the stock market (which went ever and ever higher as all of the excess money-production by the Fed was looking for a natural "home"!) In addition to that, foreigners saw no reason to invest much money in their own economies during the nineties and invested in "Amerika" as well, driving stock-valuations ever and ever higher still. Especially since the 9-11 massacre, it has become very clear to all that the very last thing, the only thing that still held the US economy up was the US consumer's spending - and borrowing - and spending even more. No wonder the US savings rate went to crap. And now we are five milliseconds before impact, and we're wondering what to do. Hand-wringing abounds in (knowledgeable) investor and financial circles. The Hatch Has A Catch They know that this situation is untenable. They know that the pressure cooker is about to blow. They know that this dollar-reserve system cannot stand the pressure for much longer. They have built themselves an escape hatch - but the escape hatch has a catch. (That's almost Dr. Seuss-like poetry, isn't it?) The catch is that these Asian export giants like Japan and China can't afford to just liquidate their dollar-holdings and exchange them for euros. If they do, the US goes under, and all of their (predominantly dollar-denominated) foreign currency reserves lose most of their value. So, with each round of liquidation, two things would happen: (1)their dollar holdings would lose value and (2) the much-desired euros would eventually become prohibitively expensive. That would leave them with less and less buying power to buy what is becoming more and more expensive over time - the euro. On top of that, their liquidation of US treasuries would drive US interest rates sky-high, crushing the US consumer (who powers their economies) under the weight of his debt-servicing costs. A bad deal, all the way around. So they all thought: "Well, if we can just "smooth this process out" and prolong it as much as possible, maybe, just maybe, we can avert this terrible disaster." That's what they tried this summer when the dollar jumped and the euro slumped and gold was pushed down the drain pipe - for a while. But it didn't work. The Empire Fights Back The US, being pushed to the wall by the impending transition to the euro and the accompanying threat of losing its reserve-currency-printing-privileges, started to fight back. The US elites know that the world wants off the dollar. They know that the euro is capable of "taking over" - so they did what nobody expected: they are letting the dollar fall faster and harder than anyone is comfortable with in an attempt to kill the economies that support the euro - and so the euro itself. No more competition - problem solved. Or is it? Nope. This gamble isn't working, either. The problem is not the euro. The problems is not even the dollar. The problem is a world-wide, mandatory fiat system built upon nothing but debt - and on the assumption that centralized government and banking power will be able to balance that inverted debt-pyramid forever and ever. Right now, the world fiat-system is stuck! Foreign central bank potentates are graciously admonishing the US consumer to start saving more to help balance the current account deficit. But US consumers cannot, will not, increase their savings rate unless interest rates on savings accounts, CDs, and government bonds become more attractive than (hoped-for) stock market gains. When that happens, they will stop spending - which we all know is the only thing holding this world-wide inverted debt-pyramid up as we speak. When that happens they will stop investing, and the Dow, that pop-idol-like symbol of American economic might, will collapse. When the Dow collapses, the world will stop sending us money to prop up the Dow. They will see the writing on the wall and either stop investing or pull out every other kind of US investment they own. When that happens, the US economy will collapse even further, and the US "engine of global economic growth" will simply blow up. This will leave the Japanese and Chinese to exporting their wares to each other and to Europe - but we all know what kind of shape the European economies are in. So the Chinese "wonder-economy" will blow up, too. That will set up a chain reaction that will blow out every single economy on the face of the globe, just like a string of Chinese firecrackers at a Lunar New Year's celebration. And all that will happen because some stupid world bankers thought they could control the assets of the entire world by making us dependent on their hellish spawn: a purely debt-based, world-wide fiat monetary system. There is only one antidote. We must run away from this debt-based system and go back to real value - value that does not depend on someone else's promise (or lie). And the only real value capable of functioning as a currency is represented by gold and silver. Like it or not. There are many arguments why the world could not possibly go back to a classical gold standard. Those arguments are, in fact, correct. But there is nothing on earth (or in Heaven) that prevents the world from going forward instead, to a 100% Bullion-Weight Standard. So what if there isn't enough gold around to exchange all of those outstanding paper-claims into it? Just toss out the paper claims altogether. No matter how little gold there is, everything in the world can be set in a price determined only in pure bullion weight, not in "dollar", Francs", "Lira", or even "Euros" or "Yuan". And the price of silver in terms of gold (or gold in terms of silver) can be freely set by the market. No central banks needed, here! No artificial government pronouncements or decrees are necessary to do this. The market may not be infallible or all-knowing, but it is the only truly efficient price and interest-rate-setting device that has existed in human history - and it is not dependent on centralized control by a super-computer somewhere (or Alan Greenspan's precarious synaptic activity)! The problem with all of modern world finance is that the concept of a "Money-Unit" has never been properly defined. This has allowed the bankers (i.e., usurers) of the world to grab hold of all value (which they could previously not control) and turn it into something they could control: debt and its issuance. Or, at least they thought they could. Turns out now that these sorcerer's apprentices don't know how to stop all those brooms from bringing water into the house. The only thing is that, in this real life story, there is no "sorcerer" who's coming home to save the day and bail out the apprentices. But you can help by bailing yourself out. Let the manipulators of the world fend for themselves when the day comes. You have your own family to take care of. And the only way to do that is to return to using real gold and silver, and maybe copper, as currency. And that currency had better be a private issue. Letting the "apprentices" back in on the game would be inviting disaster all over again.	<urn:uuid:2996c3d4-8c34-42b9-b747-b2c9cf487f6a>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.safehaven.com/article/2302/gold-and-the-us-savings-bomb	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00128-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963104	2,851	1.789063	2
- Current political and economic issues succinctly explained. This publication is now archived. China has stepped up its purchases of U.S. treasuries in recent years, and in September 2008, it surpassed Japan as the largest holder of U.S. debt. This has fueled a relationship of dependency between the United States and China, whereby China has lent to the United States to help fuel its export industry, and U.S. consumers have, in turn, demanded more Chinese imports and further access to cheap credit. The relationship attracted increasing scrutiny in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, as the United States’ massive stimulus outlays and loose monetary and fiscal policies fueled doubts about the U.S. economy and the value of its debt. Economists have warned that the relationship has contributed to a large U.S. current account deficit--$470.2 billion for 2010--and an expanding Chinese current account surplus--$306.2 billion for 2010--putting pressure on the global economy. In 2010, the U.S. goods trade deficit with China hit a record high of $273.1 billion. Some U.S. economists and policymakers have blamed the trade imbalance on China for allegedly holding its currency well below market value. In a highly contested move, the U.S. Senate moved to sanction China for being a "currency manipulator" in October 2011. China responded by threatening a so-called trade war. The measure is unlikely to pass the House of Representatives, but economists say it is indicative of a growing strain of protectionism in U.S. economic policy. China’s U.S. Debt Holdings As of August 2011, China held $1.14 trillion (Xinhua) of its $3.26 trillion in foreign reserves in U.S. treasuries. This figure represents enormous growth in China’s U.S. dollar holdings over the past decade, which, in January 2001, amounted to less than $100 billion. Many economists attribute the buildup to China’s export-led growth strategy and exchange rate policies over the past decade. China began pegging its currency to the dollar in the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1998. That peg continued until July 2005, as China bought or sold as many dollar-denominated assets as were needed to stabilize its exchange rate against the dollar. By mid-2004, China had developed a large trade surplus with the United States. After facing the prospect of an economic slump during the SARS pandemic in 2005, when China pumped money into the economy to stimulate growth, it announced in July of that year that it would allow a 2.1 percent revaluation of the yuan to ease the inflationary pressures caused by excess liquidity. The yuan appreciated by nearly 20 percent against the dollar (Economist) between 2005 and 2008 in a so-called managed float. At that point, many economists say, China moved back to a fixed exchange rate to prevent its export markets from collapsing during the global financial crisis. Chinese authorities did not announce an official change in policy during this period. Instead, experts "infer it from the fact that the rate hasn’t moved," says CFR’s Adjunct Senior Fellow for International Economics Steven Dunaway. An Undervalued Yuan U.S. policymakers, businesses, and labor groups have argued that the Chinese currency is undervalued by as much as 40 percent against the dollar, making Chinese exports--such as steel pipes and tires--to the United States cheaper, while putting massive dollar flows in the hands of the Chinese. Critics contend that undervaluation of the yuan has expanded the U.S. trade deficit with China, hurting U.S. manufacturers and depressing U.S. employment, which continues to hover above 9 percent. As evidence that the yuan is "significantly undervalued" (PDF), the U.S.-funded nonpartisan Congressional Research Service cited the sharp increase in China’s foreign exchange reserves from $403 billion to $1.5 trillion between 2003 and 2007, and China’s large trade surplus totaling $268 billion in 2007. In 2010, the country’s foreign exchange reserves had climbed to around $3.2 trillion, and its trade surplus had narrowed to $183.1 billion. U.S. financial regulatory failures ultimately forced trade surpluses on China. --Albert Keidel According to Uri Dadush, director of the international economics program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the main indicator that the yuan is undervalued is that China continues to accumulate large foreign exchange reserves. That, Dadush says, is "indicative of China’s intervention in the market to keep the yuan from rising." Others disagree with the notion that an undervalued yuan is the root cause of China’s trade surplus and buildup of U.S. dollar reserves. The Atlantic Council’s Albert Keidel argues China’s buildup of U.S. dollar reserves is not a result of its exchange rate policy but derives instead from the lax U.S. financial regulations that fueled highly leveraged over-borrowing and overconsumption of Chinese exports. "U.S. financial regulatory failures ultimately forced trade surpluses on China," says Keidel. Governments build foreign exchange reserves to fend off speculation against their currencies as they liberalize their financial markets, he says. A Currency "Manipulator"? Some economists question whether China’s exchange rate policies vis-à-vis the United States and its use of U.S. dollar reserves can be considered "predatory"--designed to depress the value of the yuan and push cheap Chinese goods into U.S. markets. Under the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act, the Treasury Department is required to report annually on the exchange rate policies of countries with large trade surpluses with the United States to determine if they "manipulate" their currencies against the dollar to prevent "effective balance of payments adjustments or to gain an unfair competitive advantage in international trade." The Treasury Department has not labeled China, or any other country, a currency manipulator. Treasury reports since China’s July 2005 policy change have been increasingly critical of China but have avoided using the term "manipulation," which could prompt a dispute at the World Trade Organization. In Senate hearings at his nomination for U.S. Treasury secretary in January 2009, Timothy Geithner responded to allegations of China’s alleged currency manipulation by saying it was a "significant issue" and that China should have "a more flexible exchange rate system." While the Obama administration has taken a relatively cautious approach to dealing with the currency issue, congressional leaders on both sides of the aisle have been more aggressive. On October 11, 2011, the U.S. Senate passed a bill that would impose tariffs (PDF) on Chinese imports to the United States in an effort to pressure China to allow its currency to appreciate at a faster pace. The speaker of the House of Representatives, John Boehner, has said his chamber will not take up the legislation. For its part, China deemed the Senate measure protectionist (BBC) and warned that the bill "obstructs China-U.S. economic relations and trade." Dadush says the Senate’s move is a misguided effort to force China’s hand. He argues that a weak Chinese currency does not fully explain the U.S.-Chinese bilateral trade deficit. "It’s a simplistic interpretation." Plus, he notes, China’s currency has appreciated by 6 percent (NYT) in the past year. "It is moving in the right direction," he says. Similarly, data compiled by the Congressional Research Service (PDF) demonstrates that the Chinese trade surplus is more complicated than simple currency devaluation. The report cites data showing that increasing productivity in Chinese export firms--a factor unrelated to exchange rates--has contributed to Chinese export growth. There is also evidence to suggest that much of the U.S. trade deficit from China comes from the many export-oriented U.S. multinational companies that have moved production to China to take advantage of its low labor costs. In 1986, only 1.9 percent of China’s exports came from foreign-investment enterprises in China; in 2006, the share rose to 58.2 percent (PDF), a CRS report notes. Some economists argue that the use of foreign inputs in Chinese exports also dilutes the relationship between exchange rates and U.S.-China imbalances. In a November 2010 paper, analysts Yuqing Xing and Neal Detert use U.S. company Apple and its highly successful iPhone product to illustrate how structural shifts in global production networks (PDF) have transformed conventional trade patterns. Technological software for iPhones is developed in the United States, while completed iPhones are exported by China to the United States. China is merely an assembly center, adding $6.50 to the $178.96 wholesale value of the product, they say, but when trade statistics are calculated, it ends up getting credit for the full value of the iPhone. "Conventional trade statistics greatly inflate bilateral trade deficits between a country used as an export-platform by multinational firms and its destination countries," they write. At the same time, in a 2010 white paper on doing business in China, the American Chamber of Commerce in China said it was "concerned that the [United States] is placing disproportionate emphasis on [yuan] valuation." Revaluing China’s currency "would likely result only in a modest decrease in the current trade deficit" between the United States and China, whereas "focusing on other price distortions, such as factor pricing [the cost of labor or resources] in China, would possibly result in greater adjustments." Risks to the U.S. and Global Economies Critics of China’s exchange rate policies and its trade surplus say the resulting buildup of China’s dollar reserves threatens growth and stability in the U.S. economy. The Peterson Institute’s C. Fred Bergsten has said that China’s policy of keeping the yuan undervalued leads to a "sizeable dollar overvaluation" and rising trade deficits. These deficits in turn provoke industry leaders to ramp up pressure for protectionist U.S. trade policies. Without addressing the root of the problem--America’s chronic saving shortfall--it is ludicrous to believe that there can be a bilateral solution for a multilateral problem. --Stephen S. Roach Another concern is whether the United States can continue to rely on China to buy U.S. debt as U.S. deficits grow. Some analysts contend that the U.S. economy would suffer a significant blow if it lost the favorable interest rates offered by China to finance its debt. In August 2011, credit rating agency Standard and Poor’s downgraded U.S. debt by one notch for the first time in history, igniting a debate over whether U.S. treasuries will still remain the safest asset in the world. Following the unprecedented move, China sold $36.5 billion in U.S. treasuries, bringing it to $1.137 trillion, its lowest level in a year. Still, experts say there are few other choices besides the United States in which China can safely invest its large foreign reserve holdings. "The alternatives," says Carnegie’s Dadush, "are European government bonds and Japanese government bonds, neither of which are very appetizing." U.S. Policy Implications Many U.S. policymakers have called for China to wean itself off export dependence and build up domestic consumption to correct the "global imbalances" that drew so many U.S. dollars to China in the first place. The Obama administration and G20 leaders, including Chinese President Hu Jintao, pledged at September 2009’s Pittsburgh summit (PDF) to develop a program to address these imbalances and undertake "monetary policies consistent with price stability in the context of market-oriented exchange rates." In addition to the recent U.S. Senate legislation targeting China, U.S. congressional leaders have also proposed ways to act against China through international bodies, including the International Monetary Fund and the WTO. "The IMF has never labeled a country a currency manipulator, but it’s something they need to think about, because if there’s no pressure, there’s no change," says Dunaway, a former IMF official on Asia. He says China returned to a largely fixed exchange rate in 2008 in part because "the issue dropped off the agenda" globally. Other experts question the efficacy of appeals to international institutions. In a December 2008 paper (PDF), Stanford University’s Robert Staiger and Alan Sykes write that proving China’s violation of WTO commitments vis-à-vis its currency policies would be difficult. They dispute the notion that currency devaluation alters trade balances in the long run. Some say focusing on China’s currency is merely a distraction from other drivers of U.S. debt, such as structural fiscal deficits and a low level of personal savings. Morgan Stanley Asia Chairman Stephen S. Roach notes that the United States runs trade deficits with eighty-seven other countries (GulfNews). "Without addressing the root of the problem--America’s chronic saving shortfall--it is ludicrous to believe that there can be a bilateral solution for a multilateral problem."	<urn:uuid:4aa38227-2409-442b-b90c-a4c82e4afe6c>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/confronting-us-china-economic-imbalances	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00067.warc.gz	en	0.947349	2,779	2.78125	3
Wednesday December 15, 2021 Du Nord Craft Spirits is known in the industry as the nation’s first Black-owned micro distillery. It’s a distinction founder Chris Montana would like to shed. “I’m sick of being the ‘Black’ distiller,” Montana says. “I want it to be irrelevant, but the only way to do that is to get more people into the industry.” A year after the Minneapolis distiller nearly burned to the ground when protests turned violent following the murder of George Floyd, Du Nord is poised to take off nationally thanks to a partnership with Delta Airlines that puts its Foundation Vodka on all domestic flights. Du Nord’s first Delta order required more proof gallons than the small company had produced in its entire eight-year history. “To make Delta work is a Herculean lift,” Montana said. One that required partners like Jack Daniels to help Du Nord step up its manufacturing. “When Delta Airlines reached out…I told them we hardly have a distillery,” Montana said. “They made it clear they understood this would be a special deal…the business community has stepped up in a tremendous way.” It’s the same approach Montana takes to hiring at Du Nord, where the entire leadership team, besides himself, is female and 44 percent of the staff is people of color. “We had to hire people who didn’t know everything already. People who didn’t have all the skills, but are good people and wanted to work hard. We are a force for diversification in the industry and I hope our model gets stolen.” Getting to this point of being a successful business owner and role model isn’t something Montana could have imagined when he was a troubled teen experiencing homelessness. He shares his story of adoption, learning to believe in himself, becoming a lawyer, and then a business founder too stubborn to throw in the towel even when time and again, many around him thought he should. Today, in addition to growing national distribution deals, Du Nord runs a foundation to support its community and is working to create a business incubator for other founders in Minneapolis. “Whenever we took a step toward the community,” says Montana, “good things happened.” Following our conversation with Montana we go Back to the Classroom with the University of St. Thomas Opus College of Business. Associate professor Nakeisha Lewis, ambassador of diversity, equity, and inclusion, urges companies to examine inherent barriers and think about how to create a more inclusive culture. When it comes to hiring, she says, “Rather than looking for the right degree, think about what unique perspective a person could bring to the role.” Focus on purpose and passion, Lewis says. “When Du Nord leaned into serving first, then they found the profits.”	<urn:uuid:97290ede-37f3-4db4-87b4-951fa9287bce>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://tcbmag.com/podcast/chris-montana/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00272.warc.gz	en	0.968602	617	1.71875	2
The Model Meter is an interactive art installation developed by a member of the AnyBody London team, Stephanie Heart, to visually highlight the fact that 95% of women and girls are excluded from the images they consume in the media. The Model Meter illustrates the “ideal” proportions of a runway model (34-24-34 inches) and invites users to stand behind the Model Meter, and "break the mold" of this unrealistic social ideal. AnyBody Argentina has been using the Model Meter as part of their Size Law campaign to emphasize the issues behind the lack of available sizes in many Argentine clothing stores and the problems with the “one size fits all” approach. AnyBody Argentina members "break the mold" behind our Model Meter AnyBody Argentina took the Model Meter onto the streets on 8th and 9th of July (Argentina’s Independence Day) and on the 8th of December and invited people to “independizar” (liberate) their bodies by interacting with the structure, taking a photo behind it if they choose, and signing our petition calling for the creation of a coherent, inclusive and national size law. After collecting hundreds of signatures, we transferred our petition online, asking for a national, coherente and inclusive size law. The origins of the Model Meter: The Model Meter was created by Stephanie Heart, a member of the AnyBody/UK Endangered Bodies team. She presented it at the first Endangered Species international summit in London on 6 of March 2011.	<urn:uuid:679f6eb1-7b9b-422e-8985-09a8949985b4>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://buenosaires.endangeredbodies.org/model_meter_2012	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00064-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.93845	315	1.65625	2
How do I begin to invest in the stock market? Learn to Invest in Stocks in 10 Steps - Determine Your Goals. - Put Some Money to the Side. - Open a Retirement Account. - Start Investing with a Low-Cost Online Service. - Begin with Mutual Funds or Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) - Stay with Index Funds. - Use Dollar-Cost Averaging. - Get Some Investment Education. Can you invest in stock with $1? In some cases, you can get started with as little as $1. Stocks and exchange-traded funds can only be bought in whole units at many brokers. … Now, firms including Charles Schwab, Robinhood, Square, SoFi and Stash all allow investors to buy fractional shares of individual stocks and, in some cases, ETFs, for $1 or more. What is it to invest in a stock? A stock is an investment. When you purchase a company’s stock, you’re purchasing a small piece of that company, called a share. Investors purchase stocks in companies they think will go up in value. If that happens, the company’s stock increases in value as well. The stock can then be sold for a profit. Is it a good idea to invest in stock right now? The stock market is richly valued today, but there are still good deals to be found. Over the long term, stocks are a sound way to profit from future inflation and the growing earnings of a well-run company. Now is a great time to buy for the long term. Investors should have a time horizon of at least five to 10 years. What should a beginner invest in? Here are six investments that are well-suited for beginner investors. - A 401(k) or other employer retirement plan. … - A robo-advisor. … - Target-date mutual funds. … - Index funds. … - Exchange-traded funds. … - Investment apps. What are the 4 types of investments? There are four main investment types, or asset classes, that you can choose from, each with distinct characteristics, risks and benefits. - Growth investments. … - Shares. … - Property. … - Defensive investments. … - Cash. … - Fixed interest. Can you get rich from penny stocks? Unlike popular opinion may suggest, you can definitely make money with penny stocks. The key to doing so is finding the best penny stocks to buy. When it comes to trading, you should also consider the timing of the trade and how long you plan to hold the stock; the keyword is a plan. Can I invest 500 dollars in stocks? Here’s our guide to how to invest 500 dollars. Although your investment options will be limited, you’ll still be able to invest in the stock market and come out with a decent profit. Now could be an excellent time to start investing, as stock prices on companies are lower than they’ve been in months. How do I make money from stocks? When stocks appreciate in value and are worth more than the investor paid to buy the stock, that’s a positive outcome for investors. To earn dividend payments. When a publicly-traded company pays out dividends to shareholders, that adds value (and income) for the shareholder. To gain influence at a company. What is best stock to buy today? Best Value StocksPrice ($)Market Cap ($B)Brookfield Property REIT Inc. (BPYU)11.820.7Brighthouse Financial Inc. (BHF)26.512.5NRG Energy Inc. (NRG)29.707.3 What should I invest in to make money 2020? Here are the best investments in 2020: - High-yield savings accounts. - Certificates of deposit. - Money market accounts. - Treasury securities. - Government bond funds. - Short-term corporate bond funds. - S&P 500 index funds. - Dividend stock funds. What stocks are undervalued right now? Undervalued Growth StocksSymbolNamePrice (Intraday)PNCThe PNC Financial Services Group, Inc.108.25BERYBerry Global Group, Inc.52.37AEGAegon N.V.2.7300NRGNRG Energy, Inc.34.43 What are the best cheap stocks to buy right now? The 7 Best Cheap Stocks Under $10 Right Now - Aegon (NYSE:AEG) - Arcimoto (NASDAQ:FUV) - Biomerica (NASDAQ:BMRA) - Gaia (NASDAQ:GAIA) - Garrett Motion (NYSE:GTX) - Harmony Gold (NYSE:HMY) - Nomura Holdings (NYSE:NMR)	<urn:uuid:387a774f-3ed3-453d-a365-2e55eead10c3>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://absolute-investments.com/questions-answers-about-investments/how-to-invest-in-stock.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00479.warc.gz	en	0.904944	1,034	2.203125	2
We’re increasingly opting for meals without any meat, fish or dairy in them. Vegan meals now account for 1 in 8 meals we prepare at home, according to our usage panel data. This equates to an additional 350 million plates of food that are now vegan-friendly, compared to 5 years ago. However, just 1.9% of households include someone who follows a vegan diet.* Looking at our TGI data, 11% of adults in Britain (6 million people) agree with the statement ‘I prefer vegan food and drink’ and this has remained relatively static over the past five years. Who is going plant-based? It is important to note that the rise in the consumption of plant-based meals is not driven solely by vegans. Millennial consumers are a key demographic when it comes to veganism… 36% of vegans are aged 25-34 years old (index 266 vs total population). Whilst young females are another significant target group for veganism, plant-based meals are eaten by a far broader demographic and one representative of the wider population. Soups are the most popular choice for when we opt for plant-based meals. World cuisines such as pizza, pasta and Indian dishes are also favoured. Why are we switching to plant-based cuisine? - Health: There is a desire amongst consumers to improve their health by reducing their consumption of red meat. This is an underlying trend that has been gaining momentum for years. COVID-19 has softened the shift, but it’s likely to continue. - Society: There is some societal and media pressure to go vegan… but the noise surrounding red meat consumption and shifts towards plant based eating is louder than the reality! (1 in 5 of us claim to be buying less red meat, but even prior to lockdown our red meat consumption had dropped just 3% vs 2017.) - Innovation: There is a surge meat alternatives and new product development in this space. Availability is helping to make it easier for consumers go meat free. Compared to 2017, +1.1m more people are eating meat substitutes in an average week. 9% of the population now do so on a weekly basis. - Affordability: Removing meat or fish from the overall plate saves consumers money, which may become more of a consideration if we enter a recession. Value for money will be a key message. The average cost of a meat-free evening meal is £0.95… vs. £2.02 if meat or fish is on the plate. It’s not just food and drink 10% of adults agree ‘I always buy vegan products (excluding food) where possible’. Those who agree with this statement are over three quarters more likely than the average adult to be aged 15-24 (a quarter are in this age group compared to 14% of adults generally). They are also more likely to come from a relatively well-off background – they are 44% more likely than the average adult to have a family income of £75,000 or more (8% do so vs 6% of adults generally). Attitudinally, fans of all things vegan are particularly likely compared to the average adult to admit to being influenced by celebrities, and wish to stand out. Amongst those who agree ‘I always buy vegan products (excluding food) where possible’: - 26% agree ‘Celebrities influence my purchase decisions’, compared to 7% of adults generally - 37% agree ‘I like to stand out in a crowd’, compared to 16% of adults generally - 27% agree ‘My car should catch people’s attention’, compared to 12% of adults generally - 32% agree ‘I spend a lot on clothes’, compared to 15% of adults generally In terms of engaging vegans, there are a variety of media of which these users of vegan products are particularly likely to be amongst the top fifth of consumers. These include cinema (81% more likely than the average adult), outdoor media (53% more likely) and social media (48% more likely). - Kantar Usage panel, 52w/e 05 Sep 2021 vs Sep 2017 - GB TGI data (fieldwork August 2021 – July 2021) - *Kantar FMCG Purchase Panel, N=18,670, Diets of Britain LinkQ Survey October 2020, 52 w/e 01 Nov 2020	<urn:uuid:51466ebb-9d7e-4eed-b481-2aeb9ac6b9a9>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.kantar.com/uki/inspiration/consumer/how-popular-is-veganism-in-the-uk	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00077.warc.gz	en	0.958511	934	2.3125	2
Sometimes it may seem safer to go back to the days of the Pony Express rather than deal with the multitude of online threats, but there are some simple steps you can take to minimize the risks you face. First, get a security suite. CNET gave Avast Free Antivirus 7 (download) and Bitdefender Total Security 2012 (download) Editors' Choice Awards recently, although there are about a dozen good suites, free and paid, out there. Go with one that gets good ratings and that you trust, and make sure that you let it update and scan regularly. Second, I strongly recommend using a password manager that's independent of your browser. Not that the browser password managers are known to be risky, because they're not. But third-party managers allow you more options, such as mobile device support, that I find essential. LastPass (download) and RoboForm (download) are among the best cross-platform tools out there that will work on both Windows and Mac and have smartphone support. Third, use two browsers. Do your mission-critical browsing, such as financial transactions, in a separate browser from your "casual Web surfing" browser. Personally, I use Firefox (download for Windows \| Mac \| Linux) and Chrome (download for Windows \| Mac \| Linux). It doesn't matter which you use for which, both are safe and regularly updated browsers. But it's the easiest way to prevent unexpected third-party exploits on otherwise safe sites from snagging your data. LastPass and RoboForm let you keep your passwords at your fingertips, no matter which browser you use. Bonus tip: This isn't strictly security-related, but I strongly recommend setting up sync if you're using Firefox, Chrome, or Opera (download for Windows \| Mac \| Linux). A colleague's computer crashed and he lost, among other things, his browsing data. If he had had sync set up, he could've easily resurrected his tabs, preferences, add-ons, passwords, and bookmarks. Even if you only use one computer, it's worth having all that information backed up. Obviously, there's no foolproof method for staying safe online, but these tips will help you stay significantly safer.	<urn:uuid:6090f7fc-0323-4830-a189-cdc6d39bea09>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	https://www.cnet.com/how-to/how-to-protect-yourself-online-in-three-easy-steps/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720475.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00353-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.943152	452	2.09375	2
No one knew until now what veteran television journalist Haim Yavin thought about the news he has been announcing for more than three decades, and he is so nonpartisan that one wondered whether he had an opinion of his own at all. Now, at 72, he is coming out of the closet: “Since 1967 we have been brutal conquerors, occupiers, suppressing another people,” he says in “Yoman Masa” (“Diary of a Journey”), which he filmed in the West Bank. For two and a half years,s Yavin wandered the West Bank and the Gaza Strip with a small hand-held camera, which he operated himself, without a technical crew. Here and there he was reviled as the representative of the hostile leftist media, but in general the settlers spoke to him on the assumption that he was their man, and justly so: Until now he was everyone’s man. The film he brought back seems intended to salve his conscience: “I cannot really do anything to relieve this misery, other than to document it, so! that neither I nor those like me will be able to say that we saw nothing, heard nothing, knew nothing,” he says in the film, and in response to a question asserts: “I did not move left. The country moved right.” He filmed people who waited for hours at checkpoints and says this has no security justification. Settlers who heard from him about a woman who was not allowed to get to a hospital and therefore was forced to give birth at a checkpoint, try to reassure him: If only the Israelis are able to maintain domestic harmony, “Mohammed” will make coffee both for them and for him. Yavin responds: “I am not willing to rule another people, not willing for `Mohammed’ to make me coffee.” He tells again of the woman who was forced to give birth at a checkpoint and says, “It is not Jewish, what we are doing there.” He believes in withdrawal so that a Palestinian state will be established and peace will come. “That is the only thing I can believe in. Other than that I! have nothing to believe in – only in bloodshed,” he tells a female se ttler. His thoughts move to the roots of Zionist existence. When he hears people describe Zionism as an expression of racism and colonialism, he is outraged, of course, he says, but on returning from the West Bank, he asks himself what remains of the “true Zionism,” the Zionism of peace and equal rights: the Zionism of the settlements? This is a good foundation for a discussion of the question of whether there ever was a “true Zionism” that did not dispossess the Arabs of this land. Be that as it may, in the first two films in a series of five, Yavin portrays the settlers as members of a fanatic, insane, racist, despicable, violent and dangerous sect – more infuriating and despairing than they have ever been seen in an Israeli film. It is no wonder that Channel 1 (the state television station, with which Yavin has been identified for almost 40 years) refused to broadcast the series. Instead, it will be broadcast starting next Tuesday as the swan song of Telad o! n Channel 2: Having failed to win the tender for a renewed franchise, Telad can allow itself to end its term with something real. A soldier in uniform told Yavin that the Hebron settlers were inciting him to shoot and kill Palestinian children. Activist Noam Federman and his wife tell him on camera that an ultimatum has to be presented to the Arab residents of Hebron: Either they leave the country immediately, or the Israel Air Force will bomb their homes. Not far from their home, Yavin filmed a bit of graffiti on a wall: “Arabs to the crematoria.” A Border Policeman, a muscular, tough-looking guy, says in a heavy Russian accent, “I am only following orders, I do what I am told.” Yavin asserts: “We simply do not see the Palestinians as human beings.” A Peace Now activist who wanders around in the territories still believes that the settlers can be evacuated, as France evacuated its citizens from Algeria, but Yavin does not bring even an iota of hope from the W! est Bank: “This hilula [merrymaking] will never be stopped,” he states . He recalls, apparently with sorrow, how Yitzhak Rabin missed the chance to evacuate the Hebron settlers in the wake of the massacre of Muslim worshipers by Baruch Goldstein at the Tomb of the Patriarchs in 1994. About 20,000 Hebron residents were forced to leave their homes then. Yavin feels “sadness and despair” and says that “maybe it really is preferable to visit Hebron with a visa.” Yavin believes that the settlers are “wrong” and are also “endangering us,” but in contrast to some of his friends on the left, he does not hate the settlers; he even “esteems and likes them,” he says. Occasionally he also tries to “balance” Palestinian bereavement with Israeli bereavement, as though finding it difficult to discard the usage of the national “we” that became second nature to him. But not one of the settlers he filmed justifies his high regard. Daniella Weiss, one of the original settlers in the West Bank, articulates for the camera her credo as a mother: We ha! ve to raise tough children. She gives less consideration to life than to the idea. A woman named Orit Struk reacts to Yavin’s arguments with bloodcurdling laughter and tells him about how a sniper tried to kill her son. In any properly run country, the welfare authorities would take away their children. Yavin, though, also tries to jettison the superficial thesis that pins all the blame on the settlers themselves. In his film, too, they are the “masters of the land”; they issue orders to the army and the army obeys. But Yavin’s series shows that the whole society is to blame for the injustices of the occupation and also for the war crimes it has entailed. “We cluck our tongues and move on to the gossip columns,” he says. A few of the settlers praise the help they received from two leaders of the Labor Party, Benjamin Ben-Eliezer and Ehud Barak. One of the original settlers, Elyakim Haetzni, relates that he has been fighting for a long time to have one ! of the squares in Hebron named after Yigal Alon, the father of the set tlements, but Alon’s widow objects. Yavin shows that the left-wing organizations, such as Peace Now, are effectively moribund and that only a few humanitarian groups remain, such as Ta’ayush, Physicians for Human Rights, B’Tselem and MachsonWatch, the women of the checkpoints. The good Israelis in the film are individuals: an immunologist (Prof. Zvi Bentwich), a lawyer (Shlomo Laker), a journalist (Haaretz’s Gideon Levy), a Jerusalem plumber (Ezra Yitzhak Nawi) and a soldier in uniform. who says that he could not remain silent “in the face of such horrors.” Yavin says that his professional integrity will allow him to go on anchoring Channel 1’s nightly “Mabat News Magazine.” However, the broadcast of the series on a commercial channel raises the question of why we even need what continues to be called “public broadcasting.” It’s not worth the compulsory fee. One way or the other, it will be interesting to watch the reactions. It’s possible that attention will not focus on the horrific message of the films, but only on the fact that Haim Yavin, of all people, made them. If he is right about the moral insensitivity that prevails in the country, most viewers may react like the family in the Strauss commercial: Mom, Dad and the kids are visiting the Safari in Ramat Gan. They see an antelope, say “We saw it,” and hurry on. They see a lion, say “We saw it” – and hurry home to lick an ice cream bar. TOM SEGEV is the co-editor The Other Israel: Voices of Dissent and Refusal. This article originally appeared in Ha’aretz.	<urn:uuid:9e3f00a0-3259-463e-b984-c82967335a97>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.counterpunch.org/2005/05/31/our-man-in-the-territories/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00033-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973405	1,828	1.890625	2
Encountering Christ in Word and Sacrament David Carter writes a reflection for Churches Together in England... The international Roman Catholic-Methodist dialogue Commission (MRCIC) presented its ninth quinquennial report to the World Methodist Council in August 2011. It is entitled Encountering Christ the Saviour: Church and Sacraments. It is also being presented to the Vatican. The Report follows up many of the questions posed in the previous one, The Grace Given You in Christ (2006), which majored on ecclesiology. For the first time, it deals with baptism. It also revisits eucharistic theology, a topic which received considerable attention in the first decade of the dialogue but has been relatively little discussed since. It also takes earlier work on ministry further. The report begins with a scriptural meditation on Philippians 2:1-11, followed by the first full chapter on the paschal mystery. It sees agreement on the way in which Christians live ‘in union with Christ’s death and resurrection’ as fundamental to the search for unity, stating that ‘participating in Christ we participate also in the paschal mystery’. On baptism there is, in one sense no problem. Roman Catholics and Methodists both agree that baptism is by water in the triune name. They agree that infants can be baptised, Methodists in particular seeing this as a sign of God’s prevenient grace. There is no problem over orders since they also recognise that baptism can be conferred by a lay person and in many parts of the world both communions are signatories to ecumenical covenants of mutual baptismal recognition. It is recognised that there are different emphases in our respective ways of understanding baptism, but these are not thought to be church dividing; rather each church may be enriched by learning from the other’s perspectives. They face common problems of catechesis and nurturing of young people and need to share our concerns and experience. In many ways the problem of ministry remains the most difficult one, the ultimate need being to reconcile two ordained ministries, the one with roots in the earliest generations of the Church, the other with its roots in the extraordinary ministers raised up in the eighteenth century the providence of God to spread scriptural holiness throughout the land and in Mr Wesley’s later ordinations considered irregular by the standards of the time. Catholics still assert the necessity on an unbroken Episcopal succession whilst Methodists ask whether ‘such discontinuities can be embraced by the reforming, renewing and recreating power of the Holy Spirit as the Church journeys through history’. The question of the exact relation of the ordained ministry to the priesthood of Christ in a manner that differs from that of the whole body of the faithful is still not fully resolved, though it is agreed that ordination is a sacramental rite and that Methodists (implicitly rather than explicitly) se it as placing the minister in a new and permanent relationship of apostolic service to the people of God. Questions relating to the ordained ministry of women remain unsolved. The greatest advance is made in the understanding of the eucharist, particularly of the real presence and the eucharistic sacrifice. Much has happened since the original Commission, in 1967-76, was delighted to find a greater than expected degree of accord on the eucharist. The ‘Lima’, Baptism, Eucharist, Ministry report of the Faith and Order Commission of the WCC, pointed the way ahead for possible further convergence. Other studies have taken the process further. Central to the Commission’s work is a consideration of the eucharistic hymns of the Wesleys. Both sides caution that they do not solve all the problems. For Catholics, they do not encompass the full breadth of catholic teaching. Methodists acknowledge that many Methodists will hold afar more purely memorialistic doctrine than the Wesleys did. Nevertheless, the hymns are seen as a valuable source for further rapprochement. Certainly, the Commission arrives at statements on the eucharistic sacrifice which may surprise some Methodists but which will also help many of them towards an appreciation of it. Para 103 deserves to be quoted in full: ‘This sacrificial self-giving of Christ is something ‘made flesh’ once for all in human history on the Cross, but the innermost reality of Christ’s ‘Grand Oblation’ is an eternal mystery at the very heart of the Holy Trinity. God the Father eternally begets the Son-who is true God from true God- and the Son eternally responds to the father in total self-giving. Jesus’ death on Calvary can be understood as the ‘sacrament’-the making tangibly , visibly available to all humanity for our salvation- of this eternal self-giving of God the Son to God the Father in the love of the Holy Spirit, and of the father’s ready welcome and acceptance of that self-giving’. This is deeply compatible with the Wesleyan tradition of trinitarian theology as exemplified in the hymns of Charles Wesley the sermons of John and the writings of such later Wesleyan theologians as Benjamin Gregory and W.B. Pope. For the last named, ‘our adoption corresponds to the status of the Son as the eternally beloved of the Father’. It is because of a common understanding of the way in which the branches are taken up into the life of the living Vine that Catholics and Methodists can come to fuller agreement of the nature of the eucharistic sacrifice and do so in a way that respects the all-sufficiency of the atoning death on the Cross, a point clearly alluded to in the report. There seems now to be the basis for a differentiated consensus on the eucharist, though the Roman Catholics do add that such issues as the offering of Mass for the dead remain to be addressed. The precedent of the experience of ARCIC after the Final Report of 1981 should also induce a degree of caution. The Commission has, however, drawn the two communions closer in understanding. In the final paragraph of their conclusion they both point to possible future work and record a degree of mutual esteem and attentiveness that makes me very hopeful for further advances to come. I quote from the relevant para: ‘An issue that would benefit from further dialogue…is the whole question of the experience of salvation and the response of the believer to God’s grace. Catholics and Methodists have different emphases in the way in which they speak about this, which seem to underpin a number of other matters on which they often diverge. Catholics and Methodists can be very grateful to God that their relationship has so deepened that the most profound matters which shape their respective identities can now be discussed’. It is when churches can address the issues that shape their identities in a spirit of humility and in an awareness of the need to learn more of the immeasurable riches of Christ through the witness of each other that unity can come alive. Much remains to be done in the reception process. The Vatican usually appoints a theologian to make a response to each report from the Catholic point of view. Various Methodist faith and order committees may also comment but there will also be much vital work to be done by the various diocesan and district ecumenical committees. It should also be noted that the international Commission has also recently produced a synthesis of the first forty years of their dialogue, covering the earlier reports up to 2006.	<urn:uuid:16fe6149-0ba2-48e5-a000-fda36551a1b6>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://cte.hubb.church/Groups/236184/Home/Resources/Ecumenical_Dialogues/Roman_Catholic_Methodist/Roman_Catholic_Methodist.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00667.warc.gz	en	0.954508	1,560	1.765625	2
Fostering a Balanced Library: How Practicing the Principles of Slow Library Movement Could Lead to a Sustainable Future for Libraries MetadataShow full item record The increasing ubiquity of digital information in recent decades has altered the potential form and role of libraries of the future. In order to fulfill their most fundamental mandate, libraries must provide relevant programs and services to their communities. One compelling framework that could guide successful library planning for optimal relevance is that of the Slow Library Movement, first described by Mark Leggott, which involves six key concepts derived from the Slow Food Movement: education, community, local, craftsmanship, people and enjoyment. These concepts have been successfully applied in other disciplines, notably that of education. This paper contains a detailed description, evaluation and elaboration of the framework of the Slow Library Movement. Norman, A. (2008). Fostering a balanced library: How practicing the principles of slow library movement could lead to a sustainable future for libraries. Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Management, 4, 1-14. Showing items related by title, author, creator and subject.	<urn:uuid:2f74d75b-9be1-49f0-af2a-b6f32ed7493f>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/13386	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00532-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.912127	226	2.59375	3
G C Lichtenberg: “It is as if our languages were confounded: when we want a thought, they bring us a word; when we ask for a word, they give us a dash; and when we expect a dash, there comes a piece of bawdy.” H. P. Lovecraft: "What a man does for pay is of little significance. What he is, as a sensitive instrument responsive to the world's beauty, is everything!" Martin Amis: “Gogol is funny, Tolstoy in his merciless clarity is funny, and Dostoyevsky, funnily enough, is very funny indeed; moreover, the final generation of Russian literature, before it was destroyed by Lenin and Stalin, remained emphatically comic — Bunin, Bely, Bulgakov, Zamyatin. The novel is comic because life is comic (until the inevitable tragedy of the fifth act);...” Werner Herzog: “We are surrounded by worn-out, banal, useless and exhausted images, limping and dragging themselves behind the rest of our cultural evolution.” John Gray: "Unlike Schopenhauer, who lamented the human lot, Leopardi believed that the best response to life is laughter. What fascinated Schopenhauer, along with many later writers, was Leopardi’s insistence that illusion is necessary to human happiness." Justin E.H. Smith: “One should of course take seriously serious efforts to improve society. But when these efforts fail, in whole or in part, it is only humor that offers redemption. So far, human expectations have always been strained, and have always come, give or take a bit, to nothing. In this respect reality itself has the form of a joke, and humor the force of truth.” विलास सारंग: "… इ. स. 1000 नंतर ज्या प्रकारची संस्कृती रुढ झाली , त्यामध्ये साधारणत्व व विश्वात्मकता हे गुण प्राय: लुप्त झाले...आपली संस्कृती अकाली विश्वात्मक साधारणतेला मुकली आहे." Saturday, October 13, 2007 To Play Prisoner's Dilemma Effectively Deploy Gandhian TIT FOR TAT What is Prisoner's Dilemma? “In it, two prisoners accused of the same crime find themselves in separate cells, unable to communicate. Their jailers try to persuade them to implicate one another. If neither goes along with the guards, they will both receive a sentence of just one year. If one accepts the deal and the other keeps quiet, then the turncoat goes free while the patsy gets ten years. And if they both denounce one another, they both get five years. If the first prisoner is planning to keep quiet, then the second has an incentive to denounce him, and so get off scot-free rather than spend a year in prison. If the first prisoner were planning to betray the second, then the second would still be better off pointing the finger, and so receive a five-year sentence instead of a ten-year one. In other words, a rational, self-interested person would always betray his fellow prisoner. Yet that leaves them both mouldering in jail for five years, when they could have cut their sentences to a year if they had both kept quiet. Pessimistic souls assume that the international response to climate change will go the way of the prisoner's dilemma. Rational leaders will always neglect the problem, on the grounds that others will either solve it, allowing their country to become a free-rider, or let it fester, making it a doomed cause anyway. So the world is condemned to a slow roasting, even though global warming could be averted if everyone co-operated…”. I first read about Prisoner's Dilemma in the essay by Douglas R. Hofstadter (now part of his book “Metamagical Themas, Penguin 1985) for Scientific American (May 1983). It was an eye opener. I learnt you don’t have to be clever and cunning to be effective A menacing sounding but actually very simple strategy, translated in a computer program called “TIT FOR TAT”, wins against very complex and cunning strategies. TIT FOR TAT uses a very simple tactic: Cooperate on move 1; thereafter , do whatever the other player did the previous move Today we are talking of Prisoner's Dilemma for climate change, yesterday it was about cold war and nuclear weapons, tomorrow it will about something else. For the complex global issues and our every day mundane ones let us never forget elegant and effective TIT FOR TAT. Let us not waste our time like the “clever prisoners” are doing in Alan Dunn's picture below. Artist: Alan Dunn The New Yorker 6 Nov 1948	<urn:uuid:1e9f39bc-54d2-4c0b-b6be-6520218dc3ca>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://searchingforlaugh.blogspot.com/2007/10/to-play-prisoners-dilemma-effectively.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00323-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.935373	1,220	1.765625	2
belt conveyor power calculation pdf - SBM Ball Mill SBM is one of the biggest manufacturers in Aggregate Processing Machinery for the belt conveyor power calculation pdf, sand gravel, quarry, mining, construction and , Read more belt conveyor design. Find conveyor equipment calculators to help figure specs. Conveyor Lift - Stockpile Volume - Conveyor Horsepower - Maximum Belt Capacity - Idler Selector conveyor power hp calculation formula - ironbenefic . belt conveyor power hp calculation ... x friction factor x belt speed (in feet per minute) ... 1 cubic metre of m20 grade concrete is how many kg of sand aggregate. belt conveyor design calculation sheet - MC World. Belt Conveyor Excel Sheet. conveyor belt capacity calculations excel sheet free downloadFree download excel sheet for conveyor Files at Software Informer Excel Compare is a tool that. crusher design software free download design calculation of belt conveyor excel. sheet in Cairo, Al Posts .Grinding Energy Saving Aggregate Processing Plant Design Calculation. Prompt Caesar is a famous mining equipment manufacturer well-known both at home and abroad, major in producing stone crushing equipment, mineral separation equipment, limestone grinding equipment, etc. design calculation of belt conveyor ... crushing machine,or the whole crushing plant or ... Belt Conveyor Design Calculations Sample Project. Belt conveyor design program horizontal curve calculations - design curved conveyors including banking angle and belt drift calculations for all operating conditions the following is Nov 15, 2012 Belt Conveyor Capacity bulk-online Forums. Hi to all For designing a belt conveyor with capacity1000 tph(for example) , in using CEMA calculations, is capacity in the CEMA formula (calculation of tensions More detailed Apr 07, 2013 belt conveyor design calculations. Jul 18, 2012 Gulin crushing, screening, grinding and washing plant play a great role in aggregate production, ore processing aggregate belt conveyor design calculations Solution for PRECISION CONVEYOR DESIGN. PPIs Precision Conveyor Design tool is a web based application for conveyor horsepower calculation, selection of pulleys and idlers, and selection of take-up travel length for fixed take-up conveyors up to 1,000 feet long using our Stretch-Rite calculations. Its use is limited to non-regenerative conveyors that don ... 5 CONVEYOR PULLEY SELECTION GUIDE Pulley/Core Diameter The outside diameter of the cylindrical body of a conveyor pulley, without coating. Finish Diameter The outside diameter of a coated pulley (core diameter 2 times the coating/wrap thickness). Face Width The length of a pulleys cylindrical body.This area is intended to act as the contact surface for the conveyor 2 days ago All About Drag Conveyors - Types, Design, and Uses. Material handling equipment is used to safely move large volumes of product and does so with great efficiency. The most common form of this technology is the conveyor, which uses mechanized movement to transport material from its inlet to its discharge end via belts, chains, augers, buckets ... Mar 23, 2020 Certain types of conveyors require fail-safe brakes for stopping. These conveyors, often used in the mining and aggregate industries, include downhill conveyors (e.g., discharge and transfer conveyors), as well as overland conveyors with downhill sections. Not having fail-safe brakes on these types of conveyors can result in catastrophic damage if Inclined Screw Conveyor Design Calculation Pdf manufacturer from China, we can offer Inclined Screw Conveyor Design Calculation Pdf on your requirements. Belt Conveyor Capacity Table 1. Determine the surcharge angle of the material. The surcharge angle, on the average, will be 5 degrees to 15 degrees less than the angle of repose. (ex. 27 - 12 15) 2. Determine the density of the material in pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3). 3. Choose the idler shape. 4. Select a suitable conveyor belt speed. 5. Common Calculations for Proper Design Belt Length . When the head and tail pulley are the same size L(Dd)/2 x 3.14162C When one pulley is larger than the other pulley L(Dd)/2 x 3.14162C(D-d) 2 /4c. Belt Speed. Expressed in feet per minute (FPM) SD x RPM x .2618 x 1.021. Belt Load 89 Belt Tension Calculations W b weight of belt in pounds per foot of belt length. When the exact weight of the belt is not known, use average estimated belt weight (see Table 6-1) W m weight of material, lbs per foot of belt length Three multiplying factors, K t , K x , and K y , are used in calculations of three of the components of the effective belt tension, T 3. BELT CONVEYORS - BASIC CALCULATIONS 1. Mass of the Load per Unit Length Load per unit length. Given the production capacity Qt tph, the weight of the load per unit length (kg/m) (lbs per ft) is calculated by Wm 2000. Qt or Wm 33.333.Qt (lb/ft) 60 x v v Calculation example Unit goods conveying systems 12 Conveyor and power transmission belts made of modern synthetics Worldwide leaders in technology, quality and service Further information on machine design can be found in our brochure no. 305 Recommendations for machine design. The formulae, figures and recommenda- The design of the Straight Warp carcass provides a belt that delivers excellent load support up to three times greater impact resistance than traditional plied belts and 5 times the longitudinal rip resistance of the equivalent rated multi-ply construction. Straight Warp constructions are used for Hard Rock Mining Belt Conveyors Calculations Piotr Kulinowski, Ph. D. Eng. Piotr Kasza, Ph. D. Eng. - piotr.kulinowskiagh.edu.pl ( 12617 30 92 B-2 ground-floor room 6 consultations Mondays 11.00 - 12.00 Conveyors www.kmg.agh.edu.pl ... Higher safety in These emission calculations represent current NSR ... using the AP-42 emission factors and equations for aggregate handling and storage piles. Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles . ... along conveyors, a conservative assumption of one drop per Conveyor Belt Calculations Brighthub Engineering. This article will discuss the methodology for the calculations of belt conveyor design parameters with one practical example of the calculations and selection criteria for a belt conveyor system Calculations include conveyor capacity belt speed conveyor height and length mass of idlers and idler spacing belt tension belt conveyor system can be employed for easy handling of materials beyond human capacity in terms of weight and height. This paper discusses the design calculations and considerations of belt conveyor system for biomass wood using 3 rolls idlers, in terms of size, length, capacity Calculation of Conveyor Speed. Conveyor Speed can be most conveniently calculated, by use of the nomographs supplied on pages. To use this nomograph first locate the two known values (screw diameter, and required capacity, in cu. ft. per hour), then with a straight edge connect these two points. Conveyor Speed Calculation Formula Protable Plant. What is the formula for calculating conveyor belt length. ... speed for most unit handling conveyors is 65 FPM (Feet Per Minute). ... speed powder aggregate conveyor. calculate conveyor speed conveying system fpm formula. Tools to assist with proper conveyor design. The angle of incline for incline conveyors is limited by the cartons and package being conveyed. Make the angle too steep, and the packages will tumble down the conveyor. This calculator helps you to determine the maximum angle for smooth, safe conveying. Will an incline conveyor fit in the space you ... May 31, 2016 The length of a belt conveyor in metres is the length from the centre of pulley parallel to belt line. Belt length is dependent on both the pulley diameters and centre distances. Capacity is the product of speed and belt cross sectional area. Generally, belt capacity B.C (kg/sec) is given as B.C 3.6A V Where A belt sectional area (m2 ... Chute design has been the subject of considerable research, a selection of references being included at the end of this paper 1-29. However, it is often the case that the influence of the flow ... include inertia forces in dynamic systems such as in the case of belt conveyor discharge or, in other cases, when vibrations are applied as a flow ... FlexSim is my favorite software to design conveyor belt. This software is easy to use and also comes with a lot of materials to design a conveyor belt system. Some of these objects are conveyors, operator, dispatcher, elevator, staff, etc. It also lets you simulate the conveyor belt design. You can vary the speed of simulation. stockpiles by belt conveyors, bucket elevators, or screw conveyors. Industrial sand and gravel typically are mined from open pits of naturally occurring quartz-rich sand and sandstone. Mining methods depend primarily on the degree of cementation of the rock. In some deposits, blasting is required to loosen the material prior to processing. How To Calculate The Aggregate Conveyor Capacity . 100 tonne per hour roll crusher for aggregate copper processing plant 200 ton per hour gold roller mill machine plant with belt conveyor conveyor belt Measurement of belt conveyor capacity tons per hour If your tachometer displays velocity in m min, use 0.06 instead of 3.6 in the formula to How To Calculation For Fabrication Of Crusher Plant Conveyors Crusher Ash Construction. Apr 07, 2013 This page is provide professional calculation for production of aggregate for 200 tph crusher plant design machines aggregate processing plants as. Get Price As mentioned above, numerous conveyor types may be added to a system. Our previous Conveyor Systems 101 post here on the blog gives some insight into possible applications for the most common conveyor types found in aggregate production, mineral processing, and moreradial stackers, overland conveyors, transfer conveyors, telescopic conveyors, and May 09, 2021 Flat belt conveyor design calculations with practical application. by SKY HIGH eLearn May 9, 2021. August 29, 2021. Flat belt conveyor design calculations consist 1.Conveyor belt speed 2. Roller diameter 3.Conveyor capacity 4. Conveyor power calculations 5.Conveyor live load kg per meter 6. belt width. 24/05/2004 Dunlop Conveyor Belt Design Manual Page 24 of 33 5000 300000 6300 377200 TABULATOR CALCULATIONS For the purposes of 1. Calculating vertical curves, or 2. Determining belt tension for conveyors of undulating profile.	<urn:uuid:828fd305-cad7-404d-8e65-0af1b0ba8644>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://skkpolonia.pl/sand-crusher/2011-12-26_25312.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00668.warc.gz	en	0.865185	2,312	1.742188	2
Despite the recession, judging by the variety of television programmes devoted to the subject, there’s still huge interest in property and home design, but maintenance is still very much a ‘Cinderella’ issue. Along with being daunted by the thought of maintenance, many householders put off this vital work seeing it as uninspiring or perhaps uninteresting. However, property owners can potentially save hundreds, perhaps thousands, of pounds each year just by tackling a few simple tasks – and, in very real terms, that’s money to spend on interiors and accessories. Each November, information about good home maintenance is at the heart of SPAB’s annual awareness campaign. The aim is to give anyone who cares for a property, especially homeowners, access to simple, practical, easy-to-follow advice to help them look after their building. Phil Spencer not only knows how to find the ideal home, he is also keenly aware of the importance of continuing to maintain and look after it once the excitement of moving in, decorating and furnishing has worn off. His ten top tips on winter property maintenance can be found at the end of this feature and at SPAB’s dedicated website: www.maintainyourbuilding.org.uk Phil believes that looking after a house is a bit like looking after your body. He explains: “The plain fact of the matter is that maintaining your property makes good sense and saves money. However, the sad truth of the matter is that many people put property maintenance way down their list of priorities. It’s like dealing with your health – try to remember that prevention is always better than cure. In the long-run regular maintenance of your home is far less intrusive and expensive than letting it fall into disrepair and then having to fix it up again.” SPAB is Britain’s oldest heritage body. When it was set up in 1877, founder William Morris spoke of the need to “stave off decay by daily care, to prop a perilous wall or mend a leaky roof”. Taking a lead from this sound advice, SPAB is now the force behind National Maintenance Week, encouraging anyone who cares for a building to be aware of a the simple steps they can take at the beginning of winter to stave off the necessity of making costly and intrusive repairs at a later date. Water damage is a particular concern – especially as the winter rains approach. Even something as basic as clearing leaves and other debris from areas like gutters and drains to ensure water flow can make a difference and help property owners save their money! Older buildings can be particularly vulnerable to blockages caused by twigs and moss because their guttering systems can be quite complex, especially if a house has developed over many years, with sections added or altered to reflect the styles and needs of successive centuries. But regular maintenance can be equally important for new buildings too. For most people, their home is their prime asset, so it makes sense to take good care of it and, of course, in a difficult property market, a cared for home will retain its optimum value. Many people are a bit wary when it comes to maintenance, wondering just what they should be looking for and doing. Phil Spencer says “One of the reasons SPAB’s annual National Maintenance Week is so helpful is because it provides homeowners with simple, practical advice that can really make a difference.” • Water damage is the prime concern when it comes to maintenance. November is the time to start trouble shooting because that’s when drains and gutters could become blocked by autumn leaf fall and debris like twigs and old bird nests. If any of these obstruct the easy flow of water away from a building – damp and other serious problems can follow. It’s relatively easy to check and clear accessible sections of drain and guttering yourself. • Checking the roof for damaged or slipped tiles is another important task. Even a relatively small gap can let in damaging amounts of water. It’s much easier and cheaper to have a tile fixed than replace trusses rotted through years of neglect. Roofs can be checked from the inside – look for chinks of daylight in the attic. Outside, using a pair of binoculars can help homeowners get a good clear view of any potential problem points. • Windows are another important area. If you really want to protect your investment then looking after your wood windows is vital. Every year wash down the paintwork. This not only prolongs the life of the finish, it gives me a good opportunity to check for decay. • Vegetation growing on or near a house needs monitoring. It’s quite easy to check all growth against the building especially trees bushes and ivy. This should be removed, cut back or prune carefully where necessary as these items growing on a wall can also cause dampness and structural damage. Even if you only tackle these simple areas you’ll be making a good start. Phil Spencer’s Maintenance Top 10 As he says: “It’s not rocket science. It’s the simple stuff that really makes the difference.” • Every autumn, clear any plants, leaves and silt from gutters, hopperheads, flat roofs and drainage channels. It’s a good idea to do this in spring too to deal with anything that might have found its way into the wrong place • Look for blocked downpipes (best done during heavy rain to see water coming from any leaky joints – in dry weather look for stained brickwork) • Keep gullies and drains at ground level clear of debris like leaves, twigs and even things like balls and toys – and have them cleaned out if necessary • Remove potentially damaging vegetation from behind downpipes by cutting back or removing the plant altogether • Use a hand mirror to look behind rainwater pipes as splits and cracks in old cast iron and aluminium often occur here and are not easily noticed • Fit bird/leaf guards to the tops of soil pipes and rainwater outlets to prevent blockages • Have gutters refixed if they are sloping the wrong way or discharging water onto the wall • If sections are beyond repair, make sure that replacements are made of the same material as the originals (on older houses, this is sometimes lead, but more usually cast iron) • Regular painting of cast iron is essential to prevent rust – and keeps your property looking good! • Don’t – undertake routine maintenance work at high level unless you are accompanied and have suitable equipment. If in doubt always seek help from a professional And here’s a very important extra tip – remember to take care at all times, wear protective gloves when necessary and never work at heights or use ladders if you are alone. Details of SPAB’s National Maintenance Week, including further advice, top tips and useful dos and don’ts can be found at www.maintainyourbuilding.org.uk	<urn:uuid:76605d82-26c3-4ee1-b522-94e8dabb119c>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://propertytalklive.co.uk/lifestyle-celebrity/2032/home-maintenance-its-not-rocket-science	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00107-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956893	1,457	1.765625	2
Original Press Release Structural Safety of Thermoplastic Corrugated Stormwater Chambers Is Emphasized in Proposed New ASTM Standard Press release date: January 23, 2009 W. CONSHOHOCKEN, Pa., 23 January 2009 - Thermoplastic corrugated stormwater chambers are similar to other types of plastic piping systems in that they are subjected to significant live loads from surface traffic as well as dead loads from earth cover. However, differences in construction - specifically, the fact that chambers are open-bottomed arches - necessitate an understanding of how corrugated stormwater chambers behave differently from other piping systems in a buried environment. A proposed new ASTM International standard, WK21965, Practice for Structural Design of Thermoplastic Corrugated Stormwater Chambers, will bring rational design procedures and uniformity to ensure structural safety over the design life (typically 50 or more years) of corrugated stormwater chamber systems. The proposed standard is being developed by Subcommittee F17.65 on Land Drainage. "There is a growing demand for these types of chambers for the on-site detention/retention of stormwater as owners and developers strive to meet federal EPA and state stormwater management regulations," says Phillip Sharff, vice chair of Subcommittee F17.65 and a principal at Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. "The proposed standard follows design requirements in the American Association of State Highway Officials LRFD Bridge Design Specifications for thermoplastic pipe." According to Sharff, the proposed standard provides detailed design procedures, including examples that can be applied by the engineers and manufacturers who design the chambers. Sharff says that chamber manufacturers developing new configurations and engineers verifying the structural adequacy of chambers for particular applications will be the primary users of WK21965. For technical Information, contact Phillip Sharff, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Waltham, Mass. (phone: 781-907-9241; email@example.com). Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems meets April 20-23 during the April committee week in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. ASTM International welcomes and encourages participation in the development of its standards. ASTM's open consensus process, using advanced Internet-based standards development tools, ensures worldwide access for all interested individuals. For more information on becoming an ASTM member, please contact Robert Morgan, ASTM International (phone: 610-832-9732; firstname.lastname@example.org). Established in 1898, ASTM International is one of the largest international standards development and delivery systems in the world. ASTM International meets the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles for the development of international standards: coherence, consensus, development dimension, effectiveness, impartiality, openness, relevance and transparency. ASTM standards are accepted and used in research and development, product testing, quality systems and commercial transactions around the globe.	<urn:uuid:3ac2d5bd-7390-4a44-8898-61c3aaac7d06>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/astm-standard-is-to-cover-safety-of-stormwater-chambers-555032	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00456-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.916692	606	1.8125	2
Growing Nigella in the garden, also known as love in a mist plant (Nigella damascena), offers an interesting, peek-a-boo flower to be glimpsed through showy bracts. Care of love in a mistflower is easy and its interesting blooms well worth the effort. Learn more about how to grow Nigella love in a mist so you can enjoy this unusual flower in your garden. Nigella Plant Info If you’re not familiar with the love in a mist plant, you may wonder exactly what it is. Flowers of growing Nigella are surrounded by a series of bracts. These are supported by a thread-like leaf structure, known as a ruff, on the cultivar love in a mist plant. This gives the appearance of the flowers being surrounded by a mist, hence the romantic name. Double flowers appear to peek through the mist in colors of blue, pink and white. Love in a mist plant reaches 15 to 24 inches in height and up to a foot in width when adequate room is left in the garden. Growing Nigella may be used in combination with other annuals in a mixed border or as part of an attractive container display. How to Grow Nigella Love in a Mist Learning how to grow Nigella love in a mist is easy. This hardy annual blooms early in spring if planted the previous fall. Simply broadcast seeds into a well draining, sunny area of the garden. Nigella plant info says this specimen will grow in a variety of soil types, but prefers a rich, fertile soil. Seeds need not be covered. Nigella plant info also recommends succession planting of the love in a mist plant, as flowering time is short for each plant. When flowers fade, interesting striped seed pods with “horns” appear on the cultivar Nigella damascena. These seed pods may be used fresh or dried as a decorative element in dried arrangements. Care of Love in a Mist Flower Care of love in a mistflower is simple and standard: water during dry times, feed regularly and deadhead spent blooms to encourage the growth of more flowers or collect seeds from dried seedpods. Grow the love in a mist plant to add a little romance to your garden.	<urn:uuid:9aee65fb-068c-4e0d-9d01-ace470831bcc>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/nigella/growing-love-in-a-mist.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00050-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.927953	471	2.28125	2
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A neighborhood can be a positive or negative space for participants, so do not be shy or reluctant to express your opinions. By doing this, you’ll have a larger audience, as well as the material you post will matter. Most online forums track a customer’s postcount. This is a number of messages a user has actually made on an online forum. Usually, customers with a greater postcount are a lot more reputable as well as well-respected. Some forums disable this feature to highlight top quality over quantity. By adhering to these guidelines, you’ll have the ability to connect in a far better as well as a lot more considerate means on a discussion forum. If you’re not sure exactly how to behave in a forum, checked out the regulations and be considerate of others. The language made use of in online forums is really various from the language used on the net. Its significance is mainly derived from its use in context, however it can likewise refer to a conversation in a specific context. A community can review any subject, and participants can engage with each other. Some neighborhoods utilize online forums to debate sports as well as other problems, while others just have a basic conversation. An area can also have a “speaker,” which is a sort of “pal” in a discussion forum. newsnaija The introduction of a discussion forum can help trainees get in touch with your brand. It can function as a method to communicate with customers and also address questions. Along with supplying response to questions, a discussion forum can also permit discussions as well as brainstorming. In this write-up, we’ll check out exactly how to produce an online forum for your brand name. Here are some ideas to assist get you began. Listed below are the actions to create an Online forum. As soon as you have your Forum established, you can begin publishing! A forum is an excellent way to obtain your message across. Individuals can interact with each other utilizing the message wall and editing. These devices resemble typical online forums. The only difference is that they are cost-free. If you’re unsure which one to make use of, attempt a complimentary variation of a preferred online forum prior to investing in an expensive one. It’s not needed to invest a lots of cash to construct an online forum, however it will be well worth the investment. The very first step to developing a discussion forum is picking a material management software application. This program will certainly aid you construct your forum’s web pages. It will certainly allow you arrange and categorize your content. Be sure to pick a software application that matches the look of your internet site. As soon as you have the software, you can start organizing the topics. Your topic structure should make it simple to discover what you’re looking for and be simple to browse. After that, you can start adding material. One more important step to develop an online forum is picking the ideal software. A material management system can help you take care of the web content on your forum. It will aid you create and also design web pages for your forum. It can also classify your web content. Make certain to select a system that matches the design and also color scheme of your site. As soon as you have a theme and also a software, it’s time to organize the subjects. The framework ought to make it simple for visitors to find what they’re trying to find, and also the navigating must help them get there. A forum is an on-line area of people with common passions. The very best means to develop a successful forum is to select the ideal material management software application. Once you have a material administration system, you can begin writing on your online forum. After that, you can start adding your web content, tailor the online forum to fit your demands. You can additionally include your own motifs, but it is necessary to make certain the software program works with your website. If you’re having a hard time choosing an appropriate system, you can make use of a third-party application. linktree A material monitoring system is software application that allows you produce as well as manage your forum. The software application offers the capability to organize and categorize the content on your online forum. You can personalize your material monitoring software application to match your website’s design. Additionally, a material administration system is necessary to keep the general functionality of your forum. The software program ought to likewise offer you with an alternative for managing your web content on your discussion forum. It should likewise enable you to produce topics and keep them, and also it needs to be very easy to browse.	<urn:uuid:3477c535-54ea-43c6-bc09-8dacf23c4c14>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://pascocountyfire.com/2021/12/31/this-year-will-certainly-be-the-year-of-discussion-forum/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00072.warc.gz	en	0.950189	1,338	1.789063	2
[Singapore][Infographic] Online Passwords – A Digital Achilles Heel Last week we showed from a recent study by computer security software company McAfee that the average Singaporean owns digital assets valued at around $57,500. That’s certainly a lot of money, but the troubling thing is that while their digitally asset-rich, attitudes towards online security can be lax to the point of naive – only 41% of us are truly concerned about lost or stolen devices, and 48% store on devices digital assets that are impossible to recreate, re-download or repurchase. Our attitudes towards the use of online passwords can be a lot worse. Over 60% of us regularly visit sites that requires user logins and passwords, but a full 40% of us either write them down on a piece of paper or in our notebooks, or store them on our devices, making it easy for identity theft. Here’s an infographic from McAfee that shows us the risks of having our online passwords compromised: Daniel Goh is the founder and chief editor of Young \| Upstarts, as well as an F&B entrepreneur. Daniel has a background in public relations, and is interested in issues in entrepreneurship, small business, marketing, public relations and the online space. He can be reached at daniel [at] youngupstarts [dot] com.	<urn:uuid:7230a95c-607e-4d04-ad5c-7c522459e5c8>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.youngupstarts.com/2013/06/03/singaporeinfographic-online-passwords-a-digital-achilles-heel/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00137-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.941603	280	2.171875	2
A 6.0-magnitude earthquake struck Monday in Taiwan’s east, 38 kilometres south of Hualien city, the US Geological Survey said. There were no immediate reports of damage or injuries. The quake had an estimated depth of 10 kilometres, according to USGS, and struck at 09:05 local time (0105 GMT). An AFP reporter in Taipei felt shaking, and local media said the quake was felt across the island. The Taipei Metro stopped briefly when it hit, according to one passenger, before continuing at reduced speed for several stops. A second smaller tremor hit about half an hour later, according to Taiwan’s Central Weather Bureau. Taiwan is regularly hit by earthquakes as the island lies near the junction of two tectonic plates. The island does not issue tsunami warnings unless a quake is more than magnitude 7.0. Some earthquakes of 6.0 or more can prove deadly, although much depends on where the quake strikes and at what depth. But the USGS gave a “green” ranking to the threat posed by the latest quake, predicting a low likelihood of either casualties or damage.	<urn:uuid:cd9160fc-be49-47e0-9005-d838445ce0c0>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.moradabadpages.com/strong-quake-hits-eastern-taiwan-no-reports-of-damage-yet/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00278.warc.gz	en	0.942921	242	2.109375	2
The academic program at McDonogh School is founded on the belief that all children want to learn. Our program seeks to develop each child's potential through authentic experiences that engage their sense of intellectual and emotional ownership and inspire joy in learning. We empower students to be self-reliant, critical thinkers who can form, test, and revise their ideas—for themselves, and in the service of others. The mission of our program is to prepare students to be "LifeReady," ensuring that they develop imaginative, curious, and analytical habits of mind in a rigorous academic setting. We prepare them to take risks in order to enter—and to better—the complex world in which they live. Through the close, compassionate relationships between students and teachers who celebrate and respond to each child's individual needs, McDonogh's program produces citizens who enter the world as resilient, lifelong learners of strong character.	<urn:uuid:2f63a184-671b-4743-9cf2-388c9e67a74a>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.mcdonogh.org/academics	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00669.warc.gz	en	0.954952	180	2.078125	2
Alkali resistant castable belongs to aluminum silicate system of acid refractory castable. Its characteristic is that the crust can form a protective layer of corrosion resistance at the temperature of 1250℃. The alkali resistant castable supply can effectively prevent the erosion and penetration of the castable by alkaline airflow and materials in the cement kiln at high temperature. Alkali resistant refractory castable is a kind of alkali resistant castable made of aluminum silicate as refractory aggregate and powder and made of aluminate cement and admixture. Due to its high strength and low body density, it is widely used in cement rotary kiln. This series of refractory products are alkali-resistant castable made of aggregate and powder with high aluminum and silicon materials and binder. It is mainly used for lining of cement kilns, chemical kilns, waste incinerators and other thermal equipment. The refractory castable has high fire resistance, good thermal shock stability, and a certain degree of alkali erosion resistance, strong alkali resistance, good alkaline performance, high strength, no cracks after sintering peeling phenomenon. The alkali resistant castable supply is divided into two kinds: heavy and light, which have good high temperature performance and alkali-resistant erosion performance. Alkali resistant castables has been applied in the coal jet nozzle and kiln mouth, preheater and pipeline systems of large and medium-sized dry cement kilns, and its effect is good. High strength alkali resistant castable supply adopts low cement bonding technology, adding ultrafine powder and high efficiency dispersant, high strength, good thermal stability, impact resistance, erosion resistance, wear resistance, long service life. Excellent material selection, castable refractory up to 1790℃, excellent high temperature performance. Machine mixing, pouring construction, spraying type can be machine semi-dry spraying construction convenient, greatly shorten the time limit, significant economic benefits. Rongsheng Refractory is a comprehensive group enterprise integrating r&d, production, sales, overall solution of product technology, general contracting and operation of Refractory construction. With a fully automated batch-making line, complete r&d laboratory and product performance testing equipment, the quality is stable and reliable, welcome to consult and purchase.	<urn:uuid:68fb08cc-ef4a-4bbf-a952-f88992c65d3d>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://refractorycastablecement.com/alkali-resistant-castable-applications/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00679.warc.gz	en	0.881401	481	1.90625	2
Education, Training, and Library: Career and Education Opportunities in Maryland Education, Training, and Library: Professionals in the Education, Training and Library fields provide resources and guidance to students in almost every academic discipline. They must be great communicators, dependable and trustworthy, and want to share knowledge and experiences. The information they teach or provide covers a broad range of topics and interests, including English, History, Law, Science, and Library and Information Sciences. Maryland has a population of 5,699,478, which has grown by 7.61% in the last 10 years. Nicknamed the "Old Line State," its capital is Annapolis, though its largest city is Baltimore. In 2008, there were a total of 3,471,985 jobs in Maryland. The average annual income was $48,164 in 2008, up from $46,922 the preceding year. The unemployment rate in Maryland was 7.0% in 2009, which has grown by 2.6% since the previous year. Roughly 31.4% of Maryland residents have college degrees, which is higher than the national average. The top industries in Maryland include engineering services, radio broadcasting communications equipment manufacturing, and photofinishing. Notable tourist attractions include the Dorfman Museum Figures Inc, the Baltimore Civil War Museum, and the National Park Service. CITIES WITH Education, Training, and Library OPPORTUNITIES IN Maryland Featured Online Colleges CAREERS WITHIN: Education, Training, and Library Librarians and Museum Curators manage, organize and protect the information and artifacts that define our intellectual and artistic lives. Working in our libraries and museums, they make sure that records of what we do as a people are preserved and make available to all. College and University Educators provide advanced education that is often the last step taken by students before entering the workforce. Covering the widest array of subjects, they give students the focused education they need to arm themselves for the future. Primary and Secondary Educators are our nation's teachers. They give students the foundation they need before moving on to specialized education, training and careers. Special Education Teachers are focused on those who need particular attention due to special needs or circumstances. Working with both children and adults, they provide for students who might not fit into the standard educational track. Specialized Educators have skills aimed at providing specific educational experiences to bear in non-standard situations. From farming advisors to physical education specialists, they have teaching skills and specific domain knowledge that makes them invaluable to niche communities.	<urn:uuid:c32d7b41-13ed-484a-8107-8bb24185256f>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.careeroverview.com/usa/maryland/education-training-and-library/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00320-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.962482	522	2.546875	3
Effectiveness of topical haemocoagulase as a haemostatic agent in children undergoing extraction of primary teeth: a split-mouth, randomised, double-blind, clinical trial European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry. 2019 AIM: To assess the effectiveness of topically-administered haemocoagulase (batroxobin) (HC) following dental extractions in children. DESIGN Split-mouth design, where either HC (test) or Normal Saline (control) (NS) was administered to children (5-9 years) requiring bilateral extractions of primary molars. Participants were randomised to (i) extraction sequence; (ii) test-solution administered thereafter. OUTCOME MEASURE time taken (in seconds) for complete cessation of bleeding. RESULTS Thirty participants completed the trial receiving HS (n = 30) and NS (n = 30). No adverse events were reported. Time to bleeding cessation was lower in HS group (82.5 +/- 13.99 s) than NS group (240.5 +/- 54.34 s). Difference between groups (paired t test) was statistically very highly significant (P = 0.000). CONCLUSION Topical HC produced significant reductions in time for haemostasis and was clinically effective in controlling haemorrhage from extraction wounds in children. HC may be favourably utilised by paediatric dentists, especially with pre-cooperative or special-healthcare-needs patients, improving patient care.	<urn:uuid:3a8f7211-4f32-4085-bc84-469bd76deb86>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://www.transfusionevidencelibrary.com/search?term=author:%22Barretto%20ES%22	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00073.warc.gz	en	0.909741	328	2.59375	3
The tree-lined San Pedro River moves north near Palominas, Ariz., Wednesday, Nov. 7, 2007. The federal government contends the fence is needed to stem the flow of illegal immigrants and drug-runners through the area, but environmentalists say it will have a devastating impact on wildlife and the environment. For the aid workers who found 14-year-old Josseline Jamileth Hernández Quinteros in the Arizona desert, it is hardest to forget the little things, the beaded bracelet around a tiny wrist, the bright green sneakers, the pink-lined jacket, and the sweatpants with the word “Hollywood” across the backside. She was a wisp of a girl, barely 5 feet and 100 pounds, no match for the rough terrain or subfreezing temperatures. No one can say for sure that Josseline died because of heightened security measures along the U.S. border with Mexico. Yet, to the volunteers who found her lying under a bush, her head resting on a rock in an unnamed creek bed, Josseline’s death was a predictable consequence of American policy, in particular, the 2006 Secure Fence Act, which mandated construction of enough fencing to cover about one-third of the U.S.–Mexico border across California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The goal was to foil unlawful entries, especially by drug dealers and terrorists. Josseline was neither. A native of El Salvador, she was on the last leg of a 2,000-mile quest to reunite with her mother. She was, nonetheless, an illegal alien. Josseline and her ten-year-old brother were among thousands of children who head north from Mexico unaccompanied by parents or relatives. The two were with a group of adults that had entered the U.S. near Sasabe, Arizona, probably through an unfenced area. The gaps in the fence are as strategically positioned as the fence itself, in this case routing Josseline’s group through the Tumacacori wilderness, a spiny, mountainous badland that poses a challenge to the most experienced hikers. Spanish soldiers had a name for places like this, El Despoblado, the emptiness. Josseline’s group had been walking two days north of the border when the girl became violently ill. She insisted that her brother continue without her. What happened to her after that is a mystery. Dan Millis, a staff member of the Tucson office of the Sierra Club, came upon her body while he and other volunteers were putting out containers of water for thirsty migrants. By then Josseline had been separated from her group for several weeks. Her brother had been reunited with the family in California, and they had reported that she was missing, according to writer Margaret Regan who covered the story for the Tucson Citizen. It was winter and cold enough for snow to spot the Arizona mountainsides. Josseline’s weakened condition probably made her susceptible to hypothermia. It is tempting to think that such a death is relatively painless, but dying of exposure isn’t a matter of fading dreamily into a coma. Death by cold typically advances slowly from violent shivering to loss of motor skills. Victims become disoriented and often lose the ability to act rationally. With nighttime temperatures hovering around freezing, Josseline had taken off her shoes and both of the jackets she had been wearing. Once the body’s temperature approaches 90 degrees, the shivering may become convulsive, seizure-like. As the body temperature continues to drop, the victim loses consciousness. Breathing becomes irregular, signaling the onset of pulmonary edema and ultimately respiratory and cardiac failure. In another era, Josseline’s death might have engraved itself on our imagination, like the missing kids whose faces were reproduced on milk cartons. As an illegal, though, Josseline stands little chance of achieving a martyr’s place in a society inclined to accord her a status once reserved for bastards. But if she is not to be remembered as an innocent victim of a merciless law, how should Josseline and others like her be remembered? As collateral damage? As criminals? Many won’t be remembered at all, their unidentifiable remains as desiccated as the bones of wild animals that have perished from the same harsh conditions. The naturalist Craig Childs, who has spent much of his life combing deserts of the Southwest for the half-buried tools, utensils, and other grave markers of the Paleo-Indians, describes the land as a vast cemetery: “It changes a place to know that it still has physical ancestry. … You feel the oldness in the ground. … I thought that if there were such things as ghosts, I was stirring them by passing through here.” Since the early 1990s, when the first section of the modern border fence was built, we have reconsecrated the ground, increasing the population of the dead by about 6,000. As the fence and other defensive measures have made the arduous crossing even harder, the mortality rate has risen. By 2009, the risk of dying while crossing the border in Arizona was 17 times greater than it was a decade earlier, according to one analysis by the American Civil Liberties Union, and since 2009, the mortality rate has nearly doubled. About 10 percent of the fatalities are children. Along Arizona’s border with Mexico, that can mean 18 to 25 children die each year. The body count is at best an educated guess, since many of the missing have never been found. We know more about the prehistoric dead than some of the more recent casualties whose only markers are cast-off clothing and empty water bottles. Seen from a distance, the border fence is a tantalizing mirage, a piece of land art in the tradition of the Spiral Jetty or The Lightning Field, its concrete supports and steel-mesh panels rendered immaterial like a long, hard road that seems to liquefy in the harsh light. Up close, it’s more imposing, the apotheosis of a junkyard fence. In the history of cross-border insults, it ranks with Pancho Villa’s 1916 raid on Columbus, New Mexico, and the U.S. government’s Harmon Doctrine denying Mexico’s right to water from the Rio Grande or Colorado River. Only, in this case, injuries have been inflicted on the culture, commerce, and environment on both sides of the border. Design flaws in the fence have caused floods that cost lives and resulted in several million dollars of damage to homes and businesses in Arizona and Mexico. Mountains in one California wilderness were dynamited to make way for the fence. In Texas, private property has been seized, elsewhere ranches trashed, and everywhere wildlife habitat damaged and ancient migration routes blocked. Border fortifications are likely to remain in place and even grow if many in Washington have their way. Under legislation that has passed the House, the authority of the Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Border Patrol would be vastly expanded. The effects on people’s livelihoods, on topography, and on natural resources would be felt across an area larger than New England. The push for even more security is due in part to people’s misperception of what the fence is supposed to accomplish. Its apparent fragility is not a mirage, as evidenced by the ladders, the 149 tunnels, and the holes in the mesh panels that make long stretches of the fence look like a patchwork quilt. In 2010 alone, more than 4,000 holes were cut. Yet it was never meant to be an impenetrable barrier. Don’t mistake the fence for something it isn’t, then–Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff told Fox News five years ago: “I think the fence has come to assume a certain kind of symbolic significance, which should not obscure the fact [that sealing off the borders] is a much more complicated problem.” All of the bluster during the Republican primary about building a double fence (Michele Bachmann), electrifying it (Herman Cain), or extending it the entire length of the 1,950-mile border (Mitt Romney) missed the point. The fence is simply one component in the militarization of the border, a $90 billion project that marshaled thousands of Border Patrol agents and National Guard, deployed manned aircraft and aerial drones, established military-style bases and a network of radio-transmission towers, and carved thousands of miles of new roads in national parks and wildlife refuges. In the end, it is a system quite different from what was originally envisioned. It is designed less to stop people from crossing the border illegally than to apprehend them once they have crossed; it slows them down and makes them easier to catch once they are in the United States. The strategy is comparable to football’s prevent defense, in which the team playing defense doesn’t attempt to stop its opponents from crossing the 50-yard line but concentrates its efforts on preventing a touchdown. “A speed bump in the desert” is the way one Border Patrol official describes the fence. The Government Accountability Office reported in May that the strategy assumes that nearly 90 percent of apprehensions are going to be made after people have entered the country illegally. The Border Patrol put it this way: “Illegal traffic will be deterred or forced over more hostile terrain less suited for crossing and more suited for enforcement.” The fence funnels people into some of the roughest country along the border, into places like the Tumacacori wilderness, Josseline’s final resting place. A more cynical take on the policy is that apprehensions drive budgets, and if you deter people from crossing the border, you won’t apprehend as many. As one official puts it, “Agencies thrive on numbers.” One look at the groups of travelers gathered on the Mexican side and it’s clear from their flimsy sneakers, cotton pullovers, and quart-sized water bottles that most are unprepared for the 20 to 30 miles of hellish terrain that lies ahead, where temperatures routinely soar above 100 degrees in summer and often drop below freezing in winter. Anyone who has hiked in the desert knows how deceiving it can be. Terrain that appears flat from a distance turns out to be a steeply furrowed maze of arroyos and canyons, cliffs and cul-de-sacs. Long-distance trekkers cache water and nonperishable food before heading out, as it is almost impossible to carry sufficient quantities of either. Many migrants give themselves up when they become too sick or weak to go on, or they are abandoned by coyotes, their paid guides. You see the ones who can’t continue standing meekly at highway checkpoints, waiting to be processed and deported. There have been fences along the border with Mexico for more than a century. They just weren’t designed to keep people out. Strung with barbed wire, the first ones were erected to segregate American and Mexican cattle. The federal government didn’t start putting up pedestrian fences until 1990. The first one was built in San Diego where the number of apprehensions was approaching 500,000 per year. The fence started at the Pacific Ocean and continued several miles inland. Sixteen years later, when Congress passed the Secure Fence Act, the wave of migrants trying to sneak across from Mexico was beginning to recede. But in the years following the attacks of September 11, 2001, the specter of jihadists toting bombs across the desert and the more routine threat of Mexican drug gangs moving tons of product north provided the impetus to build what is there now. Today, a combination of pedestrian fence and vehicle barriers extends intermittently across 650 miles from Texas’s Rio Grande Valley to 1,300 feet out into the Pacific. The longest stretch is in Arizona where the illegal traffic has been heaviest in recent years. From the beginning, the idea of walling off the border struck critics as an outdated approach to national security, a throwback to the era when we built a line of forts to protect the pioneers. It wasn’t the Berlin Wall we were re-creating but Fort Apache. As in olden days, soldiers patrol on horseback. Volunteer militiamen scour the hills for signs of invading campesinos. Along a particularly gnarly stretch of desert on Arizona’s Tohono O’odham Reservation, Indian scouts, known as Shadow Wolves, follow the trail of smugglers who wrap their shoes in fabric to cover their tracks as they guide migrants or transport drugs. Two assessments of border security issued this year, one by the Congressional Research Service and the other by the Government Accountability Office, found that the Border Patrol has gained “effective control” of about 50 percent of the border with Mexico. Although the Border Patrol reports that it has caught 18 million illegal aliens since the mid-1990s, the number has plummeted in recent years, from 1.6 million in 2000 to 340,000 last year. At least for now, El Norte is no longer Mexico’s magnetic north. The Pew Hispanic Center reported a few months ago that the net migration flow from Mexico to the United States has stopped and may have reversed. The population of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico living in the U.S. is almost one million fewer than it was five years ago. The report concluded: “The largest wave of immigration in history from a single country to the United States has come to a standstill.” The causes are many: an uptick in Mexican employment, a sharp decline in that country’s birth rate, the scarcity of jobs in the U.S., and a record number of deportations under President Barack Obama. There is also the fear of tangling with the murderous drug cartels that control access to the border on the Mexican side. The border fortifications have made a difference, though it is hard to gauge how much since the trend in illegal migration had been heading downward for five years before the Secure Fence Act was passed. Fencing the border has stopped some people. A 15- to 20-foot fall from its top to a graded road or concrete apron at its base is comparable to a plunge from a diving board into an empty swimming pool. The Border Patrol and local medical personnel have reported concussions, broken limbs, and other injuries serious enough to prevent the victims from venturing any farther into the U.S. So far, the decline in the illegal-immigrant population has not made a difference in official policy. There have been few calls for the president to tear down the fence. Just the opposite. In Arizona, a campaign is under way to raise money to build an additional 200 miles of border fence. The Texas Department of Public Safety is launching a fleet of gunboats to patrol the Rio Grande, the river that forms the state’s border with Mexico. The Obama administration is preparing to build 14 more miles of fence in South Texas. Obama made light of Republicans’ obsession with border security with a joke about moats and alligators. But he has deported twice as many people as George W. Bush did during his first term, while deploying 1,200 National Guard and doubling the size of the Border Patrol to 22,000. As CNN’s Paul Begala said: “President Obama has put more boots on the ground on the Mexican border than any president since Woodrow Wilson was chasing Pancho Villa.” If the border has become a safer place—as crime statistics strongly suggest—it hasn’t become safe enough in the view of many members of Congress. Lately, they have been focusing on what they see as a particularly vulnerable component of Obama’s border policy—the environment. Congressional conservatives say environmental laws like the Endangered Species Act are limiting the Border Patrol’s access to borderlands frequented by migrants and smugglers. The Government Accountability Office investigated the claim and reported back to Congress that, except in a few instances, environmental laws have not impeded law enforcement. But neither the GAO’s findings nor the denials of officials from both the Obama and Bush administrations have slowed the progress of the bill recently passed by the House. One of the most sweeping anti-environmental laws ever proposed, it would essentially nullify laws protecting parks, wilderness, and wildlife within 100 miles of the nation’s northern and southern borders. It would override century-old protections of Olympic National Park in Washington, Glacier National Park in Montana, Voyageurs National Park and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area in Minnesota, and Big Bend National Park in Texas, as well as sacred Indian sites such as Montana’s Chief Mountain and nearby Sweet Grass Hills. The bill would permit the construction of military installations, roads, airstrips, and communication towers anywhere within the 100-mile zones. Federal law-enforcement officers would be free to drive on or off roads on public or tribal land. America’s Southwestern deserts have been sacrificed to national security for more than half a century. We exploded the first atom bomb in New Mexico’s Jornada del Muerto and detonated 1,000 nuclear devices at the Nevada Test Site. During World War II, the Army trained nearly one million soldiers, most famously General George S. Patton’s tank battalions, on 18,000 square miles of California and Arizona desert. Today, Southwestern deserts are home to our largest missile and bombing ranges. No doubt because deserts, like the Tumacacori, are inhospitable to human life, we have treated them as if they had no life of their own. The routes most heavily used by migrants and smugglers in recent years have been across the desert between El Paso, Texas, and the California border, a 30 million–acre wedge of land bought from Mexico in the 1853 Gadsden Purchase. The first American to survey these lands, John Russell Bartlett, described them in 1854 as an “unbroken waste, barren, wild and worthless. … One becomes sickened and disgusted with the ever-recurring sameness of plain and mountain, plant and living thing.” A bookseller from New York with no formal education beyond high school, Bartlett traveled across the desert in a private coach, which he made into a bed at night. There, he found relief from the monotony of the landscape by reading Adolph Erman’s Travels in Siberia. Heading west from El Paso, Bartlett’s party lost its way in sandstorms, fought brushfire, and warded off hostile Indians. Bartlett himself was laid low with typhoid. If the beleaguered surveyor sometimes failed to appreciate his surroundings, he was not unlike a modern tourist speeding across the apparently lifeless region. Then as now, the desert camouflages its assets. The area that Bartlett explored, extending across southwest New Mexico, northern Mexico, and east--central Arizona, is known today as the Madrean Archipelago or more informally as the Sky Islands. A checkerboard of isolated mountains separated by vast tracts of scrub, the region teems with life. It is home to nearly twice as many types of mammals as is Yellowstone National Park. Animals that thrive here do so by virtue of extraordinary resourcefulness. Bighorn sheep find water by goring open barrel cactus and devouring its moist pulp. Kangaroo rats metabolize water from seeds and plants. The key to survival for dozens of species is unfettered access to habitat on both sides of the border. Mule deer, puma, black bears, bighorn sheep, jaguar, ocelot, Mexico’s last free-ranging bison herd, and the nearly extinct Sonoran pronghorn must be free to move back and forth to search for scarce forage and water, to escape wildfires and drought, and to find mates. Now, many of them can’t do that. The fence, along with the noise and lights of generators and radio towers, has inhibited or simply blocked their movement. The Sky Island Alliance, a conservation group, says that only three viable migration corridors are left along the eastern third of Arizona’s border with Mexico, about 120 miles. Some species have already lost 75 percent of their historic range. The pressure on wildlife is not due entirely to border fortifications. Millions of migrants trooping across the countryside have taken a toll as well, leaving mountains of trash, starting fires, polluting springs, vandalizing historic sites, and scattering wildlife. Officials of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, on Arizona’s southern border, were compelled to close two-thirds of a 330,000-acre park to the public because of the dangers posed by narcotics traffickers. In 2002, after a park ranger was shot to death by two suspected drug smugglers, Organ Pipe was declared the most dangerous park in America by the park rangers’ branch of the Fraternal Order of Police. If the militarization of the border has made parks like Organ Pipe safer for visitors—and park officials insist it has—it has not provided a respite for harried wildlife. Border Patrol base camps carved out of wilderness, speeding jeeps, and all-terrain vehicles have cut thousands of miles of unauthorized roads through national parks and wildlife refuges, compacting soil and diverting moisture. Unchecked, the process destroys the plants that hold scarce desert water in place and provide sustenance for ranchers’ cattle and wildlife. Three years after the installation of vehicle barriers prevented smugglers from driving north through the park, officials there reported a 40 percent increase in unauthorized roads, mostly due to Border Patrol activity. A recent study of Arizona’s Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service documented a vast network of new roads, forged by the Border Patrol, that had caused an alarming level of damage. “We are disturbed by both the magnitude and the extent of the impacts we recorded,” the study said. “We did not expect to find almost 8,000 miles of vehicle trails through wilderness.” In 2009, the Department of Homeland Security pledged $50 million to repair environmental damage, but the release of that money—less than $9 million so far—has been slow. Even that allocation has outraged some conservatives. Arizona’s governor, Republican Jan Brewer, ridiculed one project to study the impact of the border fence on jaguar that range between northern Mexico and southern Arizona. In June, the House prohibited Homeland Security from spending any more money on repairing environmental damage along the border, with the sponsors of the ban referring to the payments as “extortion.” The U.S.–Mexico border was once a co-dependent region with communities on both sides profiting from a daily exchange of goods and services, a hybrid culture with its own food, music, and commerce, where members of the same family lived on both sides, and businesses relied on an international clientele. Nogales, Arizona, for example, depended on Mexican consumers for 70 percent of its sales-tax revenue. Not only has the fence changed all that, it has cut people off from their own property. In South Texas, where the winding Rio Grande traces the border with Mexico, the fence had to be built on higher, dryer ground. Erected inside U.S. territory, it has separated some American farmers from their fields. John McClung, president of the Texas Produce Association, estimates that 35,000 to 50,000 acres planted with onions, cabbage, leafy green vegetables, and citrus are being trapped between the fence and the river. Today, many critics of the fence are people it was supposed to protect—ranchers, farmers, and urban refugees who have been most vulnerable to the trespassing, littering, and petty thievery by migrants trooping north across their land. Arizona rancher John Ladd is one of the critics. His family has been raising cattle along the Arizona–Mexico border in the small community of Palominas for more than a century. A 15-foot-high section of fence runs along the 10-mile-long southern boundary of Ladd’s land. “They cut their way through it in a heartbeat,” says Ladd, standing next to a section of steel mesh that had been expertly peeled back. A sieve when it comes to stopping people, the fence acts as a dam. When it storms, rock and dirt pile up behind the fence, capturing the runoff that used to spread out across Ladd’s land and irrigate his pastures. When the water eventually does find a path through the fence, it gushes, cutting deep gullies and bypassing the high ground and the plants that feed Ladd’s cattle. Skinny calves bring skimpier profits. If too much water accumulates behind the fence, the area floods as it has several times along the Arizona border. The flooding killed two people and caused several million dollars in damage to hundreds of homes and businesses in Nogales and the smaller towns of Sonoyta and Lukeville in 2008. “The hydrology is tricky,” Ladd says. “You need to spend a little time out here to understand how it works. But they didn’t listen to us.” Federal land managers warned Homeland Security officials that the design of the fence could impede normal drainage patterns during heavy rains. They didn’t heed the warnings, because they didn’t have to. The laws requiring consultation in such matters had been waived. Even though the fence was built through some of the richest wildlife habitat in the Southwest, Congress empowered Homeland Security to ignore every major environmental statute—the National Environmental Policy Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Wilderness Act, the Clean Air Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, and 30 other laws protecting historic structures, farmland, and American Indian relics and grave sites. As all-encompassing as it is, the waiver is a modest precursor of the legislation now making its way through Congress. “It’s the wildlife that’s suffering the most,” says Ladd, noting the decline in the mule-deer herd that used to browse on his ranch. “We had about 200 that migrated seasonally between here and Mexico. After they finished building the wall in October, our herd has declined 70 percent from what it used to be.” Nowhere is wildlife more abundant along the border than in the Malpai Borderlands, about 50 miles east of Ladd’s ranch. The Malpai is a tableau of grassland, marshy bottoms, and cottonwood thickets that extend from the emerald palisades of the Peloncillo Mountains to Mexico’s Sierra del Tigre. If the Sky Islands have an epicenter, the Malpai certainly qualifies. A 50-acre patch of scrub supports more rodents than does the state of Pennsylvania. In just one of the mountain passes, more species of reptiles and amphibians are found than in any other place in America. The mix of mountain and forest is ideal habitat for some of the most striking creatures in the wilds, among them the aplomado falcon, the parrot-like elegant trogon, and the jaguar, which until recently was thought to be extinct in the U.S. Slightly larger than Rhode Island, the Malpai is home to just 100 families, who have grown accustomed to surprise visits by both hungry humans and animals. Warner Glenn is perhaps the best-known resident. His craggy features have graced the pages of menswear catalogues for many years. The kitchen wall of his modest ranch house is pocked with bullet holes where he and his wife, Wendy, dispatched a pair of rattlesnakes that had crawled behind the refrigerator. A hunting guide as well as a rancher, Glenn photographed a jaguar in 1996, laying aside his rifle and allowing the animal to escape. Glenn was violating a century-old Western code when he chose to let the animal live, but his decision became a model of Malpai conservation. Working with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Glenn and his neighbors have restored springs and vegetation, reintroduced bighorn sheep, and preserved the habitat of two dozen threatened species. One family alone spent two years rescuing a dwindling population of endangered Chiricahua leopard frogs by replenishing water holes and building an artificial stream. Their work earned the Malpai ranchers a MacArthur Foundation “genius” grant and gave credence to their opposition to the sort of border fence that has wrought havoc on John Ladd’s ranch. Although vehicle barriers have been built along the Malpai’s border with Mexico, they do not block wildlife migration. Now the ranchers worry that the legislation being pushed by congressional Republicans could jeopardize much of their conservation work. More than 40 percent of our Southwestern borderlands are administered by federal agencies responsible for enforcing many of the nation’s environmental laws. Congressional critics say that these laws have made the federal lands a sanctuary for migrants and drug dealers who have crossed the border. In at least one instance, the critics say, a fleeing murderer was able to escape to Mexico through a wildlife refuge because the Border Patrol was locked out. Environmental laws have “jeopardized the safety and security of all Americans,” says Rob Bishop, the Utah congressman who sponsored the bill that would exempt the Border Patrol from the laws along the northern and southern borders. In a rare alliance, ranchers and environmentalists along the northern and southern borders have joined to condemn Bishop’s bill. John Ladd has been one of the most outspoken. “It’ll take them a month to wreck country we’ve spent 40 years trying to build up,” he said. “How are they going to watch over a 100-mile swath of border when they can’t guard it now? I’ve had people busting through the fence every day since Thanksgiving, 15 carloads since February. This waiver is just an excuse to tear up more countryside.” More than one agenda is being served by the bill. At least 10 of the 17 organizations listed as supporting it are advocates of more motorized travel in parks and wilderness. Bishop is one of the most stalwartly anti-environmental legislators on Capitol Hill. The group Republicans for Environmental Protection—now known as ConservAmerica—gave his environmental voting record a minus rating on two of its past three congressional scorecards. “His voting record is usually one of the worst,” said David Jenkins, the organization’s vice president for government and public affairs. “He’s philosophically against public land protection.” Lynn Scarlett, deputy secretary of the interior under George W. Bush, says she believes that Bishop’s push for a border waiver has less to do with national security than with his desire to weaken environmental protection of public land. “The facts do not bear out their argument that federal land management has obstructed law enforcement,” she says. “But by cloaking their agenda as a national-security issue, the people for it may gain enough traction.” Curiously, a bill sold as an anti-crime measure is being pushed at a time when crime rates in border communities have been lower than those of larger, more distant cities. El Paso has remained one of the safest cities of its size in the U.S., despite the horrific violence in neighboring Juarez. Moreover, the emphasis on policing remote sections of mountains and deserts along the border may be misplaced. A national threat assessment by the Justice Department recently pointed out that almost all of the cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin entering the U.S. comes in vehicles and railcars through urban ports of entry. “Most experts do not consider the Southwest border between [ports of entry] to be the most important point of vulnerability to [weapons of mass destruction] or other types of drugs and contraband,” the Congressional Research Service told Congress earlier this year. That is not to say the borderlands are crime-free. From the days of Geronimo, renegades and outlaws have found a refuge in the Malpai. It gave cover to Apache holdouts long after the tribe had formally surrendered in 1886. William “Curly Bill” Brocius and Ike Clanton of OK Corral fame were among dozens of outlaws who found sanctuary in these mountains. Migrants and drug smugglers have been slipping through the canyons and passes for decades. Across the entire length of the border, ranchers frequently report thefts and break-ins. The desert is still the preferred pathway north for most foreign-produced marijuana, according to the Justice Department. Border Patrol agents and other government employees have been attacked. Two agents were fatally shot during the past decade. Another was run over and killed by a fleeing suspect. The circumstances of their deaths and other border crimes have made headlines around the country, none more prominently than the fatal shooting of Robert Krentz, a Cochise County, Arizona, rancher and member of the Malpai group. Phil Krentz says that when his brother was shot, he had gone to help a migrant he thought was in trouble. The murder remains unsolved, though authorities suspect the killer was a drug smuggler who fled into Mexico. Krentz’s death galvanized congressional supporters of Bishop’s bill to expand the Border Patrol’s authority. In a letter urging passage of the 100-mile waiver, Bishop implied that Krentz’s murderer might not have gotten away if the Border Patrol had access to the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge through which the suspect escaped to Mexico. “His murderer chose to exploit vulnerabilities on federal land to traverse in and out of the United States,” wrote Bishop in a letter to House colleagues. “It is no coincidence that at this same location, the Border Patrol access has been limited by land managers who have literally locked out Border Patrol vehicles.” Bishop was wrong, according to the Government Accountability Office, which found that the Border Patrol had its own set of locks and keys to the San Bernardino Refuge. Moreover, Krentz’s neighbor, Wendy Glenn, says that her husband accompanied a federal law--enforcement agent through the refuge in pursuit of Krentz’s killer. “They had access,” she says. “The Border Patrol was in there. Warner was there with them, following the tracks from the kill site to the border. When Bishop came down here, I told him access wasn’t a problem.” Bill McDonald, who owns another ranch nearby, says that authorities had no chance of catching the killer with or without access to the refuge. “The killer was back in Mexico before Rob Krentz’s body was found.” Bishop’s proposed waiver of environmental laws is an ironic tribute to Krentz. He believed in conservation and, along with McDonald, was a member of the Malpai Borderlands Group. Like the Glenns, McDonald thinks waiving environmental laws would be damaging to lands that taxpayers have spent millions of dollars trying to protect. “I have to abide by the environmental laws. Why shouldn’t the Border Patrol have to?” McDonald describes himself as a conservative Republican, an opponent of gun control and government meddling. But like many of his neighbors, he goes his own way when it comes to the border, where day-to-day experience more than ideology tends to shape people’s views. These ranchers aid needy travelers, regardless of their immigration status, help hunt down criminals, and show fresh Border Patrol recruits how to go easy on the land. “What I’m saying will sound like heresy,” McDonald says. “We appreciate what the Border Patrol is trying to do, but militarization alone won’t work. I’m not downplaying the dangers. We’re pretty cautious around strangers. We’re all armed. But it’s not right when people from another country can’t visit their relatives. If you want to make this country safer, you need to move people out of the shadows.” You may also like You need to be logged in to comment. (If there's one thing we know about comment trolls, it's that they're lazy)	<urn:uuid:28e7ec4a-d377-4542-bcd5-e450043cfd09>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://prospect.org/article/border-effect	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00466-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96518	7,578	2.640625	3
Re: Swallowed sponge capsule From: Howard McCollister (nospam_at_nospam.net) Date: 8 Dec 2004 21:07:11 -0600 "Carey Gregory" <email@example.com> wrote in message > "cppow" <firstname.lastname@example.org> wrote: >>Dimensions: 3 ½" x 2 ½" (sponge) >>Weight: 0.25 lb > Didn't realize they were that big. I see your point. If a child > a capsule that swelled to 3.5 inches (~9 cm) in his stomach, that would > definitely be a problem. It would be too large to vomit and too large to > pass into the duodenum, so there it would stay. I imagine it would have > be cut up and retrieved via endoscopy. Probably not life threatening, but > definitely unpleasant and expensive. > The worst case scenario would be if it passed into the intestines before > expanding and created a blockage requiring surgery. But I think that > be unlikely since it would probably expand before entering the duodenum. >>Recommended Age: 3+ Years" > Would a 4 year old swallow a capsule? Of course he would. The toy sounds > like a bad idea to me unless there are safeguards not apparent on those > sites. For example, one site says they expand in "warm water." Is it > possible they only dissolve in water warmer than body temperature? Or > they break down and dissolve in stomach acid? I'd call the manufacturer to be sure, but I suspect the sponge will break down in the stomach.	<urn:uuid:469a8417-2551-4c35-82d4-9f43f6a4c790>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://sci.tech-archive.net/Archive/sci.med/2004-12/1443.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.918964	363	1.84375	2
Reflections on the Science Breakthrough of the Year February 27, 2014 In its December 20, 2013 issue, the journal Science identified cancer immunotherapy as the science breakthrough of the year. An editorial by the journal’s Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt explains the basis for the selection. She notes that the war on cancer started 40 years ago and has had great success in treating some cancers, while others remain difficult to effectively combat. She also explains that as the baby boomer generation ages, cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality will almost assuredly increase – hence the need for new tools. The war on cancer has been fought primarily with three tools – chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. Each comes at a cost to the human organism and the health care system, and most effective interventions for aggressive cancers almost always include at least two of these strategies. While most interventions slow the progression and spread of the disease, cancer is a stubborn disease with a tendency to manifest in new places and ways. Current therapies often drive tumors or blood cancers into remission, but far too many find a way to come back, and often more aggressively than before. Scientists wonder why, and recognize than new therapeutic interventions will arise as answers emerge to this key question. “Cancer immunotherapy aims to harness the body’s own immune system to fight cancer,” according to Marcia McNutt. In a news story on the selection, Science states that “Immunotherapy marks an entirely different way of treating cancer –by targeting the immune system, not the tumor itself.” The basic idea is to disrupt protein receptors on T cells that launch focused attacks on the immune system. When a person’s immune response is depressed, the door is opened for opportunistic cell proliferation, which can lead to the early stages of cancer or promote the growth of any existing cancerous cell masses. At its core, cancer immunotherapy is a preventive intervention that strives to harness the body’s natural defense mechanisms. It is fundamentally different than today’s three big guns of cancer treatment. It is easy to imagine in the future complex combinations of cancer immunotherapy and surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. In the 1970s, cancer treatment and agriculture began decades of rapid change grounded in the belief that incrementally more aggressive treatments could spare people, crop fields, and livestock from serious pest or health threats. In the world of oncology, progress in the war on cancer was achieved despite multiple social, demographic, and life-style factors that opened the door for the disease, or set the stage for rapid promotion of tumor growth. Successes in treating certain cancers reinforced the notion that all cancers might someday be prevented or managed using basically the same approach. On the farm and across the agricultural sciences, the same dynamic unfolded over the last half-century, as a series of remarkable technological innovations made it possible for conventional farmers to combat pests and animal diseases in wholly new ways, mostly through inputs brought onto the farm, and made possible through the wonders of chemistry. Despite steady increases in pest and animal disease pressure as a result of the intensification of farming systems coupled with loss of biodiversity on the farm, agricultural scientists and private industry teamed up to discover and commercialize a steady stream of treatment-oriented interventions that worked very well much of the time, and well enough most of the rest of the time. But just as the case with human cancer treatment options, evidence is mounting that some pest and disease-related threats to crop and livestock production are not responding as well as they once did to now-routine, treatment oriented interventions. Plus, the collateral damage of the interventions needed on the farm are taking a rising toll, just as the combination of the big guns in the war on cancer are taking a bigger toll on patients fighting for their lives in the face of aggressive cancer. It is encouraging that cancer immunotherapy has triggered such great interest and new hope in the search for better ways to combat certain cancers. Likewise, it is encouraging that there is growing recognition that a healthy life style, including sound nutritional choices over many years, is the best way to tip the odds in favor of healthy aging and cancer prevention. Perhaps one day Science will select as the breakthrough of the year a new farming system innovation that prevents a serious threat to food security or food safety through management of natural biological processes and ecological interactions. If and when that happens, the roots of such a breakthrough will likely be traced back to attempts by organic farmers to avoid or prevent a problem by unleashing or augmenting natural cycles and interactions that are inherently preventive in nature.	<urn:uuid:e7326a7c-6657-4f1c-a933-c9559e9d456f>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://csanr.wsu.edu/science-breakthrough/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.952759	938	2.28125	2
Every year Government departments are required to publish detailed annual data on the public bodies which they sponsor and the public appointees who serve on them. The Cabinet Office publishes an annual document entitled Public Bodies which provides a summary of the data which individual departments have published. - Public Bodies 2015 (Cabinet Office) What is a Public Body? A public body is not part of a government department, but carries out its function to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from central government. For this reason non-Ministerial departments and executive agencies are excluded from this directory, as they are departments or part of one. Ministers are ultimately responsible to Parliament for the activities of the bodies sponsored by their department and in almost all cases (except, for example, where there is separate statutory provision) ministers make the appointments to their boards. Departments are responsible for funding and ensuring good governance of their public bodies. In this publication, each body is allocated to its sponsoring department. The term 'public body' is a general one which includes: Non-Departmental Public Bodies (NDPBs); Public Corporations; NHS Bodies; and Public Broadcasting Authorities (BBC and S4C). There are four types of NDPB. These denote different funding arrangements, functions and kinds of activity. They are: Executive NDPBs - established in statute and carrying out administrative, regulatory and commercial functions, they employ their own staff and are allocated their own budgets. Advisory NDPBs - provide independent and expert advice to ministers on particular topics of interest. They do not usually have staff but are supported by staff from their sponsoring department. They do not usually have their own budget, as costs incurred come within the department's expenditure. The Commission's Regional Advisory Committees are classed as Advisory NDPBs. Tribunal NDPBs - have jurisdiction in a specialised field of law. They are usually supported by staff from their sponsoring department and do not have their own budgets. Independent Monitoring Boards - formerly known as 'Boards of Visitors' - 'watchdogs' of the prison system. Their duty is to satisfy themselves as to the state of the prison premises, their administration and the treatment of prisoners. The sponsoring department meets the costs.	<urn:uuid:2807859c-75f5-4bfc-962b-d299ed8b6525>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-82rk23	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00554-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973185	456	2.703125	3
While both adults and children can get COVID-19, healthy children seem to be less affected, have milder symptoms and recover quicker. While this continues to be true, there has been a recent increase in young patients with exposure to COVID-19 who later develop a unique set of symptoms. This prompted the Center for Disease Control (CDC) to issue a health alert. This condition, while extremely rare, causes body parts to become inflamed and blood vessels to enlarge. It is being referred to as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). What are the signs and symptoms of MIS-C? The main thing to watch for is a fever lasting for several days, rash, red eyes, loss of appetite and abdominal pain. If you see any of these symptoms or suspect your child has COVID-19 or has been exposed to someone with COVID-19, contact your pediatrician immediately. Be aware that not all children will have the same symptoms. Is this Kawasaki disease? While MIS-C can have similar symptoms to Kawasaki disease, it is important to note they are not the same and should be treated differently. What causes MIS-C? The cause is not yet fully understood and is being researched. It appears to be a delayed immune system response in someone who had the COVID-19 virus. This means your child does not have active COVID-19 but did at some time and their body’s immune system fought it off. You might not have even realized they were sick. MIS-C often happens weeks later. How is MIS-C diagnosed? MIS-C is diagnosed based on symptoms (persistent fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms). Children will also most likely have tested positive for COVID-19 or have been exposed to someone with the virus during the past four weeks. Doctors may do certain tests to look for inflammation or other signs of the disease. These tests might include: How is MIS-C treated? Children diagnosed with MIS-C will be closely monitored. Some children will need to be admitted to the hospital. Our team of pediatric specialists will work together to address your child’s needs. When should I call for care? Anytime you have concerns about your child’s health, please contact your child’s pediatrician by phone, MyChart or a Care Anywhere visit. If your child has been exposed or diagnosed with COVID-19 and shows any of the above symptoms, you should call immediately.	<urn:uuid:9d075298-a055-4f12-87f1-bd1d67c5c76d>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://coronavirus.uwhealth.org/mis-c-in-children/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00678.warc.gz	en	0.967808	519	3.375	3
say a function f is continuous on the reals and there exists a sequence of functions so that f_n (t)=f(nt) for n=1,2,3... also the sequence of functions is equicontinuous on [0,1]. what does show about f? I show f is constant on the nonnegative reals Let epsilon (from here onwards we shall call it e)>0, then because f_n is equicontinuous there exists a delta>0 s.t. d(x,y)<delta implies \|f_n(x)-f_n(y)\|<e for all n as long as x,y in [0,1]. Now fix any two positive numbers x,y. since x/n and y/n go to zero there exists a N so that \|x/n-y/n\|<delta for all n>N and that they are both in [0,1]. Then this means that \|f_n(x/n)-f_n(y/n)\|<e for all n>N. This means \|f(x)-f(y)\|<e. Since epsilon is arbitrary we see that f(x)=f(y). I feel like there should be more to this or maybe that I'm wrong altogether. What examples satisfy the hypothesis?	<urn:uuid:9181686e-b806-4dd2-ae79-a5f56181105e>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/on-equicontinuity.201362/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00475-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937499	288	2.140625	2
SPAC, an innovative way to go public The choice to go public is a very important decision for a company. It is the end of one stage in the company’s lifecycle and the start of another. Being listed on the stock market brings a number of benefits to the company, whether for financial reasons or increased visibility. Effectively, this is a process that, not only allows early investors to cash out their investments, but also helps raise capital by making a company’s shares available to the general public. Traditionally, a company goes public through an initial public offering (IPO) or direct public offering (DPO). The major difference between these two types of offering is that one sells existing shares whereas the other issues new ones. Thus, during a DPO, employees and/or investors sell their existing shares to the general public while during an IPO, the company goes public by issuing new shares. The choice of type is based on the company’s purpose behind the idea of going public. Thus, if the company does not have the will to raise funds, it will use the route of a direct public offering, which is the reason for not issuing new shares. Recently, a new method, an increasingly popular trend in the financial world, is being used by companies to go public: by going through a Special Purpose Acquisition Companies or SPAC, also known as Blank Checks Companies. SPACs are “shell companies” whose objective is to raise capital through an initial public offering – IPO – to acquire a private company. A SPAC does not make any product or sales. The only asset of a SPAC is its market funds, typically worth between $ 300M and a few billions. These funds come from an IPO where the common share price is generally as low as 10$. Two scenarios can take place: the SPAC can either accomplish its mission and acquire a company and make it public, or it can be liquidated, and its investors get reimbursed, if ever it has not merged or acquired a private company within the time limit, usually between 18 and 24 months. It is important to note that the fair market value of the target company must be at least 80% of the assets of the SPAC. An interesting comparison can be made between a SPAC and an arcade claw machine: it is possible that the company obtained turns out great, as it is also possible that it ends up mediocre or even that the investors do not get any company at all despite his investment. Since SPAC companies are “shell companies”, the reputation of the management team is an important success factor. Once the company acquisition is complete (with SPAC shareholders having voted to approve the transaction), SPAC investors can either exchange their shares for shares of the merged company, or they can buy back their SPAC shares to recover their initial investment in addition to accrued interest. Benefits of going through a SPAC to become public Lately, many companies are taking the path that includes using a SPAC company to go public for several reasons. First and foremost, the process is much faster if the company goes public through a SPAC. Indeed, it can take up to 8 months for a company to go public via an initial public offering (IPO) or via a direct public offering (DPO), if the offering is coordinated and managed correctly. On the other hand, going public through a SPAC can take up to four months. Also, to be listed on the stock exchange (IPO), the company must meet several qualifications. For example, NASDAQ requires its societies to have a market value of at least $ 1M. It also needs to have assets of at least $ 4M, a minimum of 300 shareholders, and much more. Companies that fail to meet at least one of these requirements cannot be listed on the stock exchange through traditional channels, even if they have great prospects for potential growth. These firsts can, on the other hand, be registered by going through a SPAC, a method that has no threshold for an introduction in the stock exchange Fear of investing in a SPAC Apart from the fact that an investor investing in a SPAC makes a blind investment since he has no knowledge of how its capital will be used, there are several risks or fears that are associated with this type of societies. For starters, with the wait to release a SPAC being much lower than that of a traditional IPO, some people would be wary of a lack of in-depth reviews on the company. Then, as a rule, the sponsors – the management team of a SPAC – get about 20% of the founder’s shares at a reduced price, which dilutes the ownership of the public shareholder. In addition, there are now hundreds of SPACs looking for companies to merge with. This explosion in SPACs’ supply means businesses can shop around and ask for better terms, which can reduce the upside potential for an investor when a merger is announced. A study of 56 SPACs that completed acquisitions in 2018 showed that they tend to perform below the S&P 500 over a period of 3, 6 and 12 months. A second study has shown that most SPACs having completed acquisitions between 2015 and 2019 are trading on the stock exchange below the standard price of $ 10. Finally, between 2017 and 2019, there were 108 SPACs in the United States and their average return over that period was barely 2%. How to invest in a SPAC The general public can, in fact, invest in a SPAC. Just like any publicly traded stock, it is very easy for anyone to invest in a SPAC through an online brokerage account. Another approach would be to invest in a group of SPAC through an ETF (exchange-traded fund) type fund. In the table below taken from Forbes Advisor, it is possible to see the 10 most popular SPACs, their market capitalization as well as their target acquisition (for some SPAC, the target acquisition is not yet announced). (25 February 2021) Churchill Capital Corp IV $ 7.2 B $ Pershing Square Tontine Holdings $ 5.8 B $ Foley Trasimene Acquisition Corp II $ 2.8 B $ Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings V $ 1.9 B $ Star Peak Energy Transition Corp $ 1.5 B $ CC Neurberger Principal Holdings II $ 1.2 B $ GS Acquisition Holdings Corp II $ 1.1 B $ $ 1.1 B $ Social Capital Hedosophia Holdings IV $ 814 M $ VG Acquisition Corp $ 709 M $ Kensington Capital Acquisition Corp, best Performing SPAC of 2020 SPACs are obviously a relatively risky investment, however there are several examples of companies having successfully made this transition. A concrete example of a successful special purpose acquisition company is Kensingtion Capital Acquisition Corporation which merged with QuantumScape Corporation last fall. Kensingtion Capital Acquisition Corp is a SPAC funded by Kensington Capital Partners LLC which acquired, in late November 2020, a leading developer of next generation batteries for use in eclectic cars, an increasingly popular product. The shares, following the merger of the two companies can be bought under the symbol $ GS on the NYSE, have seen a boom of more than 60% in just a few hours; they went from 23.50 USD on November 27, 2020 at 10:30 am to 37.60 USD, three and a half hours later. Today, the share price has stabilized around $ 55 after peaking at around $ 115. Ashford, K. (2021, February 19). Initial public offering: What is an ipo? Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/initial-public-offering-what-is-an-ipo/ Benzinga, S. (2021, February 22). Spacs vs. traditional ipos. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.cfo.com/capital-markets/2021/02/spacs-vs-traditional-ipos/ CFI. (2020, June 30). Special purpose acquisition Company (SPAC) – OVERVIEW, how it works. Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/strategy/special-purpose-acquisition-company-spac/ Daks, M. (2020, October 19). A SPAC is a high-risk but potentially profitable way to get in on the ground floor of a new stock – here’s everything investors need to know. Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-a-spac Direct listing – overview, pros & cons, and difference from ipos. (2020, February 18). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/direct-listing/ Going public: How long does it take? (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/18694/corporate_matters/going_public_how_long_does_it_take.html Jackson, A. (2021, March 09). Special purpose acquisition company: What is a spac? Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/spac-special-purpose-aquisition-company/ Jr., T. (2021, February 24). What is a spac? Explaining one of Wall Street’s hottest trends. Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/30/what-is-a-spac.html Moore, S. (2020, October 19). The risk and returns for the increasingly popular spac trade. Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonmoore/2020/10/19/the-risk-and-returns-for-the-increasingly-popular-spac-trade/?sh=3254dd03297f Nate NeadNate Nead is a licensed investment banker and Principal at Deal Capital Partners. (2014, October 17). Nasdaq listing requirements. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://investmentbank.com/nasdaq-listing-requirements/	<urn:uuid:065ac1a9-0110-4f79-ace4-fbc844ea0616>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://polyfinances.ca/en/2021/03/18/spac-an-innovative-way-to-go-public/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00271.warc.gz	en	0.94963	2,297	2.078125	2
Debate within the government over measures to compensate for damage caused by the accident at Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant has entered the final phase. But we find the reported contents hard to understand in many ways. At a time when the entire picture of damage remains unclear, the government is only focusing on how to adjust the interests of concerned parties such as whether to set a cap on the burden borne by Tokyo Electric Power Co., the operator of the plant. While the government is demanding TEPCO implement strict restructuring measures, it appears the discussion is based on the major premise that it would continue to operate as a listed company. We repeat that the most important thing the government must hasten to do in studying compensation measures is to ensure that payments are promptly and adequately made to sufferers, and power supply to areas covered by TEPCO is not disrupted. The purpose is not to "protect" TEPCO. Compensation payments and and power supply can be realized even if the company cannot maintain its current form. If the government clarifies its engagement "to require TEPCO to firmly make payments," there is much room to come up with ideas. To begin with, the TEPCO problem is inseparable with Japan's electricity and energy policy. It should be debated within a much larger picture. Is it right to sit back and do nothing to change the electric power industry, which has maintained strong ties with politics and the administration while being protected by regional monopolies? Will Japan continue nuclear power generation in the future? If so, should it leave individual power companies to continue to operate nuclear power plants as they have been doing up to now? Or should they be separated? Is it not possible to use funds invested in the nuclear fuel cycle project to reuse used nuclear fuel? By sorting out these points and coming up with a direction, we should be able to determine TEPCO's ability to shoulder the burden in concrete terms. How much can it afford to pay with proceeds from its business and sales of its assets? A decision must be made based on concrete grounds. In the process, naturally, the responsibility of shareholders will also be questioned. Financial institutions will also be required to "shoulder a burden" in some form for their financial claims in general against TEPCO, excluding emergency loans after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Still, if payments cannot be met in the end, the public may be required to pick up the tab through an increase in electricity charges. Also for that matter, a careful procedure is needed. Prime Minister Naoto Kan gave a news conference May 10 to announce plans to put the government's basic energy policy back on the drawing board and emphasize the development of natural energy sources. The way electric power supply is left to 10 companies should also be re-examined in the course of discussion. Repeated attempts to reform the electric power supply system have failed. The unprecedented crisis this time is a chance to implement drastic reforms. --The Asahi Shimbun, May 11	<urn:uuid:e996ba4f-5443-4147-af7c-f74af9a0b40e>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://vn-miraclelife.blogspot.com/2011/05/1205-editorial-tepco-compensation-talks.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00034-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.958093	614	2.09375	2
Time series with the number of cases of campylobacter infections in the north of the province Quebec (Canada) in four week intervals from January 1990 to the end of October 2000. It has 13 observations per year and 140 observations in total. Campylobacterosis is an acute bacterial infectious disease attacking the digestive system. A time series of class Ferland, R., Latour, A. and Oraichi, D. (2006) Integer-valued GARCH process. Journal of Time Series Analysis 27(6), 923–942, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2006.00496.x. measles in this package, polio in package 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 plot(campy) #Fit the INGARCH model used in Ferland et al. (2006): campyfit <- tsglm(ts=campy, model=list(past_obs=1, past_mean=c(7,13))) summary(campyfit) plot(campyfit) #Note that these parameter estimations differ from those obtained by #Ferland et al. (2006). This might be due to a different initialisation #of pre-sample values and different optimisation algorithms (they use #Microsoft Excel Solver Macro).	<urn:uuid:ba2587c7-9a25-4fdc-b736-41f11cf1761f>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://rdrr.io/cran/tscount/man/campy.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00127-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.715131	284	2.1875	2
It seems that Sprint’s Kyocera Echo doesn’t only sport a unique design and reasonable specs, but also a rugged case. Thanks to the video below, we learn the science behind the resilience of the dual screen smartphone. Turns out that you can drop it and it’ll still function. The hinge is particularly sturdy, since it’s made of a super copper alloy, while the touchscreens are made with Corning Gorilla Glass, for extra toughness. These displays will survive scratches, drops and bumps , while the hinge is supposed to be nearly indestructible, with 6 patents pending. The tests of the handset involved opening and closing it 100,000 times, that’s 25,000 times more than usual. Well, now maybe you’ll find the dual 3.5 inch touchscreen handset appealing. However, it’s too bad that it only runs Android 2.2 Froyo right now, but hopefully it will get Android 2.3 optimized for this experience.	<urn:uuid:4353e443-a48b-4b31-ad4f-781de64e33e0>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.gsmdome.com/kyocera-echo-the-indestructible-phone-heres-the-science-behind-it-video	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00298-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.924832	212	1.796875	2
Kids Mini PC Learning Machine Educational Toy with Mouse Shipping & Payment A lovely multifunctional learning machine, there are letter mode, spell mode, word mode, asking mode, singing mode, music mode and animal sound. Bilingual switch freely between Chinese and English. Very nice! Play it! You will find the new paradise! Main Feature: - The design is popular among children's favourite - Teach your baby how to pronounce 32 English standard words - Press any key and the mouse will shine - Light weight, convenient to learn wherever you go - Stimulates children's imagination and enhances their learning experience - Powered by: 3 x AA battery ( Not included ) - Pattern will be sent at random > 3 years old Mini Learning Machine,Reading Machine Dimensions and Weight Package Size(L x W x H) 27.00 x 15.00 x 5.00 cm / 10.63 x 5.91 x 1.97 inches 1 x Learning Machine Product Safety Disclaimer: We do not accept any responsibility or liability for misuse of this or any other product. All our products are extensively tested to comply with rigorous and strict QC standards. For certain products (e.g. toys, knives, etc.), we recommend proper supervision as we cannot be held liable for misuse or accidents. Color and Style Disclaimer: The item color and style(or pattern) is subject to stock availability, we reserve the right to substitute for another color/pattern. Small Parts Disclaimer: These toys contain small parts, not for children under 3 years in case of swallowing or choking . We do not accept any responsibility or liability for misuse of this or any other product. If you have any questions about this product, delivery, payment options, etc, please feel free to submit your enquiry. We will reply to you within 24 hours.	<urn:uuid:16c6c50e-dff7-4a32-b524-bb797ab3d12d>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.everbuying.net/product1195009.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00035-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.822412	379	1.5	2
United States government-owned Ally Financial Inc. is considering raising less than $1 billion in stock in a private deal in order to pass the annual stress test of the US Federal Reserve, a person privy with the plans told Bloomberg. Ally failed the test earlier this year. Ally, which is the former finance arm of General Motors, needs to submit a new plan to the central bank before it can repay $17.2 billion in U.S. bailout money. The lender said Tuesday in a regulatory filing that it is considering options to repay preferred shares held by the Treasury Department, like using cash on hand or issuing stock. The lender, however, has yet to make a decision, which may be subject to regulatory approval, according to the filing. Ally sold around $5.9 billion in convertible preferred shares paying 9 percent to the government as part of a bailout that saw the US taking a 74-percent stake in the lender. According to a May 1 filing, Ally can redeem the preferred securities with consent from the Treasury or if the Fed compels a conversion. Jeffrey Brown, vice president of finance and corporate planning, remarked that a redemption of the preferred securities would double Ally's repayment to the Troubled Asset Relief Program, to around 70 percent of what the lender owed. Ally has also filed to sell stocks in an initial public offering. The company’s capital plan was rejected in March 2013 following discovery by regulators of "deficiencies" in its planning process. The lender’s capital ratios also failed to meet standards. [source: automotive news - sub. required]	<urn:uuid:f34c086b-9344-4911-8a5b-b302c8177e0a>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.4wheelsnews.com/auto/ally-financial-mulls-raising-cash-to-pass-fed-annual-stress-test-27809.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00399-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.956965	326	1.617188	2
Many people who have gone through detox and rehab experience feelings of intense euphoria in the early days of their recovery journey. This is wholly understandable. After all, a person who is newly out from under the influence of drugs or alcohol use has plenty of reasons to celebrate. When we reach significant milestones, it is only natural to experience feelings of happiness and contentment. What could possibly be wrong with that? The Pink Cloud That is a fair question and one that applies to a phenomenon that many in recovery call the “pink cloud.” The pink cloud refers to that euphoric feeling some people experience in the early stages of recovery. It might be thought of as a natural high—a high achieved without resorting to drugs or alcohol—that comes with wonderful feelings of hope and confidence. But when the pink cloud dissipates–as it surely will–it can leave a sense of loss and confusion that may well lead a person to start using again. Keeping the Pink Cloud in Perspective We don’t mean to suggest that people should try to avoid, prevent, or end their positive feelings. The key is to keep the pink cloud in perspective and to be prepared for its effects: - The pink cloud makes recovery seem easy–so easy, in fact, that a person may be much less vigilant about avoiding triggers or maintaining healthy habits that support recovery. - The pink cloud may also cause a person to put off addressing some of the underlying problems that may have led to their substance use disorder in the first place. For example, relationships may need mending (or ending, if they are toxic in one way or another). Adjustments might need to be made at work to address high levels of stress or to avoid tempting situations. Or perhaps your substance use has created financial challenges that need your immediate attention. If the feelings associated with the pink cloud cause you to ignore these sorts of pressing issues, they may be doing you significantly more harm than good. - When the pink cloud fades, its absence can leave a person with intense feelings of disappointment, hopelessness, or depression. The loss of confidence and the return of cravings can make a person feel like they have failed. The desire to escape negative feelings or a sense of failure can lead to relapse. The Clouds Are Going to Come and Go The pink cloud experience can come and go. Sometimes maintaining your recovery might seem as simple as can be and other times it may seem simply impossible. That is just the nature of recovery—and really, of life in general. To handle the changes in your personal weather, form healthy habits that will support your sobriety regardless of how you are feeling on any given day. Build a strong support system. Attend 12-Step meetings. Eat well and get enough sleep and exercise. Find a hobby you enjoy. Practice mindfulness and adopt a spirit of gratefulness. Be gentle with yourself. There Is Plenty of Sunshine at Bel Aire Recovery Center The world is a dark and gloomy place for those who are struggling to overcome a substance use disorder. But with personalized, compassionate care—like the care available from Bel Aire Recovery Center—you can find your way back to a life filled with sunshine. We can’t keep the clouds from rolling in and out of your personal sky, but we can help you prepare for any kind of internal weather so that you can maintain your sobriety even on the stormiest of days.	<urn:uuid:c81b18e8-4970-4869-8bac-ff5979a1f968>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://belairerecovery.com/pink-cloud-may-not-always-have-silver-lining/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00675.warc.gz	en	0.9452	712	1.859375	2
/ (ˈmʌləd) / Save This Word! heavily defeated; trounced QUIZ YOURSELF ON "WAS" VS. "WERE"! Were you ready for a quiz on this topic? Well, here it is! See how well you can differentiate between the uses of "was" vs. "were" in this quiz. Question 1 of 7 “Was” is used for the indicative past tense of “to be,” and “were” is only used for the subjunctive past tense. Word Origin for mullered C20: of unknown origin Words nearby mullered Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 How to use mullered in a sentence And when my juvo mullered, mandy never lelled nokengro kekoomi.The English Gipsies and Their Language\|Charles G. Leland	<urn:uuid:74004267-d04b-410e-a7be-32b6ffc84242>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mullered	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00474.warc.gz	en	0.763573	254	2.8125	3
Mission & History Between 1993 and 2013, UW Center for Curriculum Transformation promoted and supported curriculum development aimed at teaching about race, gender, ethnicity, nation and nationhood, class, disability, sexuality, religion and their intersections. The Center was created in 1993 through Ford Foundation funding and in-kind support from the Department of American Ethnic Studies and the Office of the Dean of Undergraduate Education. The Center built upon significant expertise in curriculum transformation at the University that had developed as a result of previous Ford Foundation grants and the hiring of faculty members with expertise in the study of the various aspects of diversity. Curriculum transformation asks faculty members to take a critical stance on power and difference in the classroom, interweave multiple perspectives, and integrate student voices and knowledge into the learning process. When Johnnella Butler and Fred Campbell—then Chair of American Ethnic Studies and Dean of Undergraduate Education, respectively—wrote the first project proposal for curriculum transformation in 1992, they recognized that student collaboration with faculty members would be essential to the process. The primary venue for this collaboration was an annual seminar during which faculty members and students examined new theory and pedagogy, participated in lively and often contentious discussions, and reworked courses to embed new knowledge and pedagogies. Through 20 years of seminars, institutes, and projects, the Center worked with hundreds of faculty members who developed courses that reached thousands of students annually. When the University faculty passed a diversity requirement in 2013, these courses, along with those in American Ethnic Studies, Disability Studies, and Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies, and other disciplines, provided the necessary base for the requirement. In 2001, the Center moved to the Office of Minority Affairs & Diversity, which was expanding its work with faculty on curriculum transformation, diversity research, and institutional change. Betty Schmitz (Office of Minority Affairs & Diversity) was the Center director. Responsibilities for curriculum transformation have now moved to the Center for Teaching and Learning.	<urn:uuid:13487d82-4084-4c79-8dd2-2ba0077f56d9>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.washington.edu/omad/ctcenter/history/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00541-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953363	401	1.984375	2
Interested in Language Links to this forum have been placed on every page of our web site. Every page at https://www.usingenglish.com/ contains a link to the post message page in the Ask a Teacher folder. The aim is to get surfers from the web site to ask questions about the English language and have them answered by the members here. Surfers do not need to register in order to start a thread in the Ask a Teacher folder. They will, however, need to register in order to make a reply to posts there. I'm not a teacher, so please consider any advice I give in that context.	<urn:uuid:aba9cea1-2bec-490f-978f-8f2e0dbb522e>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.usingenglish.com/forum/threads/4-Ask-us-a-Question!	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00376-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944118	133	1.609375	2
Over the past year, the Italian luxury house Gucci has been called out for appropriating the kurta and the French haute jeweller Cartier has been accused of building its design vocabulary by “copying” Indian and Islamic designs. A few weeks ago, the Jean Paul Gaultier haute couture show in Paris included a sari-inspired drape (Gaultier is known for his love of this silhouette). Dior’s Maria Grazia Chiuri, on the other hand, has been giving a shout-out to Indian crafts and their contribution to the European couture process through her presentations in fashion weeks. Whether it is acknowledged or not, the influence of Indian crafts and design in the way the West sees and produces fashion has been remarkable. In fact, pre-independence, England and France were so worried about India’s textile prowess that they banned imports from the country. Decades later, design history continues to neglect the role of India. Anthropologist-author Phyllida Jay tries to address this issue in her new, visually rich book, Inspired By India: How India Transformed Global Design (Roli Books). Using over 300 images, sourced from the archives of design houses such as Van Cleef & Arpels and Dior, Jay explains how the West borrowed and even “stole” designs from India. Starting with the Romans (the book reveals they were obsessed with Indian white cotton for their togas) and going up to Isabel Marant’s Spring/Summer 2022 collection, where fashion show pieces were proudly tagged “Made in India”, the book covers centuries of design inspiration, and the role of India. In an interview with LoungeJay talks about her book and why India has been overlooked. Edited excerpts: Can you define cultural appropriation and explain how it differs from cultural appreciation? One of the things the book sets out to explore is, how do we navigate within this complex moment in post-colonial image production, material manufacture and the crafting of identity? What are the parameters for deciding whether something is homage, pastiche, or ignorant and even racist cultural appropriation? On the other hand, what does it mean to truly “appreciate” another culture, especially where a brand is taking inspiration from it in the form of prints, patterns, materials, cultural beliefs and expertise in making? Is it about recognition, transparency in crediting and financial compensation? Yes, definitely, in the case of working with artisans and with crafts that have a direct aesthetic, cultural and even spiritual connection to a community’s culture. Be respectful and pay artisans properly, treat them well and acknowledge their intellectual property , integrity and hard work. Also read: The forgotten story of an embroidery by India’s cobblers Take, for example, paisley; who owns paisley? The word isn’t even Indian—it’s Scottish! Yet somehow, ineluctably, it stands in for India, an instant, easy visual signifier resulting from incredibly complex entanglements of global trade. So, I would ask anyone using it, how can you acknowledge this complex history, delve into the motif’s history and appreciate the cultural symbolism, communities and histories around it? You write that the book is “intended to redress some of this lost history of India’s role in global material and design”. Why did it take so long for such a book to come about? It’s an interesting question, isn’t it? Perhaps it’s partly to do with how disciplines tend to be silo-ed. There have been some amazing exhibitions and books on distinct aspects of Indian craft and textiles but where contemporary fashion is tacked on at the end, too much like an afterthought. This serves to uphold a false set of separations between Indian and Western design, in terms of dress and fashion, craft and design, and tradition and modernity. The saddle bag (embroidered at Chanakya, Mumbai) from Dior’s AW/2018 ready-to-wear collection. Why do you think we still don’t have a global Indian brand? That’s the million-dollar question. Especially at this point, when we have just witnessed Rahul Mishra’s incredibly exquisite and refined collection as part of the Paris couture week. And now, of course, we are seeing the consolidation of the Indian fashion industry with the significant investments by ABFRL and Reliance. So, it comes down to time and history. How things will look in 25, 50 or 100 years, it’s quite a fascinating thought. The book shows how central Indian textiles were to the growth and spread of luxury not only among the rich but also the middle classes in Europe from the 17th century onwards. This reached a critical mass in the 18th century and helped spur import replication and the industrial revolution. Yet in more recent 19th and 20th century history, European luxury conglomerates have the cultural and economic might to sustain global dominance. However, so much emphasis is still placed on European provenance or at least the illusion of that. Only very, very recently has the role of Indian embroidery in European luxury been spoken about openly, yet, as the final chapter shows, it has been a systemic part of the contemporary European luxury industry at least since the growth of ready-to-wear in the late 1970s to 1980s. Jaeger LeCoultre’s ‘Reverso’ watch series was first made for Polo players in the early 20th century. (Jaeger-LeCoultre Patrimony Collection) In the book you say three items have had an impact on global fashion: the sari, the shawl and the ‘banyan’ (vest). The inclusion of the ‘banyan’ was important but is often forgotten. Why do you think this happened? One of the things the book sets out to do is show how Indian textiles and dress have formed an integral part of Western fashion, often to such a degree of ubiquity that we don’t even realise it. I think the banyan is one of those examples. In the 18th century, it became a grand dress item for men across Europe and America. It has since become incorporated as the humble and indispensable dressing gown, its associations with cosmopolitan, liberal-thinking intellectuals of the 18th century all but forgotten. I think all the romance around the erstwhile maharajas tends to dominate as a form of inspiration which can get quite repetitive and reproduce certain stereotypes of Indian aesthetics. From Rahul Mishra’s recent show at the Paris couture week. You talk about the role of the Indian diaspora. Within India of late there has been a lot of talk about NRIs having a dated or tacky approach to fashion. What are your views? Oh, NRI-fashion-gate, phew, I am still recovering from following it all! I would emphasise first that I think it’s deeply problematic to lump all NRIs together and make definitive statements about them. What the furore that characterised this debate does demonstrate beyond anything is how central fashion is to identity and how difficult it is to try and understand its role in identity-making in as diverse a population in India and amongst the diaspora. I understand the point of view of many weighing in on the debate that very glitzy Bollywood-driven Indian fashion often wholly dominates. In turn, that’s also often what non-NRIs take their cue from when seeking to draw on Indian inspiration. So, in a way, this debate was about Orientalism, seen through the prism of judgements around taste, class and style. So many designers have been inspired by the sari and you look into this in detail. If you had to single out one sari inspiration which stands out, what would it be? I love the Balenciaga sari gown from 1965. I was fortunate to study this particular one close up at The Clothworkers’ Centre in London. It is an exquisite piece that reflects Balenciaga’s architectural approach to design and wrapping pieces around the body in a sculptural way, with as little visible evidence of the construction as possible. I love it because it evidences a different kind of sari inspiration from what we so often see on catwalks, which are maybe a bit obvious and 1990s Bollywood-influenced. Balenciaga closely studied the sari drape , appreciated the technical propensities and possibilities the sari drape embodies and interpreted it in an innovative, respectful and beautiful way that paid homage to the sari. This approach anticipates the work of designers like Tarun Tahiliani, Amit Aggarwal and Gaurav Gupta. A lot has been written about how the West has stolen from the East’s jewellery heritage. Yet Indian royalty were the biggest clients of European houses. Is there a gap here? Yes, there does seem to be a gap in how we understand this history. Since cultural appropriation has—quite rightly— become such a lightning rod issue, there’s sometimes a tendency to commodify anger around it via click-bait internet content that paints the picture in very simplistic terms. It’s a bit cynical, really, to drive traffic to content behind a paywall in that way. It can result in more nuanced and accurate histories and more productive dialogue becoming wholly sidelined. Indian maharajas were huge patrons of houses like Cartier. It was very much a two-way process of design and the cross-fertilisation of cultural styles in jewellery. The maharajas were in Paris at a time of great social and cultural foment. Some jewellery houses even depended on the maharaja’s patronage to financially survive during the difficult war years. The Indian princes had the time, and money, to experiment with art deco and modernist design and became some of its greatest patrons. Think Yashwant Rao Holkar II and Manik Bagh, for example. In turn, the commissions made by maharajas inspired houses like Cartier and Van Cleef to create Indian-influenced pieces in their collections. So the book tried to look at the opposite flow of influence to the narrative usually told. In actuality, the flow of influence had started some time earlier and has some interesting broader cultural threads of philosophical thought behind it, notably amongst Victorian thinkers like John Ruskin, which the chapter explores. After the Kohinoor was displayed for the Great Exhibition of 1851, the diamond was recut, but not everyone approved, with many in the art world viewing its re-cutting in the European oval-brilliant style as akin to vandalism. Mick Jagger in a paisley jacket during a press conference Where would global contemporary fashion be today if it wasn’t ‘Inspired by India’? I can’t even begin to imagine what it might look like if there wasn’t this history. It’s so interwoven due to over 400-500 years of trade and exchange with India. Also read: Is your neighbourhood tailor a style magician? Sujata Assomull is a journalist, an author and a mindful fashion advocate.	<urn:uuid:ef6c0357-a905-4919-a3b6-db629c1853cc>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://nowah.net/index.php/2022/07/31/how-india-has-influenced-western-design/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00274.warc.gz	en	0.958655	2,398	2.53125	3
Expo puts spotlight on ME water shortage Sharjah, July 5, 2011 Leading experts will be in Sharjah to discuss the issue of regional water scarcity at a three-day conference and also showcase solutions for wastewater treatment and reuse of grey water. The inaugural exhibition and conference, Green Middle East, is being held at Expo Centre Sharjah in conjunction with Bee'ah, one of the region’s leading integrated environmental and waste management organisations. The event will also address the wider-ranging environmental issues affecting Sharjah the UAE and the broader Middle East. Along with wastewater, it will also cover solid waste, air pollution, scrap metal, alternative energy and green buildings. The event will also focus on the regulations, water quality standards and other legal and commercial issues of the industry, with international stakeholders from across the public and private sectors attending the event. Water scarcity is one of the most pressing issues in the Middle East region, said Saif Mohammed Al Midfa, Director-General of Expo Centre Sharjah. 'The current global demand for clean water will triple by 2030 and many regions around the world will have to deal with shortages of water. In the Mena it is particularly acute,' said Midfa. Green Middle East will discuss strategies and solutions to address supply challenges and opportunities for the sector,' he added. A recent report from the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) forecasts that the GCC will be hardest hit by shortages within the region, due to a combination of low rainfall, climate change and population growth. The report revealed that Saudi could expect the most severe water shortfall of 7.32 billion cu m, followed by Oman, Kuwait and the UAE, with projected water deficits of 1.8 billion, 1.3 billion and 840 milllion cubic metres respectively. 'Though desalination has been widely adopted across the Gulf for much of their water supply, the cost and energy intensity make it unsustainable. The only long term solution is conserving water and increasing efforts to treat wastewater and recycle,' he added. Comprising an exhibition, conference, seminars and workshops, Green Middle East showcases many of the cutting-edge strategies, solutions and technologies that can be implemented in the region and globally in addressing water shortages. Agriculture could be a significant benefactor of utilising treated wastewater, but the main issue currently is the inherent risks that wastewater can still contain bacteria, viruses and a wide range of parasitic organisms. “From membrane filtration and ultraviolet disinfection to mobile water treatment plants for remote locations and effluent treatment technology for the food processing industry, a full array of new advances in the industry will be covered at the event,” said Al Midfa.-TradeArabia News Service	<urn:uuid:bfd3772a-d85d-4906-8878-69d7b1b0186c>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.tradearabia.com/news/MISC_201515.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00060-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.932357	562	1.859375	2
“Imagination is the beginning of creation. You imagine what you desire, you will what you imagine and at last you create what you will.” – George Bernard Shaw You probably wished for something at some point of your life. Some things did manifest while others failed to do so. Why is that? Is there a certain algorithm or manifestation technique that can teach you how to make your wishes come true? Is manifesting just about the law of attraction or there is a lot more to it? Throughout the years of studying new spiritual science Infosomatics, as well as conducting research in other consciousness awakening fields, I have learned and tested in practice many different creative visualization and manifestation techniques (including one that is based on a temple in Myanmar that grants wishes). While gathering information for “How to Make a Wish Come True with Advanced Manifestation Techniques” online seminar I came across one very interesting “manifestation of your wishes” method from Vadim Zeland and I would like to share it with you. I have tested it myself and already asked a number of my friends to try it out. I urge you to test the technique yourself and would appreciate if you share the results as well as the insights after you put the following powerful manifestation technique in practice. The manifestation technique “Glass of Water” can really open up your inner manifesting abilities, help you resolve various problems and give you an energy boost in achieving something that you wish to come true in your life. Take a sheet of paper or a post-it note and write down something that you need or a wish you want to come true in a form of an affirmation. If you are working on a certain project and you need creative ideas, you can write something like: “I am full of inspiration and creativity. I allow my creative energy to flow freely at all times. Creativity comes naturally to me. I am attracting creative ideas all the time. My creative essence is helping me realize my full potential.” It might sound a bit silly, however, your brain and heart do need to hear about your needs in order to know the direction of where to go (more on how human brain and human heart interact with each other “How Human Aura Energy Field is Created and What Keeps it in Balance”). Any kind of creative visualization or manifestation technique is just a template of a thought-form that helps you better interact with higher levels of consciousness in order to achieve your goals. Nevertheless, you don’t have to limit yourself to just getting more creative ideas. You can find many different affirmations that are directed towards attracting a partner that you need in your life, getting a new job, finding financial stability/abundance and even helping you resolve health problems (including weight loss). Just pick the affirmation in the area of life that you want to improve and write it down. Then take the sheet of paper with the affirmation on it and attach it to a glass of water (remember the experiments with water conducted by Masaru Emoto). Make sure to use good quality of water. You can also use your favorite cup or mug, however, a glass is a more appropriate vessel for this manifestation technique. Now rub your palms against each other to activate the energy flow in your hands and place them around the glass of water (it is just one of the simple methods to activate energy flow in your hands). Say the affirmation out loud or silently (if you are stating an affirmation with your voice it usually gives it more power). You should also visualize what is it that you are aiming to achieve while sending your energy towards the water in the glass. Your energy flows where your attention lies. Thus when you concentrate your attention on the glass of water while visualizing your wish you are charging it with the thought-form of your wish. Water is a very powerful energy-informational conductor. Now, drink that glass of water. You should conduct this manifestation technique every morning and every evening before you go to sleep. Besides, many dietologists recommended to drink at least one glass of water right after you wake up, so you can easily make this manifestation technique a part of your morning routine. Two weeks should be enough for small wishes and major ones may require up to three months or even more depending on their complexity. Your positive intention will charge the water in the glass and after you drink that water your whole body (which is about 60-75% water anyway) will be charged with the energy that would guide you towards manifesting your wish. This technique is very powerful. “A living body is not a fixed thing but a flowing event, like a flame or a whirlpool: the shape alone is stable, for the substance is a stream of energy going in at one end and out at the other.” – Alan Watts The key is to be as specific as possible in your affirmations and goals. If you want creative ideas for your project, say so. If you want to attract a partner in your life, then you should be specific about it (however, don’t overdo it, writing down more than 7 qualities of a person you want to attract is pushing it). Be realistic! Even though your wish to manifest one million dollars by tomorrow might come true after using the “glass of water” manifestation technique, don’t forget that you will need to at least buy a lottery ticket and you should also remember about the sudden wealth syndrome. If you have several wishes that you want to come true, then I would suggest preparing a glass of water for each wish that you have. It is also wise to make sure that nobody else drinks from that glass at least during the time period you are conducting the technique. Your hands have 26 energy channels and by placing your hands around the glass of water you localize and power up your intention to manifest what you wish for in your life. Water records the information you send it. After you drink the water, the energy-informational particles will spread all over your body and tune your morphological field into emitting the intention you gave it. Don’t worry if you don’t feel the bundle of your intention energy between your hands at first, the feeling will come with practice and there are many techniques that can help you with sensing the energy as well. Water is a very gentle element and it is easily influenced by the energy coming from your hands (even if you can’t consciously sense it yet). I wish you all the best with practicing this powerful manifestation technique and don’t forget to share it with a friend! Copyright © 2016 Learning Mind. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint, contact us. Life Script Doctor Latest posts by Life Script Doctor (see all) - How to Awaken Your Consciousness Without Daily Meditation - April 29, 2016 - 7 Keys to Reaching Higher Levels of Consciousness - April 1, 2016 - New Quantum Reality: How Shrinking Proton Affects Your Everyday Life - February 3, 2016 - How to Live Mindfully in Today’s World or the Best Meditation for the XXI Century - January 28, 2016 - How Astrology Elements Can Improve Your Meditation - December 16, 2015	<urn:uuid:b554af97-393b-46b7-b5cb-623428093e09>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.learning-mind.com/how-to-make-a-wish-come-true-with-a-powerful-manifestation-technique/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00456-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951231	1,486	1.609375	2
Part 2 out of 2 I see you there, your thorn-crown on the ground, I see you there, half-buried in the sand. I see you there, your white bones glistening, bare, The carrion-birds a-wheeling round your head. Love and Law True Love is founded in rocks of Remembrance In stones of Forbearance and mortar of Pain. The workman lays wearily granite on granite, And bleeds for his castle 'mid sunshine and rain. Love is not velvet, not all of it velvet, Not all of it banners, not gold-leaf alone. 'Tis stern as the ages and old as Religion. With Patience its watchword, and Law for its throne. The Perfect Marriage I hate this yoke; for the world's sake here put it on: Knowing 'twill weigh as much on you till life is gone. Knowing you love your freedom dear, as I love mine -- Knowing that love unchained has been our life's great wine: Our one great wine (yet spent too soon, and serving none; Of the two cups free love at last the deadly one). We grant our meetings will be tame, not honey-sweet No longer turning to the tryst with flying feet. We know the toil that now must come will spoil the bloom And tenderness of passion's touch, and in its room Will come tame habit, deadly calm, sorrow and gloom. Oh, how the battle scars the best who enter life! Each soldier comes out blind or lame from the black strife. Mad or diseased or damned of soul the best may come -- It matters not how merrily now rolls the drum, The fife shrills high, the horn sings loud, till no steps lag -- And all adore that silken flame, Desire's great flag. We will build strong our tiny fort, strong as we can -- Holding one inner room beyond the sword of man. Love is too wide, it seems to-day, to hide it there. It seems to flood the fields of corn, and gild the air -- It seems to breathe from every brook, from flowers to sigh -- It seems a cataract poured down from the great sky; It seems a tenderness so vast no bush but shows Its haunting and transfiguring light where wonder glows. It wraps us in a silken snare by shadowy streams, And wildering sweet and stung with joy your white soul seems A flame, a flame, conquering day, conquering night, Brought from our God, a holy thing, a mad delight. But love, when all things beat it down, leaves the wide air, The heavens are gray, and men turn wolves, lean with despair. Ah, when we need love most, and weep, when all is dark, Love is a pinch of ashes gray, with one live spark -- Yet on the hope to keep alive that treasure strange Hangs all earth's struggle, strife and scorn, and desperate change. Love? . . . we will scarcely love our babes full many a time -- Knowing their souls and ours too well, and all our grime -- And there beside our holy hearth we'll hide our eyes -- Lest we should flash what seems disdain without disguise. Yet there shall be no wavering there in that deep trial -- And no false fire or stranger hand or traitor vile -- We'll fight the gloom and fight the world with strong sword-play, Entrenched within our block-house small, ever at bay -- As fellow-warriors, underpaid, wounded and wild, True to their battered flag, their faith still undefiled! Darling Daughter of Babylon Too soon you wearied of our tears. And then you danced with spangled feet, Leading Belshazzar's chattering court A-tinkling through the shadowy street. With mead they came, with chants of shame. DESIRE'S red flag before them flew. And Istar's music moved your mouth And Baal's deep shames rewoke in you. Now you could drive the royal car; Forget our Nation's breaking load: Now you could sleep on silver beds -- (Bitter and dark was our abode.) And so, for many a night you laughed, And knew not of my hopeless prayer, Till God's own spirit whipped you forth From Istar's shrine, from Istar's stair. Darling daughter of Babylon -- Rose by the black Euphrates flood -- Again your beauty grew more dear Than my slave's bread, than my heart's blood. We sang of Zion, good to know, Where righteousness and peace abide. . . . What of your second sacrilege Carousing at Belshazzar's side? Once, by a stream, we clasped tired hands -- Your paint and henna washed away. Your place, you said, was with the slaves Who sewed the thick cloth, night and day. You were a pale and holy maid Toil-bound with us. One night you said: -- "Your God shall be my God until I slumber with the patriarch dead." Pardon, daughter of Babylon, If, on this night remembering Our lover walks under the walls Of hanging gardens in the spring, A venom comes from broken hope, From memories of your comrade-song Until I curse your painted eyes And do your flower-mouth too much wrong. Ah, in the night, all music haunts me here. . . . Is it for naught high Heaven cracks and yawns And the tremendous Amaranth descends Sweet with the glory of ten thousand dawns? Does it not mean my God would have me say: -- "Whether you will or no, O city young, Heaven will bloom like one great flower for you, Flash and loom greatly all your marts among?" Friends, I will not cease hoping though you weep. Such things I see, and some of them shall come Though now our streets are harsh and ashen-gray, Though our strong youths are strident now, or dumb. Friends, that sweet town, that wonder-town, shall rise. Naught can delay it. Though it may not be Just as I dream, it comes at last I know With streets like channels of an incense-sea. The Alchemist's Petition Thou wilt not sentence to eternal life My soul that prays that it may sleep and sleep Like a white statue dropped into the deep, Covered with sand, covered with chests of gold, And slave-bones, tossed from many a pirate hold. But for this prayer thou wilt not bind in Hell My soul, that shook with love for Fame and Truth -- In such unquenched desires consumed his youth -- Let me turn dust, like dead leaves in the Fall, Or wood that lights an hour your knightly hall -- Two Easter Stanzas The Hope of the Resurrection Though I have watched so many mourners weep O'er the real dead, in dull earth laid asleep -- Those dead seemed but the shadows of my days That passed and left me in the sun's bright rays. Now though you go on smiling in the sun Our love is slain, and love and you were one. You are the first, you I have known so long, Whose death was deadly, a tremendous wrong. Therefore I seek the faith that sets it right Amid the lilies and the candle-light. I think on Heaven, for in that air so clear We two may meet, confused and parted here. Ah, when man's dearest dies, 'tis then he goes To that old balm that heals the centuries' woes. Then Christ's wild cry in all the streets is rife: -- "I am the Resurrection and the Life." We meet at the Judgment and I fear it Not Though better men may fear that trumpet's warning, I meet you, lady, on the Judgment morning, With golden hope my spirit still adorning. Our God who made you all so fair and sweet Is three times gentle, and before his feet Rejoicing I shall say: -- "The girl you gave Was my first Heaven, an angel bent to save. Oh, God, her maker, if my ingrate breath Is worth this rescue from the Second Death, Perhaps her dear proud eyes grow gentler too That scorned my graceless years and trophies few. Gone are those years, and gone ill-deeds that turned Her sacred beauty from my songs that burned. We now as comrades through the stars may take The rich and arduous quests I did forsake. Grant me a seraph-guide to thread the throng And quickly find that woman-soul so strong. I dream that in her deeply-hidden heart Hurt love lived on, though we were far apart, A brooding secret mercy like your own That blooms to-day to vindicate your throne. (To a Man who maintained that the Mausoleum is the Stateliest Possible Manner of Interment) I would be one with the dark, dark earth: -- Follow the plough with a yokel tread. I would be part of the Indian corn, Walking the rows with the plumes o'erhead. I would be one with the lavish earth, Eating the bee-stung apples red: Walking where lambs walk on the hills; By oak-grove paths to the pools be led. I would be one with the dark-bright night When sparkling skies and the lightning wed -- Walking on with the vicious wind By roads whence even the dogs have fled. I would be one with the sacred earth On to the end, till I sleep with the dead. Terror shall put no spears through me. Peace shall jewel my shroud instead. I shall be one with all pit-black things Finding their lowering threat unsaid: Stars for my pillow there in the gloom, -- Oak-roots arching about my head! Stars, like daisies, shall rise through the earth, Acorns fall round my breast that bled. Children shall weave there a flowery chain, Squirrels on acorn-hearts be fed: -- Fruit of the traveller-heart of me, Fruit of my harvest-songs long sped: Sweet with the life of my sunburned days When the sheaves were ripe, and the apples red. The North Star Whispers to the Blacksmith's Son The North Star whispers: "You are one Of those whose course no chance can change. You blunder, but are not undone, Your spirit-task is fixed and strange. "When here you walk, a bloodless shade, A singer all men else forget. Your chants of hammer, forge and spade Will move the prairie-village yet. "That young, stiff-necked, reviling town Beholds your fancies on her walls, And paints them out or tears them down, Or bars them from her feasting-halls. "Yet shall the fragments still remain; Yet shall remain some watch-tower strong That ivy-vines will not disdain, Haunted and trembling with your song. "Your flambeau in the dusk shall burn, Flame high in storms, flame white and clear; Your ghost in gleaming robes return And burn a deathless incense here." A Miscellany called "the Christmas Tree" This Section is a Christmas Tree This section is a Christmas tree: Loaded with pretty toys for you. Behold the blocks, the Noah's arks, The popguns painted red and blue. No solemn pine-cone forest-fruit, But silver horns and candy sacks And many little tinsel hearts And cherubs pink, and jumping-jacks. For every child a gift, I hope. The doll upon the topmost bough Is mine. But all the rest are yours. And I will light the candles now. The Sun Says his Prayers "The sun says his prayers," said the fairy, Or else he would wither and die. "The sun says his prayers," said the fairy, "For strength to climb up through the sky. He leans on invisible angels, And Faith is his prop and his rod. The sky is his crystal cathedral. And dawn is his altar to God." Popcorn, Glass Balls, and Cranberries (As it were) I. The Lion The Lion is a kingly beast. He likes a Hindu for a feast. And if no Hindu he can get, The lion-family is upset. He cuffs his wife and bites her ears Till she is nearly moved to tears. Then some explorer finds the den And all is family peace again. II. An Explanation of the Grasshopper The Grasshopper, the grasshopper, I will explain to you: -- He is the Brownies' racehorse, The fairies' Kangaroo. III. The Dangerous Little Boy Fairies In fairyland the little boys Would rather fight than eat their meals. They like to chase a gauze-winged fly And catch and beat him till he squeals. Sometimes they come to sleeping men Armed with the deadly red-rose thorn, And those that feel its fearful wound Repent the day that they were born. IV. The Mouse that gnawed the Oak-tree Down The mouse that gnawed the oak-tree down Began his task in early life. He kept so busy with his teeth He had no time to take a wife. He gnawed and gnawed through sun and rain When the ambitious fit was on, Then rested in the sawdust till A month of idleness had gone. He did not move about to hunt The coteries of mousie-men. He was a snail-paced, stupid thing Until he cared to gnaw again. The mouse that gnawed the oak-tree down, When that tough foe was at his feet -- Found in the stump no angel-cake Nor buttered bread, nor cheese, nor meat -- The forest-roof let in the sky. "This light is worth the work," said he. "I'll make this ancient swamp more light," And started on another tree. Where does Cinderella sleep? By far-off day-dream river. A secret place her burning Prince Decks, while his heart-strings quiver. Homesick for our cinder world, Her low-born shoulders shiver; She longs for sleep in cinders curled -- We, for the day-dream river. VI. The Spider and the Ghost of the Fly Once I loved a spider When I was born a fly, A velvet-footed spider With a gown of rainbow-dye. She ate my wings and gloated. She bound me with a hair. She drove me to her parlor Above her winding stair. To educate young spiders She took me all apart. My ghost came back to haunt her. I saw her eat my heart. VII. Crickets on a Strike The foolish queen of fairyland From her milk-white throne in a lily-bell, Gave command to her cricket-band To play for her when the dew-drops fell. But the cold dew spoiled their instruments And they play for the foolish queen no more. Instead those sturdy malcontents Play sharps and flats in my kitchen floor. How a Little Girl Danced Dedicated to Lucy Bates (Being a reminiscence of certain private theatricals.) Oh, cabaret dancer, I know a dancer, Whose eyes have not looked on the feasts that are vain. I know a dancer, I know a dancer, Whose soul has no bond with the beasts of the plain: Judith the dancer, Judith the dancer, With foot like the snow, and with step like the rain. Oh, thrice-painted dancer, vaudeville dancer, Sad in your spangles, with soul all astrain, I know a dancer, I know a dancer, Whose laughter and weeping are spiritual gain, A pure-hearted, high-hearted maiden evangel, With strength the dark cynical earth to disdain. Flowers of bright Broadway, you of the chorus, Who sing in the hope of forgetting your pain: I turn to a sister of Sainted Cecilia, A white bird escaping the earth's tangled skein: -- The music of God is her innermost brooding, The whispering angels her footsteps sustain. Oh, proud Russian dancer: praise for your dancing. No clean human passion my rhyme would arraign. You dance for Apollo with noble devotion, A high cleansing revel to make the heart sane. But Judith the dancer prays to a spirit More white than Apollo and all of his train. I know a dancer who finds the true Godhead, Who bends o'er a brazier in Heaven's clear plain. I know a dancer, I know a dancer, Who lifts us toward peace, from this earth that is vain: Judith the dancer, Judith the dancer, With foot like the snow, and with step like the rain. In Praise of Songs that Die After having read a Great Deal of Good Current Poetry in the Magazines and Newspapers Ah, they are passing, passing by, Wonderful songs, but born to die! Cries from the infinite human seas, Waves thrice-winged with harmonies. Here I stand on a pier in the foam Seeing the songs to the beach go home, Dying in sand while the tide flows back, As it flowed of old in its fated track. Oh, hurrying tide that will not hear Your own foam-children dying near: Is there no refuge-house of song, No home, no haven where songs belong? Oh, precious hymns that come and go! You perish, and I love you so! Factory Windows are always Broken Factory windows are always broken. Somebody's always throwing bricks, Somebody's always heaving cinders, Playing ugly Yahoo tricks. Factory windows are always broken. Other windows are let alone. No one throws through the chapel-window The bitter, snarling, derisive stone. Factory windows are always broken. Something or other is going wrong. Something is rotten -- I think, in Denmark. End of the factory-window song. To Mary Pickford (On hearing she was leaving the moving-pictures for the stage.) Mary Pickford, doll divine, Year by year, and every day At the moving-picture play, You have been my valentine. Once a free-limbed page in hose, Baby-Rosalind in flower, Cloakless, shrinking, in that hour How our reverent passion rose, How our fine desire you won. Kitchen-wench another day, Shapeless, wooden every way. Next, a fairy from the sun. Once you walked a grown-up strand Fish-wife siren, full of lure, Snaring with devices sure Lads who murdered on the sand. But on most days just a child Dimpled as no grown-folk are, Cold of kiss as some north star, Violet from the valleys wild. Snared as innocence must be, Fleeing, prisoned, chained, half-dead -- At the end of tortures dread Roaring cowboys set you free. Fly, O song, to her to-day, Like a cowboy cross the land. Snatch her from Belasco's hand And that prison called Broadway. All the village swains await One dear lily-girl demure, Saucy, dancing, cold and pure, Elf who must return in state. (After seeing the reel called "Oil and Water".) Beauty has a throne-room In our humorous town, Spoiling its hob-goblins, Laughing shadows down. Rank musicians torture Ragtime ballads vile, But we walk serenely Down the odorous aisle. We forgive the squalor And the boom and squeal For the Great Queen flashes From the moving reel. Just a prim blonde stranger In her early day, Hiding brilliant weapons, Too averse to play, Then she burst upon us Dancing through the night. Oh, her maiden radiance, Veils and roses white. With new powers, yet cautious, Not too smart or skilled, That first flash of dancing Wrought the thing she willed: -- Mobs of us made noble By her strong desire, By her white, uplifting, Though the tin piano Snarls its tango rude, Though the chairs are shaky And the dramas crude, Solemn are her motions, Stately are her wiles, Filling oafs with wisdom, Saving souls with smiles; 'Mid the restless actors She is rich and slow. She will stand like marble, She will pause and glow, Though the film is twitching, Keep a peaceful reign, Ruler of her passion, Ruler of our pain! For a Very Little Girl, Not a Year Old. Catharine Frazee Wakefield. The sun gives not directly The coal, the diamond crown; Not in a special basket Are these from Heaven let down. The sun gives not directly The plough, man's iron friend; Not by a path or stairway Do tools from Heaven descend. Yet sunshine fashions all things That cut or burn or fly; And corn that seems upon the earth Is made in the hot sky. The gravel of the roadbed, The metal of the gun, The engine of the airship Trace somehow from the sun. And so your soul, my lady -- (Mere sunshine, nothing more) -- Prepares me the contraptions I work with or adore. Within me cornfields rustle, Niagaras roar their way, Vast thunderstorms and rainbows Are in my thought to-day. Ten thousand anvils sound there By forges flaming white, And many books I read there, And many books I write; And freedom's bells are ringing, And bird-choirs chant and fly -- The whole world works in me to-day And all the shining sky, Because of one small lady Whose smile is my chief sun. She gives not any gift to me Yet all gifts, giving one. . . . An Apology for the Bottle Volcanic Sometimes I dip my pen and find the bottle full of fire, The salamanders flying forth I cannot but admire. It's Etna, or Vesuvius, if those big things were small, And then 'tis but itself again, and does not smoke at all. And so my blood grows cold. I say, "The bottle held but ink, And, if you thought it otherwise, the worser for your think." And then, just as I throw my scribbled paper on the floor, The bottle says, "Fe, fi, fo, fum," and steams and shouts some more. O sad deceiving ink, as bad as liquor in its way -- All demons of a bottle size have pranced from you to-day, And seized my pen for hobby-horse as witches ride a broom, And left a trail of brimstone words and blots and gobs of gloom. And yet when I am extra good and say my prayers at night, And mind my ma, and do the chores, and speak to folks polite, My bottle spreads a rainbow-mist, and from the vapor fine Ten thousand troops from fairyland come riding in a line. I've seen them on their chargers race around my study chair, They opened wide the window and rode forth upon the air. The army widened as it went, and into myriads grew, O how the lances shimmered, how the silvery trumpets blew! When Gassy Thompson Struck it Rich He paid a Swede twelve bits an hour Just to invent a fancy style To spread the celebration paint So it would show at least a mile. Some things they did I will not tell. They're not quite proper for a rhyme. But I WILL say Yim Yonson Swede Did sure invent a sunflower time. One thing they did that I can tell And not offend the ladies here: -- They took a goat to Simp's Saloon And made it take a bath in beer. That ENTERprise took MANagement. They broke a wash-tub in the fray. But mister goat was bathed all right And bar-keep Simp was, too, they say. They wore girls' pink straw hats to church And clucked like hens. They surely did. They bought two HOtel frying pans And in them down the mountain slid. They went to Denver in good clothes, And kept Burt's grill-room wide awake, And cut about like jumping-jacks, And ordered seven-dollar steak. They had the waiters whirling round Just sweeping up the smear and smash. They tried to buy the State-house flag. They showed the Janitor the cash. And old Dan Tucker on a toot, Or John Paul Jones before the breeze, Or Indians eating fat fried dog, Were not as happy babes as these. One morn, in hills near Cripple-creek With cheerful swears the two awoke. The Swede had twenty cents, all right. But Gassy Thompson was clean broke. Rhymes for Gloriana I. The Doll upon the Topmost Bough This doll upon the topmost bough, This playmate-gift, in Christmas dress, Was taken down and brought to me One sleety night most comfortless. Her hair was gold, her dolly-sash Was gray brocade, most good to see. The dear toy laughed, and I forgot The ill the new year promised me. II. On Suddenly Receiving a Curl Long Refused Oh, saucy gold circle of fairyland silk -- Impudent, intimate, delicate treasure: A noose for my heart and a ring for my finger: -- Here in my study you sing me a measure. Whimsy and song in my little gray study! Words out of wonderland, praising her fineness, Touched with her pulsating, delicate laughter, Saying, "The girl is all daring and kindness!" Saying, "Her soul is all feminine gameness, Trusting her insights, ardent for living; She would be weeping with me and be laughing, A thoroughbred, joyous receiving and giving!" III. On Receiving One of Gloriana's Letters Your pen needs but a ruffle To be Pavlova whirling. It surely is a scalawag A-scamping down the page. A pretty little May-wind The morning buds uncurling. And then the white sweet Russian, The dancer of the age. Your pen's the Queen of Sheba, Such serious questions bringing, That merry rascal Solomon Would show a sober face: -- And then again Pavlova To set our spirits singing, The snowy-swan bacchante All glamour, glee and grace. IV. In Praise of Gloriana's Remarkable Golden Hair The gleaming head of one fine friend Is bent above my little song, So through the treasure-pits of Heaven In fancy's shoes, I march along. I wander, seek and peer and ponder In Splendor's last ensnaring lair -- 'Mid burnished harps and burnished crowns Where noble chariots gleam and flare: Amid the spirit-coins and gems, The plates and cups and helms of fire -- The gorgeous-treasure-pits of Heaven -- Where angel-misers slake desire! O endless treasure-pits of gold Where silly angel-men make mirth -- I think that I am there this hour, Though walking in the ways of earth! Twenty Poems in which the Moon is the Principal Figure of Speech Once More -- To Gloriana Girl with the burning golden eyes, And red-bird song, and snowy throat: I bring you gold and silver moons And diamond stars, and mists that float. I bring you moons and snowy clouds, I bring you prairie skies to-night To feebly praise your golden eyes And red-bird song, and throat so white. First Section: Moon Poems for the Children/Fairy-tales for the Children Old Euclid drew a circle On a sand-beach long ago. He bounded and enclosed it With angles thus and so. His set of solemn greybeards Nodded and argued much Of arc and of circumference, Diameter and such. A silent child stood by them From morning until noon Because they drew such charming Round pictures of the moon. II. The Haughty Snail-king (What Uncle William told the Children) Twelve snails went walking after night. They'd creep an inch or so, Then stop and bug their eyes Some folks . . . are . . . deadly . . . slow. Twelve snails went walking yestereve, Led by their fat old king. They were so dull their princeling had No sceptre, robe or ring -- Only a paper cap to wear When nightly journeying. This king-snail said: "I feel a thought Within. . . . It blossoms soon. . . . O little courtiers of mine, . . . I crave a pretty boon. . . . Oh, yes . . . (High thoughts with effort come And well-bred snails are ALMOST dumb.) "I wish I had a yellow crown As glistering . . . as . . . the moon." III. What the Rattlesnake Said The moon's a little prairie-dog. He shivers through the night. He sits upon his hill and cries For fear that I will bite. The sun's a broncho. He's afraid Like every other thing, And trembles, morning, noon and night, Lest I should spring, and sting. IV. The Moon's the North Wind's Cooky (What the Little Girl Said) The Moon's the North Wind's cooky. He bites it, day by day, Until there's but a rim of scraps That crumble all away. The South Wind is a baker. He kneads clouds in his den, And bakes a crisp new moon that . . . greedy North . . . Wind . . . eats . . . again! V. Drying their Wings (What the Carpenter Said) The moon's a cottage with a door. Some folks can see it plain. Look, you may catch a glint of light, A sparkle through the pane, Showing the place is brighter still Within, though bright without. There, at a cosy open fire Strange babes are grouped about. The children of the wind and tide -- The urchins of the sky, Drying their wings from storms and things So they again can fly. VI. What the Gray-winged Fairy Said The moon's a gong, hung in the wild, Whose song the fays hold dear. Of course you do not hear it, child. It takes a FAIRY ear. The full moon is a splendid gong That beats as night grows still. It sounds above the evening song Of dove or whippoorwill. VII. Yet Gentle will the Griffin Be (What Grandpa told the Children) The moon? It is a griffin's egg, Hatching to-morrow night. And how the little boys will watch With shouting and delight To see him break the shell and stretch And creep across the sky. The boys will laugh. The little girls, I fear, may hide and cry. Yet gentle will the griffin be, Most decorous and fat, And walk up to the milky way And lap it like a cat. Second Section: The Moon is a Mirror I. Prologue. A Sense of Humor No man should stand before the moon To make sweet song thereon, With dandified importance, His sense of humor gone. Nay, let us don the motley cap, The jester's chastened mien, If we would woo that looking-glass And see what should be seen. O mirror on fair Heaven's wall, We find there what we bring. So, let us smile in honest part And deck our souls and sing. Yea, by the chastened jest alone Will ghosts and terrors pass, And fays, or suchlike friendly things, Throw kisses through the glass. II. On the Garden-wall Oh, once I walked a garden In dreams. 'Twas yellow grass. And many orange-trees grew there In sand as white as glass. The curving, wide wall-border Was marble, like the snow. I walked that wall a fairy-prince And, pacing quaint and slow, Beside me were my pages, Two giant, friendly birds. Half-swan they were, half peacock. They spake in courtier-words. Their inner wings a chariot, Their outer wings for flight, They lifted me from dreamland. We bade those trees good-night. Swiftly above the stars we rode. I looked below me soon. The white-walled garden I had ruled Was one lone flower -- the moon. III. Written for a Musician Hungry for music with a desperate hunger I prowled abroad, I threaded through the town; The evening crowd was clamoring and drinking, Vulgar and pitiful -- my heart bowed down -- Till I remembered duller hours made noble By strangers clad in some surprising grace. Wait, wait, my soul, your music comes ere midnight Appearing in some unexpected place With quivering lips, and gleaming, moonlit face. IV. The Moon is a Painter He coveted her portrait. He toiled as she grew gay. She loved to see him labor In that devoted way. And in the end it pleased her, But bowed him more with care. Her rose-smile showed so plainly, Her soul-smile was not there. That night he groped without a lamp To find a cloak, a book, And on the vexing portrait By moonrise chanced to look. The color-scheme was out of key, The maiden rose-smile faint, But through the blessed darkness She gleamed, his friendly saint. The comrade, white, immortal, His bride, and more than bride -- The citizen, the sage of mind, For whom he lived and died. V. The Encyclopaedia "If I could set the moon upon This table," said my friend, "Among the standard poets And brochures without end, And noble prints of old Japan, How empty they would seem, By that encyclopaedia Of whim and glittering dream." VI. What the Miner in the Desert Said The moon's a brass-hooped water-keg, A wondrous water-feast. If I could climb the ridge and drink And give drink to my beast; If I could drain that keg, the flies Would not be biting so, My burning feet be spry again, My mule no longer slow. And I could rise and dig for ore, And reach my fatherland, And not be food for ants and hawks And perish in the sand. VII. What the Coal-heaver Said The moon's an open furnace door Where all can see the blast, We shovel in our blackest griefs, Upon that grate are cast Our aching burdens, loves and fears And underneath them wait Paper and tar and pitch and pine Called strife and blood and hate. Out of it all there comes a flame, A splendid widening light. Sorrow is turned to mystery And Death into delight. VIII. What the Moon Saw Two statesmen met by moonlight. Their ease was partly feigned. They glanced about the prairie. Their faces were constrained. In various ways aforetime They had misled the state, Yet did it so politely Their henchmen thought them great. They sat beneath a hedge and spake No word, but had a smoke. A satchel passed from hand to hand. Next day, the deadlock broke. IX. What Semiramis Said The moon's a steaming chalice Of honey and venom-wine. A little of it sipped by night Makes the long hours divine. But oh, my reckless lovers, They drain the cup and wail, Die at my feet with shaking limbs And tender lips all pale. Above them in the sky it bends Empty and gray and dread. To-morrow night 'tis full again, Golden, and foaming red. X. What the Ghost of the Gambler Said Where now the huts are empty, Where never a camp-fire glows, In an abandoned canyon, A Gambler's Ghost arose. He muttered there, "The moon's a sack Of dust." His voice rose thin: "I wish I knew the miner-man. I'd play, and play to win. In every game in Cripple-creek Of old, when stakes were high, I held my own. Now I would play For that sack in the sky. The sport would not be ended there. 'Twould rather be begun. I'd bet my moon against his stars, And gamble for the sun." XI. The Spice-tree This is the song The spice-tree sings: "Hunger and fire, Hunger and fire, Sky-born Beauty -- Spice of desire," Under the spice-tree Watch and wait, And lads that mate. The spice-tree spreads And its boughs come down Shadowing village and farm and town. And none can see But the pure of heart The great green leaves And the boughs descending, And hear the song that is never ending. The deep roots whisper, The branches say: -- And love to-day, And till Heaven's day, And till Heaven's day." The moon is a bird's nest in its branches, The moon is hung in its topmost spaces. And there, to-night, two doves play house While lovers watch with uplifted faces. Two doves go home To their nest, the moon. It is woven of twigs of broken light, With threads of scarlet and threads of gray And a lining of down for silk delight. To their Eden, the moon, fly home our doves, Up through the boughs of the great spice-tree; -- And one is the kiss I took from you, And one is the kiss you gave to me. XII. The Scissors-grinder (What the Tramp Said) The old man had his box and wheel For grinding knives and shears. No doubt his bell in village streets Was joy to children's ears. And I bethought me of my youth When such men came around, And times I asked them in, quite sure The scissors should be ground. The old man turned and spoke to me, His face at last in view. And then I thought those curious eyes Were eyes that once I knew. "The moon is but an emery-wheel To whet the sword of God," He said. "And here beside my fire I stretch upon the sod Each night, and dream, and watch the stars And watch the ghost-clouds go. And see that sword of God in Heaven A-waving to and fro. I see that sword each century, friend. It means the world-war comes With all its bloody, wicked chiefs And hate-inflaming drums. Men talk of peace, but I have seen That emery-wheel turn round. The voice of Abel cries again To God from out the ground. The ditches must flow red, the plague Go stark and screaming by Each time that sword of God takes edge Within the midnight sky. And those that scorned their brothers here And sowed a wind of shame Will reap the whirlwind as of old And face relentless flame." And thus the scissors-grinder spoke, His face at last in view. And there beside the railroad bridge I saw the wandering Jew. XIII. My Lady in her White Silk Shawl My lady in her white silk shawl Is like a lily dim, Within the twilight of the room Enthroned and kind and prim. My lady! Pale gold is her hair. Until she smiles her face Is pale with far Hellenic moods, With thoughts that find no place In our harsh village of the West Wherein she lives of late, She's distant as far-hidden stars, And cold -- (almost!) -- as fate. But when she smiles she's here again Rosy with comrade-cheer, A Puritan Bacchante made To laugh around the year. The merry gentle moon herself, Heart-stirring too, like her, Wakening wild and innocent love In every worshipper. XIV. Aladdin and the Jinn "Bring me soft song," said Aladdin. "This tailor-shop sings not at all. Chant me a word of the twilight, Of roses that mourn in the fall. Bring me a song like hashish That will comfort the stale and the sad, For I would be mending my spirit, Forgetting these days that are bad, Forgetting companions too shallow, Their quarrels and arguments thin, Forgetting the shouting Muezzin:" -- "I AM YOUR SLAVE," said the Jinn. "Bring me old wines," said Aladdin. "I have been a starved pauper too long. Serve them in vessels of jade and of shell, Serve them with fruit and with song: -- Wines of pre-Adamite Sultans Digged from beneath the black seas: -- New-gathered dew from the heavens Dripped down from Heaven's sweet trees, Cups from the angels' pale tables That will make me both handsome and wise, For I have beheld her, the princess, Firelight and starlight her eyes. Pauper I am, I would woo her. And -- let me drink wine, to begin, Though the Koran expressly forbids it." "I AM YOUR SLAVE," said the Jinn. "Plan me a dome," said Aladdin, "That is drawn like the dawn of the MOON, When the sphere seems to rest on the mountains, Half-hidden, yet full-risen soon." "Build me a dome," said Aladdin, "That shall cause all young lovers to sigh, The fullness of life and of beauty, Peace beyond peace to the eye -- A palace of foam and of opal, Pure moonlight without and within, Where I may enthrone my sweet lady." "I AM YOUR SLAVE," said the Jinn. XV. The Strength of the Lonely (What the Mendicant Said) The moon's a monk, unmated, Who walks his cell, the sky. His strength is that of heaven-vowed men Who all life's flames defy. They turn to stars or shadows, They go like snow or dew -- Leaving behind no sorrow -- Only the arching blue. War. September 1, 1914 Intended to be Read Aloud I. Abraham Lincoln Walks at Midnight (In Springfield, Illinois) It is portentous, and a thing of state That here at midnight, in our little town A mourning figure walks, and will not rest, Near the old court-house pacing up and down, Or by his homestead, or in shadowed yards He lingers where his children used to play, Or through the market, on the well-worn stones He stalks until the dawn-stars burn away. A bronzed, lank man! His suit of ancient black, A famous high top-hat and plain worn shawl Make him the quaint great figure that men love, The prairie-lawyer, master of us all. He cannot sleep upon his hillside now. He is among us: -- as in times before! And we who toss and lie awake for long Breathe deep, and start, to see him pass the door. His head is bowed. He thinks on men and kings. Yea, when the sick world cries, how can he sleep? Too many peasants fight, they know not why, Too many homesteads in black terror weep. The sins of all the war-lords burn his heart. He sees the dreadnaughts scouring every main. He carries on his shawl-wrapped shoulders now The bitterness, the folly and the pain. He cannot rest until a spirit-dawn Shall come; -- the shining hope of Europe free: The league of sober folk, the Workers' Earth, Bringing long peace to Cornland, Alp and Sea. It breaks his heart that kings must murder still, That all his hours of travail here for men Seem yet in vain. And who will bring white peace That he may sleep upon his hill again? II. A Curse for Kings A curse upon each king who leads his state, No matter what his plea, to this foul game, And may it end his wicked dynasty, And may he die in exile and black shame. If there is vengeance in the Heaven of Heavens, What punishment could Heaven devise for these Who fill the rivers of the world with dead, And turn their murderers loose on all the seas! Put back the clock of time a thousand years, And make our Europe, once the world's proud Queen, A shrieking strumpet, furious fratricide, Eater of entrails, wallowing obscene In pits where millions foam and rave and bark, Mad dogs and idiots, thrice drunk with strife; While Science towers above; -- a witch, red-winged: Science we looked to for the light of life. Curse me the men who make and sell iron ships, Who walk the floor in thought, that they may find Each powder prompt, each steel with fearful edge, Each deadliest device against mankind. Curse me the sleek lords with their plumes and spurs, May Heaven give their land to peasant spades, Give them the brand of Cain, for their pride's sake, And felon's stripes for medals and for braids. Curse me the fiddling, twiddling diplomats, Haggling here, plotting and hatching there, Who make the kind world but their game of cards, Till millions die at turning of a hair. What punishment will Heaven devise for these Who win by others' sweat and hardihood, Who make men into stinking vultures' meat, Saying to evil still "Be thou my good"? Ah, he who starts a million souls toward death Should burn in utmost hell a million years! -- Mothers of men go on the destined wrack To give them life, with anguish and with tears: -- Are all those childbed sorrows sneered away? Yea, fools laugh at the humble christenings, And cradle-joys are mocked of the fat lords: These mothers' sons made dead men for the Kings! All in the name of this or that grim flag, No angel-flags in all the rag-array -- Banners the demons love, and all Hell sings And plays wild harps. Those flags march forth to-day! III. Who Knows? They say one king is mad. Perhaps. Who knows? They say one king is doddering and grey. They say one king is slack and sick of mind, A puppet for hid strings that twitch and play. Is Europe then to be their sprawling-place? Their mad-house, till it turns the wide world's bane? Their place of maudlin, slavering conference Till every far-off farmstead goes insane? IV. To Buddha Awake again in Asia, Lord of Peace, Awake and preach, for her far swordsmen rise. And would they sheathe the sword before you, friend, Or scorn your way, while looking in your eyes? Good comrade and philosopher and prince, Thoughtful and thoroughbred and strong and kind, Dare they to move against your pride benign, Lord of the Law, high chieftain of the mind? * * * * * But what can Europe say, when in your name The throats are cut, the lotus-ponds turn red? And what can Europe say, when with a laugh Old Asia heaps her hecatombs of dead? V. The Unpardonable Sin This is the sin against the Holy Ghost: -- To speak of bloody power as right divine, And call on God to guard each vile chief's house, And for such chiefs, turn men to wolves and swine: -- To go forth killing in White Mercy's name, Making the trenches stink with spattered brains, Tearing the nerves and arteries apart, Sowing with flesh the unreaped golden plains. In any Church's name, to sack fair towns, And turn each home into a screaming sty, To make the little children fugitive, And have their mothers for a quick death cry, -- This is the sin against the Holy Ghost: This is the sin no purging can atone: -- To send forth rapine in the name of Christ: -- To set the face, and make the heart a stone. VI. Above the Battle's Front St. Francis, Buddha, Tolstoi, and St. John -- Friends, if you four, as pilgrims, hand in hand, Returned, the hate of earth once more to dare, And walked upon the water and the land, If you, with words celestial, stopped these kings For sober conclave, ere their battle great, Would they for one deep instant then discern Their crime, their heart-rot, and their fiend's estate? If you should float above the battle's front, Pillars of cloud, of fire that does not slay, Bearing a fifth within your regal train, The Son of David in his strange array -- If, in his majesty, he towered toward Heaven, Would they have hearts to see or understand? . . . Nay, for he hovers there to-night we know, Thorn-crowned above the water and the land. VII. Epilogue. Under the Blessing of Your Psyche Wings Though I have found you like a snow-drop pale, On sunny days have found you weak and still, Though I have often held your girlish head Drooped on my shoulder, faint from little ill: -- Under the blessing of your Psyche-wings I hide to-night like one small broken bird, So soothed I half-forget the world gone mad: -- And all the winds of war are now unheard. My heaven-doubting pennons feel your hands With touch most delicate so circling round, That for an hour I dream that God is good. And in your shadow, Mercy's ways abound. I thought myself the guard of your frail state, And yet I come to-night a helpless guest, Hiding beneath your giant Psyche-wings, Against the pallor of your wondrous breast. [End of original text.] Nicholas Vachel Lindsay (1879-1931): (Vachel is pronounced Vay-chul, that is, it rhymes with `Rachel'). "The Eagle that is Forgotten" and "The Congo" are two of his best-known poems, and appear in his first two volumes of verse, "General William Booth Enters into Heaven" (1913) and "The Congo" (1914). Lindsay himself considered his drawings and his prose writings to be as important as his verse, all coming together to form a whole. His "Collected Poems" (1925) gives a good selection. From an anthology of verse by Jessie B. Rittenhouse (1913, 1917): "Lindsay, Vachel. Born November 10, 1879. Educated at Hiram College, Ohio. He took up the study of art and studied at the Art Institute, Chicago, 1900-03 and at the New York School of Art, 1904-05. For a time after his technical study, he lectured upon art in its practical relation to the community, and returning to his home in Springfield, Illinois, issued what one might term his manifesto in the shape of "The Village Magazine", divided about equally between prose articles, pertaining to beautifying his native city, and poems, illustrated by his own drawings. Soon after this, Mr. Lindsay, taking as scrip for the journey, "Rhymes to be Traded for Bread", made a pilgrimage on foot through several Western States going as far afield as New Mexico. The story of this journey is given in his volume, "Adventures while Preaching the Gospel of Beauty". Mr. Lindsay first attracted attention in poetry by "General William Booth Enters into Heaven", a poem which became the title of his first volume, in 1913. His second volume was "The Congo", published in 1914. He is attempting to restore to poetry its early appeal as a spoken art, and his later work differs greatly from the selections contained in this anthology."	<urn:uuid:527921c7-25d7-447a-a50b-d211d7c96fca>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/The-Congo-and-Other-Poems-by-Vachel-Lindsay2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.907126	12,118	1.914063	2
A lot of people begin with this"retirement planning" likely on time but there's obviously a"bad spot" from the plan. Planning and saving for your retirement times is part of their"protective measures" one takes, however, avoiding any sort of mistakes or slide ups is a considerable step towards preparing the same. You can get retirement planning advice in London via Foxgrove Associates. While you are deciding your withdrawal rate every month, you're going to make out of the money deposited under various schemes, remember to calculate the actual amount well. Ensure that your money does not get exhausted much before your life comes to an end. So, it is better to withdraw a less amount of money every month rather than falling short of the same at the end of your life. Withdrawing almost 4% of the investment is a safe strategy, but any withdrawal of 5% and above could make you run out of money before you are 90. Always have a fall back plan for your monetary sustenance instead of depending on such services only. You should have a private plan for yourself so that you keep getting money from at least more than one resource. Never stop working completely till the time you can: Many people completely give up working after they retire. If you are fit enough, physically, then you should take up a part-time job so that apart from other savings, social benefits, and any other source of income, there is always a constant supply of money even if it is in a small amount.	<urn:uuid:ac86b336-10ef-4041-81c1-01f31d355f9a>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.scratchcda.com/tag/financial-advisor-croydon/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00474.warc.gz	en	0.961897	313	1.984375	2
This course deals with the fundamental principles, tools, and techniques of the financial operation involved in the management of business enterprises. It covers the basic framework and tools for financial analysis and financial planning and control, and introduces basic concepts and principles needed in making investment and financing decisions. Introduction to investments and personal finance are also covered in the course. Using the dual-learning approach of theory and application, each chapter and module engages the learners to explore all stages of the learning process from knowledge, analysis, evaluation, and application to preparation and development of financial plans and programs suited for a small business. \|Subject Title\|\|Business Finance\| \|No. of Hours/ Semester\|\|80 hours/ semester\| \|Prerequisite (if needed)\|\|Fundamentals of ABM1\| \|Co-requisite\|\|Fundamentals of ABM2\| Table of Contents	<urn:uuid:68f53a4a-043d-4d17-a2d9-472e3386760b>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.teacherph.com/grade-12-business-finance-curriculum-guide/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00466.warc.gz	en	0.888046	191	2.3125	2
The Benefits Of Using An Electronic Filter Monitor If you live in Houston, then you want to take care of your air conditioning system. Part of doing this is taking care of your air filters, which trap dust, dirt and other allergens. They do need to be replaced from time to time because if you don’t replace them, then your system may slow down in terms of efficiency, and you might have to contact a company that provides AC repair in Houston TX. However, it’s easy to forget that you have to change your air filter. With that said, there is something you can do. You can invest in an electronic filter monitor. What Is It An electronic filter monitor is a device that tracks your air filter’s status. It tracks how well it is working and it will alert you when the filter doesn’t filter as good as it should be. In fact, as soon as your filter stops working as good as it should, you will be alerted. There are various models to choose from. Some are capable of sending you alerts via text or email. This is convenient because real-time reporting allows you to take action as soon as you’re notified about your air filter. How Can An Electronic Filter Monitor Help You’ll be able to keep an eye on your system. Before potential issues with your filter occurs, you’ll be able to take action. This means you won’t have to worry about losing cold air during the summer or breathing in harsh allergens and debris by accident. If an air filter is too dirty and clogged, then your AC system will be forced to work harder than necessary. Eventually, your energy bills will skyrocket. By keeping an eye on the status of your filter, you’ll be able to make sure your system is running as efficiently as it should be running. If you need AC repair in Houston TX, then contact a professional. They will be able to help you with any issue you have with your system, including your air filters. Contact an expert today or call AC Man Houston and they’ll be more than happy to answer any questions you have.	<urn:uuid:56510fe7-0988-458d-addf-1e42b96c6ec2>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://acmanhouston.com/electronic-filter-monitor-benefits/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00679.warc.gz	en	0.960765	447	1.6875	2
of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections in Zaire, including the report of new foci. ulcer disease prevalence in Benin, West Africa: associations with land use/cover and identifi cation of disease clusters. To the Editor: Cholera outbreak reports are of international public health interest, especially in areas that were previously cholera free (1). Although… (More) We used multilocus sequence typing and variable number tandem repeat analysis to determine the clonal origins of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains from an outbreak of cholera that began in 2009 in Papua New Guinea. The epidemic is ongoing, and transmission risk is elevated within the Pacific region. BACKGROUND Cholera is newly emergent in Papua New Guinea but may soon become endemic. Identifying the risk factors for cholera provides evidence for targeted prevention and control measures. METHODS We conducted a hospital-based case-control study to identify cholera risk factors. Using stool culture as the standard, we evaluated a cholera point of care… (More) and thus similar to those in our study. In addition, resistances to cipro-fl oxacin and ceftriaxone were <10%. Multidrug resistance (resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfame-thoxazole, and chloramphenicol) was observed in 63% of children in our study, compared with 7% in India, 22% in Vietnam, and 65% in Pakistan (8–10). More effort is needed in… (More) blockade (5). Other opportunistic infections that have been reported in clinical trials include Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, herpes zoster, EBV hepatitis, tuberculosis, and asymptomatic Mycobacterium avium– intracellulare (6–10). Thus, CMV disease should be considered when patients receiving tocilizumab have febrile syndromes. et al. Treatment of… (More) BACKGROUND In October 2004, Manam Island volcano in Papua New Guinea erupted, causing over 10 000 villagers to flee to internally displaced person (IDP) camps, including 550 from Dugulaba village. Following violence over land access in March 2010, the IDPs fled the camps, and four months later concurrent outbreaks of acute watery diarrhea and unusual… (More)	<urn:uuid:2687e3cc-cf08-411f-b56f-ce06b5b52f68>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Samir-R-Dutta/5119012	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00034-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.900571	504	2.25	2
“Being confident of this very thing, that he which hath begun a good work in you will perform it until the day of Jesus Christ:” King James Version (KJV) 1:6 Being persuaded - The grounds of which persuasion are set down in the following verse. That he who hath begun a good work in you, will perfect it until the day of Christ - That he who having justified, hath begun to sanctify you, will carry on this work, till it issue in glory. Php 1:6 Being confident of this very thing. So faithful have they been that he is confident that they will be faithful to the end. That he which hath begun a good work in you will perform [it]. God, who sent Paul to them with the gospel, began the good work. He will sustain them by his grace. Until the day of Jesus Christ. The day they are called to his presence.	<urn:uuid:256fce8f-32df-48c7-bd8c-89846c25b596>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Philippians-1-6/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00044-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974019	190	1.8125	2
CHED: Only Vaccinated College Students Allowed To Attend In-Person Classes Commission on Higher Education chairman J. Prospero de Vera III De Vera said COVID-19 testing is also no longer mandatory for fully vaccinated students who are the only ones allowed to take part in limited face-to-face classes. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) said on Monday, Dec. 6, that only vaccinated college students are allowed to participate in the limited resumption of face-to-face (F2F) classes. “Ang bagong policy sa face-to-face ay kailangan vaccinated lang ang pwedeng pumasok sa eskwelahan,” CHED chairman J. Prospero de Vera III told “One Balita Pilipinas” on One PH. According to De Vera, COVID-19 testing is also no longer mandatory for fully vaccinated students, but only for those who have symptoms. If a student tests positive for the infectious disease, the higher education institutions (HEIs) must do contact tracing as well as disinfection of the school facilities, the CHED official said. “Kung may sintomas ka kailangan magpa-test at mai-refer sa quarantine sa facility ng LGU (local government unit). At may contact tracing,” he noted. De Vera stressed that only colleges and universities must only operate at 50% capacity. He said bigger institutions can accommodate more students while others can make use of the gyms or auditoriums. “Ibig sabihin, depende sa pagkaka-retrofit nila kung malalaki ang rooms eh ‘di mas marami ang kasya,” De Vera explained. As of Dec. 3, De Vera revealed that 82.45% of the faculty of the universities and 45% of their students nationwide were already vaccinated nationwide. He also noted that the infection rate of the students who joined the resumption of F2F classes was 0.3% with no hospitalization and death recorded. “So 1.8 million out of close to four million (students) have been vaccinated. Nagsimula sila noong Oct. 15 lang so after a month and a half nasa 45% na tayo,” De Vera pointed out. Since January, De Vera disclosed that the agency already approved the requests of 192 HEIs – covering 420 degree programs – to implement limited F2F classes. He said several schools decided to implement F2F classes in the second semester of the current school year. The agency is also expecting more schools to participate in the F2F classes in January next year, he added. According to De Vera, HEIs need not apply for the implementation of F2F classes as CHED can check them on the spot and determine if followed the guidelines to do In November, the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases has allowed face-to-face classes in all college degree programs at 50% capacity in areas under Alert Level 2. Meanwhile, Department of Education (DepEd) regional director and undersecretary Wilfredo Cabral said there is a possibility that it expands the pilot resumption of F2F classes in Metro Manila. “Kung makapasa po ‘yung ibang eskwelahan ay magdadagdag tayo as we move forward in the expanded phase ng ating re-introduction ng in-person classes,” Cabral also told “One Balita Pilipinas.” Metro Manila schools began F2F classes after a year and a half since these were suspended due to the COVID-19 outbreak in March 2020. Cabral said the 28 schools in the National Capital Region are part of the total 2,300 (2,000 Kindergarten to Grade 3 and 300 senior high schools) that will participate in the pilot in-person classes nationwide. The grade levels approved for the limited F2F classes are Kindergarten to Grade 3 and senior high school.	<urn:uuid:01a69d72-7b0b-4f11-bbed-d116d25915af>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.onenews.ph/articles/ched-only-vaccinated-college-students-allowed-to-attend-in-person-classes	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00077.warc.gz	en	0.937876	862	1.710938	2
Osteopaths help millions of people of all ages all over the world to overcome their heath issues. In Osteopathy, we believe that very thing has a reason. If a body part does not work properly and generates symptoms, there will be a reason behind it. The job of an osteopath is to find out this reason, the biomechanical root cause of the symptoms. In this quest, it is paramount to examine the whole body, as the origin of the problem may (and usually is) be located more or less away from the symptomatic area. The aim of a treatment course is to reach a stable balanced state throughout the body, resulting in no reason for symptoms, and hence recovery. When this state of balance is achieve, symptoms clear, eventhough they usually start to get better from the first treatment. Patients do not have to come back times and times again in short time intervals to keep their symptoms under control. The intention is to treat the body when it is needed, when it has almost fully reacted and changed from the previous treatment. Eventhough osteopaths focus their examination and treatment on the musculoskeletal system (bones and soft tissues) the effect of which are multisystem, hence why many conditions and symptoms benefit and resolve from osteopathic treatment. There are countless connections and links in the human anatomy intertwining all systems: cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, digestive, urinary, genital, endocrine, musculoskeletal. Osteopaths are aware of these links, and make use of them for establishing the cause and effect. Osteopathy also has a role in the prevention of symptoms and injuries. Biomechanical tensions predisposes the body to injuries and dis-ease mostly because some joints and muscles will be working abnormally or simply overworking. Getting those predispositions resolved prior to injury is always the best option. As the saying goes, “An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure”.	<urn:uuid:94f03e06-4a76-49bb-a250-639bb16d8ee1>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.osteopathyforall.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00550-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953129	409	2.515625	3
The connection between eating less and living longer has been known to researchers since the 1930s when a Cornell University nutrition professor unexpectedly discovered that dieting rats tend to live 30 percent longer. Same results have been foundwith fruit flies, monkeys and Labrador Retrievers. If that's the case with animals, then it might be truewith humans too. This is the premise behind the calorie restriction diet (CR). "Aging is a horror and it's got to stop right now," said Michael Rae, a vitamin researcher from Calgary, Alberta, and a board member of the Calorie Restriction Society, which has about 900 ultralean members worldwide. "People are popping antioxidants, getting face lifts and injecting Botox, but none of that's working," he said. "At this moment, C.R. is the only tool we have to stay younger longer." It's worth mentioning that Mr. Rae is 6 feet tall, weighs just 115 pounds and is often very hungry. Advocates of C.R., insist they're not dieting to get skinny but rather to have the last laugh. Eat smart enough, they say, and you can live to see great-great-grandchildren, not to mention postpone the onset of cancer, diabetes, heart disease and kidney failure. Historical data supports this idea. During the first and second World Wars, the shortage of food in some northern European countries led to a sharp decrease in mortality from coronary artery disease, Type 2 diabetes and cancer, according to Dr. Luigi Fontana, a geriatrics researcher at Washington University in St. Louis. Those rates surged again after the wars, he said. Likewise, on the Japanese island of Okinawa, where residents have traditionally followed a diet similar to that of C.R., an unusually high number of people have lived a century or more. Even the US government had entered the picture. Investing $20 million to see if the regimen really works for people. Just how exactly does CR works, nobody has the the complete picture yet. Scientists know for sure it goes beyond the mere health benefits of being thin. They compare it to hibernation; physical processes that cause wear and tear on the body are drastically slowed. Some suspect eating less slows the rate of cell division in tissues. Others theorize that hunger triggers a survival mode, activating genes that help resist stress and protect vital organs. Meanwhile, biogerontologists are racing to invent drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without all the carrots and cottage cheese. One leading theory says it works by curbing cellular pollution. When cellular "factories" convert food to energy, they release byproducts known as free radicals. These biochemical ruffians wreak havoc on cells, genes and tissues and have been blamed for age-related changes ranging from crow's-feet to increased cancer risk. When a body metabolizes fewer calories, it's like a car that uses less fuel - there's less free-radical pollution. CR also may reduce levels of sugar in the blood, suppress hormones that promote cell growth and rouse genes that promote longevity. Any or all of these factors could play a part in slowing the aging process. Researcher Mark Mattson's pet theory is the "healthy stress" hypothesis. A neuroscientist at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) in Baltimore, Mattson showed CR protects mouse brain cells from developing Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. He also found that feeding mice every other day extended their lives as much as slashing total calories, even though the mice gorged themselves on feeding days. He took this to mean that hunger, whether temporary or chronic, subjects the body to a healthy form of stress that makes cells hardier. Think of the cardiovascular benefits of wind sprints. To prove that eating less calories do indeed lengthen human lifespan, Dr. Mattson will begin in January the first major study on the long-term effects of meal skipping on humans. Men and women between the ages of 40 and 50 will be screened to see how blood pressure, cholesterol, immune function and other markers respond to one daily meal versus three. \| What You Need To Know About Caloric Cycling! This week I will give you the secret for getting consistent results (e.g. fat loss and increase in muscle tone). The secret is called caloric cycling. This article contains a great calculator to help you figure how how to lower your caloric intake to have lean muscle gain... [ Click here to learn more. ] Another institute study already underway at three university research centers (Washington University, Tufts and Louisiana State) is looking at whether lighter meals reduce the risks of age-related chronic diseases - like heart disease and Alzheimer's - and lead to longer and more productive lives. The one-year studies will first test whether a 30 percent restricted diet is do-able and safe for a few hundred volunteers. Sneaking ice cream won't work; researchers are using a metabolic test to determine exactly how many calories people eat. Dr. Evan Hadley, an NIA associate director spearheading the research, says they also will examine markers such as blood-sugar levels, blood pressure and free radicals. "The studies won't tell us if calorie restriction makes people live longer but it should give us a clue if the immediate effects in humans parallel what we see in mice," he says. The best evidence comes not from mice but from our primate cousins. In a laboratory in Poolesville, Md., about 75 monkeys are on a 30 percent restricted diet; another 75 eat as much as they like. The NIA study is in its 16th year and captive monkeys usually live about 25 years, so it's too early to tell if CR will lengthen their lives. But tests already hint at positive trends, including healthier hearts and less cancer among the hungry monkeys. In the absence of human - or even final monkey - results, scientists are split on whether CR is a reasonable step for humans. Mattson says as long as people commit to the daunting task of getting all their vitamins and minerals despite eating less, he thinks it's a healthy diet. There's no shortage of skepticism about calorie restriction in the scientific community. An article in this month's issue of The American Journal of Preventive Medicine, the leading journal on obesity research, concluded that caloric intake was not as important in staving off death by cardiovascular disease as other factors, like physical activity. "A focus on calories alone doesn't strike me as the way to live a long life," said Dr. Michael Alderman, a professor of medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, who contributed to the article, which examined the results of a 21-year study of nearly 10,000 subjects. The healthiest people in the survey exercised regularly, which requires eating more, Dr. Alderman said. "If you're burning fuel, you've got to feed the engine with more food." \|"When subjects lose 15 to 20 percent of their body weight, they sometimes start binge eating after restricting calories for a period. Others can become clinically depressed."\| \|- Dr. Itamar Abrass\| Dr. Itamar Abrass, head of geriatrics at Harborview Medical Center, isn't so sure. "I think there's a benefit in humans; I'd be surprised if there wasn't," he says. But the devil could be in the details, he says. Without human studies, no one knows when to start or stop the regimen. Starting before sexual maturation could stunt reproductive development, but waiting too long could reduce the payoff. And while CR may make for a slender, healthy 30-year-old, it may make for an excessively frail elderly person. Thomas Wadden, director of the Weight and Eating Disorders Program at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, warned that extreme dieting like an ultralow-calorie regimen can lead to mental health problems. "There's no question that people who fixate on food this much can develop mild obsessive-compulsive disorder," he said. "This behavior can also precipitate an eating disorder. When subjects lose 15 to 20 percent of their body weight, they sometimes start binge eating after restricting calories for a period. Others can become clinically depressed." "Some people might like this diet, but most people won't last half a day on it," he said. Knowing how difficult the diet is, many scientists are studying calorie restriction hoping to uncover an age-defying mechanism they can exploit the profitable way - with a pill. Last summer, Dr. David A. Sinclair, an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, discovered that a chemical commonly found in red wine could vastly increase life span. Okay, so the chemical, resveratrol, only worked with yeast and fruit flies in his experiments, but Dr. Sinclair, 34, is an optimist. "It could be a revolution in medicine," he said, if it were made into a pill. "If we're able to switch on the body's own defenses the way calorie restriction seems to, we could be talking about an end to cancer, stroke, heart attack and all the other age-associated diseases."	<urn:uuid:2fd6c2a9-0f47-430d-8488-e8276af74bfa>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/md64.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00458-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957863	1,877	2.734375	3
Meet the Board of Directors -- Jay Gulledge Jay Gulledge was elected to the ARCUS Board of Directors in 2011 and currently serves as Treasurer. Jay is the Director of the Environmental Sciences Division and a member of the Climate Change Science Institute (CCSI) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. CCSI administers the Department of Energy's Next Generation Ecosystem Experiments (NGEE) Arctic research project, a major 10-year investment toward understanding how carbon rich soils in the permafrost respond to a rapidly warming Arctic. He is also a Senior Advisor at the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, specializing in the application of scientific knowledge of climate change and its impacts to policy- and decision-making. Jay is a Certified Senior Ecologist with two decades of teaching and research experience in the biological and environmental sciences. He received a PhD in biological sciences at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, was a Life Sciences Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University, and held faculty posts at Tulane University and the University of Louisville. Jay observes that, "Climate change is turning the Arctic into a new international space where governance is largely absent. The impacts of this change are poorly understood but are likely to have significant influence on the climate, weather, ecosystems, fisheries, geopolitics, and economies of the world. Arctic research is essential to understanding the potential environmental, social, economic, and political risks and opportunities that an opening Arctic will bring. With its strong vision for promoting research to inform sound decisions related to the Arctic, ARCUS is an invaluable convener and facilitator of the Arctic research community." Jay Gulledge can be contacted via email (jgulledge [at] ornl.gov).	<urn:uuid:2a2a2276-85cc-4787-bae0-9df1b86c0159>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.arcus.org/witness-the-arctic/2014/2/article/21062?qt-wtasideblock=0	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.937357	347	1.554688	2
Previous Challenge Entry (Level 1 – Beginner) Topic: Threefold Cord (04/12/12) TITLE: EMOTIONAL WHEELCHAIRS By Graham Insley LEAVE COMMENT ON ARTICLE SEND A PRIVATE COMMENT ADD TO MY FAVORITES You see, another truth is that many of us work under handicaps of emotional creation that we don't even realise are crippling us. Let's face it, life can throw some real strange curve balls at us, many of which were thrown when we were children and didn't know how to handle them. Abuse, violence, temper, alcohol, sexual immorality; this is just a short list of the ways in which many of us have been pummelled into living our lives in an emotional wheelchair. How do you overcome this? How do you take a life that has been one of constant struggle, beaten down time after time, and then expect it to have a good marriage, healthy kids and a positive faith? Please don't misunderstand me here. I'm not trying to paint hopelessness onto the canvas of your minds or to turn over your pleasant tables of happy family meals. I'm just posing some honest questions; because the truth is that many people still live on a canvas that is a picture of the graphic history they have lived. And others have not had very many happy meals in their entire life. And if you don't think these people exist, you must have a blindfold on. Here's a reality check for you, many of these people not only exist but live in your neighbourhood; maybe they even attend your church. They could even have kids who are attending the same school as yours; but sadly kids don’t only learn at school, and these particular kids are also learning some very strong home based lessons that may well cripple them in life too. Now, maybe this portrait of life is not yours. But then again, maybe you can make an honest statement that goes something like this, "Thank you Lord for being a part of my life and healing those areas that once crippled me." Now, if you are saying that, then there is a reason why you can say it. You have invited Jesus into your life. The love of the Father, through the doorway of the Son, has sent the comfort and teachings of the Spirit and helped to turn your life around. You are bound by the three fold cord of the Godhead to the promise of eternity, and to the constant work that They are performing in your life here and now. My prayer is that everyone reading this can offer that gratitude. But if that is true, then I want to suggest that you should ask yourself this question, "How can I help others to come to the same place of thankfulness?" According to the Strong’s concordance the word ‘angel’, G32, means “a messenger; especially an “angel”; by implication a pastor: - angel, messenger.” Do you see what this is saying? If you bring a message of hope, light and truth into someone’s dark and struggling life, then you are in the role of an angel. And what is even more exciting, is that the Holy Spirit and His real angels would even be there, helping in the spiritual battle. Do I believe in angels? Yes I do. But I especially love to see the band of earthly angels who are learning to tie sailor’s knots. Through love, acceptance and grace, they are using the Three Cords to bind others to the heart of The Father, through the deliverance of the Son, by the teachings, comfort and healing power of the Spirit. The opinions expressed by authors may not necessarily reflect the opinion of FaithWriters.com. If you died today, are you absolutely certain that you would go to heaven? You can be right now. CLICK HERE JOIN US at FaithWriters for Free. Grow as a Writer and Spread the Gospel.	<urn:uuid:0cbf91f1-5932-4004-be09-63b461b11dc4>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.faithwriters.com/wc-article-level1-previous.php?id=42235	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00312-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.974353	836	2.03125	2
Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Dec 2, 2008 Conservators with the Antarctic Heritage Trust talk about their work at the historic 1908 Shackleton hut at Cape Royds in Antarctica. Video by Mary Lynn Price, WomenInAntarctica.com. Built 100 years ago in 1908 as part of Sir Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition, the hut is filled with the effects and furnishings from that "heroic era" expedition. Because of the hard work and diligence of the Trust, the hut and its historic contents have been restored for future generations of visitors and scholars to enjoy, learn from and be inspired by. Here's a video of Trust conservators talking about their work on location at the Shackleton hut. Hope you enjoy it! MLP	<urn:uuid:4b4cdd58-7eee-4812-924d-1fe1c8cc17ac>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR-jwBQGxIk	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00125-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.948098	174	2.40625	2
The page may not load correctly. Computer hardware and software configuration information is extremely important in our work. We use it for the following purposes: Device data is collected so that we can provide users with recommendations on how they can eliminate problems they’ve contacted our technical support service about. We collect data with the help of a special utility that is freely available here; it can also be downloaded on the support request page. Users run the utility and voluntarily forward an operation report to the support service. The utility does not operate online and does not send any data without user consent. Data is collected with the help of our utility Dr.Web CureIt!—but only if users agree to have statistics sent to us. This is specified on the utility download page and in the License agreement. Information about Dr.Web’s operation on protected PCs, including information regarding the detection of brand-new threats, is collected via Dr.Web Cloud if users have activated it on their device. This helps us improve the Preventive Protection algorithms as quickly as possible and update them on protected devices regardless of whether the virus databases are up to date. Dr.Web products do not collect any user files from devices!	<urn:uuid:cea0b929-1a93-4cdf-b0e0-d1bcabe08cdc>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://company.drweb.co.jp/data_protection/tech_data/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00269.warc.gz	en	0.914313	382	1.59375	2
It was in the “high and far-off times”, wrote Rudyard Kipling, that the elephant had no trunk, just a “blackish, bulgy nose, as big as a boot”. Until, he wrote in The Elephant’s Child, one of the Just So Stories, his “ ’satiable curiosity” led him to investigate what the crocodile liked to have for dinner. In Kipling’s tale, it is this curiosity that leads him to the “great grey-green, greasy Limpopo River”. “You are the very person I have been looking for all these long days,” he says when at last he finds a crocodile. “Will you please tell me	<urn:uuid:779dabdd-3180-473e-9241-d827479f667b>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/africa/article2786591.ece	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00507-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.985235	162	1.945313	2
Plan will eliminate monthly readings TUSCALOOSA \| Tina Burroughs says there's nothing better than having the actual amount of her utility bills each month. "I don't want an average," she said while waiting in a long line Tuesday to pay her water bill. But an average is what Burroughs will pay every other month starting in October if the city's Water and Sewer Department converts to a new billing cycle as expected. Under the change, water department workers will read water meters every other month, instead of the usual monthly readings, said Maurice Sledge, director of the city Water and Sewer Department. "Customers will still get a monthly bill," he said. But, even though Burroughs' bill will come in the mail as usual, she fears the new policy will result in an increase in her water bill, which averages about $40 a month. "Here in Tuscaloosa, we have to water our lawns too much, and depending on the usage of water, the amount can change from month to month," she said. Customers shouldn't notice any fluctuations in the amount of their normal bills, Sledge said. "We're hoping this will reduce our operating cost and increase our efficiency in customer services such as meter testing, cut-ons, cut-offs and maintenance around meter boxes," he said. Shannon Anderson, who also was paying her water bill on Tuesday, said even if she notices an increase in the $50 a month her household uses in water, she won't mind. "Just as long as I get a bill, I'm fine," she said. Sledge pitched the proposed billing change to the City Council's Public Projects Committee Tuesday. The full council would have to approve a change to the city code to reflect the department's new billing procedure. "When the council passes this, we can put it in effect," Sledge said. "We don't think it will be time consuming and even if it's not in place by October it will allow us to have things ready for November." If the Oct. 1 starting date is met, the water department will read meters during even months in the calendar year and use an estimate, based on a customer's water consumption in a three-month period, during odd months. "Customers' monthly bills will show their normal water and sewer charges, and we'll put an indicator showing whether the bill was read or estimated," Sledge explained. "If a bill is estimated high or low one month, the next month's bill will have the correction." The city's water department spent $135,000 in overtime last year for workers to read water meters using the current billing cycle. "This [new policy] is going to save us a tremendous amount of money," said City Councilman Joe Powell, chairman of the council's Project Committee. "It will help with maintenance and personnel issues." Sledge agreed saying, "It allows us to do work orders quicker." The new measure also will free up time for the water department to equip every water meter with an MXU battery box, a device that transmits water usage figures to a receiver in the meter reader's vehicle, eliminating the need to physically inspect the meters. Water department personnel also can use handheld receivers to read the new devices, which are already in place at 4,100 of the city's homes and businesses. Under the new policy, Sledge's department will attach the new radio readers to water meters during months water bills will be estimated. "One of the biggest things we'll get out of this is our staff will be able to go out and install the radio readers," Sledge said. For the water department to now read the city's 43,000 water meters, it takes all 14 members of its reading meter staff and often additional staffing. "With these additional forces we can get the job done quicker without overtime," Sledge said. The projects committee is also considering assessing late fees to water bills and allowing customers to use ATM debit cards or charge cards to pay their water bills. "I do care if the department starts charging late fees," Anderson said. "I don't have the money." Reach Adrienne Nettles at firstname.lastname@example.org or 345-0505, ext. 253.	<urn:uuid:1c14dbcb-2106-4ddf-a2ec-60ace15aabae>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2002/09/19/plan-will-eliminate-monthly-readings/27827566007/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00469.warc.gz	en	0.966524	907	1.671875	2
This weekend, I’m re-reading a little book that I’ve found very enjoyable: How Proust Can Change Your Life, by Alain de Botton. De Botton is a Swiss writer who lives in the UK and writes in English; I consider him to be a “popular philosopher.” He has written books about philosophy, travel, business and work, our perceptions of status, and much more. In this 1997 books, de Botton examines the life and work of Marcel Proust, and shows us how reading this work can help us understand, as Proust said, that, “The real voyage of discovery consists, not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes.” Proust is perhaps one of the most daunting of authors. He didn’t write separate novels, but one long work, A la Recherche du temps perdu, or, In Search of Lost Time. This work covers thousands of pages, and follows its protagonist (the “narrator”) from his childhood through his adult years as he discovers aristocratic society in France. With long sentences, florid descriptions, and acerbic characterization, Proust presents a portrait of a society that, behind the glossy surface, is wicked and deceitful. Yet in spite of the length of the work, In Search of Lost Time is funny, strange, and a delight to read. Proust’s style is verbose, but his writing is musical. I first read Proust in 1982, when a revised edition of an earlier English translation was released. In three large, hardcover volumes, this book was quite heavy, and I read it on the subway and bus as I went to and from work in New York City. When I moved to France in 1984, the first book(s) I bought was a three-volume Pléiade edition of the work (now superseded by a later four-volume edition; the extra girth is made up of notes, sketches and variants). I’ve since read Proust twice in French, and once in audio. Every few years, I get an itching to read him again, and this often starts by reading a book like de Botton’s or a biography of the author’s life. But even if you haven’t read Proust, or don’t plan too, this little book about Proust can delight you and give you some interesting lessons about life and literature. Proust can change your life, if you take the time. Read this book to find out how. 1. Interestingly, this book tends to get filed in the “self held” or “self development” category, in addition to being put on the “literature” shelves. I guess it is, in some ways, a guide to living, but, then again, isn’t all great literature? 2. I’m a fan of audiobooks, and I was tempted to buy this in audio to listen to when walking. But seeing it at $20 (on the iTunes Store) quickly dissuaded me. Paying twice as much for an audiobook is ludicrous, especially as I know how much audiobooks cost to produce. It’s a shame, because a book like this at $10 would probably sell a lot better.	<urn:uuid:f688ba1a-7a25-4bfc-8706-fe02c51d21b7>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.kirkville.com/weekend-read-how-proust-can-change-your-life/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00310-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966896	713	1.867188	2
FISCHER, Marc; THOMAS, Elizabeth (eds.) “Owning things isn’t all that interesting; it’s easy to own things. What we do with those things is what matters—we can use the to tell stories, gain new insights about our lives and the worlds of others, and inspire other people to make more interesting and meaningful things. This is the ambition of Public Collectors, established in 2007 by Marc Fischer, which encourages collectors of material culture—the kind that most museums won’t exhibit: tea bags, South African herbalist ads, QSL cards, homemade packaging, Black college yearbooks…—to “open” their collections to the public. Extending the popular website of the same name, Public Collectors presents a wide array of collections—some featured on the website, most newly assembled for publication—interspersed with commentary and essays exploring the problems and politics of collecting materials that may lack conventional monetary or cultural value. [publisher’s note]	<urn:uuid:4ccff887-2e48-4226-8c6a-099cd6c2faea>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.after8books.com/public-collectors.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00068.warc.gz	en	0.897813	217	2.140625	2
China blamed for Taiwan fishing industry decline by worker When you subscribe we will use the information you provide to send you these newsletters.Sometimes they’ll include recommendations for other related newsletters or services we offer.Our Privacy Notice explains more about how we use your data, and your rights.You can unsubscribe at any time. Fears have grown in recent weeks and months about the possibility of President Xi Jinping contemplating a forceful annexation of the island state. Beijing has stepped up its rhetoric against Taipei, warning that any attempt to declare independence would result in military action. Wu Qian, a Chinese defence ministry spokesperson, said recently: “We warn those ‘Taiwan independence’ elements — those who play with fire will burn themselves, and Taiwan independence means war.” Furthermore, Commander Philip Davidson, head of the US Navy in the Indo-Pacific, warned just last week that China could be planning an invasion of Taiwan within five years. Joe Biden has sought to counter these threats by bolstering US naval presence in the East China Sea and reaffirming US support for the Taipei government. The new US President declared that America’s commitment to Taiwan was “rock solid” and to prove the point sent the guided-missile destroyer, the USS John S McCain, through the Taiwan Strait. As part of the Western response to China’s emerging threat in the Into-Pacific, Boris Johnson is sending the new £6 billion aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth to the region in two months’ time. The Royal Navy ship will head up an allied task force, with an ultimate mission yet to be clarified. However, the British expedition is expected to carry out joint exercises with the the US and Japanese navies and could end up sailing through the Strait of Taiwan. Francis Pike, a historian, argued in an Op-ed for the Spectator magazine that war with Taiwan is a real possibility. Yet despite the fact that the risks are high, Britain doesn’t appear to gain any strategic benefit from entangling itself in the region’s troubles. The author of ‘Hirohito’s War, The Pacific War 1941-1945’ wrote: “War over Taiwan, therefore, is a very realistic prospect. “And if Britain is set to deploy an expeditionary force — with a Royal Navy aircraft carrier presence in Asia becoming semi-permanent — this carries the extra-ordinary risk of the UK being embroiled in the next war. “The big question is why.” He continued: “Part of the answer might be that Britain has the kit, so needs to think of a way of using it. DON’ T MISS South China Sea: US spends big on nuclear subs as war fears grow [Reveal] South China Sea news: China tightening grip says MP [Insight] Beijing backlash at US warship in disputed waters amid high tensions [Spotlight] “Some might question why, after Britain has snapped into line to support the US, American government officials have let it be known that UK-US trade negotiations are going to be kicked into the long grass. “It also has to be asked: what naval assets are going to be left to defend British and European interests against Russia in the Baltic and the Arctic Ocean? “It makes sense for America, India and Japan to be engaged in exercises around China’s turf: they are all nations with significant Asian interests. “The UK is not.” Source: Read Full Article	<urn:uuid:db6dd16c-d609-4ac0-a213-b19df83e05d5>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://blogcamlodipine.com/world-news/uk-carries-extraordinary-risk-of-entering-us-war-with-china-over-taiwan-expert-says/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00472.warc.gz	en	0.934192	740	2.09375	2
This is a variation on the LM324 circuit shown here with, I think, a few advantages. Changing a single resistor will alter the minimum speed available, and the wide tolerance range on pots doesn't interfere so much. It's also a tad smaller board. As before, two sections of the quad op-amp form a triangle-wave generator, but now the third section is used as a low-gain amplifier, bringing the trough of the wave to just above zero volts and the peak to about 10v. The traces above show the triangle wave as-generated at pin 7 (curve A, yellow) and at pin 8 (curve B, green) after the amplifier, which has also inverted the wave signal and centralised it in the 0-10.5v output range of the LM324 when on a 12v supply. The fourth op-amp section is connected as a comparator, comparing the wave voltage with a reference voltage set by the potential divider R8 & VR1. When the wave voltage goes above the voltage at the pot wiper, the comparator output goes high, turning on the transistor switch and power to the fan (or any other load). With the pot turned fully clock-wise the wiper voltage is below about 0.5v and the load is on 100% of the time. Increasing the wiper voltage (by turning the pot anti-clockwise) reduces the duty cycle, and it's easy to set a minimum speed just by changing the value of R8. Traces below show the amplified triangle wave at pin 12 (curve A, blue), the reference voltage from the pot wiper at pin 13 (curve B, yellow) and the comparator output from pin 14 (curve C, green). Above is the effect of a low reference voltage, with the output "on" for most of the time, and below the reference voltage is near maximum giving a low duty cycle. The circuit can be built on stripboard as shown, I've used a piece 22 holes by 13 strips. Start by marking out where the IC is going, then you can "dry" fit the links and other components to check fits. Make the track breaks shown by the red blobs and on the guide (note there are only six breaks between the seven pairs of IC legs, pin 5 connects to pin 10) then start soldering with the lowest components first (the wire links) so you can lay the board down with them pressed against a flat surface to solder. Fit the resistors (leaving those that need to be mounted vertically till later) then the ic socket (the notch is near pin #1) and the other taller components and power and fan leads. Crop the excess leads as you go. There are two capacitors across the +12v and 0v power supply lines, I've used a 220uF 16v electrolytic and a 100nF ceramic type. These remove any noise on the supply, particularly useful with longer leads. Check the negative on the electrolytic capacitor goes to the ground rail. Check carefully that none of the stripboard tracks have solder bridges, that all track breaks are completely broken, and that all connections are correct. A multimeter is useful for this. Plug in the ic (the notch is at the pin#1 end), connect power and a fan, test. \|U1\|\|LM324 quad op-amp, 14-pin DIL socket\| \|Q1\|\|IRF530 n-channel mosfet or 2N2222A NPN bipolar (see below)\| \|D1\|\|1N4001 or similar (optional, see below)\| \|R1\|\|47k (all resistors 0.25W 5% or better)\| \|R8\|\|1k – 10k (see below)\| \|VR1\|\|10k 16mm lin PCB pot\| \|C1\|\|100nF mylar or polyester film, 5mm pitch\| \|C2\|\|100uF-470uF 16v radial electrolytic\| \|C3\|\|100nF ceramic disc\| Q1 – For load currents up to about 600mA a 2N2222A NPN transistor is recommended. It comes in a TO-18 metal can with the leads as shown, but it's easy to adjust them to suit the guide positions, especially if you put the collector lead in column 17 instead of 18. For higher loads go for a darlington power transistor such as the TIP120, 121 or 122, rated to 5A, or a power mosfet. The IRF530 is easy to find, not expensive, and can carry up to 14A. Providing you take the usual precautions for handling CMOS, static electricity is not going to zap it. Most n-channel MOSFETs will do, look for a low RDS(on) and adequate current-handling ability. Both darlingtons and mosfets are in the TO-220 case as shown on the stripboard layout. Using the 2N2222A bipolar transistor you might lose 200-400mV from the 12v supply to the fan, double that for one of the darlington types; with the IRF530 I measured the loss at only 40mV with a 200mA fan. Check the transistor or mosfet pin-outs, base or gate to R9, emitter or source to ground, collector or drain to the fan negative. A heatsink is not necessary at moderate loads. D1 – The diode prevents back-emf from inductive loads such as brushed motors from damaging the switching transistor. With "brushless" computer fan motors it's not necessary to fit this diode across the load, as they have any needed protection already in-fan. R8 – This sets the minimum speed. With the 10k pot, a 1k resistor will give 0–100% control which is OK for model motors or lighting, 10k will give around 5v–12v range, more suitable for cooling fans. VR1 can be changed to a 47k pot if it suits you better, changing R8 to 4k7–47k depending on your required minimum. C1 – This is the timing capacitor, and with the 47k timing resistor R1 and wave amplitude control resistors R2 (22k) & R3 (10k) gives a PWM frequency of around 117Hz according to the formula Don't change R2 or R3, but you can alter R1 and/or C1 if you want to try different frequencies. A 5mm lead pitch fits the board spacing, so a fair selection of miniature polyester types (or the cheaper mylar) will fit. Indicator LED – On the model shown in the photo above I added an LED indicator, mounting as shown in red on the chart. The dropper resistor Rd is 1k. For a multi-channel controller, just one 2-opamp triangle wave generator (U1A & U1B) and x2 buffer amplifier (U1C) shown in the above circuit can be used, taking several connections from the U1C output each to its own comparator section on a second chip as shown below. The fourth "spare" opamp in the original chip, U1D, is shown used as a unity-gain buffer on the 'virtual earth' point between R4 & R5, giving a more stable mid-voltage. So a 4 channel controller can be built with two LM324 chips, for 6 channels you could add an LM358 dual opamp, pinout shown left. Note the '+' (non-inverting input) and '-' (inverting input) symbols on the op-amps in the schematic and check they match the appropriate IC pins when designing your layout.	<urn:uuid:3796e621-a053-41eb-8ad5-aed5f2b0c678>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.pcsilencioso.com/cpemma/pwm_erg.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00399-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.881405	1,630	2.28125	2
In the past 37 years the Gathering of Nations has grown from an early, simple dream to one of the world’s most recognized annual festivals. From the beginning the concept has always been to produce an event where Native people can come together each year to celebrate and share culture, and a place where singers and dancers can feel confident that competition is fair to all. From those genuine and humble beginnings that the Gathering of Nations Pow Wow has evolved into the event you see today, as well as its role in many community outreach efforts. None of this could be have been accomplished without the loyalty and dedication of good volunteers, friends and family. It was here at the Gathering of Nations that “powwow fever” has shed its warmth on such a wonderful lifestyle, and continues to be of great appeal and intrigue to young people interested in learning more about their own personal tribal traditions and the powwow way. Flint Carney, a long time friend and member of the Kiowa tribe, who said, “The greatest thing about the Gathering of Nations is the respect that is shown to all Native people of the world.” This is the way of powwow life and teachings, which are provided and handed down from the elders to the younger generations. The Gathering of Nations experience does not end when you leave and head for home, but rather continues in your heart and mind, remains with you down the road to the next event, powwow or your own personal family gathering(s).	<urn:uuid:2247aa51-97ca-44b6-9271-d68e139b87ba>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://discoverymap.com/albuquerque-nm/albuquerque/things-to-do/gathering-of-nations-pow-wow	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00673.warc.gz	en	0.966525	304	2.015625	2
At first glance, the film, "Blade Runner," appears to be just another science fiction film featuring alien beings. However, deeper study and contemplation reveals a myriad of important semiotic and cultural nuances that unveil a great deal about our society and us. Ridley Scott's 1982 film, "Blade Runner" takes place in the year 2019 in Los Angeles. The "alien of choice" in this film is the replicant. Created by man in human form, the replicant, while actually more perfect that a human, is designed to die in exactly four years from the date of its creation. Replicants were produced to serve as slaves in cosmic "off-worlds." In an attempt to counteract their oppression and increase their life span, a group of replicants stole a spaceship and returned to earth where they proceeded to kill many humans and search for their maker. Because of the murder of humans, the replicants were banned from earth and any that were identified were to be killed or "retired" as quoted in the film. Identifying the replicant was indeed a daunting task, because replicants so closely resembled humans. Thus, one is forced to consider what makes a human actually human, as opposed to a replicant, which is considered a non-human? In the movie, the mission was accomplished via a test designed to detect changes in eye movement. In real life, one cannot help but wonder if our society may be actually illogically analyzing individuals for alienness versus humanness based upon a set or rules; or perhaps religious belief, hatred or fear? Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz' work, "Semiotics And Communications: Signs, Codes, Cultures" is an excellent resource for understanding both the practical and less practical functions of semiotics and the study of semiotic behavior. This was helpful in terms of understanding the nuances interrelated with this film. "In each case, whether it be a traffic signal or poetic imagery, something (the sign) conveys meaning-meaning that would not otherwise be obvious, or that we could not otherwise present in such a condensed form" (1). This was clearly evident in the film. The most remarkable sign was the release of a white dove by a replicant, as he said, "It's time to die." White doves are a traditional symbol of peace. This is especially telling because, up until that very moment, which was near the end of the movie, the replicants behaved more like hawks, a symbol that is traditionally associated with aggressive action. Throughout the film, the replicants actively and aggressively tried to circumvent their predetermined death date through any and all means. Included was a visit to their maker with demands for a longer life. It was here that the replicant learned that absolutely nothing could be done to deactivate the built-in death timer. The maker had, in fact, tried and failed. The maker had fashioned the best possible creation, but even it was not gifted with eternal life. Clearly there is a direct figurative connotation here between replicants and humans. From a faith-based symbolic prospective, although humans are the finest of our Maker's creations, even we cannot live forever. Having studied Tom Bottomore's paper, "Alienation," I saw parallels between the film and Karl Marx's conception of alienation. The impoverished, human-like replicants were alienated from the larger, more powerful, wealthier human segment of society. Even their most basic needs, such as food and shelter were not entirely met, thus they had no hope or opportunity of achieving economic independence. The replicants' aggressive behavior was due, in part, to the disparity between replicant and human social orders, which had been calculatedly established by humans. Throughout the film, the replicants attempt to narrow the gap and blend in with the more desirable human social order. Non-verbal and verbal signs are effectively utilized to convince humans that they themselves are human, and to gain humans' trust. The reading that made the most sense to me, in terms of intended implicit or metaphorical meaning surrounding the alien in this particular film, was "Aliens, Alien Nations, and Alienation in American Political Economy and Popular Culture" by Ronnie D. Lipschutz. Per Lipschutz, "Aliens are usually treated as a threatening presence, as a force that, if not stopped, will absorb or consume the body politic." (2) This theme was present throughout the film, and it is prevalent in today's society. Lipschutz postulates that, "Replicants force us to ask what makes someone human?" If we substitute the word "aliens" in place of "replicants," and consider the definition of alien as someone who is not native to our country, one cannot help but see the current social implication significance. Works Cited Leeds-Hurwitz, Wendy. "Semiotics And Communications: Signs, Codes, Cultures." Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993: 3-21 Lipschutz, Ronnie D. "Aliens, Alien Nations, and Alienation in American Political Economy and Popular Culture." Santa Cruz, CA. Works Consulted Agnew, Derek. Dystopia: Representation of Technology in Futuristic Cinema. 2003. Bottomore, Tom. "Alienation". From: The Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1983: 9/15.	<urn:uuid:868012ef-3679-4ff8-a231-3409a7e212eb>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.writework.com/essay/movie-review-blade-runner	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721027.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00549-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967029	1,122	2.984375	3
It's natural a human being must doubt in-the sense of life. A person is a structure that's led through life perhaps not by instincts but by social problems. The only animal to destroy and to torture the representatives of the same specie is just a person and there's nothing we can change about it, unless we forget about social consciousness or otherwise Me as Freud named it. The majority is subjected to destruction because of the lack of aim in life, a government to produce. Identify additional resources on our affiliated use with by clicking pastor lee mcfarland. They're ignorant to various aspects and prefer to opt for the stream than to obtain their own way. Philosophers battle over a question what individuals live for. Having seen lots of similar questions from my students, Im convinced since the goal could be as individual as collective. Dig up further on a partner essay - Browse this website: pastor lee mcfarland. How to find that purpose to reach? It's easy. Look inside and think over a number of the positive characteristics which can be therefore very important to you arent they worth living? It's time to find some thing worth fighting for and reconsider the machine of values youve established, when the life concerns the point whereby the responsibility of it's unbearable. Somebody that has obtained an objective never leave continue and finding new ways to become consolidated. It is quite time to think on the life style and to find something new and exciting. You've to create a promise to yourself that you're going to attempt to transform a lot of the negative into positive and reconsider all the elements you identify positive and negative. Perhaps for the very first time in your life listen to you heart and figure out the items you always wanted to accomplish. Your interior wishes can convert in to real aims and create a technique to understand them. Your purpose is probably likely to need additional costs and you've to take it with dignity and be aware of the fact. If it is easier for you, make up an inventory of things you would want to have and go through it alone or with your friends or family members. From then on it is likely to get reduced a bit, but some of the items youll see will be needed for you. You will not achieve success from the first attempt and you have to get ready if the first attempt is a failure not to give up. To realize your dream you've to stay a full power to overcome challenges. Sacrifice a number of your time-to have rest and relax, despite the difficulties you go through at work or in-your private life. Create remarkable moments that you experienced by planning your trip to be miraculously interesting and fun. And what's crucial, never doubt that you can make this happen much, that you're capable of accomplishing miracles. The facts are one: you've your life to live and this is only your life and your decision you live, not exist to leave a track in the history and if you choose to opt for the stream, it's not likely to tell more about you as someone in the history. If you are concerned by protection, you will likely require to compare about more information. Share your success, be positive and focus only o-n nice and it may happen that life becomes better..	<urn:uuid:ea854773-4457-46ba-b43c-8ebb048abdf1>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://needsa15239.wallinside.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00115-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96944	661	1.960938	2
The purpose of this paper is to fill the gap of no discussion about alternatives to the raising analysis of modal auxiliaries like must, may, ... etc. When we analyse the behaviors of modal auxiliaries, we have used a traditional method of the raising analysis of modals. But we did so without explicit motivation and discussion of alternatives. We need some discussion of alternatives. During the discussion, we compare the empirical predictions of the raising analysis (type) with the predictions of several different kinds of non-raising analyses. We find that the behavior of the modal auxiliaries is indeed accounted for more successfully by the raising analysis than by any of those alternatives. In addition, we have seen that there is a way to account for both de re and de dicto readings within an analysis of modals that does not involve raising of the subject from an underlying position below the modal nor any covert lowering-operation like reconstruction, but treats the subject as a genuine argument of the modal. The price we had to pay was a rather complicated lexical type for the modal, and some type-shifting operation affecting either the modal or the DP.	<urn:uuid:9fdb1274-aa8d-41c2-af97-4de6eb85c40d>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://papersearch.net/thesis/article.asp?key=1921384	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00266.warc.gz	en	0.938748	236	1.539063	2
The osprey is a large raptor that is found through out the world. They are commonly referred to as fishing hawks because the majority of their diet consists almost exclusively of fish. Unlike most sea or fishing eagles the osprey often dives down into the water, submerging itself up to two feet deep in search of prey. Eagles usually only get their feet wet which is why osprey are much better at catching fish then a sea eagle such as a bald eagle. Unfortunately most eagles are larger then osprey and they are not against bullying or stealing an easy meal.	<urn:uuid:a20f7553-6151-4fe3-a362-5749ef446788>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://ecobirder.blogspot.com/2011/12/fishing-hawk.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00116-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.982901	120	2.65625	3
Analytics just got personal The Sydney 2000 Olympic Games saw an unheralded 15-year old swimmer come fifth in the 200-metre butterfly. While that would have been the peak of achievement for many, it was the realisation that he’d been only half a second off a podium place that convinced Michael Phelps he could – and would – go on to win it. Today, he’s the most decorated Olympian of all time. The Olympic Games are not just about taking part, they are about getting results. Defying difficulties to surpass other competitors – but most of all, to surpass yourself. To go further. We know that figures, record and statistics aren’t just numbers: we know that they are a lever of progress. That’s why handling complex data for the Olympics is critically important. Because we know it’s much more than performance tracking. It’s a way to move forward, assess, predict, progress. Like never before in history, digital has led us to a world where competitive positions may move at any time, where today’s winner could be displaced within just a few months and where tomorrow’s innovators may themselves be replaced even more rapidly. We’re entering an age of perpetual reinvention. And advanced analytics is what will enable this reinvention. It’s not only tracking everything simply to deliver a better customer experience and improve operational excellence, but also to identify the signals that announce emerging trends and opportunities for business reinvention. In essence, we’re entering a data-driven world where the winners will be those who will succeed in turning this data into the intelligence that allows them to constantly adapt and reinvent their business models. We’re making sense of complex data for Rio2016 to provide real-time data and information to benefit athletes, journalists, visitors, viewers, and online users for personalised services. And more widely, we’re helping our customers leverage analytics to constantly assess, adapt and improve their business. Find out how contact us now.Read all stories from the games Subscribe to the stories of the Games If you would like to receive stories like this, please subscribe to our Olympic Games newsletter Get practical insight into making data analytics initiatives a success: discover seven essential considerations from seven Atos analytics specialists. Digital Transformation for the Olympic Games: IOC Changes IT Infrastructure Strategy to “Build Once, Use Many Times”	<urn:uuid:8f7a1b68-9bc1-465b-9b20-a72506ff8ff2>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://atos.net/en/2016/olympic/stories-of-the-game_2016_08_18/analytics-just-got-personal	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00238-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.925873	507	1.570313	2
Momentum has been gained through the UN Global Road Safety Week for 30 km/h limits in urban settings. It is important that this momentum is maintained. The Alliance will continue to support and mobilize NGOs for the #Love30 agenda in the runup to the Head of State meeting in 2022. We will do this using #CommitToAct as a vehicle and supporting other global pushes for low speed streets. On 22 June 2021, we held a meeting with our NGOs, one month after the UN Global Road Safety Week, to talk about the impact of the week and discuss how to move forward. Watch the recording here It is important to keep pushing the 30 km/h message beyond the UN Global Road Safety Week to make change a lasting reality A High-Level Head of State meeting will be held in 2022, probably in July: we have a year to secure commitments from countries that can be highlighted as progress and momentum at the meeting The Global Plan is expected to be published in September 2021 The message is practical and specific: do you support 30 km/h limits or not? The message lends itself well to many different alliances and people who don’t consider themselves to be road safety people: climate, youth, health, the urban agenda, parents, and more There are connections to other global agendas such as UN Habitat’s New Urban Agenda, which is due for a mid-term review next year, and a UN climate summit scheduled for later in 2021 Catching the attention of policy makers in small cities can be a good opportunity Speed can be an electoral issue: targeting candidates at city level to endorse 30 km/h was an effective strategy for Fundacion Gonzaga Rodriguez in Uruguay Create positive jealousy: Adel Metni Foundation have found that municipalities have seen what they are doing and want to do the same The need to shift transport modes (in Lebanon this has been prompted by a fuel crisis) has helped to demonstrate the case for 30 km/h Build and expand alliances with other agendas. It isn’t always necessary to address the issue from a road safety angle: 30 km/h could be one of the solutions to help achieve another agenda Go back to the policy makers we engaged and especially those who endorsed the 30 km/h message and push for commitment and action Action is needed at all levels: global, national, and local Build evidence and practical achievements to show what is possible Global organizations supporting the campaign need to capture the national and local pictures to present a global narrative and amplify what is being done. This is especially the case for low- and middle-income countries Convince communities because when they are not convinced, politicians are afraid to act Data is important to demonstrate the impact that 30 km/h streets are having on community, the environment, and the crash rates We need private sector to work with us to support sustainable action Policy advocacy must go alongside community engagement to help people understand why 30 km/h is so important More resources to help your 30 km/h advocacy Alliance Capacity Building Sessions In the run up to the UN Global Road Safety Week, the Alliance has been running a series of capacity building sessions for NGOs to plan their campaigns.	<urn:uuid:bd870b87-dec7-4b79-84aa-f366f376b529>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	http://www.roadsafetyngos.org/news-events/events/un-global-road-safety-week/6th-un-global-road-safety-week-love30/love30-what-next/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00676.warc.gz	en	0.940011	675	1.5625	2
Do you know laser cutting machine? With the development of laser cutting technology, the application field of laser cutting is more and more extensive, and there are more and more suitable materials. Many people often ask a question: “what is the use of laser cutting machine?” At first glance, laser seems very far away from our daily life. But careful observation will find that laser can be seen everywhere in our life. Even everywhere! Laser cutting machine is also widely used, especially in industrial manufacturing. For most metal materials, no matter how hard they are, they can be cut perfectly and quickly. What industries can laser cutting machines be used in? Come on, let’s have a look! Laser cutting is a great change in sheet metal processing. Due to its high flexibility, fast cutting speed, high cutting efficiency and short product working cycle, laser cutting has immediately become a favorite in the sheet metal processing industry. Laser cutting has no cutting force, no deformation and no tool wear. No matter what part it is, it can be cut by laser fine rapid prototyping at one time. In addition, the cutting seam of laser cutting is often narrow, with good cutting quality, high automation level, low labor intensity and no pollution. When processing accessory cabinets and filing cabinets, it is often the standardized production of thin plates. Therefore, using laser cutting machine for cutting processing is more efficient and faster to complete the requirements of cutting processing. If it is non standardized production, let’s take it another matter and reconsider it. The advanced laser processing technology, drawing system and numerical control technology in laser cutting machine are widely used in the processing and manufacturing of agricultural machinery products. It speeds up the manufacturing development of agricultural machinery products and improves the economic benefits. The production cost of agricultural machinery products is reduced. In the advertising industry, more metal materials are used. The traditional advertising material processing equipment in the processing of advertising fonts and other materials, the accuracy and cutting surface are not ideal. As a result, the rework rate is terrifyingly high! This not only wastes a lot of cost, but also greatly reduces work efficiency. If laser cutting machine equipment is used to process advertising materials, it can not only effectively solve the above series of problems, but also perfectly present the effect of advertising materials. It can also greatly improve the production and processing efficiency and realize real low investment and high return. In addition, laser cutting equipment can also process some complex graphics. Expanding the product business scope of advertising companies has significantly increased the additional profits of small enterprises. In the future, the garment industry will be an important downstream market for the promotion and development of laser cutting equipment. Although, at present, most of the garment industry still adopts the manual cutting mode. Only a few high-end factories use computer-controlled mechanical cutting machines for automatic cutting. However, the proportion of automatic laser cutting equipment in the garment industry will undoubtedly become larger and larger, and effectively increase the efficiency of garment production. In the kitchenware processing industry, a large number of sheet metal materials are usually used in range hoods and gas appliances. When these metal panels are processed by traditional processing methods, the work efficiency is often low, the mold consumption is large, and the use cost is high. It not only consumes a lot of human, material and financial resources, but also restricts the development of new products. The laser cutting machine can avoid these headaches. When processing kitchen utensils, the cutting speed of laser processing equipment is extremely fast and the precision is extremely high. It not only greatly improves the production and processing efficiency, but also effectively improves the yield of range hoods and burning appliances. In addition, the laser cutting machine is also more suitable for cutting thin-plate stainless steel, which can better realize the development of customized and personalized products, and is well suited for the kitchen utensil production industry. In the automotive industry, some accessories, such as car doors and exhaust pipes, will leave some redundant corners or burrs after processing. In such cases, if manual or traditional processing adopted, it is difficult to ensure accuracy and efficiency. If the laser cutting machine is used for processing, the problems of corners and burrs can be easily solved in batches. As one of the most intelligent industries at present, automobile manufacturing has integrated a variety of production processes, and laser, as one of the most important technologies, has achieved up to 70% of the intelligent production of accessories. The fitness equipment used in gym and square are basically made of pipe materials. Using pipe laser cutting machine can cut and process corresponding pipes more conveniently and quickly, and complete the production and assembly of fitness equipment. Laser manufacturing technology is an important part of aerospace manufacturing technology. At present, laser cutting technology has been widely used in accessories and components of aircraft, aerospace rockets and so on. Laser cutting machine has the advantages of wide cutting range, high speed, narrow cutting seam, good cutting quality, small heat affected zone, good processing flexibility and so on. It has lots of applications, including automobile manufacturing, kitchenware industry, sheet metal processing, advertising industry, machinery manufacturing, chassis and cabinet, elevator manufacturing, fitness equipment and other industries. Different laser cutting machine manufacturers produce different types of laser cutting machines, so you should choose carefully! About the laser cutting automatic production line, welcome to consult us!	<urn:uuid:e0513a65-ad64-42aa-a79c-fb523337f5e5>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.shenchong.com/industry-applications-of-laser-cutting-machines.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00465.warc.gz	en	0.935718	1,111	2.546875	3
We all spend a ton of time on the web, visiting websites for business and pleasure. We appreciate a nice website that is responsive, easy to navigate, and one that gives us the desired result from our visit. But how do we get there when building our own website? It’s a huge leap from knowing what you like in a website to actually creating what you want. Follow these foundational tips for creating a new website and it will help make your website a delight to visit, as well as a top performer. Where Do I Start When Creating a New Website? Regardless of what you’re creating, you always start with a concept. Building a website without a concept is like planning a vacation, picking the mode of transportation, but never choosing a destination: You’re going nowhere fast! - What am I trying to accomplish with this website? - What is my end goal? - What service or product am I selling—and to who? - Who’s my audience? Whiteboard all these questions and then answer them! While you’re at the whiteboard, sketch out a basic website architecture. This will help you define the parameters of your website and make sure you have a page dedicated to everything you want to include. Once you’ve established your concept, present it to key stakeholders involved in the website. Getting alignment from the beginning will save you a lot of time and effort afterward. Remember, your website is not just a showcase of your services or products, it’s an extension of your brand and organizational strategy; as such, you want everyone on the same page. How important is this step? Well, 70-80% of consumers research a business online before visiting in person or making a purchase. So, if your key stakeholders are not in alignment, and if you don’t have a clear concept and direction, it will reveal itself as a high bounce rate. Pro Tip: Once all key stakeholders are aligned, start working on your content. Content tends to be the reason for website launch delays. What Are The Foundational Pieces & Parts of Creating a Website? 1. Choose a Domain Name Pick a domain name so that people can find you. You may not find the exact domain name you want, so prepare to settle for something that at least has the main keyword. Here are some basic tips for choosing a domain name: - Short is better - Include the root keyword of your business - Don’t use dashes or duplicates - Make it memorable, relevant, and catchy 2. Choose a Host When comparing hosting packages, it's important to consider how you plan to use your website. Will your website be media-rich with tons of pictures and videos? Will you need technical support or is this something you can handle in-house? Really consider the amount of traffic your website will get. Does your choice for a hosting company offer scalable solutions? What backup and security features will you want? There are a lot of hosting solutions, so research reviews about the company's performance to help you make your final decision. Even some online website builders will bundle hosting options. 3. Pick a Website Builder Choosing the right website builder is a matter of preference, skill level, and functionality. According to WordPress, 37% of the web is built on its platform. WordPress is a great choice, but if your goal is strictly an eCommerce website, then Shopify might be a better choice for you. If you’re more of a novice, then maybe Wix or Squarespace will work better for you. Make a list of what is important for you when you’re creating your website and then research your website builder options. You have to be really honest with yourself. If you’re a great salesperson or CEO, but have no clue about tech, hire a contractor to build your website. 4. Dust Off Your Brand Style Guide Every company should have a brand style guide. (If you don’t, then consider this a priority as well.) You must keep your company’s brand style guide at your side during this process. Without it, you can run astray from your brand. Here’s why: - You will need your brand colors when creating your new website. Everyone is guilty from time to time of using a color picker, but they don’t always match up exactly to your hex code. - You may need to update your brand style guide at this point. Do you have web fonts, web colors, web layouts, H1s, H2s, etc. explained in your brand style guide? You might be using these items for the first time, so you will need your brand style guide to help determine suitable choices, and then make sure they get added later. - The more people working on the website, the greater the chance that your brand is diluted. Make sure your designer, your copywriter, and the project manager have a copy. You need to ensure that your brand stays consistent throughout your new website. There are lots of other things to consider during this process: clean design, SEO, usability, social media integration, browser testing, responsive design, security, and many more. If you use these fundamentals when creating a new website, you can ensure that you’ll have a good foundation.	<urn:uuid:a13478a3-d92a-49ac-a458-1b21612ed5ef>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://blog.digitalj2.com/foundation-for-a-new-website	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00668.warc.gz	en	0.926256	1,126	1.585938	2
Dogs: Their Secret Livesthe science of being canine 10 x 60′ & 1 x 60′ Live Presenter & Producer It isn’t easy being a modern dog. Many struggle to cope with the frantic, noisy, challenging 21st Century lifestyles we expect them to lead. Former RSPCA Chief Vet, Dr Mark Evans, has worked on many dog-related TV programmes including Channel 4’s very long running ob-doc series, Pet Rescue (> 1000 episodes!), and BBC1’s Barking Mad and Pedigree Dogs Exposed. Now, he teams up with friend and dog behaviour specialist, Dr Emily Blackwell – from Bristol University’s Animal Behaviour and Welfare Group – to help Britain’s much-loved dogs enjoy happier, healthier lives. They kick off with a world-first study using hidden cameras to help explore what dogs get up to (and how they feel) when they’re left home alone. Three million tune in and, overnight, 20,000 take part in a ground-breaking citizen science survey. Mark Evans is a TV natural with a keen eye for how to keep us interested. Scattered throughout was solid practical advice. There won’t have been many dog owners watching who didn’t learn something useful. Entertaining too, with the “aaah” factor regularly off the scale. Dr Mark Evans is a science communicator with an international profile as a TV presenter & producer	<urn:uuid:0368652f-c630-44b5-87af-309fc8b55915>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://markevans.co.uk/project/dogs-their-secret-lives/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00671.warc.gz	en	0.904716	325	1.671875	2
A very short and much-delayed blowing of my own trumpet, if you don’t mind. Back in 2004, before this blog was even a glint in my eye, I briefly sustained myself by working for Dr Nora Berend of the Faculty of History in Cambridge on a project then called Christianization and State Formation in Central Europe and Scandinavia. The basis of the project was that the team agreed on a uniform set of questions they would like to ask for each of the countries they were surveying, and then got an author or number of authors, largely archaeologists but some historians, to try and answer them. This was supposed to give as close to comparability as possible. The language of operation was English, but the language of many of the authors wasn’t. This could give rise to problems, which was where I came in, Englishing the English.1 This did in fact take a bit of specialist knowledge: for example, when I was faced with one particular pagan prince of legend who had, according to the text I had before me, been “beaten with mousses to death”, it was only the vague recollection of the story of Bishop Hatto of Mainz that led me to wonder if the real answer might have been “eaten by mouses to death”, or as it wound up, “chewed to death by mice”, because that did indeed transpire to be what was meant. Much of it, however, was not that much fun. And it was all due for urgent publication and therefore had to be rushed. That was 2004. Now, I don’t blame them. I’m by now certain it’s me, somehow, because apart from my first paper every single publication I’ve been involved with has had this year or more of inexplicable delay. (Sometimes rather more than a year…) I don’t know what’s holding up Medieval European Coinage 6 or the Lay Archives books or indeed the publication of our own Leeds papers, or the volume of Papers from the Medieval Hispanic Research Seminar that’s going to have me in it. They are just stuck and my CV grows stale. It’s hard to have more in print when there’s an infinite delay in the process. I’m only sure that the hold-up is not lack of my own work, because everything I have been asked to do is done. It seems to just be my luck that nothing I write or edit comes out for years. Anyway. By 2007 I’d given up waiting for notice when I saw the above book in Foyles in London and was mildly outraged, because I’d hoped to at least be told, if not indeed to actually get a copy.2 But I was still more perplexed when I examined it and found that it didn’t appear to resemble what I’d done at all. This perplexity has now been slightly resolved by Dr Berend who has pointed me at the parallel website. I had been under the impression that book and web were to share text, but this seems to have been wrong. In fact, although it apparently only went up in December 2007, I’m not at all sure that this site retains all the editing I did, as it still reads rather oddly. Nonetheless, it is there, and it’s really quite interesting. We don’t know a great deal about Slavic paganism, and we know precious little about the Christianization (a longue-durée word for a long process, we mean more than just conversion here) of these areas, but what we do know, except possibly about Sweden where I’m not sure that we really had the newest perspectives sadly, is now available at this underpublicized resource. For some reason Google doesn’t really know it’s there, and if you try Googling for the project all the links point to pages at CRASSH that are no longer there, but in fact it does exist, it covers Bohemia, Denmark, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Rus’ and Sweden, and it does so in a way that makes them very easy to quickly compare. It also has extensive bibliographies for further research and a few choice images. And, in as much as it’s readable English, I helped make it so. I humbly commend it to the readership. 1. I know I’ve said this before, but I don’t know whom to credit for this phrase; it’s not mine, however, as I get it merely from a footnote I think I read on Usenet. However, although I can turn it up on Google Groups more or less as I remember it, that’s in a post from alt.english.usage, which I never read, so I am still mystified. Well, for now, ‘Harvey’ can have the credit for writing in 2002 that “the very concept of having an anglicised form of the word ‘anglicised’ is somehow very pleasing”. Thankyou sir. You were quite right. 2. Nora Berend (ed.), Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy. Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus’ c. 900–1200 (Cambridge 2007).	<urn:uuid:b356dede-23d0-4bea-ad12-c726ecc5759b>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://tenthmedieval.wordpress.com/2008/12/12/christianization-and-state-formation-in-central-europe-website/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00031-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.979312	1,118	1.539063	2
An era of high inflation has arrived In recent weeks investors had started to bet on signs that inflation may be peaking – but we’re in a new economic age. Expect high inflation to be here for some time to come. In recent weeks investors had started to bet on “firm signs that the inflationary peak is in sight”, says Nils Pratley in The Guardian. “We’re not there yet.” Annual US inflation hit 9.1% in June, the highest level since 1981. The price rises were driven by soaring energy prices, up 41.6%, the biggest jump since April 1980. Annual rises in food costs, up 10.4%, and shelter, up 5.6%, also registered new multi-decade highs. UK consumer price inflation hit a new 40-year high of 9.4% last month. Central banks will keep on tightening The inflationary pot “just keeps bubbling over”, says Danni Hewson of AJ Bell. Markets expect the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates by 0.75 percentage points later this month. Analysts also think the Bank of England will raise rates by half a percentage point next month. You might feel like you’ve heard this one before, but there are “signs that an inflation peak might finally have begun to arrive” as it’s “clear things are cooling off” in commodity markets. US pump prices have fallen back in recent weeks thanks to lower oil prices, says Justin Lahart in The Wall Street Journal. “The S&P GSCI agriculture index, which includes crops such as corn and cocoa, has fallen by a quarter since its May peak”. The industrial metals index is down by a third. Still, annual core inflation – which strips out food and energy prices – is still a worryingly elevated 5.9%. With the US labour market firing on all cylinders, policymakers may well decide that “rising wages could put lasting upward pressure on prices”, causing them to press ahead with interest rate hikes. A new economic age The latest inflation figures are more bad news for US president Joe Biden, says Samira Hussain for the BBC. “The real value of American hourly earnings has dropped faster than at any time since the 1980s.” Unhappy voters may punish the Democrats at November’s mid-term elections. Biden will have to pin his hopes on data suggesting that so far “US consumers are bending but not breaking under the weight of rising interest rates and higher prices”, says the Financial Times. American retail sales rose 1% last month, while strong job creation is keeping unemployment down at 3.6%. Still, signs of “evident strain” among poorer households are emerging. During the pandemic, US personal savings rates spiked above 30%. That number has since tumbled below 6%, the lowest level since 2013. Whatever central bankers do, history suggests that larger “tectonic forces” herald structural inflation ahead, says Stephen Mihm on Bloomberg. The past four decades of disinflation were driven fundamentally by globalisation – cheap Chinese labour and fierce international competition kept prices low. Similarly, mild inflation was seen between 1870 and 1914, a previous period of globalisation that was ended by conflict between the great powers. Between Donald Trump’s trade wars, Brexit trade barriers, pandemic-ridden supply chains and the invasion of Ukraine, recent events have thrown “one wrench after another into the carefully calibrated global economic machinery”. Eras of low inflation “don’t last forever”.	<urn:uuid:c8013cf9-36d2-4189-a19a-6d2ec6a09bf3>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://moneyweek.com/economy/inflation/605138/an-era-of-high-inflation-has-arrived	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00079.warc.gz	en	0.953982	758	1.757813	2
We say confidence is contagious because it’s true! Your body language is a projection of yourself to the world. How you sit or stand says a lot about you. It can show that you are ready to take on anything or afraid of your own shadow. Having good body language lets everyone around you know that you are a confident person. The people next to you will start to sit up straighter too. Set a good example and pass confidence on! At Dragon Gate we use the Black Belt Excellence System to teach our Students life skills every month. September is Believe In Yourself. Every student gets a worksheet to do at home, an achievement charm, and a chance to earn a Believe In Your Self Stripe for there belt. Want to get your child involved in the best Confidence Boosting Martial Arts Classes Around. Check out our New Student Special Below and Give us a Call Today at 631-750-6202 or Or Click Here To Buy Today 3 Ways To Build Up Your Confidence Every Day: 1. Pay special attention to your personal hygiene! Style your hair, trim you nails, floss your teeth. Look Sharp 2. Think positively about yourself! Remind yourself that you are a unique, special, and valuable person every day. 3. Set yourself a simple goal that you can easily achieve and go for it! Build From there. Get Your Child Started Today Click Here August was all about Focus In the video below we are teaching our Mighty Dragons 4-6 year old’s about Focus Check it Out	<urn:uuid:b501533c-4fd7-4c78-8370-f242af9b29ff>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://dragongatemartialarts.com/confidence-is-contagious-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00274.warc.gz	en	0.909107	316	1.78125	2
First-ever 24-hour free wine fountain in Italy \| Wednesday, October 19, 2016 - 10:53 Rome: In most areas of the world, public drinking fountains expel tap water, but the newest public drinking fountain in Italy flows red with wine — and it's free to the public. The 24-hour seven days a week "fontana del vino" in Caldari di Ortona has been installed by Dora Sarchese vineyard winery. There's no catch or gimmick, the vineyard owners explained. Nor is the fountain for "drunkards" or "louts", they said on the vineyard's Facebook page. They simply wanted to provide a service that had been previously unheard of in Italian history, according to The Local news. "The wine fountain is a welcome, the wine fountain is poetry," Dora Sarchese posted. The fountain is located along a popular trail, the Cammino di San Tommaso, which is used by thousands of Catholics every year on the pilgrimage to see the remains of Thomas, one of Jesus' disciples. Now, travellers can enjoy some Biblical-style refreshment along the long journey. Until now, wine fountains in Italy had only been used for holidays and special occasions. One of the most famous is in Marino where white wine flows from the public water fountain taps for an hour during the city's annual grape festival. This is the first known fountain to distribute free wine all day, every day.	<urn:uuid:160b4dc9-7a61-4b51-9877-6756139ffeb8>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.newsx.com/lifestyle/44088-first-ever-24-hour-free-wine-fountain-in-italy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00575-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973492	312	1.914063	2
A Pain in the Head My head is pounding as I type this. Pounding, throbbing, aching. Like RA, it's a familiar pain and a chronic condition that I desperately do not want to have. But I do have it--right now anyway. For the last couple of weeks, my tension headaches have been severe and constant, rendering me unable to work or do just about anything. Thankfully, unlike RA, I can usually manage to get my headaches to go away. But it's not an easy or fast process and they often flare up again. RA doesn't operate alone. It affects everything Do I really need this debilitating head pain on top of my RA pain? NO. It feels very unfair for life to throw this at me, too, when I'm constantly struggling to fight against the assault of RA on my body. One thing I have learned from living with RA pain for 21 years and headache pain for almost as long is this: pain does not act alone; it connects to everything and even in ways that seem strange or unrelated. It connects everything, feeds off everything, affects everything. Is it a coincidence that my headaches began not long after I was diagnosed with RA? I don't think so. According to an article from Everyday Health, "about 61 percent of people with severe headaches or migraines also have chronic pain conditions, including RA."1 I definitely fit into that category, and my headaches began about a year after I was diagnosed with RA, which was in July 1997. I remember spending the majority of the summer 0f 1998 lying on my parents' couch, suffering from constant, unrelenting and throbbing pain that enveloped my whole head. What was this? After months of doctors' appointments, tests, and wrong diagnoses, I finally found out what was behind my debilitating headaches: tension. Tension headaches and RA Many people probably think: tension headaches? Oh, that's not a big deal. It's not a migraine or anything. Well, yes it is a big deal, actually. And if my tension headaches get bad enough, they sometimes morph into migraines. Tension pain, consisting of severely tight and knotted and inflamed muscles, can be unbearable. There are also no quick fixes for these types of headaches. Tylenol, ibuprofen, and other over-the-counter medications don't touch them. I've been devouring muscle relaxers like candy lately and they're not doing much to lessen the pain. Tension headaches like the ones I often have can require a combination of drugs, exercises, and sometimes physical therapy. I'm doing all three right now and I'm still in a lot of pain. So what's the RA connection with headaches? Maybe it's somewhat obvious...the stress of RA pain causing pain elsewhere? I think my RA definitely plays a large role in my headaches. From what I've been able to discern so far, my head pain is caused by two main things: 1. stress and unconscious tensing/clenching of the muscles in my head/neck/shoulders, 2. clenching my teeth/jaw. Why am I doing this? Why am I contorting my poor, delicate muscles into excruciating bands of tension and tight knots? I don't know! My theory is that the involuntary tensing of my muscles is something that I do in response to stress and coping with my RA pain. When your joints are in constant pain, often severe, your body has to compensate for it somehow. You brace for it, you wince with it, and you hold your body differently, trying to survive the assault against your joints. Unfortunately, that pain has to go somewhere, and for me, it goes straight to my shoulders and neck which then eventually takes over my entire head. How to deal with these headaches I honestly don't know the best approach to dealing with these headaches. I've had physical therapy for them several times and I know that I'm supposed to keep up doing my exercises regularly to prevent these bad flare-ups. However, real life means that I get wrapped up in working and living and I often forget to do my exercises until I'm trapped in the middle of a bad headache explosion. When this happens, it's kind of too late. The pain is raging and I get knocked down by what feels like a constant stream of semi trucks running over my head. So, I have recently returned to physical therapy and I'm also looking into getting trigger point injections at my pain management clinic. Honestly, I think the physical therapy is a waste of time, but I'm hopeful about the injections. And in the meantime, I'm working hard to not clench my teeth while doing all of the silly-looking exercises that have actually helped in the past. It's either this or cut off my head. We'll see. Am I the only one who deals with this on top of RA pain? I feel like I can't be. Do you or someone you know have gout? (Select all the apply)	<urn:uuid:354824ef-b1bb-49d2-b177-dcb44d91a93e>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://rheumatoidarthritis.net/living/ra-tension-headache	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00272.warc.gz	en	0.975715	1,040	1.648438	2
During this hectic time, it’s always great to be able to learn new and exciting things. From a recent social media discussion, I found out about an especially inspiring endeavor from our Smithsonian Family. For those not aware, the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center created a Care Package. This care package features music, projects and inspirational material for communities during this time. This inspired me to search the Libraries’ collection of digital books. I have found that our team has collectively made it easier to access our Digital Collections. In considering what we could add to a Libraries’ care package, I thought it would be interesting to include useful handicraft books such as sewing, knitting and the like, similar, and in the tradition of the historic Care Package seen in the National Museum of American History from 1962. I found a title, dedicated to the “American Woman of the Day” a Mrs. Potter Palmer, (Bertha Palmer) who served as the President of the Board of the Lady Managers of the World’s Columbian exposition, the Dainty Work for pleasure and profit . It starts “We have tried in the following pages to include a love for home beautifying; to show how every home in this broad land can be rendered beautiful…” Embroidery became a vehicle for artistic expression as well as financial gain to women at this time. Herstory highlights this movement in a short blurb. The book begins with a discussion on materials and delves into techniques and some example design patterns. As I continued to browse, I saw examples of the simple outline stitch and figure images of cording, close, and twisted outlines. The book goes into detail about other versions of stitches to create patterns and designs such as flowers, stars and the infamous honeycomb, seen below. The greatness lies in its textual explanation (side anecdotes!) and the usefulness to American Women at the time. We have several of these types of books littered throughout the Smithsonian Libraries. I finally came upon pages dedicated to “Art or Flat embroidery.” Let it be known, I am not artistic, although I appreciate great artwork. It has been amazing to search through the Cooper Hewitt Textile Collections online and see several of their embroidery pieces, such as this counted stitch example acquired in 1925 from Eleanor and Sarah Hewitt, early founders of the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. Entranced by this page and fascinated with the concept of “flat embroidery” I wondered as limited as my resources are, what I can do at home to replicate any of these amazing stitches and put them to use. Luckily, I came upon this “handi hour” crafting video of embroidering on paper from the Smithsonian American Art Museum! I only had some paper, a sewing needle and black thread but it worked. I gathered my supplies and 15 minutes later Voila! I may need to buy correct material for a better art project, but I thought it was a great first attempt. Maybe it will be a second career choice! Have a great day everyone! Others handicraft titles to explore in our Digital Library: - Alphabete für die Stickerin : A German book from 1900 filled with embroidery patterns. - Home Decoration: A book from 1881 that includes needlework instruction as well as tips for crafting draperies and wood carving.	<urn:uuid:66771018-94ee-4af0-944b-28aec232734d>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2020/05/12/embroidery-down-the-needle-hole/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz	en	0.951116	701	1.976563	2
Join Date: Aug 2013 Location: Northern New England, U.S.A 10 gallons is to small for even 1 fancy goldfish. They really need at least 20 gallons. A general rule of thumb for fancies is 20 for the first and 10 extra gallons for every added goldfish. So for example, 1 goldfish- 20 gallons, 2 goldfish-30 gallons, 3 goldfish- 40 gallon Also touching on Sandybottoms questions, the type of filter is important, fancy goldfish need a low flow filter as they have a hard time swimming, also just for futer reference as well, fancies need silk plants since their tails are so long and they can easily get torn. Is your tank heated or room temp? "You can either be judged because you created something or ignored because you left your greatness inside of you.” -James Clear	<urn:uuid:b21cbe62-24ba-4c56-9506-4b36be71e1c5>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.bettafish.com/142-other-fish/367810-poison-ammonia-stress.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00467-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.941536	182	1.859375	2
The University of Arizona and the state's other colleges and universities have what it takes to produce the expertise needed to improve Arizona's economy, says an international agency that has been monitoring the region for several years. What's needed, it says, is a better-coordinated effort among schools, businesses and policy makers to generate the human capital needed to drive regional growth. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD, report comes from a multi-year, 12-nation study coordinated by the OECD Programme on Institutional Management of Higher Education. The report is in response to the demand by national and regional governments for more responsive and active higher education institutions. Southern Arizona was part of the second phase of the OECD study that ran from 2008-11. The review was performed during the time when tertiary education in Arizona was at a crossroads because of decreasing state funding and its public-good mission was under threat because of the financial cuts. "There is a recognition in the region that it doesn't hurt to have an external view of what is going on here in comparison to other regions of the world," said Francisco Marmolejo, the UA vice president for Western Hemispheric Programs. "And this way we can mobilize our region to become a much more active player in the knowledge-based economy." Much of the publication comes from a self study led by a technical team from the UA. "The unique thing about our region in comparison to other regions of the world is that the study was done by (UA) graduate and undergraduate students, guided by faculty members. The role of the University was to put together a steering committee composed by representatives of the business sector, community based organizations, government and other higher education schools in the region," Marmalejo said. The reviews in the report analyze how the higher education system impacts local and regional development. In addition to human capital and skills development, technology transfer and business innovation, the reviews examine higher education's contribution to social, cultural and environmental development and regional capacity building. It calls for "partnership building in regions by drawing together higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and work together towards them." OECD was created in 1961 in part to help continue with the reconstruction of Europe begun under the post-WWII Marshall Plan but has since taken on the task of helping build stronger economies "by assembling expertise and providing analysis and insight not only on policy areas within its 34 member countries, but also about how policy areas interact with one another, even across countries and regions." To date, there have been three rounds of reviews (2005-07, 2008-11 and 2010-12) in this series. The Southern Arizona Region participated in the second round, and it is the first region in the U.S. to do so. "We had already reviewed 14 different regions (in the first round of studies) and we already could see gaps in important geographical regions. U.S. was not then involved," said Jaana Puukka, an analyst with OECD who led the Southern Arizona study. "We did a lot of work to engage a state or region in the U.S., and we were grateful that Southern Arizona joined in, and one important reason for that was Francisco was working for OECD while on sabbatical from UA." In each review, regional stakeholders were assembled and produced a self-assessment on the relationship among the work of higher education institutions and regional social, cultural and economic development. The self-assessment was followed by a visit from an international group of OECD-based experts to provide perspective, which then led to the report. One finding from the report was identifying a major challenge for Southern Arizona: expanding the economic base in order to move to a high-wage, knowledge-based economy. "For this to happen, a more inclusive and effective human capital development and innovation system needs to be developed against a backdrop of growing demands and constantly decreasing state public expenditure on education," according to the report. It shows that per-student expenditure in Arizona is considerably lower than the national average for the last number of years. The state also lags behind the U.S. average in educational attainment – 31.8 percent of adults aged 25-34 in Southern Arizona have an associate's or higher degree, lower than the national average of 40.39 percent – and cites disparities in educational attainment between racial and ethnic groups. The report said overcoming quality and equity gaps in education is not the direct responsibility of the tertiary education institutions, but instead that of the Arizona Legislature, which needs "to mobilize sustainable funding and the school authorities to work towards improving the quality of education." However, colleges and universities "can and should do more to improve access and success in education. There is a need for a region-wide, long-term, public-private collaboration underpinned with sustainable funding. Widening access is also about making sure that students from disadvantaged backgrounds do not face additional barriers to succeed in education. Tertiary education institutions should do more to improve graduation rates and help graduate retention in the region through closer industry collaboration." Current programs that help move students to the UA from Pima Community College was held up as a successful model. Another significant factor holding Southern Arizona back is, according to the report, limited development of a region-wide innovation system. What does exist is underdeveloped and mostly centered in Tucson, with limited connections between the UA and community colleges, whose role is vital in developing the skills of the local population. The OECD report praised the UA's interdisciplinary approach to education, and the linkages between the UA and the community colleges and private institutions and their ability to match training with the needs of businesses. But it also suggested that, despite the current economic slump, local school authorities should work together to address existing academic and equity gaps and mobilize appropriate levels of financial resources to improve the quality of high school graduates. And colleges and universities, as well, also need to ramp up their outreach efforts and develop a common course numbering system for the entire state similar to the system used in Florida. The UA has already taken steps to address these challenges by adopting a new model to increase enrollment from 38,000 to 52,000 by 2020 while at the same time reducing per-student program costs. That will include focusing on a narrow number of high-value, high-demand degrees and investing in those programs to ensure that the UA will increase enrolment in its distributed programs by 10,000 students before 2020. Those programs will include industry-driven internships, capstone projects, service learning opportunities and distributed research activities. The UA also will increasingly rely on community colleges across the state both to increase the rate of successful transfers between those colleges and the UA, and to significantly reduce the total cost-to-student for the undergraduate experience. The next step will depend on how the report is viewed in the community. Puukka said it all depends on the city or region and how ready they are to take up the recommendations. She cited a region in Spain policy makers changed their minds over a key issue in their study. "We told them one area you need to focus on is immigration. They said this was an issue for schools, not a problem for us and we're not interested. "We prepared our reports and (immigration) was one of our key issues. We provided all of the data, and when we came back after they had received the report, they already were working on this. So we changed their mindset," she said. Said Marmolejo: "The release of the report provides an opportunity for all of the major stakeholders in Southern Arizona to reflect on it and see what recommendations may be relevant to us, and to see if we, as a region, are interested and willing to move up in taking into consideration some of those recommendations."	<urn:uuid:97de1d67-94fe-4a10-9c6f-f1abcc306547>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/report-higher-ed-holds-key-to-boost-arizona-economy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.969871	1,607	2.265625	2
1. Two ‘Books’ 01. Book of ___________ 02. Book of ____________ 2. Seven Signs (semeia) \|Miraculous signs (semeia)\|\|Scripture\|\|Notable feature\|\|Area of power\| \|Changing water into wine\|\|2:1-11\| \|Healing official’s son\|\|4:46-54\| \|Healing the lame man\|\|5:1-15\| \|Feeding the multitude\|\|6:1-15\| \|Walking on water\|\|6:16-21\| \|Healing the blind man\|\|9:1-41\| 3. Jesus’ Humanity - Grief: 11:33-35 - Tiredness: 4:6 - Anguish: 12:27; 13:21 - Irritation: 2:4; 6:26; 7:6-8; 8:25 - Suspicion: 2:24-25 4. New Life: 3.1-21 - “The new birth and new life require new family, and only the church can provide that.” DaSilva, Introduction to the New Testament, 447 - “Consequently, you are no longer foreigners and strangers, but fellow citizens with God’s people and also members of his household, built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the chief cornerstone. In him the whole building is joined together and rises to become a holy temple in the Lord. And in him you too are being built together to become a dwelling in which God lives by his Spirit.” (Ephesians 2:19–22 NIV11) 5. Jesus is the Hero: 3.22-36 - Celebrate _________________________ . - Refuse to entertain __________________. - ____________________ the best of others. - Pray to discern the___________________. - Soberly___________________ and concern yourself fully with that. - “What has stood out to you from tonight?” - Read John 4 between now and Sunday - Discuss what you’re learning and your questions with your spouse/friends. - Ask God to reveal what aspect of Jesus he would like you to focus on through this series. “He must become greater; I must become less.” (John 3:30 NIV11) Please add your comments on this week’s topic. We learn best when we learn in community. Do you have a question about the Bible or the Christian faith? Is it theological, technical, practical? Send us your questions or suggestions. Here’s the email: firstname.lastname@example.org. Thanks again for listening. Have a super day. God bless, Malcolm	<urn:uuid:01881db9-591a-4280-b17b-755adea64636>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.malcolmcox.org/the-eagles-eye-class-2-johns-gospel-series/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00671.warc.gz	en	0.898405	620	1.53125	2
Student Employment Office: Parents The Student Employment Office strives to interact with Wave parents to establish a relationship that fosters and supports their student's growth academically and professionally. In an effort to best support both parents and their students, the Student Employment Office has compiled a collection of resources that can be utilized while trying to help your student reach his or her career goals. We hope that these materials will be beneficial to you as you seek to provide wisdom and guidance throughout the year. While the Student Employment Office will always do their best to provide you with the most up to-date and valuable information, Federal law states that there are some limitations that must be addressed when communicating certain information to parents. For more information, please view our FERPA FAQ's or the FERPA Parent's Guide below: Access videos that will help you support your student as they pursue both on or off campus employment. Read the latest research and articles depicting the value found in the student employment process and how it prepares students for their future career paths.	<urn:uuid:7797fb51-72c1-4516-a190-b80860c58055>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.pepperdine.edu/admission/student-life/employment/parents/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00411-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95715	209	1.695313	2
The evidence is clear; the use of coal for energy in manufacturing, or electricity, is one of the main causes of climate change. The industry attempted to convince the American public that something called ‘clean coal’ exists. Simply put, ‘there aint no such animal.’ Coal not only affects the environment, it affects those who mine the coal and the families who live in these dark and gloomy towns. Coal is an ecological disaster. On April 5th, 2010, Dawes, West Virginia, experienced the worst disaster involving coal mining in 40 years. The mine exploded and collapsed killing 29 men. The Upper Big Branch mine was like all other mines in West Virginia, virtually without safety regulations and oversight. When President Obama attempted to place regulations on the industry, coal mine operators came to Washington testifying that the President had declared a ‘war on coal.’ Unfortunately his safety concerns will likely be defeated because Republicans support unrestricted mining, and are certain to defeat any measures which would add regulations limiting production and protecting the miners themselves. West Virginia is the nation’s second leading coal producer. The state’s natural beauty is breathtaking. Rolling hills and different shades of green fill the senses with the grandeur of nature. That all ends when you enter the small towns located near the mines. Poverty and despair replace the joy from God’s work. These are towns where hard-working men and their families exist. The people who live around these dark and unwelcoming towns are victims of the mine’s greedy owners. Generations of coal miners were born and died here; some long before their time. West Virginians have the lowest number of college graduates in the nation. Less than 20 percent of the state’s population earn a degree. Most dropped out of school early in life to work in the mines. They were paid just enough to make the job enticing; they lived and worked in a form of servitude. Today coal mining is not the largest employer in the state; Wal-Mart has replaced mining. As mining has slowed, young men and women have accepted minimum wage, or just slightly higher, jobs at the retail giant or fast food establishments. The number of those living at the poverty level has risen. Meanwhile, those who work in the mines, or live around them, suffer unbearable and inhumane conditions; water and air pollution make daily life very unpleasant. Mortality rates are higher in towns supported by coal mining, and the poverty level is more severe than in other counties and towns. Disease in more prevalent; statistics reveal that residents are 70 percent more likely to suffer kidney disease, 60 percent more likely to have a debilitating lung disease, and 30 percent will likely suffer from high blood pressure. As mining production lessens, the state’s population is divided. Those whose families have benefitted from the industry continue to hope that a boom will reoccur, while others hope it will entirely disappear; they look for the return clean water, and blue skies. Lobbyist for the coal mining industry have influenced politicians to forgo regulations on the industry. The governor of West Virginia, Earl Ray Tomblin, a Democrat, accepted more than $350,000 in campaign contributions from the mining industry during his last election. He vowed that ‘West Virginia will never bow to the EPA.’ Coal mining produces a product which when burned is destructive to the environment, and during the mining process, thousands of gallons of lethal waste products are dumped into West Virginia’s rivers and streams, polluting the water supply. No one wins when coal mining exists; least of all the miners themselves. By James Turnage	<urn:uuid:8fd002f0-1b28-4b8e-990d-8bc9d12e6006>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://thepublicslate.com/2015/02/coal-mining-creates-devastating-and-disaster-for-everyone/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00278-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965849	752	3.125	3
A Day at the Beach (1938) The whole family is at the beach for an outing, and each is having their own little adventure. The Captain fights the sun with his beach umbrella, in an attempt to nap. Grandpa tries to build a sand castle, but the waves keep wiping it out. Mama, after trying to defend her picnic basket, tries dipping a cautious toe into the big bad ocean, eventually needing to be rescued by the Captain. And the kids, naturally, are cooking up mischief. Their first target is that picnic basket, but their plan to use a pelican backfires when a lobster cuts the rope they were using. Then they set out to enjoy the water, but their "borrowing" the bottom of the safety rowboat has bad consequences later.	<urn:uuid:00de9fdb-c0f9-4499-bf5e-2cfb88af840f>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://tinklepad.ag/watch-a-day-at-the-beach-online-free-26948.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00172-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.97444	159	2.375	2
Principal Supervisor: Dr Luisa Orsini, School of Biosciences, UoB Co-supervisor: Dr Shan He, School of Computer Science, UoB Collaborator: Dr James Bentley Brown, University of California Berkeley Urbanization and land use introduce metals, pesticides and herbicides into surface waters altering their status and inducing severe consequences on environmental health and human disorders 1-3. Government proposals for increased housing in rural areas will spread the effects of urbanization into currently unaffected areas. Understanding the long-term consequences of urbanization on environmental and animal health is critical to design effective mitigation strategies to urbanization. However, the effects of urban pollution on animal life is currently circumstantial because such effects occur over decades and experimental evidence is lacking. We will measure transcriptomic changes and associated ecologically endpoints (growth and reproduction) in waterfleas 4, crustaceans used to assess water quality in inland water systems, after exposure to lead (Pb), the herbicide Glyphosate (Roundup™), and the insecticide Chlorpyrifos, (Dursban™) (aim 1 below). These chemicals of common use in urbanized areas have a demonstrated toxic effect on the fitness of this species 5-9. Most importantly they enter the food chain affecting several non-target species including humans. Daphnia are filter feeders, taking in microscopic and colloidal food that is unavailable to most organisms. Then they transfer these substance to other macroinvertebrates and vertebrates being major food sources for these species. Being the first target of water pollution, Daphnia are ideal to understand the effect of urbanization and pollution on inland water ecosystems. Because Daphnia is basal in the food chain of these ecosystems, we can study the effect of urban pollutants on other taxa, including invertebrates and vertebrates (aim 2 below). This aim will be achieved using computational tools and available information on public databases. We will search for conserved orthologue genes in biochemical pathways identified in aim 1 across distant taxa. Computational techniques in network biology will be applied to analyse the data. In particular, we will investigate robust methods for constructing co-expression networks from transcriptomic data, and then adapt and apply the ensemble module identification algorithms developed in Dr He’s group to search for differentially expressed co-expression modules and evolutionary conserved modules. 1) To identify changes in biochemical pathways and associated ecological endpoints (growth and reproduction) induced by long-term exposure to common pesticides, herbicides and heavy metals in a sentinel species for water quality. 2) To use a comparative transcriptomic analysis and network biology approaches to determine which of the pathways identified in aim 1 are conserved in other taxa, including humans. This will help identifying the underlying environmental causes of neurodegenerative and reproductive disorders. The project has two main outcomes 1) The identification of pathways that respond to the tested chemicals and their associate fitness costs on growth and reproduction of Daphnia. These compounds can be flagged as posing a risk to environmental health. 2) The identification of pathways that respond to the tested chemicals and are conserved across taxa, including humans, potentially involving the same toxicological modes of action 10. The pathways identified with this second outcome will help identify compounds that affect non-target species in urban water, relevant to environmental health and to understand bioaccumulation. In addition, the comparative approach used will be of relevance for medical researchers studying the underlying environmental causes of diseases such as neurodegenerative and reproductive disorders. Identifying conserved pathways between humans and other taxa that are linked to urban toxicants will guide clinicians to specific biochemical pathways, allowing research to move from circumstantial evidence to knowledge of the pathways involved. Please find additional funding text below. For further funding details, please see the ‘Funding’ section. The School of Biosciences offers a number of UK Research Council (e.g. BBSRC, NERC) PhD studentships each year. Fully funded research council studentships are normally only available to UK nationals (or EU nationals resident in the UK) but part-funded studentships may be available to EU applicants resident outside of the UK. The deadline for applications for research council studentships is 31 January each year. Each year we also have a number of fully funded Darwin Trust Scholarships. These are provided by the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh and are for non-UK students wishing to undertake a PhD in the general area of Molecular Microbiology. The deadline for this scheme is also 31 January each year. All applicants should indicate in their applications how they intend to fund their studies. We have a thriving community of international PhD students and encourage applications at any time from students able to find their own funding or who wish to apply for their own funding (e.g. Commonwealth Scholarship, Islamic Development Bank). The postgraduate funding database provides further information on funding opportunities available View Website and further information is also available on the School of Biosciences website View Website 1 Gasnier, C. et al. Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines. Toxicology 262, 184-191 (2009). 2 Senut, M. C. et al. Lead exposure disrupts global DNA methylation in human embryonic stem cells and alters their neuronal differentiation. Toxicol Sci 139, 142-161 (2014). 3 van Wijngaarden, E. & Dosemeci, M. Brain cancer mortality and potential occupational exposure to lead: findings from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, 1979-1989. Int J Cancer 119, 1136-1144 (2006). 4 Miner, B. E., De Meester, L., Pfrender, M. E., Lampert, W. & Hairston, N. G. Linking genes to communities and ecosystems: Daphnia as an ecogenomic model. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 279, 1873-1882 (2012). 5 Cuhra, M., Traavik, T. & Bohn, T. Clone- and age-dependent toxicity of a glyphosate commercial formulation and its active ingredient in Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology 22, 251–262 (2013). 6 Dill, G. M. et al. in Glyphosate resistance in crops and weeds: history,vdevelopment, and management. (ed V.K. Nandula) 1–33 (Wiley, 2010). 7 Palma, P. & Barbosa, I. R. Embryo-toxic effects of atrazine environmental concentrations on the crustacean Daphnia magna. Global Journal of Environmental Sicnece and Technology 1, 12 (2011). 8 Theegala, C. S., Suleiman, A. A. & Carriere, P. A. Toxicity and biouptake of lead and arsenic by Daphnia pulex. J Environ Sci Heal A 42, 27-31 (2007). 9 Zhang, L., Gibble, R. & Baer, K. N. The effects of 4-nonyphenolandethanol on acute toxicity,embryo development, and reproduction in Dapnhia magna. Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf 55, 330-337 (2003). 10 Gerstein, M. B. et al. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome across distant species. Nature 512, 445-448 (2014). How good is research at University of Birmingham in Biological Sciences? FTE Category A staff submitted: 42.80 Research output data provided by the Research Excellence Framework (REF) Click here to see the results for all UK universities	<urn:uuid:e8aa182a-9cb5-4e36-b464-8b6593c6b601>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.findaphd.com/search/projectdetails.aspx?PJID=62722	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00079-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.878407	1,613	2.640625	3
I’ve wanted to do this project for almost three years now, but couldn’t figure out the right way to do it. I first saw this when I was pregnant with my first son and was looking at the décor in the doctor’s office. They were pressed between two pieces of plexiglass and I thought it was the coolest thing ever! I didn’t know what to call it when I went online to search how to even start making these. I searched “clear leaves” and “see-through leaves” and the only results I got were fake leaves made out of tulle and silk. I also found leaves that were bleached. This wasn’t what I was looking for either. I found out that these are called skeleton leaves. I guess the name makes sense, since you’re actually getting down to the bones of the leaf. Now that I figured out what to call them, I needed to know how to make them. The companies that sold them sure as heck weren’t going to share their secrets with me. I dug a little deeper and came up with a lot of sites from colleges talking about the very scientific side of making skeleton leaves and why the formula works. It was way too technical for me! I found a tutorial on Pinterest, but after the cooking part, it seemed way too time consuming having to gently brush the skin of each leaf off with a tiny little brush (I’m so impatient), especially if making big batches of skeleton leaves. I found these big sturdy leaves (I think they’re some type of palm leaf) in a park near our house and decided to try them out. I had to make sure the leaves were waxy and veiny because they work the best. Here is my step-by-step tutorial on how I made these beauties. Enjoy! What You Need: Waxy Leaves, Large Pot, Water (I used 12 Cups), Super Washing Soda (I used 2 Cups), Metal Tongs, Colander, Bleach, Shallow Dish, Food Color, Cooling Rack *The amount of water and super washing soda will vary depending on the size and amount of leaves. I would suggest using one part super washing soda to six parts water. In a well-ventilated room, mix water and super washing soda in pot and bring to a boil. Lower the heat to a simmer and add leaves. Allow the mixture to simmer for 2-3 hours. After the 2-3 hours, the water will look very murky. Using the tongs, place the leaves in the colander and run under cool water. (My leaves were pretty tough, so I don’t know if adding all types of leaves to the colander will work or if you’d have to rinse them individually if they’re more fragile.) Pour out the murky water and rinse out the pot. Fill the pot with just enough water to cover the leaves. It doesn’t have to be as much used before when simmering them. I added ½ cup bleach. Place the leaves into the bleach water and allow to soak for 20-30 minutes. This will remove as much color from the leaf as possible. Now, this is where I did things a little differently. Instead of using the brush to remove the skin of the leaf, I placed the leaf flat on my hand and ran it under the sprayer on my kitchen sink. The skin started immediately coming off. After about a minute under the water, the skin was completely removed. I’ll admit that some of the leaves tore a little, but I still kept them because it added a little character. Mix water and food color in the shallow dish according to the tint you want. I used a blue and green mixture. Allow to sit for 10 minutes. Remove from water and place on cooling rack. Allow to completely dry. After mine dried, I painted a cheap frame and used a piece of scrapbook paper for the background.	<urn:uuid:b1f160e7-d431-4995-abff-64401bc871ab>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.thekreativelife.com/diy-color-tinted-skeleton-leaves/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00437-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.973309	835	2.046875	2
30 Best Web Design Standards Needed for Internet Site A list of standard web design features needed in a great web site as presented by Andy Lee Graham founder of HoboTraveler.com 12 years in business. A web designer needs to be 100 proud of everything on the site, there can be nothing allowed that is half done. There can be nothing stupid on the site, because all readers are looking for the one excuse to click away There is no such thing as a fair chance, they assume there is nothing relevant to them and will click away when they are the least confuse bit confused. The WOW of a page is great, but there must be obvious benefits to returning, do not think a "Field of Dreams" attract them to a site, true value or fun keeps them coming back --- and you captured their e-mail... Goals of a web page: To capture the e-mail of a new visitor to the site, that will then allow us to serve this person regular e-mails the that temps them to revisit the site. To become a super site the content needs to be created by reader, no one person can write enough content to be world class. - Nothing stupid allowed: How does a webmaster do this? It is easy, you have a 5 page site, nothing to maintain, and easy to fix. When someone complains, you repair, and make good. However, we do make large sites, try new things, and if we can, if we can focus, we fix permanently anything that ever reveals itself as stupid. READERS LEAVE ON STUPID AND NEVER RETURN. - I have a need for speed: The sites must be in the the top 20-30 percent on planet, and 80 percent are slower. A web designer can use Alexa.com as a measure of speed, that compares your site to others. (This one is extremely important) - 5 average page views according to Alexa.com, this means the readers first impression was good enough, it is a measure of sticky. However, too sticky means they never click on advertisement, and this may be the demise of Facebook, nobody leaves by clicking on ads to pay for the site. (This one is extremely important) - 3 minutes average time on site according to Alexa.com - CSS and HTML validated pages for the site, any page on the site needs to have a no error validated structure. - There is an introduction on 100 percent of pages, this is the first 25 words to found by Google, or search engines. This line becomes the introduction when being tempted to click on a link after a sear. The introduction is editable on the page, in a WYSIWYG interface. - No Slamming: Slamming is when a link Go to a page, or a reader click and lands on something with no idea why they are there, no explanation, they are required to think and think on what to do next. - Not possible to make a duplicate title. For dynamic, database driven pages, there is a comparison made when writing a title, that refuses to allow a duplicate title to exist on the site. - All links in header stay on site, none to lead off site, links going off site are at bottom of page, or possibly in footer. Exception, for sites owned by the same owner, they can go off with an explanation, be extreme clear here, there can be no slamming. All explanation on why the reader is leaving must be insanely simple to understand, in the few possible words. - Navigation links in header are always mirrored in footer. Then the footer has additional business types links. Therefore, when you update the header, you in turn need to update the footer. - SEVEN advertisement places reserved in CSS for page: three needs to be three above the fold, and four below. Unless the site is a non-profit, vanity, or government site, then the reason for being is to make money, Without advertising integrated into a site, the site is lacking in good business acumen. - Heat Map Designed Page: Google Adsense, Affiliate advertising optimized for best location according to heat maps. - Business links on Page: At bottom of all pages are links to Home, About, Contact, and Privacy. These are "standard names" for links, do not be clever here, the bot and the search engines are expecting to find them, and will give a page less rank and authority when they are missing. - Edit Page Link: If you want anyone to edit the page, there is an edit button that is small and hard to see or find, it does not show easy. Always in same location on all pages for reader subconsciously will remember. - Button Colored to make readers click: A bright easy to see colored button means the reader needs to find quickly. A soft color is for business to the site links, such as edit. If you are promoting something like subscribe to newsletter, make it bright. A site uses graphic links to entice readers to click on a link, more or less graphic links are advertisement on the site, leading to features that collect readers e-mails, or make them members. - Close eyes and Open: The theme of the page must instantly be injected into the brain of the reader when they open their eyes. - A person can drill down to all pages on site within 4 clicks that does not require search. - All external links open or are sent to a page with a site header, above, that has advertisement in it, this allow the reader to look at the external page, then return to the site, the reader has an obvious path to return. - There is always a next or previous that does not wiggle, there is always a way that leads a person to look at photos to get large numbers of page views. - All support problems replied to, and CC to owner by e-mail within 24 hours. - The Blog is a Digest of all Site Article and Updates: A reader can follow by e-mail, RSS feed, and update, Video, Photos, Blogs, Topics, New Members, Photos by new member, every page is has a photo, then a snippet. - Sitemap and Mirrored by Navigation: A site map that allows simple drill down within four clicks, and there is a site map submitted to Google, bing, etc. There must always be a clickable path to any page within 4 clicks. Search is done for ease, but the click path is done for the Google Bot. - Mash or Interweave Pages: The ability to connect, or link to from any page on the site, to mash from any page to any page in simple manner. This is to allow readers to find relevant links, or similiar topics. And for SEO it create a Christmas tree effect, that the bottom support the star page. - No broken links. If by accident, a broken link or photo is auto created, the tech is to create a system whereby human error is not possible. - Call to action links next to features, it the goal is to have someone add photos, then put the add photos link within 50 pixels of the photos. - My or your 80 year old Mother is able to use any feature on the site, without them writing support questions. - No way to write support easily: But when one does arrive, it is considered the 1 in 50 person that was annoyed, the other 49 left the site without notice. - Viral Engine Connected to all Features: All features are designed to go viral there must be a way to e-mail share, twitter, or Facebook share. This creates a loop whereby a reader could click and return to the main page, do not sent anything to Facebook, without a link back. - No Feature is Done Until used in Mass by Readers: It there is a feature, like upload photos, until it is widely used, and connected to a viral engine, it is not finished, it is not completed, it a broken feature. - Instant Fixing of Seen Problems: The site needs to be 100 percent free of errors, if you notice a problem in wording, spelling error. The admin should instantly correct, there is no todo list here, it must be done immediately so the number of errors on site decrease, as new features come on board. - No Crashing Borders: Here is an example below. - All Negative Flamers or Trolls Banned Immediately: Do not warn of this, allow humans to expose their bad character, a good member is always with good humor or help. Members who try to be clever, or provoke, or prove one article false must be banned immediately. If a comment is not helpful, but the intention is to draw attention to the person writing by being clever, obnoxious or intends to provoke, he or she is to be banned with no recourse. There should be a one warning system for people who are on the edge, but no warning for flagrant flaming. - Self Service WYSIWYG writing area, all writing updates need to easy, no HTML knowledge necessary. A person can click on an edit button and go to a What You See Is What You Get page to write. - No Cognitive Dissonance created by navigation, or changes in page. If something changes, it needs to be for harmonious reasons. Each new feature added to a site needs to pass all the ideas above to be completed and adequate. A web site has the super intelligent designing a platform for the average person to use. The techs often lack any empathy, with lessor intelligence, and create a site only they can understand and use. The test of a good site is always done by allowing your 80 year old grandmother, mother, friend to use it. Sit her down, and ask her to use the site, if she is the least bit confused, you lose. Andy Lee Graham CEO / Founder of the HoboTraveler.com Network 12 Years under the HoboTravler.com Brand.	<urn:uuid:b8f3c1fe-8541-4927-a296-a77ffc26e95c>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://www.hobotraveler.com/web-design/20-best-web-design-standards-needed-in-site.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.926282	2,086	1.789063	2
The Jerusalem municipality is initiating for the first time a lecture series in North America in the hopes of convincing potential immigrants to make the capital their home. The campaign is part of a new effort to show native English speakers that the holy city is better than what thou may have heard about it. "When Americans think about aliyah, their first thought is Jerusalem. But unfortunately, as they start planning they often come across too many things that they think speak against Jerusalem - the city is either too expensive or too religious for them, or they say there are no good jobs there or want to live near the beach," said Akiva Werber, the municipality's project director for immigrants from English-speaking countries. Next month, the U.S.-born Werber, who also works for the Immigration Absorption Ministry and was an emmisary for many years, will speak in Chicago, Toronto, Baltimore, Rockville, Maryland, Miami Beach, Monsey, New York, Teaneck, New Jersey, and New York City. Dubbed "Jerusalem - for all the reasons in the world," the current initiative, which is co-organized by the Jewish Agency and private immigration assistance organization Nefesh B'Nefesh, seeks to persuade aliyah candidates to settle on moving to Israel before any doubts can come up. "If they say, for example, that they couldn't afford a home in Jerusalem, I'll ask them: 'Are you talking about Central Park West or Brooklyn?'" implying that not all Jerusalem neighborhoods are as pricey as the German Colony, Baka or Rehavia, where most Anglo immigrants live. Werber himself lives about 10 minutes outside Jerusalem, in Elazar, a decision he says he made 23 years ago when he could not afford a home in the city. He said he has no problem with selling a city he himself doesn't live in, because he believes in the product. Jerusalem is not the first city to take its pitch abroad. Both Haifa and Modi'in, for example, have sent representatives to English speaking countries to talk up their towns. But this is the first time the capital has sent an official on a wide ranging speaking tour to drum up population figures. The Jerusalem Aliyah Absorption Authority's director, Pini Glinkewitz, is attending an aliyah fair in London today, also part of the initiative to attract Anglos to the city. "Jerusalem is starting a general initiative to modernize the city," Werber explained. "We want to bring in modern hi-tech people who care about democracy, who are involved in community and volunteerism - all these are keywords exemplified by Anglo [immigrants]. The city is thrilled to have this enthusiastic, involved and idealistic group of people join its population." To underline this message, the flyers announcing the upcoming lectures in North America feature photos of the city's Chords Bridge and Technological Garden, while images of the Western Wall or other religious symbols are entirely absent. "We wanted to use anti-intuitive images," Werber explained, "so we used pictures that exemplify education, progress and community." The numbers of new immigrants who settle in Jerusalem has been rising steadily over the last 10 years, according to the municipality. While in 2002, some 2,300 newcomers settled in the capital, or 6 percent of all immigrants, last year about 2,820, or 15 percent, chose to do so. In 2010, 819 Americans, 195 British and 90 Canadians moved to Jerusalem. Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now	<urn:uuid:3817caf6-ebda-4adf-a930-447cd5348b83>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jerusalem-stepping-up-efforts-abroad-to-attract-anglo-olim-1.396246	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00429-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95653	743	1.804688	2
We Malaysians have shown our ugly side in so many ways Here’s a new one. The Star’s Bahasa Malaysia portal Mstar reports that the Tarantulas are disappearing from our highlands, especially Fraser’s Hill in Pahang, because they are ending up as pets overseas. The Fraser’s Hill Tarantulas are said to be about 40 years old. These hairy, scary fellas are known as Old World Spiders and are said to have a lifespan of up to 60 years. So I guess there is a market out there for uncle and aunt Tarantulas. In Japan, according to the article, Aunt Tarantula fetches the yen equivalent of RM228. That is not very expensive if you consider that these critters are rare. So our brave fellas go into the jungles and hunt down these beauties to be sold abroad. Unconscionable rape of the forest and thievery that brings nothing much. One must consider the fact that the catch cannot be any good. These Tarantulas mate once a year, (they evidently have not discovered Tongkat Ali) so I suppose the proliferation of these big spiders are not at a healthy stage, what with loss of habitat and poaching. Malaysia is home to 12 different types of Old World Spiders. In Malaysia, there is a group called the Malaysian Tarantula Society that’s trying to educate our fellow citizens about these gorgeous Arachnids/Theraphosidae. Visit their site for more information, and the next time you see people poaching spiders from our old forests, beat them up. I mean it. That is, of course, after liberating these babies, capisce? There is a RM50,000 fine for those caught in possession of these Tarantulas under our Wildlife Protection Act. It’s no joke. The one nice thing I say about this despicable trade in endangered species is that, these spiders are actually ending up as pets in foreign countries. I guess they fare much better than the Malaysian chicks who became drug mules and now languishing in prison.	<urn:uuid:e493e31d-f20f-4c96-bdd6-efb96b4d2122>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	https://dansemacabre.wordpress.com/category/conservation/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00064-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.951148	436	1.734375	2
2013 in Review: Pope Francis dominates the headlines c. 2013 Religion News Service WASHINGTON (RNS) With his face splashed across the covers of Time, The New Yorker and even the gay glossy The Advocate, it would be easy to think the election of Pope Francis was the biggest religion story of 2013. And it was. But even as the election of former Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio dominated headlines in 2013, he wasn’t the only big religion story. Shifts in gay marriage, church-state relations and the Boston Marathon bombings all received front-page treatment. A new pope captures the world’s imagination Entering the conclave after the unexpected resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, few Vatican experts had their money on Bergoglio, the longtime archbishop of Buenos Aires who was best known for taking the bus to work and cooking his own meals. Yet when he emerged as the 266th pope after two days and five ballots of voting, the newly minted Pope Francis immediately captured the world’s imagination by taking the name of St. Francis of Assisi, the patron saint of the poor. Francis immediately set about refashioning the papacy — cold-calling the desperate and destitute who wrote him letters, shunning the papal apartments for a small suite in the Vatican guesthouse, even inviting four homeless men to join him for lunch on his 77th birthday (Dec. 17). “We’ll get used to a new way of doing things,” said the Rev. Tom Rosica, a Vatican spokesman, the day Francis was elected. Indeed. In the months since, Francis has won over crowds by embracing the disabled and disfigured in St. Peter’s Square, redirecting employee bonuses to charity and even asking “who am I to judge?” on the question of homosexuality. While keeping church teaching intact, he has challenged the Catholic Church to reimagine its place in the world, saying he believes “in God, not in a Catholic God” and saying the church is too “obsessed” with hot-button debates over sexual morality. Looking ahead to a special Synod of Bishops in 2014, he’s asked the world’s Catholics to share their opinions on issues affecting the family — a sign of just how revolutionary this most unconventional of popes could be. An old pope exits stage right It’s easy to forget, however, that there would be no new pope if the old pope hadn’t resigned. Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI became the first man in some 600 years to abandon the pomp and power of the papacy, and his decision freed the church to shake off years of stagnation and scandal. Benedict, now 86, has mostly kept his promise to live “hidden from the world” in a retrofitted Vatican convent and put to rest questions about the challenges of two living popes. Yet his legacy will be felt for years — he appointed a generation of conservative-minded bishops and many of the men who chose his successor — and the traditional pope perhaps single-handedly transformed the papacy from a lifetime appointment to an office that is bigger than any single man. Gay marriage victories Even as the Supreme Court’s landmark decision in United States v. Windsor paved the way for the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages, smaller but equally important changes were afoot that gave the justices the social cover to transform the understanding of marriage. Gallup pollsters found a 19-point swing on the “moral acceptability” of gay and lesbian relations since 2001 — the largest shift on any social issue. As Gallup put it, “U.S. acceptance of gay/lesbian relations is the new normal.” The number of Americans who see homosexuality as a sin fell to record lows (37 percent), and nearly three in four Americans say legal recognition of same-sex marriage is “inevitable.” Almost as if to prove the point, six new states allowed gay marriage in 2013, bringing the total number to 16, plus the District of Columbia. The Boy Scouts of America dropped its longtime ban on openly gay members (even as the organization retained a prohibition on openly gay adult leaders), and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America elected its first openly gay bishop with barely a shrug. The ex-gay ministry Exodus International shuttered its doors, and John Paulk, the former poster boy for the ex-gay movement at Focus on the Family, recanted and apologized. Church-state fights get heated Unable to find a middle ground with religious groups and unwilling to offer an exemption to private employers, the White House asked the U.S. Supreme Court to decide whether the religious owners of for-profit businesses must abide by a mandate to provide free contraceptive coverage to employees. While a host of lawsuits filed by religious institutions make their way through federal courts, the Supreme Court will decide next year whether companies such as the Hobby Lobby arts-and-crafts chain are exempt from the mandate. The high court will also decide in 2014 the limits on prayer at public meetings in Greece v. Galloway, after a Jew and an atheist complained that the prayers in their New York town meetings were almost exclusively Christian. What makes a Jew Jewish? In the most comprehensive study of American Jews in 12 years, a strong majority (62 percent) said being Jewish is mostly about ancestry or culture. But 22 percent of self-identified Jews told the Pew Research Center that they had no religion, and when asked what is essential to being Jewish, more respondents (73 percent) named “remembering the Holocaust” than any other answer. Perhaps most interesting, more than three in 10 Jews believe a person can believe that Jesus was the messiah — the belief that’s central to Christianity — and still be Jewish. – Pope Francis cleared the way for two of his most charismatic predecessors, John XXIII and John Paul II, to be canonized as saints in 2014. – The Boston Marathon bombings that killed three people and wounded dozens served as a wake-up call to American Muslims about the threats of homegrown extremism and lone-wolf militants. Muslims said the absence of much of a backlash showed that most Americans were able to draw a distinction between the suspects and their Muslim neighbors. – Doug Phillips, a leading proponent of “biblical patriarchy” in which a man is called to “rule over his household” and “the God-ordained and proper sphere of dominion for a wife is the household,” resigned from his Texas-based Vision Forum Ministries after acknowledging an extramarital affair. The ministry announced days later that it would disband. – The United Methodist Church, facing a wave of open revolt from ministers who are barred from officiating at same-sex weddings, moved to defrock a Pennsylvania minister who refused to recant for presiding at the wedding of his gay son. – A federal judge struck down key portions of Utah’s anti-polygamy law, ruling that the phrase “or cohabits with another person” is a violation of both the First and 14th Amendments. The ruling does not force the heavily Mormon state to recognize plural marriages — and he said nothing about laws against bigamy. The issue comes down to “religious cohabitation,” which is beyond the scope of state laws. – The president of the conservative Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod was forced to apologize for his role in the “debacle” of censoring a young pastor in Newtown, Conn., who joined an interfaith prayer vigil after last year’s deadly Sandy Hook school shootings. Faced with accusations of being heavy-handed and insensitive, LCMS president Matthew Harrison said he was wrong to force the Newtown pastor, the Rev. Rob Morris, to apologize for violating a ban on joint worship with other faiths. Harold Camping, the Doomsday prophet whose predictions that the world would end on May 21, 2011, turned out to be false, died at 92; former National Council of Churches leader Bob Edgar died at 69; longtime Billy Graham soloist George Beverly Shea died at 104; Rabbi Philip Berg, who brought Kabbalah to the stars, died at 86; religious broadcaster Paul Crouch died at 79; Christian ethicist Jean Bethke Elshtain died at 72; feisty civil rights activist Will Campbell died at 88; Karl A. Quilter, the man who designed all but 10 or so of the Angel Moroni sculptures atop Mormon temples worldwide, died at 84; Nelson Mandela, heralded as a modern-day Moses who peacefully led South Africa out of the horror of apartheid, died at 95; Evelyn Lowery, a civil rights partner with her husband Joseph Lowery, died at 88.	<urn:uuid:888cb353-446b-4fdb-bfb7-57f3be788044>	CC-MAIN-2016-44	http://www.uscatholic.org/print/28272	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00034-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.968824	1,812	1.664063	2
Get full access to Outside Learn, our online education hub featuring in-depth fitness, nutrition, and adventure courses and more than 2,000 instructional videos when you sign up for Outside+ Sign up for Outside+ today. Annoyed at an increasing tax load, Killington, Vt., officials have come up with a novel solution: secede from Vermont and join New Hampshire. “New England is famous for this. Look at the Stamp Act, the Tea Act, the Sugar Act,” says Killington Town Manager David Lewis. “We won’t be treated as a revenue source.” For years, Killington’s robust economy, with its ski shops, restaurants, bars and inns, has been paying $10 million annually in taxes to the state, with only about $1 million in aid being returned. When a new property tax started funneling another $10 million or so out of the resort area to fund schools elsewhere, “that’s basically when we felt this has just gone over the line,” Lewis says. (New Hampshire, about 25 miles east, doesn’t have a sales tax or state income tax.) Once the town endorses the plan (it’s expected to pass overwhelmingly this spring), Killington must ask the State of New Hampshire for permission to come aboard. If New Hampshire Congressman Charles Bass—whose district includes almost all New Hampshire ski resorts—has his way, it’s a done deal. “I would be thrilled to ski, shop and stay at Killington, N.H.,” he says. If New Hampshire says yes, Killington must then secure approval from Vermont to secede. Vermont officials, not unexpectedly, won’t let their ski resort walk, short of an “armed insurrection,” Vermont Secretary of State Deborah Markowitz told the Associated Press. At that point, the town would have to request an Act of Congress to join the Granite State.	<urn:uuid:a013882c-35cc-4bb1-9668-fd8f9a2331fe>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://www.skimag.com/uncategorized/live-tax-free-or-die/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00267.warc.gz	en	0.954981	413	1.664063	2
If you’ve been following the 2014 midterm elections, you know there’s very little chance that the U.S. House of Representatives will go blue this year. One reason is gerrymandering, where congressional districts are redrawn to either pack opposing voters into one district or spread them out among districts in a less popular divide-and-conquer strategy. Both parties do it. But in the last midterm election, in 2010, the strategy proved a winner for Republicans, who dominate the state legislatures that control district boundaries in most states. In that contest, in the seven states where the district maps were drawn by Republicans, the actual votes cast for each party were fairly close: 16.4 million for Democrats, 16.7 million for Republicans. But those numbers resulted in a much starker 73 Republicans and 34 Democrats ultimately elected. As technology has made it easier to draw boundaries with microscopic precision, and as the parties have sorted themselves geographically, gerrymandering has dramatically changed the American political landscape—so much so that its creators don’t go to any real efforts to conceal the conspicuously strange shapes they create. There’s a reason no one is talking about the races in the House this November: These 10 maps, of the most gerrymandered districts in America according to a 2012 study by geospatial software firm Azavea, go a long way in explaining why.	<urn:uuid:d7b14cd2-99b1-48d2-b068-a082f8efbe42>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2014/08/the-art-of-the-gerrymander-194607	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00256-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.950908	287	3.109375	3
Charges: Murder x 1. Proceeding type: Sentencing. Facts: The offender and deceased married in Iran. The offender started a fire in his wife’s bedroom in the family home. She died in the fire. Their relationship prior to the fire had ‘deteriorated’ . Davies J accepted that the offender became aware of the deceased’s intention to leave him. This was confirmed by the offender’s visit to the Department of Human services the day before the fire where he made a claim for a benefit, on the basis that he was separated. His Honour also accepted beyond reasonable doubt that the offender was responsible for the fire in the presence of their two young children. Issues: Davies J determined the appropriate sentence for the offender. Decision and reasoning: The offender was sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 36 years with a non-parole period of 27 years. His Honour remarked that ‘[t]he murder of any person is intolerable and unacceptable, but the circumstances of this murder can only be described as confronting, shocking and gruesome to a marked degree’ (). The murder was aggravated by the fact that it was carried out in the presence of their two young children, in circumstances where the offender actively prevented one of their children from trying to save his mother, and at the deceased’s home where she was entitled to feel safe. It also involved gratuitous cruelty and planning and preparation (albeit minimal, ). However, his level of culpability was not so extreme so as to attract a life sentence. Whilst specific and general deterrence are important factors in sentencing for murder in a domestic setting (see Hiron v R NSWCCA 336), specific deterrence was not significant because of the offender’s low risk of reoffending. This was consolidated by the fact that the offender had no prior criminal record, the offence was committed against a person known to the offender (rather than the public at large) and his older age. His Honour concluded at – ‘This was a very bad murder, but the limited planning, the absence of the need to give significant weight to community protection, and the fact that a lengthy sentence will meet the need for specific deterrence, mean that the community interest in retribution, punishment, community protection and deterrence can be met by other than the imposition of life sentence.’ Although his Honour noted that the offender had no prior convictions, he was not able to mitigate the enormity of the crime against the deceased (). Further, his Honour found it difficult to see how the offender could be fully rehabilitated without acknowledging the shocking act against his wife and the impact that it continued to have on their children and the deceased’s family. Accordingly, his prospects of rehabilitation were only average.	<urn:uuid:72b82b48-241c-4634-9635-feb8ac8f1fd6>	CC-MAIN-2022-33	https://dfvbenchbook.aija.org.au/nsw/supreme-court/nswsc-1628-2018/print	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00074.warc.gz	en	0.986798	579	1.523438	2

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