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NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft made history in 2012 by entering interstellar space, leaving the planets and the solar wind behind. But observations from the pioneering probe were puzzling with regard to the magnetic field around it, as they differed from what scientists derived from observations by other spacecraft.
A new study offers fresh insights into this mystery. Writing in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, Nathan Schwadron of the University of New Hampshire, Durham, and colleagues reanalyzed magnetic field data from Voyager 1 and found that the direction of the magnetic field has been slowly turning ever since the spacecraft crossed into interstellar space. They believe this is an effect of the nearby boundary of the solar wind, a stream of charged particles that comes from the sun.
"This study provides very strong evidence that Voyager 1 is in a region where the magnetic field is being deflected by the solar wind," said Schwadron, lead author of the study.
Researchers predict that in 10 years Voyager 1 will reach a more "pristine" region of the interstellar medium where the solar wind does not significantly influence the magnetic field.
Voyager 1's crossing into interstellar space meant it had left the heliosphere -- the bubble of solar wind surrounding our sun and the planets. Observations from Voyager's instruments found that the particle density was 40 times greater outside this boundary than inside, confirming that it had indeed left the heliosphere.
But so far, Voyager 1's observation of the direction of the local interstellar magnetic field is more than 40 degrees off from what other spacecraft have determined. The new study suggests this discrepancy exists because Voyager 1 is in a more distorted magnetic field just outside the heliopause, which is the boundary between the solar wind and the interstellar medium.
"If you think of the magnetic field as a rubber band stretched around a beach ball, that band is being deflected around the heliopause," Schwadron said.
In 2009, NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) discovered a "ribbon" of energetic neutral atoms that is thought to hold clues to the direction of the pristine interstellar magnetic field. The so-called "IBEX ribbon," which forms a circular arc in the sky, remains mysterious, but scientists believe it is produced by a flow of neutral hydrogen atoms from the solar wind that were re-ionized in nearby interstellar space and then picked up electrons to become neutral again.
The new study uses multiple data sets to confirm that the magnetic field direction at the center of the IBEX ribbon is the same direction as the magnetic field in the pristine interstellar medium. Observations from the NASA/ESA Ulysses and SOHO spacecraft also support the new findings.
"All of these different data sets that have been collected over the last 25 years have been pointing toward the same meeting point in the field," Schwadron said.
Over time, the study suggests, at increasing distances from the heliosphere, the magnetic field will be oriented more and more toward "true north," as defined by the IBEX ribbon. By 2025, if the field around Voyager 1 continues to steadily turn, Voyager 1 will observe the same magnetic field direction as IBEX. That would signal Voyager 1's arrival in a less distorted region of the interstellar medium.
"It's an interesting way to look at the data. It gives a prediction of how long we'll have to go before Voyager 1 is in the medium that's no longer strongly perturbed," said Ed Stone, Voyager project scientist, based at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, who was not involved in this study.
While Voyager 1 will continue delivering insights about interstellar space, its twin probe Voyager 2 is also expected to cross into the interstellar medium within the next few years. Voyager 2 will make additional observations of the magnetic field in interstellar space and help scientists refine their estimates.
Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were launched 16 days apart in 1977. Both spacecraft flew by Jupiter and Saturn. Voyager 2 also flew by Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 2, launched before Voyager 1, is the longest continuously operated spacecraft. Voyager 1 is the most distant object touched by human hands.
JPL, a division of Caltech, built the twin Voyager spacecraft and operates them for the Heliophysics Division within NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington.
For more information about Voyager, visit:
News Media ContactElizabeth Landau
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. | <urn:uuid:a399d75e-9ae4-4445-a86f-63bc8133f076> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4756 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00221-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936873 | 899 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Eliminating your jet lag might just be a matter of stepping into the shower. Delta is out to one-up Emirates' spa shower with "Photon Shower," a light chamber to provides light therapy. Designed out of Wieden & Kennedy New York, the chamber -- which is a concept demo that will be exhibited at the TED Long Beach Conference Wednesday -- is the result of neuroscience and sleep research by Professor Russell Foster of Oxford, and is part of the airline's attempts to continually improve the sleep experiences of its passengers.
The shower lets you input travel information, then step in and experience a light sequence that recreates the effects of sunlight. The experience fights jet lag, and also is a caffeine-type pick-me-up for weary travelers, or hard partiers -- which means that kind of experience might even find its way into homes soon enough.
Professor Foster will be holding a lunch salon at the conference to outline his research on how our body responds to light, and how those responses can help realign our body clocks after long flights and the ensuing jet lag.
The airline has recently been investing in efforts to try and improve the in-air sleep experience, offering new bedding designed exclusively for the airline, by Westin. | <urn:uuid:dcc25b79-caa5-46ee-a16b-abaf3862851e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://adage.com/article/cat-creativity-and-technology/delta-demos-photon-shower-eliminate-jet-lag/240079/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00322-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945678 | 254 | 1.804688 | 2 |
1.) Jeremy Draws a Monster (Henry Holt and Company) A couple of weeks ago I wrote a post about a rather exceptional picture book, Henry In Love by Peter McCarty. It was such an impressive work that on my next trip to the library, I grabbed just about everything of McCarty's that was in at the time. Some of them were fairly engaging (Hondo and Fabian, T is for Terrible), some of them did nothing for me (Baby Steps, Moon Plane), but by far the best of the lot, the one that came closest to replicating a lot of what I liked about Henry In Love, was Jeremy Draws a Monster.
This is the book that immediately preceded Henry (by just a few months, actually), and the art style is extremely similar, right up to and including the way McCarty allows one to see through some elements of some of his drawings, and the sort of zen blank expressiveness of the character designs.
Unlike Henry, Jeremy is a human being, although he's not rendered all that representational a human being. In super-simple, declarative sentences, we learn that Jeremy spends all of his time alone in his room/apartment drawing, while other kids all play together outside. The things Jeremy draws become "real," or at least as real as he imagines them to be (or, at most, as real as Jeremy himself is to us as readers), which makes the very drawn-looking style, in which McCarty allows readers to think of his drawings as drawings instead of trying to disguise the fact by covering up all the unnecessary lines, appropriate.
Everything in Jeremy's room looks like he himself may have drawn it.
When we get to the event referenced in the title, we see that he draws the monster not on paper, but in the air in the middle of his room and, two of McCarty's illustrations later, there's an awesome-looking monster standing there. You can see the monster design on the cover above. It may be more difficult to tell online than in person, but the monster's skin is composed of blue ink line work...as simple as the design itself is, the monster looks quite thoroughly sketched as if with a cheap blue Bic pen, the sort of thing a talented artist might draw in the back of his school notebook during a very boring lecture.
The monster turns out to be a monstrous house guest, rudely demanding things from Jeremy, and Jeremy draws them as best as he can (which is pretty good, considering he draws a lot like McCarty).
"Draw me a sandwich. I'm hungry!" it demands (without saying thank you when he get it). "Draw me a comfortable chair. Draw me a television. I want to watch the game. And draw me a hot dog too," and so on.
My favorite part is when the monster says, "Are you going to sit there all day? Draw me a hat. I'm going out!" And Jeremy, who silently responds to each request, with a blank face that never betrays any exasperation, comes up with this big fancy red top hat:
I love that. Where is the monster going? Why does the monster think it needs a hat to go out, or to go where he's going? Does he need a hat? Why does Jeremy draw that hat? Why does the monster and Jeremy both agree that that's a good hat for a monster to go out in? As you can probably tell, I found the suggestion of the story of the monster's hat enormously intriguing and entertaining all by itself, and that's only, like, two pages of the story.
That's not the whole story of the book though, and when Jeremy gets (quietly, blank faced-ly) fed up with the monster and draws him a one-way bus ticket out of town, the gentle conflict suggested at the beginning of the story is resolved. There's a moral to the story, but it's one that's just kind of there if you want to look for it; otherwise, the story works quite perfectly on a "this happened, then this happened, then this happened" sort of level. In other words, it have varying levels of complexity and is thus able to address various audience of different age levels. That makes it a pretty perfect children's picture book, if you ask me.
2.) The Red Book (Houghton Mifflin) Not to be confused with that big crazy Carl Jung book, or the report on infectious diseases, this is a Caldecott-winning, wordless picture book by Barbara Lehman. How wordless is it? Well, the cover doesn't even feature the title (The spine has "The Red Book" on it, though, and the title is almost hidden on the title page).
It's one of those children's picture books that is of some interest to comics readers/thinkers/talk about-ers, because of how close it is to being straight comics...close enough that it may actually be comics, depending on where you want to draw the line between comics and not-comics.
Because it's wordless, there's no prose involved at all, which would eliminate it from being classified as illustrated prose. Most of the pages are not divided into comics-like grids, but each full-page functions as a single comic book panel. And then there are a couple of pages like this
which are divided into comics page-like grids.
So, comics? Not comics? I don't know. I think Comics can legitimately claim Lehman's Red Book if Comics is so inclined.
The story is that of a little girl who finds a magical book which allows her to see what's happening to a little boy who's very far away. Which is the same magic all books have really, although the ability to look in on exotic locales and faraway people, and to even visit with them, is rendered literal...and two-way...and three-way.
3.) Bunny Days (Dial Books) This is the follow-up to Tao Nyeu's 2008 book Wonder Bear (Previously discussed here), and is composed of three shorter stories, each featuring a half dozen little white rabbits getting into some sort of trouble, and then getting out of that trouble with the help of a big white bear with big claws that looks an awful lot like the bear in Wonder Bear (although he seems to employ more technological know-how than magic in his problem-solving here).
In "Muddy Bunnies," the bunnies are splashed with mud from Mr. Goat's tractor, and the bear puts them in a washing machine that's incongruously set up and working on a hill (Don't worry, the bear uses the delicate cycle). In "Dusty Bunnies," Mrs. Goat is vacuuming the grass for some reason, using a vacuum cleaner with a little face on it and she accidentally sucks up all the bunnies. Bear dusts them off, fixes the vacuum and solves the problem of bunnies being accidentally sucked up by vacuum cleaners in the future. And finally, in "Bunny Tails", Mr. Goat is trimming hedges when he accidentally cuts off the bunnies' little cotton ball tails. Bear re-attaches them...with a sewing a machine.
Nyeu's art retains the considerable virtues it displayed in Wonder Bear, and the marriage of domesticity with wild nature gives the entire book an amusing incongruity. Additionally, there's a refreshing (naughty?) sense of danger in the way one character sticks others in the washing machine or puts them under a sewing machine, without fine print saying "Bunnies are trained professionals. Don't try this at home."
Unlike Wonder Bear, which was silent, each of these stories is told with words as well as pictures, and each one of them ends with the words "Everyone is happy," a fresh, new, simpler and more realistic version of "They all lived happily ever after." Perhaps the formulation is necessitated by the fact that the bunnies keep finding themselves in unhappier circumstances, but there's something really comforting about that expression, and the way it's repeated over and over gives it an almost mantra-like quality.
Here's a video with some images from the book: | <urn:uuid:9adebcdb-4611-4e8c-b60f-9b5e4aa5ae06> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://everydayislikewednesday.blogspot.com/2010/01/three-picture-books-of-note.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00468-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973884 | 1,715 | 1.65625 | 2 |
What is truth?
Is God real?
Who is Jesus?
What about the second coming?
How are we saved?
Academic questions? Not according to Jack Cottrell. He believes our answers to questions like these decide whether we'll win against Satan's battle for our mind and soul.
How should you answer these questions?
What do you know about the essentials of the Christian faith?
In a world that says that truth doesn't matter, discover what God says about these basics. In a culture that emphasizes feelings over facts, consider what God says you must believe and why. Seven readable chapters explain foundational principles in language everyone can understand. The book is perfect for groups as well as for your own individual study.
Have a question about this product? Ask us here. | <urn:uuid:53de7bac-94d2-4eb3-ab06-0bdbde815d63> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.christianbook.com/faiths-fundamentals-seven-essentials-christian-belief/jack-cottrell/9781579109899/pd/10989X | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00243-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955203 | 162 | 1.617188 | 2 |
For a week and a half, Ukrainian protesters have taken to the streets of their capital, Kiev, in order to protest the country's abandonment of an EU treaty that was to have been signed at the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius, Lithuania. While hundreds of thousands of people are marching and occupying central squares, as can be seen in the stunning images below, the news has largely remained below the radar in the United States.
Ukraine was set to sign an Association Agreement with the EU that would have given it open access to markets in exchange for implementing economic and political reforms. However, nearly a week before the planned Eastern Partnership Summit, Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych announced that his country would not proceed as planned.
The massive Ukrainian protests are reminiscent of the demonstrations of 2004's Orange Revolution, in which hundreds of thousands protesters contested controversial election results that would have brought Russia-aligned Yanukovych to the presidency.
Yanukovych would ultimately be elected in 2010 after a single term by former president and possible poisoning victim Viktor Yushchenko.
While eastern Ukraine has long been within Russia's sphere of influence, western Ukraine has historically been affiliated with European countries like Austria and Poland. The Ukraine sought independence from Russia after the fall of the Tsars in 1917, but was ultimately subsumed into the USSR until 1991. While the Ukraine remains dependent on Russia for natural gas, the EU has become an equal trading partner, threatening Russia's influence in the country.
On November 23, just two days after the announcement regarding the EU pact, Ukraine commemorated the 80th anniversary of the Holodomor, a famine that lasted from 1932 to 1933, quickly killing millions in a fertile country that's often referred to as a bread basket.
The famine was exacerbated, if not caused, by the collectivization policies of Joseph Stalin, who continued to export grain from the Ukraine to Russia even as Ukrainians starved.
In the photo above, a protester can be seen tearing a photo of Yanukovych in half, while shouting "Coward!"
Ukraine's sharp divisions can be seen in the country's parliamentary election results. The western and central areas of the country are more nationalistic, inclined to align with Europe, and tend to speak Ukrainian. The industrial southern and eastern areas of the country, in contrast, largely speak Russian, welcome Russian President Vladimir Putin's influence, and support Yanukovych's leadership.
The Eastern Partnership Summit has come and gone since the protests began, but widespread dissatisfaction with Yanukovych remains. The deal that Ukraine declined would have given the country access to the EU market, free of tariffs, in exchange for the implementation of economic reforms. Demonstrators are now calling for a general strike.
Protesters stood their ground last week, even as lows dipped below freezing.
Shortly before the Ukraine stepped down from the EU pact, its parliament declined to free Yanukovych's political opponent, former Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, who is currently in the second year of a seven-year jail sentence. Tymoshenko's continuing imprisonment for alleged abuse of power in a 2009 gas deal with Russia is viewed by many as political in nature.
Last week, Tymoshenko began a hunger strike in solidarity with protesters. Her 53rd birthday was Wednesday.
Saturday's breakup of an opposition camp led to confrontations in the streets. Yanukovych stated that he was "deeply outraged" by the violence, but failed to condemn police.
Over the weekend, riot police reportedly used tear gas, truncheons, and flash grenades in their confrontations with protesters. Valeriy Koryak, Kiev's chief of police, resigned over what he described as the excessive use of force.
More than 300,000 protesters converged on Kiev's Independence Square on Sunday, the largest crowd since protests began. And today, demonstrators successfully occupied Kiev's city hall. The end game for the protests remains unclear, but it seems increasingly likely that Yanukovych will have to nod toward cooperation with Europe. | <urn:uuid:d8bf5639-a256-41e8-b917-f3bb5a4daa22> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mic.com/articles/75265/13-images-of-the-massive-protest-taking-ukraine-by-storm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00252-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970785 | 799 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Eastern Washington Diabetes Network
The Eastern Washington Diabetes Network is a group comprised of over 90 individuals from area organizations working as researchers, clinicians, disease managers, health administrators, educators, public health and social service workers.
Local and regional activities are designed by the Network that adhere to the Washington State Diabetes Plan. The Network spans across ten Eastern Washington counties and strives to raise the community awareness about diabetes while working towards the reduction of morbidity and mortality of diabetes in Eastern Washington.
Goals of the Network:
- Increase the awareness of diabetes and strategies for prevention throughout the community in Eastern Washington.
- To strengthen the internal network of health care providers, researchers, educators, and other community professionals in Eastern Washington.
- To increase diabetes awareness, education of prevention methods, and education of self-management strategies among health care providers and patients.
For More Information
If you have question regarding the Eastern Washington Diabetes Network, or would like to become a member, please contact Jennifer Polello at (509) 232-8149.
The mission of this network is to raise the community awareness about diabetes prevention and control while working towards the reduction of morbidity and mortality of diabetes in Eastern Washington. | <urn:uuid:714b76dc-b8b0-4f05-ab8d-9ae92987c3a1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://diabetes.doh.wa.gov/partners-1/eastern-washington-diabetes-network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00292-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875996 | 240 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Tutor information is taken from the Module Catalogue
CROSSMAN AR and NEARY D. (2010). Neuroanatomy, an illustrated colour text. 4th/3rd edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
* FEHRENBACH MJ. and HERRING SW. (2017). Illustrated anatomy of the head and neck. 3rd edition. London: Saunders.
Very good illustrations and straightforward text. Has a clinically-relevant emphasis (including chapters on dental anaesthesia, and the spread of dental infection).
* HIATT JL and GARTNER LP (2010). Textbook of head and neck anatomy. 4th edition. London: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins.
Very good text - easy to read and assimilate. Much of the material is presented at just the right level for 1st year dental studies. Let down by its illustrations, which are mainly line drawings.
LOGAN BM, HUTCHINGS R and REYNOLDS P (2009). McMinn’s Color atlas of head & neck anatomy. 4th edition. London: Mosby-Wolfe.
Outstanding illustrations. Very strongly recommended in addition to one of the Head and Neck textbooks.
STANFIELD CL (2010). Principles of human physiology. 4th edition. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings.
Main textbook, very good illustrations and easy to read.
BRITISH DENTAL ASSOCIATION (2000). Dental practitioners’ formulary, 2000-2002. London: British Dental Association, British Medical Association, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britatin.
Issued to students through the School
SEYMOUR RA, MEECHAN J and YATES MS (1999). Pharmacology and dental therapeutics. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
SEYMOUR RA, MEECHAN J and WALTON JG (1996). Adverse drug reactions in dentistry. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Key Texts (one copy of each in the High Demand Collection, Health Sciences Library)
HORN S and MUNAFO M (1997). Pain : theory, research, and intervention. Buckingham: Open University Press.
* HUMPHRIS G and LING MS (2000). Behavioural sciences for dentistry. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
MALAMED SF (2010). Sedation: a guide to patient management. 5th edition. London: Mosby.
MELZACK R and WALL PD (1996). The challenge of pain. 2nd edition. London: Penguin.
MOSTOFSKY DI and FORTUNE F (2014). Behavioral Dentistry. 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons
WRIGHT GZ et al (1987). Child management in dentistry. 2nd edition. Bristol: Wright
MALAMED SF (2004). Handbook of local anesthesia. 5th edition. London: Mosby.
MEECHAN JG, ROBB ND and SEYMOUR RA (1998). Pain and anxiety control for the conscious dental patient. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
SCULLY C, CAWSON RA and GRIFFITHS M (1990). Occupational hazards to dental staff. London: BDJ.
SEYMOUR RA, MEECHAN JG and YATES MS (1999). Pharmacology and dental therapeutics. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ONLINE COURSE READINGS
HUMPHRIS, G. M., MORRISON, T., & LINDSAY, S. J. (1995). The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale: validation and United Kingdom norms. Community dental health. ISSN: 0265-539x 12(3):143-50 Available as an Online Course Reading in the VLE.
This list was last updated on 10/01/2019 | <urn:uuid:b2712f7c-4003-437d-9f66-f4b2f619e36b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://lib5.leeds.ac.uk/rlists/broker/?bbModuleId=202122_18723_DSUR1130&bbListId=_9029681_1&bbLastListId=_7727029_1&s=l | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.799707 | 842 | 1.867188 | 2 |
We’ve just received a new shipment of SAT Prep, ACT Prep, AP test, and college essay writing materials updated for 2012-2013! Check out the photoshow below of our new test and college application prep materials–they are new and ready for you to use.
Take a few minutes to read this article from the New York Times and this article from Playlist about the iPod as a test prep tool for the SAT. What do you think about this new way of preparing for the SAT? Would you buy these interactive programs designed for the iPod to prepare for the SAT? Does $14.97 seem reasonable to buy all three programs for your iPod? Do you think this new method of test prep might encourage more students today to do more preparation for the SAT? Why or why not?
After reading the NY Times article and taking a look at Kaplan’s SAT/ACT Test Prep MySpace page, consider these questions: What do you think about Kaplan’s strategy of creating a “My Space” page to introduce vocabulary building manga and graphic novels to help students prepare for the SAT? Do you think this is a good idea? Do you think more students will take advantage of this approach to test prep? Why or why not?
After carefully reading the article, respond to the two questions above in separate paragraphs (2 paragraph response), please. State your feelings/opinions clearly and provide specific reasons to support your stance on these questions. Let us know what you think! | <urn:uuid:5e21a3e9-b5d7-4329-bc31-5f6aee15f97f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://theunquietlibrary.wordpress.com/tag/test-prep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934991 | 306 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Most of us have seen first hand the effects of burning coal, but when it comes to natural gas what you can’t see is what will kill you. Carbon Monoxide is the bi-product of natural gas, coal and wood. It is colorless, ordorless and very deadly. Nuclear Power has a bad reputation for a few reasons. Accidents like Chernobyl and Three Mile Island gave us an idea of just how bad it could be. Or did they? Although it is one of the more efficient ways to generate electricity it is also dangerous. It has a radioactive bi-product that can stay in the ground (if buried) for over a thousand years.
Luckily for Tom and Barbara, they had a stream running behind their property. The incline was steep enough that they could run a pipe of 2-4 inch diameter upstream, so that natural pressure could be created when the stream’s running water was forced through the pipe. The rest of Tom’s plan could be adapted using the stream’s running water, rather than an independent water source. The excess electrical energy from their hydropower unit was able to be diverted to a nearby water heater.
Consider solar water heaters to make your home more energy efficient. This works best in areas where the temperature doesn’t drop below freezing. Solar energy systems circulate water through solar heaters and then pump it into the house. Though you can use this system, it’s best to have a regular water heater for backup purposes, just in case there is a day with little sunlight or more water usage than normal.
If you have the qualification then applying for this job can be one of the best steps for you. There is actually a huge demand for the sustainable energy these days which has led to its growth.
Although people think alternative energy is ‘new’ it really is not. We have used this energy source long before we even knew electricity. Just think about drying your washed clothes outside in the sun. In fact, many of us still use this method to dry clothes and there is nothing wrong with this. Drying your clothes this way will save a lot of electricity!
Wind power, on the other hand, can be used by many more regions. There is virtually no where on Earth that doesn’t get wind at some time. The downside to this form of energy is that you need a wind turbine to generate electricity which can take up quite a bit of space.
When you decide to use alternative energy you accomplish more than only saving money you’re also helping to create a better world. The big reason not to use alternative energy is the price tag. The devices to convert the ‘free’ energy source are not cheap. You need to realize that you’re investing in your home. But after good calculations you will realize that you’ll be saving more than you’ll spend. Don’t forget to apply for tax credits or other benefits for investing in alternative energy. | <urn:uuid:3a59c058-8a43-448a-ac13-7d2400383f95> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://raf-ranking.com/hho-water-fuel-and-browns-gas-a-simple-truth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.962628 | 617 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Want to avoid GMOs and other toxic food ingredients? Then get our unique new mobile app that puts YOU in control. (Last chance - ONLY available before we launch at the end of summer)
A colourless, volatile, flammable liquid produced by fermentation of yeast and carbohydrates. Alcohol is frequently used as a solvent. As an ingredient in ingestible products, alcohol may cause body tissues to be more vulnerable to carcinogens.
Mouthwashes with an alcohol content over 25% have been implicated in mouth, tongue and throat cancers. Note, the forms of alcohol used in cosmetics are not necessarily those used in alcoholic drinks, and may be much more dangerous.
glycol, is commonly used in acrylic paints,
brake fluid, antifreeze, tile grout, primer, sealant
paste, floor polish, tyre sealant and shoe polish. Oh
yes.......and it's also used in some "smoothing
lotions" and "firming moisturizer"!
Known health effects: throat irritation, headache, backache, kidney problems, oedema (swelling), necrosis (cell death). If swallowed, can cause drowsiness, and: slurred speech, possibly stupor, vomiting, respiratory failure, coma, convulsions, and death
form of mineral oil found in automatic brake and hydraulic
fluid and industrial antifreeze. In the skin and hair,
propylene glycol works as a humescent, which causes retention
of moisture content of skin or cosmetic products by preventing
the escape of moisture or water.If you use "plumping" or "wrinle" type products, it is VERY lkely they contain Propylene-Glycol
The Material Safety Data Sheet warns users to avoid skin contact with propylene glycol as this strong skin irritant can cause liver abnormalities and kidney damage.
Known health effects.
Eye irritation, skin irritation, skin drying, defatting (dissolving natural fats). Ingestion has serious health effects similar to above.
Propylene glycol is Commonly found in:
Propylene Glycol-free Tooth paste
Propylene Glycol-Free Hair Colouring
Propylene Glycol-Free Anti-fungal / Anti dandruff Shampoo
Propylene Glycol-Free His and Hers Shave Cream
Propylene Glycol-Free Aftershave Balm and Mosituriser
Propylene Glycol-Free Hair vitamins and treatments | <urn:uuid:09909fa2-26b4-4cbb-8319-1465a79a2b50> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.natural-health-information-centre.com/propylene-glycol.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00095-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.829511 | 511 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Our Bridgeport, CT dental office is devoted to provide best general and family dentistry services. As your primary dental care provider, we are responsible for the general diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and management of a wide range of dental conditions, disorders, and diseases that affect the teeth, gums, jaw, and face. We provide the coordination of services related to the oral health needs for patients of all ages so everyone in your entire family can visit our practice in Bridgeport, CT.
General dentistry includes:
- Preventative Care Dental Exams
- Gum Disease Treatment
- Pediatric & Dentistry
Preventative Care Exams
Visiting us for exams on a regular basis is essential. It allows us to diagnose problems before they get worse! Long-term this cuts down on treatment time. We’ll teach you how to avoid cavities and gum disease from happening in the first place, but regular exams are your number one best defense.Regular exams allow our clinical professionals to keep active and accurate records of your oral health. By establishing a baseline for your mouth, we can then monitor any adverse changes you may have had and correct them before they become major problems. During exams you will have your entire head and neck examined, radiographs, periodontal charting, oral cancer screening, and more. Our dentists and hygienists are also here to answer any questions you may have.
During a professional teeth cleaning, we remove plaque and tartar from hard to reach places on teeth. When you eat and drink, bacteria in the mouth breakdown nutrients and excrete a sticky biofilm often referred to as plaque. Overtime, certain substances in the plaque crystalize and bond to tooth enamel. When this happens, regular brushing and flossing is not enough to remove this hardened calculus, commonly referred to as tartar. Professional cleanings remove all the tartar and plaque from teeth. After the cleaning, we apply a polish, and offer recommendations for changes in at-home care to improve oral health.
Gum Disease Treatment
Gum disease is the primary cause of tooth loss in adults over 35 and affects more than 50% of US adults. Have you noticed that swollen gums? When you brush your teeth do you often have bleeding gums?These symptoms may mean that you have gingivitis or periodontal disease. MGM Family Dental is your resource in for identifying and treating this problem, safely and easily.
Left untreated, gum disease can progress to periodontitis, a serious threat to your oral health that can result in teeth and bone loss. But it affects more than your mouth; it can be dangerous to your overall health. Recent studies have linked advanced gum disease to heart disease, stroke, and pregnancy complications.
After establishing a diagnosis defining the severity of gum disease, a personalized treatment plan can be developed with you. In milder forms with little or no bone loss, one or two visits with our hygiene team may bring the condition under control. When you leave our office with a strategy for daily home care and an established schedule for maintenance, little additional treatment may be needed.
If the inflammation has advanced with measurable bone loss, a proactive approach halting the destruction should be strongly considered. Often we will suggest gentle numbing of your gums for your comfort during the deeper cleaning process. One area at a time undergoes meticulous cleaning above and below the gum line, usually over several visits. The infected collar or pocket around each tooth, including the mineralized tartar, must be carefully cleaned out with hand and ultrasonic instruments. Polishing of the teeth to establish glassy surfaces that help repel stain and plaque accumulation usually finishes this initial therapy.
Our dentist may suggest a medicated rinse, an electric toothbrush, a Waterpik, or other specific strategies to help you with your ongoing efforts. Remember, gum disease can be controlled but not cured. Dedicated daily efforts must be consistent to control the disease.
Call us today at (203) 612-6079 or complete our simple online form to schedule a consultation. We’re dedicated to providing you with affordable, top-quality dental care.
Cavities, as their name implies, are essentially holes in your teeth caused by decay. You can sometimes spot a cavity, as the area surrounding the hole generally looks dark brown or gray.The main culprits to blame for your cavity are certain types of bacteria in your mouth. These bacteria are contained in plaque and they interact with the carbohydrates and sugars in your food creating an acidic environment that dissolves the protective enamel on the outer layer of your tooth. Once the acid succeeds in eroding the enamel, your tooth is exposed, leaving just the softer dentin layer, which will ultimately cause the formation of a cavity. At this point the decay process rapidly speeds up and spreads deeper into the tooth.
A filling is necessary to treat your cavity because if left untreated the decay will eventually grow and will enter into your nerve canal. And yes, this can be as painful as it sounds. It can also lead to more serious problems such as infection or abscess.
A filling may also be needed to replace or repair an old worn down existing filling or to fix a chipped tooth.
In addition to potential pain and discomfort and possible tooth loss, if you wait to have your cavity filled it may end up requiring a more difficult process, such as a root canal, to save your tooth. And it could also cost you a lot more money to fix. The bottom line is you should get your cavity filled as soon as you can.
(Tooth Color Fillings)
Composite is the filling material of choice when it comes to matching your tooth color. Composite fillings consist of plastic and glass particles. They have become the most popular filling materials because they can match your existing tooth color and they also solidly bond or glue to the tooth.
After the decay in your tooth has been cleaned a cleansing gel is applied. Next a bonding solution is applied, finally followed by the composite filling material. Composite is hardened by applying a high intensity blue light. It only takes a few seconds for the materials to harden.
Once the tooth is filled and the composite has hardened, the filling is checked to insure the proper shape and look. At this point any necessary adjustments are made and then your filling is complete.
PEDIATRIC & CHILDREN’S DENTISTRY
Good oral health and a lifetime of healthy habits begin even before your child’s first teeth arrive. MGM Family Dental’s pediatric dental team is focused on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of oral health in children infancy through young adulthood. Our pediatric dentists and technicians will care for your child’s teeth and gums as they grow-up.
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry recommends that children have their first dental visit before their first birthday. Children begin developing teeth within their first 6 months. It is essential that your child visit the dentist as soon after he or she begins developing teeth in order to establish a thorough hygiene plan and ensure proper development is on track. Your child’s first visits will be brief, and serve to help your child acclimate to the dental office. Regularly scheduled visits twice a year familiarize your child with our office and dental checkup procedures. As your child grows, he or she may wish to tour our office, see the fun tools and machines we use, and find out about what we do. We encourage your child to tour the office and ask questions. | <urn:uuid:3fafa105-5829-4280-9660-9c7c32fb3f74> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mgmfamilydental.com/general-dentistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.939072 | 1,565 | 1.828125 | 2 |
The mainstay of contemporary therapies for extensive occlusive arterial disease is venous bypass graft. However, its durability is threatened by intimal hyperplasia (IH) that eventually leads to vessel occlusion and graft failure. Mechanical forces, particularly low shear stress and high wall tension, are thought to initiate and to sustain these cellular and molecular changes, but their exact contribution remains to be unraveled. To selectively evaluate the role of pressure and shear stress on the biology of IH, an ex vivo perfusion system (EVPS) was created to perfuse segments of human saphenous veins under arterial regimen (high shear stress and high pressure). Further technical innovations allowed the simultaneous perfusion of two segments from the same vein, one reinforced with an external mesh. Veins were harvested using a no-touch technique and immediately transferred to the laboratory for assembly in the EVPS. One segment of the freshly isolated vein was not perfused (control, day 0). The two others segments were perfused for up to 7 days, one being completely sheltered with a 4 mm (diameter) external mesh. The pressure, flow velocity, and pulse rate were continuously monitored and adjusted to mimic the hemodynamic conditions prevailing in the femoral artery. Upon completion of the perfusion, veins were dismounted and used for histological and molecular analysis. Under ex vivo conditions, high pressure perfusion (arterial, mean = 100 mm Hg) is sufficient to generate IH and remodeling of human veins. These alterations are reduced in the presence of an external polyester mesh.
25 Related JoVE Articles!
Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound
Institutions: Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins University, Macquarie University.
We present a protocol for measuring in vivo
aortic stiffness in mice using high-resolution ultrasound imaging. Aortic diameter is measured by ultrasound and aortic blood pressure is measured invasively with a solid-state pressure catheter. Blood pressure is raised then lowered incrementally by intravenous infusion of vasoactive drugs phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. Aortic diameter is measured for each pressure step to characterize the pressure-diameter relationship of the ascending aorta. Stiffness indices derived from the pressure-diameter relationship can be calculated from the data collected. Calculation of arterial compliance is described in this protocol.
This technique can be used to investigate mechanisms underlying increased aortic stiffness associated with cardiovascular disease and aging. The technique produces a physiologically relevant measure of stiffness compared to ex vivo
approaches because physiological influences on aortic stiffness are incorporated in the measurement. The primary limitation of this technique is the measurement error introduced from the movement of the aorta during the cardiac cycle. This motion can be compensated by adjusting the location of the probe with the aortic movement as well as making multiple measurements of the aortic pressure-diameter relationship and expanding the experimental group size.
Medicine, Issue 94, Aortic stiffness, ultrasound, in vivo, aortic compliance, elastic modulus, mouse model, cardiovascular disease
In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration
Institutions: Harvard Medical School, MGH for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital.
Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms. Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to the infiltration of tissues with migrating inflammatory cells, primarily neutrophils. This process has the potential to be destructive to tissues if excessive or held in an unresolved state. Cocultured in vitro
models can be utilized to study the unique molecular mechanisms involved in pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration. This type of model provides versatility in experimental design with opportunity for controlled manipulation of the pathogen, epithelial barrier, or neutrophil. Pathogenic infection of the apical surface of polarized epithelial monolayers grown on permeable transwell filters instigates physiologically relevant basolateral to apical trans-epithelial migration of neutrophils applied to the basolateral surface. The in vitro
model described herein demonstrates the multiple steps necessary for demonstrating neutrophil migration across a polarized lung epithelial monolayer that has been infected with pathogenic P. aeruginosa
(PAO1). Seeding and culturing of permeable transwells with human derived lung epithelial cells is described, along with isolation of neutrophils from whole human blood and culturing of PAO1 and nonpathogenic K12 E. coli
(MC1000). The emigrational process and quantitative analysis of successfully migrated neutrophils that have been mobilized in response to pathogenic infection is shown with representative data, including positive and negative controls. This in vitro
model system can be manipulated and applied to other mucosal surfaces. Inflammatory responses that involve excessive neutrophil infiltration can be destructive to host tissues and can occur in the absence of pathogenic infections. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote neutrophil trans-epithelial migration through experimental manipulation of the in vitro
coculture assay system described herein has significant potential to identify novel therapeutic targets for a range of mucosal infectious as well as inflammatory diseases.
Infection, Issue 83, Cellular Biology, Epithelium, Neutrophils, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Neutrophils, epithelial barriers, pathogens, transmigration
The Cell-based L-Glutathione Protection Assays to Study Endocytosis and Recycling of Plasma Membrane Proteins
Institutions: Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Membrane trafficking involves transport of proteins from the plasma membrane to the cell interior (i.e.
endocytosis) followed by trafficking to lysosomes for degradation or to the plasma membrane for recycling. The cell based L-glutathione protection assays can be used to study endocytosis and recycling of protein receptors, channels, transporters, and adhesion molecules localized at the cell surface. The endocytic assay requires labeling of cell surface proteins with a cell membrane impermeable biotin containing a disulfide bond and the N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester at 4 ºC - a temperature at which membrane trafficking does not occur. Endocytosis of biotinylated plasma membrane proteins is induced by incubation at 37 ºC. Next, the temperature is decreased again to 4 ºC to stop endocytic trafficking and the disulfide bond in biotin covalently attached to proteins that have remained at the plasma membrane is reduced with L-glutathione. At this point, only proteins that were endocytosed remain protected from L-glutathione and thus remain biotinylated. After cell lysis, biotinylated proteins are isolated with streptavidin agarose, eluted from agarose, and the biotinylated protein of interest is detected by western blotting. During the recycling assay, after biotinylation cells are incubated at 37 °C to load endocytic vesicles with biotinylated proteins and the disulfide bond in biotin covalently attached to proteins remaining at the plasma membrane is reduced with L-glutathione at 4 ºC as in the endocytic assay. Next, cells are incubated again at 37 °C to allow biotinylated proteins from endocytic vesicles to recycle to the plasma membrane. Cells are then incubated at 4 ºC, and the disulfide bond in biotin attached to proteins that recycled to the plasma membranes is reduced with L-glutathione. The biotinylated proteins protected from L-glutathione are those that did not recycle to the plasma membrane.
Basic Protocol, Issue 82, Endocytosis, recycling, plasma membrane, cell surface, EZLink, Sulfo-NHS-SS-Biotin, L-Glutathione, GSH, thiol group, disulfide bond, epithelial cells, cell polarization
Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides
Institutions: University of Utah, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.
Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix that supports tissue formation and maintenance. Although collagen remodeling is an integral part of normal tissue renewal, excessive amount of remodeling activity is involved in tumors, arthritis, and many other pathological conditions. During collagen remodeling, the triple helical structure of collagen molecules is disrupted by proteases in the extracellular environment. In addition, collagens present in many histological tissue samples are partially denatured by the fixation and preservation processes. Therefore, these denatured collagen strands can serve as effective targets for biological imaging. We previously developed a caged collagen mimetic peptide (CMP) that can be photo-triggered to hybridize with denatured collagen strands by forming triple helical structure, which is unique to collagens. The overall goals of this procedure are i)
to image denatured collagen strands resulting from normal remodeling activities in vivo
, and ii)
to visualize collagens in ex vivo
tissue sections using the photo-triggered caged CMPs. To achieve effective hybridization and successful in vivo
and ex vivo
imaging, fluorescently labeled caged CMPs are either photo-activated immediately before intravenous injection, or are directly activated on tissue sections. Normal skeletal collagen remolding in nude mice and collagens in prefixed mouse cornea tissue sections are imaged in this procedure. The imaging method based on the CMP-collagen hybridization technology presented here could lead to deeper understanding of the tissue remodeling process, as well as allow development of new diagnostics for diseases associated with high collagen remodeling activity.
Bioengineering, Issue 83, collagen remodeling, triple helix, near infrared fluorescence, bioimaging, tissue staining
Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier (BBB): A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport
Institutions: VECT-HORUS SAS, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259.
The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and characterize a highly reproducible rat syngeneic in vitro
model of the BBB using co-cultures of primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) and astrocytes to study receptors involved in transcytosis across the endothelial cell monolayer. Astrocytes were isolated by mechanical dissection following trypsin digestion and were frozen for later co-culture. RBEC were isolated from 5-week-old rat cortices. The brains were cleaned of meninges and white matter, and mechanically dissociated following enzymatic digestion. Thereafter, the tissue homogenate was centrifuged in bovine serum albumin to separate vessel fragments from nervous tissue. The vessel fragments underwent a second enzymatic digestion to free endothelial cells from their extracellular matrix. The remaining contaminating cells such as pericytes were further eliminated by plating the microvessel fragments in puromycin-containing medium. They were then passaged onto filters for co-culture with astrocytes grown on the bottom of the wells. RBEC expressed high levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins such as occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 with a typical localization at the cell borders. The transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of brain endothelial monolayers, indicating the tightness of TJs reached 300 ohm·cm2
on average. The endothelial permeability coefficients (Pe) for lucifer yellow (LY) was highly reproducible with an average of 0.26 ± 0.11 x 10-3
cm/min. Brain endothelial cells organized in monolayers expressed the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), showed a polarized transport of rhodamine 123, a ligand for P-gp, and showed specific transport of transferrin-Cy3 and DiILDL across the endothelial cell monolayer. In conclusion, we provide a protocol for setting up an in vitro
BBB model that is highly reproducible due to the quality assurance methods, and that is suitable for research on BBB transporters and receptors.
Medicine, Issue 88, rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC), mouse, spinal cord, tight junction (TJ), receptor-mediated transport (RMT), low density lipoprotein (LDL), LDLR, transferrin, TfR, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER),
Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice
Institutions: Hunter College, CUNY.
Efficient expression of transgenes in vivo
is of critical importance in studying gene function and developing treatments for diseases. Over the past years, hydrodynamic gene delivery (HGD) has emerged as a simple, fast, safe and effective method for delivering transgenes into rodents. This technique relies on the force generated by the rapid injection of a large volume of physiological solution to increase the permeability of cell membranes of perfused organs and thus deliver DNA into cells. One of the main advantages of HGD is the ability to introduce transgenes into mammalian cells using naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). Introducing an exogenous gene using a plasmid is minimally laborious, highly efficient and, contrary to viral carriers, remarkably safe. HGD was initially used to deliver genes into mice, it is now used to deliver a wide range of substances, including oligonucleotides, artificial chromosomes, RNA, proteins and small molecules into mice, rats and, to a limited degree, other animals. This protocol describes HGD in mice and focuses on three key aspects of the method that are critical to performing the procedure successfully: correct insertion of the needle into the vein, the volume of injection and the speed of delivery. Examples are given to show the application of this method to the transient expression of two genes that encode secreted, primate-specific proteins, apolipoprotein L-I (APOL-I) and haptoglobin-related protein (HPR).
Genetics, Issue 87, hydrodynamic gene delivery, hydrodynamics-based transfection, mouse, gene therapy, plasmid DNA, transient gene expression, tail vein injection
Analysis of Tubular Membrane Networks in Cardiac Myocytes from Atria and Ventricles
Institutions: Heart Research Center Goettingen, University Medical Center Goettingen, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Goettingen, University of Maryland School of Medicine.
In cardiac myocytes a complex network of membrane tubules - the transverse-axial tubule system (TATS) - controls deep intracellular signaling functions. While the outer surface membrane and associated TATS membrane components appear to be continuous, there are substantial differences in lipid and protein content. In ventricular myocytes (VMs), certain TATS components are highly abundant contributing to rectilinear tubule networks and regular branching 3D architectures. It is thought that peripheral TATS components propagate action potentials from the cell surface to thousands of remote intracellular sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SER) membrane contact domains, thereby activating intracellular Ca2+
release units (CRUs). In contrast to VMs, the organization and functional role of TATS membranes in atrial myocytes (AMs) is significantly different and much less understood. Taken together, quantitative structural characterization of TATS membrane networks in healthy and diseased myocytes is an essential prerequisite towards better understanding of functional plasticity and pathophysiological reorganization. Here, we present a strategic combination of protocols for direct quantitative analysis of TATS membrane networks in living VMs and AMs. For this, we accompany primary cell isolations of mouse VMs and/or AMs with critical quality control steps and direct membrane staining protocols for fluorescence imaging of TATS membranes. Using an optimized workflow for confocal or superresolution TATS image processing, binarized and skeletonized data are generated for quantitative analysis of the TATS network and its components. Unlike previously published indirect regional aggregate image analysis strategies, our protocols enable direct characterization of specific components and derive complex physiological properties of TATS membrane networks in living myocytes with high throughput and open access software tools. In summary, the combined protocol strategy can be readily applied for quantitative TATS network studies during physiological myocyte adaptation or disease changes, comparison of different cardiac or skeletal muscle cell types, phenotyping of transgenic models, and pharmacological or therapeutic interventions.
Bioengineering, Issue 92, cardiac myocyte, atria, ventricle, heart, primary cell isolation, fluorescence microscopy, membrane tubule, transverse-axial tubule system, image analysis, image processing, T-tubule, collagenase
Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
Institutions: Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Hasselt University, Hasselt University, Leuven University.
The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 µm. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. The retina is a tissue that lines the interior of the eye and it is the only tissue that allows for a non-invasive analysis of the microvasculature. Nowadays, high-quality fundus images can be acquired using digital cameras. Retinal images can be collected in 5 min or less, even without dilatation of the pupils. This unobtrusive and fast procedure for visualizing the microcirculation is attractive to apply in epidemiological studies and to monitor cardiovascular health from early age up to old age.
Systemic diseases that affect the circulation can result in progressive morphological changes in the retinal vasculature. For example, changes in the vessel calibers of retinal arteries and veins have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. The vessel widths are derived using image analysis software and the width of the six largest arteries and veins are summarized in the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE) and the Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE). The latter features have been shown useful to study the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The procedures to acquire fundus images and the analysis steps to obtain CRAE and CRVE are described. Coefficients of variation of repeated measures of CRAE and CRVE are less than 2% and within-rater reliability is very high. Using a panel study, the rapid response of the retinal vessel calibers to short-term changes in particulate air pollution, a known risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, is reported. In conclusion, retinal imaging is proposed as a convenient and instrumental tool for epidemiological studies to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Medicine, Issue 92, retina, microvasculature, image analysis, Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent, Central Retinal Venular Equivalent, air pollution, particulate matter, black carbon
Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix
Institutions: Witten/Herdecke University.
The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including embryonic development, wound healing, and immune responses. However, cell migration is also a key mechanism in cancer enabling these cancer cells to detach from the primary tumor to start metastatic spreading. Within the past years various cell migration assays have been developed to analyze the migratory behavior of different cell types. Because the locomotory behavior of cells markedly differs between a two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environment it can be assumed that the analysis of the migration of cells that are embedded within a 3D environment would yield in more significant cell migration data. The advantage of the described 3D collagen matrix migration assay is that cells are embedded within a physiological 3D network of collagen fibers representing the major component of the extracellular matrix. Due to time-lapse video microscopy real cell migration is measured allowing the determination of several migration parameters as well as their alterations in response to pro-migratory factors or inhibitors. Various cell types could be analyzed using this technique, including lymphocytes/leukocytes, stem cells, and tumor cells. Likewise, also cell clusters or spheroids could be embedded within the collagen matrix concomitant with analysis of the emigration of single cells from the cell cluster/ spheroid into the collagen lattice. We conclude that the 3D collagen matrix migration assay is a versatile method to analyze the migration of cells within a physiological-like 3D environment.
Bioengineering, Issue 92, cell migration, 3D collagen matrix, cell tracking
Non-Terminal Blood Sampling Techniques in Guinea Pigs
Institutions: University of Copenhagen.
Guinea pigs possess several biological similarities to humans and are validated experimental animal models1-3
. However, the use of guinea pigs currently represents a relatively narrow area of research and descriptive data on specific methodology is correspondingly scarce. The anatomical features of guinea pigs are slightly different from other rodent models, hence modulation of sampling techniques to accommodate for species-specific differences, e.g
., compared to mice and rats, are necessary to obtain sufficient and high quality samples. As both long and short term in vivo
studies often require repeated blood sampling the choice of technique should be well considered in order to reduce stress and discomfort in the animals but also to ensure survival as well as compliance with requirements of sample size and accessibility. Venous blood samples can be obtained at a number of sites in guinea pigs e.g
., the saphenous and jugular veins, each technique containing both advantages and disadvantages4,5
. Here, we present four different blood sampling techniques for either conscious or anaesthetized guinea pigs. The procedures are all non-terminal procedures provided that sample volumes and number of samples do not exceed guidelines for blood collection in laboratory animals6
. All the described methods have been thoroughly tested and applied for repeated in vivo
blood sampling in studies within our research facility.
Medicine, Issue 92, guinea pig, animal model, blood sampling, non-terminal, saphenous, tarsal, jugular
Isolating and Using Sections of Bovine Mesenteric Artery and Vein as a Bioassay to Test for Vasoactivity in the Small Intestine
Institutions: USDA-Agricultural Research Service.
Mammalian gastrointestinal systems are constantly exposed to compounds (desirable and undesirable) that can have an effect on blood flow to and from that system. Changes in blood flow to the small intestine can result in effects on the absorptive functions of the organ. Particular interest in toxins liberated from feedstuffs through fermentative and digestive processes has developed in ruminants as an area where productive efficiencies could be improved. The video associated with this article describes an in vitro
bioassay developed to screen compounds for vasoactivity in isolated cross-sections of bovine mesenteric artery and vein using a multimyograph. Once the blood vessels are mounted and equilibrated in the myograph, the bioassay itself can be used: as a screening tool to evaluate the contractile response or vasoactivity of compounds of interest; determine the presence of receptor types by pharmacologically targeting receptors with specific agonists; determine the role of a receptor with the presence of one or more antagonists; or determine potential interactions of compounds of interest with antagonists. Through all of this, data are collected real-time, tissue collected from a single animal can be exposed to a large number of different experimental treatments (an in vitro
advantage), and represents vasculature on either side of the capillary bed to provide an accurate picture of what could be happening in the afferent and efferent blood supply supporting the small intestine.
Medicine, Issue 92, Blood flow, bovine, mesenteric artery, mesenteric vein, small intestine, vasoactivity, vasoconstriction
Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia
Institutions: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, University Hospital of Essen.
Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo
using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo
pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo
using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo
bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro
and in vivo
and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.
Medicine, Issue 79, Leukemia, Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Molecular Targeted Therapy, Therapeutics, novel small molecule inhibitor, receptor tyrosine kinase, leukemia
Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula
Institutions: Yale University, The University of Tokyo, Central South University, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems.
Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The proximal infrarenal aorta and the distal aorta are dissected for clamp placement and needle puncture, respectively. Special attention is paid to avoid dissection between the aorta and the IVC. After clamping the aorta, a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta into the IVC. The surrounding connective tissue is used for hemostatic compression. Successful creation of the AVF will show pulsatile arterial blood flow in the IVC. Further confirmation of successful AVF can be achieved by post-operative Doppler ultrasound.
Biomedical Engineering, Issue 77, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Cardiology, Hematology, Blood Vessels, Arteries, Aorta, Abdominal, Veins, Vena Cava, Inferior, Cardiovascular System, aortocaval fistula, mouse, puncture, Doppler ultrasound, compression, surgical techniques, animal model
Laser-Induced Chronic Ocular Hypertension Model on SD Rats
Institutions: The University of Hong Kong - HKU.
Glaucoma is one of the major causes of blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor. Laser photocoagulation induced ocular hypertension is one of the well established animal models. This video demonstrates how to induce ocular hypertension by Argon laser photocoagulation in rat.
Neuroscience, Issue 10, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, rat
Mouse Complete Stasis Model of Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis
Institutions: University of Michigan .
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). In the United States (U.S.), the high morbidity and mortality rates make VTE a serious health concern 1-2
. After heart disease and stroke, VTE is the third most common vascular disease 3
. In the U.S. alone, there is an estimated 900,000 people affected each year, with 300,000 deaths occurring annually 3
. A reliable in vivo animal model to study the mechanisms of this disease is necessary.
The advantages of using the mouse complete stasis model of inferior vena cava thrombosis are several. The mouse model allows for the administration of very small volumes of limited availability test agents, reducing costs dramatically. Most promising is the potential for mice with gene knockouts that allow specific inflammatory and coagulation factor functions to be delineated. Current molecular assays allow for the quantitation of vein wall, thrombus, whole blood, and plasma for assays. However, a major concern involving this model is the operative size constraints and the friability of the vessels. Also, due to the small IVC sample weight (mean 0.005 grams) it is necessary to increase animal numbers for accurate statistical analysis for tissue, thrombus, and blood assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), zymography, vein wall and thrombus cellular analysis, and whole blood and plasma assays 4-8
The major disadvantage with the stasis model is that the lack of blood flow inhibits the maximal effect of administered systemic therapeutic agents on the thrombus and vein wall.
Medicine, Issue 52, Animal model, mouse, venous thrombosis, stasis induced thrombosis, inflammation, venous disease
High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
Institutions: University of Michigan .
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex cardiac arrhythmia with high morbidity and mortality.1,2
It is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance seen in clinical practice and its prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years.3
Increased intra-atrial pressure and dilatation have been long recognized to lead to AF,1,4
which highlights the relevance of using animal models and stretch to study AF dynamics. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AF requires visualization of the cardiac electrical waves with high spatial and temporal resolution. While high-temporal resolution can be achieved by conventional electrical mapping traditionally used in human electrophysiological studies, the small number of intra-atrial electrodes that can be used simultaneously limits the spatial resolution and precludes any detailed tracking of the electrical waves during the arrhythmia. The introduction of optical mapping in the early 90's enabled wide-field characterization of fibrillatory activity together with sub-millimeter spatial resolution in animal models5,6
and led to the identification of rapidly spinning electrical wave patterns (rotors) as the sources of the fibrillatory activity that may occur in the ventricles or the atria.7-9
Using combined time- and frequency-domain analyses of optical mapping it is possible to demonstrate discrete sites of high frequency periodic activity during AF, along with frequency gradients between left and right atrium. The region with fastest rotors activates at the highest frequency and drives the overall arrhythmia.10,11
The waves emanating from such rotor interact with either functional or anatomic obstacles in their path, resulting in the phenomenon of fibrillatory conduction.12
Mapping the endocardial surface of the posterior left atrium (PLA) allows the tracking of AF wave dynamics in the region with the highest rotor frequency. Importantly, the PLA is the region where intracavitary catheter-based ablative procedures are most successful terminating AF in patients,13
which underscores the relevance of studying AF dynamics from the interior of the left atrium. Here we describe a sheep model of acute stretch-induced AF, which resembles some of the characteristics of human paroxysmal AF. Epicardial mapping on the left atrium is complemented with endocardial mapping of the PLA using a dual-channel rigid borescope c-mounted to a CCD camera, which represents the most direct approach to visualize the patterns of activation in the most relevant region for AF maintenance.
Medicine, Issue 53, atrial fibrillation, endocardial mapping, patterns of activation, posterior left atrium
Multiplexed Single-molecule Force Proteolysis Measurements Using Magnetic Tweezers
Institutions: Stanford University .
The generation and detection of mechanical forces is a ubiquitous aspect of cell physiology, with direct relevance to cancer metastasis1
and wound healing3
. In each of these examples, cells both exert force on their surroundings and simultaneously enzymatically remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM). The effect of forces on ECM has thus become an area of considerable interest due to its likely biological and medical importance4-7
Single molecule techniques such as optical trapping8
, atomic force microscopy9
, and magnetic tweezers10,11
allow researchers to probe the function of enzymes at a molecular level by exerting forces on individual proteins. Of these techniques, magnetic tweezers (MT) are notable for their low cost and high throughput. MT exert forces in the range of ~1-100 pN and can provide millisecond temporal resolution, qualities that are well matched to the study of enzyme mechanism at the single-molecule level12
. Here we report a highly parallelizable MT assay to study the effect of force on the proteolysis of single protein molecules. We present the specific example of the proteolysis of a trimeric collagen peptide by matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1); however, this assay can be easily adapted to study other substrates and proteases.
Bioengineering, Issue 65, Chemical Engineering, Physics, Single-molecule spectroscopy, magnetic tweezers, force proteolysis, collagen, MMP-1
Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation
Institutions: Oregon Health and Science University , University of Southern California.
Noncontact retinal blood flow measurements are performed with a Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using a circumpapillary double circular scan (CDCS) that scans around the optic nerve head at 3.40 mm and 3.75 mm diameters. The double concentric circles are performed 6 times consecutively over 2 sec. The CDCS scan is saved with Doppler shift information from which flow can be calculated. The standard clinical protocol calls for 3 CDCS scans made with the OCT beam passing through the superonasal edge of the pupil and 3 CDCS scan through the inferonal pupil. This double-angle protocol ensures that acceptable Doppler angle is obtained on each retinal branch vessel in at least 1 scan. The CDCS scan data, a 3-dimensional volumetric OCT scan of the optic disc scan, and a color photograph of the optic disc are used together to obtain retinal blood flow measurement on an eye. We have developed a blood flow measurement software called "Doppler optical coherence tomography of retinal circulation" (DOCTORC). This semi-automated software is used to measure total retinal blood flow, vessel cross section area, and average blood velocity. The flow of each vessel is calculated from the Doppler shift in the vessel cross-sectional area and the Doppler angle between the vessel and the OCT beam. Total retinal blood flow measurement is summed from the veins around the optic disc. The results obtained at our Doppler OCT reading center showed good reproducibility between graders and methods (<10%). Total retinal blood flow could be useful in the management of glaucoma, other retinal diseases, and retinal diseases. In glaucoma patients, OCT retinal blood flow measurement was highly correlated with visual field loss (R2
>0.57 with visual field pattern deviation). Doppler OCT is a new method to perform rapid, noncontact, and repeatable measurement of total retinal blood flow using widely available Fourier-domain OCT instrumentation. This new technology may improve the practicality of making these measurements in clinical studies and routine clinical practice.
Medicine, Issue 67, Ophthalmology, Physics, Doppler optical coherence tomography, total retinal blood flow, dual circular scan pattern, image analysis, semi-automated grading software, optic disc
Enhancement of Apoptotic and Autophagic Induction by a Novel Synthetic C-1 Analogue of 7-deoxypancratistatin in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma and Neuroblastoma Cells with Tamoxifen
Institutions: University of Windsor, Brock University.
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers amongst women in North America. Many current anti-cancer treatments, including ionizing radiation, induce apoptosis via DNA damage. Unfortunately, such treatments are non-selective to cancer cells and produce similar toxicity in normal cells. We have reported selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by the natural compound pancratistatin (PST). Recently, a novel PST analogue, a C-1 acetoxymethyl derivative of 7-deoxypancratistatin (JCTH-4), was produced by de novo synthesis and it exhibits comparable selective apoptosis inducing activity in several cancer cell lines. Recently, autophagy has been implicated in malignancies as both pro-survival and pro-death mechanisms in response to chemotherapy. Tamoxifen (TAM) has invariably demonstrated induction of pro-survival autophagy in numerous cancers. In this study, the efficacy of JCTH-4 alone and in combination with TAM to induce cell death in human breast cancer (MCF7) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells was evaluated. TAM alone induced autophagy, but insignificant cell death whereas JCTH-4 alone caused significant induction of apoptosis with some induction of autophagy. Interestingly, the combinatory treatment yielded a drastic increase in apoptotic and autophagic induction. We monitored time-dependent morphological changes in MCF7 cells undergoing TAM-induced autophagy, JCTH-4-induced apoptosis and autophagy, and accelerated cell death with combinatorial treatment using time-lapse microscopy. We have demonstrated these compounds to induce apoptosis/autophagy by mitochondrial targeting in these cancer cells. Importantly, these treatments did not affect the survival of noncancerous human fibroblasts. Thus, these results indicate that JCTH-4 in combination with TAM could be used as a safe and very potent anti-cancer therapy against breast cancer and neuroblastoma cells.
Cancer Biology, Issue 63, Medicine, Biochemistry, Breast adenocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, tamoxifen, combination therapy, apoptosis, autophagy
Exploring Arterial Smooth Muscle Kv7 Potassium Channel Function using Patch Clamp Electrophysiology and Pressure Myography
Institutions: Loyola University Chicago.
Contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the walls of resistance arteries determines the artery diameter and thereby controls flow of blood through the vessel and contributes to systemic blood pressure. The contraction process is regulated primarily by cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+
), which is in turn controlled by a variety of ion transporters and channels. Ion channels are common intermediates in signal transduction pathways activated by vasoactive hormones to effect vasoconstriction or vasodilation. And ion channels are often targeted by therapeutic agents either intentionally (e.g.
calcium channel blockers used to induce vasodilation and lower blood pressure) or unintentionally (e.g.
to induce unwanted cardiovascular side effects).
Kv7 (KCNQ) voltage-activated potassium channels have recently been implicated as important physiological and therapeutic targets for regulation of smooth muscle contraction. To elucidate the specific roles of Kv7 channels in both physiological signal transduction and in the actions of therapeutic agents, we need to study how their activity is modulated at the cellular level as well as evaluate their contribution in the context of the intact artery.
The rat mesenteric arteries provide a useful model system. The arteries can be easily dissected, cleaned of connective tissue, and used to prepare isolated arterial myocytes for patch clamp electrophysiology, or cannulated and pressurized for measurements of vasoconstrictor/vasodilator responses under relatively physiological conditions. Here we describe the methods used for both types of measurements and provide some examples of how the experimental design can be integrated to provide a clearer understanding of the roles of these ion channels in the regulation of vascular tone.
Physiology, Issue 67, Molecular Biology, Medicine, Anatomy, Vascular smooth muscle, mesenteric artery, patch clamp, Kv channel, vasoconstriction, electrophysiology
Direct Pressure Monitoring Accurately Predicts Pulmonary Vein Occlusion During Cryoballoon Ablation
Institutions: Piedmont Heart Institute, Medtronic Inc..
Cryoballoon ablation (CBA) is an established therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary vein (PV) occlusion is essential for achieving antral contact and PV isolation and is typically assessed by contrast injection. We present a novel method of direct pressure monitoring for assessment of PV occlusion.
Transcatheter pressure is monitored during balloon advancement to the PV antrum. Pressure is recorded via a single pressure transducer connected to the inner lumen of the cryoballoon. Pressure curve characteristics are used to assess occlusion in conjunction with fluoroscopic or intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) guidance. PV occlusion is confirmed when loss of typical left atrial (LA) pressure waveform is observed with recordings of PA pressure characteristics (no A wave and rapid V wave upstroke). Complete pulmonary vein occlusion as assessed with this technique has been confirmed with concurrent contrast utilization during the initial testing of the technique and has been shown to be highly accurate and readily reproducible.
We evaluated the efficacy of this novel technique in 35 patients. A total of 128 veins were assessed for occlusion with the cryoballoon utilizing the pressure monitoring technique; occlusive pressure was demonstrated in 113 veins with resultant successful pulmonary vein isolation in 111 veins (98.2%). Occlusion was confirmed with subsequent contrast injection during the initial ten procedures, after which contrast utilization was rapidly reduced or eliminated given the highly accurate identification of occlusive pressure waveform with limited initial training.
Verification of PV occlusive pressure during CBA is a novel approach to assessing effective PV occlusion and it accurately predicts electrical isolation. Utilization of this method results in significant decrease in fluoroscopy time and volume of contrast.
Medicine, Issue 72, Anatomy, Physiology, Cardiology, Biomedical Engineering, Surgery, Cardiovascular System, Cardiovascular Diseases, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Investigative Techniques, Atrial fibrillation, Cryoballoon Ablation, Pulmonary Vein Occlusion, Pulmonary Vein Isolation, electrophysiology, catheterizatoin, heart, vein, clinical, surgical device, surgical techniques
Experimental Metastasis and CTL Adoptive Transfer Immunotherapy Mouse Model
Institutions: Medical College of Georgia.
Experimental metastasis mouse model is a simple and yet physiologically relevant metastasis model. The tumor cells are injected intravenously (i.v) into mouse tail veins and colonize in the lungs, thereby, resembling the last steps of tumor cell spontaneous metastasis: survival in the circulation, extravasation and colonization in the distal organs. From a therapeutic point of view, the experimental metastasis model is the simplest and ideal model since the target of therapies is often the end point of metastasis: established metastatic tumor in the distal organ. In this model, tumor cells are injected i.v into mouse tail veins and allowed to colonize and grow in the lungs. Tumor-specific CTLs are then injected i.v into the metastases-bearing mouse. The number and size of the lung metastases can be controlled by the number of tumor cells to be injected and the time of tumor growth. Therefore, various stages of metastasis, from minimal metastasis to extensive metastasis, can be modeled. Lung metastases are analyzed by inflation with ink, thus allowing easier visual observation and quantification.
Immunology, Issue 45, Metastasis, CTL adoptive transfer, Lung, Tumor Immunology
Testing the Physiological Barriers to Viral Transmission in Aphids Using Microinjection
Institutions: Cornell University, Cornell University.
Potato loafroll virus (PLRV), from the family Luteoviridae infects solanaceous plants. It is transmitted by aphids, primarily, the green peach aphid. When an uninfected aphid feeds on an infected plant it contracts the virus through the plant phloem. Once ingested, the virus must pass from the insect gut to the hemolymph (the insect blood ) and then must pass through the salivary gland, in order to be transmitted back to a new plant. An aphid may take up different viruses when munching on a plant, however only a small fraction will pass through the gut and salivary gland, the two main barriers for transmission to infect more plants. In the lab, we use physalis plants to study PLRV transmission. In this host, symptoms are characterized by stunting and interveinal chlorosis (yellowing of the leaves between the veins with the veins remaining green). The video that we present demonstrates a method for performing aphid microinjection on insects that do not vector PLVR viruses and tests whether the gut is preventing viral transmission.
The video that we present demonstrates a method for performing Aphid microinjection on insects that do not vector PLVR viruses and tests whether the gut or salivary gland is preventing viral transmission.
Plant Biology, Issue 15, Annual Review, Aphids, Plant Virus, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Microinjection Technique
Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens
Institutions: University of Minnesota , University of Minnesota , University of Minnesota , University of Minnesota , University of Minnesota .
A detailed understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac devices that require access to these vessels. For example, cardiac venous anatomy is known to be one of the key limitations for the proper delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)1
Therefore, the development of a database of anatomical parameters for human cardiac venous systems can aid in the design of CRT delivery devices to overcome such a limitation. In this research project, the anatomical parameters were obtained from 3D reconstructions of the venous system using contrast-computed tomography (CT) imaging and modeling software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The following parameters were assessed for each vein: arc length, tortuousity, branching angle, distance to the coronary sinus ostium, and vessel diameter.
CRT is a potential treatment for patients with electromechanical dyssynchrony. Approximately 10-20% of heart failure patients may benefit from CRT2
. Electromechanical dyssynchrony implies that parts of the myocardium activate and contract earlier or later than the normal conduction pathway of the heart. In CRT, dyssynchronous areas of the myocardium are treated with electrical stimulation. CRT pacing typically involves pacing leads that stimulate the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), and left ventricle (LV) to produce more resynchronized rhythms. The LV lead is typically implanted within a cardiac vein, with the aim to overlay it within the site of latest myocardial activation.
We believe that the models obtained and the analyses thereof will promote the anatomical education for patients, students, clinicians, and medical device designers. The methodologies employed here can also be utilized to study other anatomical features of our human heart specimens, such as the coronary arteries. To further encourage the educational value of this research, we have shared the venous models on our free access website: www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas.
Biomedical Engineering, Issue 74, Medicine, Bioengineering, Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Cardiology, Coronary Vessels, Heart, Heart Conduction System, Heart Ventricles, Myocardium, cardiac veins, coronary veins, perfusion-fixed human hearts, Computed Tomography, CT, CT scan, contrast injections, 3D modeling, Device Development, vessel parameters, imaging, clinical techniques
Drawing Blood from Rats through the Saphenous Vein and by Cardiac Puncture
Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI).
Drawing blood from rodents is necessary for a large number of both in vitro and in vivo studies. Sites of blood draws are numerous in rodents: retro-orbital sinus, jugular vein, maxillary vein, saphenous vein, heart. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages, and some are not approved any more in some countries (e.g., retro-orbital draws in Holland). A discussion of different techniques for drawing blood are available 1-3
Here, we present two techniques for drawing blood from rats, each with its specific applications.
Blood draw from the saphenous vein, provided it is done properly, induces minimal distress in animals and does not require anesthesia. This technique allows repeated draws of small amounts of blood, such as needed for pharmacokinetic studies 4,5
, determining plasma chemistry, or blood counts 6
Cardiac puncture allows the collection of large amounts of blood from a single animal (up to 10 ml of blood can be drawn from a 150 g rat). This technique is therefore very useful as a terminal procedure when drawing blood from the saphenous would not provide a large enough sample. We use cardiac puncture when we need sufficient amounts of serum from a specific strain of rats to grow T lymphocyte lines in vitro 4-9
Immunology, Issue 7, Blood Sampling Method, Rodent, Blood Draw, Heart, Pharmacokinetics, Serum, Plasma, Blood Collection, Bleeding, Hematology | <urn:uuid:23512596-945b-42a5-8955-cbf33bff3f99> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jove.com/visualize/abstract/24505358/decreased-pge-content-reduces-mmp-1-activity-consequently-increases | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00460-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89922 | 10,752 | 2.03125 | 2 |
When children are young, a few things are generally true. Firstly, a fantastical story is far more likely to grab their attention than a hum-drum one. Secondly, their little minds are like sponges and they are rapidly learning money habits that are likely to last. So, it is the best time to start them on the right financial journey and set them up for a lifetime of financial confidence!
This National Savings Month, when the spotlight is on learning how to put money away – for rainy and sunny days – now’s the time to have crucial, meaningful conversations with kids about good money habits. Sadly, not enough South African households have these discussions. To avoid that glazed-over look on your six-year-old’s face – her mind is 100% on ponies again – making money discussions fun is key.
Sanlam recently launched its free Sanlam Savings Jar app which uses Augmented Reality and animation – in the form of a life-size growing dragon – to teach children the wonders of saving. Mariska Oosthuizen, Head of Brand at Sanlam, says that the app was designed to get families talking about money. “We recently rebooted our brand to be purpose-led, with a mission to empower more people to live with confidence. We believe this starts in childhood. With this app, we wanted to create something fun, that entrenches positive saving behaviour through repetition and reward. Children become young dragon masters and the more treasure they save in their virtual jars, the more their pet dragons grow.”
To help you explain simple money concepts in ways that will keep your children engaged, why not take them on a magical money quest? In keeping with the mystical and magical dragon theme, here are the five things that savings and setting out to find a dragon have in common.
- To start your quest, you need a goal!
Every adventure starts with a goal! This could be anything, from finding a dragon (because of course they exist) to building a magical castle out of jellybeans. When it comes to saving, you also need a goal, which should be simple and achievable! Perhaps it is to save enough to buy a skateboard. Or enough to buy gifts for less privileged kids at Christmas. Or the family a round of ice creams next time you go out. Whatever you decide, this goal is very important. It gives you the focus and direction when it comes to saving.
- Next you need to plan your quest…
How exactly are you going to find this dragon? Do you have an ancient map, drawn up by the dragon riders of old? How long do you think your quest will take? What equipment do you need to wrangle your mystical beast when you find it? Will you need some help from others on your adventure? A dragon tamer perhaps? These are very important considerations indeed.
And saving for your goal is no different. You need a plan that says how long you are going to take to reach your goal and what exactly you’ll do with the treasure you earn on the way. A goal without a plan is just a dream! Make yours a reality.
- How will you pay for your adventure?
Dragon-wrangling costs quite a bit of treasure! Do you have enough saved, or will you need to use your talents to make more money? Think about the things you’ll need for your quest. They all come at a price! Once you find your winged wonder, it’ll also be pretty pricey to feed your new pet. Dragons eat A LOT of spaghetti.
Similarly, when saving, you need a budget that will allow you to cover your needs and wants and still put enough aside to reach your savings goal.
4. What talents can you use to make more money for your quest?
By now, you’ve probably realised that having a pet dragon is pricey. You need to feed your beastie, get his wings regularly serviced at the dragon-wash, and employ a talon-ted nail artist to file his claws. That’s not cheap! So, how will you earn more to grow your treasure? Think about what you can do around your castle to earn more money. Can you do extra chores for cash? Or do you have a special talent you can use? Could you paint your dragon and sell your art for money? Or bake cupcakes and sell them to family and friends? Make a list of ways you can get your paws on more shiny coins!
5. Big adventures take time… but they’re so worth it!
One does not simply find a dragon overnight. It takes time. A long time, sometimes. Dragons are pretty sneaky. They know how to hide. So, you might be looking for a while. But that means that when you find your precious pet, it’ll be all the more special, right? You might be tempted to settle for lesser dragons on the way. Like maybe you’ll see a lizard and think it’s just a baby dragon in disguise. But it’s not really! It will be fun for a while but deep down, you’ll still long to find yourself a bona fide dragon pet. One cannot fly into the clouds on a lizard. That would be ridiculous.
When it comes to savings, the same can be said of spending on something that you don’t really need, just because you feel like getting something new. Think quickly before buying a small Lego pack with some figurine, rather than saving and waiting until you can get the bigger box set. A lot of adults struggle with delayed gratification and it can land them in all sorts of debt. Learning this skill during childhood can be invaluable for a successful and financially confident future.
For more information about the Sanlam Savings Jar, visit Sanlam.co.za or download it from the app store. Or to complete a 21-day savings challenge with your kids, visit Sanlam.co.za
And for more about the app | <urn:uuid:5e223f2d-44ab-40a7-b416-74b42377f825> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://absolutemama.co.za/five-ways-saving-is-as-simple-as-finding-a-dragon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.956064 | 1,242 | 2.203125 | 2 |
FHRAI has stated that service charge, colloquially known as ‘tip’, is the amount paid to the staff of the restaurant or other similar establishment by its guest. In some instances, a restaurant may choose to include service charge amount in the bill and the percentage may vary from 5 to 15 per cent of the value billed. It is a common and accepted practice in India as well as several other countries, the association has stated.
Gurbaxish Singh Kohli
The Indian hotel industry has taken a hit of over Rs 1.30 lakh crore in revenue for the fiscal year 2020-21 due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, said the Federation of Hotel & Restaurant Associations of India (FHRAI).
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50,000+ Industry Leaders read it everyday | <urn:uuid:dd0a007c-0c9f-41cc-9a92-972b900ef828> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cfo.economictimes.indiatimes.com/tag/gurbaxish+singh+kohli | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.964828 | 176 | 2.078125 | 2 |
The stigma and prejudice toward mental health issues in black communities is especially thick, making it very difficult for persons suffering from depression or anxiety (or any mood disorder) to acknowledge it, let alone seek treatment.
Read Whole Story
How do African Americans begin to eliminate the stigma of mental illness so that we can get the help we need sooner rather than later, and support those who need it?
Get top stories and blog posts emailed to me each day. Newsletters may offer personalized content or advertisements. Learn more. | <urn:uuid:77379990-98b1-4d70-9da9-954d4abcca25> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/african-americans-mental-illness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00428-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929735 | 104 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Text in Italics is general (instructional) information
Detail of lumbar spine
MR cervical spine
Mr T11 vertebra
X rays the upper view show a lytic region destroying the pedicle of T11. There is a soft tissue shadow about the vertebra and loss of disc space between T10 and T11. The middle Magnetic resonance image is of the cervical region. It shows a soft tissue mass about C7 and T1 vertebrae. Compression of the cord had occurred at this lesion. The lower MR is of T11 vertebra. Again the soft tissue mass is seen extending from the vertebral body to the paraspinal muscles posteriorly. This mass was boipsied and caseous material was found. A biopsy of a lymph node also proved positive for tuberculosis. She was HIV negative. Antituberculosis medication was administered. Spinal Tuberculosis is a lytic process (initially) and involves two (or more) adjacent vertebrae there is usually a large soft tissue component as seen in the views here. The ESR is usually above 100 and there is a relative lymphocytosis. This disease is common in South Africa and if the findings are typical biopsy is not always deemed necessary. We biopsied this lady because the total destruction of the pedicle (seen here in the top X ray) suggested a malignant cause. Treatment is by antituberculous drugs for at least 18 months. Neurological fallout that does not respond to treatment, or which worsens on treatment, is an indication for surgery. As the anterior elements are usually affected the approach must be from anterior too. | <urn:uuid:05d341fc-2a0f-4ba2-a4b5-8a035354161a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www0.sun.ac.za/ortho/btr/btr-images.php?pageNum_Recordset1=106&totalRows_Recordset1=123 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00243-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95184 | 340 | 2.546875 | 3 |
President William Howard Taft motorized the White House in 1909 when he purchased a steam-powered White, two gasoline-powered Pierce-Arrows and a Baker Electric. Three years later, Taft replaced the 1909 Baker with this 1912 Victoria model for the First Lady's use. It remained in use until 1928, serving Helen Taft, Ellen Wilson, Edith Wilson, Florence Harding, and Grace Coolidge.
From the Collections of The Henry Ford.
Not on exhibit to the public.
Get more details in Digital Collections at: | <urn:uuid:d4ed32ea-b4ef-4c44-b79d-44581111c462> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/card/195103 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.826671 | 121 | 2.25 | 2 |
|Names||Spokesperson, spokesman, spokeswoman|
|Journalism, communications, politics, public relations|
|Competencies||Public speaking, writing|
A spokesperson, spokesman, or spokeswoman, is someone engaged or elected to speak on behalf of others.
In the present media-sensitive world, many organizations are increasingly likely to employ professionals who have received formal training in journalism, communications, public relations and public affairs in this role in order to ensure that public announcements are made in the most appropriate fashion and through the most appropriate channels to maximize the impact of favorable messages, and to minimize the impact of unfavorable messages. Celebrity spokespeople such as popular local and national sports stars (such as Michael Jordan or Bob Uecker) or television and film stars (such as Beyoncé or Michael J. Fox) are often chosen as spokespeople for commercial advertising. As of August 2017, Kayleigh McEnany and Michael Tyler served as spokespeople of the RNC and DNC, respectively.
Unlike an individual giving a personal testimonial, it is the job of a spokesperson to faithfully represent and advocate for the organization's positions, even when these conflict with their own opinion. As a result, spokespeople are generally selected from experienced, long-time employees or other people who are known to support the organization's goals.
A corporation may be represented in public by its chief executive officer, chairperson, or president, chief financial officer, counsel, or external legal advisor. In addition, on a day-to-day level and for more routine announcements, the job may be delegated to the corporate communications or investor relations departments (or equivalents), who will act as spokespeople.
As an example, in the particle physics community, large collaborations of physicists elect one (or two) spokespeople or leader(s) of the collaboration. The spokesperson in such cases is the lead scientist of the collaboration, not a public speaker. Each collaboration chooses the roles and responsibilities of the spokesperson for internal purposes, but typically spokespeople also have defined roles for liaising with the host laboratory and/or funding agencies. | <urn:uuid:5fa1793c-265e-4c53-94d3-5817ea4dc4fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Spokesperson | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.950461 | 456 | 2.84375 | 3 |
New Delhi, Nov 28 (UNI) Air quality in the national capital continues to remain in the 'very poor' category on Sunday as the Air Quality Index(AQI) recorded 401 today morning, said the India Meteorological department(IMD).
New Delhi/UNI: The Supreme Court will continue hearing Delhi-NCR pollution case, as it had asked the Central Government on Saturday to inform it by Monday the decisions it (The Centre) had taken and will take to address the current emergency situation caused by air pollution.
New Delhi/UNI: The Delhi government will adopt a ten pronged approach to combat the air pollution menace of the national capital as a part of Delhi's winter action plan, Environment Minister Gopal Rai said on Thursday.
New Delhi,/IBNS: Thousands gathered at town hall meetings across New Delhi recently to demand clean air from their representatives led by My Right to Breath (MRTB), a citizens' movement.
New Delhi, Nov 22 (UNI) There has been an overall improvement in the air quality of Delhi in 2019 successively from 2016 and the government is taking several initiatives to curb air pollution, Union Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar said in the Lok Sabha on Friday.
New Delhi, Dec 13 (IBNS): In a notable ruling, the Supreme Court bench of Justices Madan B Lokur and Deepak Gupta has directed the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to notify the comprehensive action plan for Delhi and National Capital region of Delhi (NCR) within two weeks.
New Delhi, Nov 10 (IBNS) : The National Green Tribunal (NGT) on Friday said it would examine the Delhi government’s decision to implement odd-even car rationing scheme for five days starting from November 13, The Hindu reported.
New Delhi| Jan 11 (IBNS): Damning information obtained by Greenpeace India through online reports and Right to Information applications from State Pollution Control Boards across India, shows that none of the Indian cities comply with standards prescribed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and very few cities in southern India comply to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards. | <urn:uuid:321f07cf-41d9-4f1b-b299-881107d2b265> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.indiablooms.com/tag/H/delhipollution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.933336 | 452 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Blackheads are very common especially among adolescents. They commonly occur on the face, particularly the nose. Blackheads mostly occur if one has a very oily skin. If not taken care, black heads can grow into pimples.
No matter how many costly products one uses to banish them, they return. But, don’t worry, natural home remedies may help you get rid of blackheads without damaging your skin. | <urn:uuid:8370d0c1-3d13-448e-a027-269496301d98> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://healthtipseveryday.com/viewnews/28/359/home-remedies-to-get-rid-of-blackheads.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00265-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946427 | 86 | 1.703125 | 2 |
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The US patent office ruled on Wednesday that hotly disputed patents on the revolutionary genome-editing technology CRISPR-Cas9 belong to the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, dealing a blow to the University of California in its efforts to overturn those patents.
In a one-sentence judgment by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, the three judges decided that there is “no interference in fact.” In other words, key CRISPR patents awarded to the Broad beginning in 2014 are sufficiently different from patents applied for by UC that they can stand. The judges’ full 51-page decision explaining their reasoning stated that the Broad had persuaded them “that the parties claim patentably distinct subject matter.”
“The Broad landed a knock-out punch,” said Jacob Sherkow of New York Law School, an expert on patent law who has followed the CRISPR case.
READ MORE: The CRISPR patent decision: Your six takeaways
The ruling means that, in the eyes of the patent office, breakthrough work by UC biochemist Jennifer Doudna and her colleagues on CRISPR — an ancient bacterial immune system that they repurposed to easily and precisely edit DNA — was not so all-encompassing as to make later advances “obvious.” That is at odds with how much of the science world has viewed their work. Doudna and her chief collaborator, Emmanuelle Charpentier, won the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in the life sciences in 2015, the $500,000 Gruber Genetics Prize in 2015, and the $450,000 Japan Prize in 2017.
The patent board said in its decision that the achievement of the Broad’s Feng Zhang in inventing a way to use CRISPR to edit the genomes of mouse and human cells “would not have been obvious” from the invention by Doudna and Charpentier “because one of ordinary skill in the art would not have reasonably expected a CRISPR-Cas9 system to be successful” in those higher-order cells.
Although today’s molecular biologists, especially those doing genome editing, have a good idea of who made which seminal discoveries, the patent decision will likely shape how history views the CRISPR pioneers: now, Zhang will be the scientist who invented the form of CRISPR that has revolutionized humans’ ability to make wholesale changes in an organism’s blueprint of life, for purposes ranging from cancer therapy to turning pigs into organ donors for humans on transplant waiting lists.
The ruling also has big consequences for a phalanx of biotech startups racing to commercialize CRISPR technology. Companies that backed the wrong horse will have to scramble to shore up their intellectual property portfolio. Berkeley-based Caribou Biosciences, Inc., holds the exclusive license on the CRISPR-Cas9 inventions made by Doudna and her colleagues, while Basel, Switzerland-based CRISPR Therapeutics licensed essentially the same inventions from the University of Vienna, where Charpentier once worked and which sided with UC in the patent case.
But champagne corks should pop at the dozen-plus companies that won non-exclusive licenses from the Broad for its CRISPR patents, ranging from GE Healthcare and Monsanto to German drug-developer Evotec and, arguably the biggest winner, Cambridge, Mass.-based Editas Medicine. Co-founded by the Broad’s Zhang (and also by Doudna, in more collegial days), Editas holds the exclusive license on what may be the most lucrative prize of all: applications of Zhang’s CRISPR-Cas9 inventions to diseases. Only if Editas passes on a certain disease-related application can another company license the Broad’s patents.
Shares of Editas jumped 29 percent by the close of trading.
READ MORE: What does the CRISPR ruling mean for biotech?
In a statement, the University of California said it was pleased that its patent application, which it described as covering “the invention and use of CRISPR gene editing in all cells,” can move forward. “We continue to maintain that the evidence overwhelmingly supports our position that the Doudna/Charpentier team was the first group to invent this technology for use in all settings and all cell types,” it said, “and that the Broad Institute’s patents directed toward use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in particular cell types are not patentably distinct from the Doudna/Charpentier invention.”
UC said it is considering its legal options, including the possibility of an appeal, but it contended that anyone who wants to develop CRISPR-based treatments for human diseases would have to license not only the Broad’s patents but also those that UC expects to be awarded. “Ours,” Doudna told reporters, “is for the use [of CRISPR] in all cells,” including human ones.
The Broad said in a statement that the decision “confirms that the patents and applications of Broad Institute and UC Berkeley are about different subjects and do not interfere with each other.”
The CRISPR case began in January 2016, when the patent office granted UC’s request to launch an “interference” proceeding. That means the patent office was willing to entertain the possibility that the CRISPR-Cas9 patent application that UC filed in May 2012, but which the patent office had not issued, claimed essentially the same invention as the patent awarded to the Broad in April 2014. The award to the Broad might therefore have “interfered” with UC’s application.
The case therefore turned in large part on whether UC’s claims about what Doudna and Charpentier invented were essentially the same as the Broad’s claims about what Zhang invented, as detailed in the Broad’s December 2012 patent application. Although the Broad filed months after UC, it paid a small fee for accelerated review and got its patents — eventually, 13 of them. UC has not challenged the other 30 or so CRISPR patents that the office has awarded, including those to Harvard for inventions by geneticist George Church, largely because they cover narrower innovations. Zhang’s patents are considered foundational, covering virtually all uses of CRISPR-Cas9 in mammalian cells.
UC’s application described how Doudna, Charpentier, and their team constructed CRISPR-based molecules able to cut DNA in a test tube, which they reported in 2012. The gist of UC’s legal argument was that constructing such molecules to edit DNA inside living eukaryotic cells (those whose DNA is inside a cell nucleus), as scientists led by the Broad’s Zhang and, separately, by Harvard’s Church did in two 2013 papers, was an obvious extension of Doudna’s work — even though her feat wasn’t performed in living cells. It could have been accomplished, UC argued, by “persons of ordinary skill in the art” of molecular genetics.
CRISPR is a powerful gene-editing tool with transformative potential. Feng Zhang, a scientist at the Broad Institute, explains how it works. Video by Matthew Orr/STAT
In other words, Doudna worked out the recipe, Zhang just applied and extended it. An obvious add-on would not be eligible for patents. If the three judges on the Patent Trial and Appeal Board agreed that extending CRISPR to eukaryotic cells was obvious, then key patents awarded to the Broad would have essentially been clawed back.
After 13 months, the judges did not agree with UC. In their decision, they concluded that using CRISPR-Cas9 to simultaneously edit the genomes of eukaryotic cells at multiple locations represented an invention that could not have been made by just any scientist of ordinary skill. What Zhang accomplished was therefore separately patentable: The patent office’s decision to award the Broad CRISPR patents did not interfere with UC’s pending patent applications.
Neither the commercial consequences nor the reputational ones will hit immediately. While UC said it was weighing an appeal, experts on intellectual property said they couldn’t imagine the university not appealing, given the stakes. If the use of CRISPR to treat genetic disorders, including cancer, lives up to the hopes that scientists and biotechnology companies have for it, this form of genome editing is expected to be a multibillion-dollar annual market. Agricultural uses, from tweaking mushroom genes so the fungi never turn brown to editing corn genes so its oil is as healthful as olive oil, are expected to be another billion-dollar market.
PTAB appeals are heard by the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which sits in Washington. In recent years, more than half of PTAB’s decisions have been upheld.
“The Federal Circuit heard three appeals of interferences in 2016,” said Sherkow. “All three were at least affirmed in part. It’s completely unclear whether that’s meaningful — it’s an N of 3–but there you go.” Overall, on 155 appeals since PTAB was created in 2012, the Federal Circuit affirmed 120 on every issue, dismissed or reversed 21 on every issue, and issued partial decisions (that is, upholding parts of a PTAB decision and reversing others) in the other 14.
An appeal would, of course, keep the legal bills growing. The Broad’s legal costs, paid by Editas, topped $15 million last summer. UC’s, paid by Caribou, have passed $5 million. Neither party has said what they have spent since then.
The dispute turned ugly quickly. Last summer, UC found a former member of Zhang’s lab who, in asking Doudna for a job, claimed that he could document “the [Zhang] lab’s failure process,” and that Zhang succeeded in making CRISPR edit human and mouse genes only after he read Doudna’s 2012 paper. In March, UC argued that the Broad obtained its patents fraudulently, because it “withheld or misrepresented material information with the intent to deceive the USPTO” into believing that Zhang had accomplished more than he really did. The Broad disputed all of this, and PTAB denied UC’s motions to take testimony of these points.
Close watchers of the CRISPR patent fight have expected the Broad to prevail since early December, when, during the only oral arguments in the case, the three-judge PTAB panel directed many more skeptical questions at UC’s attorney than they did at the Broad’s. At the time, Sherkow said the grilling “was bad for UC.”
The patent battle has caused entire rivers of bad blood between the institutions. A year ago, Broad president Eric Lander wrote a history of CRISPR that critics perceived as giving too little credit to the UC group, leading Doudna to call his account “factually incorrect.” When STAT asked Rush Holt, CEO of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, whether the patent decision cemented the Broad’s preeminent reputation, he joked, “Eric would say it never needed cementing.”
This article is reproduced with permission from STAT. It was first published on Feb. 15, 2017. Find the original story here.
Support Provided By:
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My first experience with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles was in the spring of 2005, when I visited the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center at Twentynine Palms, California. I was researching an article on close air support, and got a firsthand look at the RQ-2 Pioneer operated by Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron-1. Later that year, I had the opportunity to see a Predator in action when the base where I was staying, in Afghanistan’s Kunar Province, came under nighttime mortar attack. It was impressive: Operators on the other side of the world—at Nevada’s Creech Air Force Base—used the UAV’s cameras to zoom in on the attackers, then fire Hellfire missiles at their location. The mortar attacks abruptly ceased.
I became more familiar with UAVs during subsequent embeds in Afghanistan and Iraq, and on other research trips to Marine bases in the States. Although I never got more than a cursory look at how they were operated, the brief exposure sparked an interest to learn more. I had watched Marines using different types of UAVs, some of them small and relatively simple. And I wondered: Could someone without a formal background in aeronautical engineering—someone like me—actually build a UAV that could be used in the field?
I decided to give it a try. But before I could hit the drawing board, I’d have to research the world of UAVs, starting at the beginning. See the gallery above for a short history of unmanned flying vehicles, both military and civilian.
Photographer and writer Ed Darack plans to document—with photos and video—his attempt to design his own UAV. We’ll follow his progress at airspacemag.com as he advances from concept to working prototype.
The Union and Confederate armies both used balloons for spying on the enemy during the U.S. Civil War, with pilot-observers onboard. At least one person—Charles Perley of New York City—imagined that they could also be used to deliver weapons. His patent dated February 24, 1863 calls for a “divided basket” which would open like a clamshell when a timed fuse expired, thereby releasing a bomb. “A balloon can be made to pass over any object, and…any-sized bomb or missile of destruction can be carried up over the place to be destroyed,” he wrote. | <urn:uuid:c06a1b87-85dc-4b7c-8219-ce2ab65dd0ce> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.airspacemag.com/photos/a-brief-history-of-unmanned-aircraft-174072843/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00167-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967409 | 507 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Cooking experiences teach children how food is prepared and cooked and how it contributes to their health and wellbeing. Children enjoy cooking experiences as it is one of the few activities which allow them to do exactly the same thing that adults do.
The Cooking Area template is for a child's portfolio and consists of a typical interest area that you may have setup in your service setting. It enables you to add 3 images of the child playing in the specific area as well as a description to accommodate the photos. It also has the benefits the child gains through playing within the interest area as well as a tick box to Link to the Curriculum (Outcomes, Principles and Practices). The template also features a colour theme and clip art images for that particular interest area.
This template is great to add to a Portfolio to help Parents understand that participating in cooking experiences are beneficial for the child. It includes:
- 3 images boxes
- Description box
- Checkboxes for Outcomes, Principles and Practices | <urn:uuid:cc1ab3f0-84ea-45dc-9ee2-ca1d18058350> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://aussiechildcarenetwork.com.au/eylf-templates/child-portfolios/interest-area-cooking-area | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00161-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963445 | 200 | 2.296875 | 2 |
The activities of back-of-the-book indexing, document/digital asset indexing, and thesaurus/taxonomy creation all require similar skills, but each has its own unique requirements. Indeed a typical career path toward an accidental taxonomist is to first work as an indexer. You might think that the two kinds of indexing are similar to each other and thesaurus creation differs more, but having done all three, I can attest that back-of-the-book indexing and thesaurus/taxonomy creation are more similar to each other than the two kinds of indexing are.
What is indexing
In my previous blog post “Tagging vs. Indexing,” I explain that indexing involves designating descriptive terms or labels for what some content is about, and that these terms are organized into a browsable index. There are two kinds of indexing:
- “Closed indexing,” or back-of-the-book indexing, where the index is created based solely on concepts that the indexer identifies within the text of a single monograph. The index is created for that one monograph and then is finished (“closed”).
- “Open indexing”, or what has been called “database indexing,” for the indexing of articles, documents, content items, or digital assets, whereby the indexer pulls index terms from a controlled vocabulary or thesaurus and assigns them to multiple individual documents or digital assets. The set of content grows over time, and the same terms in the index will point to increasingly more documents over time. It is called “open” indexing, because the task is ongoing. The thesaurus helps ensure consistent indexing over time.
Both kinds of indexing require the skill of analyzing content to determine what concepts are important and deserve indexing. The biggest difference between back-of-the-book indexing and database indexing is that book indexing requires that the indexer additionally invent the index terms and not merely pull them off of a thesaurus.
What is a thesaurus
I use the designation thesaurus here, because I mean the type of taxonomy that features the full set of relationship types between its terms, with each term designating an unambiguous concept (noun or noun phrase). The relationship types are:
- Hierarchical (broader term/narrower term)
- Equivalence (use/used from “nonpreferred terms” or “synonyms”)
- Associative (related terms)
To best support manual indexing, the existence of all these different kinds of relationships help direct the indexers to the most appropriate terms to describe the content they are indexing. The same thesaurus, or parts of it, may be displayed to the end-users to help guide them to find the most appropriate terms to describe the idea about which they are searching for information. The thesaurus thus not only standardizes the language for the concepts, but also provides a guiding structure.|
How they are related
Open/database indexing and thesaurus creation are obviously related, because the thesaurus is used to support this kind of indexing. In an organization which is involved in such indexing, it is not unusual for former indexers to become editors of the thesaurus, since they are already very familiar with it and understand the needs of the indexer-users.
Closed/book indexing and thesaurus creation are related, because they both involve the development of original terms and relationships between them.
Thesaurus and book index similarities and differences
Thesauri and back-of-the-book indexes both have what can be called multiple points of entry. In a book index these can be either See cross-references or “double-posts,” whereby additional variant terms or synonyms are included in the index, and they all point to the same set of page numbers. In a thesaurus, this is the equivalence relationships, where nonpreferred terms or synonyms point to the preferred terms (Use/UF). The difference is that a thesaurus distinguishes between the preferred and nonpreferred terms, whereby double-posts in a book index are all of equal standing and none is ”preferred.”
Thesauri and back-of-the-book indexes both have hierarchical structure among their terms. In a thesaurus there are narrower terms to a broader term (BT/NT). In an index, there are subentries indented under a main entry. However, these hierarchies are not identical. In a thesaurus, narrower terms must be generic types, instances or integral parts of the broader term. In a book index, subentries are any aspect of the main entry or merely another concept in combination. In fact, an indexer may choose to switch the main entry and subentry (the subentry becoming a main entry and the main entry becoming its subentry) with no problems. Don’t try to do that in a thesaurus or taxonomy!
Finally, thesauri and back-of-the-book indexes both have indications of related concepts. Thesauri have the associative relationship called Related Term (RT), and book indexes have See also cross-references. While in general these function the same, the rules for thesauri are stricter. If the “related” terms are really hierarchical, then they must have the hierarchical relationship instead. In a book index, it is acceptable to have a See also between two terms where one is actually broader in meaning to the other. | <urn:uuid:6d181f1f-a436-4cf7-a704-71008a51a652> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.hedden-information.com/indexing-vs-thesaurus-creation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.938441 | 1,183 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Thank you for allowing me to answer your interesting question. The
short answer is that fraud is fraud (and more specifically, wire fraud
is wire fraud). Most states in the US have a provision in the law that
permit?s a person, in some cases, to commit an offense that would
otherwise be considered a prosecutable crime in an effort to prevent a
greater crime. This legal provision is often referred to as a ?lesser
of two evils? defense.
Unless you are committing an offense in order to prevent a greater
offense, the offense you commit is a prosecutable crime. Even if you
are trying to prevent a greater offense you can sometimes still be
prosecuted if it is determined that other non-criminal options (such
as involving the police) were available and the need to commit the
defensible crime was neither urgent nor live-saving. You must remember
too that under US law everyone is presumed innocent until PROVEN
guilty so, believe it or not, this ?scammer? you are referring to is
not legally a ?scammer? unless he has been convicted of some crime.
Consider this scenario: A burglar breaks into your home and steals
your goods. You find out where he lives but you decide not to involve
the police. Instead you make the decision to burglarize his home and
steal your belongings back. Assuming this occurs in a state where
lethal force in response to home invasion is authorized and considered
justifiable homicide (as it is in most states), the homeowner (the
burglar) catches you in his home and shoots you. Will he be prosecuted
for killing you in his home? No, probably not. Why? Because YOU, in
spite of your intentions, were a burglar YOURSELF. Now you are a dead
burglar. The original burglar (the guy who killed you) was never
convicted or even reported as a suspect in the original crime. He was
merely a citizen that was lawfully defending HIS home against unlawful
invasion. Not only would he likely walk away with your life but he?d
probably walk away will all your stuff too - because YOU took the law
into your own hands and never even reported it missing.
Your best course of action is to abandon this revenge scheme and
notify the authorities. Otherwise you place yourself at risk of
prosecution by the same authorities that are seeking to prosecute
those scammers. Failing to do so places you in jeopardy of prosecution
for wire fraud, postal crimes, counterfeiting a banking instrument,
extortion, conspiracy just to name a few and probably a host of other
crimes as well. Even if you were to beat the charges the criminal
defense against such an indictment would likely destroy your
reputation and ruin you financially. I think you will agree that it
isn?t worth it just for the sake of entertainment (or ill gotten gain
if the guy ?did? end up sending you money).
Honestly, they have the advantage since they are in an foreign
jurisdiction and not always subject to US laws. You, on the other
hand, do not enjoy such a position. To use another common example,
casinos commissions and state laws where gambling is legal, don?t care
if you are cheating a cheater. Cheating is cheating, and if you are
doing it you are one too and you will be prosecuted.
If you are determined to entertain yourself at some 419 scammer?s
expense, you might consider getting involved with other ?scambaiters?
(a term coined to describe people who seek to circumvent scammers by
giving them a dose of their own medicine such as directing the same
types of email responses, back at them). One such group is 419 EATER.
Other scambaiting sites and organizations are listed here:
I hope you find that my answer exceeds your expectations. If you have
any questions about my research please post a clarification request
prior to rating the answer. Otherwise I welcome your rating and your
final comments and I look forward to working with you again in the
near future. Thank you for bringing your question to us.
Tutuzdad-ga ? Google Answers Researcher
SEARCH ENGINE(S) USED:
[SEARCH TERMS USED]
Lesser of two evils | <urn:uuid:fe6f2984-5201-42e4-8a30-6baa969a4e12> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview/id/767837.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.947664 | 1,030 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The Fredericton Fire Department says impatient motorists endangered the lives of firefighters and jeopardized a couple's home in Lincoln earlier this week.
Crews responded to a garage fire on Lincoln Road Tuesday night and were linking several hoses together to reach the nearest hydrant, about 850 metres away, when dozens of motorists, anxious to get by, drove over the hoses.
"We cannot believe that some of you drove over our supply line," the fire department said in a tweet.
"Driving over lines endangered our firefighters, reducing water supply to the #structurefire #dissapointed #saddened by your actions."
It is illegal under the provincial Motor Vehicle Act to drive over a fire hose. The offence carries a fine of $172.50.
'This is our life line when fighting a fire. Please keep us safe.' - Fredericton Fire Department
"This is our life line when fighting a fire," the department tweeted. "Please help keep us safe."
One of the hoses ended up getting damaged by the vehicles, said assistant deputy fire chief David McKinley.
"It was leaking, leaking too bad. It was ruptured … so they had to replace it off a different truck and got it going. There was still another leak further up the line where someone else had driven over it," he said.
Then "somebody pulled out and the line caught their vehicle and they pulled it down the street [about 45 metres]. So firefighters had to scramble and take it back."
The garage was destroyed, leaving nothing more than the charred carcasses of snowmobiles and a lot of ash.
Owners Kelsie Sharpe and Tom Bradbury say they are happy no one was hurt and that they didn't lose their home.
"I looked out of the window and saw the garage fully engulfed and I knew there was a big propane tank in there, so panic set in, so I gathered the animals to get out as fast as we could," recalled Sharpe.
"The fire hydrant is quite a ways down the road and [firefighters] told us that someone had run over the lines. So that cut the water supply to the house. But we're still really lucky they caught it in time and saved the house," she said.
The heat from the garage fire was so intense it boiled the paint on the side of the house. | <urn:uuid:a4fbf09c-b33c-452d-8773-56a4c53172b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/fredericton-motorists-endangered-firefighters-home-fire-department-says-1.3010606 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00436-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979158 | 493 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Last updated May 24, 2018 at 12:35 pm
Economist suggests the cryptocurrency uses almost as much energy as Ireland
Bitcoin could be using half a per cent of the world’s total electric energy by the end of this year, according to analysis by a financial economist cum blockchain specialist.
Alex de Vries puts the minimum current usage of the Bitcoin network at 2.55 gigawatts annually, which means it uses almost as much electricity as Ireland. A single transaction uses as much electricity as an average household in the Netherlands uses in a month.
In a commentary published in the journal Joule, de Vries, who works at the Experience Center of PwC in the Netherlands and is the founder of blog Digiconomist, writes that he has used a new methodology to pinpoint where Bitcoin’s electric energy consumption is headed and how soon it might get there.
“To me, half a per cent is already quite shocking. It’s an extreme difference compared to the regular financial system, and this increasing electricity demand is definitely not going to help us reach our climate goals,” he said. If the price of Bitcoin continues to increase the way some experts have predicted, de Vries believes the network could someday consume 5 per cent of the world’s electricity. “That would be quite bad.”
Bitcoin is dependent on computers that time-stamp transactions into an ongoing chain to prevent duplicate spending of coins. Computers in the network perform calculations continuously, competing for the chance, once every 10 minutes, to be appointed to create the next block of transactions in the chain.
The user of the computer that wins is awarded 12.5 new coins – a process known as “mining” Bitcoin. But all the time, even those who don’t win are expending computing power.
“You are generating numbers the whole time and the machines you’re using for that use electricity. But if you want to get a bigger slice of the pie, you need to increase your computing power. So there’s a big incentive for people to increase how much they’re spending on electricity and on machines.”
Economic principles suggest that the entire Bitcoin network will eventually reach an equilibrium where the costs of the hardware and electricity used to mine equal the value of the Bitcoin being mined. And that information can approximate the total amount of electricity that the network will use at said equilibrium.
Other researchers have used the fundamentals of this method before, but de Vries goes farther. He uses production information about Bitmain, the biggest manufacturer of Bitcoin mining machines, to estimate both how much of a miner’s costs are associated with hardware rather than electricity and when this equilibrium might be reached.
And while he does have confidence in his estimates, the problem with this method is that these manufacturers are extremely secretive. “Sometimes the best information we’ve got is really shaky eyewitness accounts. That’s the stuff we have to work with,” he says.
Still, he believes that getting a good estimate is important in determining the sustainability of cryptocurrencies moving forward and in helping shape policy. | <urn:uuid:45911d60-7691-40ad-a6ba-571376609012> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://australiascience.tv/whatever-its-worth-bitcoin-can-cost-a-lot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.947376 | 647 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Music has always been my first love (apart from human love, that is) and the ultimate means of 'tending to myself' when I need to nurture my emotional/spiritual life and find respite in my mind from the pain and disappointments of life.
My first love in music was Gospel Quartet singing, as most of you know by now. But I have a wide variety of musical tastes. I don't talk about it much, but the great classical compositions and singers are at or near the top of my favorites, along with the great Gospel Quartets.
I have not been in a good place the last couple of days for reasons I have described here. So, this evening, as I always eventually do, I turned to music. And when I did, I found myself drawn to a piece of music that, in my estimation, is one of the greatest compositions ever written, and performed by one of the greatest singers of all time.
The great Luciano Pavarotti took what is known as 'classical music' to the masses and achieved rock-star status. But in his case, the accolades and the attention were very well-deserved. When he was at the top of his game, there was none better, ever. His was the best voice in the history of music, in my opinion.
And his signature song, which I have provided below in the video, is in my opinion one of the greatest and most emotionally-charged compositions in all of history. The melody, the pathos, the soaring high notes, the dramatic ending, are all classic trademarks of what is considered to be the pinnacle of musical composition.
Here Pavarotti sings 'Nessun Dorma' from an opera written by Puccini entitled, 'Turandot.' The song is an aria that is found in the 3rd act.
Pavarotti presents this deeply moving rendition of the piece in Paris before a live audience. I have heard the great Luciano sing this aria many times. This one is by far the best. Notice the emotion in his eyes. And note the ultra-soaring high tenor note at the end, which he holds seemingly endlessly and effortlessly, climaxing in a dramatic ending that sent the Parisian audience into cheers.
If you have never seen this, I present it as my gift to you. I hope you are as moved by it as I am. Here is the link to the video. The original one I posted has been removed from YouTube. This one should work fine. | <urn:uuid:b92b3274-721c-492a-9f2f-d713954cdf10> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thelibertysphere.blogspot.com/2011/10/nourishment-for-mind-and-soul.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00505-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980739 | 525 | 1.546875 | 2 |
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In the 20th century America was the dominant force in the world politically economically militarily and culturally American movies music and ideas spread like wildfire during this century One contributing factor to this dominance was the American education system The American public school system was far superior to that of any other nation At the beginning of the 21st century however the balance began to shift Asian countries like China and India started to improve their education greatly and the effectiveness and rigor of their educational systems put the American system to shame This shift in education is a large factor in the shift from a global community dominated by North America to one dominated by China and southeast Asia In an article entitledLet Teenagers Try Adulthood Leon Botstein claims that the entire American education system particularly at the high school level is obsolete and should be abolished The primary problem that Botstein points out is that high school in America doesnt prepare students for the real world High school has an artificial social structure ranked hierarchically by age attractiveness and athletic prowess This social structure is entirely different from that of any community encountered after high school Botstein goes on to claim that the American high school is outdated When the high school was created students matured much more slowly than they do today Botstein points to biological statistics to prove his point For example the age of first menstruation has dropped at least two years since the beginning of this century and not surprisingly the onset of sexual activity has dropped in proportion In other words kids are maturing too quickly and an institution intended for children is now housing young adults Botsteins solution is to begin education earlier with elementary school starting at 4 or 5 years of age and to cut out the middle school or junior high stage A student should graduate high school at the age of
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For years, the question of whether new parents would circumcise their baby boys was generally a nonissue. Whatever the tradition was in their families, especially whether the baby's father was circumcised, usually decided the matter.
However, in the last several years — and particularly in recent months with the release of a few widely reported studies siding with circumcision — the topic increasingly has been subject for heated debate.
The opinions of friends and Berkeley, Calif., neighbors Judith Barish and Denise Leto epitomize the controversy.
Leto, a travel writer and mother of two sons ages 3 and 6, did not circumcise. “For us the decision was easy. Why would we change our children’s perfect bodies for so little? To me, the medical arguments have never made much sense.” What did make sense was her midwife’s bumper sticker: "100 percent of babies oppose circumcision."
Barish, a stay-at-home mother of an 8-year-old daughter and two boys ages 3 and 6, decided on circumcision. Although she says the medical reasons at the time were not altogether compelling, the decision was made for other reasons. “Our children are half Jewish. We debated the issue and really looked into it," she says. "The medical benefits versus the risk seemed like a wash. But ultimately we decided to circumcise as one small concession to religion and culture.”
Procedure's popularity declining
The United States leads the way in the number of babies circumcised each year. Estimates vary widely, ranging from 50 percent to more than 90 percent of newborn boys circumcised, depending on the region of the country (federal data from 1999 showed hospital circumcision rates of 81 percent in the Midwest, 66 percent in the Northeast, 64 percent in the South and 37 percent in the West) and religion (the Jewish and Muslim faiths traditionally call for circumcision). In Europe, Asia and Latin America, baby boys are not routinely circumcised, and the circumcision rates here have been dropping steadily over recent years.
“Parents across the country are rethinking circumcision and many, many are deciding against it,” says Dr. Mark Reiss, a retired physician in San Francisco, and the executive vice president of Doctors Opposing Circumcision.
The American Academy of Pediatrics has maintained a somewhat neutral policy, saying that while circumcision has some health benefits associated with it, along with surgical risks such as bleeding and infection, the procedure is not medically essential. However, recent studies have prompted the group to review its policy on circumcision, with a decision expected within the next several months on whether changes need to be made.
Last month, the National Institutes of Health published a surprising report in The Lancet showing that circumcision reduced a man's risk of contracting HIV, the AIDS virus, through heterosexual sex by 51 to 60 percent compared with men who were not circumcised. The findings were based on two trials in Africa involving more than 7,500 men and were halted early because the preliminary results were so striking.
Another study , published in the journal Pediatrics in November, followed 510 New Zealand newborns until age 25 and found that circumcision cut the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases by about half.
These studies are just the latest to point to circumcision’s potential health benefits, says AAP president Dr. Jay E. Berkelhamer.
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“There have probably been hundreds over the years showing that circumcised males have lower rates of urinary tract infections, penile cancer and a variety of STDs, including HIV,” says Berkelhamer.
Researchers believe that the warm, moist area under the foreskins of uncircumcised men may be a breeding ground for infections, though behavior, lifestyle and cleaning habits — not the foreskin — make the biggest impacts on health.
Reiss agrees that it’s true that babies with foreskins do have a higher number of urinary tract infections and possibly other problems, but he says these are usually easily treated with antibiotics. “We don’t cut an eyelid off because we have a sty,” he says.
Furthermore, penile cancer is such a rare disorder that it also does not make sense to surgically remove the foreskin in order to prevent it, says Reiss. He draws a parallel to breast cancer: “We would never routinely give girls mastectomies just so they don’t someday have breast cancer.” And, of course, condoms can help prevent many STDs.
Until a decade ago, Dr. Thomas E. Wiswell, a neonatologist, researcher and professor of pediatrics at the University of Florida in Gainesville, would have sided with Reiss.
“Earlier in my career I was not in favor of circumcision,” he says. “Over the years, though, I changed my position because of the research. The vast majority of M.D.s in our country and even elsewhere will tell you there are health benefits associated with circumcision.” He acknowledges, however, that it’s not an easy decision for parents.
Wiswell contends that the Internet is flooded with inaccurate information about circumcision that he says is aimed at scaring parents instead of presenting health information. He’s calling for more obstetricians, birthing instructors and pediatricians to bring the subject up for discussion and supply parents with both sides of the argument.
“I know that circumcision is controversial and I think the decision should be up to the parents,” says Wiswell. “But I’d like to see them make reasonable choices based on the best science can offer as well as their personal beliefs.”
But Reiss sees the issue as more one-sided: “We’re harming our little boys when we do surgery on their genitals for no reason.” He notes that society is widely appalled at female circumcision but seems to accept blindly that male circumcision is normal.
Reiss prefers to call males who have not been circumcised “intact.” And he and other “intactivists” don’t believe parents have a right to make the decision to circumcise.
“If it was something that was clearly beneficial such as immunizations, I’d agree that parents have the right to make the decision,” says Reiss, “but God made man with a foreskin for a reason.”
Though this hasn't been scientifically confirmed, Reiss believes that circumcision reduces adult touch sensitivity and sexual pleasure. He says he's heard from plenty of adult men who are regretful and often angry that their parents had them circumcised.
With so much science and emotion on the playing field, whether to circumcise will continue to be a tough call for parents. Berkelhamer says parents should not expect — or even want — their doctors to make the decision for them.
“More and more in health care in general the role of the doctor is to present the information and then allow the patient or, in this case, the patient’s parents, to make the decision,” he says. “I think that’s appropriate.”
Berkelhamer says there are many factors that come into play when parents make their decision. Tradition, religion and philosophical beliefs can weigh heavier than any medical gains.
Barish, a seasoned parent, believes that whatever couples decide for their newborn sons is probably OK.
"Whether a boy is circumcised or not doesn’t matter so much," she says. "He can be healthy, happy and love his penis either way.”
Victoria Clayton is a freelance writer based in California and co-author of "Fearless Pregnancy: Wisdom and Reassurance from a Doctor, a Midwife and a Mom," published by Fair Winds Press.
© 2013 msnbc.com. Reprints | <urn:uuid:9d84e1b3-1261-4307-92a6-6f97379820c1> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16776931/ns/health-kids_and_parenting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00291-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968049 | 1,781 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Obama challenges Republicans to renew contentious Bush-era tax cuts
In duelling statements to the press yesterday, US president Barack Obama and the Republican speaker of the House John Boehner laid out their starting positions in fiscal talks to begin next week.
Speaking in the East Room of the White House for the first time since his re-election, Mr Obama challenged the Republican-controlled House to renew Bush-era tax cuts for the middle classes now, rather than hold them hostage to tax cuts for the wealthiest 2 per cent.
The issue “was a central question during the election”, said Mr Obama. Exit polls showed “that the majority of Americans agree with my approach and that includes Democrats, independents and a lot of Republicans . . . as well as independent economists and budget experts”.
The president asked for a “balanced approach” – Democratic code for raising taxes on the wealthy. “Our job now is to get a majority in Congress to reflect the will of the American people,” he said. “Let’s extend the middle-class tax cuts right now.” Pulling a pen from the breast pocket of his suit for dramatic effect, Mr Obama added: “I’ve got the pen ready to sign the Bill right away.”
At a press conference on Capitol Hill two hours earlier, Mr Boehner rejected the suggestion that Republicans lost leverage in the election.
“There’s a Republican majority here in the House,” he said. “The American people re-elected the Republican majority.”
He also rejected Mr Obama’s proposal to raise taxes on households earning more than $250,000 (€197,000) a year, to rates practised under president Bill Clinton. “The problem with raising tax rates on the wealthiest Americans is that more than half of them are small business owners,” said Mr Boehner.
Mr Obama said 98 per cent of Americans and 97 per cent of small businesses would not be affected by his proposed tax increase.
Mr Boehner twice cited a study by accounting firm Ernst Young that said raising the top tax rate would destroy nearly 700,000 jobs. He did not mention a study published on Thursday by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office which indicated that only 200,000 jobs would be affected. The budget office also said that, contrary to Mr Boehner’s predictions, raising taxes for wealthy Americans would depress economic growth only slightly.
By challenging Mr Boehner and the House, in front of middle-class Americans brought to the White House for the occasion, Mr Obama pre-designated Republicans as culprits if the Bush tax cuts expire on January 1st and everyone’s taxes rise.
This is a replay of the battle between Mr Obama and Congress in the aftermath of the 2010 mid-term elections, when the president wanted to allow the cuts to expire for the wealthy, but was forced to extend them for two years.
Mr Obama is trying to shelter the middle-class tax cuts, which Republicans want to use as a bargaining chip, from complex talks on the “fiscal cliff” – automatic tax rises and spending cuts agreed last year to resolve the debt ceiling crisis. If that agreement takes effect on January 1st, the budget office predicts it will plunge the economy back into recession and drive the US unemployment rate from 7.9 per cent to 9.1 per cent by the autumn of 2013.
The challenge facing Mr Obama and the Republicans is to find an alternative agreement reconciling the revenue increases desired by Mr Obama with the spending cuts the Republicans demand, by the end of the year.
“We can’t just cut our way to prosperity,” said Mr Obama. “If we’re serious about reducing the deficit, we have to combine spending cuts with revenue – and that means asking the wealthiest Americans to pay a little more in taxes.” | <urn:uuid:1e62d921-e5d6-4db4-b5ae-82f797be807e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.irishtimes.com/news/obama-challenges-republicans-to-renew-contentious-bush-era-tax-cuts-1.549888 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00251-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963511 | 803 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Regime information for Bullingdon Prison
Bullingdon operates a three tier system of regime (Basic, Standard and Enhanced) as part of an Incentives and Earned Privileges programme. The prison has a range of Work, Education and Training opportunities delivering key and basic skills and opportunities for a wide variety of vocational qualifications. There is a range of Offending Behaviour programmes including RAPT, SOTP, ETS and SDP. An Offender Management Unit was set up in 2005 to manage Resettlement work for the seven pathways of the national plans of reducing re-offending.
In the education department at Bullingdon Community Prison, we aim to deliver a quality service in order to educate, raise self worth and create new opportunities for prisoners, enabling them to contribute positively to society. Milton Keynes College provides the contract for education at Bullingdon.
The department provides classes for all prisoners, all of which provide nationally recognised qualifications. The department also provides extensive vocational key skills and learning support opportunities within the workplace. As well as the core classes in the education department there are also opportunities to access Open University courses.
Our Education Department offers the following programmes:
- Basic Skills - The basic skills department offers courses in English and Maths from beginner to pre-GCSE levels (pre-entry to level 2)
- Core Key Skills and wider Key Skills - Core Key Skills are achieved by completing a portfolio of work and passing a test. They are normally achieved in the main education areas. Wider Key Skills are achieved by completing a portfolio of evidence based on daily work activities. They are normally assessed through workshops, gym, farms and gardens etc.
- Open University - There is an OU brochure available which details all courses. Some involving the internet cannot be taken by prisoners. Prisoners can obtain certification up to degree level
- Social & Life Studies - This course consists of four modules – Budgeting, Alcohol Awareness, Citizenship, Healthy Living and Parentcraft
- Lithographic Printing - Students can undertake training to the highest standard in the correct use of the Heidelberg GTO Lithographic Printing Press
- Laundry - Prisoners can gain a recognised laundry qualification through the Guild of Laundry & Dry Cleaning and NVQ level 2 whilst working within the Laundry
- Farms & Gardens - Prisoners carry out a wide range of horticulture activities whilst maintaining the grounds within the establishment. All qualifications gained would assist in gaining employment upon release (NVQ level 1 Horticulture and National Proficiency Test Certificate in Horticulture Machinery – NPTC)
- Industrial Cleaning – Offenders learn a wide range of industrial cleaning skills, training and assessments, while working towards an NVQ qualification
- Construction trades - This course involves a range of construction skills which will enable prisoners to be multi-skilled in a range of trades. These include bricklaying, painting & decorating, kitchen fitting, floor laying. Certificates are available in each of these trades and prisoners can undertake one trade or all of them dependant upon their length of sentence. All prisoners also undertake the C.S.C.S card (recognised H&S in construction)
- ICT skills - This course will equip students with the basic range of skills necessary to meet the demands of the modern workplace. It consists of: CLAIT Level 1 - Word Processing and File Management, Spreadsheets and Graphs, Databases, Desk Top Publishing, Presentation Graphics, Computer Art. CLAIT Plus Level 2 – Word Processing and Integration, Spreadsheets and Graphs, Databases, Desktop Publishing, Presentation Graphics, Computer Art. Certificates available: OCR Level 1 Certificate/Diploma for IT Users (CLAIT), OCR Level 2 Certificate/Diploma for IT users (CLAIT Plus)
- Art & Graphic Design – these courses offer prisoners the opportunity to learn new skills either in fine art or vocational work in graphic design. All courses lead to OCN accreditation
- Barbering – Prisoners learn the basic techniques of barbering including cutting, trimming, clippering, Health & Safety requirements. Frequently they are also employed as wing barbers. This course leads to OCN accreditation
- Music – Prisoners can learn to play guitar, keyboards, drums. Additionally there are music technology courses which allow composition and song writing. All courses lead to OCN accreditation
- Cookery – Prisoners can learn the basic of cookery which will then lead them to further vocational development either within the prison or by attending further education upon release.
Bullingdon Community Prison is committed to tackling the causes of offending behaviour in order to encourage prisoners to lead healthy, law-abiding lives in custody and on release. Measures are in place to ensure that we will identify prisoners who have identified needs, provide them with advice and education and the opportunity of treatment and support to help them to reduce their risk of committing further crimes after release.
Available Accredited Programmes include:
- Sex Offender Treatment Programme (SOTP)
- Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS)
- Short Duration Drug Programme (SDP)
- RAPt 12 Step Substance Dependency Treatment Programme – not available on Edgcott Unit at this time
- RAPt Alcohol Dependency Treatment Programme
- Healthy Relationships Programme – accredited by National Probation Service
- CALM – Anger Management Treatment Programme
- IDTS (Integrated Drug Treatment System) – accredited by NTA (National Treatment Agency)
- Available non accredited courses - UNLOCK – financial management presentation
Bullingdon Community Prison is continually taking forward Offender Management; the establishment began its planning and developmental work back in 2004. At early stage we forged positive working partnership with Thames Valley Probation, establishing a Pathfinder group to focus on the end to end management of offenders. This work has continued to develop and strengthen with each introduction of Offender Management Model. Many areas of our work have been identified as best practice and we frequently share our ideas and experiences across the area.
Key Work includes
- OASys/ sentence management
- Lifer management
- Public Protection (inclusive of all high risk offenders)
- OCA/legal services
- Accommodation with St Giles Trust
- Employment/ Job Centre Plus/Transit/Blue Sky/Toe by Toe
- Restorative Justice
- Religious Activities
- Sycamore Tree RJ programme
- Community Links/Voluntary Sector
World Faith Chaplaincy Team
Full time Church of England and Imam as well as part time and sessionals for all other faiths. | <urn:uuid:fa1e60c8-78a3-458a-9e31-e594fc3b8da1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.justice.gov.uk/contacts/prison-finder/bullingdon/regime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00206-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924334 | 1,352 | 1.757813 | 2 |
In November 2007, the novelist David Foster Wallace wrote a short essay for a special edition of The Atlantic on “The American Idea.” Writing about 9/11 and all that came after, Wallace proposed what some might consider a monstrous thought experiment:
Are some things still worth dying for? Is the American idea one such thing? Are you up for a thought experiment? What if we chose to regard the 2,973 innocents killed in the atrocities of 9/11 not as victims but as democratic martyrs, ‘sacrifices on the altar of freedom’? In other words, what if we decided that a certain baseline vulnerability to terrorism is part of the price of the American idea? And, thus, that ours is a generation of Americans called to make great sacrifices in order to preserve our democratic way of life—sacrifices not just of our soldiers and money but of our personal safety and comfort?
In still other words, what if we chose to accept the fact that every few years, despite all reasonable precautions, some hundreds or thousands of us may die in the sort of ghastly terrorist attack that a democratic republic cannot 100-percent protect itself from without subverting the very principles that make it worth protecting?
Wallace’s point was that, in the wake of 9/11, a host of policies had been put in place—the Patriot Act, warrantless surveillance, private contractors performing military duties—without a substantive public debate about the trade-offs they represented and whether they were worth it. Wallace wanted to know what it said about us as a people that we were unable or unwilling even to consider whether some things might be more important than safety.
“Why now can we not have a serious national conversation about sacrifice, the inevitability of sacrifice—either of (a) some portion of safety or (b) some portion of the rights and protections that make the American idea so incalculably precious?” he asked. And if we would not have such a conversation, “What kind of future does that augur?”
More than a decade later, we are still incapable of serious discussion of the trade-offs between safety and freedom. For the most part, we’re not even able to admit that such trade-offs exist.
Are you ready for another monstrous thought experiment? What if we decided that a certain baseline vulnerability to mass shootings is part of the price of the American idea? In some ways, mass shootings are a more apt example of what Wallace was talking about than terrorism. After all, we can arguably do something about a worldwide ideological and religious movement that uses violence as a political weapon—and we have. Whether the aggregate cost in American blood and treasure has been worth it is another question, but it suffices to say that we can do much less about a random madman intent on killing innocents than we can about ISIS and al-Qaeda.
Set aside, for now, the facile arguments for gun control half-measures that wouldn’t have stopped the Parkland shooting—or Las Vegas, Virginia Tech, Newtown, or the others. Consider instead what the Left thinks it would really take to stop these kinds of shootings: a repeal of the Second Amendment, followed by mass confiscation of firearms and subsequent heavy regulation of private gun ownership, along the lines of policies in many European countries.
I’m not trying to be provocative. That’s really what it would take. Are we willing to consider it? Should we? What does it say about us that we can’t even acknowledge the trade-offs involved in keeping U.S. school children safe? The best we could manage last week were the worn-out, ritualized responses: outraged calls for anemic gun control measures from the Left and a naive insistence from the Right that tackling “mental health issues” will somehow solve the problem.
Let’s Be Honest About ‘Common Sense’ Gun Control
The New York Times’ Bret Stephens, for one, is at least willing to be honest about the thing. Back in October, he wrote a column calling for repealing the Second Amendment. There’s of course much to criticize in Stephens’ argument, beginning with his cherry-picked statistics that fail to explain how, despite a recent surge, the murder rate, and violent crime in general, has been plummeting since the 1990s even as gun ownership has steadily increased.
I’m not going to pick apart Stephens’ piece (my colleague David Harsanyi did a fine job of that shortly after it ran). The point is that Stephens plainly states what most liberals are unwilling to admit: if we really want to stop gun violence in America, we’re going to have to make fundamental changes to our constitutional order so that the government can wrest guns out of the hands of Americans.
To suggest anything less is intellectually dishonest because anything less simply won’t work. It’s no surprise, then, that Joe Scarborough took to The Washington Post on Friday to argue for stronger background checks, a ban on bump stocks, and “assurances that military-style weapons”—whatever that means—“will stop finding their way into the hands of terrorists, domestic abusers and the mentally ill.” He puts these forward as substantive policies that will not only make a difference but won’t require rewriting the Bill of Rights, neither of which are true.
Or consider the refrain that immediately popped up on social media after the shooting: that guns should be regulated like automobiles. Sure, there are myriad ways we could do that, from requiring things like insurance and a license, to heavy restrictions on what sort of guns manufacturers are allowed to sell to the public.
But of course owning and driving a car is not a constitutionally protected right, it’s a privilege that comes with certain duties and costs. If we’re going to regulate firearms like cars, we’re going to have to decide that owning a gun will no longer be a constitutional right but a heavily regulated privilege. If we do that, we’re going to have to be honest about what that means: changing the very nature of the constitutional system America’s Founders designed.
What’s the American Idea Worth?
Here it must be said that the Second Amendment was not meant to safeguard the right to hunt deer or shoot clay pigeons, or even protect your home and family from an intruder. The right to bear arms stems from the right of revolution, which is asserted in the Declaration of Independence and forms the basis of America’s social compact. Our republic was forged in revolution, and the American people have always retained the right to overthrow their government if it becomes tyrannical. That doesn’t mean that private militias should have tanks and missile launchers, but it does mean that revolution—the right of first principles—undergirds our entire political system.
That might sound academic or outlandish next to the real-life horror of a school shooting, but the fact remains that we can’t simply wave off the Second Amendment any more than we can wave off the First, or the Fourth, or any of them. They are constitutive elements of the American idea, without which the entire constitutional system would eventually collapse.
In this, America is unlike the European nations that gun control advocates like to compare it with. Germany can restrict the right to bear arms as easily as it can—and does—restrict free speech. Not so in America. If we want to change that, it will involve a substantial diminishment of our constitutional rights as we have known them up until now. After last week’s school shooting, some Americans are okay with that, especially those families who are grieving. But I suspect most Americans are not willing to make that trade-off, and might never be—unless they suffer the same of kind personal loss.
Returning to Wallace’s thought experiment, we might rephrase it like this: is the Second Amendment worth dying for? That’s another way of asking what the American idea is worth. It’s not an easy question, and I don’t pose it lightly, as I’m sure Wallace didn’t.
But it’s one we need to ask, even in the face of heartbreaking and devastating loss. Is ours a generation of Americans called to make great sacrifices of our personal safety in order to preserve our democratic way of life? If we will not sacrifice some measure our personal safety, are we willing to sacrifice something like the Second Amendment? If so, what else are we willing to sacrifice? | <urn:uuid:04d2c8d6-988e-4f48-aaf1-a2a6f74ed268> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thefederalist.com/2018/02/19/second-amendment-worth-dying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.957183 | 1,786 | 2.125 | 2 |
As a result of the sudden collapse of many successful firms and the increased incidents of fraud in financial reporting that were witnessed at the beginning of this century, investors lost confidence in reported accounting information and the auditors who attest to accuracy and transparency of financial statements. The SEC imposed tougher corporate governance and accounting regulations in 2002 known as Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX).
State the specific SOX regulations that aim at promoting transparency in corporate reporting and raising professional accounting standards.
The Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted to ensure that there is transparency in the corporate sector. As a result, companies are required to provide full disclosure of information when asked of them. The act came about as a result of investors being affected by the way corporations provided their services. Therefore, the purpose of the act was to protect investors from fraudulent accounting practices by those corporations. In order to satisfy the purpose of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, information must be provided in real time. An increased set of responsibilities delegated to the audit committee also helps fulfill the purpose of Sarbanes Oxley Act. In order to fulfill the requirements of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, public auditors are subjected to increased regulatory control of the Securities and Exchange Commission which has recently formed the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board for this purpose. Companies that do not comply with the Act can face serious consequences with the SEC; those consequences may include the company ...
About Sarbanes Oxley and financial transparency. | <urn:uuid:5ba3ea6b-01db-4593-8221-e4ce0cafa829> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://brainmass.com/business/business-law/sarbanes-oxley-and-auditor-responsibility-279611 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00272-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96461 | 297 | 3.25 | 3 |
Chapter 829 of the Public Acts of 1980 designated the square dance as the official state folk dance of Tennessee stating, "Among
the traditions (of our ancestors) that have survived intact is the Square Dance, a uniquely attractive art form that remains a vibrant and entertaining
part of Tennessee folklore.
Modern western square dance clubs across the country have collaborated to have the Square Dance declared the state folk dance in all fifty states.
They have also been active in efforts to make the Square Dance the national folk dance.
Tennessee State Folk Dance:
is the American folk dance which traces its ancestry to the English country dance and the French ballroom dance. It is called, cued, or prompted to
the dancers. It includes squares, rounds, clogging, contra, line, the Virginia reel, and heritage dances. When the pioneers came west, they brought
with them a dance called the quadrille, which means square in French. The pioneers liked the simpler term and so the square dance was born. The dance
is known for its series of figures and footwork. Dancers are directed by a caller. It is easy to learn, a good form of exercise and fun.
At least 22 states have passed legislation to declare the square dance as a state symbol (see state cultural symbols), and more than 30 bills have
been introduced at the federal level proposing the square dance as the national (folk) dance of the United States (beginning in 1965).
Every region has folk customs - they give people a special sense of identity and belonging to a group. The square dance provided pioneers with recreation
and social contact with neighbors - and is still doing that today! From An American Folk Custom by Richard M. MacKinnon:
Tennessee State Association of Square and Round Dance Clubs, Inc
Purpose of the Association
The purpose of the association is to promote square and round dancing through the following:
A. Provide information for coordinating activities of all square and round associations, clubs, etc. throughout Tennessee. This includes functions
such as area festivals, special dance dates, state conventions, etc.
B. Assist if possible any association , club, caller, dancer, etc. which have encountered problems and request help
C. Improve the social image of square dancing through acceptable publicity and practices
D. Increase the social strength of square dance organizations, through the effects of a collective, unified body
E. Qualify Tennessee to host a national convention if the situation arises
F. Promote and maintain standards which will keep square dancing on a high social level above reproach
G. Conduct an annual state convention
H. Act as a liaison for Tennessee square and round dancers and the national organization and with square dance organizations of other states
The law designatingthe square dance as the official Tennessee state folk dance is found in the Tennessee Code Annotated, title 4, chapter 1, part
3, section 4 -1-312
TITLE 4 - STATE GOVERNMENT.
CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS.
PART 3 - STATE SYMBOLS.
4-1-312. State folk dance. The square dance is hereby designated as the official state folk dance.
[Acts 1980, ch. 829, § 1.]
At least there are currently 31 states that have designated square dancing as their State Folk Dance. | <urn:uuid:856b0645-8581-4a07-a308-14306b8f1e9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ereferencedesk.com/resources/state-symbols/tennessee/folk-dance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00025-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929885 | 687 | 3.5 | 4 |
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We use Shopify for webshop management. Shopify uses functional and statistics cookies on our website.
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Manage your cookie consent settings from the bottom right of your page. You may also manage cookies in browser settings. However, disabling cookies from the browser may prevent the proper functionality of the website.
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10. CONTACT DETAILS
Arctic Blue Beverages Oy
00100 Helsinki, Finland
Phone number: +358 45 656 7323 | <urn:uuid:3e1b5b74-df5c-4e55-a94e-d0afc8280b5e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://arcticbluebeverages.com/cookie-policy-eu/?cmplz_region_redirect=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.894942 | 1,609 | 1.929688 | 2 |
MinuteClinic services are accessible at reasonable rates, allowing you to save up to 40% over the cost of urgent care services. MinuteClinic sites also provide a more comprehensive selection of services than many other walk-in clinics, with new services being introduced on a regular basis.
- 1 Is a clinic cheaper than urgent care?
- 2 Is Minuteclinic cheaper than doctor?
- 3 Is it cheaper to pay out of pocket at urgent care?
- 4 How much does it cost to be seen at urgent care?
- 5 How much is a doctor visit without insurance 2021?
- 6 Can I go to urgent care without insurance?
- 7 What is the difference between CVS and MinuteClinic?
- 8 Is it cheaper to go to a walk in clinic or doctor?
- 9 Are clinics cheaper than hospitals?
Is a clinic cheaper than urgent care?
For less severe diseases and preventative treatment, retail clinics may be more economical; however, urgent care facilities may be more affordable for acute problems such as flu-like symptoms or mild injuries.
Is Minuteclinic cheaper than doctor?
They have the authority to request tests and write prescriptions for drugs. When it comes to cost, Minute Clinics are far less expensive than going to the emergency department. They are frequently more cheap than even a routine visit to your primary care physician. Office visits are often charged at a rate of $100 to $300, depending on the doctor.
Is it cheaper to pay out of pocket at urgent care?
Even if you have to pay out-of-pocket for urgent treatment, it is still less expensive than going to the emergency room. The typical cost of an urgent care visit is between $100 and $200 dollars. Emergency room visits cost more than twice as much, typically more than $500.
How much does it cost to be seen at urgent care?
What is the cost of a visit to an urgent care facility? According to Debt.org, a financial advising firm that provides services to the general public, the average urgent care visit costs between $150 and $200. Factors such as the location where you obtain emergency treatment and the type of care required to diagnose and treat your symptoms have an impact on the total cost of your care.
How much is a doctor visit without insurance 2021?
Doctor visits without insurance are normally between $300 and $600, depending on the condition being treated. A specialist’s consultation fee, lab testing fees, and the cost of any treatments will all be factored into the final bill amount.
Can I go to urgent care without insurance?
It is recommended that anybody in need of urgent care who does not have insurance get treatment in an urgent care facility. Urgent care facilities, while they do charge fees for their services, are often less expensive than hospital emergency rooms in terms of overall cost. A standard visit to an urgent care center will typically cost roughly $100 in most locations.
What is the difference between CVS and MinuteClinic?
MinuteClinic is more than simply a walk-in clinic; it is a medical community. We’re available within CVS Pharmacy® locations, select Target® stores, and the new CVS® HealthHUB®, which also provides additional wellness goods as well as wellness spaces where you can attend seminars and activities in the community.
Is it cheaper to go to a walk in clinic or doctor?
The cost of a doctor’s visit. According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the typical cost of urgent care without insurance is $80 to $280 for a routine visit and $140 to $440 for a more advanced appointment. When you don’t have health insurance, a doctor’s appointment can cost anywhere between $300 and $600 on average.
Are clinics cheaper than hospitals?
According to studies, clinic appointments are 50 percent less expensive than a primary care visit and 80 percent less expensive than a visit to the emergency room at a hospital. A visit is frequently less expensive than the insurance co-pay that the patient would be required to pay out of his or her own pocket. As a result, in certain instances, paying cash is even more cost-effective. | <urn:uuid:8cb11aaa-30b2-48eb-9370-de3192e2545f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mygbmcdoctor.com/recommendations/what-is-cheaper-urgent-care-or-minute-clinic-correct-answer.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.966143 | 871 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Looking for an easy to read and digest introduction for the ordinary "Joe" with the basics of how to make a success of retirement? If so, this book by Tina Di Vito, who is the head of the BMO Retirement Institute, is aimed at you.
Written in an informal style with a smattering of numbers and almost no tables, graphs and calculations, the book speaks to the reader in the manner of a chat at the kitchen table by a knowledgeable friend. Each of the fifty-two chapters covers one or two ideas in about five pages, with single sentence "to do" points at the end of each. It is easy and pleasurable reading.
It is thus no surprise that the content provides a good understanding of the nature of problems and their solutions but for the most part, does not give enough knowledge for the reader to go off and fix things him/herself. It is not a book for the DIY person. Rather it is a book that prepares the reader to be a smarter consumer when going to seek the advice of a professional advisor.
To make the bottom line message of the book "go get professional advice" is fine. But I wanted more detailed and trenchant coverage than we get in the chapter (51) on the topic of who to get advice from. The reader is given a list of twelve types of accredited advisors with each designation's title, initials, website link and description. That's a good start but the descriptions are too overlapping and vague to allow someone to know which to choose for what problem and how or whether to assemble a team.
It was also disappointing not to read more cautions about advisor compensation and the potential for conflicts of interest between what is good for the advisor and what is good for the client. The existence of commission, fee-based and fee-only compensation models is not explained, nor the dangers lurking for clients whose advisors do not act first and only on their behalf. That is as surely a way to wreck one's retirement as any other in the 52.
Similarly, the author could have been more forceful in emphasizing that retirees should pay close attention to the costs and fees for various products mentioned. Whether it is mutual / ETF funds, insurance, principal protected notes, segregated funds, flavours of annuities and retirement income products, costs matter a lot in deciding whether any are worth buying at all. The idea may fit the problem but the fees/costs may be too high.
- see yourself old and save more for retirement ... a research study is cited wherein people who were shown an image of themselves digitally altered into old age saved at more than twice the rate ... since I do not have such software, I'll just have to make do with looking at my parents instead!
- people buying stuff with a credit card instead of cash are willing to spend 50% to 200% more for an item
- retirees feel a loss five times more than a similar gain; that sensitivity, aka aversion, to losses compares to the usual 2:1 ratio cited for the average person; I looked up the original study at AARP here and discovered that in fact many retirees scale at 10:1 or more.
Thanks to the publisher Wiley, where the complete table of contents can be viewed, for providing me with a review copy. It is also available there for purchase in Adobe's Digital Editions (software is free download) eBook format, which is how I've read it on my laptop. | <urn:uuid:c5ad34f5-c843-4837-8783-a73fbb696877> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://canadianfinancialdiy.blogspot.com/2012/02/book-review-52-ways-to-wreck-your.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00433-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961867 | 701 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Engineering in Space
ISS space walks inaugurate a new era of station repair
On Monday morning, at about 11:20 GMT, astronauts Tracy Caldwell Dyson and Douglas Wheelock switched their space suits to battery power and floated out of the International Space Station. This was the last of three space walks NASA had scheduled over the past two weeks to replace a broken cooling pump. It was also the start of a new approach to repairing and maintaining the ISS. Host Steven Cherry talks with retired NASA engineer and IEEE Spectrum contributor James Oberg about the strange beauty of an unexpected ammonia leak, the adhesive properties of Tabasco sauce, and why the future of space travel depends on astronauts with a gift for engineering improvisation. | <urn:uuid:afb86bae-394a-4ec2-9200-94a59a6991c2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://spectrum.ieee.org/podcast/aerospace/space-flight/engineering-in-space | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00283-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92033 | 144 | 2.15625 | 2 |
[column width=”46%” padding=”6%”]Vote to End Publicly-Funded Coal Curriculum for Kids Falls Short Illinois Legislators Fear “War on Coal”
HB 5660, a bill before the Illinois House that would have ended a mandate for the state to prepare and provide coal education materials for kids met sharp resistance this week from downstate legislators fearful that it represented the first step in a “War on Coal”.
Showing the powerful grip of the coal lobby on Illinois lawmakers, floor debate quickly moved from the merits of lifting the requirement for the state to educate school children on coal, to a series of oratories linking the measure to an effort to undermine the Illinois’ coal industry and ultimately lead to a loss of jobs. The bill failed to pass by a vote of 61-54.
The Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity is required by law to prepare, market and distribute education materials targeted for grades K-12. The initiative is taxpayer funded through utility user fees, and has been highly criticized by environmental groups for being a thinly veiled marketing program for the coal industry. The program consists of a compre-hensive teaching curriculum; a kids website; an annual coal calendar coloring contest; and a four-day, all-expense paid retreat for teachers wishing to earn professional development credits while learning about coal.
In 2013 an independent consultant hired by IDCEO to evaluate the coal education program acknowledged that “science content experts, teachers and stakeholders found the scientific content to be outdated, biased toward a positive image of coal, light on natural science content, and lacking discussion of potential environmental and social impacts of coal use”. The report rec-ommended that the current Coal Curriculum be retired.
The bill’s sponsor Rep. Deborah Conroy (D-Elmhurst) has requested postponed consideration of the measure pending possible amendment.
Lan Richart, EJC, April 4, 2014 . Click here for more … | <urn:uuid:8ded0d9d-aed9-4ae7-8a02-5ceac4f025d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ecojusticecollaborative.org/c-is-for-cat-no-its-for-coal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.937728 | 423 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Former U.S. Secretary of State James Baker is traveling in Europe this week in a bid to convince European leaders to write off large amounts of Iraqi debt. Reports say he's hoping to benefit from the goodwill generated by the 13 December capture of former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. Baker's first stop today was Paris, but the French -- as well as the Germans and Russians -- are still chafing at a Pentagon directive last week excluding them from U.S. reconstruction projects in Iraq.
Prague, 16 December 2003 (RFE/RL) -- Former U.S. Secretary of State James Baker has begun a high-profile trip through Europe to try to convince leaders to forgive at least part of Iraq's enormous debt.
Baker, traveling as a special envoy of U.S. President George W. Bush, met today with French President Jacques Chirac. Baker will also travel to Germany, Russia, Britain, and Italy.
In early comments after today's meeting with Chirac, Baker said he is optimistic. "I got an extraordinarily warm and friendly reception here, as I always have when I have come here," he said.
He said the United States and France both "want to do what we can to reduce the oppressive debt burden on the Iraqi people so that they can enjoy freedom and prosperity, and we would like to do that in the year 2004 and through the mechanism of the Paris Club."
Gaining agreement with France -- as well as with Germany and Russia -- is viewed as crucial to U.S. efforts to reduce Iraq's estimated $120 billion in sovereign debt. U.S. officials say excessive debt payments would stifle any Iraqi economic recovery.
The three nations were among Iraq's biggest lenders in the 1970s and 1980s, when most of the debt was amassed. Figures vary, but Iraq owes France around $3 billion, excluding interest. It owes Germany as much as $4 billion and Russia anywhere from $3 billion to $8 billion.
The three are also key members of the Paris Club, an informal grouping of the most important creditor nations, including the United States, the European Union states, and Japan. Any debt forgiveness for Iraq would likely have to be worked out among the club's 19 members.
French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin hinted last night that some type of debt agreement can be reached with Iraq. "France, along with the other creditors, believes that an agreement [on Iraq's foreign debt] could be reached as soon as 2004, if the conditions are right," he said. "France could thereby consider debt cancellation appropriate to and compatible with the financial capacities of Iraq."
But the French offer is said to be conditional on a fully sovereign government being in place in Baghdad -- something that won't happen before July 2004, at the earliest.
The mood in France, Germany, and Russia is still sour following a Pentagon directive last week that bans companies from the three nations from participating as prime contractors in U.S. reconstruction projects in Iraq. The directive said only companies from the United States, Iraq, and 61 other countries judged sympathetic to the U.S.-led coalition can bid for contracts worth a total of more than $18 billion.
Reports say U.S. officials were hoping the capture of Saddam Hussein might generate enough goodwill to allow Baker to make some progress.
German Defense Minister Peter Struck said he hopes the issue of reconstruction contracts will be part of the U.S. envoy's discussions in Berlin tomorrow. Struck pointed out that Germany did contribute to the Iraqi war effort indirectly through its watch over U.S. military airports, hospitals, and bases in Germany.
"I hope that the talks that James Baker will have here in Berlin will result in a change in U.S. policy [toward German companies]. I do not understand this policy, especially since Germany made an important contribution through keeping watch over [military] installations here in Germany," Struck said.
Reports say the United States may be seeking to have as much as two-thirds of Iraq's debt written off. This would be similar to a deal made by the Paris Club with Yugoslavia after the fall of President Slobodan Milosevic. | <urn:uuid:02317579-0b80-4d5b-bfe6-c7a649f8ea64> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.rferl.org/a/1105339.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00468-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97682 | 856 | 1.710938 | 2 |
In order to systematize the administration of North West Delhi, it is further divided. The Sub Divisions of North West Delhi are 3 in total and they are Saraswati Vihar, Model Town and Narela. The offices of the Additional District Magistrate and Deputy Commissioner of North West Delhi are situated in Kanjhawala.
The entire area of North West Delhi covers roughly 440 square kilometers and is important from the point of view of commerce and business. There are a number of top corporate firms in North-West Delhi. This district of Delhi is famous for its popular and posh shopping malls as well as trendy entertainment zones. Tourist find these attractions of North West Delhi, very exciting.
There are many residential blocks in North West Delhi, which are inhabited by large sections of the society. The entire area is marked by uncountable modern high rises which indicate its great prosperity.
In recent years, there has been substantial economic growth in North West Delhi and this has contributed towards the overall development of Delhi.
Last Updated on : September 10, 2014 | <urn:uuid:60111b8f-eb06-4bd5-8070-b0a8ea4c7ff4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.mapsofindia.com/delhi/districts/north-west.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00014-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967824 | 216 | 1.960938 | 2 |
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Unformatted text preview: Sustainability Report Template
The purpose of this tool is to help you create a Sustainability Report.
Sustainability Report is a formal management communication document that
provides internal and external stakeholders with all the informati on they need to rest
assured that your organization is committed to sustainable development and growth. How to Use this Template
Complete the following sections with your sustainability team: Sustainability at
[company name]; Company Profile; Governance, Ethics, & Compliance; Employees;
Environment, Health, & Safety; Product Responsibility; Supply Chain; Community
Support; Economic Impacts; Sustainability Reporting.
Update the look and feel of this document to reflect your corporate brand, and be
sure to include many images that reinforce your message and show you in action. Table of Contents
1. Sustainability at [company name]
1.4 Chairman & CEO Letter
Our Approach to Sustainability
Affiliations & Memberships 2. Company Profile
2.3 4 Corporate Overview
Awards & Recognition
Milestones 3. Governance, Ethics and Compliance
3.2 3 Corporate Governance
Ethics & Compliance 4 4. Employees
4.5 Talent Management
Compensation & Benefits
Work/Life Balance 5. Environment, Health and Safety
5.3 7 Economic Value Generated & Distributed 10. Sustainability Reporting
10.3 7 Donations, Scholarships and Sponsorships
Employee Volunteering 9. Economic Impact
9.1 6 Supplier Management
Greening the Supply Chain
Customers 8. Community Support
8.2 6 Quality & Safety
R & D and Design
Product Transport & Packaging
Product End-of-Life 7. Supply Chain
7.4 5 Program Overview
Health & Safety Performance 6. Product Responsibility
6.6 5 External Reporting Standards
Auditor Verification Statement 8 1. Sustainability at [Company Name]
1.1 Chairman & CEO Letter
Provide a brief letter from the CEO stating that sustainable development is a
top priority for your organization . Communicate your commitment to your
community, shareholders, employees, suppliers, and customers. Be sure to
include a list of Sustainability Highlights which demonstrate achievements
from the past year, and a list of Challenges for the upcoming year.
1.2 Our Approach to Sustainability
Describe how sustainability practices are of practical business benefit, such as
cost savings on energy, improved packaging designs, optimization of logistics,
increased employee satisfaction & retention, customer loyalty. Provide a
summary of your views towards sustainability and a brief summary of your
focus areas with links to each of the key sections of your report: Governance, Ethics and Compliance – operating in an ethical
manner and in accordance with the laws where the company operates. Employees – providing an excellent workplace for employees. Environment, Health and Safety – reducing the company’s
environmental impact and ensuring health and safety of staff. Product Responsibility – integrated and sustainable development. Supply Chain – working to make our suppliers ‘greener’. Community Support – providing volunteers, donations, sch olarships,
and sponsorships to our community to help it prosper. Economic Impacts – using our financial resources responsibly to
ensure continued success and increase shareholder value. 1.3 Stakeholder Engagement Stakeholder Group Description Activities & Engagement Communities Facilities in 6 states Interaction with governments Customers 25,000+ customers Customer Advisory Council Employees 500 employees Town Hall Meetings & Surveys Suppliers 250 suppliers Green Supplier Network Sourcing Investors Over 5000 investors Corporate Governance & Reporting 1.4 Affiliations & Memberships
[Company Name] has relationships with a number of organizations related to
various aspects of sustainability, including the following (provide list & links): 2. Company Profile
2.1 Corporate Overview
Provide a description of your organization.
2.2 Awards & Recognition
Provide a summary of any awards or recognition received for sustainability.
Provide a history of your organization and include any relevant milestones. 3. Governance, Ethics and Compliance
3.1 Corporate Governance
Describe your corporate governance structure and key responsibilities.
Document your corporate values, mission, and vision statements.
3.2 Ethics and Compliance
Describe how your ethics and compliance function adheres to applicable laws
and company policies. Include a statement from your Privacy Officer, and
provide links to any business practice standards that are in effect. If there
are any Codes of Ethics that you h ave adopted, add them here. 4. Employees
4.1 Talent Management
Discuss how you align individual and corporate goals, conduct human capital
planning, and assess and develop talent in your organization. Provide a
summary of total employees, training programs available, education grant
programs, or other activities that are contributing to a sustainable workforce. 4.2 Compensation & Benefits
Provide a description of the total compensation packages and comment on
how your organization sets executive officer compensation based on market
data, business conditions, and company objectives.
4.3 Employee Engagement
Provide a summary of results from employee satisfaction surveys.
Provide a statement about your mandate to create an equal oppo rtunity
environment. Include statistics related to gender and ethnic diversity.
4.5 Work/Life Balance
Provide a description of any programs that you have in place to assist your
employees with living a balanced work and family life. Programs could
include educational assistance, employee assistance & counseling programs,
childcare support, alternative work arrangements such as flextime,
telecommuting, part-time, job sharing, etc. 5. Environment, Health and Safety
5.1 Program Overview
Provide a description of your Environment, Health and Safety (EHS)
program’s objectives, initiatives, targets, and measures.
5.2 Environmental Performance
Provide a report on how well you have achieved environmental goals related
to: total waste, water usage, energy u sage, greenhouse gas emissions, and
environmental incidents. Be honest about your challenges & achievements,
and use key performance indicators (metrics) to back up your statements.
5.2 Health & Safety Performance
Provide a report on how well you have achieved health & safety goals such as
serious injuries, workplace accidents, worker’s compensation claims, etc. Be
honest about your challenges & achievements, and use key performance
indicators (metrics) to back up your statements. 6. Product Responsibility
6.1 Quality & Safety
Provide a statement regarding your commitments to quality & safety.
6.2 R&D and Design
Discuss your product development process as it relates to sustainable
development. If you conduct a sustainability review, highlight the procedure.
6.3 Materials Use
Describe how you ensure that products and packaging meet environmental
design principles, avoid hazardous substances, minimize resources usage, and
enhance opportunities for reducing, reusing, or recycling.
Provide a summary of your manufacturing standards as they relate to
sustainability, safety, and the environment.
6.5 Product Transport & Packaging
Describe how your organization is working to optimize its product
transportation and packaging processes to become more efficient and
6.6 Product End-of-Life
Describe how your organization is involved in the repair, refurbishment, and
recycling of your products at the end of their lifecycle. 7. Supply Chain
7.1 Supplier Management
Provide a statement regarding your sustainability standards for suppliers.
7.2 Supplier Diversity
Document your supplier spending for small businesses, minority -owned
businesses, and women-owned businesses. 7.3 Greening the Supply Chain
Discuss how you are helping your suppliers to get ‘greener’. Be sure to
mention if you are involved with recruiting for the Green Suppliers Network.
Discuss how your e-commerce initiatives are increasing efficiencies. 8. Community Support
8.1 Donations, Scholarships and Sponsorships
Provide a report on all donations, scholarships, and sponsorships given this year.
8.2 Employee Volunteering
Discuss your employee volunteering program and the impact it has made. 9. Economic Impact
9.1 Economic Value Generated & Distributed (Dollars in Thousands)
ECONOMIC VALUE GENERATED
ECONOMIC VALUE DISTRIBUTED
Payments to Suppliers
Common Stock Cash Dividends
Cash Donations & Sponsorships
RETAINED/REINVESTED 2006 5,046
606 2,098 2,242 32
117 126 152 49
458 2007 10. Sustainability Reporting
10.1 External Reporting Standards
[Company Name] recognizes the importance of external sustainability
reporting standards to promote relevant, transparent and comparable
disclosure of company performance. We use the Global Reporting Initiative’s
G3 Guidelines as our standard reporting framework. 10.2 GRI Index
Based on the Global Reporting Initiative’s Application Levels , we self-declare
this report to application level (A, B, C, or D).
10.3 Auditor Verification Statement
Provide a statement from your auditor indicating that they have audited your
facilities and verified claims in your sustainability report. Be sure to provide
contact details for the Auditor. ...
View Full Document
- Spring '10 | <urn:uuid:6d20fb4e-f5a5-4aa0-96bf-7cdb2c708333> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.coursehero.com/file/6066222/Sustainability-Report-Template/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00254-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85891 | 1,993 | 1.9375 | 2 |
The New York Times report last month on a months-long intrusion on its corporate network was an indictment of what many have concluded is widespread, and government-sanctioned espionage by China. Almost as glaring was the Times indictment of its antivirus software provider, Symantec Corp., which failed miserably to detect and block 44 of 45 malicious programs that were planted on the computers of Times' reporters and other employees.
Security experts have long cautioned that the protection model used by most antivirus products - which relies on identifying and fingerprinting malicious software - isn't well suited to a world of targeted attacks and purpose built malicious programs. A 2012 study sponsored by the security firm Imperva, and conducted by students at The Technion, Israel's Institute of Technology found that the initial detection rate for new (previously unknown malware) was less than 5% - in other words: more than 9 of 10 new malware won't get picked up by antivirus software. Despite that, spending on antivirus software is one of the biggest items in the security budget of both corporations and consumers. The research firm Gartner estimates that corporations will spend $3.4 billion worldwide on endpoint security software, while consumers will spend around $5 billion in 2012 - both have increased in recent years and are set to go up again this year.
Recent weeks have brought bad news for companies that turned to whitelisting as an alternative, after leading firm Bit9 was found to have allowed attackers to infiltrate its network and "whitelist" some decidedly nasty Trojan horse programs.
But where can companies turn next? Well ... lots of places, actually. In fact, recent announcements from two firms that think they have an answer for bedraggled antivirus users - two of many, small firms that are circling around lumbering antivirus giants in the hopes of picking off customers who have grown skeptical of the value of their endpoint security offerings.
The security firm Trusteer recently announced the availability of a new product, dubbed "Apex" that it says will protect enterprises against "advanced malware attacks and data breaches." And by "advanced," Trusteer means the stuff AV firms are struggling with: previously unknown malware or malware variants, as well as attacks that exploit previously unknown ("zero day") vulnerabilities in ubiquitous platforms like Adobe Acrobat and Flash or Microsoft Office.
Trusteer, which is headquartered in Boston, is one of a number of up and coming firms that are selling alternatives to the traditional endpoint protection suites sold by AV giants like McAfee, Symantec, Sophos and Kaspersky Lab.
The company's technology doesn't rely on threat signatures, or on so-called "whitelists" of good applications. Instead, it watches applications as they run and spotting suspicious or malicious behavior, based on knowledge of "normal" application behavior that it has refined from its large user base. Trusteer claims Apex can block both web based attacks that are used to implant malware by exploiting vulnerable applications, and data loss due to malware infections by spotting attempts by untrusted applications or processes to send data outside an organization or connect with Internet-based command and control (C&C) networks.
Another firm, Bromium, recently offered a wholly different approach to the same endpoint protection problem. The company has an excellent pedigree. Its CEO, Gaurav Banga, was formerly CTO at Phoenix Technologies, while CTO Simon Crosby was formerly the founder and CTO of XenSource. Bromium unveiled its first product, vSentry, in September for Windows 7 and Windows Server. The company's technology leverages native Intel support for virtualization and security to spawn what it calls "micro visors" (as in "tiny hypervisors") that are used to isolate specific application tasks from the underlying (host) operating system.
User interactions - clicking a link on your Facebook wall, or opening an email attachment - spawns a new task, which is assigned its own virtual machine with the resources necessary to complete that task. However, these ephemeral VMs are untrusted by the host operating system, and therefore unable to access it or the CPU itself. As an example, an instance of your IE browser running Facebook.com can only access the browser cookie for Facebook, and the untrusted web, but cannot access any other files, or reach deeper into the enterprise network or access USB devices connected to your PC. Unlike Trusteer, Bromium doesn't claim to be able to sort out malicious versus legitimate application behavior. Instead, it provides a secure container for malicious applications to run in that won't compromise valuable and trusted assets and resources. Once a particular task is killed, the hardware-isolated task is discarded and, with it, any malware.
"People are deploying the wrong technologies for the wrong reasons," said Franklyn Jones, the Vice President, Marketing at Bromium. "They have to deal with the fact that users are going to connect to the Internet and there's no way to protect them when they do," he said.
The company is touting a new report from independent testing lab NSS Labs, which found the company's technology stopped novel malware attacks that NSS threw at it. There will be more news from Bromium this week that expands the reach of its technology - but I'll leave that to them.
And these are just two vendors. The RSA Conference in San Francisco promises news from a slew of vendors who would like a piece of that $7 billion dollar antivirus pie. And, with attacks against organizations of all kinds accelerating, expect a long line of willing buyers. Stay tuned. | <urn:uuid:3b994f76-ee48-4485-856c-377a7e16ae86> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.itworld.com/article/2712702/security/antivirus-s-star-fades--letting-new-technologies-shine.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00530-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957104 | 1,138 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Hideyuki Ishibashi is based in Lille, in northern France, and makes works by appropriating and collaging found photographs. He had his solo exhibition, “Présage” at BT Gallery in Tokyo in 2013 and IMA Photobooks published Présage, a book of the same works in 2015.
Very active overseas, Ishibashi has shown “Présage” at Gallery Vol de Nuits in Marseille, also in 2015 and also exhibited his new series “Connotations” at UNSEEN in Amsterdam to great acclaim.
In “Présage”, Ishibashi makes each piece by meticulously collaging together multiple fragments of old photographs and postcards purchased at flea markets. He reconstructs the photographic fragments, divorced from their original contexts, to create a world that is suspended between fantasy and reality.
The finished pieces, in fact, are so carefully pieced together that at first glance it’s unapparent that they are composed of multiple images. At the same time, Ishibashi intentionally leaves dust and other matter that enter the pieces during their production to add depth to the works.
Ishibashi pushes the methods of appropriation and reconstruction used in “Présage” even further in his new series “Connotations”. The fictional portraits constituting the series are woven together from words that were evoked by highly personal poems written by his friend, a female American poet, based on her romantic relationships. Using images from the internet, Ishibashi collaged embodied images of fictional men.
Inspired by the use of keywords to categorize photographs on photo-sharing applications, Ishibashi used hashtags to find infinite quantities of images on the internet. By adding images resembling typical fashion advertising imagery to them, he transforms the words, which were products of personal experience, into a more socially oriented imaged. In this process, he not only combines literature and photography, but also examines the relation between photography and collective memory in contemporary society.
Contemporary society is flooded with an infinite number of images which are constantly and instantaneously consumed. By intentionally employing complex processes to produce single images in this social context, Ishibashi creates multilayered images that make their viewers re-examine what it means to “look.” In this exhibition, the original collages, which are the sources of the two series, will also be displayed to show the artist’s working process.
Specifically because we live in a time inundated with images, I simply want, by exhibiting these works produced in the complicated processes described above, to provide viewers with the time to reconsider the ambiguity inherent in the act of looking.
– Hideyuki Ishibashi
Friday 29 July 2016 – Saturday 24 September 2016
11:00 – 19:00
Sun, Mon, Holiday | <urn:uuid:c66245c6-9133-41a2-a131-06e5e014b25c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://imaonline.jp/en/exhibition/presage_connotations.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.964239 | 615 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Album art courtesy of Brunswick Records
Rebetika: Songs of Greece (1986)
Rebetika music evolved in the 1920s, combining jail songs and hashish-smoking songs of the Greek underworld with music brought to Greece by refugees from the Greek-Turkish War.
Length: 42 minutes
Performed by: Apodimi Compania
Featured in the National Registry of Recorded Sound collection | <urn:uuid:76a5e1a6-9678-47c2-b136-598a0a2ba718> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://aso.gov.au/titles/music/rebetika-songs-of-greece/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00492-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90852 | 81 | 1.554688 | 2 |
We decided to let our grapes turn into raisins for the fall feast. Actually, Margo decided. I was against the idea. What’s the point of having fresh, delicious grapes shrivel into raisins?
Margo told me we’d let the grapes raisinate on the vine. Raisinate. Good word, right? I didn’t bother researching. I just left the grapes alone.
This is what we got:
Turns out raisinate isn’t really a word. Well, Wiktionary includes it, and the references are indeed to letting grapes shrivel. One catch: it’s done OFF the vine.
There goes our entire season’s crop. Oops.
Raisins are usually harvested at their peak (late summer) and then laid out to dry for anywhere from two days to three weeks, depending on the conditions and your taste preference. Drying can be done outside or in a dehydrator, depending on the climate. The trick is that raisins need hot, dry weather to suck out all that juicy moisture (we’re talking around 85-100 degrees). They’re subject to rot and mold if the conditions aren’t right (like in our coastal-influenced Menlo Park). Be sure to check them consistently.
There is a method for vine-ripened grapes, called DOV (dried-on-vine). This UC study presents DOV as a labor saving solution. Ripe grapes are left on the vine and collected by mechanized harvesting machines. While they technically dry on the vine, it’s no longer attached to a living plant. The point is to increase mechanization and eliminate the need for workers to harvest bunch by bunch. Hm — not quite the vine-ripened garden imagery we had in mind. | <urn:uuid:99f2a748-391e-4fa5-819e-17020691a93e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://westphoria.sunset.com/2009/11/21/how-are-raisins-made-hint-not-like-this/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988725475.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183845-00509-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930192 | 386 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Mc- Donald’s Supply chain Management
Submitted by Dhatchyani Divya Gireesh
Introduction to Supply Chain
The term "supply chain management" entered the public domain when Keith Oliver, a consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton, used it in an interview for the Financial Times in 1982. The term was slow to take hold and the lexicon was slow to change. It gained currency in the mid-1990s, when a flurry of articles and books came out on the subject. In the late 1990s it rose to prominence as a management buzzword, and operations managers began to use it in their titles with increasing regularity Common and accepted definitions of supply chain management are: * Managing upstream and downstream value added flow of materials, final goods and related information among suppliers; company; resellers; final consumers are supply chain management. * Supply chain management is the systematic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across businesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole (Mentzer et al., 2001). * A customer focused definition is given by Hines (2004:p76) "Supply chain strategies require a total systems view of the linkages in the chain that work together efficiently to create customer satisfaction at the end point of delivery to the consumer. As a consequence costs must be lowered throughout the chain by driving out unnecessary costs and focusing attention on adding value. Throughput efficiency must be increased, bottlenecks removed and performance measurement must focus on total systems efficiency and equitable reward distribution to those in the supply chain adding value. The supply chain system must be responsive to customer requirements." Global supply chain forum - supply chain management is the integration of key business processes across the supply chain for the purpose of creating value for customers and stakeholders (Lambert, 2008) * According to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing, procurement, conversion, and logistics management. It also includes the crucial components of coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. More recently, the loosely coupled, self-organizing network of businesses that cooperate to provide product and service offerings has been called the Extended Enterprise. A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of organizations directly linked by one or more of the upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, and information from a source to a customer. Managing a supply chain is 'supply chain management' (Mentzer et al., 2001). Supply chain management software includes tools or modules used to execute supply chain transactions, manage supplier relationships and control associated business processes. Supply chain event management (abbreviated as SCEM) is a consideration of all possible events and factors that can disrupt a supply chain. With SCEM possible scenarios can be created and solutions devised. In many cases the supply chain includes the collection of goods after consumer use for recycling. Including 3PL or other... | <urn:uuid:adeef8df-6b98-4203-a3a5-5aaadf13c3e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Seminar-Report-1579481.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00392-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937084 | 658 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Consumers Energy Leads Michigan’s Electric Vehicle Transformation, Plans 200 Fast Charging Stations by 2024
JACKSON, Mich., April 20, 2021 – Consumers Energy is celebrating Earth Week by announcing it has now built the backbone for the still-growing fast charging network for electric vehicles across Michigan. Charging stations that allow emissions-free EVs to power up quickly are in place in 24 locations reaching 250 miles north to south.
Over the next three years, Consumers Energy plans to help 200 fast charging locations – and over 2,000 chargers at homes and businesses – start powering EVs across Michigan.
“Our country’s auto industry was born right here in Michigan. Consumers Energy is excited to charge the next generation of transportation in our home state and help Michigan lead the nation into a clean automotive future,” said Lauren Youngdahl Snyder, Consumers Energy’s vice president of customer experience. “Fast charging means EV owners can power their vehicles wherever they travel across Michigan, and their options are growing by the day.”
Consumers Energy launched its PowerMIDrive program less than two years ago. Since then, it has provided over 600 rebates for home, business and public charging stations that make electric vehicle ownership convenient and affordable.
Those rebates include the 24 fast charging locations, which can fully power a vehicle’s battery in less than an hour. There were only four as recently as last summer, and another dozen should start operating in the next six months.
Learn more at ConsumersEnergy.com/PowerMIDrive.
Also last month, a coalition of Midwest energy providers including Consumers Energy that committed to long-range EV charging expanded to 10 companies. Electric vehicle owners will have the fast charging network to fully power the 1,300-mile drive from Mackinac City to the Colorado border.
“We know electric vehicles still make up a small number of cars on the road, but that’s changing quickly,” Youngdahl Snyder said. “EV sales are growing by over 20% each year as more people commit to a clean, affordable automotive future, and Consumers Energy is building the infrastructure to make sure more electric vehicles can hit the road.”
Consumers Energy, Michigan’s largest energy provider, is the principal subsidiary of CMS Energy (NYSE: CMS), providing natural gas and/or electricity to 6.8 million of the state’s 10 million residents in all 68 Lower Peninsula counties.
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Major League Baseball has been around for a long time, but despite all the players who have come through in more than 100 years of history, a very small percentage has been exclusive to one franchise.
Well, according to a list compiled by the Elias Sports Bureau, only 62 players in MLB's long history with at least 15 years in the Major Leagues played their entire career with one organization.
Of that group, 35 are Hall of Famers:
Pee Wee Reese
Cal Ripken Jr.
Surprisingly, despite the impact of free agency and the amount of player turnover nowadays, seven players who had at least 15 years of experience and played out an entire career with one big league team retired between 2000-09: Ripken, Gwynn, Jeff Bagwell, Craig Biggio, Bernie Williams, Edgar Martinez and Barry Larkin.
There are also an additional four who currently meet that criteria and are still active. Three of them are Yankees -- Derek Jeter, Mariano Rivera and Jorge Posada -- with the other being Braves third baseman Chipper Jones.
Alden Gonzalez is a reporter for MLB.com and writes an MLBlog, Gonzo and 'The Show'. Follow him on Twitter @Alden_Gonzalez. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs. | <urn:uuid:5fcba01f-1a94-49bf-9403-aa7475b7f4ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://m.mlb.com/news/article/16083622 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00002-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935493 | 288 | 1.820313 | 2 |
By James A. Alter
Psalm 119:160 says, “Thy word is true from the beginning...” We believe this is still true today! We also believe this statement to include the King James Bible. In this series Pastor Jim Alter explains why you can trust the Bible you hold in your hands to be the preserved Word of God in the English language. You will learn the meaning of the word inspiration in the Bible and the fascinating history of our Bible. You will see just how far the new versions go in changing the meaning of important verses and how they undermine the vital doctrine of salvation. These messages will strengthen your faith in God’s infallible Word. | <urn:uuid:397b81bc-4882-40ff-a36b-c49b1a1ca425> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ancientbaptist.com/album-tfb.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.911415 | 138 | 1.679688 | 2 |
At the end of April we highlighted the following article, particularly because it questions the timeframe over which we consider 'invasions' to play out: they are probably much longer than many of us have been thinking!
Gilbert B and Levine JM, Plant invasions and extinction debts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013, 110(5):1744-9
Our review: F1000Prime.com/718000610#eval793474985
The authors demonstrate experimentally that the native grass populations retreat to refugia of ever smaller size and less favourable conditions, while the habitat between these refugia becomes less hospitable for seed production and establishment through competition with the invasives. Metapopulation models show that the populations become increasingly vulnerable to local extinction with less likelihood of recolonisation because of the distance from other viable seed sources.
Their modelling suggests that these extinctions may take hundreds of years to play out. While this is slow by comparison with direct habitat destruction and the likely impact of climate change, extinction is a long-term consequence of present, profound, and insidious changes to ecosystem processes. | <urn:uuid:b0213553-1505-46d7-9fb4-fa2154e2acbc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cane-toad.blogspot.com/2013/07/plant-invasions-and-extinction-debts.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00432-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925925 | 231 | 3.125 | 3 |
to The Paris Codex!
site contains a digital version of an ancient Maya hieroglyphic
book called the Paris Codex. The images were taken from a photograhic
record of the ancient book, created by Theodore A. Willard in
1933. The original is still preserved today at the Bibliothèque
Nationale in Paris, France. It is one of only four pre-Columbian
Maya hieroglyphic manuscripts that have survived the
book burnings of the Spanish Conquest.
Scholars believe that these books hold many insights into the
Maya civilization. The purpose of this site is to make the photographic
images of the pages of the Paris Codex
available to the public - to see, interpret and use in their studies
of this ancient civilization.
digital version of the Paris Codex was created by Northwestern
University Library's Digital Media Services.
Codex copyright information | <urn:uuid:41f01f45-8ea9-4197-89f2-9cc7a55a30cc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/codex/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00056-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913037 | 188 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Sleep is essential to leading a happy, healthy, and active life. If you or your child is suffering from sleep problems, Joseph L. Edmonds, M.D., FACS, FAAP and the sleep specialists at Houston Specialty Clinic in Houston and Sugar Land, Texas, can help determine the underlying cause and most effective solution for sleep disorders. Led by board-certified physicians Joshua Rotenberg, MD, and Sarat Susarla, MD, the practice specializes in comprehensive, family-centered care. To schedule a visit, call today.
A sleep disorder is a condition that alters the way you sleep. There are a number of different types of sleep disorders that cause excessive sleepiness or wakefulness. Sleep disorders can have a major impact on your overall health and quality of life.
Poor sleep health can increase your risk of obesity, high blood pressure, and heart disease. It also puts you at an increased risk of injuries at home, at work, or on the road.
Some common sleep disorders include:
Insomnia is a sleep disorder that causes abnormal wakefulness. Insomnia makes it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep. Because of the lack of sleep, many people with insomnia wake up feeling tired. Symptoms of insomnia include waking up too early, excessive daytime sleepiness, and difficulty focusing or paying attention. Insomnia may occur on its own or as a result of other factors like stress, travel, or medications.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) develops when you stop breathing repeatedly while you’re sleeping. When you sleep, the muscles in the back of your throat naturally relax. For people with OSA, these muscles relax too much to the point of blocking your airway.
The symptoms of sleep apnea include loud snoring, morning headaches, and excessive daytime sleepiness. If your child has OSA, you may notice signs like poor school performance, bed-wetting, and mouth breathing.
Narcolepsy is a type of sleep disorder that causes excessive, uncontrollable daytime sleepiness. People with narcolepsy have a hard time staying awake for long periods of time no matter how much sleep they got the night before. Narcolepsy is a chronic condition that has no cure. Although narcolepsy can impact your daily life, there are effective ways to manage and control the condition.
Before treatment, your doctor performs a thorough evaluation to properly diagnose your condition. In addition to discussing your symptoms and medical history, your doctor uses a sleep study to gather information about your disorder. A sleep study is a test that provides essential information, such as your brain activity, heart rate, and oxygen levels, about your sleep cycles.
After the sleep study, your doctor analyzes your results and works with you to develop the most effective treatment plan. Depending on your diagnosis, treatment for your sleep disorder may include:
To speak with a specialist about the sleep health of you or your child, book an appointment at Houston Specialty Clinic by phone today. | <urn:uuid:0621727c-2758-47b1-9929-1ea6977709ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.houstonspecialtyclinic.com/services/sleep-disorders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.938314 | 614 | 2.90625 | 3 |
- Lost & Found Display: To track the lost and found items.
- Teaching Aid's: Projector, Visualizer and teaching through Models.
- Suggestion Boxes for students to put their suggestion whsich helps in further improvement of services being offered by the institute.
- Anunaad (In-house quarterly magazine): To provide the student a platform where they can enjoy their creative talent,
increase their General Awareness, get inspiration from the real heroes of this world and
test themselves against the Challenge put up by the Brain Teasers in the magazine.
- Aquagard & water cooler test for pure water.
- Generator for uninterrupted supply of electricity in case of power failure.
- Neat and Clean separate wash room for boys and girls.
- Student Facility Centre: For phone, stationary and refreshment.
- Availability of School Contact and Accommodation List at reception.
- Motivation & Counseling Classes: To make the students stress free and rejuvenated towards the target at regular intervals.
- Display and providing all relevant information about various Competitive Examinations.
- Information about absenteeism and performance of the students to their parents on a regular basis.
- Work Shops for NTSE /IJSO and Mock Exams for various Competitive Examinations.
- Provision to arrange Back-up Classes for weaker students or who missed the Regular Classes on genuine grounds with a prior approval.
Student Grievance handling & Student vigilence.
Providing water & breakfast facilities. | <urn:uuid:2b9b58fe-7478-4bf5-a92e-e26b85a949b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://pccp.resonance.ac.in/aboutus/infra-facilities-utilities.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00336-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.888534 | 312 | 2 | 2 |
December 4, 2013
Earth’s Van Allen Belts Thrust Particles To Near The Speed Of Light
Lee Rannals for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online
NASA’s twin Van Allen Probes have led to another new discovery of Earth’s mysterious radiation belts.Researchers used data from the NASA spacecraft to reveal that the high-energy particles populating the Van Allen radiation belts can be accelerated to nearly the speed of light. This finding comes on the heels of a related discovery showing similar particle acceleration but on a microscopic, rather than planetary, scale.
“The acceleration we first reported operates on the scale size of an electron’s gyromotion—it is a really local process, maybe only a few hundred meters in size,” Harlan Spence, director of the University of New Hampshire Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space and coauthor on the Nature Communications paper, said in a statement. “Now we’re seeing this large-scale, global motion involving ultra low-frequency waves pulsing through Earth’s magnetosphere and operating across vast distances up to hundreds of thousands of kilometers.”
Having the probes make simultaneous measurements in different regions of nearby space is a key aspect of the mission, allowing scientists to look at data separated by both space and time.
“With the Van Allen Probes, I like to think there’s no place for these particles to hide because each spacecraft is spinning and ‘glimpses’ the entire sky with its detector ‘eyes’, so we’re essentially getting a 360-degree view in terms of direction, position, energy, and time,” Spence said.
Ian Mann, from the University of Alberta and first author of the paper, said people have considered this acceleration process might be present but they haven’t been able to see it clearly until now, with the advent of the Van Allen Probes mission.
The action described by the researchers is analogous to that of a particle accelerator like the Large Hadron Collider. However, with the Van Allen Belts, the Earth’s vast magnetic field revs up drifting electrons to ever-higher speeds as they circle the planet.
"Essentially near-Earth space is filled with a basic magnetic field which can be perturbed by a modest solar wind from a very typical star," Mann said. "When compared with the much more exotic astrophysical objects out in the universe, Earth's system doesn't initially look like it should accelerate particles up to such incredible speeds. But something is happening right above our heads that is a very efficient, planetary-scale accelerator, and scientists have been trying to understand this ever since the belts were first discovered."
Better understanding of the processes inside the belts can ultimately help protect orbiting spacecraft from damage. The radiation belts change shape and size in response to incoming energy and particles from the sun. In extreme cases of space weather, nearby satellites can be engulfed by the belts, potentially charging the spacecraft or even short-circuiting internal electronics.
Scientists have predicted that the acceleration process discovered might be present, but this is the first time they have been able to see it with the right resolution. The Van Allen Probes showed the acceleration mechanisms acts much faster than standard models of Ultra-low-frequency (ULF) wave interactions, which is information scientists could use to adjust their understanding of belt dynamics.
This study can help scientists fine tune models of the belts until they become as accurate as possible. Mann said he will incorporate increased numbers of the ULF waves into his models and see how this matches up to observations of what is going on in the radiation belts. | <urn:uuid:46d0a934-3e69-410f-a299-9647e7f441a6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1113019776/van-allen-belts-accelerate-particles-speed-of-light-120413/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942777 | 760 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Our combined emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) have decreased more than 40 percent over the past 10 years across all of our operations. Our Baytown (Texas) refining and petrochemical complex has also achieved near double-digit improvements in energy efficiency and air quality during the past decade. Despite its size and complexity, the Baytown Refinery now uses energy more efficiently than 90 percent of all other U.S. refineries. Over the past decade, energy efficiency across the Baytown complex has improved by 10 percent, and NOx and VOC emissions have been reduced by 46 percent and 40 percent, respectively. During this same period, air-related incident performance has improved by 64 percent.
Baytown Refinery manager
“As a community partner in Baytown for 95 years, we are proud of our accomplishments. We remain committed to maintaining operational excellence and pioneering new ways to reduce emissions and improve air quality. Our mission is clear: Protect Tomorrow. Today.”
In 2014, we completed our clean fuels project at our refinery in Saudi Arabia, a joint venture of ExxonMobil and Saudi Aramco. This project’s desulfurization facilities are designed to cut sulfur levels in gasoline and diesel by more than 98 percent. The ultra-low sulfur fuels produced as a result of this investment will allow for reduced emissions when used in modern engines. | <urn:uuid:c99634af-492d-48ab-90bb-20412783a208> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.exxonmobil.com.qa/en-qa/environment/environmental-performance/air-emission-reductions/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00345-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946476 | 292 | 2.28125 | 2 |
A silver amalgam filling is used to repair a tooth that is affected by decay, cracks, fractures, etc. The decayed or affected portion of the tooth will be removed and then filled with a silver filling.
There are many types of filling materials available, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. You and your dentist can discuss the best options for restoring your teeth. Amalgam fillings, along with composite (tooth colored) fillings, are the most widely used today. An amalgam filling is more commonly used in the back teeth since the color is not as aesthetic as a composite filling.
As with most dental restorations, amalgam fillings are not permanent and may someday need replacement. They are very durable, and will last many years, giving you a long lasting smile.
Reasons for amalgam fillings:
Cracked or broken teeth.
What does getting an amalgam filling involve?
Amalgam fillings are usually placed in one appointment. While the tooth is numb, your dentist will remove decay as necessary. The space will then be thoroughly cleansed and carefully prepared before the new filling is placed. If the decay was near the nerve of the tooth, a special medication will be applied for added protection. The silver filling will then be precisely placed, shaped, and polished, restoring your tooth to its original shape and function.
It is normal to experience sensitivity to hot and cold when amalgam fillings are first placed, however this will subside shortly after your tooth acclimates to the new filling.
You will be given post-care instructions at the completion of your treatment. Good oral hygiene practices, eating habits, and regular dental visits will aid in the life of your new fillings. | <urn:uuid:5388333e-5ca1-4175-a23a-bb7a28bfd489> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.dawoddentalcenter.com/procedures/restorations/amalgam-fillings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00477-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939787 | 355 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Why Does the Toilet Overflow When I Take a Shower?
Having plumbing problems in your Riverside City home can be a big headache, especially when something like a toilet overflow starts happening unexpectedly and requires sewage cleaning. If one of your toilets is overflowing when you take a shower, it is likely being caused by a clog between the shower and the sewer. As the shower runs, the water is stopped by the clog and pushed into the wastewater lines and comes out the first spot it can, which in this case is your toilet.
When this type of problem happens, it can create a major mess in your bathroom. It can be even worse if you take a shower upstairs and the overflow is happening in a bathroom you don’t use every day, such as in the basement or in a guest bathroom. If you have a toilet overflow that has gone unnoticed for a few days, to the point where water damage and mold has begun to set in, there are many professional water damage remediation companies that can thoroughly repair and clean up the area. Proper sewage cleaning is important to ensure everything is fully decontaminated to prevent disease.
You may be able to clear out the clogged pipe yourself using an auger “snake”:
Hiring a professional is often recommended to avoid spending money and time only to realize the problem is bigger than you expected, or unreachable by a common snake.
Fix Your Pipes
A clogged pipe can be an easy, quick fix and may not cause much of a mess or damage if taken care of immediately. But, if the clog has been building up for many years and is far down in the sewage lines, it could require professional tools and the hand of an experienced plumber.
We can respond quickly to water damage emergencies to address both saturation and standing water.
Once your pluming issue is fixed, contact us here at SERVPRO Of East Riverdside | <urn:uuid:c3b9faa2-c186-458e-8819-b55ec76f7755> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.servproeastriversidecity.com/blog/post/305894/water-damage-restoration/why-does-the-toilet-overflow-when-i-take-a-shower | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949979 | 412 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Huang Binhong (黃賓虹, 1865-1955) was a painter and art theorist who, faced with the challenge of a new society in 20th-century China, incorporated fresh ideas into traditional Chinese painting.
Huang Binhong's father was a merchant and art enthusiast who encouraged his son's interest in painting. In 1888 his business collapsed and the whole family moved to She County (歙縣) in Anhui province, their native land. In the ensuing years, Huang developed an affinity for his ancestral home and formed a partiality for Xin’an (新安) literature and painting. As a young artist, he emulated the styles of the Xin’an School of painting. He also began collecting ancient seals and studying their inscriptions on bronze and stone (jinshi, 金石).
Huang Binhong opposed the Manchu dynasty and was involved in revolutionary activities. When he was exposed in 1907, he fled to Shanghai, where for two decades he taught and worked as a publisher and editor of a variety of art books and journals. In 1937 he moved to Beijing, where he was employed by the Beiping Ancient Works Display Center (北平古物陳列所) to appraise paintings for the Nationalist government.
Huang Binhong's work and ideas reached maturity during the 1930s and '40s. In his writings from this period, Huang advocated studying the Tang and Song works “to trace the past, in order to initiate the future.” He wrote "Huafa yaozhi" (“Principles of Painting”) in 1934, in which he explained his five ways of using the brush and his seven ways of using ink. He derived his style from the close study of Chinese tradition and of nature. Huang Binhong was among the first to point out the significance of the Xin’an School of painting in his scholarly writings of the early 1940s. Beside the Xin’an School, Huang was also influenced by Dong Qichang (董其昌, 1555–1636).
Despite these ancient influences, some of his painting techniques, especially his experiments with the effects of light and his autonomous use of brush and ink, converged with those of Western Impressionism and Modernism. He developed calligraphic strokes in his works, forming a luxuriant and richly integrated style in which he deftly manipulated solid and void. At the end of his career, when his eyesight was failing, Huang Binhong nearly departed from figuration in his paintings, while still infusing them with the essential spirit and resonance of the natural landscape. When he was 80 he had his first solo retrospective in Shanghai.
Artworks by Huang Binhong (view the entire painting gallery) | <urn:uuid:954daf7e-80a7-4d34-9817-8517d9005fa0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-huang-binhong.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00488-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985048 | 601 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Hello and welcome to HCM
Some women may experience bleeding from the vagina after an induced abortion
. Sometimes due to retained products of conception (bits of plancental tissue) may remain adherent to the uterine wall and this too causes lot of bleeding.
However, it is unusual to bleed from any other site of the body.
Bleeding at sites such as legs needs investigation.
Get your complete hemogram done especially platelet counts.
A fall in platelet counts can lead to bleedings as small pin head sized haemorrhages.
This could be due to acute ITP
(Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Post me the results of complete hemogram.
Thanks and take care
Dr Shailja P Wahal | <urn:uuid:6255a50b-cdcc-4b18-9ed3-b9a54525095d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.healthcaremagic.com/questions/Scan-post-taking-abortion-pills-showed-bulky-retroverted-uterus-mild-fluid-in-pod-Have-severe-bleeding-and-body-pain-post-scan-Cause/328262 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00548-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923684 | 161 | 1.59375 | 2 |
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Online contract for difference (CFD) trading is becoming an extremely popular way of speculating in financial markets. This form of trading began in 1990 and has gained international popularity over the last ten years. Online CFD trading tips include knowing that it is possible to earn money from a fall in a market’s value. Traders should avoid also the commodity markets as they are the most expensive and volatile and also be wary of leveraging. The best online CFD trading tip, however, may be to use the stop-loss option to limit a loss in the event of a market disaster.
CFDs were created in 1990 by traders in the United Kingdom as a means of avoiding the stamp tax when investing. Online CFD trading remained exclusive to the UK until 2000 when various other nations such as Australia picked up on it. It is still deemed to be illegal in the U.S. and other countries, however.
Online CFD trading is different from buying shares. When a trader purchases stock in a company, he or she needs the share price to rise in order to make a profit. When CFD trading, it is possible to make a profit when a share loses value. The process of purchasing a stock in the hope it decreases in value is known as "going short." The traditional process of expecting that the shares will rise in value is called "going long."
Online CFD trading also gives traders the option of dealing with various financial markets. Along with shares, traders can speculate on the performance of the foreign currency exchange market and commodities such as oil. New traders need to realize that oil trading, in particular, is expensive. Traders should not invest in the volatile commodities market unless it is something they can afford.
When it comes to online CFD trading, it is important to know about the process of leveraging. This effectively allows traders to control stock that is worth 100 times more than their initial investment. For example, a trader who invests the equivalent of $1,000 U.S. Dollars (USD) will be allowed to control $100,000 USD worth of stock.
It is vital for traders to realize that leveraging can be catastrophic as well as lucrative. The nature of online CFD trading means that it is possible for traders to lose more than their initial investment. With leveraging, a $5,000 USD investment could easily become a $20,000 USD loss if the market goes against the trader.
To avoid losing large sums of money, traders need to utilize the stop-loss option. When traders purchase their shares or commodities, they have the option to limit the losses. The stop-loss option enables them to decide on a cutoff point. Once the market drops below this level, the trade is instantly ended. This means that the loss is limited regardless of how poorly the market performs.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK! | <urn:uuid:c9e38547-0f4c-427b-838b-3af2123891f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-best-tips-for-online-cfd-trading.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00032-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963567 | 632 | 2.203125 | 2 |
More articles about
IPCC Report: We are the problem
2nd February, 2007
The IPCC, a UN based organisation made up of over 1200 climate experts from 40 countries and the most respected global authority on Climate Change science, has said the rise in global temperatures could be as high as 6.4°C by 2100. The report also predicts sea level rises and increases in the frequency of hurricanes.
"Warming of the climate system is unequivocal as it is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global sea level," said a representative from the IPCC at the report's launch today in Paris.
The last IPCC report, issued in 2001, predicted that temperatures would rise between 1.4°C and 5.8°C by 2100, relative to 1990 temperatures. But the new report says temperature rises by 2100 could, in the most extreme scenarios, range from 1.1°C to 6.4°C. The most likely range is between 1.8°C and 4.0°C with the report predicting that 4°C is most likely if the world continues to burn fossil-fuels at the same rate.
In 2001, the IPCC predicted that sea levels would rise by between 9 and 88 centimetres by 2100, relative to 1990 levels. The new report says rises could range from 18cm to 59cm.
IPCC's global surface temperature warming graph
The fact that sea level projections have been revised down are the reports most controversial findings. A recent report from Stefan Rahmstorf, a lead author of the paleoclimate section of the upcoming report, found that rises of up to 140cm are possible. Such a rise would devastate cities such as London and New York and cause devastation to Bangladesh and other low lying countries.
Politically the most important announcement the IPCC made today was to revise its stance on the causes of climate change. In its 2001 report, the IPCC claimed that “on balance” the causes of climate change were human. In this report that has been changed to " a very high confidence" meaning a "9 out of 10 chance" that climate change is man made.
This leaves no room for denial or inaction. Business, governments and people who do not act do so in the knowledge that they condemn future generations to death and poverty.
This article first appeared in the Ecologist February 2007
Using this website means you agree to us using simple cookies. | <urn:uuid:ee860324-abfb-44a8-9f72-d2d31dd23ac4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_round_up/269001/ipcc_report_we_are_the_problem.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955473 | 509 | 3.375 | 3 |
PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Foundations of Language: Language and animals Language and the brain Language and thought Announcements Exam 1: Tuesday, Feb. 7th (1 week from today) Coverage Chapters 1, 2, & 3 Format Multiple choice Definition matching Short answer Evolution of Language Where did it come from? Difficult question to answer, no fossil record of language Some evidence that we do have Fossil evidence suggests that Broca’s area in brain has been around a long time (between 2 million and 300,000 years) Articulatory apparatus hasn’t changed much in last 60,000 years Systems of animal communication show some features of human language system Probably evolved out of other systems of communication For more see: Pinker (1994) The Language Instinct Bickerton (2009) Adam’s Tongue What is communication? Any means by which two (or more) individuals exchange information Paralinguistic techniques – non-verbal communication Non-linguistic communication - that do involve vocalization Hand signals, facial expressions, body language, nods, smiles, winks, etc. Also includes things like tone of voice, tempo, volume, etc. Grunts, groans, snorts, sighs, whimpers, etc. Not all produced sounds are intended to convey messages, so they aren’t communication e.g., snoring What about laughing? Clearing one’s throat? Some examples Animals use a variety of methods to communicate Dogs bark Birds sing Bees dance People talk - we use language (as well as other methods) for communication Features of Language (Hockett, 1960) Arbitrariness Displacement Productivity Discreteness Semanticity Duality of patterning Hockett (1960) is available for download in the ‘optional readings’ on Blackboard Arbitrariness No resemblance between the language signal and the thing that it represents “labrador” “dog” “chien” “my pet” “hund” “perro” “Charles Barkey” Features of Language Arbitrariness Displacement Productivity Discreteness Semanticity Duality of patterning Displacement We can communicate about things that are physically and temporally removed from us “Did you see what happened in Newts’ news conference last week? He got really emotional and started to cry.” Features of Language Arbitrariness Displacement Productivity Discreteness Semanticity Duality of patterning Productivity Our use of language is extremely creative. We have a limited amount of linguistic elements (e.g., sounds and words), but can combine those elements in novel ways. “I was tired of cleaning up after my dog in my backyard so I taught him to pole vault. Even though you’ve never heard this sentence before you can understand it effortlessly Features of Language Arbitrariness Displacement Productivity Discreteness Semanticity Duality of patterning Discretness Language signals are distinct I don’t change my pitch or volume to denote size of an object “dog” “dog” “dog” Features of Language Arbitrariness Displacement Productivity Discreteness Semanticity Duality of patterning Semanticity Language signals have meaning “dog” - Four legged animal - Common pet - Fur - Chases cats - Barks - Etc. Features of Language Arbitrariness Displacement Productivity Discreteness Semanticity Duality of patterning Duality of Patterning Language signals occur on two levels Symbols are meaningful, discrete, and arbitrary Smaller units that make up the meaningful units don’t have meaning Words and morphemes “dog” Phonomes /d/ /o/ /g/ Animals and language? Is language use a uniquely human ability? Parrots - can memorize chunks of human speech Polly wanna cracker But are they really producing utterances based on an underlying meaning? Irene Pepperberg’s work with Grey Parrots for interesting counterpoint (video & another) Animals and language? Is language use a uniquely human ability? Dogs - can learn to associate “food” or “walk” with particular behaviors I believe you mentioned something about food But is that the same thing as understanding the meaning of food and walk? In the news: Chaser, the dog who knows 1000 words Animals and language? Is language use a uniquely human ability? Birds use songs to serve territorial and courtship functions. Tweet chirp chirp warble warble chirp. Translation: this is my tree Can songs be used productively? Animals and language? Is language use a uniquely human ability? Birds use songs to serve territorial and courtship functions. Chirp chirp warble warble tweet chirp? Translation: Is this my tree? Can songs be used productively? Gentner et al (2006) Animals and language? Is language use a uniquely human ability? Honey bees dance to indicate where a source of nectar is. (von Frisch, 1954) • Angle of the dance indicates direction • Rate of looping indicates distance NOVA's bee dance page Another bee dance video pict Riley et al. (2005) Animals and language? Parrot Dog Bird song Arbitrariness Displacement ? ? ? ? ? Productivity Discreteness Semanticity Duality of patterning Alex Chaser Bee dance Human Language What about chimpanzees? David and Ann Premack taught chimpanzees language (others too, Gardners: Washoe, Terrace: Nim Chimpsky) Results of these attempts are controversial Can learn to associate signs with objects (words)? Nim Chimpsky Yes, but limited vocabularies Some evidence suggesting could distinguish words from proper names Can they learn syntax? Depends who you talk to, some novel combinations of signs Sarah Washoe Koko Localization of function Josef Gall’s phrenology Mental functions (e.g., intellect, morals, etc.) are supported by specific regions of the brain You can feel the skull to assess people’s mental abilities Localization of function Modern Neuropsychology Psychological functions are localized in particular regions of the brain Localization of function Modern Neuropsychology Psychological functions are localized in particular regions of the brain Today’s focus 4 critical questions (Pulvermüller, 2010) Where: which brain parts, areas, and eventually neurons are active during, and are critical for, process P and representations(s) R that P relies on? When: at which point in time in the usage or understanding of language does process P occur; when is representation R activated and processed? How: which neuronal circuit, which nerve cells linked in which way, is the brain basis for representation R; which spatiotemporal pattern of neuronal activation in this circuit does underpin the process P? Why: for what reason are R and P located in these specific brain parts and activated at these specific points in time, and why is R laid down in this specific neuronal circuit, P being expressed by these specific activation patterns? Location of ‘Language Organ’ Evidence for the localization of language facilities comes from: • Patients with language disorders • “Split Brain patients” Direct Electrical Stimulation Modern Imaging Techniques • Ancient Egyptians & Greeks reported speech loss after blow to head (brain damage) 3000 years ago Paul Broca (1861) found that damage to left inferior frontal region (Broca’s area) of a language impaired patient (Tan), in postmortem analysis Carl Wernicke (1876) Found that damage to posterior part of the temporal lobe caused a different kind of language problems. Lateralization of functions • Human body is asymmetrical: heart, liver, use of limbs, etc. • Functions of the brain become lateralized • Each hemisphere specialized for particular ways of working Right-hemisphere Left-hemisphere Simultaneous analysis Sequential analysis Analytical Problem solving primarily located in the left hemisphere (97% of right handers, 81% lefties) Visual-Spatial skills Language Cognitive maps Personal space Facial recognition Drawing Emotional functions Synthetic Recognizing emotions Expressing emotions Music Location of ‘Language Organ’ • Evidence for the localization of language facilities comes from: • • • • • • • Patients with language disorders Dysarthria – a motor speech disorder characterized by poor articulation Apraxia of Speech – a motor disorder affecting an individual’s ability to translate conscious speech plans into motor plans Agraphia (dysgraphia) - Impairment in writing Alexia - disturbances in reading Aphasia - is an acquired language disorder in which there is an impairment of any language modality • • • Broca’s (cortical motor) - slow, effortful halting speech, lacking grammatical words Wernicke’s (cortical sensory) - fluent prosodic speech with little or no real content Conduction - fluent speech with good comprehension but impaired repetition and many phonological errors; subcortical pathway between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas disrupted Global - broad language impairment across all facets of language; associated with broad lessions Anomic -word finding difficulties; lesions often localized between temporal and parietal lobes Others: Transcortical motor, Transcortical sensory, Mixed transcortical • • • • • Most also lost the ability to name persons or subjects (anomia) Can utter automatic speech (“hello”) Comprehension relatively intact Most also have partial paralysis of one side of the body (hemiplegia) If extensive, not much recovery over time Broca’s (cortical motor) - slow, effortful halting speech, lacking grammatical words Me … build-ing … chairs, no, no cab-in-nets. One, saw … then, cutting wood … working … Cookie jar … fall over … chair … water … empty … ov … ov … (Examiner: “overflow”] Yeah. • • • • • Fluent but “empty” speech But contains many paraphasias – “girl”-“curl”, “bread”-“cake” Grammatical inflections Normal prosody Syntactical but empty sentences • • • Cannot repeat words or sentences Unable to understand what they read or hear Usually no partial paralysis Wernicke’s (cortical sensory) - fluent prosodic speech with little or no real content [Examiner: “What kind of work have you done?”] We, the kids, all of us, and I, we were working for a long time in the … you know … it’s the kind of space, I mean place rear to the spedwan … [Examiner: “Excuse me, but I wanted to know what work you have been doing”] If you had said that, we had said that, poomer, near the fortunate, forpunate, tampoo, all around the fourth of martz. Oh, I get all confused. Well, this is … mother is away here working, out o’here to get her better, but when she’s working, the two boys looking in the other part. One their small tile into her time here. She’s working another time because she’s getting, too. • • • Intact auditory comprehension Fluent (yet paraphasic) speech production Poor speech repetition Conduction - fluent speech with good comprehension but impaired repetition and many phonological errors; subcortical pathway between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas disrupted Arcuate Fasciculus* *but see Bernal & Ardila (2009) • Epileptic activity spread from one Location of ‘Language Organ’ hemisphere to the other thru corpus Evidence for the localization of language facilities comes from: Patients with language disorders “Split-brain” patients Language Dominant Side Broca’s Area Motor Cortex • callosum Since 1930, such epileptic treated by severing the interhemispheric pathways. – – – – Left hemisphere could read and verbally communicate Right hemisphere had small linguistic capacity: recognize single words Vocabulary and grammar capabilities of right is far less than left Only the processes taking place in the left hemisphere could be described verbally Motor Cortex Can point to and identify the cat • Epileptic activity spread from one Location of ‘Language Organ’ hemisphere to the other thru corpus Evidence for the localization of language facilities comes from: Patients with language disorders “Split-brain” patients Language Dominant Side Broca’s Area Motor Cortex • callosum Since 1930, such epileptic treated by severing the interhemispheric pathways. – – – – Left hemisphere could read and verbally communicate Right hemisphere had small linguistic capacity: recognize single words Vocabulary and grammar capabilities of right is far less than left Only the processes taking place in the left hemisphere could be described verbally Motor Cortex The left hand can point to it, but you can’t describe it! • Penfield and Roberts (1959): During epilepsy surgery under local anesthesia to locate cortical language areas, stimulation of: – Large anterior zone: • stops speech – Both anterior and posterior temporoparietal cortex: • misnaming, impaired imitation of words – Broca’s area: • unable comprehend auditory and visual semantic material, • inability to follow oral commands, point to objects, and understand written questions Ojemann et al. (1989, 2004) – Stimulation of the brain of an English-Spanish bilingual shows different areas for each language – Stimulation of inferior premotor frontal cortex: • Arrests speech, impairs all facial movements – Stimulation of areas in inferior, frontal, temporal, parietal cortex: • Impairs sequential facial movements, phoneme identification Location of ‘Language Organ’ Evidence for the localization of language facilities comes from: Patients with language disorders “Split-brain” patients Direct electrical stimulation • Location of ‘Language Organ’ Evidence for the localization of language facilities comes from: Patients with language disorders “Split-brain” patients Direct electrical stimulation Modern imaging techniques • ERP (Event Related Potential) • • MEG (Magnetoencephalography) • • reading speaking thinking and speaking • Good spatial & temporal resolution PET (Positron Emission Tomolgraphy) • hearing Good temporal resolution Radioactive isotope, blood flow, lower resolution, can move around (some), relatively slow (lots of trials) fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance) • Blood flow, fairly high resolution, poor temporal resolution (5-10 s after neuronal activity) Storing information about words In ordinary dictionaries an entry for each word all the information pertaining to that word is given there Phonological, graphic, grammatical, semantic all together in one place In the brain The situation is entirely different M T P P P A Each word is represented as a large network Different kinds of information in different locations So also each phrase that is learned as a unit C P V Storing information about words The compact entry (as in ordinary dictionaries) All the information is there in one place – the lexical entry Accessing the information First, locate (activate) the information (requires searching) Then “read” it Looking for the unitary meaning center: binding meanings and words 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Epstein (1999) Posner & DiGirolamo (1999) Pulvermüller (1999) Salmelin et al (1999) Skrandies (1999) Tranel & Damasio (1999) Scott & Jonsrude (2003) Hickok & Poeppel (2007) Hodges & Patterson (2007) Why is this interesting? Knowledge of how words are represented in the brain provides the key to understanding linguistic structure sheds light on how the brain works in general Lanuage and thought How are language and thought related? Are inner speech and thought the same thing? How does language impact thought? Are there things that we can’t think about because our language imposes particular constraints? Does our language affect how we perceive the world? Can two people who speak different languages communicate? The question has been debated for a long time And still is today New York Times article Some history Plato & Socrates THINKING = INNER SPEECH Socrates: And do you accept my description of the process of thinking? Theaetetus: How do you describe it? Socrates: As a discourse that the mind carries on with itself about any subject it is considering. … I have a notion that, when the mind is thinking, it is simply talking to itself, asking questions and answering them. … So I should describe thinking as a discourse, … not aloud to someone else, but silently to oneself. Some history Aristotle: SPEECH IS THE SYMBOL OF THOUGHT Spoken words are the symbols of mental experience and written words are the symbols of spoken words. Just as all men have not the same writing, so all men have not the same speech sounds; but the mental experiences, which these directly symbolize, are the same for all, as also are those things of which our experiences are the images. Some history John B. Watson (1913, early behaviorist): … thought processes are really motor habits in the larynx, improvements, short cuts, changes, etc., in these habits are brought about in the same way that such changes are produced in other motor habits. This view carries with it the implication that there are no reflective processes (centrally initiated processes). But see Smith, Brown, Thomas, and Goodman (1947) – used curare to temporarily paralyze all voluntary muscles, but participant (first author Smith) reportedly could still think and solve problems Some history Vygotsky (Russian developmental psychologist) • Language and thought have different origins • Pre-linguistic child thinks independently of language • Words are not symbols for thought, instead are properties of objects • Speech sounds are not thought • Language is acquired from the child’s social grouping • Later speech and thought become connected • Speech becomes representational • Children’s monologues are internalized and become “inner speech” Some history Franz Boas, father of American Anthropology Edward Sapir, student of Boas “grammatical meaning [can] only be understood in terms of the system of which it is part” “the ‘real world’ is to a large extent unconsciously build up on the language habits of the group.” Benjamin Lee Whorf, student of Sapir (and insurance claims adjustor) Benjamin Lee Whorf “We cut up and organize the spread and flow of events as we do largely because, through our mother tongue, we are parties to an agreement to do so, not because nature itself is segmented in exactly that way for all to see.” “Every language is a vast pattern system, different from others, in which are culturally ordained the forms and categories by which the personality not only communicates, but also analyzes nature, notices or neglects types of relationships and phenomena, channels his reasoning, and builds the house of his consciousness.” “From this fact proceeds what I have called the ‘linguistic relativity principle,’ which means, in informal terms, that users of markedly different grammars are pointed by their grammars toward different types of observations … and hence are not equivalent as observers …” Does language affect thought? Sapir-Whorf hypothesis Linguistic determinism Language determines thought (memory, perception, & action) Linguistic relativity Different languages map onto the world differently, resulting in different cognitive structures Whorf posited that cultural thinking differences were the direct result of differences in their languages Speakers of different languages see the world in different, incompatible ways, because their languages impose different conceptual structures on their experiences. Weak version(s) of the hypothesis: Language influences thinking & how we perceive the world 7 min video The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis What evidence led Whorf to this conclusion? The bulk of his evidence was drawn from cross-cultural comparisons He studied several Native American cultures. But he also used examples drawn from his days as an insurance investigator Does language affect thought? Whorf’s famous example “Empty gasoline drums” “Yet the ‘empty’ drums are perhaps more dangerous (in comparison to the full drums), since they contain explosive vapor. …The word ‘empty’ is used in two linguistic patterns: (1) as a virtual synonym for ‘null and void, negative, inert,’ (2) applied in analysis of physical situations without regard to, e.g., vapor, liquid vestiges, in the container. The situation is named in one pattern (2) and the name is then ‘acted out’ in another (1), this being the general formula for the linguistic conditioning of behavior into hazardous forms.” (Whorf, 1956, p. 135) Does language affect thought? Whorf’s famous example “Empty gasoline drums” Linguistic form empty Linguistic meanings Container no longer contains intended contents null and void, negative, inert Mental interpretations drum no longer contains gasoline drum is no longer dangerous; okay to smoke cigarettes Nonlinguistic observables gasoline drum without gasoline worker smokes cigarettes The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Some of the evidence: Whorf claimed Inuit have several terms for snow Qanuk ‘snowflake’ Qanir ’to snow’ Qanunge ‘to snow’ Qanugglir ‘to snow’ Kaneq ‘frost’ Kaner ‘be frosty’ Kanevvluk ‘fine snow’ Natquik ‘drifting snow’ Natquigte ‘for snow to drift along the ground’ And more The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Some of the evidence: Whorf claimed Inuit have several terms for snow However, there are many different Inuit languages and not all posses the same number of terms. Boas (1911) reported one group with four root terms. This number is probably matched or surpassed by skiers regardless of their language. See Pullum’s Great Eskimo Hoax (1991) The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Specialization based on experience Different groups within a culture vary in terms of the number of words they use for things Consider memory Most people are aware of two kinds of memory, short term and long term. As we discovered previously cognitive psychologists have many terms: Sensory registers, Iconic and echoic, short-term or working or primary memory, long-term, verbal and imagistic, declarative, procedural, and episodic. It would be fair to say that the layman and the cognitive psychologist think differently about memory. Testing the theory Two major approaches have been employed to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Test the strong view – language determines thought by seeing if the cognitive system can make distinctions that are not linguistically represented Test a weaker view – that language influences thought. Two of the domains in which this issue has been studied Color terms Counting and arithmetic Others include: time/space language & grammatical categories Cultural Variations If your language didn’t have separate names for these, would you see them the same way? Color Terms Much of the initial research focused on an aspect of language which varies widely across cultures Color Terms There are a few languages which have only two color terms, and some with three. Most languages draw their color names from 11 specific colors. Color Terms Berlin and Kay (1969): Color hierarchy Rules: Consist of only one morpheme, not contained within another color word, not restricted to a small number of objects, and commonly known In 2 color term languages the terms correspond to Black & White In 3 color term languages they correspond to Black, White & Red Languages with additional terms items are added as follows: yellow, green, blue then brown, then purple, pink, orange, and gray. This data runs contrary to Whorf’s hypotheses They suggest a universal physiological basis for color naming, independent of language Color Terms Brown & Lenneberg (1954): So do naming practices influence our ability to distinguish or remember colors? If something in a culture is named frequently it may be labeled with a brief name, less frequently with a longer name, and infrequently with a phrase rather than a single word The process of naming in this manner is known as codability. Codability = how easily a concept can be described in a language, related to the length of the word. Asked people to name 24 colors (8 central, 16 others). Those with longer names were named with hesitations and less consistency Color Terms Hieder (1972) (Rosch, 1973 [same person]) Dani tribe of New Guinea use only two color names Mili – cool/dark shades (e.g., blue, green, black) Mola – warm/light shades (e.g., red, yellow, white) They had no difficulty in recognizing color chips that were from an initial presentation from among distracters even though they had no names for the colors. Additionally, they were better at recognizing focal colors (e.g., the best example of blue) than non-focal colors (just as we English speakers are) This data does not support the strong view of Whorf’s hypothesis. Check out: ISU’s Mind Project Virtual Anthropology Lab Color Terms Comparative judgments among colors are affected by color naming practices Kay & Kempton, (1984) G G G G G B B B B Investigated English and Tarahumara In Tarahumara there are no separate terms for blue and green The task was see 3 chips pick the one least similar in color Some trials had chips English speakers would call C1 green, C2 blue and C3 was a focal example of green but farther away in light spectrum from C1 than was the case for C1 vs. C2 Color Terms Comparative judgments among colors are affected by color naming practices Kay & Kempton, (1984) G G G Investigated English and Tarahumara In Tarahumara there are no separate terms for blue and green The task was see 3 chips pick the one least similar in color Predictions: G G B Results: B B B Visual stimuli as only basis pick C3 as odd Naming practices influence pick C2 as odd Tarahumara speakers pick C3 English speakers tended to pick the chip they would label blue (C2) even though in the spectrum it was closer to C1 than was C3 Support for a weak version of the Whorfian hypothesis Color Terms Winawer, Boroditsky and others (2007) English and Russian divide up blues differently Results Russian makes an obligatory distinction between lighter blues (”goluboy”) and darker blues (”siniy”). Russian speakers were faster to discriminate two colors when they fell into different linguistic categories (one siniy and the other goluboy) than when they were from the same linguistic category (both siniy or both goluboy). English speakers tested on the identical stimuli did not show a category advantage in any of the conditions. Support for a weak version of the Whorfian hypothesis, categories in language affect performance on simple perceptual color tasks Color Terms Siok, Kay and others (2009) fMRI study Results: Lexical color information was accessed in color discrimination It also enhanced the activation of color region V2/3 Discussion: “Language, by enhancing the activation level of the visual cortex, differentially influences the discrimination of colors presented in the left and right visual hemi-fields.” Support for a weak version of the Whorfian hypothesis, categories in language affect brain activation during perceptual color tasks Higher Cognitive Processes Color naming may not seem like a very complex cognitive process: What about more complex mental processes? Counting and other Arithmetic processes Counting & Arithmetic Greenberg (1978) has identified some cultures where the only number terms correspond to one, two, many. Piraha tribe; Gordon (2004) (in conjunction with ISU’s Dan Everett) Hoi (falling tone = one), hoi (rising tone = two), aibai (= many) Matching tasks - show an array of objects, they have to put objects down to match the array Results - relatively good matching up to 2 or 3, but performance was considerably poorer beyond that up to 8 to 10 items Different languages terms for numbers also has effects on arithmetic Counting & Arithmetic Miller & Stigler (1987) English and French have complex names for numbers Japanese,Chinese and Korean have simpler systems From Miller & Stigler (1987) Counting & Arithmetic Miller & Stigler (1987) The greater regularity of number names in Chinese, Japanese and Korean as compared to English or French facilitates the learning of counting behavior beyond 10 in those languages. Another advantage is earlier mastery of ‘place value’ (understanding that in # 23 there are 2 tens and 3 ones) Counting & Arithmetic Miller & Stigler (1987) Conclusions At this point it is apparent that the strong view of Whorf’s hypothesis is not supported. Steven Pinker (The Language Instinct, 1994) • “The famous Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic determinism … is wrong, all wrong. … There is no scientific evidence that languages dramatically shape their speakers’ ways of thinking.” • “Most of the experiments have tested banal “weak” versions of the Whorfian hypothesis, namely that words can have some effect on memory or categorization. Some of these experiments have actually worked, but that is hardly surprising.” Conclusions At this point it is apparent that the strong view of Whorf’s hypothesis is not supported. However, there is continued support for the weaker version(s) of the hypothesis The data from areas of investigation concerning color naming, counting & arithmetic, reasoning, visual memory, and other areas (e.g., social inference) indicate that the use of certain specific terms can influence how we think The question that remains is how much of the differences are because of the language and how much due to the culture? Problems Language cannot be randomly assigned Therefore we cannot rule out some third variables such as culture. | <urn:uuid:a92a3a72-34b4-4ee1-8dd2-79078fb975e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideshowes.com/doc/185374/psy-369--psycholinguistics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00528-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909273 | 6,313 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Is Organizational Friction Killing Productivity?
Today’s business environment is competitive, fast paced and full of organizational congestion. We have specialists, technicians, analysts, controllers, planners, schedulers and researchers. There are functional teams in finance, programs, sales, engineering, manufacturing, quality assurance and human resources. The management challenge in this climate, though, is how to get all these groups – all these people – to work in unison like instruments in an orchestra. Depending on the way a business is run, the interaction between such diverse teams and people can result in organizational friction.
What is Organizational Friction?
Organizational friction at its core is the result of misalignment of goals and expectations within a business. The less individuals and teams are aligned to consistent goals and objectives and the more they are given autonomous reign, the greater the tendency for organizational friction. Gaps in leadership are also a common cause of organizational friction. Another way to understand organizational friction is to think about it being built in, inherent conflict within an organization.
Organizational conflict typically does not occur overnight, but rather, is a result of a slow drift away from goals, values or expectations. While organizational friction often occurs at the lower levels within a business, larger segments of the business can also experience friction.
Conflict Can Be Good
Organizations are complex systems. As described above, larger organizations can have dozens of different functional teams and groups. In complex organizational systems, such as many of the world’s governments, conflict was intentionally designed in to serve as a means of balance and control. In a business, say a small manufacturing company, while products are made as quickly as possible, Quality Control serves as a source of balance and control for product integrity.
Similarly, while company scientists may want to spend unlimited amounts of funds to develop new technology, the finance department will put limitations on the spending to ensure fiscal continuity. The point is that businesses will have inherent conflict between teams, which can be healthy when done right. The larger the organization is, the more strained communication becomes and the more likely organizational friction exists.
Why is Organizational Friction Bad?
As we stated, organizations will have some conflict, which can be healthy and beneficial for the business. Organizational friction, however, emerges when the conflict becomes polarizing to the business. That is to say, when the conflict produces inaction or excessive waste in time and energy, organizational friction has formed.
From our hypothetical examples in the previous section, imagine the finance department did not permit any expenditure on test samples or new software for the research and development department in order to control cost. Simultaneously, imagine the research and development scientists were tasked with generating five new patents for new technology that year. How likely is either team going to be successful? Who has final say?
Though simple, this example suggests how easily organizational friction can occur within a firm, and further, how it can paralyze a business from meeting is own objectives.
Example 1: Organizational Misalignment – In the global environment, many firms have locations around the world. One example is an American manufacturing company that obtained engineering support from its engineering center in Bangalore, India. Engineers working at the main offices in the United States were expected to work with the engineering staff in India. Despite daily exchange of emails and phone calls, the support received from the team in India was inconsistent.
A major deadline came for five design concepts to be submitted to a customer and the team in India failed to deliver blueprints for two of the five designs. There had been no prior communication of missing the deadline. It turned out that the engineer in India responsible for the two missing designs was not in the office. Instead, he was told to attend a training class which had a last minute opening. When questioned, the manager in India stated he was expected by his superior to give his employees training every quarter, and needed to send this employee in order to fill the expectation.
Organizationally, the reality was that the team in India did not connect to the reporting structure in the United States until the Chief Technology Officer (CTO) seven levels up in the organization (see Figure 1). Thus, while the two teams were told to work together, formal performance measures of the team in the United States and the team in India were completely independent of one another. Once goals and performance measures were realigned between the teams to drive the same behavior, friction between the two teams was reduced.
Example 2: The Power Vaccuum – During a major reorganization, many senior leaders of a large firm were substantially absent for several months as they worked to restructure the business. While this consumed virtually all of their time, the business needed to keep running.
During this time, the Program Manager of a major project was told to take care of the customer’s needs and wishes while protecting company interest as a whole. It was a critical customer, and the Program Manager was told he was responsible for delivering what the customer needed, when they needed it.
In contrast, on the technology side, the Principal Engineer was told he was responsible for all technical aspects of the project. He was also told that any problems or errors that were felt by the customer were his responsibility.
The combination of the Program Manager, with his foot inherently on a gas pedal, and the Principal Engineer who had his foot inherently on the brake, created tremendous amounts of friction within the business (see Figure 2). Nearly two dozen people within the company were assigned to the project and were positioned squarely in the middle of the two individuals placed in charge.
On any given day, the Program Manager would ask the team to take action on a design change, as the customer had requested it. Hours later, when the Principal Engineer learned what the team was doing, he would tell them to stop work because the customer had not done a proper evaluation of the problem and the change would not work.
The result was relentless an ongoing organizational friction and repeated starts and stops. More than twenty people on the team were repeatedly changing direction. Both leaders were following their respective directions, but the impact of the conflict was routinely missed deliveries and an overall unhappy customer. Further, morale for the team of people supporting the project was extremely low as the ongoing debates and disagreements from those in charge grew tiring and exhausting.
Example 3: Unrealistic Expectations – A large European manufacturing plant served as a large profit center for the parent company. The plant’s sales revenue was ambitious and often swayed the overall results of the parent business. The manufacturing center also housed the engineering and technical arm of the firm, who designed products made at the local plant.
When a large project bidding opportunity was received by the factory in France, the customer asked for aggressive pricing. The factory was not inclined to bid on the program as the profit margin would be very low, and would not effectively contribute to the established sales targets over the next 5 years of the program.
To make matters worse, the parent company told the manufacturing plant to bid on the program as the parent company wanted the business. The parent firm further required all manufacturing for the project to be done at their low cost production facility in Vietnam so that they could aggressively price the product.
The senior leadership team for the manufacturing plant in France struggled with this as the project would consume several key personnel to develop the products, but the effort would result in virtually no local sales benefit. The plant requested relief from the sales target from the parent company, or more staffing to support the project and sales targets.
Both requests were denied, and the parent organization took the position that both the plant needed to maintain previously agreed-to sales targets, as well as allocate only existing resources to the new project. The project was won and the plant’s product development team supported the program, however the local sales targets were compromised due to the decision.
How Can You Prevent Organizational Friction?
There are several ways to identify and reduce organizational friction. Here are some suggestions:
1. One of the main causes of organizational friction is alignment of expectations and the definition of success criterion. Identify who works with whom, and which team depends on which team in your business. Now, look at your organizational structure and identify where those people and teams reside within the organization. Are they aligned in their reporting structure? Are there areas where unnecessary conflict may exist and where there would be no control in place?
2. The second way to detect organizational friction is simply to talk to the people. Take a pulse of your organization, particularly of those at the working level who are forced to work under the direction or multitude of directions they are given. Simple conversations with those at the working level can reveal obvious and embarrassing practices.
3. Similar to #2, if you are an executive, schedule periodic skip-level meetings with various members within your organization. If you’re the Vice President of Sales, for example, meet with some of your sales staff a few levels down in the organization. If your sales person in France is telling you something different than your sales person in Spain, perhaps communication is being lost or misunderstood.
4. Clarify what is expected and what is not expected. Using real life example 2 above, for example, senior management needed to clarify that the Principal Engineer and Program Manager had to manage their respective portions of the project, but were jointly expected to ensure the project succeeded and customer was happy. Senior management also needed to state that they did not expect them to work independently, but rather to compromise together as a team to provide unified direction.
5. Use metrics to identify weaknesses. Metrics are a great source of information for business leaders. While the day to day gets very busy, metrics can help quickly identify friction or issues within the business where attention was needed. In example 2, the Program Manager and Principal Engineer reported separate metrics, which supported their independent positions. Each told a different story which were never received by the same person who would have noticed the discrepancy. Poor showing of metrics is not always about individual performance, but can signal gaps in organizational effectiveness.
6. Understand your pyramid (see Figure 3). The higher you are in an organization, the larger your pyramid will be. While your focus may be called to action in specific areas, you are still responsible for the entire pyramid. Your focus on those key areas also implies you are not focused on other areas where friction and pain can be occurring. Granted, organizational structures are in place to help cascade goals and direction, but taking time periodically to check in with the areas where you are generally not as involved can help verify information and vision are clear.
Improve Your Productivity
As stated above, misalignment of teams, goals and expectations is the primary cause of organizational friction. Such misalignments and friction severely reduce productivity because additional energy is required to surpass the inefficiency.
Expecting a business to simply overcome organizational friction does not serve a business well. While individuals and teams can work through friction and eventually reach success, it typically comes in the form of workarounds, compromises and excessive coordination. In financial terms, ignoring inherent conflict and forcing a business to overcome organizational friction can be viewed as an opportunity cost – the time and energy spent overcoming the friction could be applied elsewhere as a better use of resources.
Reducing the friction typically begins when those in leadership and management positions get involved because they have the authority to help resolve and restructure issues. By using metrics to identify trouble areas where energy is wasted as well as by engaging with lower levels of the organization, business leaders can help identify and uproot friction.
Organizational friction is costly to businesses and organizations. Using the simple tips listed here can help managers and business leaders open up lines of communication that will help organizations eliminate waste and run more efficiently.
The Management Skill of Being Human (Blog Post)
New Realities for First Time Managers (Blog Post)
How To Run Effective Meetings (How To) | <urn:uuid:5ab794bd-5e1c-40d1-afbc-934af1ba962e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.managersresourcehandbook.com/is-organizational-friction-killing-productivity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00567-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976184 | 2,433 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Toshiba America Information Systems of Irvine, Calif., is recalling about 101,000 Panasonic battery packs used in Toshiba laptop computers in the U.S. and Canada.
The lithium-ion battery packs can overheat, posing burn and fire hazards to consumers.
The firm has received four reports of the battery packs overheating and melting. No injuries have been reported.
This recall involves Panasonic lithium-ion battery packs installed in 39 models of Toshiba Portege, Satellite, and Tecra laptops. The battery packs were also sold separately and also installed by Toshiba as part of a repair.
Battery packs included in this recall have part numbers that begin with G71C (G71C*******). Part numbers are printed on the battery pack. A complete list of battery pack part numbers included in this recall can be found on the firm’s website at http://go.toshiba.com/battery.
The battery packs, manufactured in China and Japan, were sold at Office Depot, Staples and other electronics stores nationwide, and online at Toshibadirect.com and other websites from June 2011, through January 2016, for between $500 and $1,000 for the laptop and between $70 and $130 for the battery pack.
What to do
Consumers should immediately go to the firm’s website and click on the battery pack utility link in the first shadowed box on the page. Consumers can also perform a manual check using the laptop and battery pack’s model, part and serial numbers. If it is part of the recall, consumers should power off the laptop, remove the battery and follow the instructions to obtain a free replacement battery pack. Until a replacement battery pack is received, consumers should use the laptop by plugging into AC power only.
Consumers may contact Toshiba toll-free at 866-224-1346 any day between 5 a.m. and 11 p.m. (PT), or online at http://go.toshiba.com/battery or at www.us.toshiba.com and click on “Consumer Notices” under the Support heading at the bottom of the page. | <urn:uuid:80cee32e-9fc5-4f16-bf9a-8bf24d349b8f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.consumeraffairs.com/news/toshiba-recalls-laptop-computer-battery-packs-033116.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00510-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940209 | 450 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Microfluidic device for multi-drug resistance cancerous cell-derived exosomes isolation and the analysis of their response to nanotherapy
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed phospholipid extracellular vesicles which were indicated as important biomarkers of cancerous cell functionality, such as multiple drug resistance (MDR). Nanoparticles based chemotherapy is a promising technology to overcome MDR by interfering the production and composition of exosomes. Therefore, tumor-derived exosomes post-treated by nanotherapy are implied to play critical roles of biomarkers on cancer MDR analysis. However, the efficient isolation of such exosomes from extracellular environment for their therapeutic response analysis remains challenging. In this study, we presented a microfluidic device consisting of exosome specific anti-CD63 immobilized degradable ciliated micropillars, which was capable to isolate the secreted exosomes from cell culture medium. The captured exosome can be recovered intact by degrading the ciliate of the micropillar using PBS soaking. Owing to the immobilization of antibody on the microfluidic device, nearly 70% of exosome from the biofluid could be isolated. So the secreted exosomes of the multi-drug resistance and ordinary human breast cancer cells pre-treated by free drug or nanotherapy could be isolated with high purity. Then the drug content of the isolated exosomes were measured to analysis of the MDR exosomal pathway response of MDR cells to different chemotherapeutic formations. Such analyses and further definition of the biomarkers of these exosomes could benefit the future investigations of accurately and reliably determine design principle, functional activity, and mechanisms of nanotherapy for multiple drug resistance overcoming.
Keywords Exosome · Microfluidic device· Isolation · nanoparticles therapy· Multi-drug resistance
Nowadays, chemotherapy is playing an important role to against various cancers, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer etc.(Fisher, Bryant, Wolmark et al. 1998, Le Chevalier, Arriagada, Le Pechoux et al. 2004, Parmar, Ledermann, Colombo et al. 2003) However, the efficiency of chemotherapy is mainly restricted by multiple drug resistance (MDR) acquiring by cancerous cells under long-time drug exposure (Foo and Michor 2014, Gottesman 2002). To overcome the MDR, new treatment methods are developed: one of the effective strategies is the introducing of nanotherapy which refer to technologies of delivering small chemotherapeutic agents by loading them into nanofomations such as nano-liposomes, polymeric micelles and other nanomateirals(Hu and Zhang 2012, Yuan, Cai, Xia et al. 2016, Zhang, Liu, Cui et al. 2017). The advantages of such strategy is obvious. Briefly, small molecule chemo drugs are transferred into cancerous cells via membrane translocators or passively diffuses, which make them easily to be refluxed back to the extracellular environment by the MDR cell membrane over-expressed P-glycoprotein (Pgp). Meanwhile, drug-loaded nanoparticles are internalized into cells through endocytosis pathways to overcome the MDR Pgp related effluxing mechanism (Bannunah, Vllasaliu, Lord et al. 2014, Oh and Park 2014). Thus, the involving of nanoparticles therapy (nanotherapy) into MDR cancer treatment did result in improved chemotherapy efficacy. However, for the further clinical translation and development of nanotherapy, it is essential to elaborate the specific process of nanoparticles on the MDR overcoming. The recent studies have shown that the enhanced cancer-derived exosome secreting pathway plays an important role for this improvement.(Soekmadji and Nelson 2015, Wang, Xu, Hua et al. 2016)
Exosomes are extra-cellular double-layer lipid vesicles with 40-120 nm in diameter secreted by the majority of viable cells to the bodily fluids, including blood, urine, and saliva. (Fevrier and Raposo 2004, van der Pol, Boing, Harrison et al. 2012, Yang, Weng, Mendrick et al. 2014). Typical exosomes sourced from epithelial cells, lymphoid cells, or tumor cells contents functional proteins, lipids and RNAs and act significant roles in intercellular communication (Kucharzewska and Belting 2013, Rak 2013) . Moreover, due to the universal existence and stability of exosomes in most of body fluid and resemblance of their contents to parental cells, exosomes have great potential to perform as traceable biomarkers for various diseases (Melo, Luecke, Kahlert et al. 2015, Tang and Wong 2015) . For example, the exosome derived by cancerous cells impact in many cancer-related pathways, such as tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis (Kalluri 2016, Yang and Robbins 2011). Furthermore, cancer-derived exosomes have been found to participate in the MDR generating and acted as a major role in the process (Giallombardo, Taverna, Alessandro et al. 2016, Santos, Lima, Sarian et al. 2018). Corcoran et al. discovered exosomes contributed to docetaxel excretion of prostate cancer cells, and caused phenotypic change to non-resistant cell (Corcoran, Rani, O’Brien et al. 2012). Roohangiz et al. documented that the exosomes secreted by cisplatin-resistant cancer cells contained 2.5 times more cisplatin than of that from normal cancer cells (Safaei, Larson, Cheng et al. 2005) . These studies demonstrated the exosomal pathway effects through small drug efflux during the occurrences of MDR. However, the performance of exosomes in MDR overcoming nanotherapy and the interfering of nanoparticles on exosome generation and secretion still need to be evaluated (Oves, Qari, Felemban et al. 2018) .
To analyze the cancer-derived exosomes, it is important to develop the efficient technique to isolate the exosomes from body fluid. Different methods have been introduced. One of the conventional procedures includes the differential centrifugation which involves a series of centrifugation, filtration, and ultracentrifugation steps suffering from inconsistent exosome recovery rates, the breakage of exosome membrane and contamination of co-sedimentation of protein aggregates(Lamparski, Metha-Damani, Yao et al. 2002) Another procedure for exosome isolation is immuno-affinity capturing which applies the materials such as magnetic particles that are coated with a monoclonal antibody to specifically binds the exosome. This method has been implement as less time consuming and high specific exosome purity(Szatanek, Baran, Siedlar et al. 2015) Recently, research efforts have increased dramatically on developing immuno-affinity capturing microfluidic devices in order to isolate biological exosomes. Compare to the other procedure used as immuno-affinity capturing, microfluidic technology offers high isolation yield and functional integration for target exosomes(Kanwar, Dunlay, Simeone et al. 2014) Chen et al. reported an effective microfluidic exosome isolation platform, whose surface is immobilized with anti-CD63 antibody for capturing of exosomes from human serum(Chen, Skog, Hsu et al. 2010) Kanwar et al. developed a similar microfluidic device called ExoChip, which utilized antibody immobilized circular chamber to capture exosomes, following by fluorescent staining for on-chip isolation, quantification and characterization of circulating exosomes(Kanwar, Dunlay, Simeone et al. 2014) Therefore, antibody immobilized exosome isolation procedures were configured to enhance the capture efficiency. However, it is quite difficult to elute the captured exosomes from the antibody immobilized magnetic particles or the microfluidic device, which can present a major limitation of the possibilities for further experimentation on the extracted exosomes(Tauro, Greening, Mathias et al. 2012) .
Our group has presented a microfluidic device consisting of ciliated micropillars with fabricated porous 30–200 nm gap silicon nanowires through simply electroless etching using electro-deposited silver nanoparticles. This microfluidic device was able to preferentially physical trap exosome-like lipid vesicles by the porous silicon nanowire while allowing smaller proteins and larger nanoparticles with the size of cellular debris to pass through unhindered. Moreover, the captured liposome can be released by degrading the porous silicon nanowires in PBS buffer, thus allowing for the high integrity and purity of isolation contents recovery (Wang, Wu, Fine et al. 2013) However, this platform based on physical vesicle size isolation was restricted by surface lipid saturation limit. In this paper, the alternatively improvements and application of this microfluidic device are developed. The porous silicon nanowires of the device were fabricated by depositing gold nanopattern on the sidewalls of ciliated micropillars which is proved to be more effective and less time consuming. The nanowires of the ciliated micropillars were immobilized by the exosome-specific antibody, which allows efficient and non-invasive rapid isolation of specific exosomes with high purity. We hypothesized such improvements will significantly speed up the exosome isolation and analysis; benefit to acquire more accurate biological information. Moreover, The design of this microfluidic device provide the opportunities to isolate and quality the exosomes secreted from MDR cancerous cells and evaluate the interfering of drug-loaded nanoparticles on exosomes production and composition procedure. The outcome of this study would improve our understanding the mechanisms of exosomal responding to MDR profile during traditional chemotherapy or nanotherapy, thus leading to more efficient MDR cancer treatment.
2. Materials and Methods
Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4), (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane(APTES), doxorubicin(Dox) and paclitaxel(PTX) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). P-type (100) silicon wafers with resistivity of 0.005 Ω-cm were purchased from Silicon Quest (Santa Clara, CA). Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and curing agent were obtained from Dow Corning (Midland, MI). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2) was obtained from Gibco (Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, MA). Hydrofluoric acid was from Honeywell International Inc. N-maleimidobutyryl-oxysuccinimide ester (GMBS) and thiol functionalized streptavidin were purchased from Nanocs Inc (Woburn, MA). The biotinylated anti-CD63 antibody and control IgG was purchased from Abcam Co.(Boston, MA). Human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD, USA). The multidrug resistant MDA-MB-231/MDR cell line was cultured in our lab. All the cells were cultured in DMEM (Thermo-Fisher, Waltham, MA) supplemented with 10 % FBS. The exosome Labelling Kit (Exo-GlowTM) was purchased from System Bioscience (Palo Alto, CA). Amphiphilic copolymer methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-PCL, Mw: 5000:5000) was purchased from Polymer Source Inc.(Canada)
2.2 Device fabrication
The pillars on the microfluidic device were prepared as previously described (Wang, Wu, Fine et al. 2013). Silicon wafer with micropillars was first dipped into HF solution to remove native oxide. Then the wafer is assembled with the Teflon electroplating cell, and sealed with a Viton O-ring and aluminum foil. A platinum mesh immersed into 0.5 M HAuCl4 plating solution was applied as electrode. The reverse pulse electroplating is performed to deposit uniform gold nanopattern on the sidewalls of the micropillars. After that, the wafer was chemically etched in a mixture of 0.1M H2O2 and 2.9M HF solution for 2 minute to get nanowire on the ciliated micropillar. The Au nanopattern was then stripped by immersing into gold etchant (Transene Inc., Denvers, MA) for 2 minutes. The substrate was then rinsed in excess water, ethanol and dried by blow air.
2.2 Device construction
The micropillars on the wafer were first functionalized with the APTES by immersing into 0.1M H2O2 at 70°C overnight subsequently in 1% APTES isopropanol solution at 80°C for 24h as reported (Gunda, Singh, Norman et al. 2014). And the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gaskets were made in a 10:1 elastomer base-curing agent ratio and incubated at 70°C for 4 hours under vacuum followed by cleaning with isopropanol deionized water. The APTES functionalized wafer and PDMS gaskets were treated with oxygen plasma at 0.2 torr for 30 seconds. Then the wafer and PDMS gasket were manually bonded and subsequently baked at 37°C for 10 min to get the microfluidic device based on the cillated micropillars.
2.3 Surface modification
For antibody immobilizing, the device was rinsed in the 0.1mg/ml GMBS solution for 30 min followed by washing with purified water. Then the microfluidic device was sequential dipped into thiol functionalized streptavidin and biotinylated anti-CD63 antibody PBS solution at 4°C. The antibody immobilized microfluidic device was obtained after washing by 1% BSA solution and PBS. The control IgG immobilized microfluidic device was achieved as the similar method.
2.4 Exosome isolation and recovery
The cells were cultured DMEM supplemented with 10 % exosome depleted FBS (System Bioscience Palo Alto, CA) for 12 h. Then the culture medium were collected and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min to remove cell debris. The exosome in the medium was labelled by Exo-Green Exosome Labelling Kit according to protocol. The labelling exosome solution was continuously injected into the anti-CD63 or control IGG immobilized microfluidic device through the inlet at a flow rate of 10μL/min by the Fusion 200 high precision syringe pump (Chemyx, Inc.,Stafford, TX). The waste was then collected at the outlet. The fluoresce intensity of inlet and outlet exosome was measured by BD plate reader (BD Biosciences, Billerica, MA). The isolation efficiency of exosome was calculated by the ratio fluoresce intensity value of inlet and outlet. For exosome imaging, PBS solution was injected into the device to wash untapped impurity. The exosomes in the device were fixed by 0.5 × Karnovsky’s fixative and then sequencing dipped with water, 25% ethanol, 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol and 100% ethanol for 10 min each. The exosome on the micropillars of microfluidic device were examined using FEI Nova Nano scanning electron microscope with 2 nm gold-palladium layer and Nikon A1 Confocal Laser Microscopy Imaging System with 488 nm excitation (Melville, NY, USA).
To recovery the isolated exosome from micropillar, the microfluidic device channels were immersing by PBS for 8 h and then flushed by PBS. The obtained the exosomes in PBS was placed on a mica slide and observed by Multimode Atomic Force Microscope with tapping mode (Bruker, Billerica, MA).
2.5 The preparation of drug loading nanoparticles
The doxorubicin encapsulated liposome (Doxoves®) was purchased from FormuMax Scientific, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA). The paclitaxel containing micellar nanoparticles was prepared by co-solvent evaporation method. Briefly, mPEG-PCL (10 mg) and 1 mg of PTX were dissolved in 0.2 mL acetone. This solution was added to 1 mL of water. The mixture was then sonicated in ice bath for 2 min. The excess organic solvent was removed under vacuum. The micellar nanoparticles solution was filtered through a 0.22 μm Minisart syringe filter (Sartorius, Germany) to remove free PTX and subsequently lyophilized. The PTX content in the nanoparticles was measured by Agilent 1200 High Performance Liquid Chromatography System (HPLC) (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA).
2.6 Muti-drug resistance characterization
MDA-MB-231/MDR and MDA-MB-231 were seeded in a 96 well plate at 5×103 cells/well for 24 h. Then the cell culture medium was replaced with new medium containing free Dox, Doxoves®, free PTX (dissolved in DMSO) or PTX-micellar nanoparticles with different concentration for culturing another 72 h. The chemo-sensitivity of the MDA-MB-231/MDR and MDA-MB-231 cells were measured by MTT assay as literature reported (Napierska, Thomassen, Rabolli et al. 2009)
2.7 Cell treatment and exosome analysis
MDA-MB-231/MDR and MDA-MB-231 were pretreated with free Dox, Doxoves®, free PTX or PTX-micellar nanoparticles by a fixed drug concentration of 40 µg/mL for 4h. Then the medium were discarded and the cells washed twice with cold PBS and incubated with DMEM supplemented with 10 % exosome depleted FBS for another 12 h. The culture mediums were collected and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min to remove the cell debris. For exosome isolation, the collected mediums were injected into the anti-CD63 immobilized microfluidic device through the inlet at a flow rate of 10μL/min and washed by PBS twice. Then the isolation exosomes were collected by immersed the micropillars into PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100 for 8h and the channels were flushed by PBS containing 0.1% Triton X-100 which increase the drug solubility. The drug content in the obtained exosomes was tested by Agilent 1200 High Performance Liquid Chromatography System.
Results and discussion
Design of the anti-CD63 antibody immobilized microfluidic device
A microfluidic device which is capable to filter the target fluid with simultaneously multidimensional is highly desirable to fulfill the mission to isolate the exosomes. We assigned the similar multidimensional structure microfluidic device structure as we reported previously.(Fig. S1) (Wang, Wu, Fine et al. 2013) As illustrated in Fig. 1A, the microfluidic device we prepared consists of a PDMS caps and a concentric ellipses-flow fluidic channel containing antibody immobilized ciliated hexagonally packs of micropillars with 2.6 µm in diameter and 15 µm in heights. The gaps among the pillars are designed as 900 nm for the fluid flowing. A circular inlet and outlet were also connected to the micropillar area with a syringe pump for sample introduction and extraction. We hypothesized that the interstitial sites of the micropillars capable of physically (1) bypassing the unneeded small sample components, such as small molecular protein and micron-size cellular debris; (2) filtering the larger sample components, such as cells. Moreover, the antibody immobilized nanowire forest on the sidewalls of ciliated micropillars are dedicated to selectively capture the exosomes flowing through the device interstitial sites. (Fig. 1B) And the porous nanowires could be dissolved in buffers to integrity isolate the captured exosomes for their further analysis. Thus, such microfluidic device is capable to apply for the MDR cancerous cell-derived exosomes isolation and the analysis of their response to nanotherapy.
In order to enhance exosome capturing efficiency, the sidewalls nanowires forests is essential to increase the contacting area between micropillars and bypassing fluid. The nanowire was fabricated by the combination of electroplating, electroless metal-assisted etching techniques. First, by the governing of the electrochemical reaction and reactant diffusion, as well as the properties of the reactants and silicon substrates, a uniform gold nanopattern is deposited onto the sidewalls of micropillars (Fig. 2A). Second, the uniform nanowire arrays were obtained by subsequently etching the micropillar surface and stripping the excess gold nanopartterns(Fig. 2B). Finally, the sillicon surface of the device was functionalized of amine groups followed by decorating of streptavidin, thus the biotinylation anti-CD63 antibody could be stable immobilized on the nanowires of the ciliated micropillars for exosome capturing (Fig. 2C).
Isolation of exosome by microfluidic device
Fluorescein-labelled cancer cell-derived exosomes were labelled and used as the traceable samples to verify the functionality and isolation efficacy of our antibody immobilized microfluidic device. The samples was injected to the inlet through the PDMS cap and extracted at the outlet. After that, the captured exosome by the ciliated micropillars on the microfluidic device was observed by SEM. As shown in Fig. 3A&B, the captured exosomes are visualized on the sidewalls of micropillars and trapped in the porous of the nanowire, which demonstrated the capacity of microfluidic device with ciliated micropillars to capture the exosomes from body fluid. To quantity of the efficacy on exosomes isolation, the eluting outlet samples were collected and the fluorescence intensity was divided versus that of the totals injected samples. The unspecific IgG immobilized microfluidic device was used as control. As Fig.3C shown, 75% of the total exosome retention was observed by the anti-CD63 immobilized microfluidic device, while only less than 20% of exosome retention rate was shown for no-selective IgG immobilized one. The functionalization of antibodies against CD63, an antigen commonly overexpressed in exosomes greatly contributes to this significant efficacy of exosome capturing (Szatanek, Baran, Siedlar et al. 2015)(28) The captured exosome by the antibody immobilized microfluidic device was further visualized by confocal laser microscopy. As shown in Fig. 4A and B, the continuously green fluoresce dots which represent the captured exosomes clusters were observed to absorb on the sidewalls of micropillars. Notably, the three-dimension imaging showed the majority of the exosome was trapped around the micropillars instead of the bottom of the microfluid device, which demonstrated the forming of turbulence among the micropillars enhanced the absorbing chances of exosome and anti-CD63 leading the high isolation efficacy. These revealed results showed that our microfluidic device with anti-CD63 immobilized ciliated micropillars offers obvious advantages on exosome isolating.
The recovering of captured exosomes
It has been reported that the degradation of porous silicon nanowires in the presence of PBS buffer(Chiappini, Liu, Fakhoury et al. 2010) Thus, the microfluidic device prototype we developed is not only applied for exosomes capturing but also recovering the captured exosomes through the degradation of the porous nanowire of the ciliated micropillar. The degradation of nanowire was accomplished by soaking the channels of microfluidic device with PBS for 8 h after capturing exosomes. As shown in Fig. 5A, the nanowires of ciliated micropillars in the microfluidic device were fully disappeared, which lead the stripping of the anti-CD63 immobilizing layer and trapping sites to release the capturing exosomes. Commonly, the traditional methods of isolating exosomes always interfere with the structure of the exosomes and hardly to show the morphology of native exosomes (Szatanek, Baran, Siedlar et al. 2015) However, the recovered exosome from our microfluidic device maintained its 100 nm sphere morphology and the integrity of surface structure as characterized by Atom Force Microscopy (Fig.5B). Overall, the microfluidic device we designed presents the significantly capacity on high purity exosomes selectively isolating and recovering from biofluid.
Measuring of drug content of isolated exosomes
Intrinsic or acquired multiple drug resistance (MDR) which considerably limits the efficacy of chemotherapeutics, is mediated by different mechanisms, such as P-gP effluxing (Hayeshi, Masimirembwa, Mukanganyama et al. 2006, Kim, Haney, Zhao et al. 2016) Recently, nanotechnology holds great promising development for drug delivery systems with controlled-release and drug-resistance overcoming profiles for MDR cancer treatment(Hayeshi, Masimirembwa, Mukanganyama et al. 2006) It is reported that the altering biophysical properties of anticancer drugs by nanoparticles conjugation or encapsulation was able to bypass the recognition of P-gP(Brigger, Dubernet and Couvreur 2012) Moreover, the paramount overlap of exosome expelling and the uptake of nanoparticles are still unclear. Especially considering that the secreting of cancerous cell exosomes plays critical roles in drug resistance generating and transferring (Soekmadji and Nelson 2015, Wang, Xu, Hua et al. 2016), the effects of exosomal pathway related to the drug-loaded nanoparticles MDR cellular internalization, further to the MDR overcoming need to be well evaluated.
As the results above, our microfluidic device with antibody immobilized cilliary micropilars is a well-suited platform to be used for effective and non-destructive exosomes isolation. By isolating exosomes from MDR cells treated with nanotherapy through this prototype, the drug of nanoformation efflux profile in the exosomal pathway can be determined, which lead a better understanding of drug expulsion mechanism through the exosomal pathway and circumventing MDR effect. For this purpose, two different of drug-loaded nanoformations were prepared: the commercialized doxorubicin-loaded liposome (Doxoves) and synthetized paclitaxel-loaded mPEG-PCL micellar nanoparticle. The normal human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 and its multiple drug resistance type MDA-MB-231/MDR were both treated by free small drugs and nanotherapeutic formations. After that, the expelled exosomes in the cultured mediums were isolated through anti-CD63 immobilized microfluidic device and the total drug contents in the exosomes was measured to study exosomal pathway corresponding to different forms of drug treatment. As shown in Figure 5A & B, both the exosomes from nanoparticles treated non-resistant and resistant cell showed much lower drug content than free drug treated counterpart. Moreover, it is notably that free drug treated MDR cells showed more drug efflux than its counterpart sensitive cell due to the MDR profiles ( approximately 2 times and 1.5 times higher of DOX and PTX, respectively), while nanoformations treated MDR cells showed comparable drug efflux than its sensitive counterpart. Considering the same treated drug concentration on both sensitive/MDR cancer cells, these results demonstrated the existing overlap of the cellular exosomal expelling pathway and bypassing P-gP effluxing effect of nanoparticles. However, the enhanced cellular internalization of different of nanoformations were not inducing the actual MDR overcoming (Fig. S2). The slow drug releasing from the nanoparticles or other mechanisms related MDR such as anti-apoptosis may be responsible to the nanotherapy insensitivity of cancerous cells. (Hu and Zhang 2009, Notarbartolo, Cervello, Dusonchet et al. 2002) Thus, developing a novel drug-loaded nanoplatform not only internalizing the cancerous cells bypassing exosomal effluxing pathways but also owning intracellular burst release profiles and personalizing capacity against the multi-mechanisms of multiple drug resistance is essential for the future clinical applications of nanotherapy.
We developed a microfluidic device with surface nanowire modified ciliated micropillars. By the immobilization of anti-CD63 on the nanowire, this device was capable of the specifically capturing the exosomes in the biofluid, while simultaneously bypassing smaller proteins/cell debris and filtering larger particles such as cells. The captured exosomes were able to be recovered without structure destructive by dissolving the porous nanowires in buffers. Therefore, this microfluidic device could be used as a rapidly and efficiently tool to selectively isolate exosomes from complex biological samples while maintaining their structural integrity, offering potential benefit to a range of both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This device was further applied for the isolating of exosomes derived by drug-loaded nanoparticles treated multiple drug resistance cancerous cells. Due to the superior performance of the microfluidic device, the relationships between the exosomal pathway and the MDR-related drug expulsion under the nanotherapy were identified. These results insure the future studies of MDR biomarkers on secreted exosomes under varies treatment procedure, as which will contribute to our further mechanism understandings on MDR acquiring and overcoming.
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Fig. 1 Schematic of the antibody immobilized micropillars array for exosome isolation. (A) Experimental set-up of the microfluidic device system for exosomes isolation.
(B) The exosomes are captured by antibody immobilized micropillars when bypassing the microfluidic system.
Fig. 2 SEM images of the antibody immobilized micropillars preparation stages. (A)Uniform gold deposited on silicon micropilliars (top) and its close-up view (bottom). (B) Porous silicon nanowires are formed on the sidewalls of the micropillars after etching (top) and its close-up view (bottom). (C) Anti-CD63 antibody were immobilized on the porous micropillars(top) and its close-up view (bottom). All scale bars are 5 µm.
Fig. 3 Exosome retention by the antibody immobilized micropillar array. (A) SEM images of exosome captured by micropillars(Scale bar 5 µm). (B) Close-up view of captured exosome on the sidewall of micropillar (Scale bar 500 nm). (C) Comparison of exosome retention rate of anti-CD63 antibody immobilized micropillar and IgG immobilized micropillar
Fig.4 Confocal microscopy images of fluorescein-labelled exosomes captured by (A) micropillar and (B) its 3D imaging. Scale bars represent 10 µm.
Fig. 5 (A) SEM image of the micropillars after soaking in PBS buffer to remove the captured exosome. (Scale bar represents 5 µm) (B) Atom forced microscopy image of the recovery exosome from micropillars. (Scale bar represents 200 nm)
Fig. 6 (A) Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel content in the exosomes isolated from MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells (231) and multi-drug resistance MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells (MDR) after treating by different drug formations.
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Repetitive TMS and synaptic plasticity – what is the link?
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During the last two decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has rapidly become a valuable method to investigate non-invasively the human brain. Depending on the stimulation parameters, TMS is able to excite or inhibit the brain, and offers opportunities to study various aspects of brain functioning. It can be used as a tool to explore the excitability of different regions, but it also offers the possibility to localize brain functions in space and time. Furthermore, repetitive TMS (rTMS) is able to induce changes in brain activity that last after stimulation. Therefore, rTMS has therapeutic potential in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders like stroke, major depression disorder and schizophrenia. The question is, however, by which mechanisms rTMS influences the brain, resulting in these lasting effects. An appealing hypothesis is that the effects of rTMS on the brain are LTD- or LTP-like, as the lasting effects seem to implicate changes in synaptic plasticity. However, is this assumption supported by experiments and is it possible to be more specific about the way rTMS affects the brain? That is the topic of discussion in this thesis. In the first part, we will discuss several forms of synaptic plasticity and the mechanisms underlying these processes. Secondly, different rTMS protocols will be described. In part III, we present several lines of evidence that suggest a link between the effects of rTMS on the one hand and the processes involved in synaptic plasticity on the other. We then discuss these results (part IV), and state that, although these results are important and to a certain extent give insight into the mechanism by which rTMS modifies the brain, they do not provide direct evidence for the hypothesis that rTMS alters synaptic plasticity. In addition, focusing on the synaptic level seems to be too narrow because rTMS-effects can be widespread through the brain. In part V, we look forward to the future of rTMS. We strongly emphasize the need for innovating research in order to investigate the long-lasting effects of rTMS on the human brain into more detail and give suggestions for such experiments. In addition, we point out the importance of such research for the improvement of rTMS as a treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders. To conclude, we state there are strong indications for a link between rTMS and synaptic plasticity. However, the details of this link need to be further investigated. Future research needs to examine both the local effects of rTMS on the synapse and the effects of rTMS on other, more global levels of brain organization. Only in that way can the after-effects of rTMS on the brain be completely understood. | <urn:uuid:bb26daa1-8ad0-45cc-b792-7163eabbc0b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://studenttheses.uu.nl/handle/20.500.12932/3138 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.948495 | 593 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making (2005)Water Science and Technology Board
Each report is produced by a committee of experts selected by the Academy to address a particular statement of task and is subject to a rigorous, independent peer review; while the reports represent views of the committee, they also are endorsed by the Academy. Learn more on our expert consensus reports.
Nutrient recycling, habitat for plants and animals, flood control, and water supply are among the many beneficial services provided by aquatic ecosystems. In making decisions about human activities, such as draining a wetland for a housing development, it is essential to consider both the value of the development and the value of the ecosystem services that could be lost. Despite a growing recognition of the importance of ecosystem services, their value is often overlooked in environmental decision-making. This report identifies methods for assigning economic value to ecosystem services\u0097even intangible ones\u0097and calls for greater collaboration between ecologists and economists in such efforts.
- Although valuation of multiple ecosystem services is more difficult than valuation of a single ecosystem service, interconnections among services may make it necessary to expand the scope of the analysis.
- Aquatic ecosystems generally have some capacity to provide consumable resources (e.g., water, food); habitat for plants and animals; regulation of the environment (e.g., hydrologic cycles, nutrient cycles, climate, waste accumulation); and support for nonconsumptive uses (e.g., recreation, aesthetics, research). Considerable work remains to be done in documentation of the potential that various aquatic ecosystems have for contribution in each of these broad areas.
- Because ecosystem changes are likely to have long-term impacts, some accounting of the timing of impacts is necessary.
- Complex ecosystem dynamics and incomplete knowledge of ecosystems will have to be resolved before comprehensive valuation of ecosystems is tractable, but comprehensive ecosystem valuation is not generally essential to inform many management decisions.
- Considering the best available and most reliable information about the benefits of improvements in ecosystem services or the costs of ecosystem degradation will lead to improved environmental decision-making. This information is likely to be only one of many possible considerations that influence policy choice.
- Ecologists have qualitatively described the structure and function of most types of aquatic ecosystems. However, the complexity of ecosystems remains a barrier to quantification of these features, particularly their interrelationships.
- Ecologists understand the uncertainties in ecosystem analysis and accept them as inherent caveats in all discussions of system performance.
- Ecosystem processes are often spatially linked, especially in aquatic ecosystems. Full accounting of the consequences of actions on the value of ecosystem services requires understanding these spatial links and undertaking integrated studies at suitably large spatial scales to fully cover important effects
- Even when the goal of a valuation exercise is focused on a single ecosystem service, a workable understanding of the functioning of large parts or possibly the entire ecosystem may be required.
- From an ecological perspective, the value of specific ecosystem functions/services is entirely relative. The spatial and temporal scales of analysis are critical determinants of potential value.
- Further integration of the sciences of economics and ecology at both intellectual and practical scales will improve ecologists� ability to provide useful information for assessing and valuing aquatic ecosystems.
- General concepts regarding the linkages between ecosystem function and services have been developed. Although precise quantification of these relationships remains elusive, the general concepts seem to offer sufficient guidance for valuation to proceed with careful attention to the limitations of any ecosystem assessment.
- Investigation of the spatial and temporal thresholds of significance for various ecosystem services is necessary to inform valuation efforts.
- It is clear that economists and ecologists should work together to develop valid estimates of the values of various aquatic ecosystem services that are useful to inform policy decision-making.
- Many, but not all, of the goods and services provided by aquatic ecosystems are recognized by both ecologists and economists. These goods and services can be classified according to their spatial and temporal importance.
- Natural systems are dynamic and frequently exhibit nonlinear behavior. For this reason, caution should be used in extrapolation of measurements in both space and time. Although it is not possible to avoid all mistakes in extrapolation, the uncertainty warrants explicit acknowledgment.
- Potentially useful classification and inventories of aquatic ecosystems as well as their functional condition exist at both regional and national levels, though the relevance of these classification and inventory systems to assessing and valuing aquatic ecosystems is not always clear.
- Related in some ways to the precautionary principle is the concept of a safe minimum standard, which introduces a class of choices in which decision-makers seek to maintain population or ecosystem levels sufficient for survival
- Studies that focus on valuing a single ecosystem service show promise of delivering results that can inform important policy decisions. In no instance, however, should the value of a single ecosystem service be confused with the value of the entire ecosystem, which has far more than a single dimension.
- The benefit and cost estimates that emerge from an economic valuation exercise will be influenced by the way in which the valuation question is framed. In particular, the estimates will depend on the delineation of the changes in ecosystem goods or services to be valued, the scope of the analysis (in terms of both the geographical boundaries and the inclusion of relevant stakeholders), and the temporal scale.
- The problems of developing an interdisciplinary terminology and/or a universally applicable protocol for valuing aquatic ecosystems were illuminated, but ultimately identified as unnecessary objectives.
- The valuation of aquatic and related terrestrial ecosystem services inevitably involves investigator judgments and some amount of uncertainty. Although unavoidable, uncertainty and the need to exercise professional judgment are not debilitating to ecosystem valuation.
- The value of ecosystem services depends on underlying conditions. Ecosystem valuation studies should clearly present assumptions about underlying ecosystem and market conditions and how estimates of value could change with changes in these underlying conditions.
- There is a variety of nonmarket valuation methods that are available and have been presented in this chapter. However, no single method can be considered the best at all times and for all types of aquatic ecosystem valuation applications. | <urn:uuid:a70e9a11-c931-4d8e-b464-cbe511024cc6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dels.nas.edu/Report/Valuing-Ecosystem-Services-Toward-Better-Environmental/11139 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00285-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925215 | 1,244 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Brenda Shoss, Kinship Circle
Seriously fat. That describes one in four adults in 2008 . Americans average 3,700 calories everyday. Most come from meat and dairy foods .
But the bloated nation faces more than heart disease and diabetes. It turns out the last thing on Al Gore's mind is the first thing to warm the planet.
The way animals become food -- from feed crops to confinement and
-- churns out 18% of the world's greenhouse gasses, according to a United
Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report, "Livestock's Long
Shadow ." At nearly 6.5 billion tons of CO2-equivalent gasses per year,
meat production yields more heat-sucking vapors than every car, truck, plane
and ship combined [3, 4].
Al Gore's book and film, "An Inconvenient Truth," preached wind turbines, biofuels, and the like. He even won the 2007 Nobel Peace Price for his environmental advocacy . Meanwhile Gidon Eshel, a Bard Center geophysicist, and Pamela A. Martin, a University of Chicago assistant professor of geophysics, disclosed another startling truth: If all Americans gave up meat in just 20% of meals, it would be as if each swapped a sedan for a mega-efficient Prius.
Brainy types stayed with the meat thing. The National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science in Japan figured 2.2 pounds of beef equals the sum of carbon dioxide a typical European car spews every 155 miles. On U.S. turf, livestock plants "emit as much greenhouse gas as a car driven more than 1,800 miles," Nathan Fiala writes in Scientific American (2/09) .
Meat scores higher than light bulbs too. A beef, lamb or pork cut expends
enough energy on animal growth and transport to burn a 100-watt bulb for 20
days, asserts Rajendra Pachauri, UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) chief . FAO scientists hold animal agriculture accountable
for "the world's most pressing environmental problems...global warming, land
degradation, air/water pollution, and loss of biodiversity [3, 7]."
Where's The Beef?
It's in America's belly -- a walloping 50.2 billion pounds of beef, poultry and pork, as per USDA's 2008 National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Livestock Report . Nearly 63 billion land animals are butchered internationally, reports USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) in 2007 . In America, some 10 billion land animals, plus about 17 billion fish, die for human consumption each year.
The environmentally correct crowd recycles, dims lights, conserves water, drives less and plants more. Green goodwill, however, stops at the fork.
Meat eaters in industrialized nations each down 176 pounds a year. While individuals in developing countries ingest 66 pounds year-round, that gap is closing . China, relatively new to the global meat market, beefed up exports 900% in the first quarter of 2008. Intercontinental meat intake may double from 280 million tonnes in 2008 to more than 500 million tonnes by 2050, predicts FAO's "Livestock's Long Shadow ."
Meat is one of "today's most serious environmental problems," says Henning Steinfeld, "Shadow's" senior author and FAO's Chief of Livestock Information and Policy Branch. "Urgent action is required to remedy the situation ."
Just how urgent? That's up for grabs. Most agree that combustible fossil fuels (carbon-heavy coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil) trap atmospheric heat and cause a "greenhouse effect." We know fossil-fuel energy is a non-renewable power source.
Scientists widely accept the basic principles of global warming: Climate has changed more in recent decades than in 1000 years . Human activity accelerates carbon dioxide emissions, with a 25% jump over the past 150 years . CO2 rates will double by 2100, unless greenhouse gasses are drastically cut . Warmer land and water temperatures will advance dramatic weather events -- drought, flood, fire, hurricane. Ecosystems will lose biodiversity, leading to the extinction of entire species .
Despite this eco-mess, few want to view lunch as a weapon of mass pollution.
Gas, Burps And Poop
FAO analysts speculate that over 8% of water and 30% of ice-free land are involved in livestock production . Some goes to ruminants (cows, goats, sheep) in massive fenced feedlots. Other areas support meat, dairy or egg CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations).
Cows, pigs, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, sheep and others are
assembly-line style. For instance, half of all hogs live in industrial barns
with 5,000 or more hogs, maintains USDA's Census of Agriculture .
Monster farms deny pigs space, sunlight, straw, mud or anything fundamental
to being a pig. Giant breeding sows are immobilized in two-feet wide
gestation crates. Piglets suckle through metal bars, but otherwise cannot
touch their mother. Animals are tail-docked, castrated and teeth-clipped
without anesthesia. In 2008, 10.14 million pigs went to slaughter, some insufficiently stunned and alert on the kill floor .
Animal cruelty is a hallmark of factory farms. So are belches, gas, and poop. To grasp how much stressed animals poop, imagine one dairy cow. She defecates a usual 14.475 gallons per day. Her waste equals that of 20 to 40 people, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states. There are 9.1 million American dairy cows . In fact, you'd need to multiply the U.S. population's waste 130 times to match the output of agri-animals .
Every year close to 3 trillion pounds of animal excrement is dumped in football-field length lagoons teeming with dusts, molds, bacteria, heavy metals, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane and hundreds more vaporizable elements. These cesspools seep into ground water and local aquifers, leading the EPA to dub CAFOs America's chief source of water contamination. Farmers commonly fertilize fields with a manure mist that scatters even more toxins.
The FAO cites agribusiness as the world's top water polluter, contributing "animal wastes, antibiotics, hormones, chemicals from tanneries, fertilizers and pesticides used for feed crops, and sediments from eroded pastures ."
Anal emissions also pack major Global Warming Potential (GWP). The FAO says ruminant digestive systems emit 65% of human-caused nitrous oxide, with 296 times more force to lock-in heat than CO2. Animal waste supplies 37% of human-caused methane, a gas with 23 times more heat capture than CO2. Add another 64% of human-related ammonia (a main player in acid rain), and livestock jump to the front seat of climate crisis .
The Organic/Free-Range Myth
Global warming wise, "organic, free-range, home-grown" don't hold much clout. Whether a cow grows behind your house or on a Midwest farm, he still poops methane and farts nitrous oxide.
Drs. Adrian Williams, Eric Audsley and D.L. Sandars of Cranfield University in the U.K. argue "there is little difference in nitrous oxide emissions between conventional and organic systems." Organic poultry and eggs actually up energy use by 30 and 15% respectively, due to longer growth spans.
Free-range systems boost energy demands 15% for eggs and 20% for poultry.
Land coverage also increases 65% for organic meat and milk .
This presents a dilemma for eaters in search of guilt-free meat. On the one hand, free-range producers allegedly don't stuff six to nine hens in filing-drawer sized cages or cram turkeys by the thousands in dark grower houses. They assure consumers they won't slice off the bottom third of each bird's beak. On the other hand, cruelty-free claims are routinely false -- and free-range operations don't really lower environmental impacts.
Planet Earth: We Are What We Eat
Since 1961, a fourfold rise in world meat production has guzzled enormous chunks of land, water and energy. Livestock now outnumber people 3 to 1. An estimated 50% (World Resources Institute) to 80% (Harvard nutritionist Jean Mayer) of U.S. grain crops fatten animals rather than feed people.
While processors exhaust 16 pounds of wheat, soy and assorted grains, plus 2,500 gallons of water, on ONE pound of beef -- 963 million people go to bed hungry, a 2008 FAO article states . Grains consumed by U.S. livestock alone could feed 800 million, concludes ecology professor David Pimentel of Cornell University's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences .
Agricultural products occupy so much land, forests are stripped into pastures to make room for more. In Latin America, the FAO defines 70% of prior Amazon forestland as grazing fields or feed crops . Deforestation speeds global warming by removing CO2-absorbing trees. Ultimately, livestock offset natural cycles and squeeze out native species. FAO findings reveal 15 of 24 key ecosystem functions in decline due to farmed animals .
Pass The Roast Beef Please
Sensory experience, not logic, shapes our love of meat. Dad's barbeque and Mom's special roast say, "I care." Meat symbolizes prosperity and celebration. In truth, we eat animals because we've always eaten animals. So the greenest of greenies orders steak, despite loads of protein-rich "mock meats" at supermarkets, health food stores and restaurants.
About 3% of adults don’t eat meat, fish, or fowl, a Vegetarian Resource Group (VRG) poll tallies. An additional 6.7% answer they "never eat meat," without naming species . In VRG's 2008 survey of restaurant diners, more than half sometimes, often or always order meatless meals . On college campuses, students rate access to vegan dishes as "important to them." And girls, ages 13 to 15, are the fastest growing meat-free demographic .
Nowadays it is a no-brainer to eat less meat or no meat at all. Produce and dairy aisles stock plant-based matches of ham, bacon, ground beef, cheese, milk and ice cream. Frozen food shelves are lined with soy "chicken" nuggets, seitan (a beef-like wheat protein), veggie burgers and ribs.
Car or meat? No contest. Meat leaves the heavier carbon footprint. So maybe, while biking to work or buying compact fluorescent bulbs, you'll consider lunch -- and for today, it won't come from an animal.
Brenda Shoss is founder and president of Kinship Circle, a nonprofit animal advocacy organization serving the global community. Brenda's animal-focused columns run in The Healthy Planet and she has written for The Animals Voice, Satya Magazine, VegNews, and other publications. She regularly speaks at national animal protection events and produces humane educational materials. | <urn:uuid:a73677a4-494d-42bd-bee5-311df5abd21a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.all-creatures.org/articles/ar-an.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00530-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896734 | 2,359 | 2.75 | 3 |
All the buzz in Washington, DC is the threat of a federal government shutdown over the current year’s budget–and of Rep. Paul Ryan’s budget plan for the next federal year and beyond.
The major savings of Ryan’s budget plan come from Medicare and Medicaid. And it’s true that any serious attempt at deficit reduction has to be–more than all these cuts in discretionary programs that have been fought about in the current-year budget–about health care, and reducing the overall cost of care. But the problem isn’t a Medicaid or Medicare issue–it’s a health care issue, since its costs are rising overall, and in fact Medicaid and Medicare do a comparatively better job holding down costs than the private market outside.
The Affordable Care Act started down this approach with specific reforms to help control those costs–from prevention to electronic medical records, from experiments with paying providers differently, to other delivery system reforms, from trasparency in pricing to comparative effectiveness research, from bulk purchasing to public health interventions.
In stark contrast to the ACA (which would be repeal under this effort), the Paul Ryan proposal seeks not to control the cost of health care, but simply to shift those costs–onto us. The Medicaid block grant proposal, for example, does not seek to lower care, but simply shifts costs and risks onto states and low-income families. States would get a capped amount of money to run their Medicaid programs–even if in a recession enrollment grows as more people need the program. At exactly the economic times when states are experiencing less revenues, this policy would force states to make the tough decisions about limiting enrollment, reducing benefits, etc.
So there’s much more to say about how it fundamentally attacks low-income people and redistributes wealth upward; how it relies on wildly unrealistic economic assumptions; how it undermines Medicare; and how the proposal just gives up on helping families feel more economically secure.
But I want to highlight the objections of Governor Jerry Brown, who joined 16 other Governors in opposing a Medicaid “block grant” proposal. As the letter states:
“A Medicaid block grant imposed unilaterally by Congress on all states that would cap the federal government’s share of costs and provide fixed annual funding below the projected growth of program costs is simply unacceptable. The inadequacy of funding would grow over time and would be exacerbated by unanticipated increases in health care costs and enrollment. The costs of population increases, aging populations, economic downturns, natural disasters, new diseases or epidemics would all be shouldered by the states…” | <urn:uuid:5f85e80b-7504-425a-a53f-081b896c728a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.health-access.org/ryancare-not-controlling-costs-but-cutting-care-and-shifting-costs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00475-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946651 | 532 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Free Christmas Plays Enjoy the magic of free Christmas Plays. A selection of free plays for children and students in this section with helpful tips about the characters in the plays, the costumes in the plays and the scenery for the plays. There are also religious plays and Christian plays for kids and children which are suitable for church an school. Also included with the plays are short festive recitals, which provide kids and children an opportunity to entertain without the huge amount of work associated with producing plays. Click one of the following links to access your choice of Christmas Plays:
Free Christmas Skits & Plays 'Skits' - a word we don't come across very often in the modern age. A skit is a short theatrical comedy or play Sketch comedy consisting of short scenes called sketches. Skits are generally between one and ten minutes long and so ideal for young budding actors and actresses!
Plays for Kids and Children Kids and Children love to get involved with plays. They enjoy plays either as a participant or as a spectator. It can be difficult to produce a children's play. Try to include as many kids and children as possible. Many plays have opportunities to include extra kids and children via the 'chorus'. There are speaking and non-speaking roles to consider which will suit everyone of the kids and children. Chief characters requiring the talents of kids and children are few and many of the parts have very few lines to speak. These plays are good for kindergarten, preschoolers and older students.
Church Plays All of the plays include parts for adults - they are perfect as Church plays. Church plays are great fun and so many people can be come involved either on stage or behind the scenes. There are props to gather and scenery for the plays and costumes for the plays to consider. Music is always an option and many plays include the opportunity for the cast and the audience to sing a long with famous well known classic carols. Get the words to Classic Carols and print them off as handouts for the audience of your plays. These plays are great for kindergarten, preschoolers and older students.
Ideas for Plays after the final Curtain It is a lovely idea to distribute small wrapped candies or sweets after the final curtain of plays. The candies could be taped underneath the seats of the chairs as a real surprise or simply passed around the audience who have come to watch your plays. A chief character, such as Mother Goose, may enter again immediately after the final curtain, and say something like this:
"Well, my dear children, the play is over, and I hope it has pleased you. I heard you laugh once or twice, and that makes me think that you must have liked it. But there is one more thing to tell you, and this you are sure to like very much indeed.
You have been such a wonderful audience that I think that you deserve a sweet surprise. All stand up and look under your chairs! [or and if you will sit very still, the curtain will open again and the sweets will be brought out and given to you].
And so, my dears, as I bid you Good-night, I wish you all (or, I hope you have had) a very Merry Christmas and (wish you) a Happy New Year!"
Plays for Kids and Children - Rehearsals for Plays Kids and Children love to get involved with plays but remember not to over rehearse! The main charm in festive plays for children and kids lies in their naturalness and simplicity, which is almost sure to be lost if they have rehearsed the play until they have lost their wonder and excitement in the make-believe game of amateur theatricals and plays. At the first rehearsal the kids and children should just listen to a reading of the play. Then read a short scene in detail, allowing each actor to read several parts. Try every child in every child's part before a final selection of the cast of characters is made. If it is possible, begin the second rehearsal on the stage where the play is to be given. Arrange chairs to represent entrances, doors, windows, etc., and have all props on hand, in order to impress on the children's minds the necessity of learning the words and the action at the same time. Stage hands, the prompter, property managers, scene painters and all the play's assistants should be on hand at every rehearsal, if possible. Long waits between the acts and all delays do much to destroy an otherwise happy impression. Every piece of scenery, every costume, every bit of make-up and every prop should be in its place - all ready to make a smooth final performance. Dress rehearsals are absolutely necessary. The last two rehearsals should be complete performances of the play with lights, curtains, costumes, make-up, scenery and all incidentals exactly as they are to be on the night of the performance. At the third rehearsal the play should be given in its entirety, music, gestures, entrances, exits, groupings and crossing from one side of the stage to another at a given cue, etc. In fact, everything as in the completed production - except that the actors may use their copies of the play for reading the lines!
Plays for Kids and Children - The Director of Plays The Director of the plays should try to establish a happy co-operation with the players that will make the whole production of plays, rehearsals, dress rehearsals and final performance, a series of good times crowned by a happy, if not perfect, production! The plays director should always strive to be cheerful and happy, ever ready to give advice and ever ready to ask for advice, even from the youngest players. Take them into your confidence. Discuss the plays color schemes, the plays costuming, the plays props and making them, the plays lighting and scenic effects with your actors. The director should make every effort to guard against delays of any sort.
Acrostic Recitals Acrostic style performances are poems or recitals in which the first letter of the lines, taken in sequence, spell out a name, word or message. These were very popular during the Victorian era and variations were used in Victorian Parlour Games. Sadly such games have long been replaced with crossword or other word puzzles. But Acrostic recitals, or mini plays, are really delightful. An easy method of involving children in simple entertainments especially for the festive season when message of joy and goodwill can be portrayed in this fashion. These recitals are particularly good for kindergarten and preschooler children.
Free Christmas Plays Enjoy our collection of free Plays. Some of the plays are filled with the spirit of fun and jollity that is always associated with festive merrymaking and the magic of plays. The religious plays provide an opportunity to celebrate the true meaning at this very special time of the year. Enjoy the magic of these wonderful plays!
Festive Plays Share the success of your plays! We would love to hear about your productions of these plays. Drop us an email, maybe include some photos and let us know how everything went! We would be happy to include some of your anecdotes and maybe some helpful hints on how to make festive plays a success! | <urn:uuid:fea29c77-f77f-4998-8dae-3c8145d7c6cc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.reindeerland.org/christmas-plays/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00321-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9684 | 1,461 | 1.890625 | 2 |
The Information Economy Report 2007-2008 - Science and technology for development : the new paradigm of ICT, analyses the current and potential contribution of information technology to knowledge creation and diffusion. It explores how ICTs help generate innovations that improve the livelihoods of the poor and support enterprise competitiveness. The report examines how ICTs affect productivity and growth and reflects on the need for a development-oriented approach to intellectual property rights in order to enable effective access to technology. ICT has also given rise to new models for sharing knowledge and collective production of ideas and innovations, known as "open access" models, which often bypass the incentive system provided by intellectual property rights.
The report addresses issues like the trends in ICT access and use in developing countries, the impact of ICT on productive efficiency and the role of governments in ICT deployment. In particular, ICTs for the poor are discussed within the scope of the increasing use of mobile telephones and supportive policy measures and the potential of telecentres to promote livelihoods by providing access to relevant information and business opportunities to rural and poor populations.
For further information : http://www.unctad.org | <urn:uuid:9bc335d5-cc91-447d-83ad-241a562985e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.fondation-farm.org/spip.php?article355 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00010-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909199 | 234 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The tonal variations in granite countertops produce a depth of color that easily coordinates with medium-brown wood. Medium brown usually has an orange undertone, which is its underlying hue bias. Along with the granite's overall hue, the colors of pronounced striations or evenly distributed flecks coordinate with various decor elements. For a unified look, choose granite that is a lighter shade of the wood's undertone color. Establish contrast by choosing a complementary granite color -- one that is a color wheel opposite of medium brown's undertone.
Warm-gray granite provides a subtle contrast with medium-brown wood. In a kitchen with wood flooring, paint walls light warm-gray to complement the granite. Lighten the room by painting a kitchen island light warm-gray to blend with its granite top. Pewter or brushed chrome light fixtures coordinate with these hues, while accents in spring-green brighten the palette.
Yellow, Gold or Beige Granite
For an analogous color scheme, choose granite in a hue that is a color wheel neighbor of the wood's undertone, such as yellow, beige or gold. Orangish-gold granite with tiny flecks of green-gray coordinates smoothly with medium-brown wood since both have orange undertones. Greenish, brushed nickel pendant lights relate to the green-gray flecks, as does green-gray ceramic flooring.
Green or Blue Granite
With medium orange-brown wood, blue or green granite provides complementary contrast, especially cool-blue or cool-green granite. Consider lighter shades of green or blue, which display tonal as well as hue contrast. Light, greenish blue-gray countertops correspond with greenish slate-gray flooring, while bronze pendant lights relate to the orange-brown wood tone.
- Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:0e4d8f13-b968-492e-ba07-7139b8411bdc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/granite-color-match-mediumbrown-cabinets-81622.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00350-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886221 | 378 | 1.984375 | 2 |
The following is a guest post. If you’d like to guest post on the Dividend Ninja, be sure to check out our Guest Posting Guidelines.
Once people reach their mid-fifties, they finally start seeing the light at the end of the tunnel. It’s around this time that they start to plan for what they’ll do once they retire, imagining lazy afternoons on the golf course or having lunch with friends. They often envision the trips they’ll take with spouses and all the wonderful extra time they’ll spend with their family.
But what if you haven’t started saving yet? What if you’re in your forties and had to pull your retirement investments due to personal commitments or the weakened economy? Well, you’re not alone. The Employee Benefit Research Institute reports that 60 percent of all workers today who were born between 1946 and 1964 have saved less than $100,000 for retirement.
It’s best to begin saving for retirement in your 20s. But that’s not always an option. Here’s how to save for retirement after 40 years old. If you fall into that 60 percent, you’re likely wondering how you’ll ever make it through retirement age and stressing about the dollar signs. Here are some tips, compiled just for you.
Reassess Your Priorities
Once you’ve decided to get serious about your retirement fund, the first thing you should do is reassess your life priorities. What is your overall goal for the next 20 years? What would you like to be doing with your daily life in 20 years? Part of this reassessment should involve taking that information and looking to the future to help you decide whether the things you’re currently spending you’re money on are in line with those things.
Do you really need that second house in Florida? Do you have to drive a Lexus or would a Chevy work just fine? Deciding what’s most important to you will make it easier to make hard and fast decisions down the road.
Downsize your Budget
For some, this could mean simply reducing the amount of money you spend on small incidental expenses like eating out, vacations, and shopping. For others, more drastic downsizing may be in order. It may mean selling your home for a more economical condo or smaller house. This is especially helpful if there’s a decent amount of equity tied up in the property.
Have you considered alternative living situations? If it’s geographically feasible, consider moving in with your adult children or other relatives, and put the money you were using to pay your mortgage and property taxes into your retirement portfolio.
Capitalize on Increased Contribution Limits
Increase your 401(k) and IRA contributions to the highest amount you’re allowed. Once you reach age 50, the limit of money you’re allowed to contribute to these accounts will increase from $17,000 to $22,500 and from $5,000 to $6,000, respectively. Take full advantage of those limit increases, as they’re often tax-deductible.
Furthermore, if you’re not currently contributing enough money to qualify for the full employer match, you’re throwing away free money. Really squeeze your budget and contribute everything you can to those accounts now while you’ve got that matching program to maximize your efforts. After you’ve downsized your budget, and while you’re focusing on IRAs and 401(k)s, start weighing the pros & cons of annuities and consider adding them to your portfolio as well.
Simply speaking, people are living longer now than they ever have in human history. Thus, the standard retirement age of 65 is quickly becoming 70. Jump on the bandwagon and work an extra five years, or however long you’re comfortable doing so.
Working til an older age will give you more time to build your retirement fund, and will inherently reduce the chances that you’ll run out of money during retirement. With an extra five years’ worth of savings, you’ll have more time to let your investments grow and to contribute to them aggressively.
Keep Insurance Policies
While you’re downsizing and working longer, it may be tempting to do away with insurance policies. Whatever you do, don’t skimp on your life insurance and long-term care policies. Yes, it’s important to cut out unnecessary expenses and save as much as you can, but those policies will be your lifeblood, should your health status change. You can still find cheap rates on life insurance and get a policy that will help your family if needed. Not having long-term care insurance can completely devastate your entire estate, should you or your spouse ever need that care down the road.
Life and long-term care insurance policies are so affordable that it shouldn’t be a problem to work them into your new, smaller budget.
It’s best to begin saving for retirement in your 20s to take full advantage of compounding interest rates. But that’s not always an option in today’s economy. If you find yourself within 15 years of retirement without having made any preparations, remember these tips, and you’ll be on your way to retirement bliss before you know it.
Author Bio: Jane Miller is a freelance writer who loves to write about anything from tech to mommy stuff. She is featured in many blogs as a guest writer and can write with authority on any niche or subject. | <urn:uuid:6bf69afc-737a-430a-a13f-5d6456265ba6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dividendninja.com/better-late-than-never-how-to-save-for-retirement-after-40/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.950923 | 1,165 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Martin Ransohoff screenplay collection, M4048
Scope and Contents
This collection consists of screenplays for television shows and films produced by Ransohoff.
- 1960 - 1995
Access to Collection
Collection is open for research.
Martin Ransohoff was born on July 7, 1927, in New Orleans. His father, Arthur, was in the coffee business. His mother, the former Babette Strauss, became involved in Republican politics once the family moved to Connecticut when Martin was young.
Mr. Ransohoff graduated from Colgate in 1949 with a degree in history. He worked in advertising, his son said, then for Kodak, which introduced him to the people who were using Kodak film to make the first primitive television commercials.
With Edwin Kasper, Mr. Ransohoff formed the production house Filmways in the early 1950s, focusing at first on the rapidly expanding need for well-made commercials in the early days of television. But by the end of that decade, Mr. Ransohoff was looking at expanding into television and film. Still in his early 30s, he became one of the youngest men to take an entertainment company public when Filmways boarded the American Stock Exchange in 1958.
Filmways became known as the home of such 1960s TV shows as Mister Ed, The Beverly Hillbillies, Green Acres, Petticoat Junction and The Addams Family and, through the 1966 acquisition of Heatter-Quigley Productions, the game show The Hollywood Squares.
Adapted from "Martin Ransohoff, 'Cincinnati Kid' Producer and Founder of Filmways TV, Dies at 90" by Mike Barnes (https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/martin-ransohoff-dead-cincinnati-kid-809533) and "Martin Ransohoff, Producer of TV and Film, Dies at 90" by Neil Genzlinger (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/17/arts/martin-ransohoff-producer-dies.html)
5.6 Cubic Feet
Language of Materials
- Guide to the Martin Ransohoff screenplay collection
- Adam Basciano and Lora Davis
- October 1, 2012
- Description rules
- Describing Archives: A Content Standard
- Language of description
- Script of description
- Code for undetermined script
- Language of description note
Part of the Special Collections and University Archives, Colgate University Libraries Repository
13 Oak Drive
Case Library and Geyer Center for Information Technology
Hamilton New York 13346 United States US | <urn:uuid:a7d2fd11-dbf6-4396-8c1d-e39577edafd7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://archives.colgate.edu/repositories/2/resources/305 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.947784 | 608 | 1.664063 | 2 |
The famous ‘Tombs of the Kings’ form part of the Archaeological Park of Kato Pafos (Paphos) – one of the most important archaeological sites of Cyprus that has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list since 1980.
The monumental underground tombs are carved out of solid rock and date back to the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
Rather than kings, it is actually high ranking officials and aristocracy that were buried here, but the size and splendour of the tombs – some decorated with Doric pillars – gave the locality its grand name.
Some of the tombs imitate the houses of the living, with the burial chambers opening onto a peristyle atrium. They are similar to tombs found in Alexandria, demonstrating the close relations between the two cities during the Hellenistic period.
The site links with the Aphrodite Cultural Route. | <urn:uuid:f693f6c4-0cf5-41b0-b192-30f1e7931745> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.taxiexpertcy.com/tombs-of-the-kings/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.946203 | 183 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Information on finding and using video and streaming video at the Western Libraries
Western Libraries supports the use of media in Western courses and assignments. Listed below are a variety of options for incorporating video into coursework, resources available through the Libraries, and brief explanations of relevant copyright principles. These explanations should not be interpreted as legal advice. Instructors should decide which option is most appropriate based on their pedagogical needs.
Western Libraries supports the curricular streaming needs of the university. However, the high cost of streaming videos, combined with budget constraints, limits what the Libraries can provide. If you request the Libraries acquire a streaming title, we may follow up with you to discuss the viability of non-streaming or other streaming options (e.g. open source providers or commercial streaming services). More information about these alternatives is included below. Criteria for acquiring streaming video described below may be adjusted from quarter to quarter based on funding.
Video tutorial for completing form
- Finding Streaming Content: Western Libraries provides access to a large number of licensed streaming videos. As instructors are planning their syllabi, we recommend checking OneSearch and Academic Video Online first--or contacting the Media Librarian--to see if there are films already available that will work with the curriculum.
- Course Reserves: Instructors may include streaming media in course reserves by using the Course Reserves Request Form. More information about course reserves is available on the Course Reserves page. Instructors can also add links to streaming media directly to their Canvas pages. Due to the high volume of e-reserve requests, this may be the fastest option in some cases. For help embedding streaming links in Canvas, contact your subject team.
- Copyright: The Libraries has license agreements with various streaming providers to make these films available to Western faculty, staff, and students.
- Help: For help locating appropriate streaming content, contact your subject team or the Media Librarian. Contact the Course Reserves Manager for help placing streaming media items on course reserves.
Western Libraries offers these options for using physical media in courses and assignments:
There are several ways that Western faculty use film and video in their classes. Below are observations on some of the most common approaches. We are happy to work with you to craft an approach that will fit your needs for a particular class. In general, it is best to contact us as far in advance as possible if you are thinking of using specific films in a class so that we can help find the best options for your course.
Some streaming platforms, like Academic Video Online (AVON), may allow you to create customized clips for classroom use. While DVDs are not as convenient for this purpose, there are ways to create clips from them. We would be happy to help you explore your options.
- Media Librarian
- Classroom Services / ATUS (technology for showing films in class)
- Course Reserves Manager (course reserves)
- Librarian Subject Teams (locating, selecting, or requesting films)
- Library Acquisitions (requesting films)
- Scholarly Communications Librarian (copyright)
- ATUS Canvas support team (hosting media in Canvas)
These guidelines were developed summer 2018 based on Georgetown University Library's Guide to Using Films in Courses (2017) and the University of Washington’s guide, Using Video & Streaming Video in Courses (2018).
The guidelines will be reviewed at least on a yearly basis. Last updated October 2020. | <urn:uuid:a82b0f44-3766-4699-8cf2-8991f1641721> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://library.wwu.edu/find/collections/media-at-western | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.907518 | 710 | 1.960938 | 2 |
In an attempt to satisfy customers, logistics companies are increasingly improving the service of delivering parcels. One way to achieve this, is by letting customers see how long it will take to get the order delivered at their homes and to show them on a map where the parcel courier is. But does this service really adds value or is just a gimmick?
During the summer of 2014, DPD launched Live-Tracking, a tool that shows customers where there parcel is and how long it takes before the parcel courier rings the bell. On Netzaktiv, a weblog from German online store software provider VersaCommerce, there’s a comprehensive review of this DPD service. Author Dr. Katja Flinzner tested the live tracking service and discovered it has had its benefits and its drawbacks.
Logistics is biggest bottleneck in ecommerce
“Logistics is known to be the biggest bottleneck in ecommerce. Since no online store can function without a logistics partner, online stores also benefit from the continued growth in this industry. And so, it’s no wonder that the large logistics companies are now taking every effort to deliver the most diverse methods in order to differentiate themselves from their competitors”, she writes.
She states that Hermes for example, has announced a service with a smaller time window last year, but so far it hasn’t launched yet. DPD made a similar announcement, but their service is up and running now. And they even went further. Last July, the company announced they can give a precise delivery time up to 30 minutes in advance and that customers are able to check where the DPD van is via live tracking.
So far, so good
Now the service is running for almost half a year, Flinzner decided to test DPD’s live tracking tool. After she placed an order, she received one mail from the online store and one from DPD saying she will receive her order in one or two business days and that she will receive more precise information about the transport on the day of delivery. They also let her know she can change the place and date of delivery and that she can give authorization to have her package delivered to a neighbor or a nearby pick-up point. “That sounds quite flexible. So far so good”, she writes.
The next morning she gets an email from DPD that states she will get her package between 14:11 and 15:11. “That’s not yet a 30-minute windows, but after rereading the DPD press release I’ve noticed the 30-minute window only happens during the course of the delivery.” So only when the parcel courier is already on its way, it’s possible to give a precise delivery time up to 30 minutes in advance.
Map doesn’t show relevant information
When Flinzner checks the live tracking tool, she notices the DPD van is really close to her home. But as it’s only a 5 minute ride now (based on the distance between the van’s location and Flinzner’s house), the tool indicates it will take at least another hour before the van will stop by her house. “And this is the first problem of this service. What good does it do to know that the DPD driver is just a kilometer away delivering packages? I have no idea how long it takes, as I don’t know what his exact route is and how many packages he has to deliver”, she says. “According to DPD’s press release, the live tracking tool should indeed reveal the number of stops that have to take place before the chauffeur arrives at my home, but I can’t find this info anywhere on the website.”
“The live tracking tool also shows that there is probably no way to know exactly where the DPD van is, because when the delivery truck icon is only three blocks away, it suddenly jumps back to a distance of 2 kilometers away from my home. But after a few minutes he’s probably at my door, because the door bell rings. It’s 14:39, so pretty much in the middle of the announced time window. A few minutes later, the system knows the package was delivered and live tracking is no longer available.”
The author thinks live tracking has its quirks. “It doesn’t tell the customer anything he didn’t know beforehand and the monitoring of the DPD van on the website is actually not much more than a nice gimmick.” She continues: “Conversations with DPD drivers also bring a lot of other aspects from the new technology to light. Not only do they feel observed, they are often also worried that the constantly retrievable knowledge of their location can be misused by people trying to attack the van. “Many chauffeurs have already had a bad experience. And what consequences will time tracking have for the employment relationship?”
“DPD could probably do easily withouth the gimmick of live tracking, without losing real value for its customers. And after all, DPD would still be a step further than their competitors, as the time window prediction seems to work fairly reliably, as four other packages got delivered in the announced time windows.” | <urn:uuid:175a694a-d0c1-4d05-a006-94349ae0dbf7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ecommercenews.eu/live-tracking-parcel-really-necessary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965165 | 1,102 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Ball Mill Working Flow Chat, Ball Mill Instruction Manual. Ball Mill Instruction Manual. The quality of ball mil installation is the key to whether the ball mill work normally.Ball mill installation manual pdf Mine Equipments. Overview on the grinding mills and their dual pinion mill drives mill and two 24 x 395 ball mills will be briefly discussed ball installation and commissioning of the mills and drives at turning the mill at very low speed for maintenance purposes like visual inspection of bearings or manual.Sep 22, 2021 The installation of the third ball mill completes the Ball Mill 3 Expansion Project which will increase plant milling capacity to 45,000 tonnes per day from 40,000 tonnes per day.Nov 13, 2014 Installation of ball mill and rod mill 2014-11-13 09 41 04 XinHai (3202) Ball mill and rod mill are widely used in grinding link in mineral processing.
Of ball mill. It is possible to install 4 ball milling tanks at the same time, or install 2 ball milling tanks symmetrically, and it’s forbidden to install only 1 or 3 ball milling tanks. After installation, make use of two force-applying bushing (accessory of this machine) to tighten.Necessity of Ball Mill Installation Prominer (Shanghai 2020-12-24 Necessity of Ball Mill Installation. 12-24-20 183 Views icon 0 There are many poin.Installation Agreements for the execution of the construction and installation of a third ball mill at Las Bambas, and associated works, including the installation of harmonic filters in the mill. Listing Rules Implications MCC19 is a wholly owned subsidiary of CMC, the controlling shareholder of the Company, and is.Sep 22, 2021 The installation of the third ball mill completes the Ball Mill 3 Expansion Project which will increase plant milling capacity to 45,000 tonnes per day from 40,000 tonnes per day. We are pleased to announce the start of commissioning of the new ball mill on schedule, stated Gil Clausen , Copper Mountain's President and CEO.
Dec 26, 2020 difference between vrm and ball mill in cement plant tecnologywhat is the difference between a vertical roller mill and a ball mill a ball mill is a installation cost of a vrm vs a ball mill Ball mill low cost of ownership International Oct 21 2011 Easy to install s ball mills are designed to grind clinker gypsum to keep .Mill lining installation in a ball mill at Atacama Kozan Mining Company, Copiapo, Chile. Ball mills designed for long life and minimum maintenance Metso overflow ball mill sizes range from 5 ft. x 8 ft. with 75 HP to 30’ x 41’ . and as much as 30,000 HP. Larger ball mills are available with dual pinion or ring motor drives.22.214.171.124 Ball mills. The ball mill is a tumbling mill that uses steel balls as the grinding media. The length of the cylindrical shell is usually 1–1.5 times the shell diameter ( Figure 8.11). The feed can be dry, with less than 3 moisture to minimize ball.Jul 04, 2019 Thus, choosing a suitable ball mill, from the pre-purchase consultation to the smooth installation of the ball mill, the test run, takes a lot of time and effort. over,.
Installation of lining plate of ball mill equipment the first is to clean the oil dirt inside the barrel when installing the lining plate of large ball mill. The second is to ensure that the clearance during the installation of the lining plate of the large-scale ball mill equipment is not than 16mm.Apr 04, 2021 Installation of wear-resistant Alumina lining bricks 1. Install the ball mill on the base as soon as possible. After the cement is hardened, the ball mill can run smoothly after debugging. 2. Before installing the ball mill prepare a clean plastic bucket for mixing cement slurry and adjusting glue. 3. The light inside the ball.Jan 07, 2022 Install the ball mill on the base as far as possible. After the cement is solidified, the ball mill can run smoothly after debugging. 2. Before installing the ball mill, prepare a clean plastic bucket for mixing cement slurry and adjusting glue. 3. The light in the ball mill is not good, so you need to connect the electric light wire, install.Jun 15, 2019 Ball mill large girth gear installation. The large girth gear of the ball mill not only has a large shape, but also has a certain weight. It is formed by combining two half-toothed gears, which is mainly for the convenience of disassembly and installation. The number of teeth of the large ring gear is generally even, and it needs to be opened.
Nov 30, 2020 The existing SAG mill will be retired. The fourth ball mill, a 22 ft by 38 ft mill, will be installed adjacent to the third ball mill within the existing building. With the addition of the fourth ball mill, the ball milling line will comprise four mills operating in parallel. Two identical 24 ft x 30 ft mills, and two identical 22 ft x 38 ft mills.May 29, 2019 The installation of the ball mill is the link that the ball mill must go through before it goes into production. The quality of the installation will affect the subsequent use of the ball mill, and even affect the production, crushing rate, service life, etc., so the importance of the installation of the ball mill is self-evident. This article shares the ball mill installation steps,.A ball mill liner assembly and installation method thereof the ball mill liner assembly comprises wear-resistant liners (1), installation modules (3) and self-fixing liners (2) the self-fixing liners are made of ductile materials such as carbon steel or low-carbon alloy steel the wear-resistant liners are integrally made of ceramic material self-fixing liners are installed between a.Operating Procedure For Ball Miller. purpose, one should always set the timer twice the time needed for running the ball miller for (3) tiurn power switch on the rear panel of ball miller on. (4) open ball-mill door and install sample-balls and lock down. (5) make sure to snug.
How to install ball mill saluteindiain ball mills installation vibrating sieve separator ball mill wikipedia a ball mill is a type of grinder used to grind and blend materials for use in mineral dressing ball milling boasts several advantages over other systems the cost of installation and grinding medium is low it is suitable for both batch and.Nov 02, 2020 The installation and commissioning of ball mill is an important task in the beneficiation plant, whose result will directly affect the quality of production and efficiency of the ball mill. It is recommended that you should choose a professional ball mill provider who can offer professional ball mill installation and commissioning personnel to.Ball mill, also known as ball grinding machine, is a well-known ore grinding machine, is widely used in mining, construction, aggregate application.JXSC start the ball mill business in 1985, supply globally service includes design, manufacturing, installation, and free operation training.2021-3-10 Ball mill installation is a must step before it is put into production, which will affect the subsequent use of the ball mill, and even affect the production volume, crushing rate, service life, etc., so the importance of ball mill installation is self-evident In addition, the choice of grinding medium is also crucial. | <urn:uuid:173c9794-bc38-427f-b6cd-f3a5d71ec650> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.canvas-lautsprecher.de/25537/the-installation-of-ball-mill.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.908873 | 1,550 | 1.75 | 2 |
Porcelain 'surprise' cup with standing female figure inside. Decorated in wucai style with underglaze blue and overglaze enamels. On outside, boys at play in a landscape, and four emblems with ribbons on inside rim. Standing female painted in blue with green skirt.
- Made in: Jingdezhen
- (Asia,China,Jiangxi (province),Jingdezhen)
- Height: 98 millimetres
- Diameter: 91 millimetres
Published PDF date : Ming Wanli 1573-1620Room 95 label text:
‘Surprise cup’ with boys playing
Potters decorated this stem cup in a twice-fired technique called 五彩 (wucai ‘five colours’) composed of underglaze blue and overglaze red, yellow, and green. Chinese people regard genre scenes of children playing as auspicious, representing a wish for many sons. The 'surprise' is the standing female figure inside.
Porcelain with underglaze cobalt-blue and overglaze wucai enamels
Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province江西省, 景德鎮
Ming dynasty, Wanli period, AD 1573–1620
On display: G95/dc27/sh8
Porcelain mazer cup with standing female figure inside. Decorated in wucai style with underglaze blue and overglaze enamels. On outside, boys at play in a landscape, and four emblems with ribbons on inside rim. Standing female painted in blue with green skirt.
Copyright SOAS All rights reserved
If you’ve noticed a mistake or have any further information about this object, please email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Object reference number: RRC39629
British Museum collection data is also available in the W3C open data standard, RDF, allowing it to join and relate to a growing body of linked data published by organisations around the world.
The Museum makes its collection database available to be used by scholars around the world. Donations will help support curatorial, documentation and digitisation projects. | <urn:uuid:56b2a3f9-cbb7-43b6-abfe-cbebc3f2c70b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3181077&partId=1&people=162439&page=9&sortBy=imageName | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00473-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.835224 | 475 | 1.976563 | 2 |
As we noted earlier this year, as the Copyright Office and the Librarian of Congress consider the requested "exemptions" from Section 1201 of the DMCA, General Motors has come out strongly against
allowing you to modify the software in the car that you (thought you) bought from the company. If you're new to this fight, Section 1201
of the DMCA is the "anti-circumvention" clause that says that it's copyright infringement if you "circumvent" any "technological protection method" (TPM) -- even if
that circumvention has absolutely nothing to do with copyright infringement. Yes, this is insane. It's so insane that Congress even realized it would lead to ridiculous situations. But, rather than fixing the damn law
, Congress instead decided to duct tape on an even more ridiculous "solution." That is that every three years (the so-called "triennial review"), people could beg and plead with the Copyright Office and the Librarian of Congress to issue special "exemptions" for classes of work where Section 1201 wouldn't apply. Yes, that's right, you have a law, but Congress knew the law made no sense in some cases, and so it just gave the Librarian of Congress (the guy who currently can't keep his website online
) the power to anoint certain classes of technology immune from the law.
Anyway, as mentioned, General Motors and others car makers (and also tractor maker John Deere) have been lobbying against
the change, arguing all sorts of damage might occur should people be able to hack their own cars legally. And, to be fair, there is a legitimate point that someone messing with their own car's software could
potentially do some damage. But, there are some pretty easy responses to that. First off, that's not copyright's job
. If you want to ban tinkering with the software in cars, pass a damn law
that is specifically about tinkering with software in cars, so that there can be a real public debate about it. Second, lots of perfectly legal tinkering with the mechanical
parts of automobiles can also lead to dangers on the road, but we don't ban it
because people are allowed to tinker with things they own
Either way, the Copyright Office reached out to the EPA
about this issue, and in a just published letter (even though it was sent months ago), it's revealed that the EPA is asking for the exemption to be denied
because it's "concerned" that these exemptions would "slow or reverse gains made under the Clean Air Act." It also argues that allowing the right to modify your own software would "hinder its ability to enforce... tampering prohibition[s]" that are in existing law already:
EPA is also concerned that the exemptions would hinder its ability to enforce the tampering prohibition. Under section 203(a), the Agency has taken enforcement action against third-party vendors who sell or install equipment that can "bypass, defeat, or render inoperative" software designed to enable vehicles to comply with CFAA regulations. EPA can curb this practice more effectively if circumventing TPMs remains prohibited under the DMCA
First of all, this shows that there's already another law in place
for dealing with people who are doing things that will impact the environment. Second, who cares
if it makes the EPA's job easier, that's not the role of copyright
. That the EPA would so casually argue that it's okay for it to be abusing copyright law, just because it makes the EPA's job easier
is patently ridiculous.
Following that, the EPA then mocks the idea that anyone would have a legitimate reason to tinker with the software in their own cars:
The Agency also questions whether there is a real need for the exemptions. Car makers are already required to provide access for lawful diagnosis and repair. In EPA's view, whether or not they are designed for this purpose, the TPMs prevent unlawful tampering of important motor vehicle software.
Again, that's not the job of copyright
, and supporting the abuse of copyright for this purpose is ridiculous. Furthermore, now that we're living in an age of connected cars, where we're already discovering that car software is a security nightmare
it's actually more important than ever
that people be able to tinker with the software in their cars, to probe for security weaknesses and to improve that software where possible. The EPA has every right to go after those who do so in a manner that violates environmental laws, but it shouldn't support abusing copyright law just because it makes the EPA's job easier. And, it shouldn't just assume that there are no legitimate reasons for wanting to modify the software in your car just because EPA staffers are too simple-minded to understand what those reasons might be.
Whatever you might think of the EPA and its mission, the idea that it would advocate abusing copyright laws is a disgrace. | <urn:uuid:3aad6821-1343-447d-a571-cd3521771b3a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.techdirt.com/blog/?tag=environment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969169 | 1,010 | 1.859375 | 2 |
A Young Lady's Lament on the State of London Society
Publication: Glasgow Herald
Published: 4 April 1831
Publication type: Newspaper/Periodical
No full copy of this poem is available.
Archive/Library: Mitchell Library, Glasgow
Classmark(s): Hard copy: BX3
This poem appeared in the Glasgow Courier, another conservative Glasgow newspaper, on the 29th of March 1831, under the title 'Plus de Politique'. The speaker of this poem expresses their exasperation towards the politics of the time, stating that they are growing 'thinner and thinner' with all of the talk of reform and retrenchment. Even at Devonshire House, where the speaker expected 'one agreeable night', there was talk of carrying the Bill. There is a clear suggestion here that talk of reform has been imported from France, and the references to Russell and Grey are in French. There is also a (more subtle) suggestion that reform is feminising the nation: everyone is now wearing the 'dresses' and 'chapeaus' of reform, we are told. | <urn:uuid:293193ad-777f-45f1-bc30-3b2b82fb06bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thepeoplesvoice.glasgow.ac.uk/poems/?p=record&id=219&rp=3&source=search | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.963941 | 238 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Last Updated: July 28, 2022, 07:00 IST
HARIYALI AMAVASYA 2022: Hariyali Amavasya or Sawan Amavasya is observed on the Amavasya Tithi in the Shravan month of the Hindu calendar. The month of Shravan marks the start of the monsoon season, which promotes greenery on Earth. This is why the festival of Shravan Amavasya is known as the festival of greenery. On this day, devotees seek the blessings of Lord Shiva for favourable rains and a bountiful harvest.
Hariyali Amavasya 2022: Significance
Hariyali Amavasya is an important celebration, especially in North India that falls in Shravan month, three days prior to the celebrations of ‘Hariyali Teej’. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, Shravan is the fifth month of the Hindu lunar calendar. As per Hindu mythology, the month of ‘Shravan’, is auspicious for obtaining the blessings of Gods and Goddesses. Therefore devotees chant Vedic mantras and sing religious songs in praise of Lord Shiva. Since trees are also represented as Gods in Hindu culture, people worship them on Hariyali Amavasya. Some of the regions this day have a tradition of worshipping the ‘Peepal’ tree. Planting a sapling on Hariyali Amavasya is thought to be extremely auspicious.
Hariyali Amavasya 2022: Puja Vidhi
Amavasya Tithi Begins – 9:11 pm on July 27, 2022
Amavasya Tithi Ends – 11:24 pm on July 28, 2022
Hariyali Amavasya 2022: Shubh Muhurat
Some of the auspicious timings of the day include Brahma Muhurta which will take effect from 4:17 am to 4:58 am; the Abhijit Muhurta which will arrive from 12:00 pm to 12:55 pm and the Godhuli Muhurta which will begin at 7:01 pm and end at 7:25 pm.
Read all the Latest News and Breaking News here
For all the latest Sports News Click Here | <urn:uuid:ebba80d6-f290-43f7-be86-9fa05253ebb1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://technocharger.com/hariyali-amavasya-2022-significance-puja-vidhi-and-shubh-muhurat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.920099 | 484 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Thiocyanate supplementation decreases atherosclerotic plaque in mice expressing human myeloperoxidase
Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
Elevated levels of the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. MPO predominantly catalyzes formation of the oxidants hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from Cl(-), and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) from SCN(-), with these anions acting as competitive substrates. HOSCN is a less powerful and more specific oxidant than HOCl, and selectively targets thiols; such damage is largely reversible, unlike much HOCl-induced damage. We hypothesized that increased plasma SCN(-), and hence HOSCN formation instead of HOCl, may decrease artery wall damage. This was examined using high-fat fed atherosclerosis-prone LDLR(-/-) mice transgenic for human MPO, with and without SCN(-) (10 mM) added to drinking water. Serum samples, collected fortnightly, were analyzed for cholesterol, triglycerides, thiols, MPO, and SCN(-); study-long exposure was calculated by area under the curve (AUC). Mean serum SCN(-) concentrations were elevated in the supplemented mice (200-320 μM) relative to controls (< 120 μM). Normalized aortic root plaque areas at sacrifice were 26% lower in the SCN(-)-supplemented mice compared with controls (P = 0.0417), but plaque morphology was not appreciably altered. Serum MPO levels steadily increased in mice on the high-fat diet, however, comparison of SCN(-)-supplemented versus control mice showed no significant changes in MPO protein, cholesterol, or triglyceride levels; thiol levels were decreased in supplemented mice at one time-point. Plaque areas increased with higher cholesterol AUC (r = 0.4742; P = 0.0468), and decreased with increasing SCN(-) AUC (r = - 0.5693; P = 0.0134). These data suggest that increased serum SCN(-) levels, which can be achieved in humans by dietary manipulation, may decrease atherosclerosis burden.
|Journal||Free Radical Research|
|Number of pages||7|
|Publication status||Published - 27 Mar 2015| | <urn:uuid:5c4a5e18-5eec-413c-89af-56a925aefd3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bmi.ku.dk/english/Staff/?pure=en%2Fpublications%2Fthiocyanate-supplementation-decreases-atherosclerotic-plaque-in-mice-expressing-human-myeloperoxidase(c7fc7053-e8d9-4354-b522-c8d5f1a034e6).html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.881354 | 561 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Why 10th Grade Should Be the New Senior Year
In 1983, "A Nation at Risk" focused political decisionmakers on the necessity of reframing public education into an accountability model designed to provide minimum standards of achievement. By 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act ensured that all states receiving federal funds would meet requirements for standardized testing, teacher qualifications, and funding priorities. Most recently, President Barack Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015 to continue accountability efforts while empowering states with greater flexibility. And while educational improvement has had mixed results, many students have not enjoyed any level of success, or even remained in school. For these overlooked students to succeed, we must now consider reforms to the basic structure of secondary education.
There have been many initiatives to improve student success, including providing for highly qualified teachers, improving curriculum development, implementing best instructional practices, relying on data-driven decisions in schools, and many more. But they all have one characteristic in common: They seek to implement reforms that will introduce positive change to the system without fundamentally redesigning it to meet the needs of all students. Higher standards are a double-edged sword, and as academic rigor increases, more and more students will find themselves unable to meet the new, and continually changing, requirements. The obvious, and unavoidable, result under the present system is an unacceptably high number of high school dropouts.
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the high school dropout rate is 7 percent as of 2013. The number of Hispanic students dropping out (12 percent) is significantly higher than that of both non-Hispanic white students (5 percent) and African-American students (7 percent). The true dropout numbers may well be higher, as a number of intervening factors—student mobility, incentives for local schools to underreport dropouts, challenges in tracking transfer students, poor record-keeping and classification discrepancies, and unmonitored home schooling—make accurate data difficult to determine. Clearly, however, an intolerably high number of students are failing to complete high school.
Many attempts have been made to broaden the appeal of school programs to the less academically inclined students, such as career and technical education and vocational programs. But these programs operate within the parameters of the traditional high school, and students will be required to pass state-mandated standardized tests, in one form or another, to graduate. Inevitably, we are left with an unsustainable dropout rate for our increasingly competitive global economy.
A fundamental redesign of secondary education that will maintain the benefits of the school improvement movement, while accommodating the needs of all students, is warranted. Consider the following proposal:
Graduation from high school should be reset from the 12th grade to the 10th grade. Until completing the 10th grade, students would continue to be required to meet state accountability standards and course requirements.
Two other conditions would motivate students to meet graduation requirements: First, states would pass laws that make obtaining a driver's license before the age of 18 conditional upon graduating from the 10th grade. Second, students who dropped out before completing the 10th grade would be denied a permit to work until they reached 18. Such requirements would instill students with a significant incentive to succeed in school. Again, state laws would be required to institute these changes.
We have to demand that our priorities be in the right place. It is simply no longer acceptable to allow students to drop out of school without immediate consequences. In this new educational arrangement, students would realize, in a concrete way, that they have much to lose by dropping out and much to gain by completing their basic 10th grade education. It is not unreasonable to project that this reform might well eliminate the high number of students currently dropping out before even completing the sophomore year in high school.
Even if almost all students completed the 10th grade requirements, new educational opportunities would be necessary to prepare students for their futures, as well as for the long-term needs of the country. Another critical component of this proposal would be to require two additional years of education beyond the 10th grade graduation from regular schools.
However, it is at this point that a diversified learning program should be offered to students to provide opportunities other than traditionally structured high school programs. The current approach to the final two years of high school education has simply not worked well for many low-achieving students who have remained in the system. Many of these students, who perform poorly on standardized tests, find their remaining education characterized by countless preparation classes and tutoring focused exclusively on teaching to the test. Additionally, the rising standards can present serious challenges to the many students already struggling to graduate from high school.
A better solution would be to give students more-meaningful options after completing the 10th grade graduation requirements. Students could elect to attend a traditional senior high school and complete their junior and senior years following a conventional graduation path. An overwhelming majority of students would probably make that choice.
But for students not inclined to continue on an academic track, other two-year programs would be made available and funded by the state. These programs, operating outside the traditional school system, would encompass a wide variety of technical and vocational pursuits. Students might enter a two-year apprenticeship in a service industry training to be a heating and air conditioning technician, a cosmetologist, a physician's assistant, an electrician, a plumber, a computer technician, or any number of other occupations, which would result in a state license instead of a senior high school diploma.
The benefits of having students learn such occupations in an authentic environment focused on their interests and needs would be a powerful deterrent to dropping out. These "schools" would be focused on student needs and interests as well as the needs of the work environment. Funding support would need to be matched to the specific program and not unreasonably restrain educational options for students. State oversight would be critical to minimizing fraud and incompetence in these programs.
There would also be advantages to the majority of students remaining in traditional senior high schools. The elimination of state-mandated accountability testing after the 10th grade is another proposed change that would certainly be welcomed by students and teachers.
Instead, senior high schools would rely on test measures such as the PSAT, the SAT, the ACT, Advanced Placement exams, and other tests linked to college-concurrent courses, in addition to student course grades. The high-stakes-testing anxiety that hangs like a cloud over juniors, seniors, and the school staff would begin to dissipate.
This reform plan could be expected to realize significant advantages for secondary students, ranging from potential dropouts to the most capable students. Redefining a regular high school diploma as successful completion of all 10th grade accountability standards and coursework would put graduation within the grasp of many students who might otherwise give up. Providing meaningful incentives, including limitations on driver's licenses and work permits, would introduce a motivational factor beyond what most students have experienced.
We can only imagine what opportunities will emerge for students when public schools become less restrictive in determining how students are educated. The time has come to consider changing how we define secondary education in America.
Vol. 35, Issue 31, Page 25 | <urn:uuid:87bca8f7-f76e-4c37-b598-008e4aa41a20> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/05/18/why-10th-grade-should-be-the-new.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00477-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968479 | 1,464 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Blue Hill & Surry is a very small coastal town (i.e. on the ocean, a bay, or inlet) located in the state of Maine. With a population of 4,143 people and just one neighborhood, Blue Hill & Surry is the 126th largest community in Maine.
Occupations and Workforce
Unlike some towns where white-collar or blue-collar occupations dominate the local economy, Blue Hill & Surry is neither predominantly one nor the other. Instead, it has a mixed workforce of both white- and blue-collar jobs. Overall, Blue Hill & Surry is a town of professionals, sales and office workers and service providers. There are especially a lot of people living in Blue Hill & Surry who work in office and administrative support (11.09%), healthcare (9.07%) and management occupations (8.71%).
Setting & Lifestyle
Overall, Blue Hill & Surry’s crime rate is one of the lowest in the nation, which makes a great place to live if safety is an important concern.
Residents will find that the town is relatively quiet. This is because it is not over-populated, and it has fewer college students, renters, and young children - all of whom can be noisy at times. So, if you're looking for a relatively peaceful place to live, Blue Hill & Surry is worth considering.
One of the nice things about Blue Hill & Surry is that it is nautical, which means that parts of it are somewhat historic and touch the ocean or tidal bodies of water, such as inlets and bays. Because of this, visitors and locals will often go to these areas to take in the scenery or to enjoy waterfront activities. | <urn:uuid:4dfa3557-984b-417a-83bb-31545d1728af> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/me/blue-hill-surry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719286.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00499-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958015 | 354 | 1.820313 | 2 |
The all-new 2012 Honda Civic Hybrid combines the sophistication of the Civic Sedan with the latest version of the Honda Integrated Motor Assist (IMA®) hybrid drivetrain.
Now with added features, new technology and the best EPA-estimated fuel economy of any sedan in the United States, the 2012 Civic Hybrid offers a higher fuel economy rating of 44/44/44 mpg1 city/highway/combined, up from 40/43/41 in the 2011 Civic Hybrid. Like other members of the Civic family, the 2012 Civic Hybrid gains new features and sleeker styling. Exclusive styling includes the front grill, headlights, taillights, wheels and side mirrors. The two available models are the Civic Hybrid with cloth seats and a Civic Hybrid with leather seating surfaces. Either version can be equipped with a navigation system.
"The Civic Hybrid provides the advantages of hybrid technology while maintaining the look and feel of a familiar sedan," said John Mendel, executive vice president of sales for American Honda Motor Co., Inc. "The car's fuel economy rating can be summed up quite easily – 44 miles per gallon says it all."
For 2012, the Honda IMA system uses lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries, replacing the nickel-metal hydride batteries used in the previous two generations of Civic Hybrid. The gasoline engine is the primary source of power and the electric motor, positioned in-line between the engine and transmission, provides additional power and electricity regeneration capability.
The 2012 Civic Hybrid uses a larger 1.5-liter i-VTEC 4-cylinder engine, up from 1.3 liters for improved mid-range torque, which incorporates extensive friction-reducing technologies for greater efficiency. It is connected to a lighter, larger and more powerful electric motor that provides up to 23 horsepower. Total combined horsepower for the gasoline engine and electric motor is 110 at 5500 rpm and torque is rated at 127 lb-ft. at 1000-3500 rpm.
During acceleration, the engine or the engine and electric motor together propel the vehicle. During cruising, the gasoline engine and/or the electric motor can propel the vehicle. During braking, the gasoline engine deactivates and the electric motor acts as a generator to replenish the battery pack. At a stop, the engine can shut off to save fuel and reduce emissions. The engine restarts the moment the brake pedal is released.
The battery pack, located behind the rear seatback, is used to capture and store electricity for the electric motor. The 20-kW lithium-ion battery is more powerful by 5 kW and lighter than the previous generation's battery. The IMA system's greater power and the battery's 35-percent increase in efficiency allow the Civic Hybrid to operate more frequently on the electric motor's power alone in certain low-speed cruising situations. A Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) helps maintain engine rpm for optimal efficiency while eliminating the "stepped" gear transitions associated with conventional transmissions.
Along with the rest of 2012 Civic line, the Civic Hybrid offers a new interpretation of the current Civic's "one-motion" mono-form shape. A sleekly raked windshield, wide stance and exclusive styling features give the Civic Hybrid a sophisticated, high-tech presence. In front, there is a unique hybrid grille design with blue accents, and within the sleek headlight assemblies are blue bulb covers that provide additional distinction. Special five-spoke alloy wheels, a decklid spoiler and LED brake lights further differentiate the Civic Hybrid from other Civic models.
The Civic Hybrid's interior features a fresh take on the previous-generation Civic's highly functional two-tier instrument layout. The design puts the most frequently referenced information up high and close to the driver's line of sight. The new intelligent Multi-Information Display (i-MID) is positioned in the upper tier and can present audio system information including album artwork. It can also display personal wallpaper backgrounds uploaded via the standard USB port. A unique feature of the Civic Hybrid's i-MID is a driver-feedback Eco Guide screen that monitors driving style and displays how it affects fuel efficiency. Together with the blue/green Eco Assist indicators located to the sides of the digital speedometer, the displays help drivers build awareness of and confirm fuel-efficient driving styles. The Civic Hybrid's i-MID contains an exclusive hybrid power-flow meter display in addition to the standard information screens.
The interior of the Civic Hybrid uses exclusive seat fabric and unique door panel covers for a distinctive appearance and feel. As with all Civics, high-quality materials are used throughout the cabin. Available leather-trimmed models include a leather-wrapped steering wheel and gear shift lever. Automatic climate control is standard on the Civic Hybrid, and the hybrid-style air conditioning compressor can continue to function on electric power when the engine is in idle-stop mode.
The Civic Hybrid offers a range of standard and available audio and navigation technologies. A 160-watt AM/FM/CD audio system with six speakers is standard and Civic Hybrid models equipped with the navigation system include XM Radio. The available Honda Satellite-Linked Navigation System™2 with voice recognition has a 6.5-inch touch screen within reach of both the driver and passenger. Turn-by-turn direction information appears on both the navigation screen and the i-MID, where it's convenient for the driver to see. The system features a new 16 GB flash memory database for quicker response time and has FM traffic. FM traffic is a no-fee service that shows freeway traffic information and incident data on the map display in participating metropolitan areas.
The standard Bluetooth® HandsFreeLink® system enables Civic Hybrid owners to make and receive mobile phone calls using the vehicle's audio system and a compatible mobile phone. Audio streaming is also supported with compatible devices.
The Civic Hybrid embraces Honda's tradition of making its vehicles fun to drive by continuing to use a fully independent suspension design, a premium and exceptional feature in the entry compact segment. The front MacPherson strut and rear multi-link suspension is tuned for sporty driving fun, yet provides refined ride comfort. Ride and handling improvements are supported by a 10-percent more rigid unit-body structure resulting from enhanced structural designs and increased use of high-strength steel (55 percent compared to 50 percent on the previous model).
For safety, a wide variety of standard equipment includes Honda's exclusive Advanced Compatibility Engineering™ (ACE™) body structure for enhanced frontal collision energy management and vehicle-to-vehicle crash compatibility. ACE enhances frontal collision energy management through a network of load bearing structures in the front of the vehicle. Standard safety equipment includes VSA that integrates with the new Motion Adaptive EPS system; dual-stage, multiple-threshold front airbags; front side airbags with occupant position detection system (OPDS); side curtain airbags; and a 4-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS) with Electronic Brake Distribution (EBD) and Brake Assist.
All Civic Hybrid models are produced and assembled in the Honda Motor Co., Ltd., Suzuka, Japan manufacturing facility. The 2012 Honda Civic Hybrid is covered by a 3-year/36,000-mile new car limited warranty, a 5-year/60,000-mile powertrain limited warranty, and a 5-year/unlimited-mile corrosion limited warranty.
1 Based on 2012 EPA mileage estimates. Use for comparison purposes only. Do not compare to models before 2008. Your actual mileage will vary depending on how you drive and maintain your vehicle.
2 Third-party trademarks: The Bluetooth word mark and logos are owned by the Bluetooth SIG, Inc., and any use of such marks by Honda Motor Co., Ltd., is under license. | <urn:uuid:3956ee97-f5ea-4dbf-8027-1a7293793d68> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://automobiles.honda.com/news/press-releases-article.aspx?Category=General&Article=5999-en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00483-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895234 | 1,585 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Can a few pen strokes erase a massive failure to follow the law in Kentucky? Maybe not.
A proposed $660,000 settlement of Clean Water Act violations between the state's environmental agency and two of its largest coal companies will at least undergo a 30-day public comment period before moving forward.
The coal companies and state agency were hoping Franklin Circuit Judge Phillip Shepherd would approve the settlement last week. Instead, he ordered the comment period, consistent with a federal provision governing consent judgments in water pollution cases.
The public can find the settlement documents and submit comments at www.eec.ky.gov.
Also, Shepherd agreed to consider allowing four environmental groups and several individuals to become parties to the state's lawsuit against coal companies ICG Inc. and Frasure Creek Mining. The groups assert the fines should be larger and also are questioning the state's conclusion that the violations did not stem from fraud.
The environmental groups uncovered a massive failure by the industry to file accurate water discharge monitoring reports. They filed an intent to sue which triggered the investigation by the state's Energy and Environment Cabinet. Also revealed was the cabinet's failure to oversee a credible water monitoring program by the coal industry.
In some cases, state regulators allowed the companies to go for as long as three years without filing required quarterly water-monitoring reports. In other instances, the companies repeatedly filed the same highly detailed data, without even changing the dates. So complete was the lack of state oversight it's impossible to say whether the mines were violating their water pollution permits or not.
Altogether, 2,765 violations by 103 mines are cited in the proposed settlement, which sets out numerous remedial measures the coal companies must take to prevent similar violations in the future.
What's left out of the settlement is a big question that deserves an answer: What remedial measures will be required of the environmental enforcement agency, and the legislature and administration that have woefully underfunded it? | <urn:uuid:b5a3b958-ad44-4e93-9ff3-c50d1ae59775> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kentucky.com/opinion/editorials/article44072121.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00236-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962559 | 394 | 1.929688 | 2 |
The UK Supreme Court has paid tribute to one of its first judges, Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore, who has died aged 72.
His death was announced just two months after he retired, having served in the UK's highest court since it was established in 2009.
Lord Kerr was also lord chief justice of Northern Ireland from 2004 to 2009.
The President of the Supreme Court, Lord Reed, described him as a kind and modest man with an "instinctive sense of justice" who would be much missed.
"Justices and staff alike are shocked by the news, and we offer our deepest sympathy to Lady Kerr, her children and their families," he said.
Lord Kerr had a long and illustrious legal career which took him to the very top of the UK justice system.
Born Brian Francis Kerr in 1948, his family lived in Lurgan, County Armagh, and he was educated at St Colman's College in Newry, County Down.
He studied law at Queen's University Belfast and was called to the bar in 1970.
The father of two became a QC in 1983 and within 10 years, he was a judge.
"He became a High Court judge at the age of 44, at a time when the decision to serve as a judge in Northern Ireland required courage and a strong sense of duty." said Lord Reed.
He later rose to become lord chief justice - the most senior judge in Northern Ireland - and served five years in that post.
When the Supreme Court was created in 2009, the then Sir Brian Kerr was one of the first judges to be appointed to the newly-formed institution.
Having served exactly 11 years on the UK's most powerful court, he retired from the Supreme Court on 30 September.
His death was announced by a fellow judge at Craigavon Crown Court in County Armagh on Tuesday morning.
Just before he started a trial, Judge Patrick Lynch QC told the jury he had just received the news that the "local boy" had died suddenly.
He added that Lord Kerr had "a distinguished career as a junior barrister" before being called to the bar.
Judge Lynch also told the jury that on his appointment to the Supreme Court, he took the title of Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore in tribute to his Lurgan roots.
Despite climbing to the top of his profession, Lord Kerr once said that he "fell into law by default" and had little ambition to become a judge.
In an address to the Supreme Court on Tuesday afternoon, its president Lord Reed said: "Brian was a deeply valued colleague, a kind and modest man of the utmost integrity, who will be deeply missed by all those who had the pleasure of working with him."
He added that his late colleague had the most distinguished of legal careers and "left us a legacy which will be drawn on well into the future.
"Through his judgments and during hearings, Brian demonstrated his strong and instinctive sense of justice, and his thoughtful and principled approach to resolving legal problems.
"He will never know the full extent of the impact which his considerate, good-humoured and encouraging nature had on the court, the staff of the court, and his judicial colleagues."
The Supreme Court flag will fly at half-mast on Tuesday and Wednesday in tribute to Lord Kerr. | <urn:uuid:98a2d7cf-9947-4dea-820b-0f827d1e4488> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://peeragenews.blogspot.com/2020/12/lord-kerr-of-tonaghmore-1948-2020.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.992955 | 676 | 1.804688 | 2 |
4th of July Pet Safety Tips
The 4th of July is a time for celebration and parties, but for some pets it can be traumatic. Things like fireworks, some barbecue foods, pool chemicals and even salt water can turn the holiday into a nightmare for pets.
“Noise phobias are by far the most common issue for pets and their owners, but our call center is also inundated with pet poisoning cases on the 4th of July,” said Dr. Justine Lee, DVM, DACVECC, DABT and associate director of veterinary services at Pet Poison Helpline. “You can avoid heartaches and unexpected veterinarian expenses by ensuring that your pets don’t ingest certain potentially poisonous items.”
The veterinary and toxicology experts at Pet Poison Helpline offer this list of common dangers that pose a threat to pets on the 4th of July.
In addition to being loud and scary to pets when lit, unused fireworks can be toxic if ingested. Many contain hazardous chemicals like chlorates that harm red blood cells and the kidneys, soluble barium salts that cause life-threatening drops in potassium, and sulfur and coloring agents that contain dangerous heavy metals. Gastrointestinal issues like vomiting, a painful abdomen and bloody diarrhea can result. The severity of the reaction will depend on the type of firework and the amount ingested. In severe cases, pets can suffer tremors or seizures, along with acute kidney failure, bone marrow changes, shallow breathing and jaundice. When lighting off fireworks, its best to keep pets indoors, away from the noise and risk for thermal injury.
We love cookouts, but they can have the opposite effect on pets. While rich savory meats aren’t poisonous to dogs or cats, they can cause anything from mild vomiting and diarrhea to full-fledged fatal pancreatitis, especially in sensitive dog breeds like miniature schnauzers, Yorkshire terriers, and Shetland sheepdogs. Corn-on-the-cob can also cause issues ranging from vomiting and diarrhea, to forming a severe foreign body in the dog’s intestines requiring surgery. Desserts made with xylitol, a sugar-free sweetener, can also be harmful, causing an acute drop in blood sugar and even liver failure. Likewise, foods containing grapes and raisins can result in severe, fatal acute kidney failure when ingested by dogs.
Chlorine is a common pool chemical. When ingested in its concentrated form (e.g., powder, tablets, etc.) prior to being placed in the pool, it can result in severe corrosive injury to both humans and pets. Burns to the eyes, skin, mouth, and esophagus can develop, and result in permanent injury. Once diluted appropriately in the pool water, chlorine no longer poses a corrosive risk. Always keep pool chemicals and cleaners safely out of the reach of pets.
If celebrating by the ocean, be aware of salt poisoning. If large amounts of ocean water are ingested while playing on the beach, hypernatremia (an elevated salt level) can occur, resulting in vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, excessive thirst or urination, tremors, seizures, coma and even death. Instead of allowing dogs to drink from the ocean, provide them with fresh water. If salt water is ingested, immediate veterinary treatment is recommended.
The veterinary and toxicology experts at Pet Poison Helpline wish you and your loved ones a safe and happy 4th of July holiday. If, however, you think your dog or cat may have ingested something harmful, take action immediately. Contact your veterinarian or Pet Poison Helpline at 1-800-213-6680. Pet Poison Helpline is the most cost-effective animal poison control center in North America charging only $39 per call, including unlimited follow-up consultations. Pet Poison Helpline also has an iPhone application listing an extensive database of over 200 poisons dangerous to cats and dogs. “Pet Poison Help” is available on iTunes for $1.99. | <urn:uuid:d679cf6f-773a-4309-b152-eef7f7a55584> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/uncategorized/4th-of-july-pet-safety-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916821 | 832 | 2.5 | 2 |
Ubuntu: Bridget Gives Back
In February 2016, I was awarded the honour of being the nominated Patron by Sihlangene Early Childhood Development Forum.
Sihlangene ECD Forum is an association comprising of pre-schools and crèches in Ivory Park and surroundings (Johannesburg, South Africa). Since Ivory Park was founded in the early 1990’s, there has been a need for children to receive Early Childhood Education, Health and Social Care. Sihlangene crèche owners serve to fulfil this need, and provide employment for teachers and staff.
With little or no formal education, these crèche owners have courageously faced and overcome enormous challenges, both on a personal and organisation level. Some 21 years later, Sihlangene is now organised as a registered Not-for-Profit Company. During mid 2015 I met them for the first time, and begun imparting stress relief techniques. In no time, a solid relationship developed between us. Today, I’m humbled and privileged to have been appointed as a member of Sihlangene House of Patrons.
Our aims and objectives are to ensure township crèche and pre-school children receive quality Early Childhood Development, just as more the affluent children receive elsewhere in South Africa. We are also inspired to provide sustainable food gardens, mobile clinic, mobile library, training centre and monthly magazine to help fulfil these aims and objectives. Business partners, sponsorships and donations are required to help us achieve and sustain this long-term.
Need for Education
Fondly known as Madiba, Nelson Mandela is South Africa’s beloved former President and recipient of 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.
Madiba had a lifelong respect for education, and was extremely vocal about the need for education. Perhaps his belief stems from the stark contrast to his own parents who were both illiterate as a result of no formal education or schooling. Although his parents couldn’t read or write, they weren’t ignorant. In their wisdom, they fully supported Madiba’s desires for education, and he started school at the age of seven. Later on, he studied at university and qualified as a lawyer. Even during his 27 year imprisonment Madiba continued to read extensively. During his last few months of imprisonment, Madiba obtained his LLB through Unisa (University of South Africa), and graduated in abstentia at a ceremony in Cape Town.
Madiba saw equality of opportunity through education as a keys to emancipation, something which has still yet to be realised in South Africa, Africa and many other third world countries. The following renowned Madiba quotations aptly sum up his fervent belief in the value of education:
“We all know that education, more than anything else, improves our chances of building better lives.”
“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.”
“Education is the great engine of personal development. It is through education that the daughter of a peasant can become a doctor, that the son of a mine worker can become the head of the mine, that a child of farm workers can become the president of a great nation. It is what we make out of what we have, not what we are given, that separates one person from another.”
Madiba’s sentiments are echoed by another great individual, a young lady who has already done so much for education worldwide in a few short years. Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani activist for female education, and the youngest ever Nobel Prize laureate. Her quotation is simple, to the point, and highly significant:
“One child, one teacher, one book, one pen can change the world.”
Globally, education should be a basic human right, along with food and shelter. Education can address all the pertinent issues that need attention worldwide, inequality, employment, environmental and poverty issues. After all, education is the only way to empower and uplift humanity. The quotation below aptly sums this up:
“From better health to increased wealth, education is the catalyst of a better future for millions of children, youth and adults. No country has ever climbed the socioeconomic development ladder without steady investments in education.” Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO | <urn:uuid:a351cca5-d10f-4381-ad5d-c9651c59f9cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bridget-edwards.com/patron/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.973782 | 887 | 1.5 | 2 |
Search articles from 1992 to the present.
This article was published originally on 5/9/1997There are several advantages to training tomatoes to a stake or growing them in wire cages. Training tomatoes conserves valuable garden space for gardeners with small plots. Cultivating and harvesting trained tomatoes are easier. Tomato blight problems are generally less severe because of better air circulation. Plus, trained tomato plants often produce better quality fruit than those allowed to sprawl on the ground. Training methods vary, but the two most common methods are staking or growing in wire cages.
Single StakeOne way to train tomato plants is by staking. A single, 8-foot-long stake should be driven about 2 feet into the ground approximately 3 to 4 inches from each plant. The roots of the tomato plants may be injured if the stakes are put in later in the season. Tie the plant to the stake with strips of old nylon hose or cloth about every 12 inches up the stem. Tie the material in a loose figure 8, with the stake in one loop and the stem in the other. When training the plant to single stem, pinch out the sideshoots or suckers that form in the axil of the leaf and stem. Staking tomato plants to a single stem should produce an earlier crop. However, the fruit of staked plants are more susceptible to sunscald and blossom end rot as the removal of sucker growth reduces the leaf canopy. Total yield is lower than alternate training methods. If the lowest sucker is allowed to develop into a second stem, the additional foliage should reduce the occurrence of sunscald. Staking is not recommended for the shorter growing, determinate tomato varieties because yields will be drastically reduced.
A popular method of training tomatoes that requires less attention is the wire cage. A tomato cage can be constructed from concrete reinforcing wire or similar material. Manufactured cages are also available at garden centers.
When constructing a wire cage, the mesh must be large enough to enable you to pick the fruit. A wire cage 20 to 24 inches in diameter and 4 to 5 feet tall is excellent. Remove the horizontal wire at the bottom of the cage and stick the vertical wires or "feet" into the soil. For greater stability, drive 1 or 2 stakes into the ground next to the cage. Then fasten the cage to the stakes.
Plants grown in wire cages don't need to be tied to the cage or pruned. As the plant grows, simply place wayward stems back within the wire cage. The yield from tomatoes grown in wire cages should be larger than other growing methods. There should also be fewer fruit problems.
While there are other methods to train tomatoes, the single stake and wire cage remain the favorites of most gardeners.
Year of Publication:
IC-477(11) -- May 9, 1997 | <urn:uuid:bf65cef2-1d5b-499c-af6e-4aaab9125c38> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1997/5-9-1997/traintomato.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00143-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932449 | 576 | 3.125 | 3 |
News From the Field
Bighorn sheep went extinct on desert island in Gulf of California, study finds
March 19, 2014
Using ancient DNA analysis and other techniques, a research team, led by conservation biologists at the University of California, Riverside, has determined that bighorn sheep, so named for their massive spiral horns, became extinct on Tiburon Island, a large and mostly uninhabited island just off Sonora, Mexico, in the Gulf of California, sometime in the last millennium--specifically between the 6th and 19th centuries.
University of California, Riverside
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2016, its budget is $7.5 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 48,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $626 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
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Awards Searches: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/ | <urn:uuid:85fce790-d249-4650-81a3-605726db75ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=130905&org=PLR&from=news | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927932 | 327 | 2.765625 | 3 |
|Número de publicación||US5725320 A|
|Tipo de publicación||Concesión|
|Número de solicitud||US 08/435,022|
|Fecha de publicación||10 Mar 1998|
|Fecha de presentación||4 May 1995|
|Fecha de prioridad||4 May 1995|
|Número de publicación||08435022, 435022, US 5725320 A, US 5725320A, US-A-5725320, US5725320 A, US5725320A|
|Inventores||Pixie Ann Austin, Allen Crowe|
|Cesionario original||Intermec Corporation|
|Exportar cita||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citas de patentes (7), Citada por (23), Clasificaciones (20), Eventos legales (6)|
|Enlaces externos: USPTO, Cesión de USPTO, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to printers for printing on and separating linerless, adhesive-backed, strip media into finished labels and, more particularly, to (1) bridges for bridging a platen roller to minimize its exposed surface to the adhesive, (2) a printing station wherein the printhead moves over stationary media, (3) media having non-activated adhesive and a printer which activates the adhesive only after printing on and cutting the media, and (4) media having the adhesive in strips with non-adhesive gaps between and a cutting or tearing station for separating finished labels at the gaps.
Label printers for printing on strip media and then cutting or tearing it into individual finished labels is well established and known in the art. As depicted in FIG. 1, in one approach there is a printhead 10 disposed above the media 12 as it moves across and is supported by a platen surface 14. In another approach as depicted in FIG. 2, the platen surface 14 is replaced by a rotating platen roller 16. In the printing and subsequent cutting of labels employing media 12 without any backing or with an adhesive backing having a removable liner over the adhesive, the approaches of FIGS. 1 and 2 and virtually any known cutting apparatus would work without problem.
More recently, so-called "linerless" media such as that labeled as 18 in FIG. 3 has become popular for various reasons. The linerless media 18 has exposed adhesive 20 on its back surface. That way, labels when printed, cut, and dispensed, can be applied directly to a surface of interest. This is of particular benefit in commercial labeling machines where the liner material previously used becomes a waste problem to be contended with.
If the conventional prior art linerless media 18 of FIG. 3 is loaded into a conventional prior art label printer such as those of FIGS. 1 and 2, the adhesive 20 quickly sticks to all the parts and brings the operation of the printer to a halt--either immediately or in short order.
Various techniques have been tried to eliminate this problem. Some parts can be made from materials, such as the material polytetrafluorethylene, sold under the trademark Teflon, which do not readily adhere to the adhesive. The printing station and the cutting station, however, still require special consideration. If the adhesive-backed media 18 is to be supported under the printhead, it must be in a way that does not result in the adhesive 20 adhering to the support or transferring to the support resulting in adhesive build-up. At the cutting station, the problem of sticking and/or adhesive transfer and build-up is even more pronounced because the media and adhesive must be physically cut and separated.
Wherefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a way in which to modify existing label printer print stations to avoid the sticking or adhesive transfer problems normally associated with the use of linerless media therein.
It is another object of this invention to provide a new approach to a label printer print station which avoids the sticking or adhesive transfer problems normally associated with printing on linerless media.
It is still another object of this invention to provide a new linerless media which can be printed on and cut in a conventional label printer without the sticking or adhesive transfer problems normally associated with the use of linerless media therein; but, without the loss of benefits of linerless media along with a printer for use therewith.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a modified linerless media which can be cut without the sticking or adhesive transfer problems normally associated with the use of linerless media.
Other objects and benefits of this invention will become apparent from the description which follows hereinafter when read in conjunction with the drawing figures which accompany it.
The foregoing objects have been achieved by the following aspects of the present invention.
In a print station for printing on linerless media having a front surface for printing upon and a back surface with adhesive on it wherein a printhead is positioned over the front surface and a platen roller is positioned over the adhesive opposite the printhead, the apparatus for preventing the adhesive from sticking to the platen roller comprising a pair of bridge members disposed on opposite sides of an area of the platen roller contacting the adhesive to support the media and positioned to have adjacent ends thereof expose only a narrow area of the platen roller (which may be made of a non-stick material or have a non-stick surface coating) directly under a printing position line of the printhead to the adhesive.
Preferably, the adjacent ends of the bridge members are curved to fit close adjacent a supporting outer periphery of the platen roller. And, the bridge members are made of a material which resists adherence by the adhesive or the bridge members have surfaces contacting the adhesive which resist adherence by the adhesive. Both the pair of bridge members may be symmetrically positioned with respect to the platen roller. Alternatively, the supply side one of the pair of bridge members may be higher or lower than the other one of the pair of bridge members with respect to the narrow area of the platen roller.
In another embodiment, the invention is also directed to a printing station for printing on linerless media having a front surface for printing upon and a back surface with adhesive on it with reduced opportunity for sticking and/or transfer of the adhesive comprising, a platen bed disposed under the adhesive and extending over length and width of a printing area, the platen bed having a surface of a plurality of minimal contact areas in contact with the adhesive; a printhead disposed over the front surface and movable over the length of the printing area; and, means for moving the printhead over the front surface to print on the front surface while the media remains stationary. The means for moving the printhead over the front surface according to one approach comprises a track carrying the printhead for longitudinal movement over the media and means for moving the printhead along the track.
In a preferred approach to this embodiment, the platen bed has a plurality of projections having minimum contact area ends forming the surface. The platen bed may be movable between a raised position with the surface contacting the adhesive and a lowered position with the surface spaced from the adhesive.
The invention also includes a method for printing on linerless media having a front surface for printing upon and a back surface with adhesive on it with reduced opportunity for sticking and/or transfer of the adhesive comprising the steps of, positioning the media on a platen bed having a surface of a plurality of minimal contact areas disposed under the adhesive and extending over length and width of a printing area; positioning a printhead movable over the length of the printing area over the front surface; and, moving the printhead over the front surface while printing on the front surface and while keeping the media stationary.
Before the step of moving the printhead over the front surface while printing on the front surface the method may additionally comprise the steps of, moving the platen bed to a lowered position with the surface spaced from the adhesive; moving the media into position over the platen bed; and, moving the platen bed to a raised position with the surface contacting the adhesive. After the step of moving the printhead over the front surface while printing on the front surface the method may additionally comprise the steps of moving the platen bed to a lowered position with the surface spaced from the adhesive and removing the media from a position over the platen bed.
The invention also includes a linerless media for printing and cutting in a printer having no provision for handling tacky adhesives comprising a media strip having a front surface for printing upon and a back surface for carrying an adhesive and an unactivated non-tacky adhesive disposed on the back surface; and, a printer for the media comprising, a printing station for printing on the front surface; a cutting station for cutting the media strip; and, an activation station including activation means for activating the unactivated non-tacky adhesive whereby the adhesive is made tacky for use.
Another linerless media of the invention having a front surface for printing upon and a back surface with adhesive on it with reduced opportunity for sticking and/or transfer of the adhesive during cutting or tearing comprises a media strip having a front surface for printing upon and a back surface for carrying an adhesive and an activated tacky adhesive disposed on the back surface in a plurality of equal width areas separated by a plurality of equal width gaps containing no adhesive. Preferably, there are sensible indicia associated with each of the plurality of equal width gaps or, alternatively, with the desired length of the label of the particular application. Also preferably, the plurality of equal width areas containing adhesive are sufficiently narrow that more than one of the plurality of equal width areas is contained in a label cut from between two of the plurality of equal width gaps whereby labels of different lengths can be cut from the linerless media.
There is a cutting station for the latter media comprising, a first cutter member sized to fit within a selected one of the plurality of gaps to support the strip media and a second cutter member disposed to interact with the first cutter member to cut the strip media along a centerline of the selected one of the plurality of gaps. Where there are the sensible indicia on the media, the cutting station also includes a sensing station for sensing the sensible indicia whereby to synchronize position of the first cutter member with the selected one of the plurality of gaps.
FIG. 1 is a simplified drawing of a prior art printer printing on strip media without adhesive on its back surface employing a non-rotating platen.
FIG. 2 is a simplified drawing of a prior art printer printing on strip media without adhesive on its back surface employing a rotating platen roller.
FIG. 3 is a simplified cutaway drawing through a "linerless" media having adhesive on its back surface.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged, partially cutaway drawing of a printing station for printing on linerless media according to a first variation of a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged, partially cutaway drawing of a printing station for printing on linerless media according to a second variation of a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is an enlarged, partially cutaway drawing of a printing station for printing on linerless media according to a third variation of a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 7, 8, 9 and 10 are enlarged, partially cutaway drawings showing the operation of a printing station for printing on linerless media according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a simplified cutaway drawing of a printer for printing on and then cutting linerless media according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a drawing of linerless media according to a first variation of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a drawing of linerless media according to a second variation of a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is an enlarged, simplified, partially cutaway drawing of a cutting station according to the present invention for cutting the linerless media of FIGS. 12 and 13.
FIG. 15 is a simplified, cutaway drawing depicting how the adhesive in the linerless media of FIG. 13 spread to fill in the adhesiveless strips when a label from the media is attached to a surface and pressed in place.
The foregoing objects of the present invention have been achieved by several embodiments as shown in the drawing figures and now to be described in detail.
A first approach to adapting a conventional print station to print on linerless media is shown in FIG. 4. In this approach, a pair of platen roller guards 22 are positioned as shown with bridge elements 24 extending over the platen roller 16 on each side so as to leave only a small exposed portion 26 directly under the printing elements 28 of the printhead 10. The platen roller guards 22 are made of a non-sticking material with respect to the adhesive 20 or, in the alternative, have a top surface 30 to which the adhesive 20 does not stick. Polytetrafluorethylene (sold under the trademark Teflon) is a well known material that can be used for the guards 22 in total or as a lining material for the top surface 30. Alternatively, the top surface 30 could be plasma coated with an appropriate non-sticking material of a type known to those of ordinary skill in the art and/or made of a patterned material as for example, a knurled surface. If desired or helpful, the opposite end of the roller guard 22 on the supply side end of the platen roller 16 could be provided with a knife edge to assist in separating the media 12 from its supply roll. To assist in the adhesive 20 not sticking to the platen roller 16 within the limited exposed portion, it is preferred that the platen roller 16 also be made of or have an outer surface of a non-stick or sticking resistant material.
Under certain circumstances and conditions as existing in a particular implementation with the materials employed for the components, it may provide better results relative to non-sticking to have the supply side guard 22 higher as depicted in FIG. 5 or to have the supply side guard 22 lower as depicted in FIG. 6 rather than have them symmetrical about the platen roller 16 as depicted in FIG. 4 and as described in detail above. This is easily established in a test bed environment employing the components of interest to see which orientation provides the best results.
An entirely new approach to a printing station for printing on linerless media is shown in FIGS. 7 through 10 where it is generally labeled as 32. In the typical prior art printer, the printing station is as depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 where the printhead 10 is fixed opposite a platen element 14, 16 and the media 12 moves through the station for printing. In the printing station 32 of this invention, the linerless media 18 moves into the printing station 32, stops and is supported in a manner which is not conducive to adhesive transfer or sticking, and then the printhead 10 is moved over the stationary media 18. As shown in the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 7-10 and FIG. 7 in particular, the linerless media 18 is moved into the printing station 32 by the drive roller pair 34. The "platen" comprises a plurality of vertical projections 36 carried by the base 38. The projections 36 have tops 40 which provide a minimum contact area with the adhesive 20. Preferably, they are also made of or at least topped with a material, texture, or coating which further resists the adhesive 20 adhering or transferring thereto. In the embodiment as shown, the base 38 moves between a lowered position as shown in FIGS. 7 and 10 and a raised position as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. This feature further assures that the adhesive 20 will not adhere to the tops 40; but, it can be omitted if desired in a less complex mechanism without undue probability of adhesive adherence.
The printhead 10 is carried on a track 42 by the member 44 and the member is movable along the track 42 by the motor 46 through the connecting wire 48. Other motive approaches such as a screw drive could, of course, be employed. The printhead 10 could even be manually moved in a very simple printer within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
In any event, the media 18 is first moved into the printing station 32 as depicted in FIG. 7. As depicted in FIGS. 8 and 9, the platen projections 36 are raised to support the stationary media 18 and the printhead 10 is moved over the media 18 to print on it. After printing, the projections 36 are lowered, the media 18 is withdrawn from the printing station 32, and the printhead 10 is returned to its starting position as depicted in FIG. 10. It should be noted that the printing station 32 could also print bi-directionally if desired. In that case, the printhead 10 would remain at one end or the other and then print in the opposite direction for the next label.
Another approach to solving the adhesive problem of linerless media is depicted in FIG. 11. In this case, the printer 50 is of substantially conventional design except for the addition of an activation station 62 at the end of the printing and cutting process. It is a change in the linerless media 18' which makes this possible. As opposed to prior art linerless media in which the adhesive is in its tacky state on the supply roll, the linerless media 18' of this embodiment of the present invention has non-tacky adhesive 20' as supplied. Thus, in the printer 50 of FIG. 11, the roll 56 of media 18' does not require a release coating on the printing surface or otherwise since the adhesive 20' has no adhesive qualities. Similarly, the printing station 58 and the cutting station 60 are of conventional prior art design without any provision for handling active adhesive. Following the cutting station 60, however, there is an activation station 62 over which (or through which) the media 18' passes to activate the adhesive 20' to its tacky state, indicated by 20. The printed and cut label 64 with adhesive 20 ready for use is what is dispensed by the printer 50. The linerless media 18' and its adhesive 20' can be implemented by any of several materials commercially available and well known to those of ordinary skill in the adhesives art which, per se, form no part of the present invention. For example, there are commercially available adhesives which are activated by exposure to various kinds of light such as UV, or otherwise. In that case, the activation station 62 would contain a light source as the active element 66. There are other commercially available adhesives which are activated by exposure to a liquid such as water, solvent, or the like. In that case, the activation station 62 could comprise a spray or bath of the appropriate liquid.
An alternate approach to employing an activatable adhesive which can be handled without problem until affirmatively activated is depicted in FIGS. 12 through 15. This embodiment of the present invention is directed to the fact that the primary problem with prior art linerless media exists in the cutting. It is possible to move the linerless media with an active adhesive through a printer and print on it according to a number of techniques such as those described hereinbefore. Cutting through the adhesive, on the other hand, presents a more difficult problem. According to this embodiment of this invention, the adhesive 20 is employed in the usual manner with one provision--there are gaps of no adhesive at pre-established points of cutting. As shown in FIG. 12, the media 18" comprises a plurality of pre-established label areas 64' of adhesive 20 separated by gaps 68. Each gap 68, which represents the start of one label 64 and the end of the next adjacent label 64 is marked with a sensible indicia 70 such as a hole. The positional marking of continuous linerless media is addressed in a co-pending application entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS TO DETERMINE POSITION & SENSE MOTION OF LINERLESS MEDIA by Pixie Austin and Cathy Aragon, filed on May 4, 1995, as Ser. No. 08/435,024 and also assigned to the common assignee of this invention, the teachings of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Using any of the techniques described therein, the gaps 68 can be sensed and the media 18" can thereafter be longitudinally positioned for printing or cutting. In this case, the labels 64 are separated by cutting along the center line of the gaps 68. It is anticipated that the gaps will be in the order of 1/8th inch in width. Thus, when the labels 64 are cut from the media 18", there is only 1/16th of an inch on each end without adhesive. And, as mentioned below, it anticipated that when the label 64 is placed on a surface and pressed in place for maximum adherence, the adhesive 20 will bleed into these small remaining end half-gaps 68 and virtually eliminate them.
In the case of the media 18" of FIG. 12, the label areas 64' of adhesive 20 are intended to cover an entire label 64 when cut. Thus, only one size label can be cut from the media 18" of FIG. 12. In the media 18" of FIG. 13, the label areas 64' are narrow. It is intended that each label 64 comprise several label areas 64'. Since the number is arbitrary, the labels 64 can be made of various pre-defined sizes dictated by the width of the label areas 64' and the number of label areas 64' between cuts. As depicted in FIG. 15, it is anticipated that the adhesive 20 will "bleed" into the gap areas 68 and virtually eliminate them when the label 64 is pressed onto a surface.
A cutting station 60' for use with the media 18" is depicted in FIG. 14. A sensing station 72 is provided to sense the indicia 70 and provide a signal on line 74 which is used to synchronize the components of the cutting station 60' to the gaps 68 for cutting. The cutting station 60' itself comprises an anvil wheel 76 having a plurality of gap-sized anvil projections 78 about its periphery. The anvil projections 78 are in number and radially spaced such that the anvil projections 78 will enter the gaps 68 in respective sequence as the media 18" moves and the anvil wheel 76 rotates in combination therewith. It should be noted in passing that the ends of the anvil projections 78 could be provided with small gripping projections that do not interfere with the cutting action so that the anvil wheel 76 could also be used to longitudinally drive the media 18" once the anvil projections 78 were engaged with the media 18" within the gaps 68. A rotatable cutting wheel 80 is disposed opposite the anvil wheel 76. Other cutting devices could, of course, be employed if desired. The rotatable cutting wheel 80 is shown by way of example as to one approach that could be employed. The cutting wheel 80 has a plurality of radially equally spaced rib members 82 with cutting ends 84 extending outward from the periphery thereof. A parked position exists between each pair of rib members 82. To move the media 18", the cutting wheel 80 is maintained in a parked position with the two closest rib members 82 above the media 18". To cut the media 18", the cutting wheel 80 is rotated from one parked position to the next parked position through the cutting position shown in FIG. 14 where the cutting end 84 of one rib member 82 arrives at the surface of the media 18" and passes therethrough to contact the top of an anvil projection within the adjacent gap 68. This timing is, of course, synchronized as a result of the signal provided by the sensing station 72. Any other type of cutting device interacting with the anvil wheel 76 would be similarly synchronized in its action. Thus, the media 18" is always cut along the center of a gap 68 and the cutting mechanism never contacts the adhesive 20 and, accordingly, is not fouled by it.
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|US7588811||19 Mar 2004||15 Sep 2009||Ncr Corporation||Columnar adhesive label roll|
|US7820264||16 Dic 2004||26 Oct 2010||Ncr Corporation||Idle registered label roll|
|US8834048 *||13 Jun 2011||16 Sep 2014||Toshiba Tec Kabushiki Kaisha||Printer with cutter having blade including linerless label supporting portion|
|US9085384||14 Jun 2010||21 Jul 2015||Nulabel Technologies, Inc.||Liner-free label and systems|
|US9534156||17 Sep 2014||3 Ene 2017||Appvion, Inc.||Linerless record material|
|US20050208250 *||19 Mar 2004||22 Sep 2005||Ncr Corporation||Columnar adhesive label roll|
|US20060134365 *||16 Dic 2004||22 Jun 2006||Ncr Corporation||Idle registered label roll|
|US20070151665 *||5 Ene 2007||5 Jul 2007||Edward Wiegand||Unsupported thin-film container label|
|US20080223512 *||15 Mar 2007||18 Sep 2008||Pitney Bowes Incorporated||Method and system for printing variable length adhesive labels|
|US20110033698 *||14 Jun 2010||10 Feb 2011||Woods Michael C||Liner-Free Label and Systems|
|US20120027495 *||13 Jun 2011||2 Feb 2012||Toshiba Tec Kabushiki Kaisha||Cutter unit and printer|
|CN102398431A *||14 Jul 2011||4 Abr 2012||东芝泰格有限公司||Cutter unit and printer|
|CN102398431B *||14 Jul 2011||20 May 2015||东芝泰格有限公司||Cutter unit and printer|
|CN103732519A *||10 Jun 2011||16 Abr 2014||毕索龙欧洲有限公司||Printer for printing on a tape coated with adhesive on one side|
|DE102011122100A1||22 Dic 2011||27 Jun 2013||Bixolon Europe Gmbh||Rollen für einen Drucker sowie ein mit diesen Rollen ausgestatteter Drucker|
|EP1970204A2 *||6 Mar 2008||17 Sep 2008||Pitney Bowes Inc.||Method and system for printing variable length adhesive labels|
|EP1970204A3 *||6 Mar 2008||19 Nov 2008||Pitney Bowes Inc.||Method and system for printing variable length adhesive labels|
|EP2739478A4 *||3 Ago 2012||29 Jul 2015||Nulabel Technologies Inc||Liner-free label printer with label adhesive activation|
|WO2012167806A1 *||10 Jun 2011||13 Dic 2012||Bixolon Europe Gmbh||Printer for printing on a tape coated with adhesive on one side|
|WO2013092607A1||18 Dic 2012||27 Jun 2013||Bixolon Europe Gmbh||Rollers for a printer and a printer equipped with said rollers|
|Clasificación de EE.UU.||400/642, 156/384, 428/201, 428/343, 400/621|
|Clasificación internacional||G09F3/10, B41J11/70, B26D7/20, B26D1/40|
|Clasificación cooperativa||B26D7/20, G09F3/10, Y10T428/24851, B26D2007/202, B41J11/703, B26D1/405, Y10T428/28|
|Clasificación europea||B41J11/70B, B26D7/20, B26D1/40B, G09F3/10|
|4 May 1995||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: INTERMEC CORPORATION, WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:AUSTIN, PIXIE;CROWE, ALLEN;REEL/FRAME:007480/0485
Effective date: 19950421
|12 Mar 2001||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|10 Mar 2005||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|12 Oct 2009||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|10 Mar 2010||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|27 Abr 2010||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20100310 | <urn:uuid:0d20707e-1bb6-4f3d-a55b-a0ecb3ce66ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.google.es/patents/US5725320?dq=flatulence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00042-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898337 | 6,432 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Vatican II: the Challenge and the Promise - Many of the debates which are going on in the Catholic Church today have as their root the interpretation of Vatican II, the last ecumenical council. Yet,...
1 hour ago
|The first principle of the Ordinariate is then about Christian unity. St. Basil the Great, the Church’s greatest ecumenist, literally expended his life on the work of building bridges between orthodox brethren who shared a common faith, but who had become separated from one another in a Church badly fragmented by heresy and controversy. He taught that the work of Christian unity requires deliberate and ceaseless effort...St. Basil often talked with yearning about the archaia agape, the ancient love of the apostolic community, so rarely seen in the Church of his day. This love, he taught, is a visible sign that the Holy Spirit is indeed present and active, and it is absolutely essential for the health of the Church.|
- Msgr. Jeffrey Steenson, Homily on the Occasion of his Formal Institution as Ordinary | <urn:uuid:2d690ed7-a82e-4204-9152-d0a00442b593> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://anglicanusenews.blogspot.com/2014/06/the-pope-receives-primate-of-anglican.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00016-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971596 | 223 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Collaboration is more and more important at work, and a good PDF annotator will help a lot to comment, review, and share PDF documents.
UPDF is one of the best free PDF annotators with a convenient tool to help you collaborate with PDF documents. You can add your opinion on PDF documents by adding a note or highlight, and you can share your PDF document to your collaborator to review it. The interface of UPDF is designed to be simple, fast, and intuitive so that you can focus on your content instead of spending time.
How UPDF Help You Collaborate at Work
Make Comments and Discuss Ideas with Others
UPDF supports a lot of tools to annotate PDF documents. You can make annotations within the document and add comments to it. It can be useful for those who want to work with others on a project by using annotations to point out specific things within a document. You can make comments and discuss ideas with others by using this function.
Let’s see what makes UPDF the best PDF annotator and talk about its collaboration tools of it:
If you want others to know that they should pay attention to some sentence, then you can highlight the text with colors, and you can choose a bright color.
If you want to tell your collaborator that you want to delete some words or sentences, you can simply add a strikethrough to the text.
If you want to add a signature to the PDF document, you can find that signature tool to use. There are three methods for you to create a signature by using your keyboard, Mouse, or Trackpad.
And if you are reviewing the PDF document, and you think this PDF has no problem, then you can add a stamp to say that it is improved.
Except for the above tools, UPDF provides some other annotations tools, such as the pen tool to let you draw any shapes you like. The stickers for you to choose to add to your documents. And UPDF has an amazing sharing system. You can share your PDF document through a link or through email. Receivers can open the PDF document by clicking the link you share.
Edit PDF Text and Image for Free
UPDF supports text and image editing. You can insert, modify, copy, replace or remove text on your PDF files. In addition, you can also customize the font, text color, text size, alignment, and other styles of your text. UPDF will give you a great editing experience and let you have the freedom to edit PDF files easily.
UPDF also supports adding and editing images in your PDF files. Sometimes you found that the image on your PDF document is too big and you want to crop it. Sometimes you want to replace the image with a new one. Sometimes, you need to insert a new image or remove some images. Don’t worry, UPDF have all covered. You can easily add, delete, extract, replace, crop image in PDF with it.
Fast PDF Conversion
There are many situations in that we want to convert PDF documents to Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or other formats. Using a PDF converter will help you deal with this task. UPDF provides a feature to export a PDF to other formats. Here are the formats supported by UPDF:
- PDF to Word, Excel, PowerPoint, CSV
- PDF to PNG, JPG, BMP, TIFF, GIF
- PDF to HTML and XML
- PDF to Text (.txt) and RTF (rich text)
Easy Experience to View PDF Documents
You can open and read PDF documents in UPDF. It has an intuitive interface that makes it easy to read and search through your PDF files. This software supports many page layout options for reading PDF files. You can choose from single-page view, two-page view, scrolling, two-page scrolling, fit your screen, full screen.
UPDF also supports viewing multiple PDFs in tabs. This can be useful when comparing two or more documents.
UPDF supports bookmark management. It can be useful for those who write many PDF documents. You can organize your work by adding bookmarks and returning them easily when you need them.
It also has a brilliant slideshow display feature. You can display your PDF as a slideshow.
Rearrange and Organize PDF Pages
UPDF supports organizing PDF pages. You can insert, rotate, extract, replace, remove, or reorder PDF pages.
If you want to remove unnecessary pages from a document before publishing it or sharing it with others, you can use UPDF to delete those pages easily.
If you want to extract a page and save it as a separate PDF document, then you can use UPDF to extract PDF pages. And if you want to reorder the pages of your PDF document, you can drag the page to the right position you want. It is very easy for you to reorder the pages.
There are more options for you to manage PDF pages. You can just use the related tool to help you. The interface is very intuitive and you will know how to use it when you open the software.
UPDF is free PDF software and ideal for anyone who wants to annotate, convert, and edit PDF documents. The interface is easy to focus on your content instead of learning how to use the tool. You will find editing couldn’t be easier with UPDF. It will become one of the best productivity software to help you improve work efficiency and collaborate with others. | <urn:uuid:4a60b284-f6b5-4863-a407-08a2b9dc1265> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://articleed.com/updf-the-best-free-pdf-annotator-for-collaboration-at-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.901427 | 1,138 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Last week when I was teaching a very promising beginner, I was reminded of this useful point.
Namely, it’s easy to take a rule (“Do it like this …”) and generalize it to an incorrect situation.
Here’s an example.
It concerns how you use your painting bridge.
When you hold the bridge …
The rule is, you need to hold your bridge with one hand to keep it steady.
And the reason is, if the bridge topples over, the potential damage to your painting is very serious. Because you can easily ruin a morning’s work …
So it’s easy to think you hold your bridge in all situations.
But – you shouldn’t.
Rather, you mainly hold it only when you’re tracing:
When you don’t …
Thus, when you’re highlighting, you hold the glass (not the bridge).
You can see this makes good sense.
When you highlight, you use a hard object and you apply a lot of pressure:
Therefore it makes sense to hold the glass, or else it may move (that’s the big risk here).
But when you trace, you’re working with a soft-haired brush, and, though you apply pressure to the glass, the brush’s tips aren’t likely to grab and move the glass. And so, in this situation, the most likely thing to go wrong (and also the most serious if it does) is, the bridge falls over because you’ve leant down too hard on one side.
Now I mention this specific point about
- Holding the bridge when tracing
- Holding the glass when highlighting
because it happened here last week.
Yes, I coached the beginner on his tracing.
He listened carefully and copied me exactly.
Then when I returned 20 minutes later, I saw he was highlighting exactly as he’d learned to trace: holding the bridge when he should have been holding the glass.
This happens to me, it possibly happens to you. It all comes down to thinking clearly about the tools you’re using.
Even when a rule applies 99 times out of 100, you still need always to think for yourself and decide whether, in front of you right now, is that 100th case where the rule does not apply.
Like here with the example of how to use your bridge. It’s important to double-check our habits, or consider whether we’re using rules as they were meant (because life’s too short to always read the small print). | <urn:uuid:f9062121-72c0-4627-b3c7-f91cca3ef91f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.realglasspainting.com/bridge-2/2012/11/19/how-to-use-your-bridge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00028-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925406 | 551 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Ranking motion pictures on the finish of their respective years is at all times a difficult activity. The series begins with probably the most compelling opening sequences we have even seen – it’s 20 minutes of nerve-jangling pressure on a train – and got us all pretending to be authorities security brokers, whispering Lavender on the Transfer!” into our shirt cuffs (or was that simply us?). It was some of the discussed TELEVISION shows in years and ratings went via the roof. Sufficient time has passed now that it’s price a rewatch, particularly as a second collection appears inevitable.
As you can see drama presents children no finish of instruments to deal with all areas of life. I feel it’s the role of the drama instructor to communicate these causes to students and work passionately to hammer residence these factors. There are many ways in which drama teachers can do that, whether it is taking a tour via the wealthy history of theatre and efficiency kinds or embedding studying inside explorations of fashionable tradition. No matter modus operandi the trainer uses, no doubt they will wrestle with some ways to push boundaries and create compelling studying. On the similar time, drama teachers should strive to successfully deliver a curriculum based mostly on creating and making, exploring and responding. I sit up for meeting you in the drama room or at the next performance night time.
Amy Adams plays a professor of comparative linguistics on this alien first-contact film from Denis Villeneuve, which explores free-will, experiences, memory, and destiny, and masterfully delivers each private and international messages. Jeremy Renner co-stars.
Many well-known clichés of motion-journey films had their origins in the serials. The popular term cliffhanger was developed as a plot machine in movie serials (though its origins have been traced by some historians to the Sherlock Holmes tales of Arthur Conan Doyle or the sooner A Pair of Blue Eyes by Thomas Hardy from 1873), and it comes from the numerous occasions that the hero or heroine would end up hanging over a cliff, often because the villain gloated above and waited for them to plummet hundreds of metres to their deaths. Different well-liked clichés included the heroine or hero trapped in a burning building, being trampled by horses, knocked unconscious in a automotive because it goes over a cliff, crashing in an airplane, and watching as the burning fuse of a nearby bundle of dynamite sparked and sputtered its means towards the deadly explosive (at first of the next chapter the endangered character often merely obtained up and walked away with only minor scrapes).
Jordan Peele’s observe-up to Get Out would possibly seem to pack less of a satirical punch upon first viewing, however masterfully concealed just beneath its home invasion horror, in which a family is assaulted by a murderous set of deranged doppelgangers, is a very barbed critique of class, upward mobility and the American Dream. | <urn:uuid:92a18ad1-857b-43f1-8f01-cf2fd726f328> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://tvserial-online.net/the-greatest-films-of-2020-to-stream-so-far-and-the-place-they-were-filmed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.958254 | 604 | 1.90625 | 2 |
ERIC Number: ED232241
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1982-Feb-26
Reference Count: N/A
The Emerging Role of the Federal Government in Public Elementary and Secondary Education in the United States.
Shannon, Thomas A.
When President Reagan took office in January 1981, the federal government had a four-fold function in public secondary and elementary education that included financing high-cost programs of overriding national significance and advancing the cause of civil rights throughout the nation. According to Reagan's "new federalism," the role of the federal government in education would allegedly stay substantially as it had been under the previous four presidents. In fact, however, such Reagan administration proposals as a 50 percent cut in the federal budget's support of school programs from 1980 to 1983 and the dismantling of the United States Department of Education suggest that Reagan's "new federalism" may merely represent a return to the "old federalism" that existed in 1917 before enactment of the United States Vocational Education and Child Nutrition Acts. The federal role in education is not likely to diminish as a result of Reagan's policies. Instead, the weight of federal involvement will be transferred increasingly from the executive branch to the legislative and judicial branches. School board members and administrators have a responsibility to communicate the importance of education as a national investment and to encourage sound partnership among federal, state, and local governments. (JBM)
Descriptors: Administrator Role, Education Work Relationship, Educational Policy, Educational Quality, Elementary Secondary Education, Federal Courts, Federal Government, Federal Legislation, Federal Programs, Federal Regulation, Federal State Relationship, Government Role, Government School Relationship, Labor Force Development, Policy Formation, Presidents, Public Schools, School Administration
Publication Type: Opinion Papers; Reports - Evaluative; Speeches/Meeting Papers
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A | <urn:uuid:5bb18a24-3ded-4fd9-bc2d-2e64aa8dba60> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED232241 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00287-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937914 | 385 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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