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Type of Document Master's Thesis Author Petrie, John Eric Author's Email Address email@example.com URN etd-011599-103221 Title The Accuracy of River Bed Sediment Samples Degree Master of Science Department Civil Engineering Advisory Committee
Advisor Name Title Diplas, Panayiotis Committee Chair Kibler, David F. Committee Member Terrell, George R. Committee Member Keywords
- gravel bed streams
- multinomial confidence intervals
- sediment sampling
- sample size estimation
- grain size distributions
Date of Defense 1998-12-17 Availability unrestricted AbstractOne of the most important factors that influences a stream's hydraulic and ecological health is the streambed's sediment size distribution. This distribution affects streambed stability, sediment transport rates, and flood levels by defining the roughness of the stream channel. Adverse effects on water quality and wildlife can be expected when excessive fine sediments enter a stream. Many chemicals and toxic materials are transported through streams by binding to fine sediments. Increases in fine sediments also seriously impact the survival of fish species present in the stream. Fine sediments fill tiny spaces between larger particles thereby denying fish embryos the necessary fresh water to survive. Reforestation, constructed wetlands, and slope stabilization are a few management practices typically utilized to reduce the amount of sediment entering a stream. To effectively gauge the success of these techniques, the sediment size distribution of the stream must be monitored.
Gravel bed streams are typically stratified vertically, in terms of particle size, in three layers, with each layer having its own distinct grain size distribution. The top two layers of the stream bed, the pavement and subpavement, are the most significant in determining the characteristics of the stream. These top two layers are only as thick as the largest particle size contained within each layer. This vertical stratification by particle size makes it difficult to characterize the grain size distribution of the surface layer. The traditional bulk or volume sampling procedure removes a specified volume of material from the stream bed. However, if the bed exhibits vertical stratification, the volume sample will mix different populations, resulting in inaccurate sample results. To obtain accurate results for the pavement size distribution, a surface oriented sampling technique must be employed. The most common types of surface oriented sampling are grid and areal sampling. Due to limitations in the sampling techniques, grid samples typically truncate the sample at the finer grain sizes, while areal samples typically truncate the sample at the coarser grain sizes. When combined with an analysis technique, either frequency-by-number or frequency-by-weight, the sample results can be represented in terms of a cumulative grain size distribution. However, the results of different sampling and analysis procedures can lead to biased results, which are not equivalent to traditional volume sampling results. Different conversions, dependent on both the sampling and analysis technique, are employed to remove the bias from surface sample results.
The topic of the present study is to determine the accuracy of sediment samples obtained by the different sampling techniques. Knowing the accuracy of a sample is imperative if the sample results are to be meaningful. Different methods are discussed for placing confidence intervals on grid sample results based on statistical distributions. The binomial distribution and its approximation with the normal distribution have been suggested for these confidence intervals in previous studies. In this study, the use of the multinomial distribution for these confidence intervals is also explored. The multinomial distribution seems to best represent the grid sampling process. Based on analyses of the different distributions, recommendations are made. Additionally, figures are given to estimate the grid sample size necessary to achieve a required accuracy for each distribution. This type of sample size determination figure is extremely useful when preparing for grid sampling in the field.
Accuracy and sample size determination for areal and volume samples present difficulties not encountered with grid sampling. The variability in number of particles contained in the sample coupled with the wide range of particle sizes present make direct statistical analysis impossible. Limited studies have been reported on the necessary volume to sample for gravel deposits. The majority of these studies make recommendations based on empirical results that may not be applicable to different size distributions. Even fewer studies have been published that address the issue of areal sample size. However, using grid sample results as a basis, a technique is presented to estimate the necessary sizes for areal and volume samples. These areal and volume sample sizes are designed to match the accuracy of the original grid sample for a specified grain size percentile of interest. Obtaining grid and areal results with the same accuracy can be useful when considering hybrid samples. A hybrid sample represents a combination of grid and areal sample results that give a final grain size distribution curve that is not truncated. Laboratory experiments were performed on synthetic stream beds to test these theories. The synthetic stream beds were created using both glass beads and natural sediments. Reducing sampling errors and obtaining accurate samples in the field are also briefly discussed. Additionally, recommendations are also made for using the most efficient sampling technique to achieve the required accuracy.
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If you have questions or technical problems, please Contact DLA. | <urn:uuid:6ec02afb-d054-4a23-8bce-11e7d27117af> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-011599-103221/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00087-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910492 | 1,144 | 2.328125 | 2 |
William Jean Beauley was active/lived in New York, Illinois. William Beauley is known for landscape, townscape.
Biography William Beauley
Born in Joliet, Illinois, William Beauley became a New York City architect and artist. He began his career in Chicago, working for several architects in the early 1890s on the staff of D.H. Burnham for the World's Fair. Of this experience, he wrote: "I was the youngest draftsman there and was placed in a private atelier under Mr. Henry Bacon, who has just finished the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. At his suggestion I went abroad, following the work on the Fair and through an acquaintance I formed the friendship of Maurice Yvon, architect of the French Government. I was afforded the opportunity of studying with him."
In Paris, he associated with painters, and began sketching with them, which led to a life-long interest in painting.
... Displaying 750 of 1461 characters. | <urn:uuid:1b7e091f-28a8-413b-bbd6-d4982ff4633f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.askart.com/artist/William_Jean_Beauley/27237/William_Jean_Beauley.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00295-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985929 | 203 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Hesperian Health Guides
Barrier methods of family planning
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Barrier methods prevent pregnancy by blocking the sperm from reaching the egg. They do not change the way the woman’s or man’s body works, and they cause very few side effects. Barrier methods are safe if a woman is breastfeeding. Most of these methods also protect against STIs, including HIV. When a woman wants to become pregnant, she simply stops using the barrier method.
The most common barrier methods are the condom, condoms for women, the diaphragm, and spermicides.
If a condom breaks or comes off the penis, the woman should put spermicide in her vagina immediately. If possible, use emergency family planning.
The condom is a narrow bag of thin rubber that the man wears on his penis during sex. Because the man’s semen stays in the bag, the sperm cannot enter the woman’s body.
Condoms are the best protection against STIs and HIV. They can be used alone or along with any other family planning method. Condoms can be bought at many pharmacies and markets, and are often available at health posts and through AIDS prevention programs.
Be careful not to tear the condom as you open the package. Do not use a new condom if the package is torn or dried out, or if the condom is stiff or sticky. The condom will not work.
The condom must be put on the man’s penis when it is hard, but before it touches the woman’s genitals. If he rubs his penis on the woman’s genitals or goes into her vagina, he can make the woman pregnant or can give her an STI, even if he does not spill his sperm (ejaculate).
How to use a condom:
1. If the man is not circumcised, pull the foreskin back. Squeeze the tip of the condom and put it on the end of the hard penis.
|2. Keep squeezing the tip while unrolling the condom, until it covers all of the penis. The loose part at the end will hold the man’s sperm. If you do not leave space for the sperm when it comes out, the condom is more likely to break.|
|3. After the man ejaculates, he should hold on to the rim of the condom and withdraw from the vagina while his penis is still hard.
||4. Take off the condom. Do not let sperm spill or leak.
||5. Tie the condom shut and dispose of it away from children and animals.|
A woman who is using another family planning method should also use condoms if she needs STI protection.
- Use a condom every time you have sex.
- If possible, always use condoms made of latex. They give the best protection against HIV. Condoms made of sheepskin or lambskin may not protect against HIV.
- Keep condoms in a cool, dry place away from sunlight. Condoms from old or torn packages are more likely to break.
- Use a condom only once. A condom that has been used before is more likely to break.
- Keep condoms within reach. You are less likely to use them if you have to stop what you are doing to look for them.
More Informationencouraging your partner to use condoms
At first, many couples do not like to use condoms. But once they get used to it, they may even recognize benefits besides protecting against unwanted pregnancies and STIs. For example, condoms can help some men last longer before they come.
The condom for women (female condoms)
Female condoms are larger than condoms made for men and are less likely to break. They work best when the man is on top and the woman is on the bottom during sex.
A female condom, which fits into the vagina and covers the outer lips of the vulva, can be put in the vagina any time before sex. It should be used only once, because it may break if it is reused. But if you do not have any other condoms, you can clean it and reuse it up to 5 times. The female condom should not be used with a male condom.
The female condom is the most effective of the methods controlled by women in protecting against both pregnancy and STIs, including HIV. There are now 3 types of female condom available. The newest are less expensive. The VA female condom fits more closely to the woman’s body, so it is more comfortable and makes less noise during sex.
Female condoms are available only in a few places now. But if enough people demand this method, more programs will make them available.
How to use the female condom:
|1. Carefully open
|2. Find the inner ring, which is at the closed end of the condom.||
|3. Squeeze the inner
|4. Put the inner ring
in the vagina.
|5. Push the inner ring up into your vagina with your finger. The outer ring stays outside the vagina.|
|6. When you have sex, guide the penis through the outer ring.||7. Remove the female condom immediately after sex, before you stand up. Squeeze and twist the outer ring to keep the man’s sperm inside the pouch. Pull the pouch out gently, and then dispose of it out of reach of children and animals.|
When a diaphragm is used correctly, it prevents pregnancy most of the time and may also give some protection against STIs.
The diaphragm is a shallow cup made of soft rubber or thin silicone that a woman wears in her vagina during sex. The diaphragm covers the cervix so that the man’s sperm cannot get into her womb. The diaphragm should be used with spermicide. If you do not have spermicide, you can still use the diaphragm, but it may not work as well to prevent pregnancy.
Diaphragms come in different sizes, and are available at some health posts and family planning clinics. A health worker who has been trained to do pelvic exams can examine you and find the right size diaphragm.
Diaphragms can get holes, particularly after being used for more than a year. It is a good idea to check your diaphragm often. Replace it when the rubber gets dry or hard, or when there is a hole in it.
You can put the diaphragm in just before you have sex or up to 6 hours before. If you have sex more than one time after you put the diaphragm in, put more spermicide in your vagina each time before you have sex, without removing the diaphragm.
How to use a diaphragm:
|1. If you have spermicide, squeeze it into the center. Then spread a little bit around the edge with your finger.||2. Squeeze the diaphragm in half.||3. Open the lips of your vagina with your other hand. Push the diaphragm into your vagina. It works best if you push it toward your back.|
|4. Check the position of your diaphragm by putting one of your fingers inside your vagina and feeling for your cervix through the rubber of the diaphragm. The cervix feels firm, like the end of your nose. The diaphragm must cover your cervix.|
|5. If the diaphragm is in the right place, you will not be able to feel it inside you.||6. Leave the diaphragm in place for at least 6 hours after sex.|
You can leave the diaphragm in for up to 24 hours. It is OK to use the diaphragm during monthly bleeding, but you will need to remove it and clean it as often as you would change a cloth or pad.
To remove the diaphragm:
Put your finger inside your vagina. Reach behind the front rim of the diaphragm and pull it down and out. Wash your diaphragm with soap and water, and dry it. Check the diaphragm for holes by holding it up to the light. If there is even a tiny hole, get a new one. Store the diaphragm in a clean, dry place.
|Cream or Jelly|
(contraceptive foam, tablets, jelly, or cream)
Spermicide comes in many forms—foam, tablets, and cream or jelly—and is put into the vagina just before having sex. Spermicide kills the man’s sperm before it can get into the womb.
If used alone, spermicide is less effective than some other methods. But it is helpful when used as extra protection along with another method, like the diaphragm or condom.
Spermicides can be bought in many pharmacies and markets. Some women find that some types of spermicides cause itching or irritation inside the vagina.
Spermicides do not provide protection against any STI. Because spermicides can irritate the walls of the vagina, they may cause small cuts that allow HIV to pass more easily into the blood.
When to insert spermicide:
Tablets or suppositories should be put in the vagina 10 to 15 minutes before having sex. Foam, jelly, or cream work best if they are put in the vagina just before having sex.
If more than one hour passes before having sex, add more spermicide. Add a new tablet, suppository, or applicator of foam, jelly, or cream each time you have sex.
How to insert spermicide:
- Wash your hands with soap and water.
To use foam, shake the foam container rapidly, about 20 times. Then press the nozzle to fill the applicator.
To use jelly or cream, screw the spermicide tube onto the applicator. Fill the applicator by squeezing the spermicide tube.
To use vaginal tablets, remove the wrapping and
wet them with water or spit on them. (DO NOT put the tablet in your mouth.)
- Gently put the applicator or vaginal tablet into your vagina, as far back as it will go.
- If you are using an applicator, press in the plunger all the way and then take out the empty applicator.
- Rinse the applicator with clean water and soap.
- Leave the spermicide in place for at least 6 hours after sex. Do not douche or wash the spermicide out. If cream drips out of your vagina, wear a pad, cotton or clean cloth to protect your clothes. | <urn:uuid:db0bde71-c1ee-44c4-ba69-0c179e846a99> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://en.hesperian.org/hhg/Where_Women_Have_No_Doctor:Barrier_Methods_of_Family_Planning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00026-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92812 | 2,293 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Effects of human disturbance on productivity of White-bellied Sea-Eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster)Terry E. Dennis A D , Rebecca R. McIntosh B and Peter D. Shaughnessy C
A 5 Bell Court, Encounter Bay, SA 5211, Australia.
B La Trobe University, Zoology Department, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia.
C South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Emu 111(2) 179-185 http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/MU10044
Submitted: 21 February 2010 Accepted: 8 November 2010 Published: 27 May 2011
Nest productivity among the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) population on Kangaroo Island (South Australia) was monitored over 11 breeding seasons between 1985 and 1999. Territories were assessed against standardised measures of relative isolation from human disturbance and assigned to Low-, Moderate- or High-disturbance categories. When productivity data were compared between categories, the level of disturbance was found to significantly affect fledging outcomes, with high-disturbance territories having significantly lower fledging success. Of 164 occupied territory-years, 119 (72.6%) were active and fledged 0.8 (mean) young per year. Territories with high-disturbance levels produced eggs less often (65% of territories active cf. 79% active in more isolated locations), fledged fewer young (0.5 young per year cf. 1.1), and had higher rates of nesting failure (46% cf. 13%). These results indicate that to mitigate further Sea-Eagle population decline in South Australia, site-specific habitat management prescriptions, which include buffer-zone refuge provisions, are required to minimise the effects of human activity on breeding outcomes. Such prescriptions need to take into account that, unique to South Australia, most nests are on cliffs in open coastal landscapes with little visual screening over long distance, thus refuge dimensions should be double those prescribed elsewhere for nests in tall forest habitat.
Additional keywords: breeding habitat refuge, buffer zones, cliff nests, conservation, core territory, disturbance sensitivity, endangered population, guard-roosts, landscape view-sheds, management prescriptions, productivity outcomes.
ReferencesAnthony, R. G., Steidl, R. J., and McGarigal, K. (1995). Recreation and Bald Eagles in the Pacific Northwest. In ‘Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence through Management and Research’. (Eds R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller.) pp. 223–241. (Island Press: Covelo, CA.)
Ball, D. (2002). Vegetation. In ‘Natural History of Kangaroo Island.’ 2nd edn. (Eds M. Davies, C. R. Twidale and M. J. Tyler.) pp. 54–65. (Royal Society of South Australia: Adelaide.)
Bilney, R. J., and Emison, W. B. (1983). Breeding of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle in the Gippsland Lakes region of Victoria, Australia. Australian Bird Watcher 10, 61–68.
Camp, R. J., Sinton, D. T., and Knight, R. L. (1997). Viewsheds: a complementary management approach to buffer zones. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25, 612–615.
Clunie, P. (2003). White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster – Action Statement No. 60. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Melbourne.
Debus, S. J. S. (2008). Biology and diet of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster breeding in northern inland New South Wales. Australian Field Ornithology 25, 165–193.
Dennis, T. E. (2004). Conservation status of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle, Osprey and Peregrine Falcon on western Eyre Peninsula and adjacent offshore islands in South Australia. South Australian Ornithologist 34, 222–228.
Dennis, T. E., and Baxter, C. I. (2006a). The status of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle and Osprey on Kangaroo Island in 2005. South Australian Ornithologist 35, 47–51.
Dennis, T. E., and Baxter, C. I. (2006b). Resident and migratory birds of coastal marshland habitats in the Bay of Shoals and Western Cove area of Kangaroo Island, South Australia. South Australian Ornithologist 34, 267–275.
Dennis, T. E., and Lashmar, A. F. C. (1996). Distribution and abundance of White-bellied Sea-Eagles in South Australia. Corella 20, 93–102.
Dennis, T. E., Detmar, S. A., and Brooks, A. V. (2011). Distribution and status of White-bellied Sea-Eagle and Eastern Osprey populations in South Australia. South Australian Ornithologist 37, 1–16.
Forest Practices Authority (2006). Eagle nest searching, activity checking and nest management. Fauna Technical Note No. 1. Forest Practices Authority, Hobart.
Grubb, T. G., and King, R. M. (1991). Assessing human disturbance of breeding Bald Eagles with classification tree models. Journal of Wildlife Management 55, 500–511.
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Hamilton, N., and Cocks, D. (1996). Coastal growth and the environment. In ‘Population Shift: Mobility and Change in Australia’. (Eds P. W. Newton and M. Bell.) pp. 182–191. (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)
Kleinbaum, D., Kupper, L., and Chambliss, L. (1982). Logistic regression analysis of epidemiologic data: theory and practice. Communications in Statistics Theory and Methods 11, 485–547.
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Mooney, N. J., and Holdsworth, M. (1991). The effect of disturbance on nesting Wedge-tailed Eagles Aquila audax fleayi in Tasmania. TASFORESTS. Forestry Commission 3, 15–31.
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Newton, I. (1998). ‘Population Limitations in Birds.’ (Academic Press: London.)
Olsen, P. (1998). Australia’s raptors: diurnal birds of prey and owls. Birds Australia Conservation Statement No. 2. Wingspan 8(3, Suppl.), 1–16. Available at http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/images/stories/wingspan_supplements/WSS_Raptors.pdf [Verified 5 May 2011].
Paton, D. C., Gates, J. A., and Pedlar, L. P. (2002). Birds. In ‘Natural History of Kangaroo Island.’ 2nd edn. (Eds M. Davies, C. R. Twidale and M. J. Tyler.) pp. 164–171. (Royal Society of South Australia: Adelaide.)
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Richardson, C. T., and Miller, C. K. (1997). Recommendations for protecting raptors from human disturbance: a review. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25, 634–638.
Romin, L. A., and Muck, J. A. (1999). Guidelines for raptor protection from human and land use disturbances. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Salt Lake City, UT.
Shephard, J. M., Catterall, C. P., and Hughes, J. M. (2005). Long-term variation in the distribution of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) across Australia. Austral Ecology 30, 131–145.
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Thiollay, J. M. (2007). Raptor declines in West Africa: comparisons between protected, buffer and cultivated areas. Oryx 41, 1–8.
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Threatened Species Section (2006). Threatened Tasmanian Eagles Recovery Plan 2006–2010. Department of Primary Industries and Water, Hobart.
Thurstans, S. D. (2009). Modelling the nesting habitat of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster in Tasmania. Corella 33, 51–65.
Womersley, H. B. S., and Edmonds, S. J. (2002). Intertidal Ecology of Marine Organisms. In ‘Natural History of Kangaroo Island.’ 2nd edn. (Eds M. Davies, C. R. Twidale and M. J. Tyler.) pp. 164–171. (Royal Society of South Australia: Adelaide.) | <urn:uuid:4365e1a0-baf9-4129-8b48-9b250b7ec36c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.publish.csiro.au/MU/fulltext/MU10044?subscribe=false | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00251-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.787986 | 2,176 | 2.515625 | 3 |
IBM sets a new course to jumpstart innovation and management in services
IBM Haifa Labs News Center
Haifa, Israel, - As the fall semester gets underway in Israel, two IBM researchers are giving students the benefit of their winning business strategies through practical tips on how to better manage innovation and services. Dr. Iris Ginzburg and Dr. Yossi Lichtenstein of the IBM Haifa Research Lab have stepped back into academia with a new course called Services Management and Innovation. The course is being taught at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) in Herzliya as part of The Zell Entrepreneurship Program and is scheduled for next semester at Tel-Aviv University's Leon Recanati Graduate School of Business Administration.
Services constitute about three quarters of the GDP of western economies and account for the vast majority of newly created jobs. Many different types of businesses are services, including financial services, communication, tourism, distribution, IT integration and development, and outsourcing of organizational processes and complete business components.
Services have become vital for the world of technology-based companies who now need to offer their customers "total, on-demand" solutions to compete with low-cost product commoditizers. With the rise of standards and the ubiquity of the Internet making it easier and less costly to conduct transactions within enterprises as well as among ecosystems, technology can enable new types of intra- and inter-company services.
Very little is known about the systematic management of innovation in services, in spite of their size, growth and actual innovation. "Clearly, services are a major determinant of competitiveness, but innovation in services is what will drive the next generation’s management of technology," notes Ginzburg. "The service management currently being studied in academia doesn’t address the element of innovation. We’re still asking ourselves what is it, and how do we get service innovation?" Ginzburg, herself a graduate of the MIT Sloan School of Business, has been involved in the arena of innovation for many years. Aside from teaching Technology Innovation at the Tel Aviv University, her experience in the business world includes her own telecom startup, work in the financial industry, and her current position as leader of the Innovation Management services being offered by IBM to customers around the world.
IBM is proactively working with universities to co-develop a Services Science curriculum, much like the work it did with Columbia in the 1950s to help establish Computer Science as a formal discipline. The new services world necessitates that we study new strategies, new competencies, new tools, and new processes. In short, we need information on new ways to bring about and support innovation. The course on Services Management and Innovation is the first ever being taught as part of this new discipline, referred to by IBM as Services Science and Management Engineering (SSME).
As an IT leader, IBM is well positioned to look ahead and see what factors today will affect the future of the IT transformation. "IBM’s successful business model is worth careful study by all businesses who are working on producing innovative products," explains Lichtenstein. "This new drive for innovation in services will impact many aspects of future businesses, including how companies are managed, how new services are introduced, how technology gets out to the marketplace, and, inevitably, how engineers as well as business graduates are educated."
Both Ginzburg and Lichtenstein are players in IBM’s strategy for technology innovation and on demand services. Their combined efforts have built a framework that brings innovation consulting services to major international IBM clients in the areas of electronics, financial services, telcom, and transportation. As dedicated business strategists, they see very high value in bringing their practical ideas to an academic environment where people can learn from their experience and use it to become more successful in the future.
"IBM already created a new discipline when it introduced Computer Science back in the late 40s" note Lichtenstein. "This course offering combines IBM’s keen sense of what tomorrow’s customers will need, together with the know-how of Israel’s most prestigious business schools." Ginzburg and Lichtenstein see the course participants as tomorrow’s leaders. These are the people who will determine the shape of the marketplace that will merge IT and business in a services-dominated world.
Israel, with its outstanding number of startups, incubation centers, and technological innovations, is an ideal place to lay this groundwork. Courses such as this one will not only teach the necessary skills to those already working in services, it will help people understand their clients’ needs and how they can better help clients achieve their goals. | <urn:uuid:8ba0cd72-b737-4ee0-a21a-4b5a88f35d68> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.research.ibm.com/haifa/info/news_ibm_services.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00346-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95523 | 952 | 1.820313 | 2 |
In 2000, Caroline MacGillivray was volunteering at a shelter in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside when she saw a woman struggling to curl her hair.
“She had bruises up and down her arms and she was trying to not cry ’cause she was getting frustrated because she couldn’t get her arm up,” MacGillivray recalls. “So I offered to do it for her and she looked at me and she said okay.”
The interaction triggered a life-changing moment for MacGillivray. She began offering basic beauty services to the women at the shelter more regularly, and soon she was inundated with makeover requests.
“It got to the point that the women were starting to point out, ‘It’s the beauty lady,’” she said.
In December 2000, Caroline organized the first official “Beauty Night” to provide beauty services to those in need, a group she says includes impoverished mothers, daughters, and seniors as well as sex workers.
As women streamed in, it became clear that the value of these services went far beyond esthetics.
“A couple of women said some really profound things, things like, ‘People are touching me and they’re not afraid to touch me,’ or “People are touching me and they don’t want anything from me,’” MacGillivray recalls.
As Beauty Night grew, so did the services it was able to offer. Today, Beauty Night’s unique network of health care volunteers and street nurses has created a community of wellness that holistically treats more than 200 women a week.
Operating in various shelters around Vancouver, MacGillivray and her team provide an ever-expanding list of services from haircuts to reiki.
The alternative therapies offered have become as important a part of Beauty Night as the beauty services that may have attracted many of the participants in the first place.
Acupuncture is the most popular service, according to MacGillivray, because it is a natural mode of pain management. It’s especially effective for women with a history of drug abuse, who have higher tolerances to traditional pain medications.
But perhaps the most influential service the Beauty Night team members offer is the simplest: they listen. Through their intimate knowledge of the program’s participants, volunteers are able to connect many of the women with other essential services like doctors or life skills development programs, simply by learning of challenges as they develop.
“We’ve seen it time in and time out where women come in. They’re able to get their hair cut, they sit down, they’re able to talk to somebody, somebody actually hears what they’re saying,” MacGillivray says.
For her, this sense of personal value is the backbone of Beauty Night’s mandate to “build self esteem and change lives of women and youth living in poverty.”
Self-esteem is critical, MacGillivray says, “because if we don’t have self-esteem, we don’t believe change is possible and how are we going to change ourselves?”
For more on Beauty Night’s program and services, visit www.beautynight.org.
Empowered Health airs Thursdays on CJDC at 11 a.m.; CHEK-TV Vancouver and Victoria, CFJC and CKPG at 7 p.m. and CHAT at 7:30 p.m. The show is broadcast Tuesdays on CFTK at 11:30 a.m. You can also view episodes online at vancouversun.com/empoweredhealth. | <urn:uuid:cf285dce-7cb7-48dc-be02-5dac0dd94717> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.vancouversun.com/Health/Empowered-Health/Beauty+Nights+bolster+hopes/6752740/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00483-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966993 | 788 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Shaking Things Up | Read Aloud Storytime
Click on the image to start playing this video! ▶️
Celebrate Poetry Month and powerful ladies in history with this read aloud storytime as award-winning, bestselling author Susan Hood reads from her book, SHAKING THINGS UP!
Fresh, accessible, and inspiring, Shaking Things Up introduces fourteen revolutionary young women—each paired with a noteworthy female artist—to the next generation of activists, trail-blazers, and rabble-rousers. In this book of poems, you will find Mary Anning, who was just thirteen when she unearthed a prehistoric fossil. You’ll meet Ruby Bridges, the brave six year old who helped end segregation in the South. And Maya Lin, who at twenty-one won a competition to create a war memorial, and then had to appear before Congress to defend her right to create.
Learn more about SHAKING THINGS UP: https://bit.ly/2RSY1PV
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Discover more great titles and follow us on social:
#HarperKids is all about stories from HarperCollins Children’s Books that young minds never forget. Don’t miss a glimpse inside pages of your child’s next read by way of arts and crafts, book trailers, author interviews, and more! | <urn:uuid:ef20c5aa-d290-43bf-b9db-f2cb606a5455> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kidlithq.com/videos/shaking-things-up-read-aloud-storytime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.868975 | 373 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Taishan generator stator lift11 октября 2013
The generator stator for the Taishan 1 EPR has arrived on site and been hoisted into place for installation.
Producing 1750 MWe, the component is said to be the largest single-piece electrical generator in the world. The 495 tonne item left Dongfang Electric’s manufacturing facility at the end of August, travelling by road from Deyang in Sichuan province to the Taishan construction site in Guangdong province.
In a five-hour operation on 6 October the generator stator was lifted and rotated 90 degrees for installation in the turbine building of Taishan 1. It will produce 1750 MWe gross when attached to the generator rotor and steam turbine driven by heat from the nuclear reactor. Around 90 MWe of this power will be used by plant systems such as the large pumps that circulate cooling water, leaving 1660 MWe net for supply to the grid. Taishan will have two such Areva EPR units, slated to begin operation in 2014 and 2015. The plant is owned by China General Nuclear (CGN).Вернуться ко всем новостям | <urn:uuid:bad2df92-d632-40d6-a1c7-ab58b4cda901> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vosafety.ru/novosti-otrasli/taishan-generator-stator-lift/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.891147 | 268 | 1.53125 | 2 |
The History of Mother Lode Rugby
Rugby came to El Dorado County in 1995 when Jack Harnden started the Oak Ridge Rugby Club with eighteen players, grades 9-12. They learned the game as they played (and were soundly beaten) by A-Side teams in the Sacramento Valley Rugby Football Conference. The following year, a team was added for girls, and Oak Ridge became an official member of the league. The team grew in numbers and skill, making the playoffs in its third year and losing close matches in the semi-finals of the NORCAL Championship the next two years in a row. At one point, there were approximately 150 boys, girls and graduates (as the Oak Ridge Men’s Club) playing rugby in El Dorado County.
In 2005, after ten years as the Oak Ridge Rugby Club, the decision was made to invite players from other area high schools to enjoy the game of rugby, so the name was changed to the Mother Lode Rugby Football Club. Since that time, teams have continued to earn the respect of their opponents through hard-hitting, well-disciplined play. In 2008, Mother Lode became the NORCAL Champions, representing California in the regional playoffs in Salt Lake City. They lost to the team who went on to place second in the Nationals.
In the true tradition of rugby, international touring sides have been hosted many times over the years. Our players and their families have opened their homes to teams visiting from all over Canada, as well as New Zealand. We have also gone on tour to play rugby in other countries: several times to B. C., Canada, New Zealand in 2001 and Ireland in 2003. Mother Lode has also played in tournaments in Northern and Southern California and our players have often been selected for All-Star or Rep-Side teams.
Many fine rugby players have been part of this tradition, now in it's twenty third season. Many Girl's and Boy's have gone on to play rugby in college or with clubs, and several have returned to coach the game they first learned to love as players with Oak Ridge and Mother Lode Rugby. | <urn:uuid:dbc2eb26-a7da-437e-9d39-876bdfc24000> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.motherloderugby.org/about-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.985945 | 439 | 1.953125 | 2 |
|Bosilevac, Joseph - Mick|
|Kalchayanand, Norasak - Nor|
Submitted to: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Publication Type: Peer reviewed journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 8/11/2008
Publication Date: 10/1/2008
Citation: Harhay, D.M., Guerini, M.N., Arthur, T.M., Bosilevac, J.M., Kalchayanand, N., Shackelford, S.D., Wheeler, T.L., Koohmaraie, M. Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination on hides and carcasses of cull cattle presented for slaughter in the United States: an evaluation of prevalence and bacterial loads by immunomagnetic separation and direct plating methods. 2008. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74(20):6289-6297. Interpretive Summary: Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 are foodborne pathogens that are of great concern to beef producers and consumers alike. Cattle are noted as frequent reservoirs of these pathogens, and ground beef has been implicated as the mode of transmission in multiple foodborne outbreaks. In this study, we examined the prevalence and load of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 on the hides and carcasses of cull cattle at slaughter. Samples were collected during the summer, fall, winter, and spring seasons in four geographically distant regions of the United States. Pathogen prevalence on hides and carcasses was not found to be significantly affected by sample season. However, significant differences were observed between plants with respect to incoming pathogen load and the ability to mitigate hide to carcass transfer. In spite of these differences, antimicrobial interventions employed at all four plants significantly reduced contamination between pre-evisceration and post-intervention carcasses. These data represent the most comprehensive characterization of pathogen prevalence and levels in U.S. cull cow processing plants to date.
Technical Abstract: Hide and carcass hygiene of cull cattle at slaughter, in four geographically distant regions of the United States was examined from July 2005 to April 2006 by measuring the aerobic plate count (APC), and the prevalence and load of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. The geometric mean Log10 APC colony forming unit (CFU)/100 cm2 levels on hides, pre-evisceration and post-intervention carcasses ranged from 6.17 to 8.19, 4.24 to 6.47 and 1.46 to 1.96, respectively, and were highest in the summer (P < 0.0001). Average prevalence of Salmonella on hides, pre-evisceration and post-intervention carcasses was 89.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 85.1 to 94.0) and 50.2% (95% CI 40.9 to 59.5) and 0.8% (95% CI 0.18 to 1.42), respectively. Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was 46.9% (95% CI 37.3 to 56.6) and 16.7% (95% CI 9.8 to 23.6) on hides and pre-evisceration carcasses, respectively. Examination of the concomitant incidence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 showed that on average, 33.3% (95% CI 15.9 to 69.8) of cattle hides and 4.1% (95% CI 0.98 to 17.3) of pre-evisceration carcass samples were contaminated with both pathogens. Pathogen prevalence on hides and carcasses was not significantly affected by season, however, significant differences were observed between plants with respect to incoming pathogen load and the ability to mitigate hide to carcass transfer. In spite of these differences, multiple hurdle interventions employed at all four plants significantly reduced carcass contamination (P < 0.001). | <urn:uuid:3e1c7aeb-4744-4f28-8bb0-1cf995b917fd> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=224423 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721174.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00283-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93237 | 835 | 2.265625 | 2 |
FYI Bolens Starter / generator info.!
Posted December 04, 2011 - 03:58 PM
He said this starter / generator had no real vent holes and no cooling fan to prevent overheating. He said if the generator is forced to put out constant high voltage (when you have a bad battery or when the battery is drawn down and then you jump start it) it makes the generator put out high voltage and as such it gets very hot and can overheat it and cause damage. He advised to always make sure the battery is good and to also put a tender charger on it if it sits for long periods of times. He said this should prevent it from overheating.
I supposed they didn't put holes or cooling fans on these because they didn't want to worry about dust getting inside.
I thought I would pass this on!
- Bruce Dorsi, wvbuzzmaster, KennyP and 2 others have said thanks
Posted December 04, 2011 - 04:01 PM
Posted December 04, 2011 - 04:34 PM
Posted December 04, 2011 - 05:15 PM
These normally operate at temperatures around 250 degrees.
Like mentioned above,
The main thing to remember about these units is that they are meant to just maintain the battery's charge while running and are not meant to be charging a heavily drained battery all the time. | <urn:uuid:b80579f2-1f13-44b8-a25d-4d3d5d74b503> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gardentractortalk.com/forums/topic/9939-fyi-bolens-starter-generator-info/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96312 | 278 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Making its UK premiere, Performing Sustainable Worlds is a documentary about the challenges of building a society for all ages and the power of coming together across generations. This playful and thought-provoking documentary tells the story of community theatre workshops and performances that took place in Sheffield, Jinja (Uganda) and Nanjing (China) in 2015/16.
The film’s first UK public screening will be followed by a reception with the local cast and accompanied by a multimedia exhibition about ‘Intersection’, an arts and social research project about intergenerational justice, consumption and sustainability. The exhibition will include some early research findings, photography, and intergenerational creative writing from a workshop with acclaimed Sheffield poet Helen Mort. For more information about Intersection see:sheffield.ac.uk/intersection | <urn:uuid:5035a73c-5a75-42aa-9c77-d0749c328bc3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/performing-sustainable-worlds-film-screening-and-exhibition-tickets-26702277230 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00290-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928231 | 166 | 1.648438 | 2 |
The President is committed to securing the homeland against 21st century threats by preventing terrorist attacks and other threats against our homeland, preparing and planning for emergencies, and investing in strong response and recovery capabilities.
- Launched a comprehensive, cutting-edge strategy to fight transnational organized crime.
- Presented President Obama’s National Strategy for Counterterrorism in a speech at SAIS named “Ensuring al-Qa’ida’s Demise."
- The Administration successfully has managed several natural disasters and ongoing relief efforts, including deadly tornados in Joplin, MO and Tuscaloosa, AL. The DHS played a lead role in federal response efforts following the BP oil spill in the Gulf.
- Announced a new U.S.-Mexico border initiative.
- Concluded cyberspace policy review.
- Concluded Surface Transportation Security Assessment.
The President’s highest priority is to keep the American people safe. He is committed to ensuring the United States is true to our values and ideals while also protecting the American people. The President is committed to securing the homeland against 21st century threats by preventing terrorist attacks and other threats against our homeland, preparing and planning for emergencies, and investing in strong response and recovery capabilities. We will help ensure that the Federal Government works with states and local governments, and the private sector as close partners in a national approach to prevention, mitigation, and response.
The National Security Strategy, released May 27, 2010, lays out a strategic approach for advancing American interests, including the security of the American people, a growing U.S. economy, support for our values, and an international order that can address 21st century challenges.
Defeat Terrorism Worldwide
Administration also intends to provide $5 billion in assistance through the Shared Security Partnership over the next several years to enhance the ability of our partners to improve their own security and work with us to defeat terrorism worldwide.
Strengthen Our Bio and Nuclear Security
Attacks using improvised nuclear devices or biological weapons, as well as outbreaks of a pandemic disease, pose a serious and increasing national security risk, We will focus on reducing the risk of these high-consequence, nontraditional threats:
- Ensuring that decision-makers have the tools they need to manage disease outbreaks by linking health care providers, hospitals, and public health agencies. By building on America's unparalleled talent and through international partnerships, we can create new drugs, vaccines, and diagnostic tests, and manufacture them more quickly and efficiently.
- Strengthening our nuclear security by enhancing our nuclear detection architecture and ensuring that our own nuclear materials are secure. By establishing well-planned, well-rehearsed, plans for coordinated response, we will also ensure a capability that can dramatically diminish the consequences of chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear incidents.
Improve Intelligence Capacity and Information Sharing
Gathering, analyzing, and effectively sharing intelligence is vital to the security of the United States. In order to prevent threats, including those from terrorism, we will strengthen intelligence collection to identify and interdict those who intend to do us harm. The information we collect must be analyzed as well as shared, and we must invest in our analytic capabilities and our capacity to share intelligence across all levels of government. As we grow our intelligence capabilities, the President is also committed to strengthening efforts to protect the privacy and civil rights of all Americans.
Ensuring a Secure Global Digital Information and Communications Infrastructure
The United States is an increasingly digital nation where the strength and vitality of our economy, infrastructure, public safety, and national security have been built on the foundation of cyberspace. Despite all of our efforts, our global digital infrastructure, based largely upon the Internet, is not secure or resilient enough today and future purposes. Effectively protecting cyberspace requires strong vision and leadership and will require changes in policy, technology, education, and perhaps law.
- Soon after taking office, the President called for a comprehensive review of the security and resiliency of the global digital infrastructure, a top priority in his administration.
- By harnessing the efforts of all parts of the U.S. Government in partnership with academia, the private sector, the civil liberties community, international partners, the Congress and state and local governments, the United States will continue to innovate and adopt cutting edge technology, while enhancing national security and the global economy.
Promote the Resiliency of our Physical and Social Infrastructure
Ensuring the resilience of our critical infrastructure is vital to homeland security. Working with the private sector and government partners at all levels will develop an effective, holistic, critical infrastructure protection and resiliency plan that centers on investments in business, technology, civil society, government, and education. We will invest in our Nation's most pressing short and long-term infrastructure needs, including modernizing our electrical grid; upgrading our highway, rail, maritime, and aviation infrastructure; enhancing security within our chemical and nuclear sectors; and safeguarding the public transportation systems that Americans use every day.
Pursue Comprehensive Transborder Security
To address transnational threats effectively, we must take a comprehensive approach to securing our borders, including working with international partners, state and local governments, and the private sector. The President supports efforts to develop and deploy technology to maximize port security without causing economic disruption, and enhancing the security of key transportation networks—including surface, air, and maritime networks—that connect our nation and the world. However, we must also work to address issues such as immigration that are directly related to our ability to effectively secure our borders.
Ensure Effective Incident Management
The Obama Administration has already effectively managed several domestic events, including severe winter ice storms throughout the Midwest and record flooding in North Dakota and Minnesota. Our goal is to improve coordination and to actively listen to the concerns and priorities at all levels of government. In doing so, we can create better evacuation planning guidelines, increase medical surge capacity, and increase Federal resources and logistics to better support local emergency planning efforts. Additionally, we will develop detailed interagency contingency plans for high-risk attack and disaster scenarios and test these plans through realistic exercises. Finally, we support efforts to provide greater technical assistance to local and state first responders and dramatically increase funding for reliable, interoperable communications systems. | <urn:uuid:89c131a9-49e2-4845-b8f1-461e3482e422> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/issues/homeland-security | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.932891 | 1,288 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Because the trees in the park are being trimmed we have received 3 piles of fresh mulch to be used by the tree adopters to apply the annual ring of mulch around their tree. The mulch was also used around the Farmer's Market area to mitigate the earth compaction from the extra foot traffic around the stalls. Check the google map -- the pink pins are where the mulch was dropped.
Bring yourself a bucket or wheelbarrow and a spade.
HOW TO MULCH
Each young tree should have a 2 to 4-inch deep ring of mulch chips around its trunk to conserve soil moisture, reduce soil compaction, suppress grasses and weeds, and help prevent damage from mowers and weed whackers. Apply mulch in a circle covering the entire root system of a tree (about 2 feet), keeping it at least 6 inches from the base of the tree trunk. Most of the fine, absorbing roots of a tree extend well beyond the tree canopy, or drip line. Over the season the mulch will break down and be absorbed into the earth. If you have some, sprinkle about a cup (max) of bone meal around the tree before mulching as this will add nitrogen to the soil which is good for the tree's roots and is used by the mulch as it breaks down.
The biggest no-no when mulching is to create a “mulch volcano” that is six to eight inches high around and touching the base of the tree. This results in the decay of the bark and will girdle the tree by killing the vascular tissue under the bark, foster infection, create a breeding ground for bad pathogens, and can create habitats for rodents that chew the bark. (Yikes!) Volcano mulching also traps moisture around the tree trunk and root flare, leading to decay and, eventually, structural failure. | <urn:uuid:624caabe-39b1-45d3-b280-938e47f98d7f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://trinitybellwoods.ca/adopt-a-tree/tree-news/1078-mulch-piles-available.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00124-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95065 | 380 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Hyphens vs underscores in element names
haustein at ls8.cs.uni-dortmund.de
Wed Jan 26 14:48:17 GMT 2000
> One of the more popular arguments between the development team for
> FieldML regards a convention for the naming of elements and
> attributes in our ML collection.
> Can anyone suggest any compelling reasons for going either way?
Consistency: you are already using capitalization in FieldML
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More information about the Xml-dev | <urn:uuid:27d67cc7-2c9d-496f-a0c5-d6c009167a7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mailman.ic.ac.uk/pipermail/xml-dev/2000-January/019262.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.733849 | 259 | 1.5 | 2 |
The Smart City Institute is an academic institute dedicated to the thematic of Smart Cities that aims at stimulating research, teaching, innovation and entrepreneurship in the field of the “Smart City”. The SCI aims to contribute to the general development of smart cities by training future managers, developing research, entrepreneurship and innovation The SCI proposes to approach this thematic from a managerial angle (while collaborating with other disciplines (necessary multidisciplinary approach).
Why they joined the co.mobility ecosystem?
One of the main objectives of the Smart City Institute (SCI) is to facilitate the sustainable value creation between actors thanks to networking and thanks to an access to multidisciplinary skills. This is exactly what Co.mobility proposes. The 8 challenges reflect our current interest of research in the field of mobility as the SCI is currently working on a practical handbook for municipalities on Smart Mobility. We hope to contribute to the project by supporting and challenging corporate participants. | <urn:uuid:6cd4cd3e-3ff7-4022-b830-f8a9626bde8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://co-mobility.be/ourpartners/smart-city-institute-wallonia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.925901 | 194 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Label: Baby 4-6 months
Help! My baby doesn’t want to eat baby food.
Do you have a baby who’s just started to eat baby food? Read parents’ tips on how to whet the appetite of those tiny diners.
First baby foods around the world – What do Italian babies eat?
Baby food is usually introduced at the age of about six months in Sweden. But what about other countries? Bettina Gamba tells us about baby food in Italy.
How the 5 senses develop during baby’s first year
Babies have blurry vision during the first three months. If they could see as sharply as we adults do, the number of impressions would be overwhelming. Learn how the senses evolve during your baby’s first year.
When do babies crawl?
Learn more about an exciting time in life. We’ve asked a pediatric orthopedist to explain a baby’s development from a tiny bundle to a baby who moves around independently. | <urn:uuid:fb4818b9-db9a-471e-86a3-a5b73f6d37ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.babybjorn.com/tag/baby-4-6-months/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950556 | 209 | 2.5625 | 3 |
It is autumn, the season of change! In the north, the hottest days of summer are past. Each day is shorter than the last. Trees will begin to turn bright colors. Soon it will be time for hot cocoa and warm coats.
Far to the south, across the equator, spring has arrived. The days are growing longer. The weather is warmer. Soon flowers will be blooming. They bring the promise of summer's heat and new life.
The reason for these changes has to do with the Earth's yearly trip around the sun. For part of the year the Earth's North Pole points away from the sun. Part of the time it points toward it. This is what causes our seasons. When the North Pole points toward the sun, the sun's rays hit the northern half of the world more directly. That means it is warmer and we have summer. But, when the North Pole is pointed toward the sun, the South Pole is pointed away. So the Earth south of the equator gets less warmth from the sun. It is winter there.
Summer is even warmer and winter is colder because of the length of our days and nights. In the summer, daylight lasts longer and nighttime is shorter. In winter, the days are shorter and the nights longer. That means there is more time for the sun to warm us during long summer days. Short winter days have long, cold nights.
The longest day is in the middle of summer. North of the equator, it happens on June 21st or 22nd. It is called the summer solstice. The shortest day is in the middle of winter. This happens around December 21st or 22nd north of the equator. It is called the winter solstice.
There is a special day in between summer and winter. On this date, day and night are each 12 hours long. This is called the autumnal equinox. It is the first day of fall north of the equator. It is the first day of spring in the southern half of the world.
In between winter and summer there is another equinox. It is called the vernal equinox. One day and night are each 12 hours long. This change is the first day of spring north of the equator. It is the start of fall to the south. | <urn:uuid:c3692fde-413c-485e-a5cc-1fc48692000f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/home/feature_autumn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960785 | 475 | 4 | 4 |
Cash loans comes from america as early as the 1900s, if financial institutions obtained a borrower’s upcoming salary for a measure below the income.
In the uk, payday loan creditors include regulated from the Financial run influence (FCA) and must observe the guidelines that control them. Essentially the most famous legislation in this industry put a cap on interest, a cap on standard fees and a cap on payment range attempts using a consistent amount authority.
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You use the facts merely’ve presented within application form with the ideas throughout our personal data plus the critical information that people receive back through the account referral agency to generate an instant purchase on the product. It is crucial that an individual accurately fill in the form to make sure that we’ve access to most of the correct information to help united states examine the application. When help and advice you may provide don’t complement all of our records we might must want more info to continue using your product.
The audience is a principal bank, perhaps not a brokerage, and in addition we make all our financing decisions our-self.
Kindly take you moments if signing up to consider all the questions within application as that assists united states generate our very own investment. As soon as the application form happens to be posted, there is certainly better waiting a chance to find the end result of on the web application. We’ll show you straightaway in the event that you’ve become sanctioned together with the quantity of financing your personal line of credit happens to be recommended for.
Entire process comes about on the web and your very own Polar financing profile can be obtained for you to use right after an individual eSign their financing accord. | <urn:uuid:5e82457f-645e-4f39-bf19-38d5580b2fe6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jlc.md/payday-advance-loans-option-a-flourished-in-1990-s/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.94815 | 853 | 1.59375 | 2 |
I think of my vegetable garden as one big science experiment of the kind that I was not allowed to do at home when I was ten, on account of the colossal mess I generally made. (God, adulthood is wonderful!)
I’ll plant a bit of the tried and true in my garden, but my real interest is vegetables so weird, some of them can’t even be found in Elizabeth Schneider’s great giant encyclopedia, Vegetables from Amaranth to Zucchini.
Some of these experiments work. Some of them don’t even bother to poke their heads above ground. I imagine the seeds stirring briefly in the soil and then grumpily turning over and going back to bed, muttering, “This is not Sri Lanka! Are you out of your mind? This is upstate New York.”
Fortunately, there are experiment enablers, seed catalogs like Fedco, Baker Creek, and the giant Seed Savers Exchange that allow me to come to informed conclusions such as, “Red eggplants are pretty, but too seedy to be really useful in cooking.” (I tried three different varieties this year, including the extra-exciting but foul-tasting ‘Cannibal Red Tomato Eggplant’, formerly used to sauce cannibal meals.)
As much as I love my farmer’s market farmers, I could not get information like this from them. They are not mad scientists. They can’t be, really. They have to grow what will sell.
By now, the value of keeping the genetic diversity of vegetables alive is well-established. And to a great extent, that will be up to gardeners. Seed banks, as important as they may be come the apocalypse, cannot possibly preserve every variety of every edible plant. Check out this great 2007 New York Times piece by Elizabeth Rosenthal about the struggle to save unique Italian varieties that threaten to die out with the elderly gardeners and small farmers who maintain them. The scientific term for these ancient vegetable varieties developed over many generations without the assistance of lab technicians is “landraces.”
Of course, I’m only really contributing to the cause of genetic diversity as a consumer. I’m not out there collecting old varieties all over the world and saving the seeds of the best plants for future generations. I’m in here in the kitchen, roasting or sauteing the diversity.
But I am supporting the people who do save these unique varieties. And totally, totally amusing myself in the process. The seeds of some weird unfamiliar vegetable? Absolutely the most fun, legal or illegal, that anybody can have for $2.
on November 5, 2010 at 5:02 am, in the category Eat This. | <urn:uuid:4c20cfbd-f25b-4079-8658-868be11aa201> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sunspangledgardens.com/give-seeds-a-chance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941833 | 573 | 2 | 2 |
- A microcomputer that is portable and suitable for use while traveling
- Jesse Hartman is a musician, filmmaker and actor, living in New York's East Village.
- a portable computer small enough to use in your lap
- A laptop is a personal computer designed for mobile use that is small and light enough for a person to rest on their lap.
- Fix or mend (a thing suffering from damage or a fault)
- a formal way of referring to the condition of something; "the building was in good repair"
- restore by replacing a part or putting together what is torn or broken; "She repaired her TV set"; "Repair my shoes please"
- the act of putting something in working order again
- Put right (a damaged relationship or unwelcome situation)
- Make good (such damage) by fixing or repairing it
- Steven (Paul) (1955–), US computer entrepreneur. He set up the Apple computer company in 1976 with Steve Wozniak and served as chairman until 1985, returning in 1997 as CEO. He is also the former CEO of the Pixar animation studio
- (job) occupation: the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money; "he's not in my line of business"
- (job) profit privately from public office and official business
- (job) a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee; "estimates of the city's loss on that job ranged as high as a million dollars"; "the job of repairing the engine took several hours"; "the endless task of classifying the samples"; "the farmer's morning chores"
Gymnastics display #3
Lower Broadway, Aug 2008 - 49
This little kid did a handstand, which is something I certainly can't do in my current condition ... but it didn't seem like he was going to do anything more exotic than that. Perhaps he did; I got bored after a few seconds, and moved on...
On a bright, sunny Wednesday afternoon, I ventured down to 23rd Street and 6th Avenue to drop off my laptop computer for a repair job. Afterwards, I thought I would walk over to Broadway and stroll up the street to see if I could find some interesting pictures; and then I got the crazy idea to take a cab down to the very end of Broadway -- near the Staten Island Ferry -- and walk all the way up Broadway to my neighborhood on 96th Street.
But then I decided that Broadway probably wouldn't be very interesting until I reached Canal Street ... so I had the cab-driver drop me off there, and began my walk northward. Who knows how far I would have gotten if I hadn't been distracted by a lively farmer's market in Union Square -- on 14th Street? Anyway, there's much more of Broadway to cover, and if I have the time and energy over the next few months, perhaps I will cover the entire length of this longest street in New York City, which extends all the way through Manhattan, Bronx, and into Yonkers...
Couple in auto repair shop standing with mechanic
Young couple in auto repair shop standing with mechanic looking at laptop | <urn:uuid:c6ddd27b-f3ef-4287-a962-b94f38beeafe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://sites.google.com/site/kohlertoiletrepairs/laptop-repair-jobs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00394-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968236 | 655 | 2.140625 | 2 |
One of the major symptoms of diabetes is the blurring of the image that is experienced by the diabetics. The high level of sugar in the blood may result in two conditions—diabetic retinopathy (blocked retina) and cataract (cloudy lens), both of which can cause permanent blindness. Over time, both these conditions get worse, thus hampering complete vision.
How Diabetes Affect Retina
Diabetic Retinopathy: Increased blood sugar trigger higher levels of free radicals, thus making all the arteries in the body, including retina, susceptible to damage. Free radicals in the body increase the stickiness of the arterial linings and lead to fat deposits in the arteries due to which they get blocked and swelled. New weaker vessels develop after the old ones are blocked. These underdeveloped vessels lead to fluid leakage in the vitreous, making it difficult for light to enter the retina. The resultant injury may cause retina to contract or detach from the wall of the eyeball, further affecting the vision and streamlining the chances of recovery.
How Diabetes Affect Lens
Cataract: This is another insidious complication of diabetes. High levels of blood sugar alter the chemical makeup of the lens molecules, resulting in development of whitish, cloudy and hazy look on the lens of the eye. This is called cataract. The lens becomes opaque and light does not pass through it, resulting in blurry vision. The more your lenses become opaque, the more it affects the vision. Subsequently, there is a complete loss of vision to the affected eye.
Glaucoma: High blood sugar in diabetes can lead to the development of earlier stages of glaucoma, according to a finding by the American Diabetic Association. In glaucoma the optic nerve, which is responsible for carrying visual messages to brain gets damaged. It is due to the increased pressure on the fluids present in the eye ball.
Stroke has also been seen as a potential cause of blindness in diabetics. During the course of stroke, there is loss of blood supply to the affected areas of the brain due to which they stop functioning. If the stroke affects the visual cortex, it may cause blindness.
To safeguard your vision against blindness caused by diabetes, it is important to control your blood sugar level, blood pressure and cholesterol. One must also visit an ophthalmologist regularly.
Read more articles on Eye Problems and Diabetes
Blindness in millions of cases is a direct result of diabetes. Read this article and get detailed information.read more
Cosmetic fillers can cause irreversible eye damage when injected into the forehead, warn doctors at the Retina Vitreous Associates Medical Group in Los Angeles.read more | <urn:uuid:535b143a-0021-4504-9ed9-125f78a87bf4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.onlymyhealth.com/how-does-diabetes-cause-blindness-1298015159 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00205-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929643 | 556 | 3.359375 | 3 |
I know what you’re thinking: An article called “Useful Tools” is probably about that guy who you know at the bar who keeps buying rounds of drinks but you can’t stand him. I mean he’s trying, and that’s cool, but he’s just terrible at being a person. Still… free beer right? Also he took you and your buddies out to his boat that time, and that was cool, but man you just can’t bring women around this dude. No. Not that kind of “Useful Tool”.
This series of articles highlights websites and resources that are useful for crafting comedy. This may be the comedy you plan to perform on stage, or just “punching up” your facebook and twitter feeds. Regardless, these are tools you want in your comedy toolbox, you know… along with all the whoopie cushions and clown noses.
If you haven’t been visiting Snopes.com you’ve probably been putting your foot in your mouth online and you didn’t even know it. Did you repost the link warning facebook was going to sell your images to 3rd party websites? Oops.What about those pictures of the Easter Island Heads having bodies? Or those giant skeletons people keep digging up? Well the only consistent place to find out what’s true and what’s not is Snopes.
Is this real? Snopes will know. Also… AHHHHHH!
Why is this important to comedy? Because your audience weighs its reactions to your jokes based on what it knows to be true and not true. Make a joke about a crazy story circulating and if the audience already knows it to be false, they won’t care about your punchline. It’s no different than keeping your jokes current to technology or pop culture. If you’re going to be a current events comedians, or more probably make current events jokes on twitter, you have to know what is and is not an actual story.
Of course you might think the usefulness of Snopes ends after current event stories, but that’s not true. Even stories about the more famous urban legends are useful for a comedian. The classic urban legends are globally known, and even if they aren’t true, people still believe them or at least know of them. Do a joke about Bloody Mary, or those supposed young gang members that kill anyone who flash their brights at them. These are part of our common world view, and can be reasearched on Snopes.com
Look into mirror. Order this 5 times.
So bring your comedy up to the next level with this little research tool. Snopes.com is the key to avoiding embarasment as one of the beliving masses of the latest cultural falicy. It’s also the tool you need to make fun of it.
What’s your best “Bloody Mary” joke?
What’s your favorite urban legand?
Leave your answers in the comment section below. Keep it turned to Crave for all the best in funny articles, and articles about how to be funny on your own! | <urn:uuid:1ec32302-9457-4372-b6fe-104315f91779> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.craveonline.co.uk/site/190129-useful-tools-1-snopescom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00252-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946283 | 671 | 1.625 | 2 |
Wrexham (Welsh: Wrecsam) is a county borough centred on the town of Wrexham in north-east Wales. The county borough has a population of 130,200 inhabitants. Just under half of the population live either within the town of Wrexham or its surrounding conurbation of urban villages. The remainder living to the south and east of the town in more rural areas.
The county borough was formed on April 1, 1996. Borough status was inherited from the town of Wrexham, granted over 150 years ago. Most of the area was previously part of the district of Wrexham Maelor - with several communities coming from Glyndwr - in the county of Clwyd.
The area includes a portion of the eastern half of the former county of Denbighshire (although not forming part of the modern county of Denbighshire), and two former exclaves of Flintshire - Maelor Saesneg and the parish of Marford and Hoseley.
Wording courtesy of http://www.wikipedia.org/
If you have photographs or knowledge of the area and would like to contribute we would love to hear from you. Original work only please - you must own the copyright. | <urn:uuid:e5237b61-9de0-4803-baa1-b3dd5f488f72> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://s377927284.onlinehome.us/indexinn/countries/united_kingdom/wales/wrexham/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00345-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966118 | 257 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Tom Humphrey, an ex-student at Eton College, has recently launched a new iPad app called “Lingo – Tangible Translation”, designed to help language learners by combining the speed of online translation services with the learning experience of dictionaries and a built in notebook.
The application is available for French, Spanish and Italian translations and is specifically designed with language students in mind. It combines the speed of modern translation tools, with dictionary style definitions, a convenient wordlist feature and a built in notebook.
It works very simply. All you need to do it enter or copy the text you’re working on into the app and let Lingo get to work. Tap the words you don’t know and watch as the dictionary style definitions instantly appear, creating a personalised wordlist (you’ll need internet connection for this). With the vocabulary on display you can focus on translating each sentence allowing you to progress through your text quickly.
If you want to write some notes or a rough translation simply slide your text across to reveal the notes panel and start typing. Your notes and wordlist will be saved together with the text. Once you’re done you can email them separately or together to an address of your choice.
What you do with that email is up to you. Print off the wordlist if it makes it easier to learn, or print your notes and text to be filed away for future reference. For each language, all your wordlists will combine to create an up-to-date master wordlist. The master wordlist is then neatly organised to help your future learning, placing the words that you’ve looked up most at the top of the list.
The app has become a hit on the iTunes Store, racking up hundreds of downloads and achieving an average customer rating of 4.5 out of 5.
We spoke to Tom to ask him some questions about his idea and how he went about turning it into a functioning application.
TranslateMedia : How did you come up with the idea for the app?
Tom: A year ago I read a book called The Dumbest Generation which detailed the damaging effects of technology on education. I had a year previously decided that the tech sector was where I wanted to build a career so naturally Mark Bauerlein’s work induced strong feelings. I started looking for possible openings in the crossover area between education and tech where I could potentially make a difference and stumbled across the O2 Think Big / Golden Gekko Appskool competition. A friend and I entered and won the competition (he dropped out shortly after we had won) with a ‘kitchen sink’ of an idea. After a few weeks last summer of trying to purify and simplify this larger idea, we realised that it simply was not feasible with our budget.
So having won the competition I went back to square one and came up with a new idea for a languages app. I had done Spanish GCSE and was aware of the negative effects Google Translate was having on learning in the classroom; there is always going to be a tendency among students to leave things to the last minute, at which point instant translation looks a lot more attractive than a dictionary. Separately I also noticed that the students who wrote their own personal lists of vocabulary did much better in tests. Lingo was based on both of these pieces of information as it attempts to bridge the gap between dictionary and machine translation, producing personal wordlists at the same time.
TranslateMedia : What made you decide to develop the app for the iPad?
Tom: I made the choice early on to build it for one platform, so that more money could be allocated to development work. The screens on phablets and phones were too small for what we needed, and of the tablet producers we went with Apple because of their strong education credentials.
TranslateMedia : What were the biggest challenges you faced turning your idea into a fully functioning application?
Tom: At the time I was studying four A-levels (Maths, Physics, Latin, History) so trying to split my time between those and the app was obviously a challenge. There were of course all the usual cliches such as not getting bogged down in the detail, learning when to let things in my vision slide and when to push back on the developers and say that a feature was a deal-breaker.
But what I found was the most interesting challenge was selling it (it’s free by the way) to my friends as a tool. Because there are tools like Google Translate that will do it all for the student instantly, more and more I found myself becoming a Jamie-Oliver-like figure who was trying to take away my friends turkey twizzlers and replace them with healthier food. The current trend in tech is very much about speed, and my generation whether consciously or sub-consciously has come to take Moore’s law for granted. I certainly got the feeling when showing friends the app, that slowing down the process of translation so that the users mind could actually do some learning en route to the answer was very much going against the grain, although there are some parallels if you look at Maths A-level and the calculator restrictions that have been imposed there over the last 20 years.
Going forward the challenge for us will continue to be the balancing act between adding features that attract users whilst not adding features that diminish learning.
TranslateMedia : Where were the developers or engineers of the app located and did this present any challenges?
Tom: The developers were mostly in Cambodia, so the app was built through email conversations. Quite early on I realised that there was going to be a lot of wireframe drawing and scanning at my end simply because a paragraph of text leaves too much room for misunderstanding. I tried to specify as much as I could and the suggestions that came from the developers were more than up to the task of filling in bits I had left unspecified.
TranslateMedia : How did you go about testing the app?
Tom: Golden Gekko did all of the functionality testing, which was brilliant as it allowed me to focus on the design/user experience.
TranslateMedia : How well has the app been received by users (students/teachers)?
Tom: We had a 1000 downloads in the first week, naturally this has tailed off a bit now schools are wrapping up for the summer. But hopefully as students head back we’ll see a boost in the number of downloads again.
TranslateMedia : How happy are you with the results?
Tom: For me getting the app out and working was a big milestone, and I was extremely happy with v1. That said I don’t think you can really be in this sector and be completely happy with a product, you have to keep improving it.
What do you think could be improved?
TranslateMedia : Thanks Tom. I’m sure you’ll get there.
Watch this space!
If you’d like to download and try Lingo, it’s available free on the Apple iTunes Store.
Or watch a video of Lingo in action. | <urn:uuid:51b836e0-99e9-4567-aa58-5ee3d67358b6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.translatemedia.com/translation-blog/interview-with-the-creator-of-lingo-a-new-language-learning-app-for-ipad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00334-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974438 | 1,475 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Described as “one of the primary sources for the study of ceremonial magic,” Francis Barrett’s The Magus first published in 1801 was a collection of “the works of the most famous magicians, such as Zoroaster, Hermes, Apollonius, Simon of the Temple, Trithemius, Agrippa, Porta (the Neapolitan), Dee, Paracelsus, Roger Bacon, and a great many others…”
Once one of the rarest and most sought after 19th century grimoires, The Magus was primarily a compendium of occult books, in particular Three Books of Occult Philosophy and Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy by German occultist, alchemist and theologian Cornelius Agrippa, together with Italian philosopher, doctor and astrologer Peter d’Abano’s Heptameron – a book of ritual magic for conjuring angels over a seven day period. Barrett adapted these texts and included his own writings on the occult, ritual magic and rites, demonology, the Devil, an occult history, biographies of magicians, various occult notations and his drawings of angels, demons and the anti-Christ.
Francis Barrett was born in London circa 1770, and was a student of chemistry, metaphysics and natural philosophy. He hoped The Magus would rekindle interest in the occult and included an advertisement that read:
THE Author of this Work respectfully informs those who are curious in the studies of Art and Nature, especially of Natural and Occult Philosophy, Chemistry, Astrology, &c. &c. that, having been indefatigable in his researches into those sublime Sciences, of which he has treated at large in this Book, that he gives private instructions and lectures upon any of the above mentioned Sciences; in the course of which he will discover many curious and rare experiments. Those who become Students will be initiated into the choicest operations of Natural Philosophy, Natural Magic, the Cabala, Chemistry, the Talismanic Art, Hermetic Philosophy, Astrology, Physiognomy, &c. &c. Likewise they will acquire the knowledge of the Rites, Mysteries, Ceremonies, and Principles of the ancient Philosophers, Magi, Cabalists, Adepts, &c.–The purpose of this School (which will consist of no greater number than Twelve Students) being to investigate the hidden treasures of Nature; to bring the Mind to a Contemplation of the Eternal Wisdom; to promote the discovery of whatever may conduce to the perfection of Man,. the alleviating the miseries and calamities of this life, both in respect of ourselves and others; the study of morality and religion here, in order to secure to ourselves felicity hereafter; and, finally, the Promulgation of whatever may conduce to the general happiness and welfare of mankind.–Those who feel themselves thoroughly disposed to enter upon such a course of studies, as is above recited, with the same principles of philanthropy with which the Author invites the lovers of Philosophy and wisdom, to incorporate themselves in so select, permanent, and desirable a society, may speak with the Author upon the subject, tit any time between the hours of Eleven and Two o’clock, at 99 Norton Street, Mary-le-Bonne.
Letters (post paid) upon any subject treated of in this Book, will be duly answered, with the necessary information.
After its publication in 1801, The Magus caused a revival of interest in the occult and ritual magic, and was highly influential on such diverse people as the Masons, the founder of the Church of Latter Day Saints Joseph Smith, and infamous occult author and ritual magician Eliphas Levi.
A copy of The Magus can be read here. | <urn:uuid:12944b7f-3177-4d73-ba51-f70d9d82e7dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://flashbak.com/occult-drawings-of-angels-demons-and-the-anti-christ-from-1801-27502/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00404-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93915 | 785 | 2.359375 | 2 |
A Study on the Education and Modernization of Basic Education in the Northeast of Thailand
Abstract: This research paper aims to a) study the educational modernization and use of technology and b) summarize the problems of using modern media and technology in the basic education of the Northeastern region of Thailand. There are four educational modernization and technology utilization in the Northeastern region, which area) a comprehensive STEM education model, b) distance learning via television, c) the three innovations principle, and d) education and learning on community-based water management for agricultural vocational students for five pilots Colleges of Agriculture and Technology by applying science, technology, and Innovation (STI). It was found that the existing problems in the modernization of the basic education in the region can be summarized into three main points: a) the problems of using media and information technology, which can be sub-divided into three areas: (i) information technology (IT), (ii) e-learning, and (iii) IT knowledge and experience b) problems and obstacles of the needs in information technology; and c) problems and needs of competencies and skills for IT teaching staff and instructors.
Presider: Gabriela Ripka, Chair of School Pedagogy, University of Wuerzburg | <urn:uuid:ccc54658-ca76-487a-a60e-3f31ca2414ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://academicexperts.org/conf/edmedia/2021/papers/58883/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.906418 | 254 | 2.421875 | 2 |
185,000 sleeping Assyrian soldiers were killed by an angel of the Lord. And when they woke up the next morning "behold, they were all dead."
The angel of the LORD went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians an hundred fourscore and five thousand: and when they arose early in the morning, behold, they were all dead corpses. 2 Kings 19.35, Isaiah 37.36They probably all woke up and said in unison (as is customary in the Bible), "Shucks, I'm dead."
God's next killing: God caused King Sennacherib to be killed by his sons | <urn:uuid:e92ea6ad-b454-47a9-8aa7-1da787af64ab> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://dwindlinginunbelief.blogspot.com/2010/03/gods-98th-killing-angel-killed-185000.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719416.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00365-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982864 | 131 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Japan: Industrial production growth slows in April
May 31, 2018
Industrial production moderated in April, growing 0.3% on a month-on-month and seasonally-adjusted basis, down from March’s revised 1.4% increase (previously reported: +1.2% month-on-month). April’s performance marked the third consecutive month of expansion but fell short of market expectations of a 1.3% increase.
The categories that contributed most to the month-on-month increase were transport equipment; general-purpose, production and business-oriented machinery; and fabricated metals. Gains were partially countered by slowdowns in the manufacture of electronic parts and devices, electrical machinery, and chemicals.
On an annual basis, industrial output grew 2.5% in April, accelerating slightly from the 2.4% expansion registered in March. Annual average growth in industrial production ticked down from 4.1% in March to 3.8% in April.
The Survey of Production Forecast showed that manufacturers were slightly more optimistic in May. They expected industrial production to have expanded 0.3% in May, contrasting the 1.6% decrease forecast in the previous survey. However, manufacturers expect industrial output to fall 0.8% in June. | <urn:uuid:88777c14-48a0-4095-b230-803e2443fd43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/japan/news/industry/industrial-production-growth-slows-in-april | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.952251 | 267 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Lying Supine Dumbbell Curl
This is another biceps exercise where you lay down to isolate the muscles you are working. This is an advanced exercise.
- Lie on a flat bench with your head at one end and your feet planted firmly on the floor.
- With a dumbbell in each hand, palms facing in, bring your arms down to your sides, hanging off the bench.
- Slowly raise your arms up until they are level with your chest, then curl the dumbbells twisting your palms so your forearms touch your biceps.
- Slowly lower your arms to the starting position,
- Practice the motions of this exercise with light weights to become familiar with the movements. | <urn:uuid:7cd9835e-02d1-49be-8227-a5d2547201da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.freeworkoutlog.com/exercises/biceps/dumbbell/lying-supine-dumbbell-curl | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.902544 | 172 | 2.234375 | 2 |
In the midst of heatwave conditions, even for La Mancha in August, a small team from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) returned to Barrax to conduct a second set of reflectance measurements. Our aim was straightforward: collect surface reflectance (specifically hemispherical-conical reflectance factor – HCRF) data to internationally recognised fiducial reference measurement (FRM) standards, coincide with the satellite overpasses of Sentinel-2A, the twin Sentinel-3 pair orbiting in tandem, PROBA-V and Landsat 8 – all within a measurement window of 90 minutes. So the date was set for Thursday the 2nd August 2018.
On Wednesday morning, the day before the overpass, we found ourselves in the familiar surroundings of the Barrax – Las Tiasas experimental farm, greeted by clear blue skies. We set to work assessing the current crop conditions and formulating plans for the next day. The plan was to take two sets of measurements within the overpass window – one over the low reflectance alfalfa field (from the pea family) and one from high reflectance bare soil.
At the height of summer, most fields in the vicinity were not cultivated, except where the rotating hydration system was activated (hence the circular fields). The image below is the Sentinel 2 image on the day. Although it would appear at a glance that most of the area was in a ‘bare soil’ phase, in reality the closest fields to the green alfalfa area contained crop or other debris from previous farming cycles, so discounted as test sites. After some walking around two sites were selected, all we had to do was wait for the satellites!
Plots, of dimension 200 m by 200 m, were paced out using GPS, and measurement locations within these plots marked with flags. Every preparation was made to save time in the critical period of the following day – a schedule was scrupulously prepared to account for every precious minute of the multi-overpass window.
As Thursday dawned, the team set out provisioned with copious water supplies. At each point, the spectroradiometer was normalised to the reference Spectralon panel (tuning the sensor configuration: integration time, etc.) with two panel reflectance measurements made either side of four reflectances measurements. With bare soil readings completed, we rapidly shifted operations to the alfalfa field and took a further set of measurements there, carrying the heavy calibration panel and other equipment through the dense field all the while watching out for the (well-concealed) irrigation channels that criss-crossed the field. At the time of the overpass it was easy to imagine the satellites zooming over ahead, though of course invisible to us in the bright skies. A couple of hours spent shunting all measurement and calibration equipment around the fields in 40 degree temperatures was sufficient to complete our practical work, in time for a late lunch of refreshing gazpacho soup at the local roadhouse cafe.
We are now in the process of analysing the results, and, furthermore, applying FRM techniques to these data.
Thank you to Dr José González Piqueras and Alonso Garrido, of the Universidad de Castilla La Mancha (UCLM), for generously assisting with logistics and storage of equipment. Their department does a great deal of work on both Earth Observation and long-term in-situ monitoring at this field site – check out their website (in Spanish – click small flag for the English version). We’d also like to thank ‘super-sub’ Dr Paul Green, of NPL, for stepping up to the plate to very ably assist with transport and field assistant duties. | <urn:uuid:2ab1f1f5-4ee0-43b6-a1bb-da38bc627e01> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://frm4veg.org/2018/09/03/the-return-to-barrax-las-tiesas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.943747 | 771 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to gain insight in the aerodynamic performance of a venturi-shaped roof (called VENTEC roof). The simulations are performed with the 3D steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the Renormalisation Group k-epsilon model. A detailed analysis is conducted of the influence of the so-called venturi-effect and the wind-blocking effect on the aerodynamic performance of the VENTEC roof. The specific roof configuration is intended to create a negative pressure in the narrowest roof section (contraction) which can be used to partly or completely drive the natural ventilation of the building zones. The CFD simulations are based on a detailed grid-sensitivity analysis and on successful validation of the grid-independent results by comparison with experiments in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. The simulations show that the aerodynamic performance of the roof is governed by the balance between the so-called venturi-effect on the one hand and the wind-blocking effect on the other hand. The venturi-effect cannot act to its full extent because the flow is non-confined. The wind-blocking effect refers to the effect of the resistance exerted by the roof contraction on the air flow and the resulting tendency of the approaching wind to flow around and over the roof, rather than only being forced through the roof contraction. The results indicate that because of the wind-blocking effect, the highest contraction ratio does not provide the best aerodynamic performance and the largest negative pressure, which is a counter-intuitive result. The paper also provides a parametric analysis to optimise the roof contraction height and contraction ratio. The study in this paper illustrates the use of CFD to increase insight in building aerodynamics and to support sustainable building design. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:c1084124-35cf-45fd-b25e-974f9bc7c4c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/324563 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00159-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922334 | 380 | 2.484375 | 2 |
I need some information Hello: I would like to know how can I study medicine in the UK; I don't have any qualifications in the UK, execpt for my high school in my country. I don't have any A levels, but also I ma studying an ESOL course in the UK. What can I do? Also what hava to do a qualified nurse to became a doctor? Thank you so much for youe help!! | <urn:uuid:c29b8a7b-08de-45da-b99e-40ce903bea18> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://medstudent.org/threads/access-to-medicine-web-sites.1947/page-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00054-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985968 | 89 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Join Eve Porcello for an in-depth discussion in this video Setting up React tools with Chrome, part of Learn React.js: The Basics (2015).
- React works well in all browsers…but there are some great developer tools available…as Chrome Extensions.…To install these extensions, you just navigate…to the Chrome Webstore in the Chrome browser.…The first extension we'll install is the React Detector.…So I'm just going to search for "react detector" here.…Then I will click on the button that says "Free"…and I'm going to add this to my browser.…The React Detector is going to let me know…whenever I'm on a page that has React code in it.…
So for example, if I refresh AirBnB,…we'll see the little logo here in our search bar.…Now that I know that this page has React on it,…I really wanna see the React components…that are on this page…and what the state of the DOM is.…So now I need to install the React developer tools.…This extension is going to let me see all of that.…So I'm going to type "react developer tools"…and I'll install this the exact same way.…I'll add this to my browser.…
Alright, I'm gonna switch over to my AirBnB tab,…and I'm going to hit Refresh.…
- What is React.js?
- Introducing JSX
- Creating a React component
- Handling events
- Using state
- Defining parent/child relationships
- Adding child elements
- Mounting and updating components
- Creating a React.js app
Skill Level Beginner
Up and Running with AngularJS 1with Ray Villalobos1h 20m Intermediate
1. What is React.js?
2. Getting Started
3. React Components
4. Parent/Child Relationships
5. Component Life Cycle
6. Creating an App
Next steps1m 5s
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1:30Press on any video thumbnail to jump immediately to the timecode shown. | <urn:uuid:35f21ef1-9d2c-4b88-818f-5fbdc8522761> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.lynda.com/React-js-tutorials/Setting-up-React-tools-Chrome/379264/413768-4.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00016-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.849904 | 497 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Located in Napa County in Northern California, Napa Valley is a designated American Viticultural Area and one of the foremost wine-producing regions in United States and the world. In fact, in a 1976 blind taste test hosted and conducted by French wine experts, wines from Napa Valley won against renowned French wines in every category. But it's more than just a place to sample some great wine: Napa Valley’s rolling hills, lush vineyards and seasonal mustard fields provide an array of stunning scenery, and if you’re interested in experiencing the full beauty of the area, many local companies offer hot-air balloon tours.
A variety of mostly locally owned tour agencies specialize in hot-air balloon rides above Napa Valley. Napa Valley Balloons Inc. has been in operation for more than 28 years and boasts a combined flight time of more than 19,000 hours. Napa Valley Aloft Inc. has operated for more than 30 years and offers smaller, private-party flights over the valley. Balloons Above the Valley has not been in operation for quite as long, but has won countless awards, including San Francisco news station KRON4’s “Best of the Bay” award. Other popular Napa Valley hot-air balloon tour agencies include Calistoga Balloons and Bonaventura Balloon Company of Napa Valley.
Since hot-air balloon routes vary depending on wind and weather, no Napa Valley balloon tours have a set list of tour sites. However, you are sure to see plenty of scenic vineyards and wineries, such as Monticello, Domaine Chandon and Stags Leap, as well as numerous wildflowers mustard fields. In the case of inclement weather conditions, some agencies offer the option to take off from one of the valleys adjacent to Napa, but if you opt not to do this, you typically receive a full refund.
Cool, early morning weather provides the best conditions for hot-air ballooning, so most Napa Valley balloon tours meet up at least 30 minutes prior to sunrise and take off as soon as it is light enough to enjoy the scenery. Typically, the actual flight lasts around an hour, but including preparations and post-flight celebration, you can count on spending up to about four hours total on the excursion.
By law, all balloon pilots must be FAA certified to fly with passengers. In fact, most Napa Valley balloon pilots come with many years of experience, often in piloting a variety of aircraft. In most cases, your pilot also will serve as your tour guide, pointing out sights of interest, providing area history and answering any questions.
Most companies advise that you wear multiple layers of light clothing, since the temperature will gradually rise as the balloon rises above the cool valley and as the as the sun comes up. You also should wear a pair of rugged shoes, as the balloons launch from and land in fields.
Pre-flight breakfast and post-flight brunch is included in the price of most balloon flights. Some companies provide a more extensive menu than others, but nearly all serve local wine or champagne with your post-flight brunch. Some Napa Valley balloon companies even offer special vacation packages that provide for lodging and/or ground tours of local wineries.
- sonoma and napa valley, california image by Chee-Onn Leong from Fotolia.com | <urn:uuid:b9df6e2a-b280-4bdf-9396-b1deec498053> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://traveltips.usatoday.com/napa-valley-balloon-tours-31204.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00141-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953074 | 694 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Door glass is held in place by wood molding. The pane typically is not glued in, but may have a light bead of caulk or silicone around the perimeter to cushion the glass slightly. This type of installation is straightforward, making it easy to replace the glass if it is cracked or broken, or if you just need a change of pace. You can replace the glass in almost any door in about an hour with the use of hand tools.
Insert the tip of a nail into the bottom cylinder of the door hinges. Tap straight up on the end of the nail with a hammer to drive the pin up and out of the hinges. Grab the door with both hands and pull it loose from the jamb. Place it flat across two sawhorses. This interior side of the door should be facing up.
Insert the tip of a putty knife between the molding and the side of the door. There will be molding around the perimeter of the glass. Insert the tip of the knife behind any one of the pieces of molding and pry it out.
Insert the tip of a chisel into the opening that you created with the putty knife. Pry hard enough to loosen the brads holding the molding to the side of the door. Twist the putty knife until the molding pops completely off the door. Remove the molding on all four sides of the glass.
Pull all the nails from the molding and door with diagonal pliers. Place the pieces of molding in order so that you can put them back on in the same order.
Insert the tip of the putty knife behind the glass, pry it up and remove it from the door with your fingers. If there is a small amount of sticky material on the opposite side, lift the glass slowly until the glass pulls free.
Scrape the inside of the opening with the putty knife. Scrape off any residual caulk, debris or putty from the area where the glass was.
Run a small bead of clear silicone caulk around the perimeter where the old glass was. Place the new glass into the opening. Press the glass with your fingers to flatten the silicone slightly.
Place the molding back on the door in the same order that you removed it. Hold the molding down tight against the glass. Use a pin nailer to shoot 1-inch pin nails through the molding pieces at a 30-degree angle. The pin nails should angle directly over the edge of the glass and penetrate into the sides of the opening in the door. Install all four pieces of molding in the same manner. Shoot four pin nails evenly spaced through each piece.
Putty the nail holes using a color-matched putty crayon. Place the door back on the hinges and install the pins.
Things You Will Need
- Putty knife
- Diagonal pliers
- Silicone caulk
- Pin nailer
- 1-inch pin nails
- Putty crayon
- When ordering new glass, always order it at least 1/8 inch shorter in width and length than the opening. Door glass should not fit tight; some room must be left to allow for expansion and contraction of the wood in the door. If possible, use the piece of glass you removed to get an accurate measurement for the replacement pane.
- Always wear safety glasses when working with wood.
- Hemera Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:ebc3fabb-1c5f-4589-a6a3-14a2e2bfd091> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/replace-pane-glass-door-38287.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719155.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00334-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903311 | 709 | 2.09375 | 2 |
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Washington, D.C., Nov. 26 –Dangerous or toxic toys can still be found on America’s store shelves, according to U.S. Public Interest Research Group’s 28th annual Trouble in Toyland report. The survey of hazardous toys found that despite recent progress, consumers must still be wary when shopping this holiday season.
The report reveals the results of laboratory testing on toys for toxic chemicals including lead, cadmium, and phthalates, all of which can have serious adverse health impacts on the development of children. The survey also found small toys that pose a choking hazard, extremely loud toys that threaten children’s hearing, and toy magnets that can cause serious injury if swallowed.
“We should be able to trust that the toys we buy are safe. However, until that’s the case, parents need to watch out for common hazards when shopping for toys,” said Jenny Levin, U.S. PIRG Public Health Advocate.
For 28 years, the U.S.PIRG Trouble in Toyland report has offered safety guidelines for purchasing toys for small children and provided examples of toys currently on store shelves that pose potential safety hazards. The group also provides a quiz to help educate parents and others about toy-related hazards.
Key findings from the report include:
- Toys with high levels of toxic substances are still on store shelves. We found several toys with high lead levels including a toddler toy with 29 times the legal limit of lead (2900 ppm), and play jewelry for children with 2 times the legal limit (200 ppm). We also found an infant play mat with high levels of the toxic metal antimony, and a child’s pencil case with high levels of phthalates and cadmium.
- Despite a ban on small parts in toys for children under three, we found toys available in stores that still pose choking hazards.
- We also found toys that are potentially harmful to children’s ears and exceed the noise standards recommended by the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.
- We discovered small powerful magnets that pose a dangerous threat to children if swallowed.
Over the past five years, stronger rules have helped get some of the most dangerous toys and children’s products off the market. Improvements made in 2008’s Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act tightened lead limits, phased out dangerous phthalates, and required independent third party testing. However, not all toys comply with the law, and holes in the toy safety net remain.
“The CPSIA gave new authority to the CPSC to protect children from unsafe products. Mandatory toy standards, lower lead limits, independent third party testing, and increased port inspections stop more dangerous toys than ever before from reaching toy shelves,” stated Rachel Weintraub, legislative director and senior counsel at Consumer Federation of America. “Parents and all consumers should have more confidence in the products they may own or consider purchasing but should also continue to do the right research to select the safest and most appropriate gifts for the children on their gift lists. Manufacturers should ensure they comply with the law. Continued CPSC enforcement and adequate funding is necessary to further protect our nation’s children.”
Patty Davis, a spokesperson for the CPSC who attended the event, stated, “Toys are safer now than they have been in the past. Seizures of defective toys at U.S. ports are up. Nearly 10 million units of toys have been stopped at ports over the past five years. These were potentially dangerous toys that did not make it into our stores or into the hands of children.”
“Our leaders and consumer watchdogs need to do more to protect America’s kids from the hazards of unsafe toys – no child should ever be injured, get sick, or die from playing with a dangerous toy,” said Levin. “Standards for toxic chemicals like lead, cadmium, and phthalates remain too weak to protect kids from potentially dangerous exposures.”
To download our Toy Tips or the full Trouble in Toyland report, click here.
# # #
U.S. PIRG, the U.S. Public Interest Research Group, takes on powerful interests on behalf of its members, working to win concrete results for our health and our well-being. www.uspirg.org
Your tax-deductible donation supports U.S. PIRG Education Fund’s work to educate consumers on the issues that matter, and the powerful interests that are blocking progress.
You can also support U.S. PIRG Education Fund’s work through bequests, contributions from life insurance or retirement plans, securities contributions and vehicle donations. | <urn:uuid:772acdc7-3106-46da-8356-a5c8754f7756> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.uspirgedfund.org/news/usp/survey-finds-dangerous-toys-store-shelves-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00576-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951196 | 989 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Publication number||US4275339 A|
|Application number||US 06/106,201|
|Publication date||Jun 23, 1981|
|Filing date||Dec 21, 1979|
|Priority date||Dec 21, 1979|
|Also published as||CA1177880A, CA1177880A1, DE3069603D1, EP0031026A2, EP0031026A3, EP0031026B1, EP0031026B2|
|Publication number||06106201, 106201, US 4275339 A, US 4275339A, US-A-4275339, US4275339 A, US4275339A|
|Inventors||Michael J. Burke, David W. Collins|
|Original Assignee||International Business Machines Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (7), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (33), Classifications (6)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The invention is directed to brushless D.C. motors and more particularly a winding configuration and control circuitry that increase efficiency and reduce heat generation while protecting circuit components against excessive voltages.
A D.C. motor is usually wound using independent windings without regard for the need or advantage associated with the balancing of cross coupled induced voltages. In brushless DC motor designs a common method of protection for the switching transistors, used to selectively energize the windings, is the provision of a diode in association with each winding or such diode in association with each winding in conjunction with a common zener diode. Diode protection may take the form of individual diode circuits from each winding circuit intermediate the winding and switching transistor to a power source having a higher potential than the supply voltage. By using a common zener diode connected in series with the individual diode circuits, the power source connection can be made to the winding power supply to thereby avoid the provision of an additional power supply voltage. This circuit requires the expense of the zener diode which is used solely to dissipate energy that not only creates heat and requires cooling, but also consumes energy without useful result other than circuit protection.
In the present invention the stator is bifilar wound with, as shown in the description, at least two bifilar pairs wound to provide alternate pairs of windings about the stator periphery. The switching is accomplished with transistors that have a reverse poled diode respectively connected in parallel with each transistor. Such a diode is often used to provide a path around the transistor to afford protection for the transistor against reverse voltage transients from any source that may appear in an inductive drive circuit. The cooperating rotor surrounds the stator and presents permanent magnet pole faces that confront the stator.
The motor is operated by sequentially energizing single windings with each successively energized winding being in a bifilar winding wire pair different from the pair of the next preceding winding. When a winding is deenergized the decay of the magnetic field induces a reverse flow, back into the power supply, through the other winding of the bifilar pair as a result of the close coupling. This current, permitted by the reverse pole diode, not only protects the transistor which is turned off but also supports the magnetic field in the stator which produces a torque in the same direction as the original current in the winding that was turned off. A capacitor connected between the power supply input and the common connection to the emitters of transistors T1 through T4 conserves the power within the system.
The winding technique used to form windings of the bifilar winding pairs includes the use of overlapping subwindings whose axes are separated by an angle of approximately one-half the angle separating the axes of symmetry of adjoining winding pairs. This construction permits not only the generation of an angularly narrower magnetic pole with higher torque per ampere, but in addition produces a more compact winding configuration.
FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a motor including rotor and stator assemblies.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the sequence of winding the bifilar winding pairs on the stator corein accordance with the instant invention.
FIG. 3 shows the pole positions established by energizing each of the windings and the progression of the poles by sequential energization of the windings.
FIG. 4 shows a logic circuit for controlling the energizing of the windings.
FIG. 5 is a timing diagram of the relationship of the input signals to the circuit of FIG. 4 as a function of rotor rotation.
FIG. 6 shows the motor windings circuit including the switching transistors and back poled protection diodes.
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows an exploded view of the principal parts of the motor. The rotor includes a ring 17 of magnetically permeable metal with a ring 18 of permanent magnet material bonded to the interior cylindrical surface of ring 17. The ring 18 of magnetic material has formed therein four permanent magnet poles at 90° intervals with like poles being 180° apart. The metal ring 17 is pressed into the housing 20 to constrain the housing 20 and rings 17, 18 to rotate in unison. The stator 22 includes the core lamination winding assembly 23 and a base 24 which are interconnected by three bolts 25. Housing 20 has a depending central shaft (not shown) which extends through a sleeve 26 and is secured by a nut 27. The sleeve 26 is pressed into the inner races of bearings 29 and to permit the rotor to rotate freely about stator 22 with the ring 18 of magnetic material surrounding the stator core lamination/winding assembly 23. The winding individual leads 31 and the common lead 32 extend from the terminal stator slot locations through a slotted opening 33 in base 24. The wires are wound through the slots 34 in the core laminations 35 in accordance with the sequence of steps shown in FIG. 2. The bifilar winding wire pairs are wound about the core lamination stack 34 and thereafter the windings 38 are compressed or crushed to reduce their volume and potted in epoxy 37.
FIG. 2 shows the steps used in winding the two bifilar winding wire pairs on the stator with the stator slot locations indicated by the numbers 1 through 16 about the periphery of the ring 36 which represents a bottom view of the core lamination stack.
Steps 1, 3, 5 and 7 show the windings location of the phase 1 (P1) and phase 3 (P3) bifilar winding wire pair and steps 2, 4, 6 and 8 illustrate the winding locations of the phase 2 (P2) and phase 4 (P4) bifilar winding wire pair. With reference to step 1, the P1/P3 wires are wound with the initial half of the windings 47 through slots 1 and 5, the final half of the windings 48 through slots 2 and 6 and the lead 49 being finally terminated in slot 5. The termination in slot 5 places the P1/P3 wires in position to start the next sequence of windings using this winding wire pair in step 3. Referring now to step 2, the winding wire bifilar pair composed by phase 2 (P2) and phase 4 (P4) winding wires are wound with the first half of the first winding turns through slots 3 and 7 (starting from slot 3), the second half of the first winding turns through slots 4 and 8 and terminating at slot 7 in preparation for step 4 when the next winding of P2/P4 is initiated. In step 3 the P1/P3 pair is wound with the initial half of the winding turns between slots 5 and 9, the second half of the winding turns between slots 6 and 10 and terminating at slot 9. At step 4 bifilar pair P2/P4 is wound with the initial half of the turns between slots 7 and 11, the final half of the turns between slots 8 and 12 and terminates at slot 11. During step 5 the P1/P3 pair is wound to form a subwinding of half the turns using slots 9 and 13 followed by a subwinding of half the turns using slots 10 and 14 and terminating at slot 13. Using the P2/P4 bifilar pair in step 6 the initial half number of turns are formed using slots 11 and 15, the final half number of turns use slots 12 and 16 and the wire pair is terminated through slot 15. The final winding of wire pair P1/P3 is wound by halves using slots 13 and 1 and thereafter using slots 14 and 2 with the wires finally extending through slot 1. Accordingly the P1/P3 wires both start and terminate the four winding set by passing through slot 1. Finally in step 8 the subwindings of the P2/P4 wire pair are wound in slots 15 and 3 followed by 16 and 4 and terminate through slot 3 whereby these wire pairs both start and end by passing through slot 3.
FIG. 3 shows the magnetic pole patterns created by energizing the winding phases P1 through P4. By sequencing the energization of the windings in the order P1, P2, P3, P4 the pole pattern processes in a counterclockwise direction in 45° increments with each winding phase change. Similarly a clockwise procession would be established by a P4, P3, P2, P1 sequence.
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the circuit for energizing the bifilar winding phases using a pair of trains of clock pulses H1 and H2 (FIG. 5) which are 45° out of phase with one another. The true and complement values of the H1 and H2 input signals are generated using inverters with the various combinations of input signals being decoded by open collector AND gates 41, 42, 43 and 44. The 2 bit decode of H1 and H2 signals yields the 4 unique combinations which respectively activate windings P1, P2, P3 or P4 in the proper sequence. As shown in FIG. 5 the combination of input signals or pulses gives a P1, P2, P3, P4 phase sequence.
FIG. 6 illustrates the circuit for controlling the energization of the windings wherein transistors T1, T2, T3 and T4 function as switches for turning on and turning off the current flow to windings P1, P2, P3 and P4 respectively. Each of the switching transistors T1 through T4 has respectively connected in parallel therewith a reverse poled diode 45. Also connected between the input voltage +V and ground in parallel with the windings P1 through P4 is a capacitance 46.
During operation, the motor windings are sequenced by energizing the lines 51, 52, 53 and 54 singly in that order. When T1 has been on causing a current to flow through winding P1 and is turned off, the potential at node A starts to increase. To prevent a potential increase at node A from damaging transistor T3 the reverse poled diodes 45 are provided. When the potential at node A rises and the potential at node B drops until the diode in parallel with transistor T3 turns on effectively preventing a further rise of the potential at node A. The close coupling of the other winding P3 of the bifilar pair and the presence of the reverse poled diode 45 in parallel with transistor T3 permits a current to flow through winding P3, which is wired in the reverse direction, into the power supply. The capacitor effectively stored the energy which is transferred to the power supply by the reverse flow. Accordingly, the diode in parallel with transistor T3 effectively protects the transistor T1 against damage that might occur if the potential at node A were to rise excessively. In addition the ability of winding P3 to conduct a reverse flow of current to the power supply not only conserves energy otherwise wasted, but also reduces the heat dissipation problems occasioned by the dissipation of energy through a resistance.
Since the sequence of energized windings causes windings to be consecutively energized in different bifilar winding pairs; as shown, alternately between the two bifilar pairs, the diode protection of the switching transistors is fully effective and the induced current in the closely coupled and reverse wired other bifilar winding of the pair produces a torque in the same direction that assists the desired operation.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US3428837 *||Apr 21, 1966||Feb 18, 1969||Imc Magnetics Corp||Small angle stepping motor with offset permanent magnet rotor having axially located pole shoes|
|US3482156 *||Jul 19, 1966||Dec 2, 1969||Porath Nachum||Permanent magnet rotor type motor and control therefor|
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|US4125792 *||May 12, 1975||Nov 14, 1978||Papst Motoren Kg||Brushless D-C motor|
|US4127801 *||May 16, 1977||Nov 28, 1978||The Superior Electric Company||Power chopper supply for a bifilar wound stepping motor|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4547714 *||Jan 3, 1984||Oct 15, 1985||Papst-Motoren Gmbh & Co. Kg||Low magnetic leakage flux brushless pulse controlled d-c motor|
|US4739346 *||May 9, 1986||Apr 19, 1988||Advanced Color Technology, Inc.||Drive system and method for ink jet printer|
|US4843500 *||Apr 14, 1987||Jun 27, 1989||Papst-Motoren Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage drive|
|US5128819 *||Apr 9, 1991||Jul 7, 1992||Papst-Motoren Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage drive with radially extending motor shield|
|US5422769 *||Apr 14, 1994||Jun 6, 1995||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Spin motor for rotating a storage disk in a disk drive|
|US5424887 *||Aug 16, 1993||Jun 13, 1995||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Disk storage drive|
|US5446610 *||Apr 19, 1993||Aug 29, 1995||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Disk storage device having a brushless DC drive motor|
|US5557487 *||May 30, 1995||Sep 17, 1996||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Disk storage drive having particular diameter relationship and axial compactness|
|US5708539 *||Jun 2, 1995||Jan 13, 1998||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage drive|
|US5729403 *||Apr 17, 1995||Mar 17, 1998||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Disk storage drive|
|US5774302 *||Jun 6, 1995||Jun 30, 1998||Papst Licensing, Gmbh||Spin drive motor for a disk storage device|
|US5777822 *||Jun 2, 1995||Jul 7, 1998||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Disk storage drive|
|US5801900 *||Jun 6, 1995||Sep 1, 1998||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Disk storage device, with hub and drive motor rotor features|
|US5834873 *||May 23, 1995||Nov 10, 1998||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Brushless three-phase dc motor|
|US5877916 *||Apr 1, 1997||Mar 2, 1999||Papst; Georg F.||Disk storage device with stator-rotor positioning providing improved spindle torque and acceleration|
|US5946161 *||Apr 16, 1998||Aug 31, 1999||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Disk storage device having a labyrinth seal|
|US6005746 *||Apr 1, 1997||Dec 21, 1999||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage device with improved spindle torque and acceleration|
|US6271988||Jan 29, 1999||Aug 7, 2001||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage device with improved spindle torque and acceleration|
|US6344946||Oct 26, 1999||Feb 5, 2002||Papst Licensing Gmbh||Disk storage device with improved spindle torque and acceleration|
|US6888327 *||Jul 25, 2000||May 3, 2005||Robert Bosch Gmbh||System for protecting a power semiconductor output stage that switches an inductive load|
|US7902714 *||Oct 3, 2008||Mar 8, 2011||Sheng-Chung Lee||Motor stator|
|US20090021100 *||Jul 19, 2007||Jan 22, 2009||Sheng-Chung Lee||Stator Structure of External-rotor Motor|
|US20100084940 *||Oct 3, 2008||Apr 8, 2010||Sheng-Chung Lee||Motor stator|
|USRE34412 *||Oct 18, 1990||Oct 19, 1993||Papst-Motoren Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage drive having motor drive with non-corrodible hub|
|USRE35792 *||Apr 1, 1997||May 12, 1998||Papst Licensing, Gmbh||Disk storage drive|
|USRE37058||Mar 4, 1997||Feb 20, 2001||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage device having contamination seals|
|USRE38178||Jun 18, 1999||Jul 8, 2003||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage device having an underhub spindle motor|
|USRE38179||Jun 18, 1999||Jul 8, 2003||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage device having a three-phase brushless DC underhub configured spindle motor|
|USRE38601||Jun 18, 1999||Sep 28, 2004||Papst Licensing, GmbH & Co. KG||Disk storage device having a radial magnetic yoke feature|
|USRE38662||Jun 18, 1999||Nov 30, 2004||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage device having a sealed bearing tube|
|USRE38673||Jun 18, 1999||Dec 21, 2004||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage device having a hub sealing member feature|
|USRE38772||Nov 17, 1999||Aug 9, 2005||Papst Licensing Gmbh & Co. Kg||Disk storage device having an undercut hub member|
|EP0696103A1 *||Aug 1, 1995||Feb 7, 1996||Performance Controls, Inc.||High-speed constant-horsepower motor|
|U.S. Classification||318/400.26, 318/400.41|
|International Classification||H02P6/12, H02K29/00| | <urn:uuid:6beff5f6-817b-4fed-ba2d-8a79933d4e41> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.google.com/patents/US4275339 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00572-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861801 | 4,239 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Owning a house can lead to countless worries and surprises. Tackle them one by one, with real solutions.You bought your first home - now what?
Nearly 6.4 million homes were purchased in the U.S. last year - and many of them are owned by young first-time buyers like you, who now find themselves wondering, What's next? And with the subprime crisis quickly becoming a general slide in the housing market, you're looking for guidance on how to stay on track financially.
With The Essential Guide for First-Time Homeowners, you'll get the crucial information that will make the difference between worrying about your home and loving every minute you spend in it -- or, at least, sleeping easily at night! Containing fun tips and timely reminders too, this audiobook, co-published with USA Today, gives you the lowdown on prioritizing purchases, maintenance and repairs, safety and security, homeowners insurance, neighbors and disputes, taxes, remodeling and working with contractors, decorating and renovating on a budget, mortgages and refinancing, tips for going green, and preparing your home for an eventual sale.
The Essential Guide for First-Time Homeowners could potentially save you and your family thousands of dollars -- and perhaps even your home. Listen in for the advice and tips you need to keep home ownership simple and fun! Includes eGuide with resources. Download and start listening now! | <urn:uuid:b358629c-e813-466b-8cd4-94868b51a7d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://audiobookstore.com/audiobooks/the-essential-guide-for-first-time-homeowners.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00519-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964537 | 288 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Beckenham top bike suburb
Beckenham home to most cycle commutersANNA PEARSON
Beckenham is the bicycle belt of Christchurch when it comes to commuting, according to the 2013 census.
Opawa, Somerfield and Riccarton are not far behind, with at least one in 10 residents opting for an active start to the day.
About 16 per cent of Beckenham's nearly 1000-strong working-age population, who do not work from home or did not have the day off, reported biking to their workplace on census day.
Simon Kingham, a geography professor who lives in Beckenham, is one of them. He cycles to work at the University of Canterbury every day. "It saves my family having a second car. I get about 50 minutes exercise a day and it is much cheaper than going to a gym," he said.
"It is interesting that Opawa, Beckenham and Somerfield are all adjacent to each other. It could be that there is little through-traffic through those areas."
Kingham said cycling rates were not necessarily related to the wealth of an area.
"You would expect people with less money to cycle more, because they cannot afford cars, but cycling does not always work that way. It is a choice thing."
Somerfield resident Bonnie Davis cycles to her part-time job in Richmond a couple of times a week and also takes her young children out and about using a bike trailer.
Davis was not surprised at the data showing a high percentage of cycle-commuters in her area, because "you see people out all the time".
"Hauling kids in and out of the car is hard work and they enjoy [travelling by bike] a lot more. Christchurch is flat and depending on the winds, it is easy to get around."
Kingham said it would be great to see more people commuting by bike and Copenhagen-style separated cycle paths on the radar for Christchurch would help. "The main thing that stops people [biking] is a fear of traffic - they do not feel safe. The council are putting into practice what the research says they should be doing."
Census data shows Christchurch has a 7 per cent bicycle-commuting rate overall compared to the national average of 2.9 per cent, when those who work from home or did not go to work on census day are excluded.
Areas with lower percentages of bicycle commuters include Akaroa Harbour, Diamond Harbour, Temple-ton and Little River.
When walking and jogging are lumped in with cycling, areas such as Addington, Merivale, Mona Vale, Avon Loop, Riccarton and Wharenui come to the fore.
About 30 per cent of working-age residents in the Hagley Park, Akaroa and Cathedral Square areas reported walking or jogging to work on census day - the highest rate across all areas.
- The Press
Which memorial design do you like most?Related story: Christchurch earthquake memorial designs unveiled | <urn:uuid:d07c3a87-4d54-4daa-97d6-d59cb9be3105> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/9619418/Beckenham-top-bike-suburb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965212 | 631 | 1.640625 | 2 |
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In todays world, it's tough to be a teenager. With adolescence come changes, and with them come -- many challenges.
Does Teen Counseling Really Help?
It's not unusual for teens to feel a range of emotions: from anger, anxiousness or depression, to disconnection or confusion. More than ever, this is a time for them to feel connected as they learn and grow as individuals into adulthood.
For the struggling teen, one-on-one counseling with a therapist is not only beneficial, but it can become the catalyst that helps them to overcome obstacles, develop healthy interpersonal skills, and form lasting relationships.
Every teen responds differently to life changes. Some of the events that can impact their mental health include:
Birth of a new brother or sister
Death of a loved one
Moving to a new place--leaving friends behind while struggling to make new ones
Physical or sexual abuse
Divorce or separation of parents
There are many examples of situations that can affect a teenager's mental health. The most important thing as a parent is to recognize when there is a problem, and to seek help from a trained therapist.
So, does it really help? Most definitely. The therapeutic process can be extremely beneficial to a teen who may be going though a rough patch in their life -- needs to find a sense of hope, or is seeking a sense of purpose or direction in their life.
Why Motivations Counseling...
We provide a safe place where young adults or adolescents (ages 14-19) can be themselves, and can build a relationship where they feel understood. Our goal is to help them build their self-confidence and to develop better communication skills with peers and family. We understand the daily struggles teens face every day and are here to help your teen find peace, confidence, and sense of hope.
Call us today for a free 10-minute consultation to see if our approach and experience are right for you and your teen. | <urn:uuid:d6fd4567-c67e-44cc-be96-2ff3ae6682a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://motivationscounseling.com/counseling-services/teen-counseling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.939154 | 429 | 1.882813 | 2 |
How To Make Snow Cream With Sweetened Condensed Milk. The recipe will basically be the same: The consistency should be somewhat fluffy.
For chocolate, whisk the cocoa powder into the milk together before adding to the snow. Vanilla *** for this recipe, mix the milk and vanilla together and then gradually add snow until it is the consistency you prefer. How to make snow ice cream without milk.
Table of Contents
In A Small Bowl, Mix The Milk, Sugar, And Vanilla Together Until Well Combined.
You will need the bowl to be very full. For strawberry snow ice cream: Directions stir sugar, cream, and milk into a saucepan over low heat until sugar has dissolved.
It Makes A Snow Day All The More Fun When You Get This Cold, Creamy Treat.
I highly recommend popping the can of sweetened condensed milk in the refrigerator before making snow cream. Use about 10 cups of snow with 1 small can condensed milk (not evaporated milk, the thick sweet canned milk). It's traditionally a southern treat and i grew up eating it as a kid after big snowstorms.
Stir Until Desired Consistency Is Reached.
Put the bowl in the freezer, or outside in the snow, for 15 minutes or until cold (this will help prevent the finished snow ice cream from melting too quickly). Vanilla *** for this recipe, mix the milk and vanilla together and then gradually add snow until it is the consistency you prefer. If you live somewhere with snow, this simple sweet treat will be everything to you (and your kids) and will.
In A Large Mixing Bowl, Whisk Together 1 Cup Sweetened Condensed Milk, 1 Teaspoon Vanilla Extract And A Pinch Of Salt.
Snow ice cream recipe with sweetened condensed milk ingredients4 oz sweetened condensed milk2 tablespoons milk1 teaspoon vanilla extract (or another flavor you love)1 pinch salt4 cups clean snowtoppings are optional and fun. Simply use in place of the milk called for in the recipe. 8 cups or shaved ice snow 1 (14 oz) can sweetened condensed milk 1 teaspoon vanilla extract directions place snow or shaved ice into a large bowl.
2 Hot Cocoa Mix Packets Or ½ Cup Chocolate Syrup, Or To Taste;
Find out how to make snow ice cream with out milk. Mix 1 cup of milk, a tablespoon of vanilla extract 2/3 cup of sugar. Combine milk, sugar, and vanilla together and let the sugar dissolve. | <urn:uuid:db44fe7b-0855-4f03-af6d-999d28f4664c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://transaminasas.org/how-to-make-snow-cream-with-sweetened-condensed-milk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.872313 | 504 | 1.75 | 2 |
ClacRadio is an audio streaming program developed by ClacSoft and released on October 2012. The program enables users to listen to online radio stations available for the Spanish audience. These radio stations include RAC1, Rock and Gol, Ser Cadena Cope, and Cadena Dial, among many. The program is a freeware application. It is also available only in the Spanish language.
ClacRadio is a radio streaming program. The main feature is the audio delay function. Audio delay enables users to set the length of delay before playing the next station. This feature is useful when synchronizing the audio output of the radio with the video output from video streaming sites. This function also allows the program to preload the next audio track. This reduces the amount of buffer time that users have to wait for before listening to music. The length of delay can be set according to the number of seconds of delay. The program also features volume control function. Users can choose the desired volume level by toggling the volume slider. Users can also Pause or Continue listening.
ClacRadio features a classic grey interface. The interface displays the logo at the top, followed by the Radio station drop down list. The volume slider is located alongside the radio station chooser. The Pause/Continue button sits at the middle, and the audio delay input box at the bottom. The Apply button is available to commence the audio delay function. | <urn:uuid:013c9852-0e11-4b63-b5b1-69cae32eddd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.filefacts.com/clacradio-info | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00097-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904425 | 289 | 1.539063 | 2 |
George Weigel’s Evangelical Catholicism provides very interesting reading for a historian with pietist and Calvinist convictions who happens to teach at the University of Notre Dame. It is also greatly interesting to see a lay American Catholic, known for his conservative political convictions as well as for his comprehensive biography of John Paul II, address the inner life of his church with a mostly apolitical analysis.
The book is partly historical as it charts what Weigel describes a “deep reform” of the Catholic Church that began with Pope Leo XIII in the late nineteenth century, progressed gradually through the first decades of the twentieth century, received a strong impetus with the Second Vatican Council, and then accelerated rapidly under the pontificates of John Paul II and Benedict XVI (the book was written before the accession of Francis I). He depicts the 350 years from the time of Martin Luther to the First Vatican Council (1870) of Pope Pius IX as “Counter-Reformation Catholicism” during which the church featured strict internal discipline, morality defined in legal-juridical terms, and a tight “clerical caste system”—as often as possible abetted by cooperating governmental regimes. Weigel suggests that this stance was necessary for the Church to sail between the disruptive Scylla of Protestantism and the destructive Charybdis of the Enlightenment. But with the altered circumstances of the modern world that Leo XIII intimated and later popes appreciated fully, the Church has been moving toward a program of “evangelical Catholicism.”
But history is not Weigel’s central concern. Instead, his concern is to spell out what “deep reform” should mean and how “evangelical Catholicism” should take shape in the future. The mixture of history and prescription causes problems, since Weigel sometimes writes as if changes have taken place, or are in process of taking place, when he is actually urging changes that would implement his ideal of evangelical Catholicism. For example, on the question of civil and religious liberty, it is hard to trace a straight line from Leo XIII to John Courtney Murray and the latter’s contention that separation of church and state best fulfilled historical Catholic principles. Leo XIII famously cautioned American Catholics against becoming too enamored with the United States’ church-state arrangements, and he maintained the stance of Pius IX in calling the papacy “a prisoner of the Vatican” in order to protest the loss of the Papal States. These positions looked backward toward “Catholic Europe” much more than they did forward to the Second Vatican Council and its declaration on religious freedom, Dignitatis Humanae.
Again, it is hard to see how Weigel’s historical scheme properly accounts for much in Catholic history between 1520 and 1890 that in fact showed great creativity, unusual flexibility, or deep spirituality, like the culturally sensitive missionary efforts of the Jesuits from the mid-sixteenth century onwards, the world-wide devotional revival of the nineteenth century, or the outreach to the poor from the likes of Vincent de Paul and Marie of the Incarnation. But historical quibbles ought not dominate even a historian’s response to the book, since Weigel’s main concern is so obviously his appeal for systemic church reform.
The amazement that grew for me as the book unfolded was how very much of its exposition mirrors so exactly what I also would like to say to Catholic brothers and sisters from my perspective as an evangelical Protestant of Reformed convictions modelled by, say, Abraham Kuyper. The reasons for that amazement are worth spelling out in detail, before mentioning more briefly issues that merit some push back or at least seem to require further discussion.
In one of the very few serious evangelical Protestant assessments of the Second Vatican Council, David Wells wrote in Revolution in Rome about four possibilities he saw coming out of the seismic changes precipitated by the Council. Three of them, from Wells’s point of view, were negative: mass exodus from Catholicism by individuals who exploited the Council’s stress on human subjectivity by choosing simply to leave; unification between Catholics and the World Council of Churches on the basis of a watered-down theological liberalism; or capitulation to Latin American leftists who spoke of “liberation” but meant “Marxian class conflict.” The fourth possibility was that the Council’s positive stance toward Scripture would lead many Catholics to acknowledge that historical Protestant convictions charted the right way to go.
George Weigel has not embraced David Wells’s fourth possibility as such, but it is a near-run thing. The book’s development is almost entirely free of the criticism directed against Protestant evangelicals of the sort that had once been standard in such works (and that is still common in Catholic rhetoric wherever in the world active Protestant movements take in lapsed or inactive Catholics). There is also frequent enough reference to C. S. Lewis, N. T. Wright, and publishing projects like the Brazos Theological Commentary on the Bible to show that Weigel has benefited from a broad ecumenicity of Christian instruction. To be sure, he does pause to say that “his notion of a Church always in need of purification and reform is drawn not from the Reformation slogan ecclesia semper reformanda [the Church must always be reformed], but from within the Church’s deepest inner dynamics.” But, otherwise, Weigel’s energy is directed to a positive statement of reform that, when assessed from the angle of classical Protestantism, looks more than vaguely familiar.
The most obvious reason for thinking that Weigel is pursuing something like David Wells’s fourth option, though conspicuously without pausing to acknowledge that Luther and Calvin got it right, is his presentation of ten “characteristics” that set an evangelical Catholic “profile . . . of the future” and supply “standards for seeking deep reform in the church.” Remarkably, six of these characteristics say almost exactly what a Reformed Protestant like Abraham Kuyper would also advocate for a healthy Christian church, whether Catholic or Protestant. Thus, Weigel’s first characteristic is a strikingly pietistic affirmation: “Evangelical Catholicism is friendship with the Lord Jesus Christ.” Weigel does not employ the evangelical Protestant cliché, “personal relationship with Jesus,” but his repeated insistence that “friendship” with Christ must be the centre of day-to-day Catholic existence transforms what David Wells feared about the new emphasis on Catholic subjectivity into something that most evangelical Protestants would wholeheartedly affirm.
This first of Weigel’s characteristics is worlds removed from the Protestant polemical stereotype of Catholic sacramental theology as working merely ex opere operato—simply by being carried out. Official Catholic teaching has always held that a right disposition is required for sacramental grace to become efficacious, but one of the persistent Protestant complaints about practiced Catholicism has been its apparent formalism, institutionalism, and impersonalism—in other words, the mechanical actions of religion without the engaged heart. For Weigel, “deep reform” means the complete opposite of formal, institutional, or impersonal religion.
Weigel’s sixth characteristic describes an additional ideal that accords well with evangelical Protestant Christianity: “Evangelical Catholicism is a biblically centered form of Catholic life that reads the Bible as the Word of God for the salvation of souls.” In Weigel’s view, the key document of the Second Vatican Council was its dogmatic constitution on the Word of God, Dei Verbum, which he quotes at length on the power of Scripture (and the sacraments) to create and sustain friendship with Christ. He insists, as a consequence, that “daily reading of the Bible” should be the norm for Catholics. His own effective use of scriptural quotations shows that Weigel is already demonstrating a keystone of evangelical Protestant faith (though, of course, honest evangelical Protestants know that with lay reading of Scripture a considerable gap can lie between what we profess and what we practice). Weigel does acknowledge that the Council’s teaching about Scripture as an active guide for daily living “has not, in the main, taken place”—primarily because the Church has been too much influenced by the academic practice of historical-critical biblical scholarship. Yet with the leadership of Pope Benedict XVI, he sees real hope for a day when Catholics as a whole will embrace “St. Jerome’s axiom that ignorance of the Scriptures is ignorance of Christ” (which happens also to be a chief axiom for the most respected leaders of Protestant tradition).
Four other “characteristics” of Weigel’s evangelical Catholicism also sound like goals that many Protestants could also eagerly embrace, though without necessarily the Catholic accents found here. One is “a call to constant conversion of life, which involves both the rejection of evil, and active participation in the works of service and charity”—which sounds like standard Protestant teaching on “sanctification” or what David Bebbington’s widely used definition of evangelical Protestantism describes as “activism.” Another is Christian life in society as “both culture-forming and countercultural.” Still another is activity in the public square undertaken “with the voice of reason, grounded in Gospel conviction.” And the final one is eager longing for Christ’s second coming, while striving until that time to proclaim “the Gospel for the world’s salvation.” In this last characteristic, Weigel sums up much of his repeated desire that Catholics, from the papacy all the way down, be engaged in personal evangelism and commit themselves fully to missionary outreach aimed at converting others to Christ.
As if these six characteristics were not enough to cheer the heart of at least some evangelical Protestants, the four characteristics that sound more traditionally Catholic are all inflected in such a way as to bring them closer to what awakened Protestants desire for their own churches. The characteristic of evangelical Catholicism that he lists second affirms the continuing authority of “divine revelation” (which Protestant evangelicals also affirm) “in the teaching authority of the church.” But even this last qualification, which ties gospel faith to church structure in traditionally Catholic fashion, sounds at least vaguely Protestant when Weigel calls for obedience to bishops and the pope as a way for the evangelical Catholic to “let go of the imperial autonomous Self and be forged into a true member of the living Body of Christ.” Another characteristic affirms Catholicism’s seven-fold sacramental system, yet concentrates only on baptism and the Eucharist. About the former, Weigel holds up adult baptism, where “a man or woman has met the Lord, has been converted to friendship with him, and seeks incorporation into his Body and the forgiveness of sins through this first of the sacraments,” as the essential “baptismal paradigm” that best communicates the function of this sacrament to begin the journey of friendship with Christ. About the latter, he strongly advocates at least weekly celebration of the Eucharist, but in almost the same terms that important Protestant leaders like Luther, Calvin, or Thomas Cranmer articulated as well.
Another of his characteristics is liturgically centred worship taking its norms from ancient church traditions and recent liturgical reforms. This is not a common goal among evangelical Protestants, but neither is it completely unknown. His characteristic that sounds the least Protestant of the ten stresses the need for “hierarchically ordered” church leaders, but even that goal is softened when Weigel adds that alongside traditional hierarchy there should be respect for a variety of vocations. That variety includes “the lay vocation,” which Weigel defines as “evangelism” of non-believers, but also evangelism of “all those parts of ‘the world’ to which the laity has greater access than those who are ordained: the family, the mass media, the business community, the worlds of culture, and the political arena, for example.”
With these latter four characteristics, Weigel clearly differentiates his ideal from what classically orthodox Protestant reformers would seek. Yet even here, much of the tone and a good deal of substance comes close to paralleling what Protestant ideals like “the priesthood of all believers” and the Christ-honouring potential of all legitimate lay vocations would also affirm.
Once Weigel has patiently defined what he means by evangelical Catholicism, the last three-fifths of the book outlines the specific reforms he hopes can flow from that foundational commitment—for bishops, the priesthood, the liturgy, the vowed religious, lay vocations, intellectual life, public advocacy, and the papacy. Catholics will have their own reactions to the particulars of Weigel’s proposals. Readers of all sorts will not be surprised to see him stress sanctity of life from conception to natural death as a non-negotiable foundation of Catholic public advocacy, or to hear him appeal for episcopal discipline against the “many Catholic politicians” who do not follow the Church’s social teaching and who, in other ways as well, reveal themselves as nothing but “baptized pagans.” Evangelical Protestants will recognize that a Catholic Church reformed according to this program would still be recognizably Catholic, but also that it would come very close to the finest norms of authentic Christian faith they would like to see in their own communions.
Yet questions inevitably remain. For example, is Weigel’s vision of “evangelical Catholicism” a faithful reflection—or the best possible distillation—of official Catholic teaching as found, for example, in the Catechism of the Catholic Church? As an amateur but appreciative reader of that Catechism, it has struck me that most of what evangelical Protestants want to say about the Christian faith is found in that document, but intermixed with a much more organic tie between the Church’s institutional structures and personal faith than Protestants seek, or that Weigel’s evangelical Catholicism envisions.
Similarly, Weigel’s consistent stress on “friendship with Christ” as the best understanding of the Christian gospel sounds a note that resonates on many levels with the gospel as proclaimed by Martin Luther, Philip Jacob Spener, Ludwig von Zinzendorf, Charles Wesley, perhaps George Whitefield, and certainly Billy Graham. But, as the key goal defining the endpoint for deep reform, it also sounds suspiciously like a nostrum designed for hyper-busy middle class Americans frantically seeking personal connection in an increasingly hectic world of economic instability and cyber overload. Without pausing to spell out how “friendship with Christ” might relate to justification by faith; Christ as victor over the powers of sin, death, hell, and the devil; the church as the Body of Christ in the world; or other basic Christian affirmations, doubts must arise whether “friendship with Christ” can bear the weight that Weigel wants it to carry.
And, then, perhaps this is an irrelevant question, but why publish an appeal like this with Basic Books? Perhaps Basic can do a better job at promoting such a volume among Catholics than any religious press—or perhaps by choosing a secular publisher, Weigel hoped to offer a message that all Catholics might consider without having to worry about the place on the ideological spectrum represented by a particular Catholic publisher. But it still seems odd for an intensely Catholic tract aimed at reforming the Catholic Church to not be from a publisher with proven ability to attract a Catholic readership.
It is mostly inconsequential, but perhaps also of some interest to record how I have read this book against the background of experience at Notre Dame. From that experience I would conclude that there are indeed some Catholics committed to deep church reform who already practice something like Weigel’s evangelical Catholicism. But it also seems obvious that such Catholics make up only one part of a church that in its U.S. expression includes many other Catholics eager to promote their respective visions of reform. This rainbow of reformers includes Garry Wills Catholics, G. K. Chesterton Catholics, Robert Barron Catholics, Joe Biden Catholics, Dorothy Day Catholics, Sandra Schneider Catholics, Opus Dei Catholics, Oscar Romero Catholics, and many more. As someone who has read several works by John Paul II and Benedict XVI with real appreciation, I hope very much that they have set the church on a path that it will follow, but then I wonder why in some conversations at Notre Dame, I as the non-Catholic seem to have the most positive things to say about these two popes.
One of the great privileges of being at Notre Dame has been to witness what can only be called Roman Catholic Christianity at its best, marked by profound understanding of fundamental Trinitarian theology, strong commitment to the Christology of Nicea and Chalcedon, expert deployment of philosophy in service to theology, deep personal piety, and dedicated Christian commitment to a wide range of social reforms. Examples of what to all appearances look like admirable personal religion supported by admirable family, parish, and social religion also abound.
Yet Notre Dame is also a place where a broad array of often incompatible ideals are proposed for Catholic reform, where cafeteria religion seems pervasive for what Catholics choose to do or believe, where students participate in dormitory masses and standard college dissipations with equal fervour, and where no one seems too concerned about vast stretches of nominal Catholic adherence.
I don’t put much stock in what my own experience suggests about proposals for the Catholic future. But I do nonetheless hope that something like Weigel’s evangelical Catholicism can prevail within the church, or at least alternatives that are as Christ-honouring, lay-engaging, and culturally comprehensive as Weigel’s proposal. If that kind of reform took place, it would display Christianity with a gospel character that evangelical Protestants should long to imitate themselves. | <urn:uuid:de6f735c-fedb-41d0-a9e3-3fc9bfcaf9fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://comment.org/the-reformation-comes-to-rome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.956084 | 3,739 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Hiram Abiff Boaz
by Ed Halpaus
"He shall climb by strength, but directed by wisdom; he shall progress by power, but guided by control; he shall rise by the might that is in him, but arrive by the wisdom of his heart." Brother Carl H.Claudy.
"The secret of success is to do the common things uncommonly well." John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Do you like Biblical names? Amongst our circle of friends and Brothers we will find some names that we like very well that are also in the Bible, and thus are biblical names. Just looking over the roster of one of the Lodges I'm a member of, I see the names; David, Matthew, Mark, John, (no Luke in that Lodge,) James, Peter, just to name a few, and in my circle of female friends and family we have a Ruth, a Mary, and a Naomi too.
There are some biblical names that you don't hear very often, if at all today. For instance you don't hear of a Hosea very often, but I have known a couple of guys named Amos that were pretty good fellows, and you don't hear the name Boaz, or Jachin much in names of men, well at least I don't. There is an interesting item in 10,000 Famous Freemasons about a Brother of ours named Hiram Abiff Boaz, he was born December 18, 1866.
He was born in Murray Kentucky, and was a Methodist Minister; he served several Churches in Texas prior to becoming the president of Polytechnic College at Fort Worth, Texas from 1902 to 1911. He was vice-president of Southern Methodist University at Dallas 1911 to 1913, President of Texas Women's College 1913 to 1918 and then president of S.M.U. (Southern Methodist University) 1918 to 1920 and in 1922 he was elected Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church and was assigned to superintend Church work in China, Japan, Siberia and Manchuria.
Brother Boaz was a member of Granger Lodge #677 in Granger, Texas and was Grand Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Texas in 1953.1 He was a good man and Mason, I'll bet he would have been a good man to know and spend some time with and, I wouldn't be surprised that there might be a Mason or two today who grew up in Texas and maybe had the pleasure of knowing him. Well, I thought you might like to know about our Brother with a most biblical and Masonic name.
Boaz, besides being the name of the male lead character in the story of Ruth in the Bible, was the name of one of the pillars on the porch of the Temple of Solomon, and Jachin was the name of the other pillar. There has at times been some conversation about which pillar is the one on the right and which is on the left. Well in 2nd Chronicles 3:17 it talks about the pillars on the porch of the temple. It's interesting to note that in the King James, (Authorized Version,) it says the one on the "right hand is Jachin, and the name of the one on the left Boaz." I have had a Brother or two ask me is that the right facing as going into the temple or coming out? Well the answer is found in the New International Version, (NIV,) of the Bible, where the very same text is translated this way: "He erected the pillars in the front of the temple, one to the south and one to the north. The one to the south he named Jakin and the one to the north Boaz."2 So that translation should make it much easier for us to remember which pillar is on which side. By the way the New Living Translation, (NLT,) also says north and south.
The name Jachin is also found in other parts of the Bible,3 but for the most part those references refer to the sons of Simeon of whom Jachin was one, and in the book of Numbers it refers to Jachinites who are the descendents of Jachin.4
"Masonry is not a religion. He who makes of it a religious belief falsifies and denaturalizes it." - Brother Albert Pike.
Have you heard of the Trivium and the Quadrivium? These words can be found in both Masonic and Non-Masonic books. Trivium means; where three ways meet, as in a crossroads or public street, and during the Middle Ages, the common division of the seven liberal arts, comprised of Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic were named the Trivium.5
Quadrivium means a place where four ways meet, and in the Middle Ages, the more advanced division of the seven Liberal Arts, comprised of Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, and Music were named the Quadrivium.6
So the Seven Liberal Arts, which are a part of the lessons of Masonry are also known as the Trivium and he Quadrivium.7 Reference to the Seven Liberal Arts can be found in some of the earliest Masonic Manuscripts. It is reported that in the 11th century these seven liberal arts were taught in schools, and Holinshed, who wrote in the 16th century says that they composed a part of the curriculum that was taught in universities. Speculative Masonry continues homage to these seven liberal arts and sciences and, they are an important part of the second degree. So when the Fellow Craft is learning of these seven liberal arts and sciences there is a connection between the operative Masons of the Middle Ages and today. Those operative Masons held a laudable ambition to elevate the character of the craft above the ordinary standard of workmen.8
Grammar forms with Logic and Rhetoric, a triad dedicated to the cultivation of Language. Sanctius says; Grammar rejects from language all solecisms9 and barbarous expressions; Logic is occupied with the truthfulness of language; and Rhetoric seeks only the adornment of language.10
Rhetoric supposes and requires a proper acquaintance with the rest of the liberal arts; because the first step toward adorning a talk is for the speaker to become thoroughly acquainted with its subject. Hence the ancient rule that the orator should be acquainted with all the arts and sciences.11
Logic is the art of reasoning, and the power of right reasoning is deemed essential to the Mason, that he may comprehend both his rights and his duties.12
By Arithmetic the Mason is reminded that he is to continually add to his knowledge, never to subtract anything from the character of his neighbor, to multiply his benevolence to his fellow-creatures, and to divide his means with a suffering Brother.13
Geometry - Geometry and God, the letter "G" binds them together along with heaven and earth, the divine and the human, the infinite and the finite. Masons are taught to regard the universe as the grandest of all symbols, revealing to men, in all ages, the ideas which are eternally revolving in the mind of the Deity, and which it is their duty to reproduce in their own lives and in the world of art and industry.14
Music is recommended to the "attention of Masons, because the "concord of sweet sounds" elevates the generous sentiments of the soul, so should the concord of good feeling reign among the Brethren, that by the union of friendship and Brotherly Love the boisterous passions and harmony exist throughout the craft."15
"With Astronomy the system of Freemasonry is intimately connected." Many of Masonry's symbols and emblems come from Astronomy. The Lodge room itself is symbolic of the world, and it is adorned with symbols representing the sun and moon whose regularity and precision provides a lesson to the initiate.16 The pillars of strength and establishment, and the spheres of the terrestrial and the celestial demonstrate the connection of Freemasonry with the heaven and earth, God and man.
Progressing through the seven liberal arts and sciences, as in one step after another, in the methods of communications; which is accomplished by Grammar and Rhetoric, to Logic; as a method of reasoning, to applying the principles of Arithmetic and Geometry; which is visualized as all science, to enjoying all the agreeable charms of Music; which is all that is beautiful, (poetry, art, sound, and nature,) and finally to Astronomy; which is a study of all that is beyond earth. All of the seven liberal arts and sciences together as the final steps toward the middle chamber where a Mason receives all the blessings of a life well lived, teaches the Mason that he must grow - he cannot stand still.17
"Here is the lesson set before the Fellow Craft; if he, like David, would have his kingdom of Masonic manhood established in strength, he must pass between the pillars with understanding that power without control is useless, and control without power, futile." Brother Carl H. Claudy. Are you familiar with "Pleyel's Hymn"? Pleyel's Hymn was composed by Ignaz Joseph Pleyel. The Hymn, which is part of Pleyel's 4th Quartet, opus 7, first appeared as a hymn tune in Arnold and Callcot's Psalms in 1791. This musical piece was an instrumental only, but in 1816 Brother David Vinton published some lyrics he had written for the portion of the piece that was the "Slow movement" of the 4th Quartet by Pleyel.18 This was first published in a Volume by Brother Vinton titled; "The Masonic Minstrel, a selection of Masonic, Sentimental, and Humorous Songs, Duets, Glees, Cannons, Rounds, and Canzonets, respectfully dedicated to the Most Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons."19 In Masonry the Music and the words, (by Brother Vinton,) are called the "Funeral Dirge," and is sung by the Brethren sometimes at Masonic Memorial and Funeral services, and in a part of the Ceremonies of Masonry that all Master Masons are familiar with.
The funeral dirge that every Master Mason is familiar with and, which as it is known in Masonic Lodges, consists of four verses, or stanzas. Here are the verses.
Solemn strikes the fun'ral chime,
Mortals now indulge a tear,
Here another guest we bring,
Lord of all below, above,
Those are the four verses, or stanzas, that we use in Masonry, but originally Brother Vinton had eight verses. These other four verses are not very well known and, in my opinion that's too bad because the next four verses begin with the promise symbolized by the "Sprig of Acacia." Here are the rest of the words to Pleyel's Hymn as written by our Brother Vinton.
For beyond the grave there lie
There, enlarged his soul will see
God of life's eternal day!
Calm, the good man meets his fate,
This beautiful Funeral Dirge, written by Brother David Vinton, when it is sung by Masonic Brothers marching Solomon's March over a fallen Brother, reminds us that "life is brief at its longest, broken at its best,"20 that we have within us an imperishable part, "which survives the grave and bears the nearest affinity to that supreme intelligence, which pervades all nature, and which can never, never, never die."
"To the Mason, God is our Father in Heaven, to be Whose especial Children is the sufficient reward of the peacemakers, to see Whose face the highest hope of the pure in heart." Brother Albert Pike.
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Last modified: March 22, 2014 | <urn:uuid:50daba5a-8e40-4ce5-b2bc-10ea55bb95e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.themasonictrowel.com/masonic_talk/masonic_matter/files/masonic_matter_2003_04_01.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.971028 | 2,551 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Broken Toe Overview
Another name for Broken Toe is Toe Fracture.
What is a toe fracture?
A person with a toe fracture has broken one of the bones in a toe. A toe fracture may occur with a toe dislocation or toenail injury. A toe fracture is one of the most common fractures. Usually, a toe fracture heals within 6 weeks.
What are the symptoms of a toe fracture?
Symptoms of a toe fracture include toe pain, swelling, bruising, or deformity. Additional symptoms include a subungual hematoma or a toenail injury.
How does the doctor treat a toe fracture?
Treatment for a toe fracture includes rest, cold compresses, elevation, a splint, protective shoe, and crutches. Occasionally, surgery may be required to repair a severe fracture of the first toe.
Continue to Broken Toe Symptoms
- Burns J, Keenan AM, Redmond A. Foot type and overuse injury in triathletes. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2005 May-Jun;95(3):235-41.
- Kunkel M, Miller SD. Return to work after foot and ankle injury. Foot Ankle Clin. 2002 Jun;7(2):421-8, viii.
- Tran T, Thordarson D. Functional outcome of multiply injured patients with associated foot injury. Foot Ankle Int. 2002 Apr;23(4):340-3. | <urn:uuid:33daaf35-3297-44be-bc87-4774cfce3845> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.freemd.com/broken-toe/overview.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00194-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.794207 | 308 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The battle for control over LA’s streets–and ridesharing competition–reached a head this fall when a major taxi providers in the city–United Independent Taxi Drivers (UITD), filed a lawsuit claiming Lyft, Sidecar and Uber posed unfair competition to the company and have resulted in a “sharp drop” in their taxi business.
The cab company told the LA Weekly it has seen at least a drop of 30 percent in business from weekend club-goers in the South Bay and in West Hollywood.
L.A.’s Department of Transportation ordered the ride-sharing companies to shut down in June. But that order was ignored, both by the ride-sharing companies and by the city. L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti has expressed support for ride-sharing, and argued that taxi companies should keep up with innovation.
Meanwhile Seattle is discussing how to regulate ride-sharing services that have emerged in the last few years as alternatives to taxis and other for hire vehicle services. Companies like Lyft, Sidecar and Uber/Uber-X are being targeted as “unregulated” services.
Flywheel Software sells software to for-hire and other regulated transportation providers in both Seattle and San Francisco. They target taxis, not unregulated ride sharing services.
Real-time ridesharing arranges one-time shared rides on very short notice. It makes use of three recent technological advances:
- GPS navigation devices to determine a driver’s route and arrange the shared ride
- Smartphones for a traveler to request a ride from wherever they happen to be
- Social networks to establish trust and accountability between drivers and passengers
What city will have the first driverless car community in the United States? It could be at Babcock Ranch in Florida — or where I live on Hayden Island, north of Portland, Oregon. Here’s my modest proposal.
Similar to in-vehicle navigation systems, pedestrian navigation systems aim to revolutionize finding in-door locations, notes EE Times.
Sensor Platforms in San Jose, has added Pedestrian Dead Reckoning to its FreeMotion Library of algorithms. Their system uses 10-axis sensor fusion on the data from micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensors — accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers and barometric pressure sensors (for altitude) — to calculate the distance traveled by a user as well as bearing, working from the last known GPS waypoint.
Other indoor navigation systems require RF receivers that triangulate their location from WiFi router signals or RF beacons, but dead-reckoning systems calculate location by keeping track of the distance and direction they have traveled since the last known waypoint. Sensor Platforms claims its solution provides accuracy within a few percent of the distance traveled from the last known waypoint.
General Motors, Nissan, and Toyota are all racing to develop their own, unique architectures for self-driving cars. | <urn:uuid:3d4d31bb-f297-4341-b7ff-e1a591b5b8dd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dailywireless.org/2013/12/17/ride-sharing-services-under-the-gun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00291-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949832 | 601 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Arkansas could benefit economically if trade relations with Cuba are expanded, and several state political leaders including U.S. Sen. John Boozman, U.S. Rep. Rick Crawford, and Gov. Asa Hutchinson have pushed hard with President Donald Trump to make changes in the relationship. The Natural State may have found a voice within the administration to help the cause.
Under current trade policies, agricultural products can only be sold on a cash basis to Cuba. The Agriculture Exports Act, introduced by Crawford in January, would allow agriculture commodities to be bought with credit. Boozman supports a similar bill in the Senate. U.S. Agriculture Secretary Sonny Perdue said during a House Agriculture meeting on Thursday that he supports the measure.
“I think it’s something I would be supportive of if folks around the world need private credit to buy our products, and I’m for that,” he said.
Perdue, the former governor of Georgia, has stated in the past he supports open trade with Cuba. Arkansas is the leading rice producer in the country and one of the leading poultry producers, the two largest commodities bought on the world trade markets by Cuba. State officials are hopeful Arkansas’ farmers will be able to carve out a share of Cuba’s estimated $2 billion agriculture import market. Some estimates indicate the market could grow up to $6 billion as the economy improves on the relatively impoverished nation. Engage Cuba, a non-profit, bipartisan organization has been pushing Cuba trade friendly legislation, President James Williams said.
“Having traveled to Cuba as governor of Georgia, Secretary Perdue knows firsthand the significant opportunities for U.S. farmers in emerging markets there,” Williams said. “Commodity prices are dropping. Farmers across the country are struggling. At the same time, our island neighbor is importing $2 billion of ag products a year from our foreign competitors.”
In 2000, Congress passed the Trade Sanctions and Reform Act allowing farmers to sell ag commodities on a cash only basis. Cuba is allowed to export food products to the U.S.
Agriculture expansion could only be the start. Cuba has 394 potential foreign investment projects. It’s the only country in the world the U.S. government has placed travel restrictions on, and as those ease, a booming tourism economy will erupt, Williams said. The island nation, located 90 miles from the southern tip of Florida, also needs massive infrastructure improvements, and that could be a benefit to U.S. construction and engineering firms, he said.
The impact goes beyond an economic one. Human rights issues and government changes will likely occur because of the capitalization of the island. The U.S. needs to be involved in these cultural changes to ensure the two countries have a meaningful and productive future, Williams said.
American companies are at a disadvantage right now, he noted. The U.S. has a list of complicated trade restrictions with the country still in place. If an American firm makes a proposal to a Cuban company and there are competing proposals from firms in other countries such as Russia, Brazil, Germany, or any other, the American firm is often in a weaker position because of the potential for trade restrictions.
Crawford has met with Trump administration officials and he thinks the president will be responsive to opening these markets, he said. Crawford previously told Talk Business & Politics he thinks the administration will revise its Cuba trade policy sometime later this year. | <urn:uuid:3d3aaf3c-d883-4eb3-a963-842578c91788> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://talkbusiness.net/2017/05/arkansas-may-have-new-ally-in-opening-trade-relations-with-cuba/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.95993 | 712 | 1.851563 | 2 |
These people will not be on the payroll during the next period. The more of your current staff leave, the more expensive it gets to onboard replacement workers.
Employee turnover continues to be the dominant metric in hr analytics.
How to calculate attrition rate in hr. Now if you calculate 11.42% of 175 i.e. Your new hire turnover formula would look like this: Attrition rate = (# of separations / avg.
On average, breaking in a new employee costs more than $1,000 and 30 hours of training. 175 x 0.1142 = 20. Attrition is also known as employee turnover.
Attrition rate by itself doesn't reveal much or is rather ham handed when this topic is raised in the management meetings. Attrition rate is the rate at which employees voluntarily leave a company. The terminology can also be dismissals or turnover).
Where a is the attrition rate (%) el is the total number of employees that have left (sometimes, businesses will want to have fewer employees, so they are looking for high attrition rates.) the formula for the attrition rate is pretty easy: # of employees) x 100.
A definition of attrition rate. The formula is = (no.of employees left during the year)/((opening balance)+(addition during the year) ) * 100 assume no of employees at the beginning of the year : Learning how to calculate an attrition rate can help businesses keep track of employment longevity, hiring costs and customers.
Hence, the organization has an attrition rate of 12.90% for the third quarter of the calendar year. A = el / ae *100. If this looks complicated, don.
In a business context, attrition measures churn. As we will see in this post, employee retention and employee turnover rates are closely related but they are not quite the same thing. For hr, it’s a measurement of how many employees leave, voluntarily or involuntarily, and aren’t replaced.
In many businesses, the hr department needs reports on the employee attrition. Now that know how to calculate employee turnover rate using a basic formula, you can calculate your company’s turnover and come up with a number. How to calculate the attrition rate.
An attrition rate can help companies identify areas to improve to maintain productive employees and increase their customer base. The follow formula can be used to calculate the attrition of a business. To calculate attrition rate, choose a span of time that you want to examine, like a month, quarter, or year.
As per rules of science 'rate' is defined at any particular point of time, so attrirition rate is also calculated at any particular point of time ie attrition rate = number of employees who left the organization divided by total number of employees working in the organization at that particular time at which attrition is being calculated. Annual attrition rate = 40 / ((160+200)/2) 40/(360/2) 40/180 0.222 or 22.2 percent. Determine your average number of employees during the year.
Human capital is a necessary and costly expense in most organizations. That’s not just recruitment and training costs, but other things like vacancy costs, the costs of the team spending time to help out new recruits, and. A common attrition rate definition refers to employee or staff turnover, but in a broader sense, attrition rate is a calculation of the number of individuals or items that vacate or move out of a larger, collective group over a specified time frame.
Attrition rate is calculated using the formula given below. Here’s the formula to calculate the attrition rate: That shows you lost 20 employees of 150 and 25 more joined which makes count to 175.
As such, tracking and calculating attrition levels should be a part of key performance indicators (kpi's) for any organization. Attrition rate has to be calculated only for the year or has to be annualised; The percentage of employees leaving in a given period of time.
To measure employee attrition, you divide the average number of departures in a given period over the average number of employees in that period. Leaving the organization due to dismissal, attrition, and other reasons. Here are the steps to calculate an annual employee attrition rate:
The definition of ‘employee’ may feel a bit unnecessary but is justified. An attrition rate can be calculated monthly, quarterly or annually to monitor progress. Of employees that left workforce / average no.
Unfortunately, the terms “employee turnover rate” and “employee retention rate” are often used interchangeably. Let’s say you started with 160 employees in your company at the beginning of the year and finished with 200 but, during the year, 40 employees left. Next, add the total number of employees on day 1 of the time frame to the number of new employees added during that time frame.
In this example, we define new hire turnover rate as the number of new employees who leave within a year. How to calculate employee attrition rate? Of resigned employees of that month/ available manpower * 100 example, starting day of previous month the manpower was 100 and during that month 10 resigned and 20 joined.
How to calculate the employee turnover rate. Suppose you have a table with your employee data, where you also store a possible termination date. High turnover can also equate to higher costs.
Attrition rate for the month be calculated as below: This is the number of people that leave the company (depending on the reason they leave; Therefore, the attrition rate for the third quarter will be, 20/155 * 100=12.90.
The cost of human capital turnover (attrition) is a function of. To do this, add the number of employees at the beginning of the year to the number of employees at the end of the year, then divide by two. Your company's annualized attrition rate is the measure of how many employees leave over a year.
Yearly calculation of the attrition rate requires the same formula as you did for the monthly and quarterly attrition calculation. Hr professionals prepare the attrition report monthly or yearly to monitor and rectify the causes of attritions in the organizations. You want to regularly look at your attrition rate to make sure you are not losing more employees than you want. | <urn:uuid:cb39c60f-be4f-4c86-9878-3a85b153ea66> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://unugtp.is/how-to-calculate-attrition-rate-in-hr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.941951 | 1,284 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a caused by the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease is highly infectious and there is presently no effective treatment for the virus. The majority of persons infected show few or no symptoms. Some persons require hospitalisation and ventilation to support breathing. Male patients over the age of 60 years, and persons having underlying health conditions including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and chronic lung disease are at greater risk of severe illness. There is also evidence of increased risk to individuals from BAME (Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic) backgrounds.
The UK government and Public Health England have instigated social distancing requirements and restrictions on gatherings, travel and quarantine measures to limit the spread of the virus in the community and reduce the burden on the national health services.
These restrictions are being regularly reviewed in the light of epidemiological and scientific evidence and some restrictions are being eased presently to permit the gradual and controlled resumption of normal activities. The UK government has published guidance to enable businesses to resume operations under strict controls.
Office Care accepts its responsibilities to observe regulations and guidance published by the UK Government, and will ensure full compliance with client COVID-19 preventative measures to minimise transmission risk both within and outside the workplace.
This policy relates to the management of Covid-19 risk in areas under the control of Office Care and the activities of cleaning operatives within client premises. The purpose of this policy is to meet the requirements of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 with respect to COVID-19.
LEGISLATION AND CODE OF PRACTICE
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
UK Government: Working safely during coronavirus (Covid-19): https://www.gov.uk/guidance/working-safely-during-coronavirus-covid-19
COVID-19 requirements are subject to regular review and amendment in the light of emerging information and local/national and international issues. The policy and associated risk assessments will be reviewed as required.
Nothing in this document replaces, reduces, or affects in any way the obligations imposed on the business by statute and/or common law in the fields of occupational health and/or health and safety. Office Care will ensure ongoing compliance with all statutory requirements during and beyond the current situation.
It is the policy of OfficeCare to: | <urn:uuid:ad1c5627-f340-4c07-b60d-c3ed874066bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://officecare.uk.com/covid-19-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.941056 | 527 | 2.203125 | 2 |
EAIE conference on international higher education
Youth on the Move will visit Dublin for the 24th Annual Conference of the European Association for International Education (EAIE). Higher education professionals from around the world will meet at Europe's largest international higher education conference this September to exchange ideas, learn from best practices and debate policies and hot topics in the field. This year's theme will be 'Rethinking education, reshaping economies' as higher education institutions are now expected to contribute to economic development in addition to their basic role of education. Experts from the Commission will be present and will inform visitors about the Erasmus and Erasmus Mundus programme, Marie Curie Actions and the latest developments regarding the new Erasmus for All programme.
Download [601 KB] | <urn:uuid:fd9c0641-6d09-4c62-8e5a-ab80a42a4b34> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ec.europa.eu/youthonthemove/events/2012/20120911-dublin_en.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00349-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896113 | 155 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Trigger warning: The content discussed in this article may be distressing to some. Reader discretion is advised.
Over the Labour Day long weekend a postgraduate student was sexually assaulted near the ANU campus. The student, a young woman, was assaulted on Friday night near Barry Drive. That any student should have to experience assault, and be made to feel unsafe, is categorically unacceptable. The incident occurred close to ANU grounds, a space in which all students should feel safe and at ease.
Unfortunately this is an ongoing issue, with several students having experienced sexual assault both on and off campus this year. What is of further concern, is that these incidents represent the assaults known to us – with underreporting being highly likely. Recent research by ANU student Nikki Sloan has revealed that many students feel unsafe on campus. The research revealed that for women, feeling unsafe and fearful on campus is widespread, particularly when compared to men. When considering safety, we must acknowledge members of the queer community and international students are often the recipients of harassment and discrimination.
Having spoken to the student who was assaulted, I am overwhelmed by her courage and resilience. The student has done everything she can to report the incident, both to Police and ANU Security, and to alert other students of the potential danger through posting on ANU Stalkerspace.
I also want to acknowledge and thank the members of the ANU community that offered support to the student on ANU Stalkerspace. Stalkerspace does not always provide a safe and supportive environment for students, especially students who have experienced sexual assault. It is heartening to see that the comments were overwhelmingly supportive. It is essential that as a community, we work to make people feel safe both online and on campus. This means being an active bystander and stepping in to help and support other people in the ANU community – whether this be on the street, in the classroom, or online. We must act both individually and collectively to address this issue.
The ANU has undertaken many initiatives to make the University a safe space, such as through lighting changes, installing further CCTV, Unisafe patrols and buses. While these are improvements, we must acknowledge that assault occurs in many forms and sadly students, both on and off campus, experience assault. The purpose of this statement is to highlight another incident of assault on campus, and to make clear that any incident of assault and harassment is unacceptable.
As a community we must acknowledge all those individuals who have been assaulted and show our support. We all need to be active community members to ensure that our campus is safe for everyone. Please take the time to support your fellow students by being an active bystander. Being an active bystander means being aware and responsive to the people around you, being informed about what you can do to help and support others, and offering your help and support to people in need. I also encourage you to discuss these issues with your friends and family, in order to reflect on the situation and to consider what changes are needed to ensure safety on campus and in the community. Please forward any ideas regarding safety on campus, or in the community, to PARSA: email@example.com.
Postgraduate and Research Students’ Association (PARSA)
If you are in immediate danger, or see someone who you believe to be in danger, contact the Police on 000. You can also contact ANU Security (02) 6125 2249 if you are on campus.
If you have experienced sexual abuse (including harassment, assault or rape) either recently or in the past, you can contact the Canberra Rape Crisis Centre for immediate assistance and support. This is a free service that every member of the public can access: (02) 6247 2525.
The ANU also has counselling services available for ongoing support. Other contact information and support can be found on the ANU Sexual Assault Support page. | <urn:uuid:24049b9c-d4b3-4ffd-a0d3-e220d1873a31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.woroni.com.au/news/parsa-womens-officer-statement-sexual-assault-and-safety-on-campus-and-in-the-community/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.968801 | 808 | 1.5 | 2 |
Microsoft spent years hammering into developers heads that you need to include certain things on your Windows applications and you need to perform certain actions. Now they want you to forget a quite a few of those “Windows standards” and replace them with new ones.
Microsoft spent years teaching us that a little underline meant to hide the application and put an icon on a toolbar (aka minimize). They taught us that an X meant close. A little box meant that you should show the application and two overlapping boxes indicated that the application should be maximized to full screen.
With Windows Store Applications, they have thrown all those things away. There are no more minimize or maximize. The chrome — the features around the edge of an application such as the borders and the title bar — are gone. When the application is running, it is center stage.
The close button is also gone. In Window Store Apps, you don’t build a close or exit into your application. Instead , you let the system take care of closing an application for you. This opens up a number of issues you have to keep in mind.
While an application might not close, it might not have the main focus either. When an application loses focus, it runs the risk of being suspended if resources are needed. This means you’ll need to be prepared in case the application is shifted in out of main memory and set aside for a while. You’ll also need to make sure that when the application regains focus that it is in an acceptable state. On phones, this process of an application losing focus and resources is often referred to as tombstoning. Simply put, tombstoning is simply saving the state of your application if or when it loses focus so that when focus is regained you can restore the application to where it was or to a state that is still considered appropriate.
I could show the code for activating an application, then suspending and resuming; however, Microsoft has already provided code. The following three reference pages show the events you should set up to make sure your application can handle being suspended should it need be:
- How to activate an app (Windows Store apps using C#/VB/C++ and XAML)
- How to suspend an app (Windows Store apps using C#/VB/C++ and XAML)
- How to resume an app (Windows Store apps using C#/VB/C++ and XAML)
While Windows Store Apps have differences from applications you likely created before. These differences are not necessarily bad. The ability to suspend and resume means that you can control the experience of the user. It also means that other applications can be suspended if necessary to give yours the resources it needs to get top performance.
The loss of chrome in applications causes some people to gives you more real estate for your application. While some of this room is taken away on smaller portable devices, and while some is lost by building bigger controls and more open layouts to support touch, the overall result is often a more engaging interface for applications.
As a developer, you need to consider both the interface of your application and the interaction of your application with the Windows 8 operating system. If you do, you might just design an application that engages and performs.
# # #
|Your Idea. Your App. 30 Days
Get daily guidance from Generation App for building Windows 8 applications. | <urn:uuid:b6516d07-0bc9-4c88-96f6-b7f7b91ccb83> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.codeguru.com/blog/6-days-until-win-8-goodbye-chrome-and-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.950978 | 701 | 2.390625 | 2 |
The world’s largest greenfield urban development, Dubai South takes the green approach towards developing its mass transit system
Dubai-UAE: 6 December, 2016: In a significant step towards building a low carbon footprint city, Dubai South today signed an agreement with Transit Australia Group (TAG). The signing was witnessed by Ahmed Al Ansari, Acting CEO, Dubai South and Michael McGee, CEO, Transit Australia Group. The partnership involves the Australian mass transit company providing Dubai South with its first E-bus by early next year.
Ahmed Al Ansari, Acting CEO, Dubai South said: “The signing of today’s agreement marks an important step in the relationship between Dubai South, the Queensland Trade Commission and Transit Australia Group. It’s also a step closer in fulfilling our ambitious aim of building a sustainable urban destination with technology, innovation, and smart planning at its core. At Dubai South we are pioneering an ambitious smart city transformation guided by people’s happiness. The aim is to build a smart city that enables its people to do smart things with minimum ecological impact and the environmentally friendly e-bus is a positive step in that direction.”
“Dubai South is a truly incredible urban transformational project. It is a visionary project, with a 50-year horizon. It is a great honor to be working in partnership with the Dubai South team to help strategically plan the mass transit system. Our environmentally friendly electric bus is the future of public transport. Australia has an opportunity to be a world leader and cut environmental pollution at the same time,” said Michael McGee, CEO, TAG.
The zero-carbon bus is part of the next generation of mass transit vehicles and is said to cost 80 per cent less to maintain than a standard diesel bus. Pegged as a game changer for public transport, the new bus utilizes advanced battery and regenerative braking technology. The environmentally friendly bus can be charged at the depot and while in service, and has a range of at least 300km and capacity for 50 passengers. Innovations have been included in the design to include bench seats that can be reversed to allow passengers to face each other and socialise, as well as USB connections to allow passengers to charge mobile phones. | <urn:uuid:cedb036e-267d-4f34-91be-906f2267355b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dubaiprnetwork.com/pr.asp?pr=116248 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00314-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943888 | 456 | 1.703125 | 2 |
This cheerful anemone provides a dose of bright spring colour, writes Mary Keen
The poppy-flowered Anemone coronaria arrives with the Mediterranean spring, transforming olive groves and hillsides into a blowy mauve blur.
Like the auricula, which was bred from a modest alpine primula, windflowers (which is how the name translates from the Greek) were developed by "florists" – gardeners who were interested in breeding and showing flowers, rather than our modern definition of buying and arranging them. They appeared in 17th-century Dutch paintings and the Italian Duke of Sermoneta had 28,000 planted in his parterres.
Today some gardeners are snooty about anything that strays from the species – and it is true that little in the garden comes close to the beauty of the scarlet Mediterranean native Anemone fulgens growing in the wild.
But most of us long for a dose of clear bright colour early in the year. I find the De Caen Group, singles bred from A. coronaria by Madame Quetel of Caen in the 19th century, irresistible. By the end of February I'll be picking 20 at a time for the kitchen table, and they'll keep flowering right through March and April and on into May.
The double sort are marketed as the St Bridgid Group. Personally I like these much less but others may find their blowsiness attractive. Both De Caen and St Bridgid tend to have rounded petals. Anemone pavonina, which grows wild in Greece, is starrier in shape and has less finely cut leaves.
The hybrids to watch are the pavonina coronaria crosses developed and trialled by Ashwood Nurseries. These are said to be hardier than straight coronaria and they come in a range of vibrant colours. There is also a particularly irresistible yellow one that ages to sunset pink.
How to grow
I grow these anemones in a row in the kitchen garden for picking and also in a narrow border under a south-facing wall. They need more care here than in their native Mediterranean habitat. Dry sunny places with a rich but light compost will suit them best and, particularly in the first winter, they may need some protection; a cloche or a light mulch will probably be enough.
If they survive, they should produce quantities of flowers among the parsley-like leaves in succeeding years. Plant the tubers in autumn for spring flowering. If you put some more in in a few weeks' time you'll have anemones to pick from May to August. Some people recommend soaking the tubers first, but I never bother.
We did have a great success one year when the lily-flowered, orange Tulipa 'Ballerina' was planted by mistake among all sorts of De Caens in the narrow border. However, like all florist's flowers, anemones are not usually easy mixers. Patches of single colours work better in borders than mixed vari'Sylphide'. We use Dahlia 'Bishops Children', which has red leaves and single flowers, to follow the spring display and both dahlias and anemones are left in the ground. I also like the idea of a group of red flowers under a flowering currant or with green euphorbias. Anemones also grow happily and look very good in pots, especially if you keep picking them.
Where to buy
Ashwood Nurseries, Ashwood Lower Lane, Ashwood, Kingswinford, West Midlands DY6 0AE (01384 401996; www.ashwood-nurseries.co.uk). You can buy plants in bud and flower at the nursery until early April. Young plants ready for potting-on are despatched by mail order in September and October only.
Anemone coronaria is widely available from bulb merchants in the autumn and also from Sarah Raven's Cutting Garden (0845 050 4848; www.thecuttinggarden.com).
Gardening readers can buy 100 Anemone coronaria De Caen in mixed colours for £9.95, or 200 for £19.90 and receive a further 100 free. Please send orders to Telegraph Garden Service, Dept TL516, 452 Chester Road, Manchester M16 9HL. Cheques/postal orders should be made out to Telegraph Garden Service, or call 0161 848 1106 to use a credit/debit card, quoting ref TL516. Offer ends April 20, 2004, and is subject to availability. Delivery within 28 days. We regret we are unable to despatch our goods to the Channel Islands or Southern Ireland. | <urn:uuid:de806dcf-6048-48b8-b2ae-fa327ca46494> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/3317540/How-to-grow-windflowers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00569-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954638 | 974 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Total words: 30671
Tea: Soleil du Pacific
Music: Bach's Orchestral Suites 1&2
RSI: Not so bad
Reason for stopping: End of chapter 10! Which when you think how long chapter 9 took, is quite impressive!
This is totally a word I made up when I was fifteen, but other people have found it useful. It's in the rec.arts.sf.composition FAQ for instance.
Incluing is the process of scattering information seamlessly through the text, as opposed to stopping the story to impart the information.
Thus having a character called Themistocles Mbarra is incluing, so is having one called The Sword of the Lord Johnston, because those names give you information about a world different from ours. If you have both characters in the same Human Legion, then that's incluing -- "Human Legion" implies aliens, and war, and people with both of those names being there has implications. Incluing is anything where you provide the information through clues and implication rather than infodumps. And you can inclue everything, though background is the easiest to talk about -- you can inclue character development and plot.
There are piles of ways of doing it, where you just drop the information in. "The door dilated" (Heinlein, Beyond this Horizon) is incluing. Stopping the story for an infodump about how traffic lights work and how amazing this is (Heinlein, Job) is incluing about how the person doing this comes from a world without them. It's just plain more interesting to read about the shadows growing more purple as the red sun sets, and then later have someone out early seeing the blue sun rise, than to start off with the astronomy of binary stars -- even if you do want to get into that, getting into it when the reader already cares about the shadows is better.
Thinking about incluing also helps with considering what the "unmarked" state is and not going along with it unthinkingly. Thinkingly is fine, but it's best to examine why you're doing things. If someone called John Smith is normal now, it won't necessarily always be normal. There's a thing I call STP from the chemistry expression for "standard temperature and pressure" meaning the unexamined assumed norms -- and for SF you want to consider whether you want today's social STP or not.
There's also another incluing trick where you give half-pieces of information that add up but you don't add them up ever, you leave them to the reader to add up. That way the reader knows something that you haven't told them. As a reader, I adore this, it's why I love Cherryh and Delany. The problem with it is when it doesn't work, whatever it was doesn't make sense. This is why my primary question to beta readers is "Please tell me if anything doesn't make sense". You can do this best by giving two or three different pieces of something, and it's best if it doesn't matter whether the reader gets it or not. So if you say "The daily airship from Rome" and then later you say "He was walking that way because he was just back from a stint in the Tranquility Helium mines" you can connect this and see that they're mining helium on the moon to supply airships, and if you don't, no big deal. When you do this with major bits of plot, it can be a problem for inattentive readers. | <urn:uuid:40c8b889-62c6-49c9-9527-9d5acbcf0440> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://papersky.livejournal.com/324603.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00468-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961212 | 733 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Tuesday, April 15th, 2008
Sick of entering a password to log into Windows Vista and 7? Check this tip out for a quick and easy answer! Continue reading
ULCPCs: What Are They?
As you may recall, we ran an article in the newsletter last week that mentioned ULCPCs and ever since, I have been getting non-stop phone calls and e-mails from all of you wondering what they are. I know I didn’t explain it very well in the article, so that’s why I’m taking the time today to go over it a little more with you… Continue reading
Are you tired of the same old and boring Google?
Oh, that just makes me yawn!
Luckily, Google has been experimenting with their search engine and they want you to help them out! It’s fittingly titled Google Experimental and with it, you have access to one of the three search experiments Google is trying out. How cool is that? Let’s take a look!
1.) Go… Continue reading
Just the Comment and Nothing But the Comment
Have a lot of comments in your MS Excel files?
Ever find yourself entering duplicate comments as you work your way through a file?
Tired of all the repetitive typing?
If so, how would you like a way to copy and paste just the comment?
The next time you need a comment from a cell, and nothing else, just follow… Continue reading
Social networking is something that has become a part of everyday life. Whether you’re keeping track of your friends, family members or even co-workers, wouldn’t it be nice to be able to send all of them a message at the same time, regardless of which service they prefer? Well, now you can with Chatterous! You can use your existing e-mail address, instant messenger or even your cell phone… Continue reading
We here at WorldStart like to share many different Firefox extensions and Greasemonkey scripts with you so that you can try them out and see what’s useful. Sometimes you may like what we recommend and other times, you may not. And that’s okay! Well, today, I’m going to show you how to uninstall any of those Firefox extensions and Greasemonkey scripts you just don’t really care for. Let’s get started!… Continue reading
Where’d They Hide the AutoCorrect?
Using MS Word 2007?
Still searching for the AutoCorrect options? (You know, the feature that controls the automatic capitalization at the beginning of your sentences and corrects your common typos).
I’m sure you’ve noticed that Word is still fixing the typos while you work, so the feature has to be somewhere, right? But where?
Well, if you’re still searching for the AutoCorrect, you’ve come to… Continue reading
April 2008 Windows Updates
Let me see a show of hands. How many of you have already installed the Windows Updates for April 2008? I hope most of you are raising your hand, because this month’s updates are as important as ever. As you may know, a total of eight updates came through, with five of those being categorized as “critical” and the other three as “important.” A… Continue reading
Wouldn’t it be nice if you could tell beforehand if a Web site is trustworthy or not? Well, with the Web of Trust (WOT) browser add on, you can! With 17,861,251 sites already rated and more being added everyday, this add on can definitely help you browse the Internet in a safer way!
I suggest watching the demo before you download the add on to see if… Continue reading
Today, I have another great little utility for you called FreeCommander. FreeCommander is a program you can use to manage your files easily and with only one screen! So, tell me, have you ever used Windows Explorer? It’s a nice little tool to use to easily view the files and folders on your system, but it has one major downfall. With Windows Explorer, you only get one screen. So… Continue reading | <urn:uuid:40e8b4cc-0819-4f62-be4b-110f70d9dcf4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.worldstart.com/new-tips/page/915/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00446-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931002 | 886 | 1.625 | 2 |
The Women’s gives evidence at the child abuse Royal Commission
The Women’s and University of Melbourne Professor Louise Newman will today give evidence at the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse.
Professor Newman, who is the Women’s Director of the Centre for Women’s Mental Health, will give evidence about the lifelong trauma caused to victims of child sex abuse and the need for early psychological support.
“Child abuse and trauma can have long term effects on mental health and there is a need for greater access to trauma focussed interventions.” Professor Newman said. “Infancy and early childhood trauma and high levels of stress directly impact the developing brain as well as emerging psychological and emotional capacities. Abuse fundamentally shapes emerging understandings of human interaction and relationships.
“Trauma can contribute to difficulties in forming trusting relationships and a whole range of mental health problems including depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. These issues can affect a person’s well-being and mental health across their lifespan.”
Professor Newman said a greater focus on early treatment was crucial to helping prevent lifelong damage caused by child sex abuse.
“Treatment and services need to be available as early as possible including for infants and young children,” she said. “Child protection services tend to focus on better identification of trauma and risk factors but there is also a need in the immediate term for supportive interventions and trauma focussed interventions to deal with symptoms such as anxiety.”
The inquiry is Australia's longest Royal Commission, starting in 2013 and due to finish with a final report to the federal government in December.
More than 6500 child sexual abuse survivors have provided evidence in private sessions and another 1200 witnesses have appeared during the more than 400 days of public hearings.
For more information, visit Royal Commission Website. | <urn:uuid:46ec7606-2068-4072-b8eb-b80504bce42e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thewomens.org.au/news/the-womens-gives-evidence-at-the-child-abuse-royal-commission | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.951739 | 379 | 2.25 | 2 |
AgCenter: Use natural dyes for Easter eggs
BATON ROUGE, La. – Bags of lavender tea, cranberries and red onion skins simmered together to make a natural red dye. Students in Judy Myhand’s Food FUNdamentals class in the LSU College of Agriculture were preparing to dye eggs using items found around the kitchen to make the dyes.
“I’m digging through the freezer and using things we won’t need,” said Mallory Katz, a junior in agriculture education and Myhand’s student worker.
The spice turmeric turned the eggs a light golden yellow. When dipped in the blueberry mixture, the eggs took on a purple tone, producing purple and gold creations.
Natural dyes did not give the eggs the bright, vibrant colors store-bought dyes would, but Myhand said this is a natural and economical way to dye Easter eggs.
The goal of the Food FUNdamentals class is to teach students basic cooking techniques so they can prepare healthful and delicious meals for themselves. With Easter around the corner, the students were working with eggs.
They prepared a visually appealing spread that included deviled eggs, egg puffies, huevos rancheros, eggs and avocado on toast, and eggs baked in bell peppers. In every class, students get to enjoy their work.
“They learned that eggs are a protein so if you overcook them, they become rubbery,” Myhand said.
A main component of this day’s class is food safety. Myhand said safe egg handling is important this time of the year when families are dying eggs for Easter.
“Eggs are contaminated with salmonella, both inside and outside, which a lot of people don’t realize,” Myhand said.
She said hand washing is imperative when handling eggs and avoiding cross-contamination of raw eggs with fresh foods.
The LSU AgCenter offers these tips for safely hard-cooking eggs:
—To hard-cook eggs properly, never boil them. Place them in single layer in a saucepan, and add enough tap water to cover them by at least 1 inch. Add a tablespoon of vinegar to allow better dye coverage after cooking.
—Cover the pan and quickly bring the water just to a boil. Then turn off the heat or remove the pan from the burner, and let the eggs stand in the hot water in a covered pan for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes, run cold water over the eggs, or place them in ice water until they are cooled completely.
—Refrigerate them if you won’t be coloring them right away, but do not return them to the carton.
Myhand advised against hiding dyed eggs outdoors where they may come in contact with dirt, pets or animal feces.
“The shells on hard-cooked eggs are more permeable, making the eggs more susceptible to bacteria,” she said.
Cooked eggs also have a shorter shelf life than raw eggs. Hard-cooked eggs in the shells can be kept for three to four days in the refrigerator. They can be left out of the refrigerator for about two hours. | <urn:uuid:b9ad1394-45e8-4014-8e26-d3a7f7032dc4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.daily-review.com/lifestyle/agcenter-use-natural-dyes-easter-eggs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00118-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946826 | 668 | 2.890625 | 3 |
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Bowman shoots into a dartboard, with possible gain ranging from 0 to 10 points. Probability that he shoots 30 points in 3 shots is 0.008. Probability that he shoots < 8 in one shot is 0.4. Probability that he shoots exactly 8 in one shot is 0.15. What is the probability that he gains at least 28 points in 3 shots? 3. The attempt at a solution My solution: [tex] P(X \ge 28) = P(X = 28) + P(X = 29) + P(X = 30) [/tex] We know P(X = 30) so it's sufficient to count P(X = 28) and P(X = 29). X = 28 This situation can occur either if: (a) He shoots 10, 10 and 8 (in any order) (b) He shoots 10, 9, 9 (in any order) So I guess: [tex] (*)\ \ \ \ P(X = 28) = (P(X = 10).P(X =10).P(X = 8))+(P(X=10).P(X=9).P(X=9)) [/tex] What I'm interested in is whether this is ok. I don't know if I should take into an account that (let's take for example the case (a)) the bowman can shoot the points in any order, ie. 10, 10, 8 or 10, 8, 10 and so on. Don't I have to multiply (*) with 3! so that I cover all the orders in which the shooter can gain those points? Thank you very much. | <urn:uuid:5918c6b0-90b8-466c-bcda-2205cf689b0d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/probability-problem.151634/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00066-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93866 | 355 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Oceans North Canada, in partnership with Fisheries and Oceans Canada, is in the second year of a three-year beluga whale research project to gather data on the Western Hudson Bay population. Last year brought great success, with six whales tagged with satellite transmitters, so they’re headed back to Seal River Lodge to tag more beluga whales this summer!
Every summer, one of the largest concentrations of beluga whales in the world, converges on southwest Hudson Bay as the sea ice recedes. This population was studied in the 1980s and early 2000s using aerial surveys and satellite tracking. That research revealed the close relationship between belugas and the Manitoba estuaries where they spend their summers, but many questions remain about this species and its habitat.
More scientific studies are needed to understand why belugas are drawn to the estuaries in this region and how they interact with this environment so that key habitat can be protected.
- Protecting Manitoba’s Beluga Estuaries | <urn:uuid:a1bd369c-2529-46db-9828-3fa6d3d93df6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.churchillwild.com/oceans-north-canada-headed-back-to-seal-river-lodge-this-summer-for-beluga-whale-research-and-tagging/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00436-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921207 | 206 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Blarney Castle is a must see destination on many an itinerary but all too often a sore disappointment. If there is one place in Ireland designed for tourists only, this is it. It’s not all bad, but read on if you are in the process of deciding whether it warrants a place in your itinerary.
Story of the Castle
From the time it was built until the late 1600s it was home to the McCarthy family. Sadly they backed the wrong side in the Battle of the Boyne and lost the castle and its ground when King William was victorious.
In 1703 the castle was sold to Sir James Jefferyes, Governor of Cork, whose descendants still own it.
It is partially in ruins, though there are a few rooms, including the Great Hall, that can be visited. There is not much of distinction about it, but it’s a nice enough castle.
The view of the gardens and the surrounding countryside from the top of the castle makes the climb up worthwhile – though as you can see from this image, it may not be for those who don’t have a head for heights!
The gardens around the castle are beautiful and very well kept, with signposted walking paths which point out items of interest along the way as you walk through the old woodlands and down to the lake.
There are in particular some wonderful old and gnarled trees and a pretty little waterfall as well as some old buildings, stones and steps to which are attached stories of frankly dubious veracity.
Nearby Blarney House, built in 1873 in a Scottish baronial style, is now home to the owners and is also open to the public. It’s a bit of a monstrosity, but interesting in that it it gives a glimpse into the life of a privileged Victorian family.
Kissing the Blarney Stone
The old tale that kissing the Blarney stone confers loquaciousness, or ‘the gift of the gab’, has been a big draw for many years.
Although the origin of the myth is sketchy to say the least it has been hyped up to great economic effect.
Getting to the stone means joining a long line to climb arduously to the top of the castle before hanging upside down to kiss a wall that has already been slobbered on by countless visitors that day, not to mention previous years.
If that does not put you off try this quote from a local who worked there in his schooldays:
“When all the tourists had gone for the day, we used to piss on the Blarney Stone. It gave us a strange feeling of superiority when we saw tourists kissing that place where we had seen our own piss.”
Since I first wrote about this it has been picked up and discussed at several forums and discussion boards, where there are many people who doubt the veracity of the peeing story.
It’s a story that has certainly done the rounds, and I freely admit I didn’t hear the quote first hand but also have to say that when I did it had the ring of truth for me.
That quote is old, I can’t say whether it still happens, my hunch is it isn’t common but that now and then it just might.
Should you go?
If paddywhackery and all things “Oirish” are what you are after you will be delighted with this place. And those willing to keep their tongues firmly in their cheeks can have a bit of fun with it – it’s all a bit of a laugh and a good laugh does nobody any harm!
It is also a worthwhile climb on a good day just for the amazing views from the top of the castle. However, be warned, it is an extremely popular stop for tour buses, so at high season can get a bit too crowded and be almost too much hassle to bother with.
There is more information about visiting at the Blarney Castle website. | <urn:uuid:847915d5-cbb8-463f-b2fe-aa6de8db463c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dochara.com/places-to-visit/blarney-castle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.977489 | 837 | 2.0625 | 2 |
2020 Vimy Pilgrimage Award recipient Anuj Krishnan from Edmonton, AB, wrote the following tribute after researching the life of George Mason Lavell who died serving in the First World War.
When speaking of war, we often trivialize and generalize the experiences of those who served, clumping thousands if not millions of stories, circumstances, and dreams into one narrative. The danger in this is that we gloss over the individual. After all, wars are not just fought by nations, but more so through individuals, which means that we have a duty to honour their sacrifice, their story, and the circumstances that brought them to war. Crucial to this is to look beyond the service number to the actual name, for that will tell a story.
George Mason Lavell even in the short time that he was alive had dreams, and goals. He had chosen to attend the University of Alberta, chosen to pursue a law degree, went to university mere minutes from his household- staying close to his family- yet throughout it all he was influenced by the military.
While attending the U of A he enlisted with the 4th Universities Company and joined the war effort mere months before earning his law degree.
In researching and learning about George Mason Lavell, I realized that above all else it was his background that led him to enlist. His father was British through and through but held roots in the Brittany region of France for which they gained the last name “Lavell”. On his mother’s side, she was part Irish, part Scottish. All in all, this reveals the strong ties, and patriotism Lavell must have felt for his motherland: Britain.
His family had been situated in Eastern Ontario for all but four years of his life, and he must have grown a strong connection to his Anglophone roots so when the time came, Lavell was willing to drop all that he was about to achieve in Edmonton and defend his motherland. In this Lavell is similar to other Anglophones who decided to serve. They felt compelled to defend Britain because their families had only immigrated to Canada recently hence they felt more tied to Britain and more willing to lay down their life for their country.
After his death, Lavell still carries a legacy, a legacy of hard work, patriotism, determination. A legacy that is still celebrated today with his posthumous admission into the Alberta Bar in 2018. A legacy that will not be forgotten, a name carved into the Canadian National Vimy Memorial. And that is the story, the life of George Mason Lavell, Service Number 475388. | <urn:uuid:fbef242a-1d97-4cc8-b267-4ffe90c8c3ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://vimy-foundation-staging.herokuapp.com/anuj-krishnans-soldier-tribute/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.984778 | 540 | 2.390625 | 2 |
CBO Provides Options for Spurring More Innovation through Spending, Taxing, and the Regulatory System
from the Congressional Budget Office
Innovation is a central driver of economic growth in the United States. Workers become more productive when they can make use of improved equipment and processes, and consumers benefit when new goods and services become available or when existing ones become better or cheaper—although the transition can be disruptive to established firms and workers as new products and processes supersede old ones. Looking ahead, innovation will continue to be important for economic growth, in part because the supply of workers to the economy is expected to increase at a much slower rate in the future.
Innovation produces some benefits for society from which individual innovators are not able to profit, and, as a result, those innovators tend to underinvest in such activity. Policymakers endeavor to promote innovation to compensate for that underinvestment. The federal government influences innovation through two broad channels: spending and tax policies, and the legal and regulatory systems. In this report, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) examines the effects on innovation of existing policies and systems and the possible effects of a variety of proposals for changing those policies and systems.
How Might Changes in Federal Spending and Tax Policies Promote Innovation?
Policymakers have a number of options for expanding the federal government’s contribution to innovation. CBO examined several:
- Increase funding for federal programs that support research and development (R&D);
- Increase federal spending on education (both efforts to raise the general educational level of the workforce and efforts to support education that focuses on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, or “STEM” fields);
- Implement tax policies that provide more incentives for private spending for R&D or other sources of innovation; and
- Increase loans or loan guarantees for firms that bring innovative technologies to market.
Using more federal resources to spur innovation, however, would entail redirecting money from other federal programs, raising taxes, increasing budget deficits, or some combination thereof. Furthermore, the federal government is not the central actor in many areas crucial to innovation. Private firms and state and local governments spend significantly more than the federal government does for many areas of R&D and for education, respectively (see table below).
Research and Development
Economic studies have shown that federal support for R&D—particularly early-stage research—has long been very important in promoting innovation. Federal spending for R&D reached $132 billion in 2013, more than doubling its 1962 value after adjusting for inflation. As a share of gross domestic product, federal spending for R&D declined by roughly half over that period (although spending for early-stage research increased slightly). The decline in the federal share of total spending for R&D during that period is largely attributable to the expansion of private R&D and to the contraction of federal R&D associated with the end of the Cold War and the space race. Increases in federal R&D spending would be expected to boost innovation by increasing total spending for R&D, although the prospects for federal support for new products that are closer to commercialization are at best mixed. Devoting additional resources to efforts to transfer government technology to the private sector would help private innovators better utilize the specialized equipment and expertise available at federal laboratories.
A more educated workforce could spur innovation in the economy in two ways: by developing more innovative ideas and by implementing those ideas more readily. In 2013, federal spending for education, not counting student loans, totaled $126 billion, amounting to roughly 15 percent of total spending on education nationally. The effect on innovation of increased federal spending for education generally is uncertain. Over the past 40 years, per-student spending (from all sources) at the elementary and secondary levels has more than doubled in real -(inflation-adjusted) terms, but student achievement has remained flat. Additional spending for STEM education might contribute to innovation. However, federal spending on STEM education programs, totaling roughly $3 billion, currently constitutes a small fraction of federal spending for education overall and is spread across many agencies and grade levels. The most significant federal contribution to the education of new scientists comes from the federal spending for university R&D, which often pays for the training of graduate students and newly minted Ph.Ds working in the laboratories of established scientists.
The tax code can provide financial incentives to individuals and businesses to pursue innovation through the R&D tax credit and other tax preferences. In 2012, the R&D tax credit resulted in tax expenditures totaling $6 billion. However, the R&D credit expired in December 2013, raising the question of its extension or modification. Some analysts argue that the R&D credit stimulates some additional private R&D, whereas others contend that much, if not most, of the forgone revenues go to firms for performing R&D that they intended to perform anyway, regardless of the credit. Increasing federal support for manufacturing through increased tax deductions for investment in plant and equipment would be a very indirect way to increase innovation because only a modest share of such investment is made by manufacturing firms and a large share of manufacturing is not very R&D-intensive.
Loan and Loan Guarantee Programs
The federal government can also attempt to promote innovation by providing more loans or loan guarantees to private firms that commercialize new technologies with social benefits that are not fully reflected in the market, such as some sorts of renewable energy. Because private investors already devote substantial resources to commercializing innovative products and services, increasing financial support for such federal credit programs may be difficult without funding projects that could obtain private funding anyway or funding projects whose social costs outweigh their benefits.
How Might Changes in the Federal Legal and Regulatory Environment Promote Innovation?
To further encourage innovative activity, policymakers could also make changes to immigration policies, the patent system, and the regulatory regime. Modifying laws and regulatory policies would involve less of a commitment of federal resources than increasing federal spending (see table below).
Foreign-born workers—and particularly highly skilled immigrants—contribute significantly to innovation in the United States, partially because many are highly educated and disproportionately employed at high-tech firms, universities, and other institutions that foster innovation. However, U.S. immigration policy is more oriented toward family reunification than admitting workers who would be likely to contribute to innovation. Policymakers could modify immigration law to increase the number of highly skilled noncitizens that are allowed to enter and work in the United States and so promote innovation. Analysts disagree about whether increasing the immigration of such highly skilled workers would negatively affect the employment and wages of highly skilled native-born workers.
The Patent System
The patent system promotes innovation by helping inventors recoup the costs of their efforts in exchange for making their inventions public. The Congress is currently faced with calls to address a number of perceived shortcomings of the patent system, including the recent proliferation of supposedly low-quality patents, pronounced delays in processing patent applications, and the cost of infringement litigation (in particular, the frequency of “nuisance” lawsuits). Because modifications to the patent system could have both positive and negative effects on the incentives to innovate, and because research on important issues of concern today remains limited, estimating the net impact of specific proposals for patent reform is generally difficult.
Regulatory Policies and Tools
Policymakers could alter how federal regulations affect the pace of innovation in several ways. First, they could change the emphasis on innovation when there are trade-offs between innovation and other federal goals, such as public safety. Separately, policymakers could rely more on regulatory tools that draw on prices and market forces to reduce some of the costs resulting from regulation. Finally, federal policymakers could address the ways in which liability laws and other regulations promulgated by state and local governments affect the balance of innovation and other policy goals. | <urn:uuid:7b99bcb6-e934-4478-be81-034cef679247> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://econintersect.com/b2evolution/blog1.php/2014/11/18/cbo-provides-options-for-spurring-more-innovation-through-spending-taxing-and-the-regulatory-system | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00545-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955178 | 1,591 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Cell phone battery life has been one of the top problems since its inception. Motorola was there at the beginning, and is at least exploring smart solutions.
Motorola recently received a patent for combining an LCD screen and a solar cell on a wireless device. While the cost of such a concept makes the iPhone seem like a bargain, the concept of having a display that also can have a dual purpose of receiving light for recharging the battery makes a lot of sense.
Moto’s patent notes that this technology is better with black-only LCDs achieving up to a 75% light let-through rate. In the market, thin film solar cell development has come a ways since this technology was filed. In thin-film processing of solar cells, Wikipedia notes:
Many new solar cells use transparent thin films that are also conductors of electrical charge. The dominant conductive thin films used in research now are transparent conductive oxides (abbreviated “TCO”), and include fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F, or “FTO”), doped zinc oxide (e.g.: ZnO:Al), and indium tin oxide (abbreviated “ITO”). These conductive films are also used in the LCD industry for flat panel displays. The dual function of a TCO allows light to pass through a substrate window to the active light absorbing material beneath, and also serves as an ohmic contact to transport photogenerated charge carriers away from that light absorbing material. The present TCO materials are effective for research, but perhaps are not yet optimized for large-scale photovoltaic production. They require very special deposition conditions at high vacuum, they can sometimes suffer from poor mechanical strength, and most have poor transmittance in the infrared portion of the spectrum (e.g.: ITO thin films can also be used as infrared filters in airplane windows). These factors make large-scale manufacturing more costly.
The concept has been of interest for a number of years by a few different players including Seiko, Minolta and Sharp. Motorola’s experience in solar leading to this patent has been a bit scattered over the past thirty years.
Convenient and eco-friendly, now we just need to see more of it in the market. | <urn:uuid:280981f4-4ac4-4d2d-b78c-961ca6ee06c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://techcrunch.com/2007/04/22/patent-monkey-lcd-solar-cell-smart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00180-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958006 | 478 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The cost of a query was always supposed to be a representation of the execution time for that query – although expressed in an unusual unit.
If you doubt this, take a look at the plan_table, and output from dbms_xplan.display() in 10g. The table has a column called time, and the function reports it. It is the prediction of time that will be spent generating each row source, hence – for the top line of the plan – the predicted time of execution.
A simple check will show you that this time figure is derived as the cost column multiplied by the value of the sreadtim value from sys.auxstats$, divided by 1,000 to convert it to seconds.
So if you currently run 9i, and use your own SQL scripts to report execution plans (instead of using dbms_xplan.display()) you may want to add a time column to your output. The following pl/sql block is all you need to get going:
rem rem get_sreadtim.sql rem rem If there are no stats, Oracle raises ORA-20003 rem variable m_value number; variable m_status varchar2(64) declare m_start_date date; m_stop_date date; no_stats exception; pragma exception_init(no_stats, -20003); begin begin dbms_stats.get_system_stats( status => :m_status, dstart => m_start_date, dstop => m_stop_date, pname => 'SREADTIM', pvalue => :m_value ); exception when no_stats then :m_status := 'No Stats'; :m_value := 10.0; when others then raise; end; end; / column m_status format a20 print m_status print m_value
Once you’ve got the sreadtim (which I’ve given a default value of 10 milliseconds – you may want to adjust this to match your hardware), you can add one more column to your plan_table query, something like:
select ... round(cost * :m_value / 1000,3) time, ... from plan_table where ... ; | <urn:uuid:5fb357f7-d9da-45eb-b360-8068cef48a95> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://jonathanlewis.wordpress.com/2006/12/11/cost-is-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00045-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.780788 | 462 | 2.390625 | 2 |
If you spend much time at the gym, you can probably guess the number of germs being passed from person to equipment and back to another person. Sometimes the germs can seem never ending!
Dawn Meifert was sick and tired of being, well, sick. Every time she felt good again, a trip to the gym on the wrong day could lead her into another cold. Determined to fix the problem, she created hand grips for gym equipment, called PhitGrip, that are not only easy to use but they are also antibacterial. She helps people get in their workout, without catching whatever germs were left behind by the last person to use the equipment.
I recently asked Dawn a few questions about her innovative product and how it works.
Tell us a little about PhitGrip.
PhitGrip is the only antimicrobial non-slip grip on the market. The grip is a patented formula of liquefied rubber injected with pure oxygen. We then grind the outside of it for that super soft suede like feel. We are not a neoprene product!!
What inspired it?
I am a germaphobe! I was really sick and tired of going to the gym and picking up a cold or virus that would then set me back a week or two. So, one day while I was riding my mountain bike (which needed new hand grips) I thought to myself why can’t I do something like this AND make it a germ killer. Voila.
How does it work?
The magic is in the ink itself. As you use the grip a little bit of the logo comes off on your hands, you cannot see it but it’s there. If you rub your hands together to spread the antimicrobial agent over the surface of your palm you get an instant hand sanitization.
How long do your grips keep their antimicrobial properties?
When the logo begins to wear off it’s time for a new pair, approx. 4-6 months.
None whatsoever. Some people have run them through their dishwasher and that’s fine. They aren’t going to melt as we have chef’s using them on their pot handles.
What separates you from the competition?
Gloves constrict your hand and traps moisture, two really bad things. The grip stays on the weight between sets so your hands stay dry with 100% mobility. Other grips out there are made of neoprene which can slip, PhitGrip locks down tight. Finally, our grip is not attached to any material. Meaning, when you go to lift a heavy weight often times the neoprene will pull away from the fabric, cause a tear and then you have to throw them away. PhitGrip does not have that problem.
Do you have any plans to expand into other areas within the health and fitness market?
Absolutely! With the MRSA virus showing up in gyms across the nation we are looking at ways to address that danger directly.
What are some goals that you’d like to reach in the next year or so?
We have specific sales goals in mind along with building strong brand recognition.
What are some lessons you business has taught you?
Patience really is a virtue I guess! This is the first manufactured product I have ever brought to market, so educating the consumer as to why we are better for their overall health is a marathon, not a sprint.
Is there anything else you’d like to add?
This is an educational process, we have a high conversion rate once we get the individual to try the product.
Do you have any advice that you’d like to offer fellow entrepreneurs that are just getting started?
Be prepared for the road to be longer than you imagined and for it to cost three to four times as much to get to where you want to be. Check writing ability is always good! | <urn:uuid:38c18c4c-46af-4611-b7bc-65fd2313c0a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.business-opportunities.biz/2011/04/14/antibacterial-hand-grips-for-gym-equipment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00473-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971268 | 814 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Where international standards are developed
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the international platform for the development of international standards. Austrian Standards as an ISO member is your gateway to the international network of standardization.
In many international committees (technical committees - TC), Austrian experts are participating. Thus, they can input their national perspective. Through the national mirror committee, comments can be submitted on draft standards.
The secretariats of ISO/TC are administered by an ISO member (national standards body) such as Austrian Standards.
Any questions? Just get in touch!
Please send us your inquiry here. | <urn:uuid:1bf70660-de7c-434f-a8be-bdf47fbe5625> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.austrian-standards.at/en/standardization/committees-working-groups/international-committees | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.926337 | 126 | 2.234375 | 2 |
|Up a level|
Penfield, Kedzie (2005) Application of Laban Movement Analysis to a movement for actors training program : excerpts from a teaching collaboration. Laban Movement Analysis for Actors: A Teaching Collaboration between Kedzie Penfield and Judith Steel. pp. 1-30.
Penfield, Kedzie (2008) Three makes one: a journey of growth through supervision. In: Supervision of dance movement therapy. Routledge, p. 154. ISBN 978-0415413442 | <urn:uuid:1f9f1093-ff99-490d-a640-a900501e926f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/view/people/Penfield=3AKedzie=3A=3A.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.725941 | 107 | 1.828125 | 2 |
The Chobe Companion is one of a series of all-in-one field guides to wild places in Botswana. It covers the common and conspicuous mammals (29 species), birds (173 species), frogs and reptiles (13 species) and trees (36 species) in Chobe National Park and environs. Clear photographs assist with species identification, supplemented by the short but informative text.
The Chobe Companion has been written and designed for the inquiring tourist who would like to know a bit more about the fauna and flora of Chobe. Setswana, French and German names are included along with the English and scientific names. Sections are colour-coded for ease of use, and the alphabetical index at the front enables any species to be quickly found.
Summary of key facts and figures 28
Chobe challenge 84
Reptiles & amphibians 89
Both authors have a life-long interest in Africa’s wildlife and are all-round naturalists with a specialist interest in birds and wildlife photography.
Peter Hancock is a qualified biologist and has spent his working career in wildlife research, conservation and education in Botswana. He has published books and popular articles on a range of natural history topics for both local and international audiences.
Richard Randall, a citizen of Botswana, has been a professional safari guide since 1986 and has a registered and active safari company. Much of his time is spent in training local professional guides. | <urn:uuid:cace4d22-8b8e-4e36-b898-cf86ece7a2a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nhbs.com/the-chobe-companion-book?bkfno=223963 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947531 | 314 | 2.640625 | 3 |
First we asked you if you’d take a pay cut to work for your agency from the comfort of your own home.
Last Monday’s column took the question a step further: Would you accept a locality pay change to work remotely — from anywhere?
The column presented some — but certainly not all — of the considerations that could play into a hypothetical scenario like the one initially described.
So let’s explore more of them.
First, let’s talk about what locality pay really is. It’s easy to think of your locality pay as a cost-of-living adjustment. But locality pay was born out of a concept that economists observed in the early 1990’s — that there was a growing pay gap between non-federal and civil service salaries.
Despite common misconceptions, living costs or specific price levels like the Consumer Price Index aren’t factors when setting locality pay rates.
Instead those rates are based on a highly complex comparison from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, which uses the National Compensation Survey to measure non-federal compensation in a particular labor market and compare it to federal pay for GS employees who perform similar work in the same region.
BLS will compare the average salary for an engineer at a private company or local government in Boston, for example, with the average take-home pay for a federal engineer working for the Environmental Protection Agency in the same city.
The discrepancy, or pay gap, between the two helps determine a locality pay adjustment for a specific area during a given year. Commuting patterns are also a factor.
Now there’s certainly a case to be made that locality pay isn’t working as originally intended. There are flaws with this methodology, economists, think-tanks and federal pay experts have said. But that’s another column for another time.
But put another way, these locality rates are essentially the price the government pays to compete with the private sector for professionals in your region.
Which brings me back to the original question: If your recruiting pool is no longer limited to a 50-mile radius surrounding your office building, don’t the traditional rules and concepts surrounding locality pay go out the window?
At least one agency has figured this out.
Under a pilot program authorized by Congress, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office already allows employees to work remotely from anywhere in the United States.
The Telework Enhancement Act Pilot Program (TEAPP) waives the usual requirements to report regularly back to PTO’s home campus in Washington, D.C. Employees enrolled in the program must change their duty station to an alternate work location in the city where they’re currently living. Their locality pay changes too.
According to its most recent report on the program, PTO had 2,784 TEAPP participants
across 47 states and Puerto Rico in fiscal 2018. PTO estimates it saved $125.9 million that year through TEAPP.
It also allows PTO to recruit “top notch scientists, engineers, and lawyers across the country,” as the agency has said.
Clearly, there are some benefits to PTO and other agencies who might want to move in this direction.
But what about the benefits for employees?
As we discussed last week, moving to a new locality area — particularly from an area like the Washington metro region to a place like Kansas City — may amount to thousands of dollars less in salary and your retirement annuity. Some of you — especially those at the top of the General Schedule who have been subject to pay compression for years — are undoubtedly familiar with the changes locality pay can bring to your retirement.
But as some readers reminded me last week, it doesn’t have to work that way. You could, if your agency allowed it, work in a more expensive city than the location of your agency.
Again, a GS-12, step 5 in Washington makes $97,848 in 2020. But if that same employee worked out of the San Francisco area, his or her salary would be $106,067, a difference of $8,219.
In Newark, New Jersey, that employee would make $100,473, a $2,625 differential.
And now, a final question to consider: Does working from home save you money?
The answer to this question likely varies depending on your job, the kind of duties you have and your lifestyle. Perhaps your job requires a higher speed internet connection than you’d normally purchase for your own home use. Perhaps, like one reader suggested, you have supplies to pay for out of pocket.
“If anything, we should get paid more; after all, we are paying for our printing, supplies and services that would normally be supplied at the office,” this reader said.
What about that commute?
If you bike to work, sure, your commuting costs were very little to begin with. But if you drive, park, pay tolls, take public transportation or some combination of all the above, you’re saving hundreds of dollars by telecommuting.
I haven’t even mentioned that for some, telework isn’t ideal. As we’ve learned from our reader surveys over the past few months, it’s often more difficult to “turn off work” when your office desk is your kitchen table. Some of you also miss a change of pace or socializing in-person with your co-workers.
What price, if any, do you place on that?
Nearly Useless Factoid
By David Thornton
A new study in The New England Journal of Medicine shows that a country’s chocolate consumption correlates strongly with the number of Nobel Prizes its citizens win. According to the author’s calculations, Switzerland consumes the most chocolate and ranks second behind Sweden in laureates per capita. (The author accuses the Sweden-based Nobel committee of favoritism.)
Best local news: https://thecherrycreeknews.com/category/latest/ | <urn:uuid:7a27e271-998e-44fd-bd58-5e4cd5ee246e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cherrycreektimes.com/your-home-office-and-locality-pay-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.957091 | 1,255 | 1.726563 | 2 |
I suppose when a state is as big as Alaska, it needs more than one place for its archives. Alaska has three archive collections, at the state government, the state library, and the state university. You need a hunting license to find them all.
For family history researchers, the rest of the Archives collection can be a valuable resource, even though the bulk of their materials are offline. See their Alaska Genealogy page for a description of what's available, and procedures for requesting information.
Behind door #2, you can find Alaska's Digital Archives, from the University of Alaska, with a wealth of historical photographs, albums, oral histories, moving images, maps, documents, physical objects, tribal histories, and other materials from libraries, museums, tribes, villages and archives throughout the state.
Materials here are divided into two broad areas, Native Cultures, and Alaska Statehood:
Pathways for Alaska Native Materials includes categories for:
The materials can also be browsed by Region or by Timeline.
Pathways for Movement to Statehood Materials include:
Lastly, we have the Online Resources of the Alaska State Historical Library. Their collection includes a number of indexes, which largely consist of names of people and an indication of where to find more information. For example, the Index for Biographies of Alaska-Yukon Pioneers, 1850-1950, v. 1-5, (opens as a Word document) includes many thousands of names, with a pointer to offline records.
Other Indexes & Guides include:
You'll also find links to some very nice Photo Collections, Online Exhibits, & Teaching Tools:
Alaska at War!
Schools in Rural Alaska
Alaskan Photo Mystery! (identify the mystery photos!)
Alaska Purchase Centennial Collection: a historical survey in pictures
Gold Rush Centennial Photographs, 1893 - 1916
Eight Stars of Gold...The story of Alaska's flag | <urn:uuid:6aa7ebc7-a147-46b9-95e1-3d46bed26147> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://digitalstatearchives.com/alaska | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.91762 | 409 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Why Did They Wear Wigs In The 1800s?
Why did they wear wigs in the 1800s? Wigs in the 1700-1800s were normally crafted using horse, goat, or human hair. According to historians, wigs made from animal hair were especially hard to keep clean and attracted lice. However, wigs were still seen as an attractive alternative to coping with a lice infestation on your own scalp.
Why did so many people wear wigs in the 18th century?
Fashion has always been a is a harbinger of the times. Take the 18th century, for example. Never — certainly not in European history — have people been quite so excessively and boastfully, well, fake. Extravagant hairstyles, particularly towering powdered wigs, abounded. But that would change.
When did people stop wearing powdered wigs in England?
French citizens ousted the peruke during the Revolution, and Brits stopped wearing wigs after William Pitt levied a tax on hair powder in 1795. Short, natural hair became the new craze, and it would stay that way for another two centuries or so. Subscribe to our Newsletter!
What kind of hair did people have in the 1800s?
Men favored longer hair and mustaches, sideburns, and beards, during much of the 1800s — some using waxes and wood frames at the night to help preserve their shape. In fact, the mid- to late-19th century would usher in more than a few advances in hair maintenance.
Who are the people who wear wigs in England?
English Wigs are white powdered hair coverings worn by Englishmen that belong to the law in occupation. The wigs are still worn by English barristers and judges of the court of law.
July 11, 1804: U.S. founding fathers Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton fight a duel; Hamilton is killed and Burr is ruined. 1809: Writer …
The man and the woman usually were members of the same community, and the courting usually was done in the woman’s home in the presence (and under the watchful eye) of her family, most often Mom and brothers. However, between the late 1800s and the first few decades of the 1900s the new system of “dating” added new stages to courtship.
Why did so many Chinese immigrants come to Australia in the 1800s? It was the increasing demand for cheap labour after convict transportation ceased in the 1840s that led to much larger numbers of Chinese men arriving as indentured labourers, to work as shepherds for private landowners and the Australian Agricultural Company.
Did they have hotels in the 1800s? At the beginning of the 1800s, the Royal Hotel was built in London. Holiday resorts began to flourish along the French and Italian rivieras. In Japan, Ryokan guest houses sprang up.
Summary Author: Amy Stander Providence Canyon is known as “ Georgia’s Little Grand Canyon.” The canyons were formed by erosion due to poor soil conservation and farming practices in the 1800s and they’re still expanding even today. In recent years a church was moved to prevent it from being swallowed by headward (upslope) erosion.
By the time the Pilgrims had left England, they had already been living onboard the ships for nearly a month and a half. The voyage itself across the Atlantic Ocean took 66 days, from their departure on September 6, until Cape Cod was sighted on 9 November 1620.
| Certified Educator The major economic difference between the North and the South during this time was that the North was a mixed economy with free labor while the South was an agrarian economy based on slave labor. Because of these differences, the North industrialized and the South largely did not.
1.What helped fuel economic growth in the United States during the mid-1800s? A) The movement of Americans from farms to cities B) The rapid industrialization of the …
The “golden age” of handcuffs arrived in the mid-1800s when adjustable wrist bars were invented. Another boom occurred in 1912 when Peerless patented reciprocating cuffs that police could quickly...
The guns made in the 1800s were muzzleloading rifles, usuallymade by Browning. Browning also made a double barrelled and leveraction shotgun, which was a huge success. Revolvers were alsobecomming...
Spanish-American War The United States fought four major wars in the 1800s—the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War. The War of 1812 lasted from 1812 through 1815. President James Madison asked Congress to declare war on Great Britain.
Depending on the time period in which you are referencing, labor unions had a mixed impact on working conditions. In the mid-1800s to late 1800s, labor unions weren’t very effective in accomplishing their goals. There were no laws that gave unions the right to exist. As a result, court decisions...
How did railroads help farmers in the late 1800s? Railroads helped farmers by shipping crops to new markets but hurt farmers by charging high shipping rates. the railroad industry. In the system of sharecropping in the late 1800s, farmers rented land from landowners in return for a share of the crops.
In 1803, the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France. From 1800 to 1860, there were 17 new states. In the 1800s, millions of immigrants came from other countries. The country had two main parts— the North and the South.
What impact did the railroads have on the economy of the American West during the mid 1800s? The railroad opened the way for the settlement of the West, provided new …
The solar power actually introduced in 1839, so it's around mid-1800s. This solar power was first introduced by an inventor named Alexandre Edmond Becquerel. He found out that putting light on an electrode submerged with a conductive component could produce electric current that can be used as a source of energy. 4.
Melodrama was the primary form of theatre during the 19 th century, despite other influences, becoming the most popular by 1840. Melodrama is still with us today. In the early 1800’s, most were romantic, exotic, or supernatural. In the 1820’s, they became more familiar in settings and characters.
How much did a train ticket cost in the 1800s? As far as fare went, short trips charged 10 to 15 cents per mile. The cost for the 2,812-mile journey from Tipton, Missouri, to San Francisco, California, was $200, and that didn’t cover the $1 meals. Passenger train travel during the 1880s generally cost two or three cents per mile.
Middle Class: a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers Unions: an association of workers formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages Suffrage: right to vote Collective Bargaining: negotiations between workers and their employers
What did Irish people wear in the 1800s? Rural Irish men of the early 19th century wore an ensemble not that different from that of their working-class contemporaries in England, Wales, and Scotland. They wore fairly tight knee breeches, a linen shirt, knitted wool stockings, and heavy shoes. Irish men in the 19th century favored a tall top hat made of felt. | <urn:uuid:33bcfa9f-c278-4c62-bfef-e75cd638338c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://validsense.com/510268/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.981034 | 1,566 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Roosevelt's Beast : Roosevelt's Beast is a reimagining of Teddy and Kermit Roosevelt's ill-fated 1914 Amazon expedition: a new novel from the acclaimed Louis Bayard
1914. Brazil's Rio da Dúvida, the River of Doubt. Plagued by hunger and suffering the lingering effects of malaria, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, his son Kermit, and the other members of the now-ravaged Roosevelt-Rondon scientific expedition are traveling deeper and deeper into the jungle. When Kermit and the Colonel are kidnapped by a mysterious Amazonian tribe, they soon discover the price of their freedom. They must find and kill a ravenous beast â a beast that has never been seen and that leaves no tracks.
With his characteristically rich storytelling and a touch of old-fashioned horror, the bestselling and critically acclaimed Louis Bayard turns the well-known story of the Roosevelt-Rondon expedition on its head and anatomizes the demons that can haunt us from birth to death.
|Ficción||Action & Adventure| | <urn:uuid:f5a75ce0-e65a-46e9-aac1-521140928f02> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ofertondelibros.com/Libreria/Libro/Roosevelts-Beast/_/R-9781250053114B | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00347-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88601 | 218 | 1.765625 | 2 |
We are recruiting a PhD student in Energy Technology with a focus on solar thermal energy production at Umeå university Starting date is negotiable but we expect that the PhD student can join the group sometime between September and November 2022. The closing date for the application is August 26th 2022.
Project Description Solar energy is an important renewable energy resource that can be used for different thermal applications such as space and water heating in residential buildings. To integrate solar energy in district heating systems (DHSs) medium-high temperatures are needed that could be achieved with a concentrating solar thermal collector even in high latitude regions such as the Nordic countries. Such integration could contribute to decarbonizing our society by replacing biomass- and fossil-based energy resources in the Swedish DHS and to enhance energy security. The scope of this call for new PhD students is to use system approach to investigate the environmental effects and the economic effects of integrated solar thermal in the Swedish DHSs.
The doctoral student will get an opportunity to participate in experiments/trials, both at local laboratories and at full-scale heat production facilities. The student will have to develop and implement numerical simulation tools to analyse the integration of solar thermal in district heating networks considering different conditions such as heat production technologies, scales of heat production, type of fuels, and climates. Collaboration with project partners is an important aspect of the project.
Qualifications To be admitted for studies at third-cycle level the applicant is required to have completed a second-cycle level degree, or completed course requirements of at least 240 credits, of which at least 60 credits are at second-cycle level, or have an equivalent education from overseas, or equivalent qualifications.
To fulfil the specific entry requirements to be admitted for studies at third-cycle level in energy technology with specialisation in energy efficiency or energy technology with specialisation in thermal process chemistry, the applicant is required to have completed course requirements of at least 120 credits within the field of energy technology, closely related areas of application or other subject areas considered to be directly relevant for third-cycle studies. Applicants who in some other system, either within Sweden or abroad, have acquired largely equivalent knowledge are also eligible. The requirements must be fulfilled at the time of admission to postgraduate education and need not be met at the time of application.
As a PhD student, the applicant should have the ability to work systematically, thoroughly and independently, as well as in collaboration with others. Further, the applicant must be familiar with theoretical engineering science tools and have good working knowledge of the research area. The planned work requires an analytical and creative mind.
The applicant should be proficient user in both oral and written dissemination in English. Documented knowledge and/experience in solar thermal energy topics is strongly meriting. Courses and documented experience of working with energy simulations and statistical methods are merits.
Terms of employment The employment is expected to result in a doctoral degree and the main assignment for the doctoral student is thus to be active in research, study doctoral courses, and possibly participate in teaching of courses at undergraduate level. The employment is limited to four years at full time or up to five years if teaching or other departmental work is performed. The salary is fixed according to the established salary level for doctoral students at the Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå University.
Application Your application should include the following:
A cover letter with a brief description of your qualifications, research interests and motivation for applying, and your contact details (max. 2 pages)
Authenticated copies of relevant degree diploma(s) and certificates.
A list of university courses with grades. Note that for international applicants the grading system should be explained in brief.
A copy of master thesis and publications (if any).
Contact information of two reference persons.
The application, including attached documents, must be written in English or Swedish. The application is made through our electronic recruitment system. The closing date for the application is August 26th 2022.
Umeå University wants to offer an equal environment where open dialogue between people with different backgrounds and perspectives lay the foundation for learning, creativity and development. We welcome people with different backgrounds and experiences to apply for the current employment.
We kindly decline offers of recruitment and advertising help. | <urn:uuid:3c609076-941f-4dbf-912b-a10340ed39f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.umu.se/en/work-with-us/open-positions/phd-position-in-energy-technology--solar-thermal-energy-production_526734/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.938788 | 866 | 1.5625 | 2 |
SEADPRI main research focuses on holistic and integrated approach (science, technology, impact, vulnerability & governance) to reduce disaster risk. SEADPRI’s three main R&D Programmes:
- Climatic Hazards
- Geological Hazards
- Technological Hazards
Extreme weather and climate change directly and indirectly affect humans and their activities as well as natural systems and processes. It is anticipated that the coming decades will see an increase in extreme weather events and a projected increase of hydro-meteorological hazards. Such events may also have consequences on some geological and environmental hazards, giving rise to serious socio-political and economic consequences. For example, higher and extreme run-offs may result in increased risk of flooding and consequently cause increased risk of disasters such as landslides and mudslides, ensuing in loss of human life, property and critical infrastructure. If wastewater treatment plants are overwhelmed or should industrial sites and landfills be affected, the possibility that there may be dispersal of contaminants and toxins into rivers, which serve as the main source for drinking water in the country, cannot be ignored.
The Climatic Hazards Programme of SEADPRI-UKM conducts research and strengthens capacity to support the national agenda on adaptation to extreme weather and climate change. The focus of research includes disaster prevention, risk reduction and management, to post disaster recovery and reconstruction. Aspects taken into account are science and technology for disaster risk reduction, socio-economic impacts and vulnerability assessments, education and awareness as well as governance for human security and sustainability, among others. Postgraduate training for the masters and doctoral levels is conducted through research. The Programme implements its outreach activities in conjunction various stakeholders at national and international levels, including governments, non-governmental organisations, community based organizations, scientific and academic institutions and the private sector.
Geological Hazards (Geohazards) include all geological or hydrological processes that pose a threat to people or their property. Examples of geological hazards include earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, slope failures, debris flows, subsidence and sinkholes. Understanding our environment is a prerequisite for reducing the vulnerability of our societies and the risk of natural disasters. Understanding the Earth, its contents and processes are crucial for improved knowledge of geohazards, risks and potential disasters as a basis for efficient decision making, better mitigation, and preparedness for disasters.
The Geological Hazards Programme of SEADPRI-UKM was established to change the focus of current practices in disaster management, from a responsive approach to a more preventive one, in order to prevent or reduce the impact of disasters. The Programme also aims to strengthen the emerging international strategy for disaster mitigation and prevention for the benefit of those exposed to geohazards. Emphasis will be on the crosscutting area of disaster risk management, which includes hazards identification, risk assessment, disaster preparedness and mitigation. In addition, the Programme promotes research and training, data sharing, building of public awareness and provision of technical services to stakeholders and local communities in Malaysia and the region.
We live in a world of modern technologies that provide us with electricity, food, entertainments, etc that give us comfort of life. Despite that, modern technologies are becoming sources of hazard or risk because of the hazardous nature of materials or technologies involved, some examples are toxic and radioactive substances, high voltage and pressure. Hazardous materials are chemical substances, which if released or misused can pose a threat to the environment or health. They are present every where we live, especially in industrial facilities and during its transportation via highways, rail and waterways. Accidental release of these substances from, fires, explosions, leakages and natural disasters can have adverse effects on human health, property and the environment. As a result, human exposure to hazardous substances causes injury or even death to a large number of people.
The Technological Hazards Programme of SEADPRI-UKM currently focuses on hazardous materials. Research and education into the hazards and risk that brought about by these materials are important because of the increasing use of chemical substances for the improvement of the quality of our lives. The research and education will be mainly on the reduction of disaster risk of these hazards to environment and humans, and they are in line with the current efforts of the Malaysian government on establishing an efficient national system on chemical management. Chemical hazard disaster risk reduction is also a relatively unexplored field in the Asian region, especially among the countries of Southeast Asia, and the Programme aims to bridge this gap. | <urn:uuid:e9b2753b-9a9a-4715-a642-af70c3a07dae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ukm.my/seadpri/?page_id=48 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.939084 | 930 | 2.90625 | 3 |
With over 50% of world’s population lacking proper access to payments and financial services, closing the global gap in the access and the use of payment services remains a challenge. Underdeveloped or missing payment services infrastructure has often resulted in high transaction costs and low penetration of payment services for lower income populations, mainly due to a large number of low value of payment transactions conducted by the underserved segments. This in turn has resulted in the lack of investments in appropriate payments infrastructure to satisfy the payment needs of people at the base of the pyramid.
The underserved segments have payment needs that are similar to other consumers. Evidence has shown that even very poor people save small amounts, send and receive money from relatives, pay bills and school fees, and borrow from suppliers and others to meet obligations or take advantage of financial opportunities even in the absence of bank access. To satisfy their payment needs, most low income people end up using informal mechanisms that may be convenient but are not safe or efficient. Those who do have marginal access to payment services, usually endure high transaction costs and poor service.
In my previous blog – Promoting Financial Inclusion: Is Mobile Money the Magic Bullet?-I discussed the importance of developing a needs based approach to develop solutions and services for the underserved. In this blog, I bring attention to a recently published paper that elaborates the idea further: How a demand side view of financial inclusion that starts with consumers' most basic and foundational needs of bill payment when joined with a product/supply-side view of new emerging payments solutions like mobile payments and prepaid could be a really powerful combination to accelerate financial inclusion.
The paper in reference is A New Perspective on Bill Payment – A Demand Based Path to Financial Inclusion. The main emphasis of the paper is :“Why bill payment is well positioned to initiate financial inclusion and drive it forward”. Four key points discussed here are: the large need for bill payment regardless of a person’s socioeconomic status; the potential for electronic bill payment to create value for all stakeholders; the ability to have positive externalities for other payment categories; and the potential to achieve greater financial inclusion by accelerating lending.
- financial inclusion | <urn:uuid:89236483-08b8-4948-99d5-a473f0ddef2c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/comment/reply/13161 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00384-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950839 | 441 | 2.390625 | 2 |
March 14, 2012 - The RBC Blue Water Project is back as a supporter of Canada Water Week (March 19-25, 2012 ), a week-long celebration of water from coast-to-coast-to-coast, held annually in the third week of March to coincide with World Water Day (March 22). World Water Day and Canada Water Week are special occasions for RBC, because water is RBC’s global cause, to which we’ve committed $50 million over 10 years. Already, we’ve donated or pledged $32 million to some 500 organizations worldwide.
This year, Canada Water Week will focus its efforts on the theme “Our Water Footprint.” Did you know that Canadians consume twice as much water per day than Europeans? Or that next to the United States, we are the second highest water consuming country in the world? Yet over and over again, Canadians state how important water is to them and that they are concerned about its safety and protection. For more information, visit www.canadawaterweek.com
Here’s what else we’re doing to mark World Water Day:
We’ve just received over 200 applications from organizations worldwide for 2012 RBC Blue Water Project Leadership Grants. We’ll evaluate those proposals and announce our finalists in early summer. And of course, we’re making plans for the third annual RBC Blue Water Day, to be held on Friday June 8, in all RBC locations worldwide.
We thank all of our 500+ RBC Blue Water Project members for the work they do to help protect the world’s most precious resource.
5 ways you can celebrate World Water Day | <urn:uuid:85587f2d-9140-4d6d-abe1-3ac6a5085113> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.rbc.com/community-sustainability/news/20120314-water-week.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722459.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00344-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951141 | 351 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Quality control for daily observational rainfall series in the UK.
WATER ENVIRON J
185 - 193.
Daily rainfall sequences in the UK need careful quality control before use. This issue is discussed using data from two rain gauge networks. In particular, changes in recording resolution or inconsistencies between different types of recording device may result in biases, for which allowance should be made when these data are used for modelling. Model fitting is shown to be an effective way of investigating unexplained spatial or temporal inconsistencies. Generalized linear models are fitted to data from the Blackwater catchment to illustrate model-based data checking. Some apparently unexplained spatial inconsistencies are related to trace values in the data set. By applying a simple threshold to the data, the inconsistencies can be removed.
|Title:||Quality control for daily observational rainfall series in the UK|
|Keywords:||daily rainfall, data quality, generalized linear models, observational series, NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION, FIELDS, MODELS|
|UCL classification:||UCL > School of BEAMS
UCL > School of BEAMS > Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences
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This quality standard covers the diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in children and young people (aged up to 18 years). For more information see the scope for this quality standard.
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterised by recurring seizures. It is estimated that 34,000 children and young people in England with a diagnosis of epilepsy are currently receiving anti-epileptic drugs. There are more than 40 different types of epilepsy, with 40 different associated seizure types. The nature of epilepsy means that it can be difficult to diagnose accurately. NICE's guideline on epilepsies: diagnosis and management estimates that in 5–30% of people diagnosed with epilepsy the diagnosis is incorrect. The Joint Epilepsy Council (2011) reported that up to 40% of children referred to tertiary epilepsy clinics do not have epilepsy. A diagnosis of epilepsy can have a wide-ranging impact on a child or young person's health and lifestyle. A key part of this quality standard is therefore focused on improving the diagnosis of epilepsy and ensuring that diagnosis and treatment are confirmed and reviewed as necessary.
For many children and young people diagnosed with epilepsy the seizures can be controlled through treatment with an anti-epileptic drug or other interventions. Optimal management improves health outcomes and can help to minimise other, often detrimental, impacts on social, educational and employment activity. This quality standard therefore includes a focus on tailoring treatment to the individual circumstances and needs of children and young people with epilepsy so that they are offered the most suitable treatment.
NICE quality standards describe high-priority areas for quality improvement in a defined care or service area. Each standard consists of a prioritised set of specific, concise and measurable statements. They draw on existing guidance, which provides an underpinning, comprehensive set of recommendations, and are designed to support the measurement of improvement. The quality standard, in conjunction with the guidance on which it is based, should contribute to the improvements outlined in the following frameworks:
The quality standard for the epilepsies in children and young people specifies that services should be commissioned from and coordinated across all relevant agencies encompassing the whole epilepsy care pathway. An integrated approach to the provision of services is fundamental to the delivery of high-quality care to children and young people with epilepsy, and the quality standard should be delivered by multidisciplinary teams through a local epilepsy clinical network.
The quality standard should be read in the context of national and local guidelines on training and competencies. All healthcare professionals involved in assessing, caring for and treating children and young people with epilepsy should have sufficient and appropriate training and competencies to deliver the actions and interventions described in the quality standard. | <urn:uuid:9a2eb41e-0bf2-4afb-97f9-a0093c2f9db6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs27/chapter/Introduction-and-overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.945465 | 539 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Correction: An earlier version of this article misidentified the diplomat who was deputy mission chief in Benghazi, Libya, at the time of the 2012 attacks. He was Gregory Hicks.
Ambassador Christopher Stevens was in Benghazi to talk to officials about weapons stockpiles
Stevens and information officer holed up in safe room in compound
Two Navy SEALs were killed while fighting off attack on other Americans in Benghazi
September 11, 2012, in America was a day of solemn remembrance. In Libya, it was a day of violence that ended with four Americans killed, starting a debate over whether the Obama administration should have better protected them and whether it tried to cover its tracks after the debacle.
Ambassador Christopher Stevens was in Benghazi that day to meet with officials over the hunt for ousted dictator Moammar Ghadafi’s weapons stockpiles and to open a cultural center. Here is how events played out that day (all times local):
9:40 p.m.: Gunfire is heard outside the Benghazi diplomatic mission, then a loud explosion. Dozens of armed militiamen charge the main gate and set fire to a barracks building as they make for the ambassador’s residence.
10 p.m.: Attackers breach the mission walls and make for the ambassador’s residence. Stevens and information officer Sean Smith run to a safe room with one security agent.
An alert is sent to the CIA security team at an annex about a mile away, the State Department and the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli. Stevens calls deputy mission chief Gregory Hicks at the embassy and tells him, “Greg, we’re under attack.”
Exclusive: Dozens of CIA operatives on the ground during Benghazi attack
10:30 p.m.: Stevens and Smith have taken refuge behind a fortified door with heavy metal bars that keeps the attackers from breaking in, but they set fire to the villa with diesel fuel. Within minutes, Stevens and Smith are overwhelmed by smoke.
At about the same time, six U.S. security agents leave the CIA annex for the main building. They and 16 Libyan security guards regain control over the compound and start searching for Stevens and Smith.
Shortly after 11 p.m.: A U.S. surveillance drone arrives over Benghazi. Then-Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and Joint Chiefs Chairman Martin Dempsey meet with President Barack Obama.
12:07 a.m., September 12: The State Department sends an e-mail to the White House, the Pentagon and the FBI indicating the Islamic militant group Ansar al-Sharia claimed credit for the attack.
1:15 a.m.: A rescue team from Tripoli arrives in Benghazi. About 30 Americans have been rescued from the consulate building and are holed up with the Stevens at the CIA annex.
2 a.m.: Hicks informs Secretary of State Hillary Clinton that they need to evacuate all Americans from Benghazi. At about the same time, an eyewitness captures on video Stevens being pulled from the smoke-filled building.
4 a.m.: The attackers launch a full-on assault against the annex, dropping mortars on the roof. Navy SEALs Glen Doherty and Tyrone Woods are killed in the attack.
10 a.m.: The bodies of Stevens, Smith, Doherty and Woods are put on the last plane out of Benghazi.
Watch Erin Burnett weekdays 7pm ET. For the latest from Erin Burnett click here. | <urn:uuid:c367a21e-1097-4f6c-9d72-a1d085401f02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/06/politics/benghazi-attack-timeline/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.940105 | 703 | 1.65625 | 2 |
- Alexander Yanai Vol 1
- Reel 3, Track 1, Lesson 4 (according to Eva Laser https://www.somatik.se)
- Reel 3, Track 1, Side A, Lesson 4 (IFF)
- Duration 40 min.
- For German see AYnmal täglich: Auf der Seite – Kreise mit Kopf und Bein
- Part of this lesson is in sidelying, lifting the top long leg and the head and taking these in circles; the rest is face up, soles of the feet together and knees open, lifting both legs and one at a time.
- This short video is a visual reminder of AY 30. Someone else might interpret the movement you see with the words in a different manner. The words written sometimes are verbatim, sometimes close to verbatim and sometimes my interpretation of the words that are written by Moshé Feldenkrais. — Ute Müller
- Highly condensed outline of key movements
Focus of Moshe’s Teaching
- Indicate focus or key principles that are made explicit in the teaching
Circling head and leg on the side:
Share Your Insights (ideas, principles, strategies, experiences, …)
- Add your thoughts about the lesson here.
- Please sign your comments.
- Differing viewpoints are welcome and desired!
Disclaimer: The information included on this site is for educational purposes only. Nothing on Feldy Notebook should be construed as an attempt to offer medical advice or treatment.
All contributions to this website are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 License. Do not add any copyrighted information to this website. Feldy Notebook is sponsored by Kinetic Inquiry. | <urn:uuid:6bf36eee-7b65-4f61-a975-979202427f09> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://feldynotebook.com/circles-with-the-head-and-leg-on-the-side-ay30/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.829378 | 385 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Alaska Fish & Wildlife News
The Quiet Neighbor:
Mountain Goats in Berners Bay
If a family of mountain goats were your neighbors, they’d be the quiet type, the kind that mostly kept to themselves. They might go away on vacation during the Fourth of July, or over the New Year, to avoid all the commotion. Fireworks, for instance, would never be their forte. That’s just the way they are — a wee bit solitary, wary of disturbances and not the overly social type.
Those are all facts ADF&G wildlife biologist Kevin White and research analyst Dave Gregovich know well. A recent study, published this spring after a decade of research, shows mountain goats are not terribly tolerant of human development. Their analysis, recently accepted for publication in the peer reviewed journal Wildlife Biology and entitled, Mountain Goat Resource Selection in Relation to Mining-related Disturbance, examines how industrial development can affect mountain goats’ use of the surrounding habitat. The study found these alpine animals avoided suitable habitat near human development — in this case, the Kensington Mine, north of Juneau.
While their findings don’t come as much of a surprise — researchers have known for decades that mountain goats are picky about human disruption — White and Gregovich found very little variability in the data. That observation was remarkable. Basically, the goats were all largely following the same pattern.
“Typically, especially with animal populations, there is always variation in the data,” White said. “It’s rarely black-and-white. And our models account for that, to filter out the ‘noise,’ if you will.”
So White was somewhat taken aback when the 18 GPS-collared goats were all following the same pattern — choosing winter habitat that was at least mile away or more from the mine.
Background and methods
First, White went about the task of picking up where two biologists, Matt Robus and Ben Carney, left off. That pair had set out to study mountain goats in the mid-1990s, in and around the then-proposed Kensington Gold Mine. Their research fizzled, however, when the mine stalled. Things picked back up in the early 2000s when Coeur Alaska, the company behind the mine, filed their finalized mine development plan with the U.S. Forest Service. At the same time, the plan for “The Road” — a highway linking Juneau with the Katzehin Delta, south of Skagway — was moving forward. That renewed interest in understanding how the mine and lower elevation development may affect mountain goats in the area.
Mountain goats rely on different types of habitat during different times of the year, White said. In summer, they head high into the alpine, looking for steep rocky ledges, cliffs and areas with high sun exposure. In the winter, mountain goats move down, he said, sometimes as low as sea level. They’ll winter in the timber, for instance, where the snow pack is less; but step, rugged terrain is still mandatory.
White worked with Gregovich to identify and map areas near the mine that were important habitat for the goats. The pair established two separate resource selection function (RSF) models, and each described how likely an area was to be used by the alpine-loving animals. The models predicted what habitat might be used in the summer, and which areas were likely to be used by the goats in winter.
At a glance, the maps look like a depiction of thermal imaging, with areas of red and orange overlaid on areas mountain goats were most likely to use. Other adjacent areas faded to shades of yellow, blue and white. These areas were meant to predict habitat that would be used less simply because of the geographic, topographic or vegetation resources available.
“These models are defining where the important habitat is during those two seasons,” White said.
Upon closer examination, other symbols are on the map, too. A red plus sign denotes a mining site, fuchsia triangles denote a location where a mountain goat was captured and fitted with a GPS collar, and then there are thousands of grey dots — each dot representing a goat’s location, which was recorded at fixed intervals, generally once every six hours for a two- to three-year time period.
Gregovich said the collar information was key to determining which habitat the animals used. “So now we have a model that essentially describes these functional habitat relationships between mountain goats and how they use the environment,” he said. “And then we can predict — by using GIS mapping software — throughout the whole area, including where the mine is and ask the question, ‘Ok, how much mountain goat habitat, based on this big sample size of animals, would be predicted in and around the mine?’ And then we can conduct an analysis to define where critical habitat might be. The final step involves assessing whether mountain goats are using the critical habitat near the mine, to the same degree as critical habitats distant from the mine.”
Researchers agree that having thorough information is paramount. That includes identifying critical habitat and learning how human development can potentially affect wildlife populations.
One thing is for sure, goats don’t like going close to human disturbances. Fortunately, summer habitat is generally further away from the mine, as compared to winter. In winter the picture becomes a bit more concerning because winter habitat is at lower elevation and, by definition, closer to the mine.
“And so you have this scenario, as an example,” White said, “where animals might summer up on top of the ridge, near Lions Head (Mountain), and then in the winter time those same goats move down to lower elevations. So they have a decision to make: Do they move down into lower elevation habitats in the Johnson Creek bowl where the mine is? Or, do they move to the opposite side of the ridge, over by the Berners River?”
The problem in winter is that there is less available habitat simply because the snowpack moves down the mountains, White said. The research indicated “mountain goats appear to be less tolerant of using habitats within the 1,800 meter distance threshold during winter than in summer.” A similar study done in 2015 on mountain goats in Alberta, Canada documented the same pattern — goats displayed an increased avoidance of habitats tied to human disturbance.
Why is this? White said it’s because it just costs the goat more energy to move in winter. With colder weather, fewer food sources and deeper snow, the costs of moving away from any turmoil might be too great. Hence, the goats choose areas where disturbances are less of a factor.
In the area of the Kensington Mine, White’s study found there’s simply less habitat available to goats in the winter than in the summer — 1.7 times less abundant to be exact. Furthermore, mining activity happens largely at lower elevations. Similarly, the study found that 42 percent of overall winter habitat was within the mile-wide buffer around the mine, and not being used by mountain goats.
White said he thinks it will be important to continue to monitor goats in the area from Berners Bay to the Katzehin Delta, particularly to observe how the goats near the mine behave compared to those unaffected by all the hustle and bustle. He also wants to see if goats become accustomed to their noisy neighbors, or if “wintering habitats are re-colonized once mining activity ceases.”
A manuscript based on the analyses has just been accepted for publication in the peer-reviewed journal Wildlife Biology.
Regardless of the outcomes of studies such as this one, White strongly believes having more information will only make for better wildlife management strategies now and in the future.
Abby Lowell is a contributing writer to Alaska Fish and Wildlife News and serves as an education and outreach specialist with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game’s Division of Wildlife Conservation. She is based in Juneau.
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Asiya Bajwani, Chicken and Curry - Pakistani Home Cooking
2012 | ASIN: B008AI1Z7Q | EPUB | 95 pages | 0,5 MB
This super quick and easy chicken curry recipe book is a compilation of exciting and authentic recipes from Pakistan. They are all really quick and easy to prepare. You will be proud of the dishes you prepare, following these instructions, just as Asiya, the author is proud to present them to you.
This is more than a recipe book being presented to you. It's a terrific introduction to Pakistani curry dishes, using chicken as the meat ingredient and colorful spices, to take you on a gastronomic journey along cultural and tradition filled pathways. It's a truly authentic adventure.
After reading this curry book you will feel a connection with the Pakistani food producers and their traditions. Each time you go shopping and then come home and cook the ingredients and share the dishes that you have created, following recipes in this book, you should achieve a sense of being at one with the providers of the recipes and the ingredients of your dishes.
Buy This Book Today And Discover Recipes Such As…
Chicken Tikka Malai
Chicken Masala Curry
Chicken with Spinach
Chicken Hara Masala Curry
Chicken Green Peas
Chicken Mix Vegetable Curry
Chicken Degchi Kebab
Chicken Kofta Curry
Chicken Minced Meat
Chicken Minced Meat with Capsicum
Chicken Dum Masala
Chicken Coconut Curry | <urn:uuid:4bdcfc2f-6038-4226-b6e7-3cd78f2aadf4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.clarinel.com/ebook/422358-asiya-bajwani-chicken-and-curry-pakistani-home-cooking.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00487-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851423 | 308 | 1.554688 | 2 |
I am a...
Seeking more information about spasticity? The Spasticity Alliance is here to help.
Taking many medications over the course of a day can be confusing. For medications to work they need to be taken at the right time and in the correct amount. Not taking your medicine or taking too much can be harmful; you might get sicker.
Understanding Your Medications
Understanding the benefits of your medications and why they are ordered to be taken at particular times can help you better remember to take them.
To better understand your medications ask your Healthcare Professional or Pharmacist the following questions:
Stroke Related Medications
Stroke-Related Medications—following is information about some of the common medications that are prescribed following a stroke.
|Drug Class||What They Do||Examples|
|Anticoagulants||Reduce the risk of blood clots and prevent existing blood clots from getting bigger by thinning the blood||Heparin ®, Pradaxa ®, Coumadin ®|
|Antiplatelets||Prevent platelets (blood cells) from sticking together||Plavix ®, Aggrenox ®, Persantine ®, Ticlid ®|
|Angiotensin II receptor antagonists||Block angiotensin II, a chemical that triggers muscle contraction around blood vessels, narrowing them. By inhibiting the chemical, blood vessels can enlarge and blood pressure is reduced.||Micardis ®, Cozaar ®, Hyzaar ®|
|GABA (gamma-Amino butyric acid) receptor antagonists||Inhibit the action of GABA, which inhibits neurotransmitters and regulates the nervous system.||Kemstro™, Gablofen ®, Lioresal ®|
|Miscellaneous central nervous system agents||Affect physiological and psychological processes in the central nervous system||Nuedexta™|
|Neurotoxins||Interact with proteins in nerves to relax muscles||Botox ®|
|Statins||Lower cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme in the blood that produces cholesterol in the liver||Lipitor ®, Crestor ®, Zocor ®, Mevacor ®, Lescol ®|
|Thrombolytics||Break up blood clots||Activase ®|
Tips for managing your medications
One of the best ways to manage your medications is to use tools to help you remember to take them.
Download, print and personalize the Medication Tracker.
Medication Assistance Programs
Medication Assistance Programs, also known as patient assistant programs, can help you pay for medications that you have been prescribed.
|Generic Name||Brand Name||Assistance Program||Class||Condition It Treats|
|Atorvastatin calcium||Lipitor ®||Pfizer||Statin||High cholesterol|
|Baclofen||Kemstro™, Gablofen ®, Lioresal ®||Medtronic Inc. (Contact information only)||GABA receptor antagonist||Spasticity|
|OnabotulinumtoxinA||Botox ®||Allergan||Neurotoxin||Upper limb spasticity and incontinence|
|IncobotulinumtoxinA||Xeomin®||Merz||Neurotoxin||Adult upper limb spasticity, cervical dystonia, blepharospasm|
|Dextromethorphan hydrobromide and quinidine sulfate||Nuedexta™||Avanir||Miscellaneous central nervous system agent||Pseudobulbar affect (PBA)|
|Dipryidamole||Persantine ®||Boehringer Ingelheim||Antiplatelet||Prevents blood clots|
|Aspirin/Extended-release dipyridamole||Aggrenox ®||Boehringer Ingelheim||Antiplatelet||Prevents blood clots|
|Clopidogrel bisulfate||Plavix ®||Bristol-Myers Squibb||Antiplatelet||Prevents blood clots|
|Dabigatran etexilate||Pradaxa ®||Boehringer Ingelheim||Anticoagulant||Atrial fibrillation (Afib)|
|Losartan potassium||Cozaar ®||Merck||Angiotensin II receptor antagonist||High blood pressure|
|Rosuvastatin calcium||Crestor ®||AstraZeneca||Statin||High cholesterol|
|Telmisartan||Micardis ®||Boehringer Ingelheim||Angiotensin II receptor antagonist||High blood pressure|
|Ticlopidine hydrochloride||Ticlid ®||Roche Laboratories||Antiplatelet||Prevents blood clots|
|Alteplase||Activase ®—Also known as tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)||Genentech||Thrombolytics||Breaks down blood clots|
|Warfarin||Coumadin ®, Jantoven ®, Marevan ®||Bristol-Myers Squibb||Anticoagulant||Prevents blood clots|
National Stroke Association does not endorse or recommend any specific treatment or medication for stroke prevention, clinical care, or post-stroke conditions. For advice and recommendations regarding medications or treatments, please contact your healthcare provider directly.
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April 6, 2016 • By Ed Wrather
Again, the kingdom of heaven is like treasure hidden in a field, which a man found and hid; and for joy over it he goes and sells all that he has and buys that field. – Matthew 13:44 NKJV.
For it is the God who commanded light to shine out of darkness, who has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ. But we have this treasure in earthen vessels, that the excellence of the power may be of God and not of us. – 2 Corinthians 4:6-7 NKJV.
Grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord, as His divine power has given to us all things that pertain to life and godliness, through the knowledge of Him who called us by glory and virtue, by which have been given to us exceedingly great and precious promises…. – 2 Peter 1:2-4a NKJV.
…add to your faith virtue, to virtue knowledge, to knowledge self-control, to self-control perseverance, to perseverance godliness, to godliness brotherly kindness, and to brotherly kindness love. For if these things are yours and abound, you will be neither barren nor unfruitful in the knowledge of our Lord Jesus Christ. For he who lacks these things is shortsighted, even to blindness, and has forgotten that he was cleansed from his old sins. – 2 Peter 1:5b-9 NKJV.
In Logan, Pennsylvania police have a mystery on their hands, who put the jewels in the handbag? A woman shopping at a Boscov’s store bought a new purse; inside of the purse, she discovered a treasure of jewelry including necklaces, rings, watches and bracelets. The theory is that the purse was purchased previously, and returned to the store for some reason. The first purchaser apparently forgot about the treasure she had stored inside of the purse. The second purchaser of the purse turned the treasure over to the police hoping the owner will be found. (YahooNews 03.29.16)
It does seem strange that you could forget about a treasure of jewels. However, we humans are forgetful beings, especially about God. The children of Israel had this repeated problem in the Book of Judges. As times were good they would forget about their need for God and begin to worship false gods. When times grew difficult for them, usually because of a ruler that had become harsh, they remembered their God and would cry out to Him for help. God would respond by sending a deliverer, a judge who would lead them to freedom. This cycle was repeated many times. Why? Because they would forget about their need for the One True God.
We have the same problem, when times are good we tend to forget about our need for God. How can we forget about such a great treasure? Yet, God says through the apostle Peter that if we lack virtue, self-control, godliness, kindness, and love there is a problem. The problem is that we have forgotten about the treasure, forgotten that we were cleansed from our old sins. We have forgotten that in our earthen vessel dwells the Holy Spirit, there is no greater treasure. Let us not forget our Treasure! | <urn:uuid:38b511aa-59a3-48b1-9062-10c101197e54> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.theburningbush.net/apps/articles/default.asp?articleid=82140&columnid=6908 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.976403 | 697 | 1.71875 | 2 |
A job ad on LINGUIST List.
Featured Linguist: Michael Gamon
Language? Or Science?
I grew up in Bad Soden, a small town on the outskirts of Frankfurt, Germany. My parents always encouraged any interest of mine. Whether it was science (the chemistry lab in the basement, even the rockets and explosive experiments in the yard) or language and literature. My dad had a fairly extensive collection of world literature. He was in his 20s when WWII ended and could not get enough of the books and the modern art that became available after the barbarism of the Third Reich. The interest in reading rubbed off on me, allegedly I could read fluently by the time I entered first grade, having taught myself reading by asking adults (sometimes total strangers) to spell out letters and labels aloud, starting with the signs in the elevator of our apartment building. Once I had outgrown children’s books, I was allowed to pick any book I wanted from my dad’s shelves, as long as I would put it back after reading it – and I took full advantage of that. There was no notion of “age-appropriate” books in our house: if I could read it and enjoy it, it was considered appropriate. From those beginnings, language, literature and science never lost their appeal for me. In high school I focused on physics, math and English, and when the time came to decide on what to study, I narrowed down the choice to geophysics or German studies and it was my choice to make. My rationale at the time was: Go for the big and risky dream first (study literature to become a writer), and if that does not work out, science and engineering are still another interesting option.
Language and Science!
I did not know about Linguistics until I signed up for German studies at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. It was one of the academic minors “Nebenfächer” offered in German studies –an interesting application of formal methods to the subject of language. All it took was an introductory generative syntax course (taught by the unforgettable Wolfgang Sternefeld) to get hooked; I studied under Helen Leuninger and Günther Grewendorf. Language and the mind/brain, the mathematics of language, and the distant prospect of computers analyzing language – this was incredibly exciting! A few years into the program, I applied for a Fulbright scholarship to study generative linguistics in the US. To my surprise I made it through round after round of the selection process until I was placed in the University of Washington’s linguistics program. When I received the happy news, I tried to find the university on a map – poring unsuccessfully over a DC area map — the only “Washington” I recognized.
I arrived in Seattle in the autumn of 1990 and fell in love with the beauty of the city, the lakes, the sea, the mountains, and the campus. Resources at the school were a world apart from what I had known in Frankfurt. There, the university library still had card catalogues. In order to get your materials you had to fill out a request form, return after two days to stand in line and find out if the book was available and hope the librarian had processed the request form properly. At the UW, you would go to a library computer terminal, find the library code, and pick up what you needed from the open shelves within minutes. UW faculty were accessible for questions or discussions at all times, the student body was very international, the place was vibrant.
A Degree and a Job.
I finished my MA at the UW by adding one more academic quarter to the three-quarter scholarship. By then I knew I wanted to continue as a linguist, inspired by wonderful teachers (Karen Zagona, Heles Contreras, Fritz Newmeyer, Ellen Kaisse, Sharon Hargus) and fellow grad students. I returned to Germany, only to find that the dusty educational bureaucracy there made it near impossible to have my brand new MA recognized. Fortunately, I got two nearly simultaneous offers to join a PhD program — one from the UW, the other from Nijmegen. I decided to return to the UW, for the Pacific Northwest’s natural beauty and for the UW’s academic program.
I was about to finish my PhD in 1996 when a job ad in the Linguist List caught my eye: Microsoft Research (MSR) was looking for a German grammarian (the archives still have the posting https://linguistlist.org/issues/7/7-33.html). At the time, the UW did not have a computational linguistics program; and while I had done a little bit of Prolog programming back in Germany, I could not possibly consider myself a computational linguist. But I figured that applying would help me practice resumé writing and cost me only a few hours and a stamp, so I sent off the application, with little hope of success. That application led to an internship in the Natural Language Processing group at MSR, and then to a job offer. In September 1996 I had both a PhD and a great job. And I could stay in the place I loved.
My early years at Microsoft Research were focused on writing a computational grammar for German in a grammar-authoring environment that was far ahead of its time. The grammar was written in a declarative language (called “G”, loosely based on LISP) and processed by a very efficient parsing engine. Authoring tools made it possible to test a grammar change over thousands of sentences within minutes and to highlight and aggregate each change in the analyses. At the time, other parsers would brood over moderately complex sentences for seconds, sometimes minutes, at a time.), For someone passionate about understanding the structure of language and tinkering with grammatical details this was the best playground one could imagine!
By the time the German computational grammar became part of Microsoft’s German grammar checker (every sentence that is grammar-checked in a German word document is parsed into a full syntactic tree!), the field moved in a new direction, away from grammar engineering and into the world of probabilities. It was time to discover the potential of machine learning. With some colleagues we found some interesting problems in natural language generation where we could combine knowledge engineering (no need to learn from data what we can code in a few hours) with machine-learned models for data-driven decisions. Soon, however, even the idea of a partially knowledge-engineered system fell out of favor, and the search was on for some new research areas. For me, the “fringe” areas (some of which have become mainstream now) held the most fascination: sentiment detection, the notion of “style”, using machine learning to detect and correct non-native writing, and language in social media. More recently, I made another little leap into a new branch of Microsoft Research where we work closer with product teams to bring language technology to market.
So here I am, a few months shy of 20 years at MSR after having applied for that job on Linguist List in 1996. Along the way there have been some 60 papers, 30 patent applications, and many collaborations with wonderful colleagues, friends, and incredibly fun and talented research summer interns.
After high school, I had wanted to become a writer or a geophysicist. Instead, I became a linguist. I studied generative linguistics and landed a job as a computational linguist. I have never taken a computer science or programming class, but now work in a computer science research lab.
Along the way I have also became something of a contrarian, to the bemusement of enthusiastic up-and-coming researchers. So, by way of example, I feel I should conclude with at least a few potentially career-limiting remarks.
I believe that, over its long history, the term “Artificial Intelligence” has become intellectually useless –a term that has utility only as a grant-magnet or as a topic for the media circus and their insatiable appetite for the shiny and meaningless. There is “Apparent Intelligence,” which is a real and remarkable achievement: software that is so cleverly designed that a machine can appear intelligent within a well-defined and limited domain. But the notion that machines “understand” language in any meaningful sense of the word, for example, is preposterous at the current stage of our knowledge. Although the mantra “in five years, computers will be able to do xyz,” has been repeated for at least 60 years now, it has not come any closer to the truth. And while deep learning is truly a qualitative breakthrough, all of those “brain” metaphors we see bandied about, well they’re just metaphors, and pretty bad ones at that.
So, what’s next? Your guess is as good as mine!
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Shortly thereafter, SDA launched its Green Your Schools program as an opportunity for high school students, teachers, parents and administrators to connect and brainstorm sustainable campus programs. In addition to hosting discussions on waste reduction and recycling, SDA spearheaded a school supply drive that gathered 675 pounds of gently used materials for schools in east Contra Costa County. Trash collected at San Ramon Valley High during the drive was reduced by half, Ruzzi added.
Sustainable Danville hopes to work with San Ramon Valley Unified School District to create a composting program to help power East Bay Municipal Utility District facilities through methane trapping.
The group also partnered with The Urban Farmers to collect unwanted backyard fruit for donation to local food pantries and has collected over 2,000 pounds of fruit since August. SDA collects food at the Danville farmers market and at 822 Hartz Way.
"What we find is people start to adopt one measure and they kind of decide, 'Wow this is taking care of our neighborhood, our community,' then they start to adopt more and more measures," Ruzzi said. "I think what we teach is we can be sustainable without sacrifice."
After working to certify the Town of Danville with the Bay Area Green Business Program, Ruzzi decided to encourage local businesses to become certified as green. Certified businesses must adopt 25 sustainable practices to be certified in what Ruzzi called a very stringent program.
"I felt that many of our businesses weren't being recognized for what they were doing right and perhaps they needed a stepping stone to get to that Bay Area Green Business Program," Ruzzi said.
Over 40 local businesses -- from Heritage Bank of Commerce to Cottage Jewel in downtown Danville -- have been certified since 2011 and, to Ruzzi's surprise, many had already gone green. The average participating business uses around 50 reduce, reuse or recycle measures.
In addition to working with an Eagle Scout to build portable bike racks for use at San Ramon Valley High and town events, Sustainable Danville was instrumental in instituting a bicycle parking study. As a result of the study, the town installed 39 new racks -- a change SDA members can really see.
"I'm very proud of work we've done among different organizations. Our programs might be working with schools and with the town and the Chamber and it would be impossible for a county organization to really bring that kind of depth to community activities," Ruzzi said. "It's really important to support individual communities as they enact local ordinances and practices and enforce those practices."
Although Sustainable Danville focuses specifically on its namesake town, Ruzzi said SDA is happy to be a resource or mentor for individuals looking to create similar communities throughout the Tri-Valley.
"When you really get down to it, the reason we do this is because we really love Danville and our community and we want to make sure we preserve what we have for future generations," Ruzzi said. "The biggest way we can give back to the rest of the Tri-Valley area is to share our story, share our resources, meet and talk."
* Sustainable Danville Area supported a local clean water program at various events, including a screening of "Blue Gold" at San Ramon Valley High to educate residents on conservation of the limited resource. The group also hosted hydrologist Leslie Dumas, of RMC Water & Environment, who spoke about local water resources and future vulnerabilities.
* SDA supports the Bounty Garden, a nonprofit community garden that operates out of Hap Magee Ranch Park in Alamo. The Bounty Garden will kick off its winter season in January and donate food from its nine garden beds to food banks.
* The average American uses between 330 and 500 plastic bags a year for an average of 12 minutes before throwing them out. Bring a reusable bag to the store and cut down on the approximately 150 billion bags used each year in the U.S.
* Food consumed in the U.S. typically travels 1,500-2,500 miles to reach our plates and accounts for about 20% of all fossil fuel consumption. Eat locally sourced food and reduce carbon emissions while supporting the local economy.
This story contains 826 words.
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Though arterial vascular disease is widespread and often deadly among older American women, doctors too often fail to spot and treat it, according to a new report by a team of vascular surgeons from the Columbia University Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical College campuses of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital.
Much of that is due to the fact that for years, cardiovascular research has focused almost exclusively on males, so in many cases we simply dont understand the true prevalence or level of threat women face from vascular disease, says the study co-author, Dr. Ageliki G. Vouyouka, assistant professor of surgery in the Department of Vascular Surgery at Weill Cornell Medical College, and a vascular surgeon at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. Obviously, we need more trials focused on the vulnerability of women to these crippling and even lethal conditions.
She and co-author Dr. K. Craig Kentthe Greenberg-Starr Professor of Surgery at Weill Cornell Medical College, professor of surgery at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and chief of vascular surgery at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospitalpublished their review, titled Arterial Vascular Disease in Women, in a recent issue of the Journal of Vascular Surgery.
Arterial vascular disease is an umbrella term for diseases involving the gradual closure of arteries throughout the body, including carotid stenosis (blockage of the arteries that supply blood to the brain), aortic aneurysmal disease (plaque and blockages in the aortic artery leading from the heart to the lower body), and lower-extremity arterial occlusive disease, which involves poor blood flow within the legs.
For decades, these forms of vascular disease were thought primarily as mens diseases.
Thats because the risk of vascular trouble increases greatly for women after menopause, Dr. Kent explains. In years past when lifespans were shorter, women simply didnt live long enough to develop serious vascular illness. Thats all changed because the average American woman now lives well into her 80s.
Other factors have conspired to keep women with arterial vascular disease off of doctors radar. Women typically outlive their male partners and are then left aloneeither isolated at home or placed in nursing homes. They often have fewer financial resources and caregiver support to draw on, as well. This means they often dont get the care they deserve, Dr. Vouyouka says.
In their paper, the two researchers pored over the existing literature on women and arterial vascular disease, breaking the findings down into the three main disease subtypes. Some of their findings:
For carotid stenosis:
- Womens carotid and vertebral arteries are markedly smaller than those of men, so it takes less plaque buildup to cause severe restrictions in blood flow. However carotid plaque is more stable in women and therefore the risk of stroke becomes significant at higher degree of stenosis as compared to men.
- Plaque composition within the artery appears to differ between the sexes, and certain risk factorssuch as high blood levels of C-reactive protein, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and osteoporosismay be unique to women.
- Women were under-represented in all major trials for carotid endarterectomy (surgery to correct the blockage of the neck arteries-CEA) and therefore the outcome of the procedure on women is not well analyzed. However it appears that carotid endarterectomy (CEA) probably carries a higher rate of complications for women, including stroke and therefore the procedure should be done for higher degree of stenosis in women, compared to men.
For aortic aneurysmal disease (AAA):
- Because of hormonal and other factors, this condition develops much later in life in women, compared to men.
- The U.S. Preventive Service Task Force currently recommends against screening for AAA in women. This may be misguided, the researchers contend, due to the fact that AAA is somewhat less common in women, compared to men. However there are certain groups of women with risk factors such as old age, smoking history and family history that have significantly higher likelihood of developing abdominal aortic aneurysms who deserve screening. Even more so, AAA appears to be more dangerous in women because they are more prone to rupture in smaller sizes and once they rupture are more fatal.
- Women are less likely than men to be offered minimally invasive endovascular techniques to correct AAA, mainly because they have smaller arteries and the current endovascular devices are made to fit the male anatomy. At the same time, female patients are more likely than males to die following traditional open aneurysm surgery. However when they undergo endovascular repair, their likelihood of dying is almost as low as that of men; and once the endovascular repair is completed , they actually respond better than men, with more rapid shrinkage of their aneurysm
For lower-extremity arterial occlusive disease:
- The risk for this type of restricted blood flow in the legs rises quickly for women after menopause. In fact, at age 70, males and females share identical odds for acquiring the potentially crippling condition.
- Certain risk factorsincluding osteoporosis and the probable use of HRTheighten womens risk for lower-extremity vascular illness. Women too often delay seeking medical help for the problem, leading to a higher rate of advanced disease at time of diagnosis. Because they seek medical help late, they are more likely than men to require amputation. Rates of wound complications when they undergo bypass surgery are also higher among women. There is not much information available, regarding the outcomes of minimally invasive procedures such as balloon angioplasty or stenting in women. A review of minimal invasive procedures performed by the Division of Vascular Surgery at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, a joint program between Columbia University Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, has shown that women, although they come with more advanced disease, do equally well as men.
Many of these findings remain tenuous, however, because we simply do not have enough women participating in clinical trials to firmly establish their risk factors, disease prevalence, indications for intervention or treatment outcomes, Dr. Vouyouka says. For that reason, we urge the creation of more randomized trials focused on women, a closer look at the impact of risk factors such as osteoporosis and HRT on womens vascular health, and studies examining the role that social isolation plays in older womens ability to receive care.
Some of those efforts are already under waybeginning in 2000, the U.S. National Institutes of Health authorized new funding and programs aimed at better understanding cardiovascular disease in women.
Older American womenmany of whom have spent their lives caring for othersdeserve no less, Dr. Vouyouka says.
Related medicine news :1
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. Cardiovascular Technologies to be Highlighted at 5th Annual Cleveland Clinic Medical Innovation Summit, Oct. 1-3 | <urn:uuid:12aba56f-5ff1-4a11-aad0-0dad4760892c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Arterial-vascular-disease-underdiagnosed--undertreated-in-older-US-women-6783-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00116-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949181 | 1,652 | 2.296875 | 2 |
1. Has filling my tank ever cost this much?
Probably not, at least in nominal terms. Prices nationwide in the United States briefly topped $5 a gallon to hit a record high in June. In some places, they topped $6, according to data from the American Automobile Association. Prices have also hit record highs in the UK, where filling an average car costs more than 15% of a week’s earnings in some areas. For emerging economies in particular, there has been a double whammy, with the rising dollar compounding the already severe impact of rising oil prices.
After war broke out in Ukraine in late February and the United States and its allies announced plans to embargo Russian energy exports, prices of crude oil that fuels refineries jumped above $100 a day. barrel. Global oil production was already recovering only slowly from the Covid-related disruptions, with some major producers struggling to increase supply and the United States pumping far less than before the pandemic. This made it more difficult to quickly replace Russian oil, leading to supply tensions that inflated fuel prices.
3. Is this the only reason?
No. The biggest problem was the lack of spare processing capacity to turn available crude oil into consumable fuels. Officials from Saudi Arabia to the United States blamed the price spike on a lack of refining infrastructure. Prices rose faster than crude oil and continued to gain even as crude fell in June.
4. Are there historical precedents?
As the 2008 global financial crisis approached, refiners were unable to meet demand, leading to what industry analyst Doug Terreson described as a “golden age”. refining”. Gasoline jumped to a record high above $4 a gallon before plunging to $1.62 as the crisis hit economies. Things look a little different this time around. The post-pandemic recovery has boosted energy demand while the war in Ukraine is restricting supply. This, combined with the fastest rate of inflation in decades, means there is more debate about whether fuel prices will remain high in the event of another recession.
5. Can’t we just produce more fuel?
Whole swaths of refining capacity have been shut down during the pandemic and it is not easy to bring them back online. The United States lost more than a million barrels per day of capacity between 2019 and 2022, and the remaining plants were already operating near flat. Some facilities will never restart, even with near-record profit margins. The large, multi-year investments needed for such facilities have become harder to come by as everyone from policymakers to consumers and financiers consider greener alternatives.
Several giant new refineries – long in the planning and construction – are expected to come online in the coming years, but the effect will not be dramatic. New plants in the Middle East, China and Africa won’t be enough to balance the aviation and diesel fuel markets in 2022 or 2023, according to the International Energy Agency.
7. What can governments do?
Some have cut taxes or introduced fuel rebates and subsidies to ease the pain of beleaguered consumers. According to Bloomberg Economics estimates, the Mexican government was paying far more in gasoline and diesel subsidies than it was earning in higher prices on its crude exports. In June, US President Joe Biden called for a pause in gasoline tax collection. Economics dictates that if supply cannot be increased, high prices will eventually depress demand, eventually causing prices to fall. Reducing fuel taxes may be popular, but it could increase demand and therefore help keep prices high.
More stories like this are available at bloomberg.com | <urn:uuid:27d71a61-57c1-469f-82b1-de96a80b1ede> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://atlantigaz.com/why-is-fuel-so-expensive-its-not-just-the-price-of-oil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.959557 | 736 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.
|Cession of lands to the United States by the Seneca.|
|Cession of lands to the United States by the Shawnee.|
|By the Quapaw.|
|Seneca to separate from the Shawnee.|
|Payments to the Seneca.|
|Payments for improvements in agriculture.|
|Payments to the Shawnee.|
|Payment to the Quapaw.|
|Aid in agriculture.|
|Claims for losses by the war.|
|Commission to investigate claims.|
|Lands set apart for the Wyandot.|
|Register to be taken.|
|Who to constitute the tribe.|
|Upon completion of register amount to be divided.|
|Remainder, how to be applied.|
|Certain restrictions upon sales of lands removed.|
|Sale of land to the Ottawa.|
|Provisions of former treaty as to members of the tribe becoming citizens extended.|
|Payment to individuals for losses.|
|Education and schools.|
|Sale of lands to Ottawa University.|
|Purchasers of land from the Peoria, etc., to receive patents.|
|Lands sold to the Peoria, etc.|
|Indians to remove to new homes within, etc.|
|Amounts due the Indians to be paid them.|
|1862, ch. 156, 12 Stat., 539.|
|Certain taxes to be refunded.|
|Miami may be united with the Peoria, etc.|
|Blacksmith's iron and steel.|
|Register to be taken.|
|Those wishing to remain may become citizens.|
Articles of agreement, concluded at Washington, D. C., the twenty-third day of February, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, between the United States, represented by Lewis V. Bogy, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, W. H. Watson, special commissioner, Thomas Murphy, superintendent of Indian Affairs, George C. Snow, and G. A. Colton, U. S. Indian agents, duly authorized, and the Senecas, represented by George Spicer and John Mush; the Mixed Senecas and Shawnees, by John Whitetree, John Young, and Lewis Davis; the Quapaws, by S. G. Vallier and Ka-zhe-cah; the Confederated Peorias, Kaskaskias, Weas, and Piankeshaws, by Baptiste Peoria, John Mitchell, and Edward Black; the Miamies, by Thomas Metosenyah and Thomas Richardville, and the Ottawas of Blanchard's Fork and Roche de Boeuf, by John White and J. T. Jones, and including certain Wyandott[e]s, represented by Tauromee, or John Hat, and John Karaho.
Whereas it is desirable that arrangements should be made by which portions of certain tribes, parties hereto, now residing in Kansas, should be enabled to remove to other lands in the Indian country south of that State, while other portions of said tribes desire to dissolve their tribal relations, and become citizens; and whereas it is necessary to provide certain tribes, parties hereto, now residing in the Indian country, with means of rebuilding their houses, re-opening their farms, and supporting their families, they having been driven from their reservations early in the late war, and suffered greatly for several years, and being willing to sell a portion of their lands to procure such relief; and whereas a portion of the Wyandottes, parties to the treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, although taking lands in severalty, have sold said lands, and are still poor, and have not been compelled to become citizens, but have remained without clearly recognized organization, while others who did become citizens are unfitted for the responsibilities of citizenship; and whereas the Wyandottes, treated with in eighteen hundred and fifty-five, have just claims against the Government, which will enable the portion of their people herein referred to to begin anew a tribal existence: Therefore it is agreed:
The Senecas cede to the United States a strip of land on the north side of their present reservation in the Indian country; the land so ceded to be bounded on the east by the State of Missouri, on the north by the north line of the reservation, on the west by the Neosho River, and running south for the necessary distance, to contain twenty thousand acres; for which the Government is to pay twenty thousand dollars upon the ratification of this treaty; the south line of said tract to be ascertained by survey, at the cost of the United States.
The Senecas now confederated with the Shawnees, and owning an undivided half of a reservation in the Indian country immediately north of the Seneca reservation mentioned in the preceding article, cede to the United States one-half of said Seneca and Shawnee reserve, which it is mutually agreed shall be the north half, bounded on the east by the State of Missouri, north by the Quapaw reserve, west by the Neosho River, and south by an east and west line bisecting the present Seneca and Shawnee reserve into equal parts, the said line to be determined by survey, at the expense of the United States; for which tract of land, estimated to contain about thirty thousand acres, the United States will pay the sum of twenty-four thousand dollars.
The Shawnees, heretofore confederated with the Senecas, cede to the United States that portion of their remaining lands, bounded as follows, beginning at a point where Spring River crosses the south line of the tract in the second article ceded to the United States, thence down said river to the south line of the Shawnee reserve, thence west to the Neosho River, thence up said river to the south line of the tract ceded in the second article, and thence east to the place of beginning; supposed to contain about twelve thousand acres, the area to be ascertained by survey, at the expense of the United States; the United States to pay for the same at the rate of one dollar per acre, as soon as the area shall be ascertained.
The Quapaws cede to the United States that portion of their land lying in the State of Kansas, being a strip of land on the north line of their reservation, about one half mile in width, and containing about twelve sections in all, excepting therefrom one half section to be patented to Samuel G. Vallier, including his improvements. Also the further tract within their present reserve, bounded as follows: Beginning at a point in the Neosho River where the south line of the Quapaw reserve strikes that stream, thence east three miles, thence north to the Kansas boundary-line, thence west on said line to the Neosho River, thence down said river to the place of beginning; and the United States will pay to the Quapaws for the half-mile strip lying in Kansas at the rate of one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, whenever the area of the same shall be ascertained; and for the other tract described in this article at the rate of one dollar and fifteen cents per acre, whenever the area of the same shall be ascertained by survey, said survey to be made at the cost of the tribe to which said tract is herein provided to be sold under the pre-emption laws of the United States; but all such pre-emption shall be paid in the money of the United States, at the proper land-office, within one year from the date of entry and settlement.
The Senecas now confederated with the Shawnees, the said Shawnees thereto consenting, agree to dissolve their connection with the said Shawnees, and to unite with the Senecas, parties to the treaty of February twenty-eighth, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, upon their reservation described in article second of said treaty; and the several bands of Senecas will unite their funds into one common fund for the benefit of the whole tribe; and an equitable division shall be made of all funds or annuities now held in common by the Senecas and Shawnees.
Of the sum of twenty-four thousand dollars to be paid to the Senecas, as provided in the second article, the sum of four thousand dollars shall be paid to them immediately after the ratification of this treaty, to enable them to re-establish their homes and provide themselves with agricultural implements, seed, and provisions for themselves and their families; and the balance of the said first-mentioned sum, being twenty thousand dollars, shall be consolidated with the twenty thousand dollars in the first article provided to be paid, and invested for the tribe of Senecas, as constituted by this treaty, at five per cent. interest, to be paid per capita semi-annually; and their annuity of five hundred dollars in specie, provided by article four of the treaty of September twenty-ninth, one thousand eight hundred and seventeen, shall likewise become the property of the tribe.
The amount annually due the Senecas under the provisions of article four of the treaty of February twenty-eight, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one, for blacksmith, after their separation from the Shawnees, shall be annually paid to them as a
national fund, to enable them to purchase such articles for their wants and improvements in agriculture as the chiefs, with the consent of their agent, may designate; and this provision shall apply also to the fund for support of a miller belonging to the Senecas heretofore occupying the southernmost reserve referred to in this treaty; and there shall be added to the said fund whatever amount belonging to either band of the Senecas shall be found due and unpaid upon an examination of their accounts with the Government, and particularly the amount of bonds and stocks invested in their name; and the interest thereon shall be annually paid to the said Senecas for the purposes mentioned in this article.
Of the amount in the third article provided to be paid to the Shawnees by the United States for the lands therein ceded, the sum of two thousand dollars shall be advanced to them to be used in establishing their homes, and the balance of the said amount shall be invested for the said tribe, under the name of Eastern Shawnees, and five per cent. be paid semi-annually thereon; and the amount due and unpaid upon the bonds or stocks invested in their name shall be paid to them, as well as the interest thereon hereafter to become due, to be used under the direction of the chiefs, with the consent of the agent, for the purchase of agricultural implements or other articles necessary for the general welfare of the people; and the one-half of the blacksmith fund remaining after the division to be made with the Senecas provided for in article five shall remain devoted to the same purpose, and the Government will add thereto the sum of five hundred dollars annually for five years.
Of the amount to be paid to the Quapaws for the lands ceded by them in the fourth article of this treaty, the sum of five thousand dollars shall be paid to them upon the ratification of this treaty, to assist them in re-establishing themselves at their homes upon their remaining reservation; and the balance of said amount shall be invested as a permanent fund at five per cent. interest, payable per capita, semi-annually.
If the Osage mission school should be closed, so that the school fund of the Quapaws cannot be used for them to advantage at that institution, the said fund shall remain in the Treasury of the United States until such time as it can, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, with the consent of the chiefs, be used to advantage in establishing a school upon their reservation.
The amount now due and unpaid for a farmer, under the provisions of the third article of their treaty of May thirteen one thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight [three], may be used by the chiefs and council for the purchase of provisions, farming-implements, seed, and otherwise for the purpose of assisting the people in agriculture; and their annual income now paid for farmer shall hereafter be set apart for the purposes of assistance and improvement in agriculture.
Whereas the aforesaid Senecas, Mixed Senecas and Shawnees, and Quapaws were driven from their homes during the late war, and their property destroyed, it is agreed that a commission of not to exceed two persons shall be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, who shall proceed to their country and make careful investigation of their claims for losses, and make full report of the same to the Department; and the Secretary of the Interior shall report the same to Congress.
The United States will set apart for the Wyandottes for their future home the land ceded by the Senecas in the first article hereof, and described in said article, to be owned by the said Wyandottes in common; and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and required to appoint three persons whose duty it shall be to ascertain and report to the Department the amount of money, if any, due by the United States to the Wyandott[e] Indians under existing treaty stipulations, and the items mentioned in Schedule A, appended to this treaty, and the report of the persons so appointed, with the evidence taken, shall be submitted to Congress for action at its next session. A register of the whole people, resident in Kansas and elsewhere, shall be taken by the agent of the Delawares, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, on or before the first of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, which shall show the names of all who declare their desire to be and remain Indians, and in a tribal condition, together with incompetents and orphans, as described in the treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five; and all such persons, and those only, shall hereafter constitute the tribe: Provided, That no one who has heretofore consented to become a citizen, nor the wife or children of any such person, shall be allowed to become members of the tribe, except by the free consent of the tribe after its new organization, and unless the agent shall certify that such party is, through poverty or incapacity, unfit to continue in the exercise of the responsibilities of citizenship of the United States, and likely to become a public charge.
Whenever the register in the next preceding article shall have been completed and returned to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, the amount of money in said article acknowledged to be due to the Wyandott[e]s shall be divided, and that portion equitably due to the citizens of said people shall be paid to them or their heirs, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior; and the balance, after deducting the cost of the land purchased from the Senecas by the first article hereof, and the sum of five thousand dollars to enable the Wyandott[e]s to establish themselves in their new homes, shall be paid to the Wyandott[e] tribe per capita.
All restrictions upon the sale of lands assigned and patented to “incompetent” Wyandott[e]s under the fourth article of the treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, shall be removed after the ratification of this treaty, but no sale of land heretofore assigned to orphans or incompetents shall be made, under decree of any court, or otherwise, for or on account of any claim, judgment, execution, or order, or for taxes, until voluntarily sold by the patentee or his or her heirs, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, and whereas many sales of land belonging to this class have heretofore been made, contrary to the spirit and intent of the treaty of one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, it is agreed that a thorough examination and report shall be made, under direction of the Secretary of the Interior, in order to ascertain the facts relating to all such cases, and, upon a full examination of such report, and hearings of the parties interested, the said Secretary may confirm the said sales, or require an additional amount to be paid, or declare such sales entirely void, as the very right of the several cases may require.
The west part of the Shawnee reservation, ceded to the United States by the third article, is hereby sold to the Ottawas, at one dollar per acre; and for the purpose of paying for said reservation the United States shall take the necessary amount, whenever
the area of such land shall be found by actual survey, from the funds in the hands of the Government arising from the sale of the Ottawa trust-lands, as provided in the ninth article of the treaty of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and the balance of said fund, after the payment of accounts provided for in article five of the treaty of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, shall be paid to the tribe per capita.
The provisions of the Ottawa treaty of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, under which all the tribe were to become citizens upon the sixteenth of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, are hereby extended for two years, or until July sixteenth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine; but any time previous to that date any member of the tribe may appear before the United States district court for Kansas, and declare his intention to become a citizen, when he shall receive a certificate of citizenship, which shall include his family, and thereafter be disconnected with the tribe, and shall be entitled to his proportion of the tribal fund; and all who shall not have made such declaration previous to the last-mentioned date shall still be considered members of the tribe. In order to enable the tribe to dispose of their property in Kansas, and remove to their new homes and establish themselves thereon, patents in fee-simple shall be given to the heads of families and to all who have come of age among the allottees under the treaties of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, so that they may sell their lands without restriction; but the said lands shall remain exempt from taxation so long as they may be retained by members of the tribe down to the said sixteenth of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine; and the chiefs and council of the said tribe shall decide in the case of disputed heirship to real estate, taking as a rule the laws of inheritance of the State of Kansas.
The United States agree to pay the claim of J. T. Jones, for which a bill of appropriation has passed one of the branches of Congress, but which has been withdrawn from before Congress, being for destruction by fire of his dwelling and other property by whites in one thousand eight hundred and fifty-six, shall be allowed and paid to him, amounting to six thousand seven hundred dollars.
The sixth article of the treaty of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two shall remain unchanged, except as provided in this article. The children of the tribe between the ages of six and eighteen (6 and 18) shall be entitled to be received at said institution, and to be subsisted, clothed, educated, and attended in sickness, where the sickness is of such a nature that the patient promises a return to study within a reasonable period; the children to be taught and practised in industrial pursuits, suitable to their age and sex, and both sexes in such branches of learning, and to receive such advantages as the means of the institution will permit; these rights and privileges to continue so long as any children of the tribe shall present themselves for their exercise. And the Secretary of the Interior and the senior corresponding secretary of the American Baptist Home Mission Society shall be members ex officio of the board of trustees, with power to vote in person or by proxy, it being the special intention of this provision to furnish additional supervision of the institution, so that the provisions of this article may be carried into effect in their full spirit and intent.
It is further agreed that the remaining unsold portion of trust-lands of the Ottawas, amounting to seven thousand two hundred and twenty-one and twenty one-hundredths acres, shall be sold to the trustees of Ottawa University, to be disposed of for the benefit of said institution at the appraised value thereof, and that the said
trustees shall have until July sixteenth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, to dispose of the same and pay to the Government the value of said lands: Provided, That the said trustees shall furnish, within thirty days after the ratification of this treaty, to the Secretary of the Interior, a satisfactory bond for the fulfilment of their obligations.
Whereas certain arrangements have been made by the chiefs of the confederated tribes of Peorias, Kaskaskias, Weas, and Piankeshaws, for the sale to actual settlers of the lands held by them in common, being nine and one-half sections, for a reasonable consideration, according to the terms of a certain petition of the said tribe, with schedule annexed, (which schedule is annexed to this treaty, and marked “B,”) dated December twenty-sixth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six, filed in the office of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, it is agreed that the said arrangements shall be carried into full effect, and the purchasers thereunder shall receive patents from the United States for the lands so purchased, upon making full payment for the same to the Secretary of the Interior, and the amount already paid by said purchasers, as appears from said schedule, and in the hands of the chiefs, shall be paid to the Secretary of the Interior, and the whole amount of the purchase-money shall also be paid to the said Secretary on or before the first day of June, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven, and shall be held by him for the benefit of the tribe, subject to the provisions of this treaty.
The land in the second and fourth articles of this treaty proposed to be purchased from the Senecas and Quapaws, and lying south of Kansas, is hereby granted and sold to the Peorias, &c., and shall be paid for, at the rate paid for the same by the Government, out of the proceeds of the nine and a half sections referred to in the last preceding article, adding thereto whatever may be necessary out of other moneys in the hands of the United States belonging to said Peorias, &c.
The said Indians agree to dispose of their allotments in Kansas and remove to their new homes in the Indian country within two years from the ratification of this treaty; and to that end the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to remove altogether the restrictions upon the sales of their lands, provided under authority of the third article of the treaty of May thirtieth, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, in such manner that adult Indians may sell their own lands, and that the lands of minors and incompetents may be sold by the chiefs, with the consent of the agent, certified to the Secretary of the Interior and approved by him. And if there should be any allotments for which no owner or heir thereof survives, the chiefs may convey the same by deed, the purchase-money thereof to be applied, under the direction of the Secretary, to the benefit of the tribe; and the guardianship of orphan children shall remain in the hands of the chiefs of the tribe, and the said chiefs shall have the exclusive right to determine who are members of the tribe and entitled to be placed upon the pay-rolls.
An examination shall be made of the books of the Indian Office, and an account-current prepared, stating the condition of their funds, and the representations of the Indians for overcharges for sales of their lands in one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven and one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight shall be examined and reported to Congress; and in order further to assist them in preparing for removal and in paying their debts, the further amount of twenty-five
thousand dollars shall be at the same time paid to them per capita from the sum of one hundred and sixty-nine thousand six hundred and eighty-six dollars and seventy-five cents, invested for said Indians under act of Congress of July twelfth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two; and the balance of said sum of one hundred and sixty-nine thousand six hundred and eighty-six dollars and seventy-five cents, together with the sum of ninety-eight thousand dollars now invested on behalf of the said Indians in State stocks of Southern States, and the sum of three thousand seven hundred dollars, being the balance of interest, at five per cent. per annum, on thirty-nine thousand nine hundred and fifty dollars held by the United States, from July, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-seven, till vested in Kansas bonds in December, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, after crediting five thousand dollars thereon heretofore receipted for by the chiefs of said Indians, shall be and remain as the permanent fund of the said tribe, and five per cent. be paid semi-annually thereon, per capita, to the tribe; and the interest due upon the sum of twenty-eight thousand five hundred dollars in Kansas bonds, and upon sixteen thousand two hundred dollars in United States stocks, now held for their benefit, shall be paid to the tribe semi-annually in two equal payments, as a permanent school-fund income: Provided, That there shall be taken from the said invested fund and paid to the said tribe, per capita, on the first of July, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, the sum of thirty thousand dollars, to assist them in establishing themselves upon their new homes; and at any time thereafter, when the chiefs shall represent to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Interior that an additional sum is necessary, such sum may be taken from their invested fund: And provided also, That the said invested fund shall be subject to such division and diminution as may be found necessary in order to pay those who may become citizens their share of the funds of the tribe.
Whereas taxes have been levied by the authority of the State of Kansas upon lands allotted to members of the tribe, the right and justice of which taxation is not acknowledged by the Indians, and on which account they have suffered great vexation and expense, and which is now a matter in question in the Supreme Court of the United States, it is agreed that, in case that court shall decide such taxes unlawful, the Government will take measures to secure the refunding of said taxes to such of the Indians as have paid them.
The Peorias, Kaskaskias, Weas, and Piankeshaws agree that the Miamies may be confederated with them upon their new reservation, and own an undivided right in said reservation in proportion to the sum paid, upon the payment by the said Miamies of an amount which, in proportion to the number of the Miamies who shall join them, will be equal to their share of the purchase-money in this treaty provided to be paid for the land, and also upon the payment into the common fund of such amount as shall make them equal in annuities to the said Peorias, &c., the said privilege to remain open to the Miamies two years from the ratification of this treaty.
The United States agree to pay the said Indians the sum of one thousand five hundred dollars per year for six years for their blacksmith, and for necessary iron and steel and tools; in consideration of which payment the said tribe hereby relinquish all claims for damages and losses during the late war, and, at the end of the said six years, any tools or materials remaining shall be the property of the tribe.
Inasmuch as there may be those among them who may desire to remain in Kansas and become citizens of the United States, it is hereby provided that, within six months after the ratification of this treaty, a register shall be taken by the agent, which shall show the
names separately of all who voluntarily desire to remove, and all who desire to remain and become citizens; and those who shall elect to remain may appear before the judge of the United States district court for Kansas and make declaration of their intention to become citizens, and take the oath to support the Constitution of the United States; and upon filing of a certificate of such declaration and oath in the office of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs they shall be entitled to receive the proportionate share of themselves and their children in the invested funds and other common property of the tribe; and therefrom they and their children shall become citizens, and have no further rights in the tribe; and all the females who are heads of families, and single women of full age shall have the right to make such declaration and become disconnected from the tribe.
ARTICLE 29 to 39, inclusive. [Stricken out.]
If any amendments shall be made to this treaty by the Senate, it shall only be necessary to submit the same for the assent of the particular tribe or tribes interested; and should any such amendments be made, and the assent of the tribe or tribes interested not be obtained, the remainder of the treaty not affected by such amendment shall nevertheless take effect and be in force.
In testimony whereof, the before-named commissioners on behalf of the United States, and the before-named delegates on behalf of the Senecas, mixed Senecas and Shawnees, Quapaws, confederated Peorias, Kaskaskias, Weas, and Piankeshaws, Miamies, Ottawas, and Wyandottes have hereunto set our hands and seals the day and year first above written.
Lewis V. Bogy, [SEAL.]
Commissioner of Indian Affairs.
W. H. Watson, [SEAL.]
Thos. Murphy, [SEAL.]
Superintendent of Indian Affairs.
G. C. Snow, [SEAL.]
United States Indian Agent, Neosho Agency.
G. A. Colton, [SEAL.]
United States Indian Agent for Miamis, Peorias, &c.
George Spicer, his x mark, [SEAL.]
John Mush, his x mark, [SEAL.]
John Whitetree, his x mark, [SEAL.]
John Young, his x mark, [SEAL.]
Lewis Davis, his x mark, [SEAL.]
Senecas and Shawnees.
S. G. Valier, [SEAL.]
Ka-she-cah, his x mark, [SEAL.]
Baptiste Peoria, his x mark, [SEAL.]
John Mitchell, his x mark, [SEAL.]
Edward Black, [SEAL.]
Thomas Metosenyah, his x mark, [SEAL.]
Thos. F. Richardville, [SEAL.]
John Wilson, his x mark, [SEAL.]
J. T. Jones, [SEAL.]
Tauromee, his x mark, [SEAL.]
John Karaho, his x mark, [SEAL.]
In presence of—
Frank Valle, his x mark,
United States Interpreter for Osage River Agency.
John B. Roubideau, his x mark,
United States Interpreter for Miamis.
Wm. Hurr, Interpreter for Ottawas.
Geo. Wright, Interpreter for Wyandottes.
George B. Jonas.
Thos. E. McGraw.
Lewis S. Hayden.
Witnesses to signature of Lewis Davis:
G. L. Young.
G. C. Snow, United States Indian Agent.
|1.||Annuity due under the 6th article of the treaty of January 31, 1855||$8, 750.00|
|2.||Amount discounted on $53,594.53 in State bonds on the 13th of May, 1859||15, 187.03|
|3.||Interest on the above $15,787.03 [$15,187.03] from May 13th, 1859, to
at 5 per cent
|4.||Amount discounted on $53,000 in State bonds, March 24, 1860||11, 130.00|
|5.||Interest on the above $11,130 from March 24, 1860, to February 24, 1867||4, 618.95|
|6.||Moneys heretofore appropriated in fulfilment of treaty stipulations,
but transferred to the surplus fund
|7.||Amount for depredations on Wyandotte property, claim approved by
Secretary of the Interior, March 21st, 1862
|Total amount||$83, 814.40|
The above-named total sum is designed to represent the full claim of the Wyandottes against the United States under former
The 1st, 2d, and 4th items, together with another named in the 14th article of the foregoing treaty, were examined and approved by the House Committee on Indian Affairs, and their payment recommended.—(See Congressional Globe, page 1037, part 2d, 2d session of 38th Congress.)
The 3d and 5th items constitute the interest on the moneys discounted on the bonds mentioned in items 2 and 4. Although the committee did not recommend the payment of this interest, they acknowledged its justice, but said that its allowance would possibly endanger the passage of the appropriation, as the general feeling was averse to paying interest on claims.
The 7th item embraces several small amounts for schools, blacksmith, &c., which were due and appropriated at the date of the treaty, but not paid, and were afterwards transferred to the surplus fund.
The 8th item is for depredations on Wyandotte property during the Kansas troubles and the entire emigration to California. It was examined and approved by the Secretary of the Interior, March 21, 1862.
|Names.||Quarter.||Section.||Township.||Range.||Number of acres.||Priece per acre.||Sum deposited.||Total.|
|Andrew J. Sinclair||E. ½||23||16||24||320||$4 00||$426 66||$1, 280 00|
|Zacheus Hays||NW. and E. ½.
SW. and SE.
|22||—||—||120||4 50||433 00||1, 300 00|
|Randolph Boyd||NE||26||—||—||160||475||253 33||760 00|
|John Nichols and William Gray.||W. ½ SE||—||—||—||80||3 75||100 00||300 00|
|John Martin||SE||19||—||25||160||5 25|
|Same||S. ½ SE||18||—||—||80||5 00||500 00||1, 240 00|
|David H. Banta||SW||19||—||—||160||5 00||267 00||800 00|
|Reuben Fellows||SW||27||—||24||160||4 00||214 00||640 00|
|J. T. Pifer||NW||—||—||—||160||3 50||186 00||560 00|
|Leroy W. Martin||NE||19||—||25||160||5 25||200 00||840 00|
|Charles Converse||E. ½ NW. and
W. ½ and NE.
¼ of NE.
|30||—||—||200||4 25||850 00|
|Benjamin Wingrove||SE||31||—||—||160||4 25||226 66||840 00|
|Same||SW. of SE||30||—||—||40||4 00|
|Samuel McKinney||SW||31||—||—||160||4 00||213 33||640 00|
|Squire James Waller||NE||6||17||—||160||3 30||165 00||528 00|
|George A. Whitaker||E. ½||27||16||24||320||4 50||480 00||1, 440 00|
|William Smith||E. ½ SE. and
SE. of NE.
|28||—||—||120||4 00||—||480 00|
|Edward Morgan||N. ½ and SW. ¼
of NW., and
NW. ¼ of SW.
|6||17||25||160||4 00||215 00||640 00|
|Albert Benndorf||S. ½ NE||22||16||24||80||3 50||95 00||280 00|
|Charles Martin||NW., S. ½, and
NW. ¼ of SW.
|†||16||25||280||3 50||3 50||980 00|
|Francis Hastings and
William Morgan, jr.
|Half||23||—||24||320||4 00||426 66||1, 280 00|
|Joel O. Loveridge,
Geo. W. Loveridge,
|E. ½ and SW. ¼
|‡||—||—||760||4 00||1, 013 33||3, 040 00|
|Isaac Shaw||NE||1||17||24||160||5 00||250 00||800 00|
|Jacob Sims||SE||13||16||24||160||3 50||—||560 00|
|Zacheus Hays||SW||26||16||24||160||3 50||—||560 00|
|Town tract*||N. ½||31||—||25||320||4 00||—||1,280 00|
|Ambrose Shields||NE||34||16||24||160||3 50||—||560 00|
|Anthony Cott||SE||22||16||24||160||3 00||—||480 00|
|Edward Dagenett||—||—||17||25||80||4 00||—||320 00|
|Total||—||—||—||—||5, 680||—||5, 664 97||2, 278 00|
*This tract to be conveyed to David Perry and Chas. Sims, on payment of said one thousand two hundred and eighty dollars by
†19 and 18.
‡24 and 13.
The three last-named are half-breed Indians, who will become citizens. Said Shields has 5 children, said Cott 3, and Dagenette
2. William Smith, the settler aforesaid, has a half-breed wife and 2 children. He takes said 120 acres in full of the interest
of his family in net proceeds of the reserve, and is to pay one hundred and sixty dollars ($160) besides.
Said Shields, Cott, and Dagenett take their respective tracts at the price stated, in lieu of a like sum of the shares of themselves and families in the net proceeds of the reserve: Provided, That, should the share of either family in the net proceeds of the reserves be less than the price agreed for the land taken by the head of such family, then the deficit to be paid in money as by other settlers. The title in each of the four cases last mentioned to be made jointly to the various members of the family by name, whose shares in said proceeds pay for same.
Joshua Clayton takes SE. ¼ section 36, township 16, range 24, 160 acres, at $4 per acre, and deposits $213; total payment, $640.00.
Knoles Shaw, W. ½ of SE. ¼ section 6, town[ship] 17, range 25, 80 acres; has deposited $94; total payment, $280.00.
Thos. Morgan and John W. Majors take E. ½ of said quarter, at $ 3 per acre; deposited, $9; total, $240.00.
There is [are] 80 acres untaken, for which a purchaser will be named by the chiefs before 1st June next.
Total land disposed of, 6,000 acres.
Total money deposited, $5,970.00.
Total amount at prices agreed, 23,438.00.
The above lands to be patented to the persons aforesaid, or their representatives, on prompt payment of the price agreed, by 1st June, 1867: Provided, That if any settler refuse or neglect to pay as aforesaid, then the tract of land by him claimed to be sold under sealed bids. | <urn:uuid:57124462-59d7-40d5-8858-dae34db0dc85> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sen0960.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00118-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945912 | 8,552 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Students will identify and use a variety of 2-D shapes to make a hat.
- a variety of shapes cut out of a variety of coloured construction paper
- Make a base for the hat with a strip of tagboard. Wrap it around your head and pull on both ends until it is comfortable. Staple the ends together.
- Get another strip of tagboard and staple one end to the front of the base (where your forehead will be if you put it on)and staple the other end to the back of the base (where the back of your head will be).
- Start gluing on the variety of shapes on the tagboard strips. Demonstrate different ways that they can be placed on (overlapped, folded, curled, etc..). It would be nice if there was a 3 dimensional effect to the hat.
- Let dry.
- Students repeat the process.
- Share hats with classmates, identifying all of the shapes used.
Maebelle’s Suitcase, Tricia Tusa, Pub. Alladin Paperbacks, 1991
(One-hundred-and-eight-year-old Maebelle makes a lot of hats, and every year she looks forward to entering her town’s hat contest. This year,though, with the help of her friend Binkle and his suitcase, a very original entry is created.) | <urn:uuid:4f4cad8a-a4be-4ea1-885a-af247337538e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.canteach.ca/resources/fine-arts/visual-arts-crafts/geometric-shapes-hat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.916098 | 319 | 4.125 | 4 |
The Education Cluster derives its primary mandate, scope and boundaries from the IASC humanitarian system, and specifically from the cluster approach. The stated aim of the cluster approach is to strengthen system-wide preparedness and coordination of technical capacity to respond…
The Education Cluster envisions a world in which all those affected by humanitarian crisis have equitable access to education in a safe and protective environment.
The Education Cluster
The Education Cluster is an open formal forum for coordination and collaboration on education in humanitarian crises. The Education Cluster brings together NGOs, UN agencies, academics, and other partners under the shared goal of ensuring predictable, well coordinated and equitable provision of education for populations affected by humanitarian crises.
Established in 2007 by the IASC as part of the cluster approach, the Education Cluster works to uphold education as a basic human right and core component of humanitarian response. The Education Cluster is the only cluster co-led at global level by a UN agency and a NGO: UNICEF and Save the Children.
*Homepage photograph credits: © Jiro Ose / Save the Children | <urn:uuid:4b2888a4-1df0-4044-a3a3-e89911b03c25> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://educationcluster.net/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00267-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900081 | 216 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Newfoundland’s fiery former premier, Brian Peckford is alive and well, living in Qualicum Beach. And playing down his role in West Coast politics.
Peckford’s name is in the news because he has just completed his memoirs. Its unusual title: Some Day the Sun Will Shine and Have Not Will Be No More.
The phrase was part of a memorable speech he gave years ago. As a young reporter I recall the night he delivered it, thinking what an incredible speaker he was.
Newfoundlanders, struggling at the time with a jobless rate of about 20 per cent, so badly wanted to find their pride and become equal partners in Canada.
Ultimately it was Peckford’s hard-fought political campaign in the 1980s for the Atlantic Accord that created the conditions in 2007 for Newfoundland to achieve Have status.
Specifically, the accord made it possible for Newfoundland to benefit from its offshore oil the same way Alberta benefits from its resource, situated on land.
When Peckford learned in 2007 his native province had crossed the Have threshold, he decided to write the book, perhaps to remind folks he was the one who put in place the mechanisms to ensure the sun would shine on Newfoundland.
It surely riles Peckford, who moved to B.C. nearly 20 years ago after a decade as premier, that it’s one of his successors — an equally fiery former premier, Danny Williams — who continually gets the glory for Newfoundland’s recent success.
In Peckford’s fight for offshore control, he took on a rival he intensely disliked in Pierre Elliott Trudeau, and while he failed to vanquish the Liberal PM, he did outlast him — ultimately striking a deal in 1985 with Brian Mulroney, thanks in part to the efforts of Pat Carney, the federal energy minister from B.C.
Peckford also made some bloopers, unmentioned in his book, of course. He gave provincial backing to a doomed hydroponic cucumber-growing operation touted by a Calgary entrepreneur.
But he should be remembered most, and lauded, for paving the way for the economic success now enjoyed by Newfoundland, with a jobless rate today of 10.6 per cent.
Peckford, now 70, became a business consultant after moving to B.C. and is currently director of a junior mining company.
Much has been made lately of word that he has been acting as an unpaid adviser to the beleaguered B.C. Conservative leader, John Cummins.
Peckford maintained in an email that he has no involvement in politics beyond giving the Conservatives policy advice, at no charge, when asked.
An Aug. 7 B.C. Conservative news release, however, asserted Peckford has agreed to play “an important role” in the upcoming B.C. election campaign, co-chairing the party’s issues management committee.
Peckford says he has spoken at only a few B.C. Conservative district association meetings.
In a recent radio interview, he publicly criticized Liberal Premier Christy Clark for extortion in demanding a royalty sharing deal with Alberta on the Northern Gateway pipeline: “You stand up for your province but you do it within the law.”
The transmission of oil and gas across provinces is a federal responsibility, he noted. Given that B.C. freely moves its natural gas eastward across several provinces and U.S. states, Clark’s stand, he said, is “highly hypocritical.”
As for the self-destructing B.C. Conservatives, Peckford told me: “New or rejuvenated political parties seem to attract those who don’t want to get along.
“And in B.C. there seems to be an extra dose of political cannibalism in the water and air.” | <urn:uuid:10846d4f-a814-4a52-b180-6201a8315617> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.vancouversun.com/Opinion/Columnists/Barbara+Yaffe+Former+Newfoundland+premier+tangled/7405876/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00341-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968795 | 798 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Human remains uncovered beneath a downtown development are probably American Indian, and it's one of the most significant finds in St. Augustine's history, according to the city archeologist.
The remains were found Monday when the city conducted a routine archeological excavation at an approved eight-unit subdivision site on Tremerton Street, said Mark Knight, director of the Planning and Building Department. It's probably the first time unknown and unmarked remains have been found in the city, he said.
The city contacted the state archeologist, who authorized the city to remove the bones and take them to a lab for cleaning and storage, Knight said.
City Archeologist Carl Halbirt said his team of volunteers identified four or five sets of remains. They probably belong to Yamassee Indians who were in St. Augustine in the 18th Century, he said.
Finding them was significant because it helps historians understand what was going on in the periphery of the city more than 200 years ago, he said.
"From a historic standpoint, this is one of the most significant finds we've ever made in St. Augustine," Halbirt said.
A mission called La Punta, with a church and scattered farmsteads, stood at the site between 1720 and the late 1750s, Halbirt said. The mission was home to 40 to 60 people.
American Indians sought refuge in St. Augustine, and the Spanish set up communities around the city for protection, he said.
"These were to act like a first line of defense," Halbirt said.
The 18th century was tumultuous, and American Indians were brought into the conflict between the Spanish and the British, he said. They migrated and intermingled with other tribes, he said.
"This is one of the last vestiges of the Yamassee as a culturally identifiable group," Halbirt said.
No one knows if the bodies were buried under the church or in an open graveyard because there isn't historical documentation, he said.
Knight said the city's archeological program requires an excavation within certain areas before construction can begin. It helps the city learn the history of a site before it's covered by a development.
"These are the types of things that could have been missed," Knight said.
Michael Johnigean, owner of Empire Development Group LLC, the property owner, said the discovery won't set his project back. The find only impacts one lot, and the roads haven't even been built, he said.
Johnigean plans to install a plaque at the site telling its history. And he wants to see the remains get a proper burial.
St. Augustine has hundreds and hundreds of years of history, and an archeological excavation could find something significant almost anywhere, he said.
"You just never know," Johnigean said. Halbirt said the remains are being treated with dignity.
He will examine the bones further at the city's lab and added that the University of Florida will verify if the remains are indeed American Indian.
Knight said one option for proper burial would be at the Mission of Nombre de Dios. La Punta was a Catholic community, and the remains would be taken from one mission site to another, he said.
The mission hasn't responded yet, he said.
An American Indian organization could also step in, make a claim on the remains and take them to a burial ground, Knight said.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. Contact Us | <urn:uuid:34f4545e-a399-4938-9cf8-d5cf4938c16a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://staugustine.com/stories/021904/new_2139809.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00395-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976636 | 714 | 2.484375 | 2 |
In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space. Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, and the number of fish each springtime in a lake.
At any given time, a dynamical system has a state given by a set of real numbers (a vector) that can be represented by a point in an appropriate state space (a geometrical manifold). The evolution rule of the dynamical system is a function that describes what future states follow from the current state. Often the function is deterministic; in other words, for a given time interval only one future state follows from the current state; however, some systems are stochastic, in that random events also affect the evolution of the state variables.
- 1 Overview
- 2 History
- 3 Basic definitions
- 4 Linear dynamical systems
- 5 Local dynamics
- 6 Bifurcation theory
- 7 Ergodic systems
- 8 Examples of dynamical systems
- 9 Multidimensional generalization
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 Further reading
- 13 External links
The concept of a dynamical system has its origins in Newtonian mechanics. There, as in other natural sciences and engineering disciplines, the evolution rule of dynamical systems is an implicit relation that gives the state of the system for only a short time into the future. (The relation is either a differential equation, difference equation or other time scale.) To determine the state for all future times requires iterating the relation many times—each advancing time a small step. The iteration procedure is referred to as solving the system or integrating the system. If the system can be solved, given an initial point it is possible to determine all its future positions, a collection of points known as a trajectory or orbit.
Before the advent of computers, finding an orbit required sophisticated mathematical techniques and could be accomplished only for a small class of dynamical systems. Numerical methods implemented on electronic computing machines have simplified the task of determining the orbits of a dynamical system.
For simple dynamical systems, knowing the trajectory is often sufficient, but most dynamical systems are too complicated to be understood in terms of individual trajectories. The difficulties arise because:
- The systems studied may only be known approximately—the parameters of the system may not be known precisely or terms may be missing from the equations. The approximations used bring into question the validity or relevance of numerical solutions. To address these questions several notions of stability have been introduced in the study of dynamical systems, such as Lyapunov stability or structural stability. The stability of the dynamical system implies that there is a class of models or initial conditions for which the trajectories would be equivalent. The operation for comparing orbits to establish their equivalence changes with the different notions of stability.
- The type of trajectory may be more important than one particular trajectory. Some trajectories may be periodic, whereas others may wander through many different states of the system. Applications often require enumerating these classes or maintaining the system within one class. Classifying all possible trajectories has led to the qualitative study of dynamical systems, that is, properties that do not change under coordinate changes. Linear dynamical systems and systems that have two numbers describing a state are examples of dynamical systems where the possible classes of orbits are understood.
- The behavior of trajectories as a function of a parameter may be what is needed for an application. As a parameter is varied, the dynamical systems may have bifurcation points where the qualitative behavior of the dynamical system changes. For example, it may go from having only periodic motions to apparently erratic behavior, as in the transition to turbulence of a fluid.
- The trajectories of the system may appear erratic, as if random. In these cases it may be necessary to compute averages using one very long trajectory or many different trajectories. The averages are well defined for ergodic systems and a more detailed understanding has been worked out for hyperbolic systems. Understanding the probabilistic aspects of dynamical systems has helped establish the foundations of statistical mechanics and of chaos.
Many people regard Henri Poincaré as the founder of dynamical systems. Poincaré published two now classical monographs, "New Methods of Celestial Mechanics" (1892–1899) and "Lectures on Celestial Mechanics" (1905–1910). In them, he successfully applied the results of their research to the problem of the motion of three bodies and studied in detail the behavior of solutions (frequency, stability, asymptotic, and so on). These papers included the Poincaré recurrence theorem, which states that certain systems will, after a sufficiently long but finite time, return to a state very close to the initial state.
Aleksandr Lyapunov developed many important approximation methods. His methods, which he developed in 1899, make it possible to define the stability of sets of ordinary differential equations. He created the modern theory of the stability of a dynamic system.
In 1913, George David Birkhoff proved Poincaré's "Last Geometric Theorem", a special case of the three-body problem, a result that made him world-famous. In 1927, he published his Dynamical SystemsBirkhoff's most durable result has been his 1931 discovery of what is now called the ergodic theorem. Combining insights from physics on the ergodic hypothesis with measure theory, this theorem solved, at least in principle, a fundamental problem of statistical mechanics. The ergodic theorem has also had repercussions for dynamics.
Stephen Smale made significant advances as well. His first contribution is the Smale horseshoe that jumpstarted significant research in dynamical systems. He also outlined a research program carried out by many others.
Oleksandr Mykolaiovych Sharkovsky developed Sharkovsky's theorem on the periods of discrete dynamical systems in 1964. One of the implications of the theorem is that if a discrete dynamical system on the real line has a periodic point of period 3, then it must have periodic points of every other period.
A dynamical system is a manifold M called the phase (or state) space endowed with a family of smooth evolution functions Φt that for any element of t ∈ T, the time, map a point of the phase space back into the phase space. The notion of smoothness changes with applications and the type of manifold. There are several choices for the set T. When T is taken to be the reals, the dynamical system is called a flow; and if T is restricted to the non-negative reals, then the dynamical system is a semi-flow. When T is taken to be the integers, it is a cascade or a map; and the restriction to the non-negative integers is a semi-cascade.
The evolution function Φ t is often the solution of a differential equation of motion
The equation gives the time derivative, represented by the dot, of a trajectory x(t) on the phase space starting at some point x0. The vector field v(x) is a smooth function that at every point of the phase space M provides the velocity vector of the dynamical system at that point. (These vectors are not vectors in the phase space M, but in the tangent space TxM of the point x.) Given a smooth Φ t, an autonomous vector field can be derived from it.
There is no need for higher order derivatives in the equation, nor for time dependence in v(x) because these can be eliminated by considering systems of higher dimensions. Other types of differential equations can be used to define the evolution rule:
is an example of an equation that arises from the modeling of mechanical systems with complicated constraints.
The differential equations determining the evolution function Φ t are often ordinary differential equations: in this case the phase space M is a finite dimensional manifold. Many of the concepts in dynamical systems can be extended to infinite-dimensional manifolds—those that are locally Banach spaces—in which case the differential equations are partial differential equations. In the late 20th century the dynamical system perspective to partial differential equations started gaining popularity.
- Logistic map
- Complex quadratic polynomial
- Dyadic transformation
- Tent map
- Double pendulum
- Arnold's cat map
- Horseshoe map
- Baker's map is an example of a chaotic piecewise linear map
- Billiards and outer billiards
- Hénon map
- Lorenz system
- Circle map
- Rössler map
- Kaplan-Yorke map
- List of chaotic maps
- Swinging Atwood's machine
- Quadratic map simulation system
- Bouncing ball dynamics
Linear dynamical systems
Linear dynamical systems can be solved in terms of simple functions and the behavior of all orbits classified. In a linear system the phase space is the N-dimensional Euclidean space, so any point in phase space can be represented by a vector with N numbers. The analysis of linear systems is possible because they satisfy a superposition principle: if u(t) and w(t) satisfy the differential equation for the vector field (but not necessarily the initial condition), then so will u(t) + w(t).
with A a matrix, b a vector of numbers and x the position vector. The solution to this system can be found by using the superposition principle (linearity). The case b ≠ 0 with A = 0 is just a straight line in the direction of b:
When b is zero and A ≠ 0 the origin is an equilibrium (or singular) point of the flow, that is, if x0 = 0, then the orbit remains there. For other initial conditions, the equation of motion is given by the exponential of a matrix: for an initial point x0,
When b = 0, the eigenvalues of A determine the structure of the phase space. From the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of A it is possible to determine if an initial point will converge or diverge to the equilibrium point at the origin.
The distance between two different initial conditions in the case A ≠ 0 will change exponentially in most cases, either converging exponentially fast towards a point, or diverging exponentially fast. Linear systems display sensitive dependence on initial conditions in the case of divergence. For nonlinear systems this is one of the (necessary but not sufficient) conditions for chaotic behavior.
with A a matrix and b a vector. As in the continuous case, the change of coordinates x → x + (1 − A) –1b removes the term b from the equation. In the new coordinate system, the origin is a fixed point of the map and the solutions are of the linear system A nx0. The solutions for the map are no longer curves, but points that hop in the phase space. The orbits are organized in curves, or fibers, which are collections of points that map into themselves under the action of the map.
As in the continuous case, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A determine the structure of phase space. For example, if u1 is an eigenvector of A, with a real eigenvalue smaller than one, then the straight lines given by the points along α u1, with α ∈ R, is an invariant curve of the map. Points in this straight line run into the fixed point.
There are also many other discrete dynamical systems.
The qualitative properties of dynamical systems do not change under a smooth change of coordinates (this is sometimes taken as a definition of qualitative): a singular point of the vector field (a point where v(x) = 0) will remain a singular point under smooth transformations; a periodic orbit is a loop in phase space and smooth deformations of the phase space cannot alter it being a loop. It is in the neighborhood of singular points and periodic orbits that the structure of a phase space of a dynamical system can be well understood. In the qualitative study of dynamical systems, the approach is to show that there is a change of coordinates (usually unspecified, but computable) that makes the dynamical system as simple as possible.
A flow in most small patches of the phase space can be made very simple. If y is a point where the vector field v(y) ≠ 0, then there is a change of coordinates for a region around y where the vector field becomes a series of parallel vectors of the same magnitude. This is known as the rectification theorem.
The rectification theorem says that away from singular points the dynamics of a point in a small patch is a straight line. The patch can sometimes be enlarged by stitching several patches together, and when this works out in the whole phase space M the dynamical system is integrable. In most cases the patch cannot be extended to the entire phase space. There may be singular points in the vector field (where v(x) = 0); or the patches may become smaller and smaller as some point is approached. The more subtle reason is a global constraint, where the trajectory starts out in a patch, and after visiting a series of other patches comes back to the original one. If the next time the orbit loops around phase space in a different way, then it is impossible to rectify the vector field in the whole series of patches.
Near periodic orbits
In general, in the neighborhood of a periodic orbit the rectification theorem cannot be used. Poincaré developed an approach that transforms the analysis near a periodic orbit to the analysis of a map. Pick a point x0 in the orbit γ and consider the points in phase space in that neighborhood that are perpendicular to v(x0). These points are a Poincaré section S(γ, x0), of the orbit. The flow now defines a map, the Poincaré map F : S → S, for points starting in S and returning to S. Not all these points will take the same amount of time to come back, but the times will be close to the time it takes x0.
The intersection of the periodic orbit with the Poincaré section is a fixed point of the Poincaré map F. By a translation, the point can be assumed to be at x = 0. The Taylor series of the map is F(x) = J · x + O(x2), so a change of coordinates h can only be expected to simplify F to its linear part
This is known as the conjugation equation. Finding conditions for this equation to hold has been one of the major tasks of research in dynamical systems. Poincaré first approached it assuming all functions to be analytic and in the process discovered the non-resonant condition. If λ1, ..., λν are the eigenvalues of J they will be resonant if one eigenvalue is an integer linear combination of two or more of the others. As terms of the form λi – ∑ (multiples of other eigenvalues) occurs in the denominator of the terms for the function h, the non-resonant condition is also known as the small divisor problem.
The results on the existence of a solution to the conjugation equation depend on the eigenvalues of J and the degree of smoothness required from h. As J does not need to have any special symmetries, its eigenvalues will typically be complex numbers. When the eigenvalues of J are not in the unit circle, the dynamics near the fixed point x0 of F is called hyperbolic and when the eigenvalues are on the unit circle and complex, the dynamics is called elliptic.
In the hyperbolic case, the Hartman–Grobman theorem gives the conditions for the existence of a continuous function that maps the neighborhood of the fixed point of the map to the linear map J · x. The hyperbolic case is also structurally stable. Small changes in the vector field will only produce small changes in the Poincaré map and these small changes will reflect in small changes in the position of the eigenvalues of J in the complex plane, implying that the map is still hyperbolic.
The Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser (KAM) theorem gives the behavior near an elliptic point.
When the evolution map Φt (or the vector field it is derived from) depends on a parameter μ, the structure of the phase space will also depend on this parameter. Small changes may produce no qualitative changes in the phase space until a special value μ0 is reached. At this point the phase space changes qualitatively and the dynamical system is said to have gone through a bifurcation.
Bifurcation theory considers a structure in phase space (typically a fixed point, a periodic orbit, or an invariant torus) and studies its behavior as a function of the parameter μ. At the bifurcation point the structure may change its stability, split into new structures, or merge with other structures. By using Taylor series approximations of the maps and an understanding of the differences that may be eliminated by a change of coordinates, it is possible to catalog the bifurcations of dynamical systems.
The bifurcations of a hyperbolic fixed point x0 of a system family Fμ can be characterized by the eigenvalues of the first derivative of the system DFμ(x0) computed at the bifurcation point. For a map, the bifurcation will occur when there are eigenvalues of DFμ on the unit circle. For a flow, it will occur when there are eigenvalues on the imaginary axis. For more information, see the main article on Bifurcation theory.
Some bifurcations can lead to very complicated structures in phase space. For example, the Ruelle–Takens scenario describes how a periodic orbit bifurcates into a torus and the torus into a strange attractor. In another example, Feigenbaum period-doubling describes how a stable periodic orbit goes through a series of period-doubling bifurcations.
In many dynamical systems, it is possible to choose the coordinates of the system so that the volume (really a ν-dimensional volume) in phase space is invariant. This happens for mechanical systems derived from Newton's laws as long as the coordinates are the position and the momentum and the volume is measured in units of (position) × (momentum). The flow takes points of a subset A into the points Φ t(A) and invariance of the phase space means that
In the Hamiltonian formalism, given a coordinate it is possible to derive the appropriate (generalized) momentum such that the associated volume is preserved by the flow. The volume is said to be computed by the Liouville measure.
In a Hamiltonian system, not all possible configurations of position and momentum can be reached from an initial condition. Because of energy conservation, only the states with the same energy as the initial condition are accessible. The states with the same energy form an energy shell Ω, a sub-manifold of the phase space. The volume of the energy shell, computed using the Liouville measure, is preserved under evolution.
For systems where the volume is preserved by the flow, Poincaré discovered the recurrence theorem: Assume the phase space has a finite Liouville volume and let F be a phase space volume-preserving map and A a subset of the phase space. Then almost every point of A returns to A infinitely often. The Poincaré recurrence theorem was used by Zermelo to object to Boltzmann's derivation of the increase in entropy in a dynamical system of colliding atoms.
One of the questions raised by Boltzmann's work was the possible equality between time averages and space averages, what he called the ergodic hypothesis. The hypothesis states that the length of time a typical trajectory spends in a region A is vol(A)/vol(Ω).
The ergodic hypothesis turned out not to be the essential property needed for the development of statistical mechanics and a series of other ergodic-like properties were introduced to capture the relevant aspects of physical systems. Koopman approached the study of ergodic systems by the use of functional analysis. An observable a is a function that to each point of the phase space associates a number (say instantaneous pressure, or average height). The value of an observable can be computed at another time by using the evolution function φ t. This introduces an operator U t, the transfer operator,
By studying the spectral properties of the linear operator U it becomes possible to classify the ergodic properties of Φ t. In using the Koopman approach of considering the action of the flow on an observable function, the finite-dimensional nonlinear problem involving Φ t gets mapped into an infinite-dimensional linear problem involving U.
The Liouville measure restricted to the energy surface Ω is the basis for the averages computed in equilibrium statistical mechanics. An average in time along a trajectory is equivalent to an average in space computed with the Boltzmann factor exp(−βH). This idea has been generalized by Sinai, Bowen, and Ruelle (SRB) to a larger class of dynamical systems that includes dissipative systems. SRB measures replace the Boltzmann factor and they are defined on attractors of chaotic systems.
Nonlinear dynamical systems and chaos
Simple nonlinear dynamical systems and even piecewise linear systems can exhibit a completely unpredictable behavior, which might seem to be random, despite the fact that they are fundamentally deterministic. This seemingly unpredictable behavior has been called chaos. Hyperbolic systems are precisely defined dynamical systems that exhibit the properties ascribed to chaotic systems. In hyperbolic systems the tangent space perpendicular to a trajectory can be well separated into two parts: one with the points that converge towards the orbit (the stable manifold) and another of the points that diverge from the orbit (the unstable manifold).
This branch of mathematics deals with the long-term qualitative behavior of dynamical systems. Here, the focus is not on finding precise solutions to the equations defining the dynamical system (which is often hopeless), but rather to answer questions like "Will the system settle down to a steady state in the long term, and if so, what are the possible attractors?" or "Does the long-term behavior of the system depend on its initial condition?"
Note that the chaotic behavior of complex systems is not the issue. Meteorology has been known for years to involve complex—even chaotic—behavior. Chaos theory has been so surprising because chaos can be found within almost trivial systems. The logistic map is only a second-degree polynomial; the horseshoe map is piecewise linear.
A dynamical system is the tuple , with a manifold (locally a Banach space or Euclidean space), the domain for time (non-negative reals, the integers, ...) and f an evolution rule t → f t (with ) such that f t is a diffeomorphism of the manifold to itself. So, f is a mapping of the time-domain into the space of diffeomorphisms of the manifold to itself. In other terms, f(t) is a diffeomorphism, for every time t in the domain .
Measure theoretical definition
A dynamical system may be defined formally, as a measure-preserving transformation of a sigma-algebra, the quadruplet (X, Σ, μ, τ). Here, X is a set, and Σ is a sigma-algebra on X, so that the pair (X, Σ) is a measurable space. μ is a finite measure on the sigma-algebra, so that the triplet (X, Σ, μ) is a probability space. A map τ: X → X is said to be Σ-measurable if and only if, for every σ ∈ Σ, one has . A map τ is said to preserve the measure if and only if, for every σ ∈ Σ, one has . Combining the above, a map τ is said to be a measure-preserving transformation of X , if it is a map from X to itself, it is Σ-measurable, and is measure-preserving. The quadruple (X, Σ, μ, τ), for such a τ, is then defined to be a dynamical system.
The map τ embodies the time evolution of the dynamical system. Thus, for discrete dynamical systems the iterates for integer n are studied. For continuous dynamical systems, the map τ is understood to be a finite time evolution map and the construction is more complicated.
Examples of dynamical systems
- Arnold's cat map
- Baker's map is an example of a chaotic piecewise linear map
- Circle map
- Double pendulum
- Billiards and Outer billiards
- Hénon map
- Horseshoe map
- Irrational rotation
- List of chaotic maps
- Logistic map
- Lorenz system
- Rossler map
Dynamical systems are defined over a single independent variable, usually thought of as time. A more general class of systems are defined over multiple independent variables and are therefore called multidimensional systems. Such systems are useful for modeling, for example, image processing.
- Strogatz, S. H. (2001). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos: with applications to physics, biology and chemistry. Perseus publishing.
- Katok, A., & Hasselblatt, B. (1995). Introduction to the modern theory of dynamical systems. Cambridge, Cambridge.
- Holmes, Philip. "Poincaré, celestial mechanics, dynamical-systems theory and "chaos"." Physics Reports 193.3 (1990): 137-163.
Works providing a broad coverage:
- Ralph Abraham and Jerrold E. Marsden (1978). Foundations of mechanics. Benjamin–Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-0102-X. (available as a reprint: ISBN 0-201-40840-6)
- Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences (ISSN 0938-0396) has a sub-series on dynamical systems with reviews of current research.
- Christian Bonatti; Lorenzo J. Díaz; Marcelo Viana (2005). Dynamics Beyond Uniform Hyperbolicity: A Global Geometric and Probabilistic Perspective. Springer. ISBN 3-540-22066-6.
- Stephen Smale (1967). "Differentiable dynamical systems". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 73 (6): 747–817. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1967-11798-1.
Introductory texts with a unique perspective:
- V. I. Arnold (1982). Mathematical methods of classical mechanics. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96890-3.
- Jacob Palis and Welington de Melo (1982). Geometric theory of dynamical systems: an introduction. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90668-1.
- David Ruelle (1989). Elements of Differentiable Dynamics and Bifurcation Theory. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-601710-7.
- Tim Bedford, Michael Keane and Caroline Series, eds. (1991). Ergodic theory, symbolic dynamics and hyperbolic spaces. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-853390-X.
- Ralph H. Abraham and Christopher D. Shaw (1992). Dynamics—the geometry of behavior, 2nd edition. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-56716-4.
- Kathleen T. Alligood, Tim D. Sauer and James A. Yorke (2000). Chaos. An introduction to dynamical systems. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94677-2.
- Oded Galor (2011). Discrete Dynamical Systems. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-07185-0.
- Morris W. Hirsch, Stephen Smale and Robert L. Devaney (2003). Differential Equations, dynamical systems, and an introduction to chaos. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-349703-5.
- Anatole Katok; Boris Hasselblatt (1996). Introduction to the modern theory of dynamical systems. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-57557-5.
- Stephen Lynch (2010). Dynamical Systems with Applications using Maple 2nd Ed. Springer. ISBN 0-8176-4389-3.
- Stephen Lynch (2007). Dynamical Systems with Applications using Mathematica. Springer. ISBN 0-8176-4482-2.
- Stephen Lynch (2014). Dynamical Systems with Applications using MATLAB 2nd Edition. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 3319068199.
- James Meiss (2007). Differential Dynamical Systems. SIAM. ISBN 0-89871-635-7.
- David D. Nolte (2015). Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199657032.
- Julien Clinton Sprott (2003). Chaos and time-series analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850839-5.
- Steven H. Strogatz (1994). Nonlinear dynamics and chaos: with applications to physics, biology chemistry and engineering. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-54344-3.
- Teschl, Gerald (2012). Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems. Providence: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-8328-0.
- Stephen Wiggins (2003). Introduction to Applied Dynamical Systems and Chaos. Springer. ISBN 0-387-00177-8.
- Florin Diacu and Philip Holmes (1996). Celestial Encounters. Princeton. ISBN 0-691-02743-9.
- James Gleick (1988). Chaos: Making a New Science. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-009250-1.
- Ivar Ekeland (1990). Mathematics and the Unexpected (Paperback). University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-19990-8.
- Ian Stewart (1997). Does God Play Dice? The New Mathematics of Chaos. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-025602-4.
- MATLAB files http://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/profile/authors/63144-stephen-lynch
- Interactive applet for the Standard and Henon Maps by A. Luhn
- A collection of dynamic and non-linear system models and demo applets (in Monash University's Virtual Lab)
- Arxiv preprint server has daily submissions of (non-refereed) manuscripts in dynamical systems.
- DSWeb provides up-to-date information on dynamical systems and its applications.
- Encyclopedia of dynamical systems A part of Scholarpedia — peer reviewed and written by invited experts.
- Nonlinear Dynamics. Models of bifurcation and chaos by Elmer G. Wiens
- Oliver Knill has a series of examples of dynamical systems with explanations and interactive controls.
- Sci.Nonlinear FAQ 2.0 (Sept 2003) provides definitions, explanations and resources related to nonlinear science
Online books or lecture notes:
- Geometrical theory of dynamical systems. Nils Berglund's lecture notes for a course at ETH at the advanced undergraduate level.
- Dynamical systems. George D. Birkhoff's 1927 book already takes a modern approach to dynamical systems.
- Chaos: classical and quantum. An introduction to dynamical systems from the periodic orbit point of view.
- Learning Dynamical Systems. Tutorial on learning dynamical systems.
- Ordinary Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems. Lecture notes by Gerald Teschl
- Dynamical Systems Group Groningen, IWI, University of Groningen.
- Chaos @ UMD. Concentrates on the applications of dynamical systems.
- Dynamical Systems, SUNY Stony Brook. Lists of conferences, researchers, and some open problems.
- Center for Dynamics and Geometry, Penn State.
- Control and Dynamical Systems, Caltech.
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).
- Center for Dynamical Systems, University of Bremen
- Systems Analysis, Modelling and Prediction Group, University of Oxford
- Non-Linear Dynamics Group, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon
- Dynamical Systems, IMPA, Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Applicada.
- Nonlinear Dynamics Workgroup, Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences.
Simulation software based on Dynamical Systems approach: | <urn:uuid:fe408305-0619-4252-bdb7-33bd8674ecf6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical_systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00403-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85641 | 6,943 | 3.671875 | 4 |
How Antibiotics Work for Urinary Tract Infections
It’s common for doctors to prescribe antibiotics for urinary tract infections, as antibiotics work to cure them. After a medical consultation and diagnosis that certifies bacterial colonization, the professional prescribes antibiotics the patient must take for some days. Most of the time, that protocol is correct and works.
In fact, UTI’s are one of the most common ailments in general outpatient practice around the world. That said, antibiotics have historically been the most effective way to control this condition and prevent complications.
Urinary tract infections
This condition is very common, especially among women. It’s estimated that 20% of the female population will suffer from a urinary tract infection that requires antibiotics at least once in her life.
Although it’s less common in men, a complication that results from not treating it is chronic prostatitis. Many men start with urinary symptoms that they don’t pay much attention to. Consequently, the colonizing bacteria migrate to the prostate and settles there, causing severe inflammation.
Overall, statistics show that lower urinary tract infections are the most common. A lower urinary tract infection occurs in the bladder and urethra, while an upper one in the kidneys and ureters.
In addition, aging seems to be a risk factor. Postmenopausal women and elderly men admitted to nursing homes have a high probability of becoming infected.
Keep reading: Urinary Sepsis: Causes and Treatments
How antibiotics work for urinary tract infections
As we mentioned above, bacteria are the microorganisms that are most related to urinary infections. They cause more cases than viruses and fungi.
Among bacteria, Escherichia coli causes up to 80% of cystitis and urethritis. This bacterium regularly inhabits the digestive system, particularly in the last intestinal section. Therefore, the same person transmits it to themselves.
In women, it’s associated with their shorter urethra and how close their urinary and digestive systems are. This favors the passage of Escherichia coli between the anus and the urethral opening, where it ascends to colonize.
To a lesser extent, other microorganisms can cause urinary infections, among which we can mention the following:
- Proteus mirabilis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Enterococcus faecalis
All these bacteria are sensitive to some type of antibiotic. Therefore, an antibiogram may be required before starting treatment. This test measures pathogen sensitivity to drugs to prescribe the correct one that’s capable of killing the microorganism.
The most common antibiotics for urinary tract infections
Once the medical professional identifies the causative agent and the antibiogram determined the most appropriate antibiotic for that urinary infection, the treatment protocol begins. No drug is ideal. Instead, the prescription must be adapted to each particular case.
In this sense, it’s important to take the patient’s age, possible diseases, allergies, and the type of disorder caused in the renal system into account.
So what are the most commonly used antibiotics?
Below, we’ll explain this in detail.
Penicillins and derivatives
As it’s of the oldest groups in the fight against bacteria, penicillins have evolved. Amoxicillin and ampicillin belong to this family and are effective against many different microorganisms. Similarly, there are cephalosporins, such as cephalexin, cephalothin, and ceftriaxone.
Most Escherichia coli and Proteus are sensitive to these antibiotics. They’re a great option for pregnant women since studies haven’t recorded effects on the fetus. Thus, they’re quite safe during pregnancy.
This family, whose representative is gentamicin, can fight gram-negative bacteria. This means that they don’t stop bacterial growth but rather kill gram-negative microorganisms. For this reason, doctors prescribe them for enterococci.
However, they have many adverse effects, which limit their use. They shouldn’t be prescribed to pregnant women and infants who are still developing their tissues due to the possibility of interfering with the cellular formation processes.
With the passage of time and the discovery of new drugs, some new drugs gained ground and became the antibiotics of choice against urinary tract infections. This is the case of quinolones, which displaced amoxicillin and penicillin.
Although this hasn’t always been based on scientific evidence, it possibly occurred due to the ease of use of these drugs, as they require fewer doses for fewer days.
A few of the members of this family are norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, pefloxacin, and gatifloxacin. The first two are the most indicated for this condition due to their bactericidal action. An advantage of this group is that quinolones are strongly concentrated in the tissues where they must attack.
For example, in men, their power to penetrate the prostate makes them the first-line treatment to prevent the condition from becoming more chronic. Meanwhile, norfloxacin is found in high concentrations in the urine once it’s ingested.
Find out more here: Uses and Side Effects of Norfloxacin
This drug combination is considered an antibiotic on its own. However, it can’t always be used because its ability to act is limited to the bacteria that are most frequently detected in urinary tract infections. Nevertheless, if the antibiogram allows it, it isn’t a bad option.
This drug has a good effect on the prostate, which is why it’s the second line of choice for men after norfloxacin. Also, its low side effects give it a safety profile that’s suitable for almost any age and condition.
Safe use of antibiotics for urinary tract infections
Regardless of the type of infection, the safe use of antibiotics is essential. When taken and prescribed indiscriminately, bacterial strains become resistant and their treatment becomes increasingly difficult.
Therefore, it’s essential to consult a doctor and get an antibiogram if the urgency of the case allows it. Thus, the choice of the antibiotic is based on evidence of its effectiveness in killing bacteria and reducing the appearance of resistant strains. | <urn:uuid:f052c2ab-0c44-4cd2-be33-ef2042fae5fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://steptohealth.com/how-antibiotics-work-for-urinary-tract-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.932163 | 1,348 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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IT Questions is a community site that benefits from your involvement. As you contribute to the site, the community gains trust in your expertise, you gain credibility and you have the opportunity to become a trusted IT Questions partner, which brings you increased exposure and other rewards. We've made it easy to be a part of the community and have made the use of the site even easier. We look forward to having you join us! | <urn:uuid:b0e31cb2-ccb8-45d9-86d2-fd64b66c7864> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://itquestions.com/page/about.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718426.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00138-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95913 | 337 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Sharjah: The traffic control campaigns launched by the Traffic and Patrols Department at Sharjah Police General Command resulted in the seizure of 6,705 motorcycles during 2021. The seizures were primarily owing to failures on the part of the riders to comply with traffic rules in the emirate, that endangered their lives as well as those of other road users.
The campaign was in keeping with the objectives of the UAE leadership and consistent with the strategies of the Ministry of Interior to make the roads safer.
Lieutenant Colonel Mohammad Alay Al Naqbi, Director of the Traffic and Patrols Department at Sharjah Police, stressed the leadership’s keenness to protect lives by controlling the negative behaviours of road users — especially motorcyclists who often do not follow traffic safety procedures and traffic rules. He noted that most of the road accidents involved motorcyclists with delivery companies.
Lt Col Al Naqbi said that Sharjah Police were making every possible effort to spread safety awareness among road users.
He pointed out that Sharjah Police last year carried out 12 awareness campaigns in all cities across the emirate, to reduce deaths and injuries.
Sharjah Police have urged all motorcyclists to abide by traffic laws and to follow adequate safety measures to protect themselves, including wearing of helmet, reflective jackets while driving and adhering to traffic signs and various other road signs. | <urn:uuid:e129809c-d843-41a3-a10e-5facd13c8179> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gulfnews.com/uae/sharjah-police-seized-6705-motorcycles-in-2021-for-violating-traffic-laws-1.84794001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.969927 | 278 | 1.554688 | 2 |
BSL Sign Language Dictionary
Search and compare thousands of words and phrases in British Sign Language (BSL). The largest collection online.
How to sign: the contestant you hope to defeat
Sorry, no video found for this word.
"he had respect for his rivals"; "he wanted to know what the competition was doing";
Similiar / Same: challenger, competitor, contender, competition
Within this category: champion, comer, finalist, foe, front-runner, king, runner-up, semifinalist, street fighter, tier, tilter
Do you know the sign for this?
Upload your sign now. | <urn:uuid:49626f57-e8a0-4c2d-8afc-0dc50b1d9090> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.signbsl.com/sign/rival | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.919793 | 141 | 1.992188 | 2 |
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