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We just wanted to just share this inspirational video of Dillon’s Story surrounding Autism and the impacts. This video heart , created by Apple tells the story about how technology has changed and improved the way Dillon lives his day-to-day life, through the use of innovative technology i.e. mobile & tablet devices and apps.
Technology which has enabled Dillon to communicate, learn and interact more with the world around him and more importantly the people close to him. As part of ‘National Autism Awareness Week” we couldn’t think of a better way of showing our support and sharing the awareness of autism. | <urn:uuid:7e315dd4-eec4-47fe-8a9f-f15713463ace> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.leics-his.nhs.uk/2016/04/04/technology-allows-autistic-teenager-communicate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.965531 | 126 | 1.828125 | 2 |
ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Sec. Geohazards and Georisks
Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis: High Performance Computing for Massive Scale Inundation Simulations
- 1The Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway
- 2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Rome, Italy
- 3Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Estadística e Investigacíon Operativa y Matemática Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- 4Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Bologna, Italy
- 5GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
- 6CINECA SuperComputing Applications and Innovation, Rome, Italy
- 7Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA) quantifies the probability of exceeding a specified inundation intensity at a given location within a given time interval. PTHA provides scientific guidance for tsunami risk analysis and risk management, including coastal planning and early warning. Explicit computation of site-specific PTHA, with an adequate discretization of source scenarios combined with high-resolution numerical inundation modelling, has been out of reach with existing models and computing capabilities, with tens to hundreds of thousands of moderately intensive numerical simulations being required for exhaustive uncertainty quantification. In recent years, more efficient GPU-based High-Performance Computing (HPC) facilities, together with efficient GPU-optimized shallow water type models for simulating tsunami inundation, have now made local long-term hazard assessment feasible. A workflow has been developed with three main stages: 1) Site-specific source selection and discretization, 2) Efficient numerical inundation simulation for each scenario using the GPU-based Tsunami-HySEA numerical tsunami propagation and inundation model using a system of nested topo-bathymetric grids, and 3) Hazard aggregation. We apply this site-specific PTHA workflow here to Catania, Sicily, for tsunamigenic earthquake sources in the Mediterranean. We illustrate the workflows of the PTHA as implemented for High-Performance Computing applications, including preliminary simulations carried out on intermediate scale GPU clusters. We show how the local hazard analysis conducted here produces a more fine-grained assessment than is possible with a regional assessment. However, the new local PTHA indicates somewhat lower probabilities of exceedance for higher maximum inundation heights than the available regional PTHA. The local hazard analysis takes into account small-scale tsunami inundation features and non-linearity which the regional-scale assessment does not incorporate. However, the deterministic inundation simulations neglect some uncertainties stemming from the simplified source treatment and tsunami modelling that are embedded in the regional stochastic approach to inundation height estimation. Further research is needed to quantify the uncertainty associated with numerical inundation modelling and to properly propagate it onto the hazard results, to fully exploit the potential of site-specific hazard assessment based on massive simulations.
Tsunamis are infrequent hazards that can potentially lead to devastating consequences. Earthquakes are the most common source of tsunamis (about 80% of tsunamis worldwide, see e.g. the NCEI global tsunami database: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml) and we restrict the analysis here to seismic sources (coined seismic PTHA or S-PTHA, see e.g., Lorito et al., 2015). Their induced tsunamis pose a risk toward the global coastal population, both related to human casualties (Løvholt et al., 2012), direct economic losses (e.g., Løvholt et al., 2015), to critical infrastructures useful for crisis management (e.g., harbors: Argyroudis et al., 2020), or through secondary cascading events such as in the Fukushima event (e.g., Synolakis and Kânoğlu, 2015). The uncertainty in tsunami hazard models is great, resulting from the infrequency of events (and consequent relatively small datasets of past events), from the vast number of potential sources and tsunami-generating mechanisms (e.g., Grezio et al., 2017; Davies et al., 2018), from the accuracy of high resolution topo-bathymetry and friction models for inundation calculations (e.g., Park et al., 2014; Bricker et al., 2015; Griffin et al., 2015; Sepúlveda et al., 2020), and from the approximations of numerical simulations (e.g., Behrens and Dias, 2015). Among these, the hazard is largely controlled by the source probability of occurrence which is highly uncertain, in particular for large events like megathrust subduction earthquakes of the scale of the 2004 Indian Ocean and 2011 Tohoku event (Lay et al., 2005; Kagan and Jackson, 2013) or large crustal events (Basili et al., 2013). Furthermore, the hazard and related uncertainty stem from the complexity and variety of the various types of earthquake mechanisms such as tsunami earthquakes (e.g., Newman et al., 2011), outer rise events (e.g., the 2009 Samoa tsunami: Fritz et al., 2011), other significant unknown or only partially known crustal sources (Basili et al., 2013; Selva et al., 2016), variable slip (e.g., Geist, 2002; Scala et al., 2020), or generally due to unexpected source mechanisms such as revealed for the Palu tsunami in 2018 (Ulrich et al., 2019). Moreover, tsunamis often happen simultaneously with other hazards, and may interact with them (e.g. earthquakes, landslides, or volcanoes) in a complex manner (e.g., Goda and De Risi, 2018; Pitilakis et al., 2019; Argyroudis et al., 2020). This was demonstrated by the 2018 Palu earthquake and tsunami, where the earthquake (Bao et al., 2019), liquefaction (Cummins, 2019) and tsunami (e.g., Omira et al., 2019; Ulrich et al., 2019) impacted almost simultaneously. Clearly, it is important to have well established methods that can capture these complexities to represent the hazard.
In recent years, Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA: Geist and Parsons, 2006; Grezio et al., 2017) has become the standard way of estimating this complex tsunami hazard. PTHA estimates the probability of exceeding a specified tsunami metric (e.g. flow depth, tsunami height, or momentum flux) at a given location within a given time interval, such as the probability of exceeding a specified inundation height within the next 50 years. Tsunami observations are usually not sufficient for constraining a PTHA. Computation-based PTHA considers a discretization of the total hazard into many potential source scenarios, together with the estimated probability of occurrence of each scenario, for as many scenarios as necessary to represent the expected natural variability in a probabilistic source model. To resolve tsunami source uncertainty adequately, many thousands or sometimes even millions of scenarios need to be simulated (e.g., Selva et al., 2016). To be feasible, PTHA applications have therefore often resorted to estimating the hazard offshore and extrapolating it onshore, and sometimes applying stochastic inundation modeling (e.g. Power et al., 2007; Burbidge et al., 2008; Horspool et al., 2014; Davies et al., 2018; Glimsdal et al., 2019). It has so far not been possible to conduct tsunami hazard analysis running this broad range of scenarios without renouncing some details needed for practical applications. For instance, the first widely accepted probabilistic tsunami hazard map for Europe was developed within the TSUMAPS-NEAM project (http://www.tsumaps-neam.eu/), which covers the hazard in the North-eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and connected seas (NEAM). This so-called NEAMTHM18 assessment (Basili et al., 2018; Basili et al., 2019) includes millions of sources, but estimates inundation probability at regional scales based on offshore analysis of tsunami simulations (Glimsdal et al., 2019), and so lacks the high-resolution inundation simulation typical of site-specific PTHA.
Local scale applications to date have needed to reduce the number of simulations dramatically in order to be feasible. González et al. (2009) provided the first local PTHA, generating inundation maps for a location in Oregon using the MOST simulation software (Titov and Gonzalez, 1997) on a system of nested grids. However, this study was limited to a small number of megathrust earthquake scenarios deemed to dominate the hazard at the target region. Lorito et al. (2015) address the feasibility of inundation maps for Seismic PTHA (S-PTHA) for the Mediterranean region, with strategies for reducing the number of simulations required to optimize accuracy in the hazard. This work was taken further by Volpe et al. (2019) who emphasized the need to differentiate between near-field and far-field sources due to the alteration of the coastal height as a consequence of co-seismic displacement. However, to date, there exists no available benchmark that covers the source variability sufficiently, which can be used to test the degree to which the above simplifications are viable. A necessary element that has been lacking moving forward on this aspect, is the availability of computation resources and related workflows that allow effective use of PTHA on the major computational facilities, namely Tier-0 High Performance Computing (HPC) systems (Løvholt et al., 2019).
We here attempt to bridge the gap between regional-scale PTHA and scenario-specific local inundation simulation, by developing and prototyping a new workflow for site-specific high-resolution PTHA using HPC. This local PTHA workflow is a so-called pilot demonstrator of the H2020 funded ChEESE Center of Excellence (https://cheese-coe.eu/) for addressing geophysical problems related to solid earth processes using (future) pre-Exascale and Exascale supercomputers. A comprehensive PTHA with high resolution inundation calculations at local scale is a problem that is only tractable given such computational resources. In this paper, we used as a starting point for our site-specific analysis the existing regional-scale NEAMTHM18 tsunami hazard assessment (Basili et al., 2019). Hence, we will not assess source probabilities from scratch here, but rather use those probabilities derived by Basili et al. (2019) as input to our analysis. Our primary objective is to extend this regional analysis to local hazard combining high resolution topo-bathymetric data with nonlinear shallow water (NLSW) inundation modeling using the multi-GPU finite volumes Tsunami-HySEA model (de la Asunción et al., 2013; Macías et al., 2017; Macías et al., 2020a; Macías et al., 2020b), restricting the simulations to the sources deemed relevant by NEAMTHM18 at the specific site considered. To this end, we present a new workflow embedding Tsunami-HySEA into PTHA and demonstrate the suitability for HPC usage. We also present comparison with the previous NEAMTHM18 analysis for the offshore tsunami hazard, as well as new inundation hazard curves and maps.
This paper is organized as follows: In The Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment in the Mediterranean Region: The Regional Model NEAMTHM18, we describe briefly the NEAMTHM18 analysis relevant for creating the input to the local hazard. In Implementation of a High-Performance Computing Oriented Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis Workflow, the PTHA workflow is described, including the source disaggregation from NEAMTHM18 and the inundation simulations with Tsunami-HySEA on Tier-0 GPU clusters. The setup for the example case presented here, Catania harbor, is described in Setup for Hazard Analysis Toward the City of Catania. In Results, the inundation calculations and hazard aggregation are discussed in the context of previous results (Setup for Hazard Analysis Toward the City of Catania). We finally provide future perspectives.
The Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment in the Mediterranean Region: The Regional Model NEAMTHM18
The NEAMTHM18 tsunami hazard model provided a rigorous analysis of the annual rates of possible earthquake events and of the tsunami hazard curves for the coastlines of the NEAM region using many millions of scenarios. It is also the first community and consensus based regional tsunami hazard assessment in the NEAM, where the quantification of epistemic uncertainties was heavily based on expert opinion distilled through formal elicitation processes. For details related to the establishment of the source probabilities, we refer to Basili et al. (2019).
The NEAMTHM18 PTHA considered two types of earthquake sources (Selva et al., 2016), coined Predominant Seismicity (PS) and Background Seismicity (BS). PS consists of earthquakes associated with subduction interfaces and major fault systems, where the fault geometries and mechanisms are relatively well understood. The second (BS) class comprises (crustal) seismicity associated with other fault systems, the knowledge and geometry of which may be more incomplete. The BS earthquakes can, in principle, occur anywhere. This distinction was adopted for the sources established in TSUMAPS-NEAM and Basili et al. (2019) provide a comprehensive description of the employed source discretization. In the Mediterranean, PS comprises three main subduction interfaces: the Calabrian, Hellenic and Cyprian arcs. Here, PS scenarios are defined by a specified slip on each element of triangular meshes, modelling 3D fault geometries. BS scenarios are defined over a regular grid covering the entire Mediterranean Sea and nearby lands, with sea-bottom deformations modelled by considering uniform slip on rectangular faults (Okada, 1992). The set of tsunamigenic scenarios is defined by systematic discretizations of the earthquake parameters describing these two classes of seismicity.
The NEAMTHM18 tsunami scenarios were produced by linear combinations of previously simulated elementary Gaussian sources (Molinari et al., 2016). These simulations involved approximately 200,000 Tsunami-HySEA simulations carried out offshore for the entire NEAM region. This was possible since the offshore tsunami simulations were linear, and linear combinations could be employed to provide a much higher number of scenarios. Amplification factors translated the offshore wave characteristics to inundation height depending on the local bathymetry, and on the polarity and dominant period of the incident wave (Glimsdal et al., 2019). Amplification factors simplify the assessment for a regional hazard quantification. However, they do not capture the nonlinearity, nor include the detailed dynamics of inundation on local topography. This quantification is associated with very large uncertainties, mainly epistemic. These uncertainties are quantified by hundreds of NLSW inundation simulations carried out at different sites, and stem largely from the topographic variability onshore. These uncertainties are then treated by means of conditional probabilities as a function of the amplified inundation heights (Glimsdal et al., 2019). However, these conditional probabilities are not site-specific, as they were estimated by aggregating inundation simulations from a variety of different coastal sites. The application of local high-resolution topography and inundation simulations here is mainly to try to reduce this epistemic uncertainty.
The number of scenarios considered in NEAMTHM18, restricted to the Mediterranean area only, is in the order of 106 (Basili et al., 2019). Even with massive Tier-0 HPC resources available, the number of source scenarios in NEAMTHM18 must be dramatically trimmed down to be feasible for local tsunami hazard computation. For this purpose, the most important sources can be determined through hazard disaggregation (e.g., Bazzurro et al., 1999; for tsunamis: Selva et al., 2016; Power et al., 2018). In the next section, we explain the entire workflow for the local PTHA, including details of the disaggregation in the context of NEAMTHM18.
Implementation of a High-Performance Computing Oriented Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis Workflow
Overview of the local Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis Workflow
The local PTHA workflow consists of the following main components, shown in Figure 1, all elaborated in separate subsections below:
• Provision of user specifications, including: definition of hazard metrics, thresholds for the specified metrics, availability of computational resources, and physical input parameters for the hydrodynamic simulations (e.g., topo-bathymetric grids, Manning friction coefficient, CFL number, dry land threshold value, etc.).
• Source selection of scenarios, here using the NEAMTHM18 disaggregation as input (Disaggregation and Source Selection). In this step, it is also possible to refine the sources (to provide more sources to cover more broadly the source variability, for example by more finely sampling location and slip distribution of local sources). This source refinement is not used in the example studies provided herein.
• A micro-workflow for HPC inundation simulation (High-Performance Computing Inundation Simulations and Workflow), using the NLSW model Tsunami-HySEA as the computational engine for the inundation simulations, capable of managing large ensembles of hundreds of thousands multi-GPU simulations;
• A hazard aggregation step, combining the different model runs to provide hazard curves and maps for potentially inundated areas (Hazard Aggregation). This step also manages the epistemic uncertainty by considering the alternative modelling and/or parametrizations for the seismic sources, their recurrence rates, and amplification models, providing the hazard’s uncertainty statistics (returning a mean and percentiles). This quantification of epistemic uncertainty is not implemented here, and only the mean hazard curves and inundation maps are presented for the sake of conciseness.
FIGURE 1. Overview of the Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA) workflow. The step involving HPC resources is shown in the green box. Preprocessing and hazard aggregation is performed outside the HPC system. As large amounts of data can be produced, attention is paid to continuous data transfer during the entire HPC project.
Disaggregation and Source Selection
Local tsunami hazard analysis utilizes non-linear models. Hence it cannot exploit superposition of unit sources as in conventional regional-scale PTHA (Burbidge et al., 2008; Basili et al., 2019). As explained above, it may not be feasible to simulate millions of scenario simulations for local inundation analysis. However, for a specific site, only a limited set of these sources contributes significantly to the hazard. To identify the most significant scenarios, a disaggregation analysis is carried out on the regional hazard estimated in NEAMTHM18 as the first step of the local PTHA workflow. The disaggregation algorithm first ranks all the scenarios contributing to the target site (i.e. to one or more offshore points close to the target site) for a given intensity, or intensity interval, according to their relative importance for the site of interest, measured as their relative contribution to the local offshore hazard curve in terms of mean annual rates. Then, a desired “degree of accuracy” to which the local hazard should be approximated can be defined in terms of the resemblance of the original offshore hazard curves and of the ones calculated only with the selected scenarios, corresponding to the given intensity value or interval. This degree of accuracy formally corresponds to the probability that the occurrence of the target event (a tsunami in the selected interval) is caused by one of the selected sources, as computed from standard disaggregation (e.g., Bazzurro and Cornell, 1999). An example of an application of this procedure using the 1–4 m interval is given in Scenario Selection and Representation of Probabilities. The degree of accuracy controls the number of simulations required, and it should be selected based on the available resources and the computational cost, which mainly depends on the size and the spatial resolution of the computational grids.
The input parameters to the disaggregation procedure applied here consist of 1) the selection of the offshore Points of Interest (PoIs) to consider (should be in the vicinity of one or more sites for modelling inundation), 2) the mean annual rate of the set of scenarios retrieved from regional hazard, and 3) a specified value or range of values of interest, provided in terms of Maximum Inundation Height (MIH). We here define the MIH as the largest inundation height above mean sea level at any onshore point in the computational domain. However, when MIH is derived from the regional assessment using amplification factors, it represents a larger area, and must hence be interpreted as a stochastic quantity inheriting the spatial variability of the local MIH.
From NEAMTHM18, we obtain a first order source discretization and corresponding probabilities. The disaggregation of the TSUMAPS-NEAM assessment provides, for a predefined PoI, a list of those earthquake scenarios which dominate the tsunami hazard locally as estimated from offshore simulation results. When the available computational resources allow, we can subsequently perform a refinement of sources and corresponding splitting of probability, to improve the existing source discretization for the local hazard. We stress that this source splitting step is not carried out in the example cases presented in this paper, but it nevertheless is an essential element of the local PTHA workflow.
The source refinement procedure depends on the source type and, in this case, should be closely tied to the PS and BS source definition in NEAMTHM18. The PS sources may take larger Moment Magnitudes (Mw) that are represented by stochastic fields of heterogeneous slip, embedding the possibility of shallow slip amplification controlled by rigidity and coupling variations with depth (Scala et al., 2020). For the largest magnitudes, the PS sources were modeled by five different stochastic realizations for each given source region. In the local PTHA workflow, the source refinement may allow the user to extend this to an arbitrary increase of heterogeneous slip realizations (to e.g., 20, 30, 40 etc.) depending on computational resources available. Similarly, each individual BS source can be refined with greater resolution in location, fault orientation, and focal mechanism variability. For both the PS and the BS sources, source probabilities from NEAMTHM18 are split from the “parent” scenarios to the “children” scenarios which constitute the refinement of the parent sources, redistributing the total mean annual rates of parent scenarios.
This procedure, with or without refinements, ends with the definition of a list of scenarios to be modelled through HPC. To ensure the feasibility of PTHA, an iterative step in addition to the disaggregation and source refinement procedures is required. This step considers the computational resources available for the tsunami simulations and assesses how many scenarios can be simulated with these constraints. If necessary, a lower disaggregation level is selected, and the scenario list is consequently reduced. Similarly, a reduction of refinement level can be considered.
High-Performance Computing Inundation Simulations and Workflow
Tsunami-HySEA (de la Asunción et al., 2013) is an NLSW model implemented in CUDA for NVIDIA GPU computations and parallelized with MPI for running in multi-GPU architectures. Tsunami-HySEA models both open-ocean tsunami propagation and nested grid inundation using progressively finer grid resolution of the coastal areas in a single code. The code has undergone an intensive process of model validation and verification following, in particular, the benchmarking standards of the NTHMP, the National Tsunami Hazard and Mitigation Program, USA (Macías et al., 2017; Macías et al., 2020a; Macías et al., 2020b). The nested grid meshes are fixed with an arbitrary number of levels satisfying power-of-two refinement ratios. The nested grid algorithm updates the nested grids at coarser grid levels through spatial projection of the mesh values at the finer grids levels. In addition, values at nodes of the coarser grids along the boundaries of each finer grid level are used to drive the simulation on the finer grid. In this way, a two-way update between the fields on each grid level is performed. A new nested grid algorithm has been implemented for the PTHA simulations and adopted thereafter. Specifically, in the new algorithm, the values of the free surface and water height are projected on the coarse grids and the bathymetry on the coarse grids is modified accordingly to preserve the consistency in the relation h (x,t) = H (x,t)+ŋ(x,t), where H is the bathymetry, h the total water depth, and ŋ the sea surface elevation (from a fixed reference level based on the bathymetric depth value).
The Tsunami-HySEA code is formulated using Finite Volumes and is implemented for multi-GPUs utilizing 2D domain decomposition with load balancing. The efficient use of GPUs makes it one of the most efficient NLSW models available (Løvholt et al., 2019). It includes methods for conveying seabed deformations into tsunami generation based on full potential hydrodynamic theory (Kajiura, 1963; Nosov and Kolesov, 2007). For treating the overland flow, a quadratic Manning friction term is implemented. Moreover, a minimum dry land threshold depth hm is adopted for stability purposes.
The Tsunami-HySEA code has recently been optimized for improved HPC efficiency. The output is written into NetCDF files that are generated synchronously, or asynchronously using C++11 threads for efficient input-output. The output, one file for each of the two finest sub-meshes and one for storing time series, consists of data that has been compressed using the algorithm described in Tolkova (2007) to further reduce the size of the output files. Tsunami-HySEA has been tested on four Tier-0 supercomputers: the CTE-POWER cluster in the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), where it has already been used intensively, the DAVIDE cluster and the new MARCONI100 machine at the CINECA consortium in Italy, and Piz-Daint GPU at the Swiss National Supercomputer Center. Relevant to the present application is the synchronous simulations of many independent Tsunami-HySEA simulations in parallel, naturally achieving perfect parallelism (sometimes coined “embarrassing parallelism”). To this end, Tsunami-HySEA provides good so-called weak scalability on the different architectures it has been tested on, meaning that the computational speed is only marginally reduced when many simulations are run synchronously using embarrassing parallelism. For example, the weak scalability obtained for the present set of scenarios was 99.94% when using four GPUs and 98.96% for 64 GPUs on the Marconi-100 supercomputer. Hence, Tsunami-HySEA is well placed to utilize Tier-0 resources to conduct the high number of scenario simulations necessary for PTHA.
Tsunami-HySEA is the engine of the inner PTHA workflow that is carried out within the HPC Tier-0 environment, shown as the green box in Figure 1. This inner workflow consists of Faster Than Real Time (FTRT) numerical simulations for each of the selected earthquake scenarios from the disaggregation step on the provided system of nested grids. The nested grids allow for high resolution inundation calculations at the coastal region of interest while keeping a coarser spatial resolution for the open sea wave-propagation, appropriate for the temporal and spatial scale of the wave. It is the system of nested grids, and in particular the grids with the finest resolution, which dominates the simulation time. A more detailed look at the inner-workflow for the HPC resources is provided in Figure 2. This provides a closer look at the nested grid structure and illustrates the calculation of inundation maps exemplified for Catania for four example scenarios derived from the disaggregation and source splitting step explained above: two of the BS class, crustal seismicity, and two of the PS class, subduction earthquakes. Moreover, the inner-workflow also includes procedures for filtering spurious simulation results. In the cases where such simulations are discovered, scenarios can be removed from the assessment, and all other probabilities can be normalized. In the analysis presented here, such spurious simulations were not detected, and the renormalization option was not invoked.
FIGURE 2. Overview of simulation process, from source models and seafloor displacements (left) for BS and PS sources, the nested grid procedure (center), and tsunami inundation (right) for different scenarios. The Tsunami-HySEA code simulates the flow depth on the co-seismically deformed bathymetry which is different from scenario to scenario. The aggregated hazard takes this into account. See Scala et al. (2020) for a detailed description of the stochastic slip distributions for the Predominant Seismicity sources.
The results from all the simulations are combined in the hazard aggregation step. This consists also of the post-processing and visualization that are performed outside of the HPC resources since these tasks do not require the same level of performance as the simulation calculations themselves. In the aggregation step, the different inundation simulation results are combined to provide hazard curves (probability of exceeding a given MIH during a given exposure time). For a local inundation site, a large number (typically hundreds of thousands) of such curves will be available, with one curve for each inundated point.
These curves are obtained in the following way (for a more complete description we refer to Basili et al., 2019); the individual scenario list and related mean annual rates are derived from the disaggregation and source refinement step, representing the most relevant sources for the local site of interest. For each of these scenarios, we can have different estimates of the mean annual rates and, consequently, of probabilities in the reference exposure time, depending on the epistemic uncertainty. In the aggregation, we assume a time-independent Poisson process implying that the exceedance probabilities can be computed using:
where P(I > IC,ΔT) represents the probability of the tsunami metric I exceeding a threshold value IC during an exposure time period ΔT. λ(I > IC) represents the mean annual rates for an individual source giving rise to the tsunami exceeding the given impact metric. Due to their independence, all these rates are summed for deriving the probability of at least one exceedance (PoE) in ΔT for a given threshold IC.
In this study, for simplicity, we assume that λ(I>IC) can be evaluated, for each individual source, as the product of the mean annual rate of the source and of an identity function which equals 1 if the simulated tsunami exceeds IC, and 0 otherwise (e.g., Grezio et al., 2017). This procedure neglects the potential uncertainty stemming from the tsunami generation, propagation and inundation model, as well as the one due to the oversimplifications of the source model (Choi et al., 2002). Since this study has the main purpose of illustrating the new workflow, rather than an assessment for operational purposes, we considered our approach sufficiently elaborated. For a specific application, uncertainties can be applied in the form of a conditional probability (Glimsdal et al., 2019) but starting from inundation simulations rather than from offshore results. Ideally, the parameters of the distributions (usually assumed log-normal, Glimsdal et al., 2019 and reference therein) should be calibrated with run-up observations.
Because we based all the present results on a subset of the potential sources selected through disaggregation, the mean annual rates are finally normalized by the degree of accuracy chosen in the disaggregation step. Assuming that the subset can be considered an unbiased sample of all the sources that may generate local tsunamis, we may compensate the removal of potentially impacting sources by re-normalizing the mean annual rates of the selected sources. For example, for a 99% disaggregation level, λ(I>IC) can be simply multiplied with a normalization factor 1/0.99. The PoE can also be converted into average return periods T through the expression T = ΔT/abs(ln(1 - P(I > IC,ΔT)). In the application presented herein, we compute PoEs assuming a ΔT = 50-years exposure time. For example, a 2% PoE in 50 years then yields T ≈ 2,475 years, and a 10% PoE in 50 years yields T ≈ 475 years.
In this paper, we consider the following impact metrics, the MIH, the maximum flow depth Hm, and the maximum depth averaged momentum flux defined as the maximum of the instantaneous product of the square velocity and flow depth (U2H)m.
When multiple models for source probabilities and/or for tsunami generation, propagation and inundation are implemented, the results are represented as a family of different hazard curves, where each curve represents one realization of the epistemic uncertainty (Grezio et al., 2017). The epistemic uncertainty in annual rates may be inherited from the regional hazard model (here, NEAMTHM18). The epistemic uncertainty in tsunami generation, propagation, and inundation should be evaluated by analyzing the impact of source simplifications and limitations of the numerical tsunami simulations. However, in this paper, only the average of the epistemic uncertainty from the source model is presented: the weighted average of the alternative mean annual rates from NEAMTHM18. The alternatives are weighted according to the relative credibility assigned to the different considered source models in NEAMTHM18.
Setup for Hazard Analysis Toward the City of Catania
Computational Grids and Hydrodynamic Parameters
The Tsunami-HySEA simulations use three levels of nested local grids, as well as one global 0-grid for the open ocean propagation covering the Mediterranean Sea. The finest grid resolution is 10 m, and a spatial refinement ratio of four is used here. Hence, the other grids have resolutions 40 m, 160 m, and 640 m respectively. Their extents are displayed in Figure 2. The grid with the coarsest resolution (640 m) uses the open GEBCO topo-bathymetry model (https://www.gebco.net/), which was resampled. Regarding the finest grid, a 10 m DEM model was built interpolating the following datasets:
• LiDAR inland points with 2 m resolution. The Geology and Geotechnologies Laboratory (INGV, http://istituto.ingv.it/it/36-laboratori/1656-laboratorio-geologia-e-geotecnologie.html) provided the LiDAR dataset in the framework of an agreement with the Ministry of the Environment, Earth and Sea (http://www.pcn.minambiente.it) - Italian National Geoportal, owner of the data).
• EMODnet Digital Bathymetry (DTM from EMODnet Bathymetry Consortium (2018) http://doi.org/10.12770/18ff0d48-b203-4a65-94a9-5fd8b0ec35f6, which has a resolution of nearly 112 m.
• EU-DEM, EU-DEM-4258: 1 arcsec - five arcsec, EU-DEM-3035: 25 m, Color shaded DEM derived from the EU-DEM-3035: 25 m “Produced using Copernicus data and information funded by the European Union - EU-DEM layers.”
• MaGIC data, foglio 32 e foglio 33, data from the MaGIC project, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (http://dati.protezionecivile.it/geoportalDPC/catalog/main/home.page).
The coarser intermediate grids (40 m and 160 m) were derived from the 10 m grid by using a bilinear resampling algorithm to assure depth compatibility among all the nesting involved in the simulations. To ensure stability, Tsunami-HySEA simulations use a threshold for water height at inundation (here set to 0.001 m), and a maximum allowed current velocity as a simulation stopping criteria (here set to 40 m/s). A uniform Manning coefficient n = 0.03 is employed for representation of the bed friction. A CFL number of 0.5 is used for the time stepping.
Scenario Selection and Representation of Probabilities
We carried out the disaggregation analysis for PoIs close to the East coast of Sicily, Italy, offshore Catania, based on the NEAMTHM18 regional hazard assessment. To make use of an example of potential practical interest, in this specific application, we selected the interval of MIH derived from the regional assessment between 1 m and 4 m. This should allow the inclusion, up to the 98th percentile, all the scenarios which may generate a run-up comparable to the design value used for the construction of the tsunami evacuation maps in the Catania plain (Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, 2018; Basili et al., 2019). Locally, in fact, the design MIH value used for the subsequent preparation of the evacuation maps is 1.2 m. Since the disaggregation procedure (Disaggregation and Source Selection) attempts to approximate the total hazard by ranking the most probable scenarios, and since these highest ranked scenarios generate a smaller MIH in the considered interval, the scenarios in proximity of 1.2 m are almost surely included in the selection when using the 1–4 m interval. Note that the corresponding run-up design value is chosen as three times the design MIH. Based on the reanalysis by Basili et al. (2019) of the simulations performed by Glimsdal et al. (2019), the 98% of the run-up values in the vicinity of the POI where the MIH is estimated would not exceed three times the design value.
Figure 3 (panel A) displays a trade-off curve of the number of scenarios required to quantify the hazard at the Catania PoI as a function of the level of approximation of the total hazard in the 1–4 m interval. In this study, we chose to disaggregate to retain those sources that collectively have a 99% probability of causing hazards in the target interval. Adding up their individual contributions allows the reproduction of 99% of the total hazard. We indicate the number of scenarios required to reproduce 90, 95, and 99% of the hazard. We performed a number of disaggregations over different and broader intervals and note that very few additional scenarios result from extending the upper limit of the interval, for example, from 4 m to 8 m. The scenarios that result in the highest inundations are associated with exceptionally low probabilities and few of these scenarios contribute to the PTHA for the time-intervals of interest. This is confirmed in panel B) where the hazard curves calculated from the full NEAMTHM18 model and approximated at the 99% level are nearly the same, providing confidence that neglected scenarios do not contribute significantly in the considered MIH interval.
FIGURE 3. Overview of the hazard disaggregation/scenario selection procedure (A) trade-off curve between number of scenarios contributing to the hazard at the site and percentage of hazard reproduction for the 1–4 m interval. The scenarios are ranked such that those contributing the most come first (B) The 1–4 m interval hazard curve reproduced with the selected scenarios as well as the complete one.
Altogether 32,363 scenarios were obtained from the disaggregation. Of these scenarios, 11,120 were of type BS and 21,243 were of type PS. We display these scenarios in Figure 4, with BS and PS sources covered in panels (A) and (B) respectively. The colors indicate the cumulative rates of the sources, with the darker symbols and shapes indicating a higher probability of seismic slip at the location indicated within the relevant time interval. Both panels display simplifications of the earthquake generated tsunami sources. It can be qualitatively assessed that the hazard is driven by subduction earthquakes and by local crustal sources, consistently with the findings of Selva et al. (2016). For each symbol in panel (A), many earthquake scenarios defined by Okada source parameters have their hypocenter within the region indicated. The scenarios vary in all the other parameters: depth, rupture width, rupture length, slip, and the angles of strike, dip, and rake. The lateral dimensions of the rupture for any one earthquake scenario may exceed significantly the size of the pixel displayed. Similarly, for the PS sources in panel (B), each scenario consists of a slip distribution represented across many elements of a triangular mesh. Since variation in the slip distribution can have significant consequences for inundation, NEAMTHM18 therefore considered several stochastic realizations of slip for a given fault geometry (see Scala et al., 2020). The color of each triangular cell in panel (b) indicates the number of PS scenarios which have a non-zero slip on that particular cell.
FIGURE 4. Cumulative annual rates in NEAMTHM18 source discretization resulting in a maximum inundation height (MIH) in the range 1–4 m for Catania (white square) based upon the offshore tsunami simulation result, displayed together with topo-bathymetry of the Mediterranean. The outlines of the PS-source meshes are displayed in Panel (A), demonstrating how crustal (BS) sources are also defined in the same locations as PS sources. “Remote” BS sources, geographically separated from the contiguous source clusters, may appear in the disaggregation given eg marginally more efficient tsunami wave propagation. However, their contribution to the total hazard at Catania is likely to be small given the total number of scenarios considered.
For epistemic uncertainty quantification, we adopt the ensemble of mean annual rates describing the epistemic uncertainties on seismic rates in NEAMTHM18. This implies that each scenario simulation is associated with 1,000 alternative estimates of the mean annual rates λ to represent the epistemic uncertainty, that are sampled from the epistemic uncertainty alternative tree (Selva et al., 2016). These epistemic uncertainties represent uncertainty related to the seismicity models such as the Magnitude Frequency Distributions (MFDs), scaling relation used for the earthquake scenario, crustal rigidity model etc., as well as to the simplified inundation model (Glimsdal et al., 2019). All these uncertainties have been unraveled in NEAMTHM18 through a thorough expert elicitation process. As mentioned above, we here present only results based only on averaging the epistemic uncertainty.
Comparison of Offshore Hazard Curves
Before assessing onshore hazard curves, we first verify that the offshore tsunami hazard obtained with the new simulations is consistent with the regional scale hazard estimated in the NEAMTHM18 assessment. This is a general consistency test. Even if all parts of the study are implemented correctly, differences may arise because of several specific reasons. Firstly, we use here only the subset of sources selected after disaggregation and we renormalize the source mean annual rates accordingly to better approximate the hazard curves, even if we have seen in the previous section that this factor should not be very important. Secondly, a linear combination of elementary sources was used for NEAMTHM18 (Molinari et al., 2016), while in the current study we use direct simulations for each scenario considered. The third reason is that the bathymetric and topographic data and applied grid resolution within the system of nested grids are very different. It should be noted that the NEAMTHM18 hazard curves include log-normal uncertainty (Glimsdal et al., 2019). This treatment is meant to be a pragmatic approach for dealing with uncertainty stemming from potentially inaccurate source and inundation modeling, including DEM inaccuracy. This uncertainty treatment tends to increase the hazard relative to the point-value hazard curves which would be obtained without it, because both a bias and a dispersion are taken into account (see also Davies et al., 2018, their equation 15). We note that a similar observation is found for probabilistic seismic hazard, when the sigma of the ground motion prediction equation is increased (e.g., Bommer and Abrahamson, 2006).
Figure 5A shows the locations of the two offshore Points of Interest (PoIs) from the NEAMTHM18 assessment closest to the town of Catania. Separated by approximately 20 km along the 50 m depth isobath, the two PoIs have very different locations with respect to the coastline. The northernmost point (black), located on steep seafloor, is less than 1 km from the shoreline. The southernmost point (red) is approximately 6 km offshore on a gentler slope facing the coastline. The topo-bathymetric contrast between these two sites alone provides motivation to improve the resolution of the hazard assessment. The curves in Figure 5B display offshore maximum elevation Probability of Exceedance (PoE) for a 50-years interval. The red and black curves display the NEAMTHM18 model uncertainty where the 2nd, 50th, and 98th percentiles are estimated for 50 m water depth from the onshore MIH curves using Green's Law. Consistently higher offshore surface elevations are obtained for the northernmost PoI than for the southernmost PoI.
FIGURE 5. Locations of PoIs offshore Catania (A) from the current study (blue squares, with 2 km spacing) and NEAMTHM18 (the red and black circles only, with 20 km spacing). Comparison of Probability of Exceedance curves (B) for the PoIs indicated on the map. The blue lines in panel (B) are the aggregated hazard curves from the new simulations at each of the PoIs marked with blue squares in panel (A). The red and black curves in panel (B) are offshore PoE derived from the corresponding NEAMTHM18 hazard curves with the offshore height calculated from the MIH using Green’s Law. The PoIs labeled POI1 (black) and POI2 (red) have geographical coordinates 37.537oN 15.133oE and 37.355oN 15.158oE respectively.
From the HySEA simulations carried out here, we stored time-series of wave height at each of the blue squared points indicated in Figure 5A, which are spaced at 2 km intervals along the 50 m isobath. The blue lines in Figure 5B show PoE curves for this refined set of PoIs. The new offshore PoE curves lie within the uncertainties estimated from NEAMTHM18 MIH curves up to a maximum offshore wave height of approximately 4 m. Above this level, the newly estimated PoE curves lie below the NEAMTHM18 estimates yet partly within the second percentile of the hazard corresponding to PoI 2. We stress that the (blue) hazard curves in Figure 5B, obtained from the local analysis, are not subject to the same uncertainty as the (red and black) curves derived from normalized NEAMTHM18 MIH percentiles. From this comparison, it is evident that the difference grows with growing intensity, as expected from the log-normal uncertainty. We then suggest that the divergence of the local hazard curves is strongly controlled by the uncertainty treatment.
To better address our claim, we provide a more direct comparison, limited to the single PoI indicated in Figure 6. Here, the single mean local hazard curve (blue) is displayed together with both the NEAMTHM18 curves derived from the onshore amplified MIH (red) and NEAMTHM18 percentiles based on offshore point values (black/green). These point-value curves do use the NEAMTHM18 sources and linear combinations, but do not use the amplification factors and associated uncertainty treatment. Whereas the red and the blue curves diverge for the higher tsunami surface elevations (lower probabilities), with the NEAMTHM18 hazard curves indicating a higher PoE for higher offshore surface elevations, the local hazard curve and the point-value NEAMTHM18 curves follow the same trend. We conclude that the NEAMTHM18 model and the local hazard analysis are relatively consistent, despite clear discrepancies on the mean curve that can possibly stem from differences in bathymetric data and spatial resolution as well as the linear combination vs. distinct specification of sources.
FIGURE 6. Comparison of offshore PoE curves for the location 37.355oN 15.158oE (50 m depth). Panel (A) shows the location of this PoI with respect to the coastline and panel (B) displays the new mean offshore hazard curve (blue), the second, 50th, and 98th percentiles of offshore hazard estimated from the NEAMTHM18 MIH curves using Green’s Law (red), and the corresponding offshore PoE curves calculated from the offshore point values (black/green).
While the uncertainty in MIH curves from the amplification factors is neglected, the use of NLSW models reduces the overall uncertainty. However, a significant uncertainty remains due to factors such as NLSW approximations, uncertainties associated with topo-bathymetric data, assumptions in friction modeling, etc. This uncertainty likely has a big impact in the tail of the distribution but, to the best of our knowledge, a method for treating it consistently has not been yet developed. This goes beyond the goals of this paper. However, if site-specific hazard for higher intensities is required, for example due to the presence of a critical infrastructure, then an extended analysis of this uncertainty would be required, as clearly demonstrated in Figure 5B.
Inundation and Coastal Zone Hazard Results
Figure 7 displays, as an example, the MIH for a single simulation out of the many considered for the full hazard assessment, for the entire region of the inner grid (left panel). In addition, close-up views for near Catania harbor and on the plains south of the city are also shown (right panels). Clearly, the 10 m grid in the simulation resolves the distribution of inundation heights at a scale of detail of relevance to onshore infrastructures. For each scenario, Tsunami-HySEA stores the maximum inundation height over the co-seismically deformed topography achieved at each grid location. Additional metrics such as maximum current velocities and momentum fluxes, the latter measuring the maximum of the instantaneous products of H and U, are also stored. In the simulations conducted here, it took about 25 min to run a single simulation. However, up to 1,024 simulations could be run synchronously in the Tier-0 system Marconi-100, which meant that we were able to produce more than 2000 scenario simulations during just 1 h.
FIGURE 7. Inundation visualizations at different scales at and close to Catania, Sicily, for a single scenario HySEA simulation to display flow depth in relation to infrastructure and communication routes. The maximum wave height and flow depth are displayed offshore and onshore, respectively. All imagery from and available via Google Earth.
Figures 8–10 shows the aggregated probability maps using the local PTHA workflow for the city of Catania using three different metrics, namely the flow depth, maximum surface elevation, and the maximum instantaneous momentum flux. These give a first rough overview of the hazard products that can be obtained using the workflow. In each probability map, we assume a 50-years exposure time, and the average hazard with respect to epistemic uncertainty (percentile values are presented in a companion paper). Evidently, there is a significant local variability in the flow depth pattern, a clear indication that the local-scale hazard assessment adds much more information, more fine-grained through the utilization of details in the topography, than any regional assessment (using just the two offshore points displayed in Figure 5 to present the overall hazard). The maps not only clearly differentiate between the more hazardous areas close to the shoreline, and the less hazardous areas located inland, but also resolve interesting differences along the shoreline.
FIGURE 8. Probability of exceedance within 50 years of flow depth of (A) 1 cm (B) 1 m (C) 3 m, and (D) 5 m, for Catania and neighboring areas. The zero-elevation contour line for the undeformed topography is shown in blue.
FIGURE 9. Probability of exceedance within 50 years of maximum surface elevation (offshore) and MIH (onshore) of (A) 1 m (B) 3 m, and (C) 5 m, for Catania and neighboring areas. The zero-elevation contour line for the undeformed topography is shown in blue.
FIGURE 10. Probability of exceedance within 50 years of maximum momentum flux of (A) 50 m3/s2(B) 120 m3/s2, and (C) 300 m3/s2, for Catania and neighboring areas. The zero-elevation contour line for the undeformed topography is shown in blue.
We show the probability of exceeding flow depths of 1 cm, 1 m, 3 m, and 5 m in Figure 8. In the south, the PoE-50-years map for 1 m flow depth covers a rather large area extending up to 3–4 km inland, which is largely due to a rather flat and low-lying topography. The inner points have the smallest mapped PoE-50-years of the order of 10−5, corresponding to an average return period T of about half a million years. If dealing with critical infrastructures, the need for looking at even longer return periods may arise.
For evacuation mapping design purposes, a flow depth below 1 m should be considered, given that a flow only a few tens of centimeters deep is considered sufficient in certain circumstances for dragging people away (Takagi et al., 2016). In the north, the flow depths do not extend as far inland due to steeper topography. PoE-50-years values exceeding 0.01 (T ∼ 5000 years) are mostly confined within 500–1,000 m distances from the shoreline. Moreover, we see clearly that the highest likelihood of exceeding 3 m flow depth is confined to a small strip along the coastline. Note that the flow depth displayed in Figure 8 is evaluated at locations for which the deformed topography is greater than zero. Hence, co-seismic displacement was dominantly positive, that is an uplift with respect to the pre-event coastline, likely caused by near-field sources which limited the inundation. Such an effect could not be appreciated by the regional assessment not involving local scale inundation simulations for each considered seismic scenario.
In Figure 9, we zoom in on the Catania harbor area, and display PoE-50-years maps for exceeding maximum elevations of 1 m, 3 m, and 5 m, including both the maximum surface elevations (offshore) and the MIH (onshore). The different panels show again the relatively large heterogeneity in PoE depending on the location. Interesting results are obtained for the harbor and its vicinity. By taking a closer look to the panels of Figure 9, we note that the spatial distribution of the hazard depends, to first order, on the intensity threshold considered. The hazard is higher inside the harbor and lower outside it for the lowest threshold considered of 1 m (Figure 9A). This might be an indication of harbor resonance under the forcing of tsunami oscillations related to relatively small magnitude and likely local earthquake sources, characterized in turn by relatively small characteristic periods. Conversely, for the largest intensity of 5 m (Figure 9C), the largest hazard is found offshore and north of the breakwaters, and south of the breakwaters. The breakwater and harbor orientation likely have in this case a clear positive effect in reducing the hazard inside the harbor, as PoEs are smaller here relative to the surrounding areas. Local extrema close to breakwater tips may be the indication of a tendency for the creation of horizontal eddies (e.g., Volpe et al., 2019). An intermediate more homogeneous situation is observed for intermediate intensity (Figure 9B).
The PoE-50-years map for the maximum momentum flux is shown in Figure 10. This impact metric is more sensitive to the position than the two other metrics displayed as it involves the current speed non-linearly. It seems to differ with respect to the spatial distribution too, having higher values in the northern part of the study region. Moreover, we see that the momentum fluxes have larger values inside the harbor, which may have implications for boats and other offshore objects.
To better investigate the differences between the present local-scale and the previous NEAMTHM18 regional-scale assessment, and to highlight the improvement in the spatial representation allowed by the site-specific analysis, Figure 11 compares the hazard curves obtained from the two analyses. Figure 11 displays the mean PoE-50-years hazard curves for MIH and offshore surface elevations at all the grid points along six different transects (A–F) in the innermost computational domain, compared with the NEAMTHM18 hazard curves derived using MIH values (related to the red curves in Figures 5 and 6) at the two PoI closest to Catania (coined PoI1 and PoI2, see also Figure 5). For both of these PoIs, we show the mean hazard curves as well as their 2nd and 98th percentile values. The local hazard curves are colored according to their topographic and bathymetric elevation/depth values. The regional hazard curves for PoI1 are displayed using red curves, with the thick solid line representing the mean value and the thin lines the percentiles. For PoI2, the black dashed curve shows the mean value and the dash-dotted curves the percentiles. By investigating the different transects, we see that it may be possible to separate the results roughly into families of curves: the northern ones (A), the ones in the central part of the domain (B–D), and the southern ones (E,F).
FIGURE 11. Comparison of surface elevation (MIH onshore) between local and regional assessments. The red and black lines indicate percentiles as indicated for MIH estimated from offshore heights using amplification factors (Glimsdal et al., 2019) and the local hazard curves are displayed for every grid node along the transects indicated. Colors indicate the topographic elevation of the point as indicated: blue lines are offshore, green lines are low elevation onshore, and brown lines indicate higher elevations. Since we display maximum surface elevation (relative to the baseline sea level), and not flow depth, the hazard curve is flat until it reaches the local topographic height and only starts to be meaningful at values greater than this. Further details are provided in the text.
Transect A intersects the harbor and hence the curves have rather different characteristics than the other transects. Up to at least 5 m, the nearshore hazard values (blue lines) resemble the mean value of PoI1, while they are clearly larger than for PoI2. For the largest MIHs (above 5–10 m), the local hazard curves drop much faster than in the regional assessment, as already commented above. The distribution of offshore maximum surface elevation gives a narrower height distribution than the regional 98th and 2nd percentile values. Onshore (green to brown lines), however, the variability is much larger. The probability for high inundation heights in the vicinity of the harbor infrastructure is also seen in Figure 9, with (dark green) onshore curves sometimes exceeding the 98th percentile. Figure 10 illustrates the high momentum flux into the harbor; the resulting influx of water is trapped by the harbor wall and inundates the town. Such an effect would not be predicted in the regional assessment. The sensitivity of the hazard as a function of location, in relation to topographic details and coastal infrastructure, is only resolved in the local assessment. On the other hand, the regional hazard is averaged over coastal features, and so exceedances in few critical points are expected.
For transects B–D, we see that the nearshore hazard curves follow the same trend as for the transect A curves, closely following the mean value for PoI1 from NEAMTHM18 up to 5 m height (MIH or maximum surface elevation). Along these transects, the MIH hazard curves for the onshore points close to the shore do not exceed the offshore values, but rather seem to be in the same order of magnitude (the onshore curves are plotted on top of the offshore ones). For the largest MIHs, the discrepancies between the regional and local hazard curves are even larger than for transect A, with no MIH value exceeding 10 m even for the smallest PoE-50-years investigated (10−6). However, based on the comparisons shown in Figure 6, this discrepancy is expected, as the uncertainty based NEAMTHM18 hazard curves provide larger probabilities at the highest intensities also for the offshore values. As we move southwards where the topography flattens, we see that the offshore curves are distributed over a larger probability range, and the probability depends mainly on the distance from the shoreline.
For curves E,F, we see a similar trend as for curves B–D, but here the offshore hazard curves are clearly higher than the mean hazard curves from NEAMTHM18 up to 3–5 m. In fact, the largest mean hazard curves from the local assessment along these transects correspond to the 98th percentile. However, there seems to be an opposite tendency onshore, where the tsunami hazard in the tail of the curves (low probability/high intensity) seems to be clearly lower than in the regional assessment. Again, we stress that this is expected due to offsets in the offshore hazard curves shown in Figure 6.
In summary, there is clear spatial variability in the hazard. Moreover, the local hazard seems to provide lower hazard estimates than regional assessment for the highest hazard intensities. We interpret the higher hazard for the highest intensities in the regional analysis as being due to the inclusion of uncertainties, which are not included in the local analysis. The spatial representation in the local hazard curves is superior to that in the regional assessment. This is both due to the spatial variability induced by applying a proper inundation model over realistic topo-bathymetric data, but also due to the more sophisticated model used to simulate the inundation, which includes in this case the co-seismic displacement associated with each scenario. The latter may compound the uncertainty treatment to increase the differences between the regional and site-specific assessments. The comparison with the NEAMTHM18 hazard curves show that the hazard can be locally even higher than the 98th percentiles of the regional assessment. This is not unexpected, as the amplification factors developed for NEAMTHM18 averaged the uncertainty treatment over a wide range of inundation sites within the NEAM region. Hence, very localized characteristics for a single site could not be resolved.
Topographic effects and friction have dramatic effects on the local inundation and overlooking the uncertainty on modelling them may reduce the hazard dramatically onshore. This is underpinned by the fact that the trend in the offshore hazard is opposite in the local analysis (with larger offshore hazard towards the south) than the NEAMTHM18 PoIs with larger hazard for PoI1 than for PoI2. The areas in the southern part of the domain have a gentler slope, which should exaggerate shoaling and hence increase the local hazard. On the other hand, the friction may act to reduce the tsunami amplitude during inundation, which may explain why the hazard for the inundated points are clearly lower for the largest MIH (and smallest probabilities). A second explanation for this discrepancy is the already observed prevalence of the coseismic uplift from local sources. Altogether, more sensitivity studies would be necessary to quantify the most influential factors of inundation variability.
We have designed and implemented a workflow for site-specific Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) using High Performance Computing (HPC) to conduct tens of thousands of numerical tsunami simulations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first occasion on which a PTHA has been performed for both a comprehensive discretization of seismic sources and high-resolution inundation calculations. To limit the number of scenarios calculated to a manageable number, we used the NEAMTHM18 source discretization and regional offshore PTHA (part of the TSUMAPS-NEAM project: Basili et al., 2019). A hazard disaggregation was performed and selecting those sources expected to constitute 99% of the total hazard for generating a maximum inundation height in the range 1–4 m for Catania, Sicily, resulted in a total of 32,363 scenarios. This range was selected as that of most likely relevance to evacuation planning. We used the Tsunami-HySEA program to model tsunamigenesis, open sea propagation, and coastal inundation using a system of nested grids with 10 m-spacing at the finest resolution. A complete Tsunami-HySEA tsunami simulation for Catania with the grid system presented here took approximately 25 min on the MARCONI-100 supercomputer at CINECA, meaning that approximately 13,600 GPU hours are required to complete the set of scenarios selected. With 1,024 simulations able to run in parallel, around 14 h of clock-time are needed to perform these calculations.
We compare directly offshore maximum surface elevation in the new calculations with the regional NEAMTHM18 assessment and find that the Probability of Exceedance curves for multiple locations offshore Catania fall comfortably within the uncertainty range indicated in the regional assessment for maximum inundation heights up to about 5 m. Above 5 m, the PoE curves are clearly lower than the NEAMTHM18 curves, likely related to the fact that the regional hazard methodology inherits uncertainties that are not present in our local analysis. This leads to increased probabilities for the highest MIH values in the regional assessment in comparison with the local hazard model presented here. However, existing uncertainty in the local analysis is neglected, preventing an effective evaluation of the robustness of this drop in the hazard tails. Therefore, to better interpret this drop, future studies should be focused on the development of methods to efficiently treat the uncertainty in tsunami generation, propagation and inundation also in local studies.
We display hazard maps for flow depth, maximum inundation height, and momentum flux for the Catania region, illustrating the higher resolution possible in the local PTHA. We find the local hazard curves, aggregated from the Tsunami-HySEA inundation maps, to correspond well with the uncertainty range indicated by the offshore based NEAMTHM18 hazard curves. However, the details in the local PTHA are far better resolved than in the regional PTHA and there are noteworthy deviations from the uncertainties predicted from the regional analysis. For many parts of the low-lying coastal region, the PoE curves are lower than the NEAMTHM18 curves, likely due to the more advanced inundation model. In the vicinity of the harbor and downtown Catania, the local hazard curves significantly exceed the regional curves, due to the presence of the harbor wall: effects that could not be resolved in the regional assessment.
This study has provided a comprehensive demonstration of a local PTHA workflow and analysis for a single coastal region with simulation of the vast number of scenarios made possible through parallel GPU computations on the pre-exascale MARCONI-100 machine. Improved accuracy in the tsunami hazard can be achieved both with regards to the inundation modeling and the discretization of sources. Increasing the resolution and/or dimensions at either end will increase the computational demands.
With regards to inundation, the Tsunami-HySEA program can handle arbitrarily many systems of nested grids in the same simulation. For example, we have run calculations with the nested grid system displayed here for Catania together with a corresponding system of nested grids for Siracusa (Sicily), further down the coast. To constitute 99% of the hazard for Catania for the selected hazard thresholds then 32,363 scenarios are deemed. A similar analysis for Siracusa found 32,514 scenarios which were deemed to constitute 99% of the hazard for that region. However, many of these scenarios are common to the hazard at both sites, and a total of 42,720 scenarios are needed to cover this specification of the hazard for both locations. However, were a third, fourth, or fifth site, further afield, to be added to the PTHA target region, the overlap of scenarios would likely be smaller and there is likely a trade-off in the efficiency of covering multiple stretches of coastline in the same simulations (the open sea tsunami propagation accounts for a small fraction of the total simulation time; the greatest part is spent calculating the inundation).
With regard to the accuracy of inundation, we stress that uncertainty in the inundation simulation is not accounted for here. Significant uncertainty may arise from the topo-bathymetric model, the spatially uniform approach to model friction, as well as from the nonlinear shallow water approximation. These uncertainty sources may significantly affect the entire hazard curve.
Regarding the accuracy of the hazard with regards to the source discretization, we can refine the source specifications of both the so-called PS and BS seismic scenarios. The BS scenarios have discrete sets of strike, dip, and rake angles, in addition to the hypocenter fault dimensions, and slip. This is a high-dimensional parameter space with a refinement factor in each parameter combining multiplicatively to the total number of BS scenarios required. We see that the vast majority of the BS scenarios dominating the local hazard are very concentrated close to the shore where the inundation is considered. For the PS scenarios, with the significance attached to the pattern of heterogeneous slip, five slip realizations were employed for each geometrical earthquake hypothesis. Would 10, or 25, or 50 provide a useful refinement of the source discretization? A sensitivity analysis would be required to assess the effect of all changes in the source.
A truly comprehensive PTHA for a given site would also need to consider other source mechanisms for tsunamis, including landslide and meteorological sources, together with realistic estimates of source probabilities. For non-seismic sources, e.g., landslides, volcanoes and meteotsunamis, PTHA is still in its infancy with just a handful of applications. Examples include for instance Grezio et al. (2012), Geist and Lynett (2014), SipkinBeck et al. (2016), Løvholt et al. (2020) (landslides), Paris et al. (2019) (volcanoes), Geist et al. (2014) (meteotsunamis), and Grezio et al. (2020) (multiple hazards). The methods applied for these sources lack the methodological complexity that earthquake PTHA has, and often diversity and lack of source frequency data make estimation of annual probability more uncertain and less constrained. Nevertheless, models for landslide tsunamis exist, including models such as BingClaw (Løvholt et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2019). Moreover, two codes of the HySEA family, Landslide-HySEA and Multilayer-HySEA (Macías et al., 2015; González-Vida et al., 2019, Macías et al., 2020c, 2020d), are also available. Related to HySEA, the numerical simulation of meteotsunamis will require the implementation of the pressure term that takes into account the key generating mechanism for these events.
This study is a demonstration of a workflow and is not an operational hazard assessment. The necessity of further investigating uncertainty quantification related to numerical modelling has been clearly highlighted. Nevertheless, we have first and foremost demonstrated that PTHA with high resolution inundation calculations is now within reach using modern HPC resources.
Data Availiability Statement
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.
SG prepared the manuscript, assisted with the experiment design, performed analysis of the results, and generated illustrations and plots. SL contributed to conceiving the workflow, to design the experiment, to the post-processing of the simulation results, and to the interpretation of the hazard results. JM contributed to the workflow and in particular to the tsunami code development, to the numerical simulations and to code improvements for PTHA applications. FL contributed to the experiment design, analysis and interpretation of the results, and preparation of the manuscript. JS contributed to conceiving the workflow, to design the source selection, the post-processing, and the hazard aggregation, as well as to design of the case study and to the interpretation of the hazard results. MVol contributed to conceiving and implementing the workflow, performed the disaggregation, contributed to the tsunami numerical simulations setup, to the numerical simulations, to the post-processing of the simulation results and to the hazard aggregation calculations. CL performed the numerical simulations and sanity checks, 3D visualization and data management. AB contributed with code development for tsunami generation. MC contributed to the development of the tsunami code, the implementation of the new nested mesh algorithm and output compression. MA contributed to the development of the tsunami code, and to the implementation of the new nested mesh algorithm and output compression. FR contributed the tsunami numerical simulations setup, to the post-processing of the simulation results and to the hazard aggregation calculations. SGl and MVög prepared codes and tested performance and implementation of the HPC workflow. AC and AS contributed to the slip distribution simulation setup and computation for the PS scenarios. RT contributed to implement the workflow and to conceive the disaggregation step. ML and MN contributed to implementation of the workflow. BB and LP prepared the Digital Elevation Model and numerical grids used for numerical modeling. All the authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
This work is partially funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No 823844 (ChEESE Center of Excellence, www.cheese-coe.eu). Computing resources at the Barcelona Supercomputer Center (BSC), Spain, were used under grant AECT-2020-1-0009. Optimization and testing of the Tsunami-HySEA computational engine was partly performed at Piz Daint at CSCS (The Swiss National Computer Center) under the PRACE preparatory access N. 2010PA4869. Some of the authors also benefited from the financial support from the project “Assessment of Cascading Events triggered by the Interaction of Natural Hazards and Technological Scenarios involving the release of Hazardous Substances”, funded by the Italian Ministry MIUR PRIN (Progetti di Ricerca di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale) 2017 – Grant 2017CEYPS8. Initial tests done in common with PD8 for the PRACE award 2019215169 TSU-CAST. Additional prototyping and testing was performed on resources provided by UNINETT Sigma2 - the National Infrastructure for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The reviewer (AA) declared a past co-authorship with several of the authors (SL, FR, MV) to the handling editor.
We are grateful for assistance from BSC (Spain), CINECA (Italy), CSCS (Switzerland), and UNINETT Sigma2 (Norway), in implementing and executing the workflows and codes on the different HPC resources. Many of the figures in this paper are generated using GMT software (Wessel et al., 2019).
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Keywords: tsunami, hazard, probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis, high-performance computing, gpu, inundation, earthquakes
Citation: Gibbons SJ, Lorito S, Macías J, Løvholt F, Selva J, Volpe M, Sánchez-Linares C, Babeyko A, Brizuela B, Cirella A, Castro MJ, de la Asunción M, Lanucara P, Glimsdal S, Lorenzino MC, Nazaria M, Pizzimenti L, Romano F, Scala A, Tonini R, Manuel González Vida J and Vöge M (2020) Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis: High Performance Computing for Massive Scale Inundation Simulations. Front. Earth Sci. 8:591549. doi: 10.3389/feart.2020.591549
Received: 04 August 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020;
Published: 11 December 2020.
Edited by:Joanna Faure Walker, University College London, United Kingdom
Reviewed by:Alberto Armigliato, University of Bologna, Italy
Hyoungsu Park, University of Hawaii at Manoa, United States
Copyright © 2020 Gibbons, Lorito, Macías, Løvholt, Selva, Volpe, Sánchez-Linares, Babeyko, Brizuela, Cirella, Castro, De La Asunción, Lanucara, Glimsdal, Lorenzino, Nazaria, Pizzimenti, Romano, Scala, Tonini, Manuel González Vida and Vöge. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Steven J. Gibbons, email@example.com | <urn:uuid:f1c183f3-f3e4-46bc-9a25-73ad947726f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2020.591549/full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.856193 | 21,232 | 1.8125 | 2 |
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the tornado that hit Moravia this summer was unprecedented in our country. It was graded EF4, the second strongest on the scale, and the extent of the damages really was quite devastating. There are of course countries in the world where people are used to tornadoes, hurricanes and such natural phenomena and they know how to prepare for them and what to do. Not in the Czech Republic though. Hurricanes probably don’t even exist here and a tornado has occurred before, but not with such force. With the help of Mr Google, I’ve learned that a similar disaster last hit Prague in 1119 (!), as marked in the Czech Chronicle by Cosmas. Luckily enough, such terrors are often accompanied by acts of kindness that are worth remembering. The financial aid sent to the destroyed villages was immediate and its extent was as extraordinary as the strength of the whirlwind itself. I am happy to see that apart from the Adra and Člověk v tísni charity organisations, the ECCB’s Diaconia contributed a major amount. Large-scale, efficient aid was also sent from abroad, especially from German churches. The work of the above-mentioned organisations is of utmost importance, but they would be powerless without the help of civic society. The vast amounts of money that were collected by these organisations were sent by regular people from all around our country, which is something we need to be truly grateful for. Let us simple hope tornadoes do not become a phenomenon that we will have to get used to in the Czech Republic.
I would also like to draw attention to the personality of Svatopluk Karásek. You will find out who he was in the article about him. I would just like to point out that his personality, his activities, and, above all, his songs influenced a truly large amount of people, certainly not just Christians. The communist regime did not break him, as much as it strived to do so.
Summer is long since gone, Christmas is near and with it the joy that cannot be taken away by a tornado or by any other sorrowful events. Let us hold on to this belief.
Wishing you peace on behalf of the Editorial Board, | <urn:uuid:26db4c1b-fb27-4428-ab63-3bf2ecdcd23e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://e-bulletin.cz/eng/2021/12/07/bulletin-54-christmas-2021-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.98467 | 458 | 1.757813 | 2 |
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Sign up with a travel price watcher. This allows you of the prices of places you to any price change. When hotel or airline prices drop, you will get an email alert. This will save you from having to check prices every day.
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Rental agencies want to try to get you extra insurance; the problem is you may not even need. Vehicle insurance may have some third party coverage.
If you are flying for several hours, bring some non-liquid snack foods.
You do not need to carry luggage when traveling by air. You can save lots of unnecessary travel and time. You can send your belongings to your travel destination via UPS or FedEx. This will be worth it over the long run even though it may cost you some more money but it is valuable.
Be honest when you buy travel insurance. Tell the provider when you are sick. You can stuck with the bill to pay on your own.
If you plan to go to a remote or exotic location, consider purchasing an insurance that will cover emergency evacuation, rescue and emergency evacuations. This could be a real lifesaver if civilization is not nearby.
Before traveling, find banks nearby that exchange currency, and you will receive better rates.
You do not want to find it difficult to exchange your money. You can also visit a major bank and exchange foreign currency before you even start your trip.
Take turns at driving when traveling with others. If you drive until you are too tired to continue driving, the other driver will be forced to stay awake alone while you sleep. Do not wait until you are too tired to do so safely. You should change drivers at the wheel every 2 or 3 hours. This rotation will prevent you from becoming exhausted.
Plan your trip and hotel stay well in advance.Some hotels even offer packages that includes activities and meals at your chosen destination. Decide if this may be something you would like to partake in.Also think about the room type you are interested in reserving. For instance, if you have trouble sleeping, do not book a room right next to an elevator. Ask questions and you get the right room for you.
This planet is a huge place full of exciting destinations. Regardless of your areas of interest, you are sure to find something that suits you. No matter if you want to leave your country or hemisphere, you can find a new place to explore that has all kinds of things to discover. | <urn:uuid:a4db317e-aab2-4d0c-8d2e-9c614f487470> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://podcasting.ie/the-best-cities-in-the-world-for-travel-fun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.955715 | 929 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Data Warehouses for Large and Enterprise Organizations
Large organizations and modern companies run on and gather myriad types of data. When businesses utilize data warehousing, they are able to easily aggregate all of their data and develop insights needed to remain competitive.
FoundSM offers a comprehensive business data warehousing solution that combines first, second, and third-party data. We will help you with the process of setting up a data warehouse and the management of processing, integrating, and storing data. Once this is complete, you can see all of your real-time data and begin data analysis.
What is a Data Warehouse?
Data warehousing is a place where large amounts of data are stored from multiple heterogeneous sources so that analysis and actionable goals can be created by a business or organization. Data Warehousing is a key component of any business that uses analytical techniques on business data.
Data warehousing was originally introduced in 1988 by a couple of IBM researchers. They needed to come up with a way to store computer systems, as their systems became more complex and handled more and more data.
What is the Difference Between a Data Warehouse and Database?
Data warehouses and databases are similar in nature but are built to serve different purposes.
A data warehouse was built to store large quantities of data from multiple sources and provides a longer view of an organization’s data over time.
Meanwhile, standard operational databases and transactional databases are ideal for focusing on shorter-term and real-time data updates.
Data Warehouse Architecture
The data warehouse architecture is determined by each organization’s needs and is generally split into three types of architecture: single-tier, two-tier, and three-tier
A single-tier data warehouse is meant to minimize the amount of data stored within the system. This setup strives to remove any data redundancy and is not utilized by most businesses, as most warehouses require much more complex setups.
A two-tier setup separates data sources from the warehouse. While this architecture is efficient at data storage, it’s also not suitable for most businesses, as it experiences connectivity issues while limiting the number of end-users who can access the data.
This is the most common type of data warehouse architecture as it organizes information from raw data to valuable and actionable insights. This type of architecture is also organized into three tiers.
- Bottom Tier: This is the database layer of the warehouse. Here the data is cleansed, transformed, and put back into this layer.
- Middle Tier: This tier uses an online analytical processing (OLAP) server and acts as a mediator between the end-user and the database.
- Top Tier: The top tier is the tools and APIs you use to get the data out of the warehouse. This can be anything from query tools, reporting tools, or data mining tools.
Data Warehouses vs. Data Marts vs. Data Lakes
As mentioned earlier, a data warehouse is a great way to store business analytics data and it is great to give insights to different parts of data.
- A Data Warehouse is best suited for structured data that is defined by a schema.
- A Data Lake can hold both structured and unstructured data, along with raw data like social media posts, log files, images, or internet clickstream records.
- A Data Mart is similar to a data warehouse but it only holds the data of one specific department of your business.
Data warehouses, data lakes, and data marts all serve different purposes and are essential to data insight.
What to Expect with our Data Warehousing Services
When we are first setting up a data warehouse for a client, there are a number of different items that we must do in order to make sure we are set up for success. Here is what you can expect from us during this part of our engagement.
The Google BigQuery Data Warehousing Solution
What is Google BigQuery?
BigQuery is a cloud-based enterprise data warehouse run by Google. It was designed to store and analyze terabytes of data in a matter of seconds. If you use Oracle, IBM, or Microsoft ecosystems, you will be right at home in this tool as it supports standard SQL.
There are a number of different benefits of using Google BigQuery. A few of them are:
- BigQuery machine learning can offer real-time analytics
- Transfer data between Google properties like Google Ads, YouTube, and Google Marketing Platform
- Automatic Backups with easy restorations
BigQuery is a powerful tool that organizations of all sizes can use and that’s why it is our main solution for creating a data warehouse.
Benefits of Data Warehousing
There are some great benefits to having a data warehouse to store all of your organizational data. Here are just a few of the benefits of a data warehouse.
Generate Return on Investment (ROI)
Quickly and efficiently access all of your data in one place
Improve Data Consistency and Quality
With all of your data located in one place, no need to worry about inaccurate reporting on any of your data
Deliver Business Intelligence
Get better insight into your business with a data warehouse
When you can see a clear snapshot of your business, you can start to create goals and find your competitive advantage.
Better Decision Making
Access to a clear and concise view of all your data makes for better reporting and more accurate decision making.
Organized Historical Data
Ease of having all of your past and present data in one location.
Our team of marketing analytics experts are here to assist you with anything you need related to data warehousing. Contact our expert analytics team today, so we can assess if data warehousing is the right tool for your business. | <urn:uuid:7cb094a0-ae4b-4804-b03d-e7326b54901a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.test.foundsm.com/data-management/data-warehousing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.929249 | 1,202 | 2.3125 | 2 |
[Python-ideas] allow line break at operators
Stephen J. Turnbull
stephen at xemacs.org
Sat Sep 3 06:38:15 CEST 2011
Guido van Rossum writes:
> On Fri, Sep 2, 2011 at 12:28 AM, Stephen J. Turnbull <stephen at xemacs.org> wrote:
> > Sure, but IIRC one design principle of Python is that the keyword that
> > denotes the syntax should be the first thing on the line,
> That's true for *statements* (except assignments and calls).
> > Analogously, if operators are going to denote continuation, they
> > should come first on the line.
> That doesn't follow.
Agreed, it's not a logical implication. The analogy is only an
analogy, but my eyes do work that way.
My conclusion is that we shouldn't try to encourage either style,
because people "see" continuation differently. Legislating a style
isn't going to change that, I think.
More information about the Python-ideas | <urn:uuid:b8198d52-a5f3-4773-9495-65701ad1ae8c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2011-September/011384.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00017-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892504 | 233 | 1.59375 | 2 |
What are you working on? I'm sometimes asked. This is my attempt to answer that question in 300 words or less. There's still a lot to be worked out. But this is the state of play in October 2010. --JC
Sensing History: Hollywood Actors as Historians
My current project looks at the way trajectories of American history are embedded in the careers of movie stars. Rather than looking at the interpretation of a particular event in one or more movies, or an interpretation in the acting performance in a movie, it surveys the output of six actors and how each body of work as a whole offers a coherent vision of U.S. history. These versions are not necessarily conscious, are never incontestable, and indeed may be marked by any number of contradictions. But for better and worse they both reflect and project collective understandings that are quite powerful and often independent of academic historians, whether or not these actors are influenced by them. The six subjects that will be the focus of this inquiry are Clint Eastwood, Denzel Washington, Daniel Day-Lewis, Jodie Foster, Tom Hanks, and Meryl Streep. For all their obvious differences, each came of age in the second half of the twentieth century, inheriting a skepticism about national institutions that is both characteristic of American history as a whole and particularly intense when their careers crested in the second half of the twentieth century. In an important sense, they are the most important people of our time in making sense of our national experience.
There are some secondary themes here as well. One is to question to what degree the written word must or should be the primary vehicle of historical analysis, and to what degree other elements, like gesture or emotion, function as legitimate vehicles for historical understanding. This study also implicitly questions a sometimes presumed difference between history and myth, a distinction that is as often ideological as it is methodological. By focusing on the degree to which both cinematic acting and historical writing are matters of choice that involve winnowing information to its essence, it invites a reconsideration of history as an art rather than a (social) science, and posits the question of what it would take that truth seriously, in terms that are as likely to be moral as they are intellectual. | <urn:uuid:a9658231-1715-403d-addb-1c558b1b1bc0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://amhistnow.blogspot.com/2010/10/pilgrims-progress.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00017-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968313 | 459 | 1.609375 | 2 |
8 Strategies for Dealing with a Defiant Child
Children are defiant for a reason, and if this behavior isn’t managed early on, it can turn into a parent’s worst nightmare. Mighty Mommy has 8 strategies to handle a defiant child before you lose your patience (and your mind).
When a child acts out and demonstrates defiant behavior, there is usually a reason behind it. Whether it’s just looking for attention, testing boundaries, or frustration about school or social life, taking the time to understand why your child is acting out is often a big part of the solution.
There are circumstances, however, when this behavior is the result of a more serious condition known as Oppositional Defiance Disorder, or another more significant emotional issue. But in the absence of these, more serious ailments, the average child will most definitely test your limits while growing up.
The following strategies have helped me with my own brood. And it’s not a coincidence that there are 8 strategies here – one for each of my 8 kids!
By following these techniques, you too can survive these maddening moments of defiance:
Strategy #1: Hold Your Child Accountable
Children of all ages need to know the family rules for everything from helping out with chores, to completing homework, to bedtime and curfews, to acceptable behavior toward others. The time to discuss these matters is when things are going well, not after an incident has occurred. Sit down with your kids and let them know what types of behaviors you will not tolerate in your family. List examples of unacceptable behaviors such as treating others with disrespect, being fresh or rude, name calling, refusing to do chores or homework, mistreating possessions, hitting, biting, or any other physical aggression.
You cannot expect your child, regardless of age, to be compliant if he doesn’t know your expectations. Holding your child accountable does not result in a child who is obedient 100% of the time, but it does mean that you set the limits, and you provide a consequence when your child decides to break the rules—period! The goal is not to prevent your child from ever breaking the rules but to teach him, preferably at a young age, that when rules are broken consequences follow.
Strategy #2: Choose Your Battles
Parenting is exhausting enough when things are going well, but when one of your children is purposefully misbehaving, the difficulties are multiplied. So choose how you spend your energy wisely! For instance, if your high schooler wants to wear pants that are too big because that’s the style, do you really need to start the day off on a negative note by hassling him over poor fashion choices?
On the other hand, if he tells you that he isn’t going to school because he doesn’t feel like it—that’s just not going to fly. One of the most important lessons I’ve learned in my 18 years of parenting is that you can’t change your child unless you change your attitude first, which brings us to Strategy #3…
Strategy #3: Act, Don’t React
When you witness defiant behavior from your child, don’t get angry and lose your temper. Instead, take a step back and calmly tell your child that you don’t approve of the behavior and that you will handle it at a later time. This will raise a sense of fear in your child's mind because he’ll have time to think about the poor actions and the potential consequences. Not only are you using the time to calm yourself down, but you’re also teaching your kids how to do the same.
Strategy #4: Enforce Age-Appropriate Consequences
Effective consequences can largely be grouped into two categories: removals and impositions. A “removal” is taking something away from the child, such as your attention, an exciting environment, or a pleasant activity. The most well-known and widely-used removal is a time out. Other effective removals are: Grounding your child from social activities, taking away electronics for a certain period of time, immediately leaving the park, a friend's house, or a family party when a defiant behavior occurs.
“Impositions” are consequences that impose a new situation upon the child. Paying his own money into a family “fine” jar, doing extra chores, having to run errands with mom because he abused the privilege to stay home alone by inviting friends over without permission—these are impositions. Without question, effective strategies for consequences require a lot of time and energy to enforce. But if you don’t follow through with consequences for bad behavior, you send the message: If you wear me down, you’ll get your way. Bad idea!
We took the time to write our rules and their respective consequences on a poster board which we have framed and hanging in our home. This way, there’s never a question as to our expectations.
Strategy #5: Keep Your Power
When you engage in an argument with your child, you're just giving them more power over the situation. In effect, you're enforcing the child's perception that they have the power to challenge you, which can lead to even more defiant behavior. The next time your child tries to draw you into a power struggle over something just say, “We’ve discussed what is going to happen if you do this. I don’t want to talk about it anymore,” and leave the room. When you leave, you take all the power with you. Know that the more you engage your child in an argument, the more control you’re giving away.
Strategy #6: No Second Chances or Bargaining
Consistency is key if you don’t want to reinforce bad habits. Once your child is old enough to understand that behaviors have consequences, don’t give him repeat chances. This just teaches him that you aren’t serious and he can get away with this behavior a few more times because he knows you won’t take your own rules seriously.
If your son calls his friend’s mother a “fat butt” when you arrive for a play date, you firmly say “You know we don’t talk like that. We’re going home now so you can spend some time thinking about what you said,” and leave immediately after he apologizes. Do not bargain with your child, don’t offer ice cream or money in return for better behavior. This is possibly the most damaging thing a parent or caregiver can do. You are only enabling the poor behavior and can count on much worse in the future because they’re going to see how far they can push you before you strike another bargain.
Strategy # 7: Always Build on the Positive
Make sure that you build on the positive attitudes and actions of your children. Praise your children for their positive behaviors, while rewarding them when they show a cooperative attitude. Positive reinforcement can go a long way in raising a responsible child.
Strategy #8: Set Regular Times to Talk to Your Child
In a moment of downtime, when things are going well and you don't anticipate an immediate power struggle, sit down with your child and let her know that you take your job as her parent very seriously and your intentions are to keep her safe and help her grow into a responsible, productive, self-reliant adult who will be as happy and fulfilled in life as possible. Remind her that your family has rules and values that are in place for her future, not to cause her grief while growing up.
Do you have a defiant child? How are you handling his/her behavior? Let me know in Comments or post it on the Mighty Mommy Facebook page. You can also connect with me on Twitter @MightyMommy or e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.org. | <urn:uuid:d9cf0afc-ba86-42a9-9266-26a8d5240e81> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/parenting/behavior/8-strategies-for-dealing-with-a-defiant-child | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00329-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947949 | 1,669 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Back Problems like Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common condition in Dachshunds. The disease is caused when the jelly-like cushion between one or more vertebrae slips or ruptures, causing the disc to press on the spinal cord. If your dog is suddenly unable or unwilling to jump or go up stairs, is reluctant to move around, has a hunched back, cries out, or refuses to eat or go potty, it's likely in severe pain. Your doxie may even experience sudden paralysis — dragging the back feet or be unable to get up or use its back legs. If you see these symptoms, don’t wait! Call your veterinarian or an emergency clinic immediately! In many cases involving paralysis, surgical removal of the ruptured discs (within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms) has the best results. For less severe cases, rest and medication may resolve the problem. As with so many other diseases, weight control helps reduce the risk of IVDD. You should also provide ramps or steps for your pet from puppy-hood on to prevent your dog from stressing its back by jumping on and off of the furniture.
Bladder or Kidney Stones, There are a few different types of stones that can form in the kidney or in the bladder, and Dachshunds are more likely to develop them than other breeds. Periodic urine tests for telltale signs indicating the presence of kidney and bladder stones, which are very painful! If your dachshund has blood in the urine, can’t urinate, or is straining to urinate, it is a medical emergency.
Bleeding Disorders. There are several types of inherited bleeding disorders that occur in dogs. They range in severity from very mild to very severe. Many times a pet seems normal until a serious injury occurs or surgery is performed, and then severe bleeding can result. Von Willebrand’s disease is a blood clotting disorder frequently found in Dachshunds. Tests for blood clotting times or a specific DNA blood test for Von Willebrand’s disease, and other similar disorders should be done to check for this problem before any type of surgery is performed.
Cancer is a leading cause of death in older dogs. Your doxie will likely live longer than many other breeds and therefore is more prone to get cancer in the golden years. Many cancers are curable by surgical removal, and some types are treatable with chemotherapy. Early detection is critical!
Dental disease is the most common chronic problem in pets, affecting 80% of all dogs by age two. Unfortunately, your Dachshund is more likely to have problems with its teeth than other dogs. Dental disease starts with tartar build-up on the teeth and progresses to infection of the gums and roots of the teeth. If dental disease is not prevented, your dog may lose teeth and be in danger of kidney, liver, heart, and joint damage. Clean your dog’s teeth regularly to keep those pearly whites... White!
Diabetes Mellitus is a fairly common disease in all dogs. Any breed can be affected, but doxies have an above average incidence. Dogs with diabetes are unable to regulate the metabolism of sugars in their bodies and require daily insulin injections. Diabetes is a serious condition and one that is important to diagnose and treat as early as possible. Symptoms include increased eating, drinking, and urination, along with weight loss. Lab tests are needed to determine if your doxie has this condition. Treatment requires a serious commitment of time and resources. Well-regulated diabetic dogs today have the same life expectancy as other canines.
Epilepsy, there are three types of seizures in dogs: reactive, secondary, and primary. Reactive seizures are caused by the brain's reaction to a metabolic problem like low blood sugar, organ failure, or a toxin. Secondary seizures are the result of a brain tumor, stroke, or trauma. If no other cause can be found, the disease is called primary or idiopathic epilepsy. This problem is often an inherited condition, and Dachshunds are commonly afflicted. If your dachshund is prone to seizures, episodes will usually begin between six months and three years of age. An initial diagnostic workup may help find the cause. Lifelong medication is usually necessary to help keep seizures under control with periodic blood testing required to monitor side effects and efficacy. If your dog has a seizure, carefully prevent him from injuring himself, but don't try to control his mouth or tongue. It won't help him, and he may bite you accidentally! Note the length of the seizure, and call your veterinarian or an emergency hospital.
Dry eye also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca or KCS, is common in Dachshunds. KCS reduces the amount of fluid produced by the tear glands such that they are no longer able to keep the eyes moist. This results in sore, itchy eyes and infections. Symptoms of KCS include a dull, dry appearance or thick discharge from the eyes, squinting, and pawing at the eyes. KCS is a painful condition; and should be attended to immediately if you notice any of these signs. prescription ointment will need to be applied for the rest of your dog’s life.
Heart Disease and heart failure is a leading cause of death among Dachshunds in their golden years. Most heart disease in dogs is caused by the weakening or slow deformity of heart valves such that they no longer close tightly; blood then leaks back around these weakened valves, straining the heart. Pets with heart valve disease (sometimes called mitral valve disease) have a heart murmur. If your dog has a heart murmur or outward signs suggesting heart problems, your veterinarian can perform tests to determine the severity of the disease. The same tests will need to be repeated every year to monitor the condition. If heart valve disease is diagnosed early, it may be that prescription medications could prolong your pet’s life for many years. Veterinary dental care and fatty acid supplementation can also help prevent heart disease, and weight control can help diminish symptoms.
Hip and Elbow Dysplasia. Just like in people, both hips and elbows are at risk for dysplasia, an inherited disease that causes the joints to develop improperly and results in arthritis. Stiffness in your Dachshund's elbows or hips may become a problem, especially as they mature. You may notice that your dog begins to show lameness in the legs or has difficulty getting up from lying down. The sooner arthritis is treated the better — to minimize discomfort and pain. X-rays of your dog’s bones help to identify issues early on; sometimes surgery is also a good option in severe and life-limiting cases. Keep in mind that overweight dogs may develop arthritis years earlier than those of normal weight, causing undue pain and suffering!
Hip Necrosis, Young Dachshunds may be prone to a painful degenerative hip condition called Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP) disease. The exact cause of this condition is still not completely understood, but it is thought to be caused by a reduced blood supply to the hip, which causes the femoral head (the top of the thigh bone) to become brittle and fracture easily. Usually occurring between six and nine months of age, LCP causes pain and lameness in one or both rear legs, and often requires surgery.
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's Disease) is a malfunction of the adrenal glands that causes them to produce too much steroid hormone. This is a common problem in dogs, and your Dachshund is more likely than other dogs to be affected. The condition usually develops slowly, and the early signs are easily missed. Symptoms include drinking and urinating more than normal, increased appetite, and reduced activity level followed later by a potbelly, thin skin, and hair loss. Treatment usually includes oral medications and requires close coordination with your veterinarian to ensure correct dosing.
Infections. Dachshunds are susceptible to bacterial and viral infections — the same ones all dogs can get — such as parvo, rabies, and distemper. Many of these infections are preventable through vaccination, which we will recommend based on age, the diseases common seen in our area, and other factors.
Juvenile Cellulitis occurs more frequently in Dachshunds than in other breeds, and multiple puppies in a litter may be affected. Puppies with juvenile cellulitis will develop swelling and inflammation of the face and of the lymph nodes under the jaw, but the disease responds well to antibiotic and steroid therapy if treated right away.
Knee Problems. Sometimes your Dachshund's kneecap (patella) may slip out of place. This is called patellar luxation. You might notice that your pet, while running, suddenly picks up a back leg or skips and hops for a few strides. Your doxie might then kick its leg out sideways to pop the kneecap back in place. These are common signs of patellar luxation. If the problem is mild and involves only one leg, your doxie may not require much treatment beyond arthritis medication. When symptoms are severe, surgery may be needed to realign the kneecap to keep it from luxating further.
Liver Problems, Your Doxie is more likely than other dogs to have a liver disorder called Portosystemic Shunt (PSS). Some of the blood supply that should go to the liver goes around it instead, depriving the liver of the blood flow it needs to grow and function properly. If your dachshund has PSS, its liver cannot remove toxins from the bloodstream effectively. To check for this problem, liver function tests in addition to a standard pre-anesthetic panel can be conducted every time your doxie undergoes anesthesia. If symptoms develop such as stunted growth or seizures, blood tests and possibly an ultrasound to scan the liver will be needed. Surgery may be needed, but in some cases, a special diet and medication are all that’s needed.
Mange or Demodex is a microscopic mite that lives in the hair follicles of all dogs. Normally a dog’s immune system keeps the mites in check, but some breeds, like Dachshunds, may develop an overabundance of these mites. In mild cases, pet owners may notice a few dry, irritated, hairless lesions. These often occur on the face or feet and may or may not be itchy. Secondary skin infections may also occur. Prompt veterinary care is important to keep the disease from getting out of hand. Many pets seem to outgrow the problem, while others require lifelong management.
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder sometimes seen in young Dachshunds in which the puppy has uncontrolled sleeping episodes. Affected pets may be in the midst of playing or eating when they suddenly fall asleep. This disorder is caused by a recessive gene for which a DNA test is available. Narcolepsy is not usually harmful to the pet, but affected dogs should not be allowed to operate motor vehicles.
Neurological Problems. Several neurological diseases can afflict Dachshunds. Symptoms of neurological problems can include seizures, imbalance, tremors, weakness, or excessive sleeping. If you notice any of these symptoms, please seek immediate veterinary care.
Obesity can be a significant health problem in Dachshunds. It's a serious condition that may cause or worsen joint problems, metabolic and digestive disorders, back pain, and heart disease. Though it’s tempting to give your dog food when it looks at you with those soulful eyes, you can “love your dachshund to death” with leftover people food and doggie treats. Instead, give hugs, brush fur or teeth, play a game, or perhaps go for a walk. You’ll both feel better!
Parasites. All kinds of worms and bugs can invade your Doxie's body, inside and out. Everything from fleas and ticks to ear mites can infest the skin and ears. Hookworms, roundworms, heart-worms, and whip-worms can get into the system in a number of ways: drinking unclean water, walking on contaminated soil, or being bitten by an infected mosquito. Some of these parasites can be transmitted to you or a family member and are a serious concern for everyone. For your canine friend, these parasites can cause pain, discomfort, and even death, so it’s important that they are tested for them on a regular basis.
Taking Care of Your Dachshund at Home.
Much of what you can do to keep your dog happy and healthy is common sense, just like it is for people. Watch the diet, make sure they get plenty of exercise, regularly brush the teeth and coat, and call your veterinarian or a pet emergency hospital when something seems unusual (see “What to Watch For” below). Be sure to adhere to a schedule of examinations and vaccinations. This is when the necessary “check-ups” and test for diseases and conditions that are common in Dachshunds.
Grooming needs will vary based on coat. Long haired Dachshunds will require trimming and all varieties require brushing. Your veterinarian can guide you further to your Dachshund’s personal needs.
Build routine care into your schedule to help your doxie live longer, stay healthier, and be happier during its lifetime.
We cannot overemphasize the importance of a proper diet and exercise routine.
Drinks and urinates more, eats more, potbelly, poor hair coat
Any abnormal symptom could be a sign of serious disease or it could just be a minor or temporary problem.
The important thing is to be able to tell when to seek veterinary help and how urgently. Many diseases cause dogs to have a characteristic combination of symptoms, which together can be a clear signal that your Dachshund needs help.
Seek medical care immediately if you notice any of these types of signs:
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The disruption and uncertainty associated with COVID-19 is unsettling for everyone.
AKC is following the COVID-19 updates and has put together some Frequently Asked Questions about COVID-19 and its impact on AKC Events and more.
Please follow the link to learn more. | <urn:uuid:35f6f621-4d37-4874-a8e2-3e2ebbcb653e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dachshundva.org/health-issues | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.944833 | 3,208 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Saudi Arabia and UAE greenhouse growing company Red Sea Farms is expanding into the US. THe company says their technology, created for desert regions, delivers commercially and environmentally and can be of value in US areas which are water-scarce and have abundant sunlight.
Their international expansion is being accelerated following investment from US investors AppHarvest and Bonaventure Capital. In 2021, funding was also provided in the Middle East by Wa’ed, Saudi Aramco’s entrepreneurship arm, the Future Investment Initiative Institute, Global Ventures and King Abdullah University of Science & Technology.
Reducing food security
Red Sea Farms is a spin-out from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology established in 2018 with a vision to reduce food insecurity, carbon and fresh water use in the food sectors. The company has developed technologies, designed specifically for harsh environments. "Through a patented system of unique day and night cooling, along with humidity control and efficient solar and growth monitoring technologies, we have developed a low energy solution which means fresh water typically used to cool greenhouses is no longer required", they say.
The Saudi Arabia growers explain that their technology enables the commercial growing of produce using low energy, zero freshwater sustainable climate control. The University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences’ Controlled Environment Agriculture Center (UA-CEAC) will evaluate the technology and its resourcesaving potential to produce crops in resource-limited environments in the US.
The UA-CEAC is the first institution in the US to investigate the viability of the technologies, fitting with its commitment to facilitate programs, events, and materials for the industry and general public to learn more about the importance which controlled environment agriculture (CEA) has in meeting current and future problems with creative, practical, and highly successful solutions.
"The UA-CEAC is well positioned to evaluate this technology’s viability given its current research including wavelength shifting technology, semi-transparent and photovoltaics integrated films to help enhance crop productivity, resource use efficiency, and sustainability of food production within controlled environments. The Center is also investigating cooptimization of environmental variables and the development of advanced environmental control applications to support resource savings in indoor vertical farming systems, as well as Bioregenerative Life Support Systems", they conclude.
According to Red Sea Farms, their systems can be quickly and easily scaled in harsh environments, including the vast parts of the US that are water-scarce where conventional farming methods are either not possible or not cost-effective. The company is developing and using its technology in-house to grow and sell high quality fresh produce in Saudi Arabia, and will sell its unique technologies to growers around the world.
“The University of Arizona’s Controlled Environment Agriculture Center has a vast history of designing, implementing, and researching controlled environment agriculture systems for temperate to extreme climates, including both frozen and hot arid deserts” said Murat Kacira, Director of the University of Arizona Controlled Environment Agriculture Center and professor of Biosystems Engineering in College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
Ryan Lefers, CEO of Red Sea Farms commented: “Many parts of the US are water-scarce with seasonal harsh climates, making it a challenge to grow fresh produce year-round. However, the break-through technologies Red Sea Farms has created could help address the reliance on freshwater consumption in food production and improve food security. We are looking forward to working with the University of Arizona on this important subject.”
The initial study will integrate the Red Sea Farms environment technologies onto existing facilities at the University of Arizona Controlled Environment Agriculture Center for a phaseone year-long project so benefits can be fully assessed before further deployment.
Red Sea Farms | <urn:uuid:463170a3-7a3e-4a50-8d4c-3da78d917c61> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9395589/saudi-arabian-growers-expand-into-the-us-backed-by-us-investors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.929811 | 766 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Laravel makes communication with the database a lot easier with Eloquent. When working with Eloquent Relationships you should be aware when calling dynamic variables (with the help of the magic methods of PHP) that the instances of the models do not reflect new changes, but are stored permanently when they are first called.
The following example behaves as expected:
$ model-> col always returns the old value even after the change (because the value was initially fetched once with Model :: find (42) and then saved). If you now address another, connected table with $ model-> dependent_table , you could expect that its second call would return the new value:
This is also not the case ( $ dependent_table = $ model-> dependant_table caches the entire dependent table). To get a current value, the explicitly defined function dependant_table () is called: | <urn:uuid:740c1936-ab22-4e23-8673-a8d041e6650e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vielhuber.de/en/blog/laravel-work-with-eloquent-relationships/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.837796 | 237 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Last month I went there with the artist Pete Arscott. We settled down to an exclusively meat-and-wine diet on the grounds that vegetables smacked of domesticity.
In the winter of 1982-83 I had fallen so in love with the idea of buying a farm on St David's Head that I soon returned and missed crucial hours in the labour ward. A couple of weeks later, Mrs North and the latest infant made a trip to see what the fuss was about. Luckily, the nursing mother decided the place was too wet and windy and too far from anywhere. Besides, she pointed out a little tearfully, the windows in the proposed farmhouse were so low she would have to kneel to look at whatever bits of scenery periodically emerged when the clouds parted. With a good deal of relief all round, we repaired to Hackney.
From Hackney, the capital's buzz can almost be heard on a very still night. On St David's Head, I fear it would mostly have been the call of gull and chough.
We determined to holiday in Pembrokeshire instead, and over the past 12 years have often been braced to the point of enervation by the maritime climate. However, it is only within the past few early summer weeks that I have seen the chief glory of St David's Head.
About 20 years ago, Ian Jamieson was a newly-arrived farmer at Hendre Eynon, near St David's. His new domain was a classically neglected wet spot, crying out for munificent EEC grants, ICI chemicals and a JCB. It was rich in wild flowers, grasses, sedges and rushes.
As he stalked his fields, considering what to do, Jamieson saw a stubby concrete-and-stone memorial to Thomas Herbert Davies, who was born on the farm in 1909 and in 1943 was shot down over Hanover, one day short of his 34th birthday. Jamieson was told that the memorial had been erected because Pilot Officer Davies had loved this place.
The more Jamieson saw the beauty of the fields, and pondered its meaning for Thomas Davies, the more he was unsettled. He was already working with a digger-driver. 'He was shoving aside the stones of this wall here,' Jamieson recently explained, 'and I was so upset I sent him home.'
It is worth saying how deep-grained (and proper) is the farmer's urge to improve the productivity of his land. The whole idea of farming is to bring ordering skills to the wild. Of course, it is easy to see that not all 'improvement' is genuine, in agricultural let alone in ecological or (and they can be very different) aesthetic terms. But 20 years ago, the idea that a place like Hendre Eynon should be left alone was remarkable.
From that day to this, these fields have been lightly grazed by horses or cows at just the right times of year. Without the animals, the place would become woodland of a sort. With any sort of fertiliser, the wild flowers would die.
Instead, in May, June (perhaps especially) and July, the fields are a blaze of colour. I am a vulgarian, so I was most thrilled last month to see clumps of yellow iris thick in fields whose stone boundaries were laden with foxgloves. In one field it was lovely to find three different orchids (I think). In another, they were so thick it became difficult not to knock them down as one walked. Some of the blooms were the size of a fist: these were orchids that might have come out of The Little Shop of Horrors and taken bites of the unsuspecting.
Jamieson's fields are the civilised part of Dowrog Common, and therefore quite well known to naturalists. He insisted I say how good the National Trust and the Dyfed Wildlife Trust are in their work here (especially in getting the right grazing going), and it would be churlish not to do as he asks in that regard. But there are two other things worth remarking. One is that the Jamiesons run a fine caravan and camping site on some of their land (bookable on 0437 720474). The other is that, though Hendre Eynon must be one of the more exquisite wildlife sites in these islands, and boasts what is now a vanishing sort of flower-strewn grassland, these grazing fields are hardly ever visited.
Many of us in the West care a great deal, and noisily so, about the destruction of our countryside. Yet few of us actually go to the places that have escaped. So, taking advantage of the quiet on my little jaunt last month, I did not use the Jamiesons' washing facilities. Instead, one fine sunny morning, among the ragged robin and goodness knows what other flowers any half-way decent pedant could name as well as wonder at, I popped my plump pale body in among the duckweed of one of Hendre Eynon's brooks, overlooked only by a few insouciant ponies. It would not have done to be smelly when we went out later to St David's Cathedral to hear Liverpool University's chamber choir sing a fabulous evensong among the medieval woodwork and the congregation they heavily outnumbered.Reuse content | <urn:uuid:3ef996fd-a2c9-48ea-a8bc-b26fd1562c5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.independent.co.uk/property/gardening/it-was-natural-to-go-naked-1412714.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00393-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979217 | 1,113 | 1.570313 | 2 |
U.S. to become world's largest oil producer by 2020
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November 14th, 2012 (8:25 PM).
I think instead of investing so much time and money on fossil fuels we need to look at renewable sources. I don't think that there is enough oil left underground to last us 2020 let alone 2030. Good luck scraping the barrel for that.
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DALLAS (KTVU and AP) - DALLAS (AP) — At a memorial for slain police officers, President Barack Obama declared Tuesday that a week of deeply troubling violence has seemed to expose "the deepest fault lines of our democracy." But he insisted the nation is not as divided as it seems and called on Americans to find common ground in support of racial equity and justice.
Obama acknowledged that Americans are unsettled by another mass shooting and are seeking answers to the violence that has sparked protests in cities and highlighted the nation's persistent racial divide.
Five Dallas officers were killed last Thursday while standing guard as hundreds of people protested the police killings of black men in Louisiana and Minnesota earlier in the week.
"It's hard not to think sometimes that the center might not hold, that things might get worse," Obama said. "We must reject such despair."
He joined politicians, police officers and families of the fallen in the wake of the shocking slayings by a black man who said he wanted revenge for the killings of blacks by police.
"The soul of our city was pierced," Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings said as he welcomed Obama to the memorial service. It was organized to help combat "a common disease" of violence and honor those who fight it, "our men and women in blue, our peacemakers in blue."
Rawlings spoke steps from five empty chairs and portraits of the dead officers.
A call for national unity and solidarity was reinforced by several speakers at the interfaith service, including former President George W. Bush, a Dallas resident, who attended with his wife, Laura.
"At times it feels like the forces pulling us apart are stronger than the forces binding us together," Bush said. "Too often we judge other groups by their worst examples, while judging ourselves by our best intentions. And this has strained our bonds of understanding and common purpose."
"We want the unity of hope, affection and higher purpose," he said.
Obama has denounced the shooting as a "vicious, calculated and despicable attack on law enforcement" by a "demented" individual. And he has argued that, despite the heated public outcry of the past week, the country is not as divided as it may seem.
Obama's choice of traveling companions underscored the theme. Republican Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas and House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi of California joined Obama on Air Force One for the flight to Dallas. Republican Sen. John Cornyn of Texas spoke at the service but did not travel with the president. He said the attack was deeply personal.
"Being a Texan doesn't describe where you're from, it describes who your family is," the senator said.
The White House said the president worked late into the night writing his speech and consulting scripture for inspiration.
Just a few weeks ago, Obama spent hours in Orlando, Florida, consoling the loved ones of 49 people who were killed in a shooting rampage at a nightclub.
The Dallas attack ended with the gunman, Micah Johnson, 25, blown up by a bomb delivered by a police robot. The black Army veteran portrayed his attack on the officers as payback for the fatal police shootings of black men in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and suburban Minneapolis.
Portions of both shootings were videotaped and broadcast nationwide, leading to fresh outrage, protests and scores of arrests. The killings also put the country on edge, heightened racial tensions and pushed the issue of the use of deadly force against black males by white police to the forefront.
Obama sought to begin bridging those issues with his tribute to the fallen five, who included a former Army Ranger, a Navy veteran and a newlywed starting a second family.
Some police officials blame the president for the rise in racial tension, saying he is insufficiently supportive of law enforcement. In comments since the Dallas shooting, Obama has urged the public to recognize and respect that police officers have a tough job.
Meanwhile, he has been criticized by others for going to Dallas before visiting Louisiana or Minnesota.
As Obama landed in Dallas, spokesman Josh Earnest said the president had telephoned the families of Alton Sterling, the man shot by police in Baton Rouge, and Philando Castile, the Minnesota motorist shot by an officer, to offer his and the first lady's condolences.
Obama included references to both men in his remarks at the service.
The Obamas, the Bushes, Vice President Joe Biden and his wife, Jill, and other officials on stage held hands in a show of unity as the service was brought to a close with "The Battle Hymn of the Republic." Audience members also clasped hands during the patriotic song.
Before walking offstage, Obama, Mrs. Obama, Bush and Laura Bush turned and applauded the audience of uniformed police officers.
The Obamas and the Bidens were also meeting privately with families of the slain officers and those who were wounded. At least nine other officers and two civilians were injured in the attack. | <urn:uuid:8b612031-f8c2-4deb-8c1a-61f7291b8e01> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ktvu.com/news/obama-pays-tribute-to-dallas-officers-shot-in-racial-attack | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.979754 | 1,020 | 1.71875 | 2 |
I still get the comment all the time: “I thought I liked ‘x’ grape, but I tried such-and-such a wine recently and I didn’t like it. Why is that?”
Folks: where a grape is grown and how the wine is made is more important than knowing the grapes that were used to make your wine. The place trumps the grape. Sure, knowing which grape variety you are drinking will give you a general idea of what to expect, but it is of secondary importance if you want a more precise idea of the style of wine you will be drinking.
Climate and soil types can dramatically change how a grape ripens. This will have a direct effect on a grape’s acidity and tannins (textural differences) as well as the aromas and flavours you find in your wine.
The cultural component is at play as well. One can never remove the human element from the equation. Many of the world’s wine regions are known for producing a “style” of wine. I wrote recently about shiraz in South Australia. When you compare it with Northern Rhône syrah — same grape, different name — we see two completely different styles of wines.
While the climates and soil types are very different, in this case “ripe” is a matter of interpretation. The French — who prefer grittier tannins and higher acidities, and aren’t afraid of herbal notes in their wines — tend to pick their grapes earlier than the Aussies, who want tannins that are less aggressive and all-fruit profiles. The Aussies could pick their grapes earlier, but that is not the style they are searching for.
Earlier this year, I wrote two articles that proposed cabernet sauvignon tastings you could do at home. I was asked by a reader to do one for white wine, which I never got around to doing. So here it is: sauvignon blancs from three distinct regions — two from France and one from New Zealand. I have suggested two tastings at different price levels. Try to do them “blind” and see if you can use my prompts to help identify where the wine is from.
> The grape: sauvignon blanc
Sauvignon blanc is part of the family of white grape varieties that are known for their acidity. Its origins lie in France’s southwest, and it is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. While not as pervasive as chardonnay, if wine is being made in a region, now there is a pretty good chance that you will find sauvignon blanc.
Why? I believe there are two reasons. One is that it carries a simple message. The fruit character goes from citrus to tropical, but is easily identifiable. And then there is the green component. This can be anything from what I call cut grass, to more vegetal notes like asparagus, to a vegetable note that can range from green pepper to jalapeno. It is here one finds sauvignon blanc’s “postal code.” I can often tell where a sauvignon blanc wine is from simply by the degree and quality of “the green.”
The other reason for its widespread use is the commercial success of New Zealand’s version of sauvignon blanc. White wine sales are on the rise worldwide, and people seem to be searching for whites that have good acidity and taste very little of oak. If you can’t beat them, copy them, and that is what has happened with sauvignon blanc.
> The contenders
> Marlborough, New Zealand:
Located in the northeast corner of the South Island, the region benefits from a maritime climate. There are two main valleys in Marlborough. One is the Wairau Valley, where it all started in New Zealand during the 1980s, and the second is the even cooler, and more recently planted, Awatere.
Marlborough’s bright sunlight, cool climate and large swing between day and night temperatures give the grapes their intense aromatics and naturally high acidities.
There is also a tendency to have relatively large yields from the vines, which increases the “green factor” as well the acidities. Because the acids can be so high, Marlborough sauvignon blanc often has residual sugar left in the wine to balance out the acidity.
Aromas: passion fruit, green apple, lime, green peas, asparagus, jalapeno.
Texture: sharp acid, lean, hint of sweetness on the finish.
> Centre-Loire, France:
While it is referred to as Centre, that’s because this region in France’s Loire Valley is geographically in the centre of France. In the context of the Loire wine-growing area, it is on the eastern edge.
Sancerre, Pouilly-Fumé and Menetou-Salon are its best-known appellations. The climate is continental, and the soils range from a mix of clay and limestone in its most western growing areas — which gives more opulent wines — to kimmeridgean (seashells) and silex (flint) in the eastern areas. This is where you will find more minerality, more delicate fruits and floral notes.
Aromas: lemon, lime, grapefruit, flint, fresh-cut grass, conifers, white flowers.
Texture: Fresh acid, dry finish, slightly richer than Marlborough.
> Bordeaux, France:
The least-known of the three produces an equally unique expression of sauvignon blanc. It is either made as a single varietal wine, or the sauvignon is blended with semillon and, at times, an aromatic grape called muscadelle.
The white wines are made in the southern part of the region, predominantly in the appellations of Graves and Entre-Deux-Mers. The combination of a warmer climate and the inclusion of semillon makes white Bordeaux the least acidic of the three, and at times the most complex and the one with the most body. For this tasting, I have included only 100-per-cent sauvignon blanc wines.
Aromas: lime, white and pink grapefruit, tropical fruit, rockiness.
Texture: fresh acid, dry finish, slightly richer than Loire Valley.
>> Tasting No. 1
Premières Côtes de Blaye 2012, Sauvignon Blanc, Château Bertinerie, France white, $17.05, SAQ # 707190. White grapefruit, tinged with orange. Seems a touch richer than the 2011. Has a touch of citrus pith bitterness on the finish. Serve at 8C. Drink now. Food pairing idea: apéritif, mussels, goat-cheese salad.
Quincy 2012, Domaine des Ballandors, France white, $21.05, SAQ # 976209. Lemons and limes with softer floral notes. Very summery. Quite crisp on the attack, and finishes with a touch of minerality and sweet citrus rind. Very alive, and while it doesn’t have the same finesse as sancerre, very satisfying. Serve at 8C. Drink now. Food pairing idea: apéritif, raw oysters, goat cheese salad.
Sauvignon blanc 2012, Marlborough, Whitehaven, New Zealand white, $20.20, SAQ # 11905770. Powerful aromatics. Dominated by asparagus notes, the texture works nicely. Apples and lemons. Just a hint of dry on the finish. Serve at 8C. Drink now-2015. Food pairing idea: apéritif, asparagus salad, shrimp and basil stir-fry.
>> Tasting No. 2
Sauvignon blanc 2012, Marlborough, Cloudy Bay, New Zealand white, $29.75, SAQ # 10954078. Powerful aromatics. Ripe lime and more grassy than outright asparagus. Quiet dry on the finish with a sharp acidity. Serve at 8C. Drink now-2016. Food pairing idea: apéritif, asparagus salad, smoked salmon with dill.
Pessac-Léognan 2008, Château de Rochemorin, France white, $26.95, SAQ # 743013. Ripe, floral. Subtle notes of pink grapefruit that verge on mango and more exotic fruits as it warms. Very particular mineral note — almost a grey rockiness. Serve at 8C. Drink now. Food pairing idea: apéritif, delicate white fish with lemon.
Sancerre 2012, Domaine Vacheron, France white, $29.75, SAQ # 10523892. Organic. After a rather lean 2011 vintage, back to classic Vacheron. Grapefruit and other citrus, with a flinty, almost smoky mineral note. The acidity brings freshness, but is comfortable. Serve at 8C. Drink now-2016. Food pairing idea: apéritif, goat cheese, raw oysters.
>> Your turn to taste
La Grande Dégustation de Montréal: This is a great opportunity to meet winemakers, taste and learn about wine and spirits. Close to 200 producers from around the world will be on site, and many more wines will be there to sample. Every year, a region, grape variety and spirit are in the spotlight; this year it’s California, chardonnay and vodka.
Dates: Nov. 8 and 9 (noon to 9 p.m.)
Where: Place Bonaventure
Cost: $15 for a single day; includes tasting glass. Tastings start at $2 per wine.
More information: email@example.com
You can hear Bill Zacharkiw talk about wine on CHOM-FM (97.7) every Friday at 7:45 a.m. | <urn:uuid:49ff1ad3-8bfd-41dd-a100-f142bf235c48> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.montrealgazette.com/life/food-wine/Bill+Zacharkiw+wine+taste+test+home+sauvignon+blanc/9112551/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00253-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925289 | 2,176 | 1.984375 | 2 |
July 01, 2013
On the NY Times, Nick Bilton talks about photographs becoming a ubiquitous, disposable form of communication:
Photos, once slices of a moment in the past — sunsets, meetings with friends, the family vacation — are fast becoming an entirely new type of dialogue. The cutting-edge crowd is learning that communicating with a simple image, be it a picture of what’s for dinner or a street sign that slyly indicates to a friend, “Hey, I’m waiting for you,” is easier than bothering with words, even in a world of hyper-abbreviated Twitter posts and texts.
Apparently text messaging is in (slight) decline, while SnapChat (y’know, self-destructing junk shots for the kids) is reputedly worth $800+ million. This is the part where Old Man Nack officially feels he has no idea what’s going on.
There’s got to be some great Orwell quote about losing the language to make sense of experiences, but, eh, who wants to read all that?
Elsewhere Dave Pell muses about how imaging can separate us from experiences:
We’ve ceded many of our remembering duties (birthdays, schedules, phone numbers, directions) to a hard drive in the cloud. And to a large extent, we’ve now handed over our memories of experiences to digital cameras. […]
We no longer take any time to create an internal memory of an event or an experience before seeing, filtering, and sharing a digital version of it. We remember the photo, not the moment.
In a world of social media, we can all exist in a droll, above-it-all sugary crust (like Seinfeld talking about how in a cab, everything on the other side of the plexiglass, no matter how dangerous, is amusing & unreal). It’s a good time to remember that Facebook likes, like design, won’t save the world… | <urn:uuid:cce93967-ed39-4234-b86b-822c5812e95b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://blogs.adobe.com/jnack/2013/07/01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00035-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89694 | 418 | 1.632813 | 2 |
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The entrance to the tunnel just past I-93 Southbound Exit 24B to Logan Airport.
|Route||Route 1A north|
|Constructed||high-strength steel and concrete infill|
|Owner||Commonwealth of Massachusetts|
|Operator||Massachusetts Department of Transportation|
|Toll||$1.50. EZ-PASS or "MassDOT Pay-by-plate" are both accepted at new electronic toll barriers.|
|Length||.96 mi (1.54 km)|
|Number of lanes||2|
|Operating speed||40 mph (64 km/h)|
|Tunnel clearance||13.4 ft (4.1 m)|
|Width||24.2 ft (7.4 m)|
The Callahan Tunnel, officially the Lieutenant William F. Callahan Jr. Tunnel is one of four tunnels, and one of three road tunnels, beneath Boston Harbor in Boston, Massachusetts. It carries motor vehicles from the North End to Logan International Airport and Route 1A in East Boston. Ordinarily, this tunnel is only used to carry traffic out of the city, and with the completion of the Big Dig it only collects traffic from I-93 southbound (right after traffic merges from Storrow Drive) and downtown Boston. There is a toll of $1.50 in both directions (eastbound in the Callahan and westbound in the Sumner tunnel. The toll barriers are all electronic, with no cashier lanes. This means that if you do not have have EZ-PASS or a legal equivalent, an electronic camera will take a picture of your license plate, and send a bill to your home in the mail. This is often called "MassDOT Pay-by-plate". This efficient tolling system was installed on the Tobin Bridge a couple of years ago, and will be finished along the Mass Pike later this year.
Repair work to this tunnel had resulted in a complete closure, which began at 11 pm on December 27, 2013 and ended on March 10, 2014, two days before the scheduled reopening. A second phase of work took place between March 13, 2014 to late August 2014, resulting in a closure 11 PM to 5 AM. From August to mid-November 2014, work was finished during off-peak hours.
Traffic flowing between Logan International Airport and directions south of the city on I-93 and west of the city on the Mass Pike (I-90) normally uses the Ted Williams Tunnel rather than the Callahan and Sumner Tunnels. Logan traffic can also use East Boston surface roads to and from Chelsea (Chelsea Street Bridge), Revere (Massachusetts Route 1A) and Winthrop (Massachusetts Route 145).
The tunnel was opened in 1961. It was named for the son of Turnpike chairman William F. Callahan, who was killed in Italy just days before the end of World War II. Operatic tenor William Flavin, of Milton, Massachusetts, sang the Star-Spangled Banner and Danny Boy at the opening of the Callahan Tunnel in 1961.
In 2016, booth-less toll systems were installed in both directions, entering the Sumner Tunnel and exiting the Callahan Tunnel as part of a plan to revolutionize toll collection the Boston area.
Historically, control signals were used to reverse direction of one lane in this tunnel or the Sumner Tunnel, when the opposite tunnel was closed for maintenance or emergencies. Under the relevant Turnpike regulations, a yellow signal light means "proceed only as directed", on penalty of a $50 fine. As the signals are almost always yellow, this rule is universally ignored by drivers. Other markings in the tunnel include a "double white line" in the center, intended to discourage drivers from changing lanes, to be penalized with a $100 fine.
The Callahan Tunnel was repaired in the 1990s.
A major overhaul began in December 2013, which will completely replace the deck, curbs, and wall panels; and clean and repair its ceiling and vent systems (above the ceiling and below the deck). It was planned for three phases: complete closure from December 27, 2013 to March 12, 2014 during deck and curb replacement; closures 11pm-5am from March 13, 2014 to late August 2014 for wall panel replacement; and finish work until November, 2014. McCourt Construction of South Boston was awarded the $19.3M contract in August. During closures, Logan-bound traffic is diverted into the Ted Williams Tunnel, Tobin Bridge, and Massachusetts Route 1A South via Revere or East Boston. Starting with the Accelerated Bridge Program in the late 2000s, MassDOT began employing accelerated construction techniques, in which it signed contracts with incentives for early completion and penalties for late completion, and used intense construction during longer periods of complete closure to shorten the overall project duration and reduce cost. These techniques are also being used for the Callahan Tunnel Rehabilitation Project.
- "Rehabilitation of the Sumner/Callahan Tunnels" (PDF). Concrete Repair Bulletin. International Concrete Repair Institute, Inc. May–June 2002. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
- "Toll Rates". EZDRIVEMA. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
- Hanson, Melissa (27 December 2013). "Callahan Tunnel closure begins at 11 p.m.". Boston Globe. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
- Chesto, Jon (17 November 2013). "Here's what you need to know about the Callahan Tunnel's three-month closure". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
- "Callahan Tunnel Rehabilitation Project". Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- Moran, Jack (May–June 2012). "The Fast 14 Project". Public Roads. United States Federal Highway Administration. 75 (6).
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Callahan Tunnel.|
- Sumner Tunnel
- Ted Williams Tunnel
- Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel
- Massachusetts Turnpike
- Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge
- MBTA's East Boston Tunnel | <urn:uuid:0badc31b-971e-48f5-93a1-c6102dd9dfa2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan_Tunnel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00151-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931444 | 1,280 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Surgical ovary removal ends up in cognitive decline
(NaturalNews) Women who have their ovaries surgically removed before menopause experience earlier and more severe cognitive decline, according to a study conducted by researchers from Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and due to be presented at the 65th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology in San Diego.
The researchers studied 1,837 postmenopausal women between the ages of 53 and 100 who were taking part in the Memory and Aging Project at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. The researchers recorded the age at which women began menstruating, how many years they had menstruated, whether they used hormone replacement therapy and for how long, and whether they had undergone natural or surgical menopause.
“Surgical menopause” refers to the surgical removal of both ovaries before the onset of natural menopause, and is commonly performed along with hysterectomies. One-third of the women in the study had undergone this procedure.
The researchers found that the earlier a woman underwent surgical menopause, the faster she experienced a decline in overall thinking abilities and memory, particularly memory relating to time and place and long-term memory relating to ideas and concepts. No such association was seen between cognitive decline and the onset of natural menopause.
In addition, the brains of women who underwent surgical menopause at a younger age had significantly more of the plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease than those of women who had undergone the procedure later in life. Younger age of surgical menopause was not associated with overall risk of Alzheimer’s disease, however.
Sudden drop in hormone levels
Researchers have known for quite some time that many women report short-term cognitive problems following menopause, both natural and surgical. A recent study, conducted by researchers from the University of Rochester and published in the journal Menopause, found that women between the ages of 40 and 60 who were in their first year after menopause scored significantly lower on tests of motor function, verbal learning, verbal memory, working memory and attention than pre-menopausal women. The effects were largest for verbal learning and memory.
The researchers believe that this effect is caused by a sudden drop in the levels of estrogen, which plays a critical role in cognition and memory. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the researchers in the surgical menopause study found that women who had undergone hormone replacement therapy had a slower rate of cognitive decline.
“In the months after a woman has her last period, hormonal changes are most abrupt,” said Pauline Maki, lead researcher of the Rochester study.
In the case of natural menopause, cognitive changes are temporary, and do not appear to be linked to the risk of dementia. According to the new study, the changes associated with surgical menopause are more long-term.
Due to the severe health risks associated with hormone replacement therapy; however, the researchers did not recommend it as a treatment for these symptoms.
“At this time, there’s no indication to use hormone replacement therapy for the sole treatment of memory problems in natural or surgical menopause,” Maki said.
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The arrest is the first in a renewed murder investigation announced by police in 2012 into the “Bloody Sunday” killings in Londonderry, one of the most notorious episodes during 30 years of sectarian violence in the British-ruled province.
The questioning “marked a new phase in the overall investigation which could continue for some time,” the officer leading the probe, Detective Chief Inspector Ian Harrison, said in a statement.
Britain’s Ministry of Defence said it was aware an ex-soldier had been arrested in connection with the investigation and that it would be inappropriate to comment further.
On Sunday, January 30, 1972, British troops opened fire during an unauthorised march in the Bogside, a nationalist area of Londonderry. They killed 13 people and wounded 14, one of whom died later. The victims were all unarmed Catholics.
A 2010 inquiry - the longest and most expensive in British legal history - concluded that the civilians had been killed without justification and had posed no threat, prompting Prime Minister David Cameron to apologise for the killings.
Soldiers who gave evidence to the inquiry about their involvement did so from behind screens and with a guarantee of anonymity.
The killings changed the course of the violent “Troubles” that erupted in the late 1960s, boosting the Irish Republican Army’s violent campaign for Northern Ireland to secede from the United Kingdom and become part of the Republic of Ireland.
A 1998 peace deal, brokered after more than 3,600 had died, has largely ended the conflict that pitted mostly Catholics, who wanted a united Ireland, against Unionists, mostly Protestants, who wanted it to remain part of the United Kingdom.
British Prime Minister David Cameron made it clear that his country’s future within Europe hangs in the balance as he set out his demands for renegotiating Britain’s role in the EU on Tuesday.
With the UK set to vote on whether or not to stay in the EU in a 2017 referendum, Cameron sent his strongest warning yet that if the negotiations fail and Britain votes to leave the union, there will be no turning back.
“If we vote to leave, then we will leave,” he said as he outlined his renegotiation demands in a speech at the London headquarters of Chatham House, an international affairs think tank.
“There will not be another renegotiation and another referendum. So I say to my European counterparts with whom I am negotiating, this is our only chance to get this right - for Britain and for the whole European Union.”
It was, for the most part, “a good political pitch”, according to Thomas Raines, research associate for Europe at Chatham House.
“However, what it does mean is that the negotiations risk now becoming the centre piece of the UK’s referendum on Europe,” he told FRANCE 24.
Those negotiations will centre on four key areas that Cameron had already outlined in the past.
The British Prime Minister demanded financial and economic safeguards for countries that do not use the euro single currency, a reduction to the burden of EU regulations on businesses, for Britain to be excluded from the EU’s commitment to greater integration and curbs on some benefits for EU migrants.
It is this final demand that is likely to cause the most difficulty for Cameron. The UK Prime Minister said he wanted to see migrants from other EU member states arriving in Britain to be barred from receiving certain benefits until after they had been working in the country for four years.
This proposal is unlikely to go down well in many eastern European countries, such as Poland, whose citizens make up many of the EU migrants living in the UK.
It also goes against one of the EU’s most cherished principals, that of the free movement of people and labour.
Immediately after Cameron’s speech, the European Commission’s chief spokesman Margaritis Schinas described this demand as “highly problematic”, as it entailed “direct discrimination between EU citizens”.
But otherwise, Cameron’s speech was largely an exercise in striking a careful balance between demanding too much and too little. His wish list of reforms needed to be enough to placate British Eurosceptics, without going so far as to make them unacceptable to other EU members.
Cameron’s demand that Britain be excluded from a stated EU mission of moving towards an “ever closer union”, for example, may present some technical and legal challenges. But it would not substantially alter the workings of the EU or Britain’s role in it – it is not a legally binding clause and one frequently ignored by the UK and others.
Changing it, therefore, should not upset too many of Cameron’s EU partners, even if there is some resistance, but it would be a significant symbolic win for Cameron.
He has also left himself plenty of wriggle room on the immigration issue. A letter sent by Cameron after his speech to the EU European Council President Donald Tusk made it clear that the demand over benefits to EU immigrants was open to negotiation.
Given himself a reasonable chance of succeeding in the negotiations is a sensible strategy by Cameron, who is already, some may say, playing with fire by staking the UK's future in Europe on their success.
Cameron has said he wants the UK to stay in Europe, but should the negotiations fail, it would make it much harder, or perhaps even impossible, for him to campaign for that outcome in the referendum.
Even as Cameron was firing warning shots over Britain’s European future, he was keen to stress the economic and national security benefits of EU membership to the UK.
“Those who advocate Britain leaving need to explain how the league of 1 will compare with the league of 28,” he said.
“Negotiating as part of an economy with 500 million people gives us more power as a country, not less.”
Reaction from other EU leaders came thick and fast.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel was quick to signal her country’s willingness to work with Cameron to reach a deal.
“I spoke with him [Cameron] by telephone yesterday. I know of the demands, so what is on the table now is no surprise. We want to take a solution-orientated approach to dealing with these proposals,” she said. “There are some difficult points, and some less difficult points. But if one has a spirit of wanting to solve this then I have a certain confidence that this can work out.”
But in a view likely to be shared by many other eastern European countries, Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka warned any changes to free movement in the EU would cause a “very serious problem”.
“The right to live and work anywhere in the EU is absolutely fundamental to us given our historical experience,” Sobotka said in a statement.
Hardline Eurosceptics were quick to voice their displeasure at a list of demands they saw as not going nearly far enough, with Nigel Farage, the leader of the UK Independence Party, saying Cameron was not aiming for anything “substantial”.
But, noted Raines, “there are people, including those on the backbenches of the Conservative party, who would never be happy with any changes to the EU that would be reasonable”.
Instead Cameron’s speech, he said, was “a clear balancing act, designed to appeal to ‘persuadable’ Eurosceptics, while presenting manageable proposals, aware of the difficulty of getting 27 other member states to approve the changes”.
“There will be a general willingness among EU leaders to make sure Cameron gets what he asked for,” he added.
Crimes against the environment – such as illegal deforestation, wildlife trafficking and toxic waste dumping – now bring in as much as $213 billion a year, but Interpol officials say the problem is not getting enough attention.
International experts gathered in the French city of Nimes for three days of discussions on environmental crimes this week ahead of the upcoming UN climate summit in Paris (November 30 to December 11).
Delegates highlighted a startling figure: After drug trafficking, counterfeiting and human trafficking, crimes against the environment have now become the fourth-largest money-maker for organised crime, generating between $70 billion and $213 billion per year, according to estimates.
The issue is nevertheless barely on the agenda of the key United Nations climate talks in Paris, also known as the COP 21.
The relative lack of interest in environmental crimes is a source of worry for Cees Van Duijn, Interpol’s Environmental Crime Programme project leader, who jointly organised the Nimes conference with the France-based International Forum on Technology and Security (FITS).
He spoke to FRANCE 24 on the sidelines of the meeting about his concerns.
FRANCE 24: Why are environmental crimes largely missing from the COP 21 agenda?
Cees Van Duijn: I regret that this issue is being overlooked at the international climate conference. We need stronger political support in order to address these types of crimes, but to get that political support we need people who have firsthand knowledge of the problem to be invited to speak at major meetings.
The consequences of drug trafficking are immediately visible, but this is not the case with environmental crime, which can seem an abstract phenomenon – so it is hard to it make it a priority. Yet we are all victims of crimes committed against the environment, even if they occur on the other side of the planet.
FRANCE 24: Are environmental crimes increasing?
Van Duijn: It's difficult to say, because it remains a relatively recent field of investigation and we have few references for comparison. But it is undoubtedly gaining ground.
In any case, it is a sector that is destined to grow. Most resources – like timber, rare wildlife or fossil fuels – are becoming scarcer. They represent lucrative opportunities for criminal organisations.
FRANCE 24: Can we say this represents a new territory for the mafia?
Van Duijn: The mafia, in the traditional sense, is in fact active in this field. We have seen this already in waste trafficking cases in Italy. However, the groups that are most active in the field of environmental crime are far less structured than the mafia. There is no group of bosses giving orders down the line. These are much more flexible organisations, which makes them all the more elusive.
FRANCE 24: Some people have evoked links between environmental crime and terrorism. What can you tell us about this?
Van Duijn: We do not have conclusive evidence of widespread cooperation but there are, indeed, increasing reports of links between environmental crimes and terrorist networks. Our own investigations have only centred on rebel groups, mostly in Africa, who engage in ivory trafficking or illegal fishing. We are also exploring whether these environmental crimes help fund terrorist movements.
Twin explosions outside the main train station in the Turkish capital Ankara killed at least 30 people on Saturday as hundreds gathered for a peace rally, in what government officials described as a terrorist attack.
More than a hundred people were also wounded in the blasts which went off just outside Ankara’s main railway station shortly after 10am local time.
Footage from the scene showed over a dozen bodies lying in the streets, covered by flags and banners, including those of the pro-Kurdish opposition Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP), with bloodstains and body parts scattered on the road.
Authorities are investigating claims the attacks were carried out by a suicide bomber, two government officials said. Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu was due to hold an emergency meeting with the heads of the police and intelligence agencies and other senior officials, his office reported.
Reporting from the scene, FRANCE 24’s Jasper Mortimer said the two explosions appeared to have happened just seconds apart as hundreds gathered for a planned peace march to protest against the conflict between Turkish security forces and Kurdish militants in the southeast.
“The road beneath me is smeared with blood,” he said, adding that the people had hurled rocks and sticks at a police van as it drove through the debris.
“They clearly blame the police for the lack of security.”
Violence between the state and the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) militants has flared since July, when Turkey launched air strikes on militant camps in response to what it said were rising attacks on the security forces.
Those involved in the peace march tended to the wounded lying on the ground, as hundreds of stunned people wandered around the streets. Bodies lay in two circles around 20 metres apart where the explosions had taken place.
The attacks come three weeks ahead of a parliamentary election in Turkey and at a time of multiple security threats, not only in the restive southeast but also from Islamic State militants in neighbouring Syria and home-grown leftist militants.
The NATO member has been in a heightened state of alert since starting a “synchronized war on terror” in July, including air strikes against Islamic State fighters in Syria and PKK bases in northern Iraq. It has also rounded up hundreds of suspected militants at home.
Designated a terrorist group by Turkey, the United States and the European Union, the PKK launched a separatist insurgency in 1984 in which more than 40,000 people have been killed.
The state launched peace talks with the PKK’s jailed leader in 2012 and the latest in a series of ceasefires had been holding until the violence flared again in July.
ANKARA (AFP) -
The Turkish government suspects that the twin blasts that killed at least 20 people gathering for a peace rally in the capital Ankara was a "terrorist" attack, an official said.
"We suspect that there is a terrorist connection," a government official told AFP, asking not to be named.
Scene of twin explosions, see more photos below:
Reports reaching our news desk say at least 95 deaths have so far been recorded in twin Ankara explosions that rocked through a pro-Kurdish rally on Saturday, Prime Minister Ahmet's office disclosed to our reporter today in Ankara.
This has been the one of the deadliest attacks recorded in the country which left over 246 wounded, 48 which a reliable source disclosed are now in Intensive Care Unit (ICU)
“Former topless model arrested over Facebook terrorism links to Islamic State,” by Ben Farmer,Telegraph, October 9, 2016:
A former glamour model who once posed topless in a tabloid paper has been arrested by counter terrorism police.
Kimberley Miners was held for around 24 hours on suspicion of the possession of terrorist material, and then bailed.
Officers from the north east’s counter terrorism unit also searched the 27-year-old’s home in Bradford.
Last month it emerged detectives had warned Ms Miners to stop her contact with extremists online after she allegedly exchanged social media messages with a recruiter and shared violent Islamic State propaganda videos.
It is claimed she has used multiple Facebook accounts under different names to engage with extremists, the Sunday Times reported.
One account recently shared a video of two armed young children training for jihad alongside an adult fighter from Islamic State in Iraq and Levant (Isil)….
THE first scheduled train to pass through the world’s longest railway tunnel arrived in the Swiss city of Lugano more than 30 minutes faster than usual on Sunday, thanks to a shortcut that took 12.2 billion Swiss francs (12.3 billion dollars) and 17 years to build.
Departing from Zurich, the train was the first to carry members of the public through the Swiss Alps since the Gotthard Base Tunnel was formally inaugurated more than half a year ago.
The official ceremony in June, attended by various European leaders, was followed by 5,000 safety tests before authorities could approve the tunnel for public transport.
“We have been training for a long time and are happy we can finally get started,” the head of Swiss Federal Railways (SBB), Andreas Meyer, said.
The 57-kilometre tunnel was designed to boost environmentally friendly cargo traffic on rails across the Alps and to better connect industrial hubs in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.
It replaces Japan’s 53.9-kilometre Seikan Tunnel – between Japan’s Honshu and Hokkaido islands – as the world’s longest rail tunnel. It takes 17 minutes to pass through by train.
Although the number of arrivals was down in 2016, the number of applications actually rose
Germany says 280,000 asylum seekers arrived there in 2016, a drop of more than 600,000 on the previous year.
The German interior minister said that the decrease was due to the closure in 2016 of the Balkan route and the migrant deal between the EU and Turkey.
The record influx of 890,000 people came as migrants and refugees travelled through Greece and the Balkans.
They headed for Germany after Chancellor Angela Merkel ordered a temporary open-door asylum policy.
Her decision to suspend EU rules on registering asylum seekers in the first EU state they entered was aimed at the growing number of Syrians fleeing the conflict in their country, but large numbers of people of other nationalities made the journey too.
Migration has become a heavily politicised issue in Germany ahead of federal elections in the autumn. As voters punished her CDU party in regional polls last year, Mrs Merkel acknowledged that the migrant crisis could have been handled better.
"This shows that the measures that the federal government and the EU have taken are taking hold," said Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere. "We've been successful in managing and controlling the process of migration."
Syrians made up 36% of the asylum claims in 2016, followed by Afghans, Iraqis, Albanians, Iranians and Eritreans. - BBC | <urn:uuid:7256d7ed-2eea-4e58-9d4d-0faf27c5c048> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dailyglobewatch.com/index.php?route=page/content/list&page_id=74&page=14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00059-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968257 | 3,693 | 1.875 | 2 |
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Over 4,300 Covid
In addition to overlaying these business fundamentals, Max additionally writes about enhancing company tradition, optimizing business social media pages, and choosing appropriate organizational constructions for small businesses. Many businesses are operated by way of a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership . Most legal jurisdictions enable folks to arrange such an entity by submitting certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain different ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, restricted companions, or members are ruled partly by the charter documents and partly by the legislation of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized.
Professional organizers, like Marie Kondo, help people declutter and minimize for a living. In an age of materialism, many individuals are determined to downsize and take control over their possessions. Minimalism is turning into extraordinarily well-liked, but people often find it onerous to half with things they’ve owned for a very long time. Part of being knowledgeable organizer helps shoppers develop a system for downsizing. Medical transcriptionists typically cost 6 to 14 cents per line of transcription, which provides up shortly. The typical turnaround time for transcription work is 24 hours, so it is necessary to remain on prime of the roles you settle for.
Didis Revenue Falls After Beijings Crackdown Hurts Its China Business
Add extra particulars like handle,service space,business hours, and category in the different sections of your small business info. Do not upload content associated to the sale of harmful and illegal services or products. Virtual Kitchens are skilled meals preparation and cooking services set as much as put together delivery-only meals by way of third-party companies. They’re additionally known as Ghost Kitchens and Cloud Kitchens.
Start-ups are using technology to take a robotic strategy to manicures, providing a easy way to supply foolproof nail polish. Jason Citron created a online game that was going nowhere quick. So he stripped it all the method down to a chatting function that finally boomed during the pandemic. While the worst of the Brexit commerce disruptions are over, British exports to the European Union are down and corporations are annoyed. Our group of independent researchers evaluate the business solutions by comparing costs and options that can assist you make smarter shopping for selections. Our editorial team can help you select the right product, service or software. | <urn:uuid:1afbc73f-de3e-454a-be10-349ad02015ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ourslbc.org/top-8-lessons-about-business-news-to-learn-before-you-hit-30.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.937957 | 883 | 1.59375 | 2 |
"An Englishman is a person who does things because they have been done before. An American is a person who does things because they haven't been done before.
US humorist, novelist, short story author, & wit (1835 - 1910) "
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Curcuma zanthorrhiza, known as temulawak, Java ginger, Javanese ginger, or Javanese turmeric is a plant species, belonging to the ginger family. It is known in Javanese as temulawak, in Sundanese as koneng gede and in Madurese as temu labak. The scientific name is sometimes written as Curcuma xanthorrhiza, but this is an orthographical variant.
This plant originated from Indonesia, more specifically from Java island, out of which it spread to several places in the biogeographical region Malesia. Currently, most of the temu lawak is cultivated in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Outside of South East Asia, cultivars may be found also in China, Indochina, Barbados, India, Japan, Korea, the United States and some countries in Europe.
Curcuma zanthorrhiza flourishes up to 1500 m above sea level in a tropical climate. Its rhizomes develop well in loose soil.
Curcuma zanthorrhiza is used as a medicinal plant. The rhizome contains an ethereal oil (5ml per kg), it primarily consists of Sesquiterpenes. There is also a content of Curcumin (at least 1%, Ph. Eur.) and starch. Curcuma zanthorrhiza is used for dyspepsia. It is a spice too. According to one source it is an effective deterrent and pesticide of mushroom mites. | <urn:uuid:1c5a2f7e-7a3f-4de9-b402-545e73e39ef2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Curcuma_zanthorrhiza | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.815218 | 472 | 3.0625 | 3 |
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ch. 7 section reviews 7.1, 7.2, & 7.3
Who named South America's southernmost archipelago? What did he name it?
Ferdinand Magellan; "Tierra del Fuego" (land of fire)
What is the name of Paraguay's hardwood forest?
The Gran Chaco
Paraguay fought against what country in the Chaco War? What was the war about?
Bolivia; access to Gran Chaco and Parana River
Name the largest estuary between Uruguay and Argentina.
Rio de la Plata
What is the name of Argentina's fertile plains?
Which leader caused Argentina's economy to decline when he nationalized many private industries?
Who became South America's first avowed Marxist to be elected head of state?
Chile is the world's leading producer of what important metal?
a rocky headland belonging to Chile at the southernmost tip of South America
ranches in the Pampas
region in southern South America between the Andes and the South Atlantic
a cowboy of the South American pampas
A dictator in Chile who came to power by a military takeover promising to restore stability.
Which South American countries do not have Spanish as an official language?
Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana
What physical features dominate Brazil's landscape?
the Amazon River Basin and the surrounding highlands
What is the name of the continents's easternmost cape?
Cape Sao Roque
Which city is South America's largest
Brazil is the largest producer of what important group?
The colonies of British Guiana and Dutch Guiana became what modern countries?
British Guiana: Guyana
Dutch Guiana: Suriname
What is the most important mineral resource in the Guianas?
a Brazilian river
a magnificent waterfall at the convergence of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay
Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil
body of water bordering Rio de Janeiro
overseas department of France
What imaginary boundary divided the New World between Spain and Portugal? Who set this boundary?
Line of Demarcation; Pope Alexander VI
Which peak in the Andes Mountains has the highest elevation in the Western Hemisphere?
Identify South America's largest lake. What is the highest navigable freshwater lake in the world?
Lake Maracaibo; Lake Titicaca
Name the Venezuelan creole who helped the Northern Andean Countries win their independence from Spain.
What is the leading illegal export of the Northern Andean countries?
To which nation do the Galapagos Islands of the Pacific belong?
Name the Spanish conquistador who defeated the Inca of Peru. What city served as the headquarters of the Inca Empire?
Francisco Pizarro; Machu Picchu
Which country had the world's largest fishing industry before 1972? What natural phenomenon devastated the fishing grounds?
Peru; El Nino
a major South American river
grassy lowland plains in the north
the oldest permanent European settlement in South America
Indian for "mountains"
the world's largest active volcano
A ancient ruin in Peru, built by the Inca
Missionary martyr who was slain in Ecuador | <urn:uuid:1876e232-6d39-4b78-a059-062ba478b412> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://quizlet.com/11875380/ch-7-section-reviews-71-72-73-flash-cards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00399-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.876146 | 726 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia has reportedly voiced his support for the marriage of under-age females in the kingdom, while condemning those who seek to raise the legal marriage age.
What's he daydreaming about?
A girl is ready to marry at 10 or 12 years of age according to Islam, London-based Al Hayat reported Sheikh Abdul-Aziz Al Sheikh as saying, adding that Islamic law is not repressive to women.
"Those who call for raising the age of marriage to 25 are absolutely mistaken,"Al Sheikh said in a lecture at the faculty of Imam Mohamed bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh.
He added: "Our mothers and grandmothers got married when they were barely 12. Good upbringing makes a girl ready to perform all marital duties at that age."
The Grand Mufti’s statement came following discussions by the Justice Ministry to set a minimum age for marriage.
The conservative Kingdom is facing strong pressure to raise the minimum age for marriage, following international criticism of cases involving children forced into wedlock with older men.
In 2010, for instance, the Saudi Human Rights Commission, a government affiliated group, hired a lawyer to help a 12-year old girl divorce her 80-year old husband.
Preparing a child for being repeatedly raped is "good upbringing." | <urn:uuid:2ed9f21f-509e-48b5-ae0b-e522d1ee780a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://elderofziyon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/saudi-grand-mufti-girls-ready-to-marry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00008-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957355 | 267 | 1.875 | 2 |
The search for a secure alternative to the very popular ERC-20 tokens on Ethereum has turned up an unexpected solution: issuing tokens via Bitcoin’s Lightning Network second layer protocol.
A CoinDesk article reports that BHB Network co-founder and staunch critic of Ethereum Giacomo Zucco has hit upon the solution that he claims could change the game for entrepreneurs via a better token-minting protocol:
“If ethereum is going to die eventually, then we have very high hopes that this will be sustainable long term.”
He has named the open-source token project as Spectrum and it already benefits from several powerful names in the industry such as investors Fulgur Ventures and Poseidon Group, and startups such as Bitrefill and Chainside. Even crypto exchange Bitfinex has thrown its weight behind it, all of them keen to change the prevailing mindset about Bitcoin’s slowness for experimental tech.
Bitfinex CTO Paolo Ardoino already commits to issuing a Tether version compatible with Spectrum before the end of 2019, adding that “Bitfinex will continue supporting Lightning projects and features in our platforms”.
Spectrum will use RGB colored coin standards that will be tied to actual Bitcoin so that tokens can be issued several layers above it. In effect, instead of competing with sidechains like Liquid, it complements them and enables cross-currency swaps within Lightning channels.
This is very different from tokens on Ethereum, which are all operated via smart contracts and has built-in support for complex functions. This, according to ConsenSys employee Gregory Rocco, is why colored coins never got popular, since they required external coordination.
“If you want to do something with tokens, we think Layer 3 is the right place to put it. With lightning now you can be competitive, fast, creative, reckless.”
BitcoinNews is committed to unbiased news and upholding journalistic codes of ethics. For more information please read our Editorial Policy here.
Image Courtesy: Pixabay | <urn:uuid:01b2fb05-b0f4-4d57-bfaa-234ffef8c612> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bitcoinnews.com/tokens-on-bitcoin-soon-possible-via-lightning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.919264 | 423 | 1.53125 | 2 |
October 23, 2008
- Endosulfan moves closer to global ban
- Thousands call on EPA to eliminate endosulfan now
- Alert: Tell EPA to stand firm on fumigant use
- Dow files claim against Canada over 2,4-D ban
- Pot pesticides poisoning U.S. forests
- Pesticides in EU food hit record highs
- New York to ban the bug-bomb
- Pesticide ban stirs up a tulip tempest
Endosulfan moves closer to global ban
Meeting in Geneva on October 17, the scientific review committee of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (PDF guide, 24 pp.) voted unanimously to forward endosulfan for consideration for addition to the treaty’s list of chemicals to be phased out. Endosulfan is an organochlorine, part of the same family of chemicals as DDT, which EPA banned in 1972. The dangerous and antiquated insecticide is already banned by the European Union, nine west African and several Asian countries. The production and use of endosulfan remains high in China and India, and India’s state-owned Hindustan Insecticides Limited is a major producer of the chemical. These two countries abstained from the committee vote after trying unsuccessfully to stall the process. Scientific review of the chemical should take two years, with a final decision to list and thus ban endosulfan expected by government representatives in 2011. “Momentum is building for a global phaseout of this dangerous chemical,” says Karl Tupper, PAN North America staff scientist. “This is good news for farmers, workers and children worldwide who suffer the health effects of endosulfan.” Tupper will be in Rome next week as governments consider the addition of endosulfan to another international treaty, the Rotterdam Convention, which requires government-to-government notification when dangerous pesticides and other chemicals cross international borders.
Thousands call on EPA to eliminate endosulfan now
Even as the Stockholm Convention reached a milestone toward a global ban, Pesticide Action Network, in coalition with Earthjustice and the United Farm Workers (UFW), this week delivered more than 25,000 individual signatures to US EPA calling for endosulfan to be removed from America's farms and food supply. Twenty-four organizations joined in supporting the call. EPA is currently considering action on endosulfan in response to petitions submitted in February followed by a legal brief from the Natural Resources Defense Council, technical letters from PAN and others, and some 13,000 individual signatures on petitions gathered by the UFW, PAN, Organic Consumers Association, Beyond Pesticides, Farmworker Association of Florida, Alaska Community Action on Toxics and allied groups. Last May, concerned scientists and public health professionals issued an open letter calling on the EPA to cancel all uses of endosulfan on the grounds that it is a highly toxic, bioaccumulative, and persistent chemical. Last July a broad coalition of groups represented by Earthjustice filed a lawsuit against the EPA to protect children, farmworkers, and endangered species from endosulfan’s long tail of lingering effects.
Alert: Tell EPA to stand firm on fumigant use
The US EPA is under pressure from manufacturers and corporate farm interests to weaken proposed regulations to protect farmworkers and rural communities from fumigant exposure. That's why it's important to Take Action Now to tell EPA we want the highest safety precautions for fumigant pesticide use and a timeline to phase out fumigants. In July 2008, after three years of deliberation, EPA proposed new rules for five toxic fumigants pesticides. While the proposed rules fall short of fully protecting people and the environment, they are a giant leap forward in reducing risks of exposure to these dangerous chemicals. Fumigants are among the most toxic pesticides in use today. Exposure has been linked to birth defects, cancer, Parkinson's disease and acute poisonings. Fumigants are used in large quantities to sterilize soils before planting -- an archaic tool of chemically-reliant industrial agriculture and the antithesis of soil-nurturing sustainable farming. Please sign the petition by Tuesday, October 28 to demand that EPA stand firm on fumigant rules as an important step toward safer farming.
Dow AgroSciences has filed a notice of intent to seek compensation under "investor-protection provisions" of NAFTA for damages from the government of Canada over Quebec's provincial ban on the cosmetic use of pesticides. The Globe & Mail reports: Dow, which makes the weed-killer 2,4-D, claims "the Quebec ban outlawing the use of bug and weed sprays for merely appearances' sake around homes breaches legal protections owed by Canada to U.S. investors under the trade agreement." U.S. pesticide manufacturers are clearly alarmed at the spread of bans of landscape pesticides and herbicides, adopted by Ontario as well as Quebec, and by Canadian cities from coast to coast over the last decade. Dow and other 2,4-D producers have threatened legal action since at least 2002. A similar NAFTA-based claim has been filed by Chemtura over Canada's ban on lindane for seed treatment. The Globe & Mail notes that Kathleen Cooper of the Canadian Environmental Law Association observed that "the Quebec ban is backed by medical and environmental organizations, and enjoys wide support in public-opinion surveys. She says she is troubled that chemical producers can invoke NAFTA in an effort to 'undermine the decisions of democratically elected governments.'"
Pot pesticides poisoning U.S. forests
The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) reports Mexican-based "marijuana cartels" are using U.S. National Parks and forests to hide thousands of illegal pot farms -- in Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia and throughout the West. In the past two years, the Associated Press reports, 700 pot farms were discovered on USFS land in California alone. Last year, 20,000 pot plants were discovered in Yosemite Valley National Park. The USFS warns these illicit farms have turned pristine forests into "some of the most polluted pockets of wilderness in America." The California Department of Fish and Game estimates that growing a dozen marijuana plants requires about 1.5 pounds of fertilizers and pesticides. As of September 2, more than 2.2 million marijuana plants had been removed from California's forests. According to the AP: "Weed and bug sprays, some long banned in the US, have been smuggled to the marijuana farms. Plant growth hormones have been dumped into streams…. Rat poison has been sprinkled over the landscape to keep animals away." USFW Agent Ron Pugh told the AP: "America's most precious resources … are being devastated by an unprecedented commercial enterprise conducted by armed foreign nationals." While millions of dollars are spent destroying these hidden crops, there are no funds for cleaning up the chemical pollution. In addition to poisoning watersheds that supply downstream communities, pesticide residues cling to the plants themselves, leading CDFG Agent Patrick Foy to offer this warning to marijuana consumers: "You ain't just smoking pot, bud. You're smoking some heavy-duty pesticides from Mexico."
Pesticides in EU Foods Hit Records Highs
"Almost half of fruits, vegetables and cereals are now contaminated with pesticides," according to PAN Europe. The shocking discovery is based on an official study that is set to be released in November. Five of the pesticides most commonly found in food are known to be "carcinogenic, mutagenic, or disruptive to the hormonal system." PAN Europe Coordinator Elliott Cannel notes "these are the worst pesticide results we've ever seen. A record proportion of fruits and vegetables are contaminated, while 23 pesticides were detected at levels high enough to present an acute risk to public health -- according to the EU's own risk calculations." This represents a 20% increase in pesticide contamination of EU foods over the past five years. Nearly 5% of fruits, vegetables and cereals were found to contain dangerous levels of pesticides and more than 10% of the foods sampled contained four different pesticide residues. The study found 354 pesticide residues including maneb, procymidone, iprodione, carbendazim, deltamethrin and imidacloprid, the pesticide implicated in the mass die-off of European bees. The findings come as the European Parliament is preparing to vote on new EU-wide restrictions on pesticide regulations.
New York to ban the bug-bomb
On October 17, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report revealed that at least 466 people have been sickened or injured by indoor pesticide foggers -- aka "bug-bombs" -- since 2001. With 26% of the victims New Yorkers, the State's Health Commissioner Dr. Richard Daines told the Associated Press, "we cannot wait for the federal government to restrict the use of foggers." New York's Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) plans to reclassify the bug-bombs a "restricted-use product" that can only be used by certified pesticide applicators. Foggers have caused as many as eight explosions in New York City when the pyrethrin-filled smoke was ignited by pilot lights. While 80 percent of the victims only suffered burning eyes and headaches, 18 percent required hospital treatment and two percent were seriously affected. The AP reported there was one death: "A baby put to bed the evening her apartment was treated with three foggers was found dead the next morning." At $13 per three-pack, foggers are cheaper than hiring a professional exterminator but DEC notes there are other options "starting with blocking insects by caulking cracks."
Pesticide ban stirs up a tulip tempest
The Dutch Agriculture and Horticulture Organization (DAHO) has complained that new European Union restrictions on pesticides could destroy The Netherlands' famous -- and profitable -- tulip industry. A tulip's life can be cut short by moles, voles or Botrytis blight. And some see pesticides as the only defense. "Let us keep using those pesticides we can't do without," said DAHO spokesperson Jaap van Wenum. "If a sugar beet is small, it can still be sold. If a tulip bulb is too small it cannot produce a flower." Dutch Agriculture Minister Murco Mijnlieff said the government backs the restrictions announced in June. However, Minjlieff warned, if the European Parliament approves a more restrictive ban in January, "it's a problem." Dutch Green Party member Kathalijne Buitenweg welcomes the pesticide ban without reservations. "We have to choose for our health," Buitenweg told the Associated Press. "Protecting people and the environment outweighs short-term economic interests." Fortunately, you don't have to chose between healthy tulips and a healthy planet. You can have both with organic certified blooms. | <urn:uuid:a8d63369-fbcd-42f8-8019-4aca9a17600b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20081023 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.942032 | 2,252 | 2.453125 | 2 |
PHILADELPHIA --The Philadelphia Zoo is showing off some of its newest additions - four baby lemurs.
Four black-and-white ruffed lemur babies were born last month.
And get this - all four combined weighed less than a pound.
They're not quite ready for a public debut, but we get to see the primate siblings on video.
In fact, they're still too little to even get around on their own so mom "Kiaka" has to carry them, picking them up by her mouth.
Black-and-white ruffed lemurs are critically endangered in Madagascar so zookeepers say it's important for the species to breed in captivity.
A public debut is planned in the coming weeks. | <urn:uuid:4c3c574b-7713-4ed8-aee9-f386aa7a5705> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://abc7ny.com/news/1262546/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00271-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968826 | 158 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Your ad reads: “Lorem ispsum consequat dolor ix vox populii.” Either your audience is fluent in designer’s Latin, or you need to roll up your sleeves and start writing some real headlines.
Crafting copy for a design project can be fun if you have a strong command of your native tongue—though if writing is not your forte, the process can be nerve-wracking.
But don’t be scared. You’ve probably been a copywriter at some point in your life. Just think back to when you took a trip to a foreign land. When confronted by cryptic billboards and bewildering ad images, you couldn’t help but write sales copy on the fly. How else could you process that otherwise unintelligible mass of foreign characters atop a smiling, bikini-clad woman clutching a piping-hot cappuccino?
Use the following challenge to take a journey into the mind of a copywriter.
Within 30 minutes, find a foreign-language advertisement and redesign it with text you’ve written in your native tongue. Try not to adjust the layout to fit your words. What will help this foreign ad make sense to those who speak your language?
In the above example, I took a print ad for Mizkan—a brand of rice vinegar—and tried to translate the body copy from the original ad: | <urn:uuid:59ef4372-bbac-40d5-89dd-f530b96e5ea4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.printmag.com/imprint/this-weeks-challenge-lost-in-translation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00324-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90514 | 289 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Command & Conquer coded in HTML5
Aditya Ravi Shankar built the clone as part of his attempt to improve his coding skills, where he gave himself an entire month to do so, building the game in the browser while going through the original game’s files in order to get sprites, sounds and specs just the way it was. According to Shankar, “In hindsight, I might have wanted to take smaller steps and make a tower defense game instead of jumping directly into an RTS. Trying to do the whole thing in under a month all by myself wasn’t the smartest idea.”
Still, he got the job done, and there were some glitches here and there during testing, such as tanks getting stuck in the sea, and it works best in Chrome or Firefox. If you want to help improve Shankar’s work, check out the source code here. | <urn:uuid:31e2fe7e-51ab-4a00-84f2-137024190aeb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.coolest-gadgets.com/20120125/command-conquer-coded-html5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00097-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969635 | 185 | 2.203125 | 2 |
(PRWEB) January 31, 2014
Baccalaureate degree holders seeking additional leadership skills in organizational management now have an opportunity to continue their postgraduate education through ANU Online (http://www.an.edu/online/).
ANU now offers a master’s degree in organizational management that is designed to prepare students for leadership in a broad range of industries and organizations.
“Students in this program will gain a better understanding of organizational effectiveness and the roles of leadership,” said Keith Nordmann, executive director of online education. “They will also learn effective management techniques.”
Designed for people looking to advance their careers, this new e-learning program offers the same career-focused education with personal attention from faculty and staff that ANU students receive in the classroom.
“What sets us apart from other online colleges is our attention to students,” said Nordmann. “Each online class is limited to 25 students so that instructors have time to offer personalized attention throughout the course.”
Additional programs available through ANU Online include:
- Master of Business Administration
- Bachelor of Business Administration – Accounting
- Bachelor of Applied IT Management
- Bachelor of Business Administration – Management
- Bachelor of Health Care Management
- Bachelor of Information Technology
- Bachelor of Network Administration
- Bachelor of Cybersecurity
- Associate of Cybersecurity
For more information about the Master of Science in Organizational Management, visit http://www.an.edu/online/programs/master-of-science-organizational-management/. For more information about ANU’s online degree programs, visit http://www.an.edu/online/ or contact Keith Nordmann at kjnordmann(at)an(dot)edu or 540-283-6641.
Founded in 1886, American National University and National College are dedicated to the training and education of men and women for a full life and a successful career in a number of fields in business, computers, and health care. ANU and National College offer more than 45 academic programs including a master of business administration, numerous degree and diploma programs, English as a Second Language, and corporate training. Serving 31 communities through campus locations in Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana, American National and National College currently serve approximately 7,000 students annually.
- # # # - | <urn:uuid:01f05baa-99bd-4129-b3a7-868ec6519f67> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/02/prweb11545068.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929077 | 495 | 1.773438 | 2 |
For some people, a lap dog or calm and independent cat is the perfect pet. For others, they want a pet that demands more of them when it comes to mental and physical exercise. Consider the following five breeds (listed in alphabetical order) that are some of the most energetic canines out there.
These medium sized dogs are intelligent animals that have become well-adjusted as family pets. They are known for their exceptional obedience and loyalty to their owner. That close relationship is built around their desire for strenuous exercise – give them plenty of it or they will get stir crazy over time.
The Border collie breed is touted for its superlative intelligence and willingness to work. They were originally bred to be herding dogs and many are still used for that purpose. Nevertheless, they are increasingly common family pets due to their love and affection for people. Giving them considerable amounts of exercise is critical though. They have a tendency to destroy things or develop neurotic habits if left without work consistently.
These classic family dogs are perpetually friendly and easygoing, so it’s no wonder they are chosen for pets so often. Their friendliness is mixed with a persistent urge to run around and play. Labs really enjoy playing fetch or Frisbee, and will keep up with their owner as long as the game continues. Their desire to chase should be met on a daily basis – or else they are bound to get wound up.
Jack Russell Terrier
Jack Russell Terriers are small dogs with large appetites for adventure. Thanks to their fearlessness and eagerness to work, they are often used in television and film. As personal pets, they make for athletic, energetic sidekicks. Go for a run or play with them in the yard. Just make sure to keep them busy or else they might begin to chew, tear and dig through items in one’s house.
Siberian huskies’ history can be traced back to the Siberian Arctic where they were bred by the native Chukchi people. They are excellent sled dogs but can fit in well with most families or active single owners. As crafty dogs, they often figure out creative ways to escape past gates and fences. Siberian huskies’ impressive drive to run and exert energy can be tempered with fun activity every day. | <urn:uuid:c6355da5-1fba-49d8-ad64-77e8f00ff5d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://trupanion.com/blog/2013/02/5-very-energetic-dog-breeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00227-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972154 | 469 | 1.851563 | 2 |
There are two ways to submit. Both of them are good, but one is better than the other. It is better to submit grimly, even with resentment, than not to submit at all. But it is far better to submit as cheerfully and sincerely as we possibly can. We do it, not because the other person is better, not because we are cowards, not because we are weak - we do it because, in our mind's eye, we see God on His throne.
Our submission is always a response to Him. So we can do it with a smile, with gracious courtesy, and with determination. God makes the point very clearly that, even though a person has done wrong in abusing us, we do not have the right to retaliate. God expects us to submit cheerfully as an act of faith.
There is another reason why God wants us to do this. When a person retaliates, his mind is never pure. There is revenge and anger in him, even vindictiveness. And contrary to the saying, revenge is not sweet; it is a poison that breeds war! If an injured or abused person does not lower his standard to that of the abuser, God is free to work-the oppressor might even be changed to the high standard of the oppressed.
John W. Ritenbaugh
Submitting (Part 2)
Is God involved in our lives? Paul is bringing the example of Christ, and His attitude toward those who were in authority, all the way down to an employment level. In Ephesians 5:21, he brought it down to a relationship within a congregation. But in both cases, the submitting was done out of respect for God—not because the authority was great, not because the person was a better man or woman—in fact, it had nothing whatever to do with the character of the person in authority.
Our submission has everything to do with our relationship to God, what we know of Him, and the purpose He is working out. The biblical definition of submission is clear. This instruction is in perfect harmony with Romans 12 where he says, "Live with all men in peace," as well as, "Vengeance is mine, I will repay!"
Submission is an act of faith. It has nothing at all to do with the quality of character of the person to whom we are submitting. It does not matter whether he is a good or a bad guy. It does not matter whether or not we feel what he is doing is unjust. It may be very unjust—as the taking of Christ's life was very unjust. But Christ submitted to whatever God permitted—out of fear, out of respect, out of faith that God had Him in His hands and nothing would happen before its time. He knew God was concerned about the outcome of His life.
So then, biblical submission is respecting divinely appointed authority out of respect for Christ.
John W. Ritenbaugh
Submitting (Part 1)
Other Forerunner Commentary entries containing Colossians 3:23: | <urn:uuid:3602cf9e-405e-42ba-82db-61e17364b2b5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bibletools.org/index.cfm/fuseaction/Bible.show/sVerseID/29541/eVerseID/29542 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00165-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98025 | 623 | 1.867188 | 2 |
HARRISBURG - After being pushed for years by advocates, legislation to require some first-time drunk drivers in Pennsylvania to use ignition-interlock devices is inching toward becoming law.
The House on Monday voted, 193-2, to approve a bill that would force the use of ignition interlocks by first-time offenders whose blood-alcohol concentration was at least 0.10 percent. After returning to the Senate, which unanimously approved an earlier version, the bill would head to Gov. Wolf, who supports it, according to a spokesman.
Connected to the steering wheel or ignition, such devices require drivers to blow into a tube. They prevent the car from starting if they detect an unacceptable blood-alcohol level.
Current law defines drunk drivers as those with an 0.08 percent blood-alcohol level or above. It also only requires ignition interlocks after a second DUI conviction in Pennsylvania.
Advocates say the devices allow offenders to keep a job and meet other responsibilities while also preventing them from drinking and driving.
Between Oct. 1, 2003, and Dec. 1, 2015, ignition interlocks stopped more than 78,000 instances of drunken driving in Pennsylvania, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
The group has pushed since at least 2008 for Pennsylvania to require anyone convicted of drunken driving to use an ignition-interlock device.
"The proposal allows these offenders to be part of society, drive wherever they want to, but in a safe and sober way," said Frank Harris, director of state government affairs for MADD.
Twenty-five states require ignition interlock for anyone convicted of drunken driving, and two more have sent bills to enact that requirement to their governors, he said. Deaths from drunken-driving crashes have dropped dramatically in states that require ignition interlock for all offenders, according to MADD.
Chris Demko, a Lancaster County resident whose 18-year-old daughter, Meredith, was killed by a drunk driver in 2014, is among those who advocated for the bill.
Days after the crash that killed his daughter, Demko and his wife wrote a letter to their local newspaper to thank the community for its support, and to ask for help in passing legislation such as an ignition-interlock requirement.
"There's no greater pain than losing a child," Demko said Monday. "We don't want to see it happen to anybody else."
Statistics from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation show 10,288 collisions statewide involving drinking drivers in 2015.
firstname.lastname@example.org 717-787-2141 @karen_langley | <urn:uuid:eb360d04-5175-4201-9344-c8c911797d07> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/politics/20160517_Pa__close_to_requiring_ignition_locks_for_first-time_DUIs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.959317 | 532 | 1.601563 | 2 |
The interest for a Major in the oil & gas industry in gaining a foothold in Qatar goes far beyond mere geological considerations. While Qatar’s natural resources are attractive, the recent and massive investment in science and education is a more important incentive for potential investors. The natural resources are finite and when extinguished new energy sources will be required. Qatar is a world leader in researching these new sources and gaining access to this knowledge is a key objective for every company ready to compete on the future energy battlefield.
Besides, in order to promote scientific research and education on its soil and to attract FDI and skilled labour, Qatar is implementing a whole new business environment, through the reshaping of its legal system and multiple financial incentives. Therefore, not only a company wishing to invest in Qatar would benefit from a state-of-the-art research environment, it would also enjoy a much safer political and legal framework than in the majority of other producing countries.
Since the 1980’s Qatar has experienced huge changes, with rapid economic development and dramatic FDI increases. A thriving financial centre has grown out of nothing and world class sporting, scientific and educational facilities have been developed.
This report will evaluate the changes in the Qatar business environment and consider several policies and their impact. The focus will move to the oil and gas industry, with key challenges and advantages in the industry identified, before advice will be given for any prospective new firms.
Qatar at a Glance
Qatar is an unusual and unique setting for operations. It is important not to group Qatar with other gulf countries enjoying similar economic and social developments or as another generic Middle Eastern nation. Qatar is not a new Dubai or an Arabic-oriented Miami.
So while Qatar leverages its natural resources, it understands they are finite and can’t be relied on indefinitely. A 2008 document, Qatar Vision 2030, set the Emir’s objectives for Qatar up until 2030; to build tomorrow’s Qatari economy and society by attracting foreign investments and knowledge, diversifying its economy, investing abroad and promoting education and culture; to compete in the knowledge based international business environment.
Qatar natural resources give it the ability to fund this economic diversification. As a wealthy country the main issue is not how to finance a Science Park: it is attracting leading scientists and academics to develop projects there.
Therefore, the Qatari government has launched projects in partnership with foreign companies and universities. Instigated in 1995, after the peaceful coup by the current Emir, a crucial element of these development programs has been Qatar’s paradigm: a small country with huge financial and natural reserves, with complete economic control by the Government.
A Qatari elite comprising of Royalty, government officials and businessmen control the political, economic and business landscape. For instance the Prime Minister is also Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) CEO and the Deputy Prime Minister, Abdullah bin Hamad al-Attiyah, Qatar Petroleum (QP) Chairman. This is relevant as Qatar is an Arabic country. So when a deal is concluded and a contract written, the relationship goes beyond mere economic cooperation.
The possibilities available in Qatar are becoming clearer: Qatar’s energy industry is radically different to elsewhere, such as say Russia. By gaining a foothold in Qatar, a Major in the energy industry doesn’t only drill oil for short term profit to satisfy shareholders; it also has access to a unique environment for building future business models and investing in “flexible options” by benefiting from the Qatar scientific and educational revolution.
The Oil and Gas Industry in Qatar.
The Qatar economy relies upon its energy industry, especially to generate Government income (70% of total). Despite attempting to diversify the economy the energy industry accounted for 50% of GDP and approximately 85% of export earnings.
Qatar is integral to the worldwide energy industry and can become essential, as despite their large reserves they are currently the 22nd largest exporter of oil and 5th in gas production (Exhibit 1).
Qatar Oil and Gas Figures
Oil – Production (A Day)
Oil – Consumption (A Day)
Oil – Exports (A Day)
Oil – Imports (A Day)
Oil – Proved reserves
Natural gas – Production (A Day)
Natural gas – Consumption (A Day)
Natural gas – Exports (A Day)
Natural gas – Imports (A Day)
Natural gas – Proved Reserves (A Day)
Qatar’s North Gas Field, discovered in 1971, is the world’s largest non-associated gas field. Accounting for 14.4% of world reserves and is sufficient to support planned production of natural gas for 200 years.
Qatar is the world leader in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Large investments have been made in gas to liquid projects, with $20 billion invested in Ras-Laffan Industrial City. Qatar has ordered the world’s largest LNG tankers and trains to help develop their distribution network. QP has stakes in the Qatari LNG operations; Rasgas and Qatargas.
QP is the state owned energy company responsible for all phases of the oil and gas industry in Qatar. It makes huge profits and has a wide asset portfolio (Exhibit 2 and 3). It is a crucial component in the Qatar economy.
Foreign energy companies in Qatar operate through a variety of special contractual arrangements with QP, including joint-ventures (JV) and production-sharing agreements (PSAs).
Qatar Petroleum- Selected Income Statement-Year End 2009
Other Operating Income
Total Operating Revenue
Net Income For The Year
Qatar Petroleum Selected Balance Sheet – 31 December 2009
Qatar Business Environment
Since the 1995 coup, Qatar has continually strived to improve economic freedom, the taxation system and make it easier to set up businesses, attempting to attract FDI. With the most influential set of laws discussed later.
Qatar’s main economic objective is to fund the diversification of its economy through growth in the energy industry. However, as discussed earlier, the country appreciates the need for technological support from international companies.
To attract FDI, especially the energy industry Majors, the country has implemented two major sets of policy: the reshaping the economic and legal environment, and the construction of a knowledge-based society.
A Changing Economic And Legal Environment.
Since 2000 GDP growth has been strong and forecasts predict the economy will continue to grow rapidly (Exhibit 4).
Qatar GDP at constant prices
Many of the reforms target the energy sector: the objective is to fund growth of other sectors through Government revenues from energy.
Exhibit 5 and 6 suggests that this appears to be succeeding as there is a correlation between the growth in the energy sector and other sectors.
Qatar Gross Domestic Product at Constant Prices by Economic Sectors (2006 – 2010)
The recession affected all sectors and led to low 2008 and 2009 growth rates. This was due to low oil prices reducing the budget surplus, and thus government investment. However, Qatar recovered well in 2010 with GDP growth doubling to 17.4% in 2010 from 8.6% previously.
Heritage 2010 Index of Economic Freedom- Qatar
Freedom From Corruption
When all the aspects of economic freedom are considered, Qatar is ranked 2nd regionally and 39th in the world with a score of 69 (Exhibit 7and 8). Qatar ranks 50 in the ease of starting a business, as well as showing a rapid improvement in its Business Freedom score (Exhibit 7, 9 and 13).
Overall freedom to start, operate and close business is relatively well protected in Qatar. The new 2010procedure to register for taxes and obtaining a company seal, increased the number of days required for starting business from 6 to 12 (Exhibit 10), but this is lower than the world average of 35 days. The Heritage Business Freedom score has also improved, especially since 2008 (Exhibit 7), and is above the international average; however there is room for improvement to be a world leader.
Setting up a Business in Qatar
Cost (%of income per capita)
Minimum Capital Required (% of income per capital)
Qatar Global Competitiveness Report
While most economic freedom indicators have improved since 2000 the property rights, business and fiscal freedoms have experienced tremendous improvements (Exhibit 7).
Selected Producing Countries Doing Business Score
Doing Business Rank 2011
Doing Business Rank 2010
United Arab Emirates
Those evolutions (partly due to changes in the legal systems discussed later) have attracted an increasingly number of foreign companies, as shown by the increase in FDI and Net Foreign Assets (Exhibits 14 and 15).
FDI into Qatar 2000-2010
Qatar- Net Foreign Assets
As already mentioned, FDI and Foreign Assets are crucial for Qatar: to increase energy industry revenues and to create its knowledge-based society, it has to attract skilled labour and technology-based companies.
An Evolving Legal Framework
These improvements of its business environment have been possible thanks to the reshaping of its legal framework.
The 2000 investment law is a milestone in Qatar history: it has turned the country from a hostile-environment for FDI into a magnet for investors.
It is also important to note that the Articles 2, 5 and 8 of this law directly target the energy industry (Exhibit 16). By creating the opportunity to own oil “blocks” and to settle for 50 years in Qatar, the government expect foreign companies to bring their technology and skilled labour to undertake long-term projects that will be mutually benefit. The effect of this has been seen with the large increase in FDI since the law was enacted (Exhibit 14).
Qatar 2000Investment Law
Foreign investors may invest in all the sectors of the national economy provided that they have one or more Qatari partners whose share is not less than 51% of the capital.
The Minister may issue a decree allowing foreign investors ‘ share to exceed 49% up to 100% of the project’s capital, in the sectors of agriculture, industry, healthcare, education, tourism, exploitation and development of natural resources, energy or mining.
Requiredreal estate may be leased to the foreign investor to establish his investment project, for a period not exceeding 50 years renewable.
The foreign investments shall not be subject, eitherdirectly or indirectly, to expropriation.
Another major shift was the creation of the QFC (Qatar Financial Centre) and QSTP (Qatar Science and Technology Park, studied in more depth later), two, tax free, free trade zones in which sponsors are not required and 100% foreign ownership is allowed. Improvements in fiscal freedom have also been seen with the corporate tax rate slashed to 10% from 35% in 2010 for a foreign corporation in Qatar.
The QFC aims to attract banking and insurance companies while QSTP targets technology-based firms; they both have the same regulation. Therefore, from a legal point of view, both institutions share the same financial and legal incentives (Article 12; Exhibit 17).
Law No. (7) (2005) – On the promulgation of Law for the Qatar Financial Centre.
The objectives of the QFC Authority shall be the following:
To establish, develop and promote the QFC as a leading location for international finance and business designed to attract international banking, financial services, insurance businesses, corporate head office functions, as well as other business.
Notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in any other law or regulation, entities that are approved, authorised or licensed to carry on their activities in and from the QFC will:
1. not be subject to any nationalisation or expropriation measures or any restriction on private ownership;
2. have freedom to repatriate profits and realise investments;
4. Not be subject to any taxes except those set by or determined in accordance with the Regulations.
5. Be owned up to 100% by persons, companies and other entities which are not nationals of, or resident in, the State.
A Knowledge-Based Economy
As explained, Qatar has attempted to transform itself into a knowledge-based society by attracting foreign companies and universities to bring their skills and knowledge to Qatar and pave the way for the construction of a diversified economy and educated country.
For that purpose the Qatar Foundation was created in 1995. It then lead to the creation, in 2009, of Education City within QSTP (Exhibit 18).
Qatar Science and Technology Park (QSTP)
The idea underpinning QSTP is to attract foreign investors by providing them with world-class research facilities and a network of informal contacts that allow firms to benefit from each other’s knowledge generation. The legal and financial incentives have already been discussed.
By entering QSTP, foreign companies, especially in the energy industry, may take a decisive option for the future of their business: the large range of opportunities offered to them, through partnerships with other companies, can help them to shape their future business model.
Qatar Science and Technology Park Projects
Firms participating in the project
ExxonMobil Research Qatar
ExxonMobil is working to develop automated remote gas-detection technologies to identify emissions at liquefied natural gas production and transportation facilities.
Airbus, Qatar Petroleum, Qatar Airways, Rolls Royce, Shell and Qatar Fuel
The consortium is working on developing a clean-burning aviation fuel derived from natural gas.
The programme builds upon Shell’s extensive experience in the GTL field and focuses on catalyst testing, product development and GTL by-product research.
The Total Research Centre
It will undertake R&D activities in: multiphase oil and gas production carbonate reservoir modelling, acid gas management, polymer production and air-quality management.
Comparison with the USA
It is interesting to compare Qatar with the USA to identify areas of success and areas with room for improvement.
One key difference between Qatar and the US is that they epitomize two opposite political paradigms, while managing to both be magnets for technology-based companies.
Two opposite Political Systems
The US is one of the biggest countries in the world, the economic powerhouse of the world and epitomizes the spirit of entrepreneurship. Contrary to Qatar, each individual is expected to succeed through hard work and innovation. As shown earlier, in Qatar major scientific, economic or educational projects are launched by the government and individuals have little room for manoeuvre. For example, in the energy industry QP instigates projects.The US has little to no state ownership. The largest US company energy company, ExxonMobil, is the world’s largest publically traded energy corporation. Government intervention in the market is limited to regulations. The Government intervention in Qatar means that selected individuals have large power and this encourages corruption. As Exhibit 16 shows 2004 was the high point, which coincided with Qatar’s GDP growth and the availability of profitable opportunities. Recent efforts by the authorities have reduced corruption and the situation is improving.
The low level of corruption and the high property rights scores (Exhibit 22) mean that it much safer to do business, through easier contract enforcement and a more independent judicial system, in the US than Qatar; though Qatar is improving due to the 2000 laws.
Selected Comparison of Economic Freedoms available in USA and Qatar
Economic Freedom Ranking (Out of 179 countries)
Total Economic Freedom Score (Out of 100)
Property Rights (Out of 100)
Business Freedom (Out of 100)
Investment Freedom (Out of 100)
Freedom from Corruption (Out of 100)
One common objective: attracting skilled labour and fostering innovation, scientific research and education
Both countries encourage scientific research, creating partnerships between universities and companies and attracting technology-based companies.
A comparison of QSTP and Silicon Valley gives an indication of different approaches towards one objective. Silicon Valley has a location-specific advantage in the generation of knowledge related to the computer industry. One may consider that QSTP is the Qatari equivalent to the Silicon Valley, except that it is specialised in the energy field. Indeed, both have similar characteristics: they foster innovation by clustering companies, universities and scientists. If they share similar objectives, they were built through opposite processes: while Silicon Valley was created bottom-up, QSTP was constructed top-down. Silicon Valley was built organically thanks to innovative entrepreneurs, while QSTP is an artificial government creation: if both places operate the same way to foster innovation, they also reflect the economic patterns of both countries and can be used as examples of the business environment as a whole.
Some major families (Al Thani, Al fardan, al-Attiyah…) are at the head of the country’s political and economic institutions.
The government is strong and active: Its intervention regards all the economic and social aspects.
A booming economy: GDP growth averages 15% annually.
A developing stock market.
A three-strata society: Locals ,Western expatriates, Asian (Indian) expatriates.
The Kafala system can cause maltreatments regarding blue collar Asian and Indian workers.
Education system developing under the Supreme Education Council and Qatar Foundation.
Development of health care provisions by Supreme Council of Health, and the Hamad and Sidra Medical and Research Centres.
Attraction of foreign companies and skilled workers to foster technological headways.
Construction of research centers (QSTP).
Technological improvements are mainly undertaken in the energy and “green” industry.
A stable political and economic environment.
Protection of foreign investors.
Low corruption, through favouritism and political connections.
Qatar Vision 2030: Government initiative- fostering education, scientific and economic diversification through major projects.
A favorable tax environment (tax rate was reduced to 15%).
Law No. (13) 2000:obligation to enter into a JV, as minority shareholder, to set up a business in Qatar, except for specific exceptions where 100% ownership is allowed.
Expropriation is forbidden.
Creation of free-trade zones (QSTP and QFC), with 100% ownership and no tax.
Advantages and challenges of doing business in the Oil and Gas Industy in Qatar
A diversified asset portfolio
When entering in Qatar, a company has the possibility to create a diversified and audacious assets portfolio. In fact, Qatar is one of the only countries worldwide to have built LNG integrated supply chains and to have its own ships. Therefore, for instance, ExxonMobil has its most diversified asset portfolio in Qatar: it has taken positions in short, middle and long term options, with different levels of risks as shown by Exhibit 23.
Exxon Mobil Qatari Activities
This possibility to invest in flexible options given by QSTP is almost unique. By providing scientific and educational facilities to address the exhaustion of natural resources, Qatar also offers foreign and domestic companies state-of-the-art facilities to develop energy alternatives to fossil fuels. The programs developed for instance by Shell in QSTP (Exhibit 19) allows it to develop futuristic gas-to-liquids technology while producing LNG to finance this investment.
A safe business environment
The other major advantage of implementing an energy business in Qatar is the increasingly safe environment and the ease with business can be conducted, shown by independent ranking systems, compared to other producing countries. (Exhibit ?).
As already mentioned, it is possible to run oil and gas operations in Qatar through two main options: either a JV (minority shareholding) with QP or a 100% ownership of a hydrocarbon “block”.In many countries, like Russia, in which BP experienced difficulties in a JV, the political instability and the lack of protection of minority shareholders make a participation in a JV very risky. In Qatar a company involved in a JV is well protected (Exhibit ?).
Regarding the ownership of a “block”, we have seen that companies are well protected against expropriation and since the mid-1970s and the nationalization in of Shell and Dukhan Services there have been no cases of expropriation of foreign investment in Qatar. Qatar is vastly improving in regards to its respect of property rights with a 30% increase in their property rights score from Heritage in 2010, ranking it well above average.
So Qatar is a safe country to invest in, especially when comparing with other producing countries (Exhibit ?).
Doing business in Qatar involves high costs
There are extra costs caused by the political and economic structure of the country combined with the already expensive nature of the industry.
First, as already mentioned, the political and economic scenes are completely intertwined in Qatar, therefore to succeed in Qatar excellent relationships must be maintained with influential individuals and families. Regular reporting and contact increases administration costs.
Maintaining good relationships with some of the richest families in the world has a price. In the Arabic culture gifts are a token of appreciation, and to reciprocate the gift must be of similar quality. As the Emir-related families in Qatar are known for offering expensive gifts, a company that operates in Qatar has to reciprocate. Therefore in Qatar complying with these social conventions are as important, if not more so, than the contractual obligations.
A program called Qatarization imposes employment targets of Qataris, they are highly paid and have a reputation for underperforming. This situation should improve as the education system does.
Finally costs are increased by the need for extensive legal support and advice. In Qatar confirming watertight contracts is crucial in protecting business deals and opportunities. Therefore sufficient legal representation is an essential, if costly, requirement.
A lack of transparency and clarity
As discussed earlier Qatar is attempting to create a safe and welcoming environment for FDI, Qatar has instigated heavy fines and prison sentences for corruption.
Qatar is well ranked in the Corruption Perception Index Ranking, 22nd in the world, and has an improving freedom from corruption score (Exhibit 7). However, despite The Amir, his Heir, and the Minister of Energy all fighting corruption it still exists. With favouritism and returning of political favours causing the major problems. Therefore, one of the major issues of foreign companies when they do business in Qatar is the lack of information and transparency regarding certain decisions.
Suggestions for a MNC entering the Qatar Oil and Gas industry
It is crucial to develop good relationships with high-ranking QP and government officials and the influential families. As discussed earlier there is little divide within Qatar between government and business. It is the Qatar Investment Promotion Department (QIPD) that liaises between businesses interested in FDI into Qatar and local businesses and government. With their support doing the process is easier.
This leads into the collaboration with QP, which is normally necessary. Several different options are available and the strategy selected should be dependent upon internal expertise, industry and the acceptable risk and reward relationship. The JV terms must be carefully selected as once an agreement is reached it cannot be cancelled. In Qatar no deal is complete until the document is signed; it is therefore advisable to only deal with companies that are happy to commit everything to paper. While this may not be an issue with QP, it could be with local suppliers.
While these relationships are crucial it is advisable to not become over reliant on local partners. Creating internal local connections and knowledge is crucial. Having internal Arabic speakers will allow a better understanding of the local environment as news and tender announcements can be released in Arabic four days before English.
Extensive Feasibility Research and Contingency Planning
A thorough feasibility study prior to entry is essential. Entering Qatar has high levels of uncertainty with asymmetrical knowledge, favouring locals. Therefore an exhaustive study will reduce this and identify possible problems and allow contingency planning to cover most eventualities.
An important consideration following on from this when entering Qatar is that while large profits are possible, it is a capital intensive process. Cost of living is high and expatriates are necessary, due to the shortage of local skilled labour. Therefore, before market entry the necessary resources must be available to complete the project, and that the expected returns are worth the risk.
Appropriate Representation and Support
A key piece of advice upon entering Qatar is to have legal representatives fluent i | <urn:uuid:490d0ad6-23c8-4e2f-8124-fb3f7f23ad65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://economicsessays.com/the-qatar-oil-and-gas-industry-economics-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.928364 | 6,016 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Moss Side Curriculum
We strive to provide our pupils with a vibrant and engaging school experience.
At Moss Side, the curriculum is all the planned activities that we organise in order to promote learning, enrich the lives of our school community and encourage personal growth and development. We want our curriculum to be engaging and ambitious. The curriculum itself has its starting point in the National Curriculum 2014 but we believe that, in order for our pupils to gain the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in life, we need to tailor this learning so that it is relevant to our school and the community we serve.
Fundamentally, the curriculum is built to deliver the school aims, ensuring that every child does as well as they can during their time at school. It includes not only the formal requirements of the National Curriculum, but also the range of extra-curricular activities that the school organises, both inside and outside the hours of the school day, in order to enrich the experience of the children. It also includes the ‘hidden curriculum’ (what the children learn from the way they are treated and expected to behave).
Further detail is contained within our Curriculum policy
The links below contain the individual subject strands that cover the National Curriculum*
If you wish to know anything else about the curriculum that you child studies, keep an eye out for information via the Friday newsletters and from your class teacher. Parents’ evenings are also a great opportunity to speak to your child’s class teacher but do not hesitate to get in touch beforehand if you have any questions. If you are a prospective parent, our small group tours allow the opportunity for our curriculum to be discussed in more detail. Please see the admissions information for further details.
*Due to the disruption to learning caused by COVID19, we aimed to complete as much of this curriculum as possible in 2020/21 but some areas were not fully covered following an acceptance of the need to be flexible until Easter 2021 | <urn:uuid:8bb01594-bfbb-46bb-b9db-475dbc0cfa70> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mossside.lancs.sch.uk/parents/curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.967062 | 406 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Twenty-three Jewish refugees flee Brazil and the long arm of the Inquisition, and land in New Amsterdam.Collection TypeBook
Jefferson Letter1Collection TypeArchival
Peter Stuyvesant Letter with translation1Collection TypeArchival
Dutch West India Company allows Jewish settlers to reside permanently in New Amsterdam.
The English conquer New Amsterdam and rename it New York.
In September 1654, twenty-three Jews, fleeing the Portuguese conquest of Dutch Brazil, arrived in New Amsterdam (now New York City) and established the first Jewish community in North America. Over the next century, other Jews migrated to New York, Newport, Savannah, Charleston and Philadelphia. By 1775, perhaps 2,500 Jewish men, women, and children called the American colonies their home.1
- 16801Collection TypeMuseum Holdings
- 17101Collection TypeMuseum Holdings
New York's Shearith Israel dedicates its first synagogue building on Mill Street.Collection TypeArchival
Phila Franks (1722-1811), elopes with Oliver DeLancey, a Christian. Hers is one of the earliest recorded intermarriages in American Jewish history.Collection TypeArchival
- 17451Collection TypeArchival
First holiday prayer book printed in America is published in New York.Collection TypeBook
American Jews sought to fulfill the age-old requirements of Judaism: To keep the Sabbath, eat only kosher food, have their infant sons circumcised and provide Jewish burial. They founded a synagogue congregation in each of the five cities. Unlike Europe, where state-sanctioned rabbis prescribed and enforced religious observance, identifying with Judaism in America was voluntary. Individuals defined the meanings of being Jewish for themselves to a degree unknown elsewhere.11
Jewish population in America numbers approximately 250.
The Jews of Newport, Rhode Island dedicate a Sephardic ritual synagogue designed by leading architect Peter Harrison.Collection TypeBook
The Declaration of Independence proclaims “all men are created equal.”
Like other Americans, Jews took sides--and took up arms--during the Revolutionary War. About 100 Jews served in the Continental Army and state militias. By fostering religious freedom, the Revolution confirmed Jews in their belief that they were truly at home in America. In 1790, when the nation’s Jewish congregations sent letters of greeting to president George Washington, he assured them that the United States government “gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance.”1
This prayer for the Government for General George Washington and New York State Governor George Clinton was composed and delivered by Gershon Mendez Seixas (1745-1816) in 1784.1Collection TypeArchival
- 17871Collection TypeWebsite
- 17941Collection TypeArchival
- 18021Collection TypeMuseum Collection
Polonies Talmud Torah, the first Jewish school on record in the United States, established in New York City.Collection TypeBook
Mordecai Manuel Noah, politician, editor and playwright, appointed United States Consul at Tunis, the first major diplomatic post awarded an American Jew.Collection TypeArchival
In Philadelphia, Rebecca Gratz (1781-1869) establishes the first independent Jewish women’s charitable society.Collection TypeMuseum Collection
In 1820, American Jews numbered about 3,000, but by 1870, over 200,000 Jews could be found spread throughout the nation. Attracted by the booming commercial economy and religious freedom, a prolonged wave of immigration from the German states, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania, had brought tens of thousands of mostly young Jewish men and women to America.1
Jews in Charleston, South Carolina organize the first Reform Jewish religious group in the United States.
The first Jewish American periodical, The Jew, published in New York.
- 18331Collection TypeArchival
The first book by an American Jewish woman, Penina Moise’s Fancy’s Sketch Book, published in South Carolina.
First Passover Haggadah printed in America.
David Lee Levy of Florida elected to the United States Senate, the first Jew in Congress.
Twelve Jewish immigrants found B’Nai B’rith (Sons of the Covenant), the first secular Jewish organization in the United States.
- 18441Collection TypeMuseum Holdings
- 18491Collection TypeMuseum Holdings
Sabato Morais (1823-1897), rabbi of Congregation Mikvah Israel in Philadelphia, denounces the eveils of American slavery from his pulpit.Collection TypeArchival
Board of Delegates of American Israelites successfully protests Ulysses S. Grant’s “vile order” expelling Jews from Union-held areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky.Collection TypeArchival
Former United States Senator Judah P. Benjamin (1811-1884) is appointed Secretary of War and then Secretary for the State for the Confederate States of America.Collection TypeArchival
More Jews emigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1924 than in any period before or since. The vast majority-some 2.5 million-fled poverty and anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire, Romania and Austria-Hungary and transformed American Jewish life. By fostering the rise of a Jewish working class in the garment trades and other industries, these immigrants reshaped the labor movement and left-wing politics in America. By 1930, the Jewish comunities’ numbers rose to over 4 million, or about 3.5% of the US population.1
- 18691Collection TypeMuseum Holdings
In Cincinnati, Isaac Mayer Wise founds Hebrew Union College, Reform Judaism’s rabbinical seminary.Collection TypeBook
- 18811Collection TypeArchival
The Statue of Liberty unveiled in New York Harbor. Emma Lazarus’s sonnet “The New Colossus” (1883) is added to the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty.Collection TypeMuseum Holdings
- 18901Collection TypeArchival
The American Jewish Historical Society is established.Collection TypeArchival
The Jewish Daily Forward (Forverts), a Yiddish daily newspaper, is founded in New York by Abraham Cahan (1860-1951).Collection TypeBook
Solomon Schechter comes from England to America to head the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.Collection TypeBook
Oscar Straus appointed US Secretary of Labor and Commerce, the first Jew to hold a cabinet post.
Irving Berlin writes "Yiddle on Your Fiddle Play Some Ragtime," symbolizing the blending of Yiddish music into the American songbook.Collection TypeArchival
Henrietta Szold founds Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America.Collection TypeArchival
Louis D. Brandeis becomes the first Jewish justice of the Supreme Court.Collection TypeArchival
- 19181Collection TypeArchival
За период между 1870 и 1924, в Соединенные Штаты эмигрировало больше евреев чем за любой другой период, до и после. Подавляющее большинство из них—около 2,5 миллиона— бежало от антисемитизма и нищеты в Российской империи, Румынии и Австро-Венгрии. Они преобразили жизнь американского еврейства. Способствуя росту еврейского рабочего класса в швейной отрасли и других отраслях промышленности, эти иммигранты переформировали движение за права рабочих и левое крыло в американской политике. К 1930 году численность Американской еврейской общины возросло до более 4 миллионов, и составило около 3,5% населения США.11
Barney Dreyfuss World Series creation contract1Collection TypeArchival
- 19241Collection TypeVisual
After Congress ended mass emigration from Eastern and Southern Europe in 1924, for the first time in its history the American Jewish population became predominantly native-born. The children and grandchildren of immigrants entered the mainstream of American life. The rise of Nazi Germany and the disaster of the Holocaust confirmed the Zionism of many American Jews. Most Jewish Americans greeted with enthusiasm the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. By 1950, American Jewry, with five million individuals, was now the largest and most influential Jewish community in the world.11
- 19281Collection TypeMuseum Collection
The first musical to win a Pulitzer Prize, Of Thee I Sing, composed by George Gershwin.Collection TypeArchival
Women's Division of the American Jewish Congress declares a boycott on German goods to protest the Nazi persecution of Jews.Collection TypeArchival
Private investigator and author, Abraham Shoenfeld (1891-1977), who rooted out Jewish crime and criminals for the New York Kehillah, joins the American Jewish Committee to root out anti-Semitism.
- 19431Collection TypeArchival
By the end of World War II, more than half a million American Jews serve in the United States military.Collection TypeArchival
- 19471Collection TypeArchival
President Truman acknowledges the State of Israel.Collection TypeWebsite
- 19531Collection TypeArchival
Hank Greenberg admitted into the Baseball Hall of FameCollection TypeMuseum Holdings
During the Cold War, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed, convicted of having deliverd atomic secrets to the Soviet Union.
Epidemiologist Jonas Salk develops polio vaccine, the first effective weapon to combat the polio scourge.
Irving Berlin introduces his song “God Bless America”
The late 20th century found Jews more ensconced in the American mainstream than ever before. The turbulence of the 1960s and 1970s, however, saw Jews bring the student, civil rights, and anti-war militancy to bear on their own movements in support of Israel, and for the liberation of Soviet, Syrian, and Ethiopian Jews. The sixties counterculture also fostered an increased diversity in religious observance--the Havurah and Jewish Revival movements for some and a return to traditional Orthodoxy and Hasidism for others. The freedom to choose or create one’s own way of being Jewish and American remains vital after 360 years.11
Sandy Koufax, Los Angeles Dodger pitcher, named the National League’s Most Valuable Player1Collection TypeMuseum Holdings
Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry founded, following a march to protest Soviet anti-Jewish policies.Collection TypeArchival
The Jewish Defense League (JDL) was formed.Collection TypeArchival
The Friends of Ida Kaminska Foundation, Inc. was formed.Collection TypeArchival
Sally Priesand (b. 1946) ordained, the first female rabbi in America.Collection TypeArchival
- 19771Collection TypeArchival
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow wins Nobel Prize in Medicine for her role in developing radioimmunoassay.
Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born author of Yiddish fiction who immigrated to the US in 1935, awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
The Jewish Defense Organization (JDO) breaks away from the Jewish Defense League (JDL) by Mordechai Levy, a former member of the Jewish Defense League.Collection TypeArchival
FJP and UJA merge to form the UJA-Federation of Jewish Philanthropies of New York.Collection TypeArchival
Ira Berkow starts as a sports feature writer and columnist for the New York Times.Collection TypeArchival
- 19891Collection TypeArchival
Stephen Spielberg releases his Oscar-winning film Schindler's List.
The United States Holocaust Museum opens in Washington DC.
- 19971Collection TypeWebsite
The Jewish Community Centers (JCC) Association of the National Jewish Welfare Board begins the Birthright Israel program, which sponsored first-time visits to Israel for American Jews.
Connecticut Senator Joseph Lieberman named first Jewish vice presidential candidate of a major political party.Collection TypeBook
- 20021Collection TypeArchival
- 20031Collection TypeArchival
AJHS begins soliciting materials and processing the Archive of the American Soviet Jewry Movement (AASJM) collection.AJHS учреждает Archive of the American Soviet Jewry Movement (AASJM)—Архив Американского Движения за Права Советский Евреев.Collection TypeWebsite
Family History fairs led by Steven Siegel (1946-2012) attempt to connect the public with genealogy and archives.
Emma Lazarus Award Ceremony honors recipients Kenneth J. Bialkin and Mikhail Gorbachev.Премия имени Эммы Лазарус вручается Кеннету Биалкину и Михаилу Горбачёву.
Processing begins on the four year project to process, arrange, and describe the UJA-Federation of New York Collection1Collection TypeWebsite
- 20121Collection TypeArchival
Monuments Men movie premieres1Collection TypeArchival
К концу 20-го века евреи прочно обосновались в американской массовой культуре. Неспокойные декады 1960х и 1970х с их движениями за студенческие и гражданские права и массовыми антивоенными протестами отразились на еврейских движениях в поддержку Израиля, за освобождение советских, сирийских и эфиопский евреев. Контркультуры шестидесятых способствовали возникновению разнообразия в религиозных обрядах—движения Хавура и еврейское возрождение для одних, возвращение к традиционной ортодоксии и Хасидизм для других. Свобода выбирать или творить свой собственный способ быть одновременно евреем и американцем остается жизненно важной по прошествии 360 лет.11 | <urn:uuid:9a377aeb-8c7a-4888-8bdc-dd59504228a4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ajhs.org/timeline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00006-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.698636 | 3,947 | 3.71875 | 4 |
OTTAWA—The Conservative government has unveiled new guidelines for companies that want to sell their wireless spectrum licences.
Any company that wants to transfer their wireless spectrum licence will now have to ask Industry Canada to do a review within 15 days of signing an agreement that could lead to a prospective change.
The department will then give the proposed deal a thumbs up or down.
The new policy framework comes after the Harper government blocked a plan by Telus to buy struggling wireless upstart Mobilicity in a deal worth $380 million.
The government says it will prohibit spectrum transfers that would limit competition in the Canadian wireless market.
Industry Minister Christian Paradis says the government will use all tools at its disposal to ensure there are at least four wireless competitors in every region of Canada.
The government has long sought to increase competition in the wireless sector that has been dominated by Bell, Rogers and Telus.
During a 2008 sale of wireless spectrum, Ottawa set aside a portion for new entrants in an effort to create a new national carrier and strong regional providers.
While the policy attracted several new players, most of the independent carriers — operating the Wind, Mobilicity and Public Mobile networks — have struggled to make money. | <urn:uuid:7592fc6f-c46f-4170-99bf-8936f0ecba32> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thestar.com/business/tech_news/2013/06/28/ottawa_unveils_new_guidelines_for_wireless_spectrum_transfer_deals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951559 | 245 | 1.507813 | 2 |
On a sunny Saturday afternoon in early March, the cafes surrounding Manger Square in Bethlehem are doing a brisk business. A waiter greets passersby in French, then Russian and German. Switching to English he offers a grin and a thumbs up. “Obama!” is all he needs to say. The American president’s visit may be controversial in some places, but here in Bethlehem it has helped encourage tourism, the lifeblood of the city.
On Saturdays tourists often take day trips to Bethlehem from nearby Jerusalem, where the Jewish Sabbath is strictly observed, closing shops, restaurants, theaters, and public transportation. A taxi from East Jerusalem brings visitors to Bethlehem in twenty minutes, even with a brief stop at the checkpoint.
Like President Obama, most tourists come to see the Church of the Nativity, the site where many believe Jesus was born. But others come to visit the quaint city, no longer a “little town” but still a charming place where residents enthusiastically welcome foreign visitors. Stores sell Christmas ornaments, olive wood crosses and creches year round, and cafes offer international fare as well as “authentic Palestinian dishes,” Arab coffee and hookahs.
While the majority of the population is now Muslim, the Palestinian Authority protects Bethlehem’s Christian identity. The mayor must be Christian–Vera Baboun, a former English professor, was elected last year as the first woman mayor–and Palestinian police guard the Christian sites. Last year the Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route were awarded UNESCO world heritage designation after the PLO applied for the status.
Christianity is good for business in Bethlehem, a fact not lost on most store, café and hotel owners who are still recovering from the bleak years during and immediately following the Second Intifada, when fear of violence kept most tourists away. Now business is picking up and Mayor Baboun came to Washington last month to promote the Bethlehem Development Initiative (BDI), a multi-million dollar plan to revitalize the city.
The Christian character of the city is not only historic. While Orthodox traditions and institutions date back centuries and Orthodox priests still lead the very visible religious festivals, Catholics and various Protestant denominations are also strong. Perhaps most surprising is the strength of the relatively recent evangelical and conservative mainline Christian institutions in Bethlehem. Careful to use the term to describe their theology, not an overt tendency to seek converts, evangelicals are known in Bethlehem for attracting new international visitors, donors and investors.
Bethlehem Bible College (BBC), established in 1979, has gained an international reputation for training ministers, theologians and lay Christian leaders. Openly evangelical (the school affirms the statement of faith of the National Association of Evangelicals) the school gained attention in recent years for organizing the bi-annual “Christ at the Checkpoint” conference, which attracts well-known evangelicals from the U.S. to both speak and attend.
The International Center of Bethlehem (also known as Diyar) is on the campus of the Evangelical Lutheran Christmas Church and includes a guesthouse, conference center, restaurant, and gift shop. Closely affiliated are the Dar al-Kalima schools, a K-12 program re-established in 2000 (after it’s original founding in 1860) and a two-year college founded in 2006. Rev. Mitri Raheb, pastor of the Christmas Church, keynoted a breakfast meeting last month associated with the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington, and helps encourage churches to support the BDI.
Although the Holy Land Trust is not a religious institution, founder Sami Awad has become a popular figure among American evangelicals who are attracted to his message of pacifism and his training for “peacemaking.” Born and raised in Bethlehem (his father founded BBC) Awad was profiled in “Little Town of Bethlehem” a film shown in hundreds of U.S. churches and has been part of a speaking tour sponsored by World Vision.
An unlikely tourist attraction in Bethlehem is the concrete wall that rises 26 feet above parts of the city, separating the West Bank from Israel and providing a canvas for everyone from the famous graffiti artist, Banksy, to tourists who write their own sentiments in a variety of languages. On any given day, tourists line up to have photos taken in front of the concrete billboard. A group of students from evangelical Wheaton College Wheaton College(IL) spent days painting a 20 foot long message, “Love Wins” along part of the wall.
While President Obama’s visit will be brief, to the ancient city of Bethlehem it is just more evidence of renewed international interest in the city where Christianity was born and still thrives more than 2,000 years later. For the small, but tenacious Christian population, it is one more sign of hope. | <urn:uuid:d889c8a4-a416-42b9-9f23-ea185fcfdfec> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://hcef.org/790793399-the-faith-obama-will-find-in-bethlehem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00283-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947932 | 992 | 2.125 | 2 |
Tomatoes grow well in a pot on the patio or indoors in a sunny window. Most varieties will grow in pots, but smaller, more compact varieties will do best. Choose a spot that gets at least eight full hours of sun every day and be sure to give them plenty of water. Shelter tomatoes from the sun when the days are above 90 degrees Fahrenheit and protect them from freezing weather.
Choose a large plastic, wood or ceramic pot with a diameter of 12 inches or more with ample drainage holes in the bottom. Place a piece of screen in the bottom to keep the soil from washing out through the hole.
Mix equal parts of potting soil, perlite, sphagnum peat moss and organic compost to use as a potting soil. Add a slow-release fertilizer specifically designed for tomatoes.
Fill the pot with the soil mix to about three-quarters full. Position a stake or tomato cage in the pot.
Choose a healthy plant with a strong central stem and a well-developed root system. Place the plant into the pot next to the stake and fill the pot to within three-quarter inch of the top with the soil mix. Firm the soil and water the plant thoroughly. Tie the stem loosely to the stake with cotton twine.
Put the tomato plants in a sunny place that is protected from the wind. Check the moisture in the pot daily and water as needed, soaking the soil thoroughly. In the house or on the patio, rotate the plants regularly to encourage even growth.
Fertilize again, when the fruits begin to develop with a water-soluble fertilizer specifically designed for tomatoes. Follow the dilution directions on the label. Add liquid fertilizer every few weeks during the fruiting season.
Remove weeds as they appear and continue to tie the tomato loosely to the stake as it grows.
Allow tomatoes to ripen on the vine. Pick when fully ripe and enjoy. | <urn:uuid:3f2eadba-c8a7-4ab3-8cc6-6de6d432698c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gardenguides.com/79434-grow-potted-tomatoes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00280-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917317 | 389 | 2.90625 | 3 |
was the first of a few of you to send in the recent news of how Universal Music had decided to donate over 200,000 master recordings
to the Library of Congress:
The American people, through the nation's library, will receive a post-holiday gift of vintage sound recordings from one of the world's largest recording companies. The Library of Congress and the Universal Music Group (UMG) announced today the donation of more than 200,000 historic master recordings--many long out-of-print or never released--to the Library's Recorded Sound Section, which has more than 3 million sound recordings in its collections.
Totaling in excess of 5,000 linear feet, UMG's gift is the largest single donation ever received by the Library's audio-visual division and the first major collection of studio master materials ever obtained by the nation's oldest cultural institution. Among the collection’s thousands of metal and lacquer discs and master mono tapes are released and unreleased versions of recordings by such seminal artists as Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, Tommy Dorsey, Billie Holiday, the Andrews Sisters, Connee Boswell, Jimmy Dorsey, the Mills Brothers, Guy Lombardo, Ella Fitzgerald, Fred Waring, Judy Garland, and Dinah Washington, among others.
All of that sounds nice and surprisingly altruistic from an operation like Universal Music... until you read the fine print. That's because missing from the LoC's excited announcement is the fact that Universal Music retains the copyright
on the recordings, and is basically just handing off the physical archival costs to the American taxpayer. It will let the LoC stream the music -- which is better than nothing, but it's not nearly as impressive as actually donating the copyrights as well. | <urn:uuid:d0a80353-993c-4b14-a412-16e21b7b2913> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110112/03561512629/universal-music-donates-master-recordings-to-library-congress-keeps-copyright.shtml?threaded=true&sp=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00302-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940174 | 357 | 2.015625 | 2 |
By mid 1964, the University subway had been running for over a year, and the Bloor-Danforth line’s opening was set for early 1966. Extensions to the east and west were already approved, although the Etobicoke segment ended at Montgomery Road on the east side of Mimico Creek. This would later be changed to Islington, and the stations at Prince Edward and at Montgomery were consolidated into a single stop at Royal York.
With most of the line built by cut-and-cover, work was underway in many locations simultaneously, aided by the final added funding contribution from the Metro Toronto government. Unlike more recent projects, where political wrangling and tax saving measures dictated that construction run as slowly as possible, the BD line’s construction was a high priority in its day.
Yorkville became the centre of Toronto’s 60’s culture, complete with an endless stream of tourists driving through to gawk at the hippies through closed windows. The name had such an unsavoury reputation for up-tight pols that in time the station would be renamed “Bay” with “Yorkville” as a subheading. Now it is one of the poshest areas in the city.
A fleet of 164 subway cars was on order. These were the “H-1” trains as they would be known after their manufacturer, Hawker-Siddeley, at what is now the Thunder Bay plant of Bombardier. | <urn:uuid:0c2dc8da-5ff4-48c3-9dd7-a632cc7e3eef> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://stevemunro.ca/2016/02/21/theres-a-new-subway-on-the-way-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00127-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985999 | 304 | 2.296875 | 2 |
In 1104 Kanni 5, (1929), Guru passed away. In 1928 May 26, General Secretary C.V. Kunhiraman has submitted a memorandum to the authorities describing the disabilities of Ezhavas and stressing the need to give communal representation. The annual meeting of Yoga in 1932 June 29 demanded maturity voting right. In the meeting n 1932, December 17, at LMS Hall, Thiruvananthapuram where about one hundred people representing Christians, Muslims and Ezhavas created 'Akhila Thiruvithamcore Samyukta Rashtriya Mahasabha' and submitted a memorandum to Diwanji, demanding reservation for population wise representation in legislation and election through public areas. SNDP Yogam had a great representation in the revolt. The LMS meeting saved the seeds of a great turning point in Travancore history.
On August 27, 1933, Sri. C. Kesavan had unanimously been elected as the Yogam General Secretary. At that time, according to his annual report, the total government jobs were 20,278 out of which only 787 were represented by Ezhavas who consisted a population of 8,72,174 while Nairs who had a population of 8,68,411 possessed 10,585 jobs. In 1935, Sri C. Kesavan was arrested and imprisoned charging traitorousness on the basis of Kozhancheri oratory. In 1936 October 8, Sri C.P. Ramaswami Iyer had taken charge of Diwan and on November 12, he published a decree permitting all Hindus to enter in the temples.
It was on Changanasseri Conference in which Yogam decided to participate in State Congress agitation. At that time both as an organisation and as a community SNDP Yogam and Ezhavas were the only participants in State Congress agitation. Later, Yogam decided to stop the relationship with State Congress only for the sake of the community. Accordingly, General Secretary, V.K. Velayudhan and Board Member R. Sankar resigned their posts in Yogam and entered in live politics.
In 1944 December 20, at Changanassery meeting, R. Sankar was elected as Yogam General Secretary. At that time, he was the Acting General Secretary of State Congress. Yogam had 933 branches, 24 unions, 4 union buildings, 214 branch buildings, 5 UP schools and more than 4000 permanent members. Ten years after he retired, Yogam had 1224 branches, 662 branch buildings, 13 union buildings, 18 UP schools and 12 high schools. Temporary membership had risen from 2 lakh to 3 lakhs.
In 1220 Makara (1945), Sree Narayana Guru Smaraka Committee has been formed as N. Kumaran, President and E.C. Govindanasan Treasurer. They met the Diwan and discussed about starting an A Grade College for Ezhavas. Diwan agreed on the condition that the committee had to rise Rs.5 lakh, and the same amount will be given by the government. Due to the dullness in the field of cashewnut industry, the Committee was unable to rise the amount. At that time, a news about the starting of a college at Kollam by NSS came in the newspapers.
The Committee met again and informed the Yogam that they would give Rs. 2 lakh and the Yogam should rise the Rs. 3 lakh and start the college under its control.
The Yogam's annual meeting in 1945, November 24 and 25 at Kollam decided to start a first grade college at Kollam. In 1947, stone had laid for the college. In 1948, pre-university classes started. In 1951, Women's College was also started working at Kollam. Behind all these was the yeoman service of Yogam General Secretary R. Sankar and team. According to the decision of the Yogam, in 1952, Sree Narayana Trust was formed and the control and working of the colleges were taken under the custody of the trust.
In 1953, the50th anniversary of Yogam was celebrated pompously with All India Exhibition, Art Exhibition etc. for 5 weeks under the leadership of R. Sankar at Kollam. It was the greatest in the history of the social organisations of Kerala.
After R. Sankar, Sri. Karthikeyan was the Yogam General Secretary for 2 years. Then again, R. Sankar became General Secretary for one year. After that, for three years Sri. K.R. Narayanan became the General Secretary. From, 1961 to 1970, Sri. M.K. Raghavan was the General Secretary. In 1971, Sri Mangoozhi Madhavan became the General Secretary. In 1973, Sri. N. Srinivasan became President and Pfro. P.S. Velayudhan was the General Secretary. It was during that period that SNDP Yogam had conducted a great procession in Thiruvananthapuram. In 1973, SNDP Youth Movement & Vanitha Samajam started working. | <urn:uuid:0950d25d-d23a-4f3e-ab3a-cbf65e77a652> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gurusreenarayana.blogspot.com/2012/08/sndp-yogam-after-sree-narayana-guru.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977184 | 1,061 | 2.453125 | 2 |
MUMBAI: The Maharashtra government on Saturday announced a scheme under which women in the BPL category and those part of self help groups (SHGs) will be provided 10 sanitary napkins at Re 1.
The order, which was issued by state Rural Development Department minister Hasan Mushrif, will be implemented from August 15 and will benefit 60 lakh women in rural areas.
The decision was taken to mark World Menstrual Hygiene Day.
"The decision will help rural women below the poverty line (BPL). At present, girls below the age of 19 can avail six sanitary napkins at Rs 6. But now all women in the BPL segment will be benefited. A machine for disposal of sanitary napkins will be set up in each village," Mushrif said.
The implementation of the scheme will cost the state government Rs 200 crore annually, the minister said. | <urn:uuid:850d1a5c-3ed2-49e8-90cf-ea5ec929b1f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/28/maharashtragovernment-to-launch-scheme-to-provide-10-sanitary-napkins-for-re-1-2459129.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.943476 | 184 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The world is in turmoil. After two years of an atrocious pandemic that turned the world economy upside down, a merciless war on Europe’s doorstep has thrown it into turmoil. Is it the destiny of humanity to be swept away by violence? Is there a way out? Is there any hope? Architect Roberto Kohanoff, a Siloist humanist who has been working tirelessly for nonviolence for more than half a century, reflects with us on this point.
By Isabel Lazzaroni
How do you see the present moment?
The Earth’s evolutionary process is accelerating. Like every organism, the Earth is also in process. This is how it allowed the development of increasingly complex life and then the development of the most evolved species until we reach today’s homo sapiens. And this homo sapiens is able to think, feel and act in an increasingly conscious way. In fact, reaching the development of consciousness will be the most advanced step in this evolutionary process, which is proceeding faster and faster.
And what are the consequences of this acceleration?
Historians who have defined what is known as megahistory (an attempt to explain history in maximum temporal and spatial scales, according to the definition of the Mendocino historian Gabriel Peralta) locate a moment towards the end of this decade that they call a moment of singularity. At that moment, due to the speed of change, all current human learning will become obsolete. Then, as a species, we will have to find inspiration to be able to respond to the world’s conflicts with a response that is characteristic of a new species. We might even say a response that goes beyond the homo sapiens that we still are.
And what will happen then?
Then, conflicts arising from the old strategies of “social ordering”, which are based on the use of violence, or on the belief that more violence can do away with the violence we assign to the enemy, will end up hurting both those who receive violence and those who exercise it. It is simple: we are in a closed system, as a consequence of the acceleration I spoke of earlier, which leads to concentration. And in a closed system, violence comes back to the perpetrator.
Is it necessary to overcome violence?
Of course, it is. Faced with this panorama, the new evolutionary step that the human species has to take is the strong expansion of consciousness. And here, the latest research carried out by neuroscience comes to our aid. Neuroscientists explain that learning is accelerated when it is more empathic. This means – because they have proven it – that both children and adults learn better behaviours, which lead to increased adaptation, through good treatment. The great novelty is this: if one brings peace in oneself and brings it to others, the paradigm shift will be implemented quickly. This will be possible because the fine communications network that now covers the entire planet will allow for an instantaneous change – or in a very short time – of those old organisational structures (or old strategies of “social ordering”).
How does one bring peace in oneself?
Peace in oneself is achieved by spreading by example the most ancient of procedures, already recommended by different spiritualities, religions and philosophies, which was called – and is still called – the Golden Rule. In its Western or Judeo-Christian version, this rule says: “love thy neighbour as thyself”. In its most extreme definition, it reads: “love your enemy, he is you”. And it has been redesigned as: “learn to treat others as you want to be treated”. In the practical version of the Golden Rule, according to Silo, it is: “look for the good side of your enemy”.
Then, when you see the futility that more violence cannot end violence, that learning will emerge for everyone, the learning that with inner peace you can achieve peace in the world.
Is this possible?
This requires the renunciation of the use of violence between countries and regions, but also between communities, between friends, between family members and with oneself.
If there is one nature in human beings, it is the capacity for change. No species on Earth has undergone such great change and acceleration of change as the human being. And the violence that seems to be human is a primitive inheritance. But, as strong as that heritage is the heritage of the growing capacity for cooperation that is leading us to a new civilisation, the first that involves the whole Earth, the first that is universal. | <urn:uuid:f395e46a-aeb1-48e8-ae7e-73ff689378e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pressenza.com/2022/07/how-do-we-get-out-of-the-global-crisis-interview-with-roberto-kohanoff/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956147 | 940 | 2.515625 | 3 |
New Jersey SubLease Agreement
A New Jersey sublease agreement is a form written for a tenant, sublessor, who holds a master lease with a property owner and decides to let someone else, sublessee, occupy the same space in exchange for monthly rent. The sublessor must make sure that in the master lease it does not limit them from subletting the premises, and if so, they must seek the written permission from the landlord to allow them to rent the entire space or a portion of it.
The sublessor will be recognized as the individual that will hold any and all financial and legal responsibility for the sublessee. For example, if the sublessee does not pay rent on time the sublessor remains bound to the master lease and must pay the agreed upon amount. Therefore it is imperative that the sublessor screen any potential sublessee with the rental application to ensure they are working and have the financial means to pay the monthly amount.
Flooding – If the property is located in a flood zone, See FEMA Map, the sublessee must be made aware.
Lead Paint – If the housing unit was built before 1978 this form is required to be completed and signed by every sublessee.
Truth in Renting – If the housing structure has two (2) or more units in it, this form must be handed out. | <urn:uuid:482fc028-4a15-4006-ac4e-c3ccec3d383f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://rentallease.net/new-jersey/new-jersey-sub-lease-agreement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00123-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953992 | 283 | 2.390625 | 2 |
VOL. 127 | NO. 251 | Wednesday, December 26, 2012
Missions Double for Heart Foundation
By MICHAEL WADDELL
Children around the globe in countries that do not have the medical resources available here in the U.S. are getting a helping hand from The International Children’s Heart Foundation, a local organization targeting congenital heart disease.
The International Children’s Heart Foundation this year will perform nearly 900 surgeries, a number that has doubled in the past two years.
(Photo Courtesy of International Children’s Heart Foundation)
Since its inception in 1994, the foundation has conducted Babyheart missions to provide care for more than 6,000 children. This year the foundation will perform nearly 900 surgeries, a number that has doubled in the past two years. Most of the children range from newborns to 3 years old, but the program also does surgeries on some older patients, when necessary.
“Everything you can do to help children is noticed every day, not just once in a while,” said Terry Carter, foundation executive director. “The work that our medical teams do is invaluable. It allows the kids to have normal lives for the first time, and it relieves the stress load on their families.”
This year, the foundation will make 30 trips to countries on five continents, including in the Ukraine, Belarus, Iraq, Libya, Honduras, Ecuador and the Dominican Republic. Each trip costs between $35,000 and $60,000.
Approximately one in every 100 children born in the world will have a heart defect, and right now there are 6 million to 7 million children worldwide waiting for surgery. The goal of the foundation is to save the lives of children, while also assisting medical professionals in impoverished areas to become more knowledgeable and self-sufficient in order to provide excellent care for other children in the future.
Dr. William Novick, a pediatric heart surgeon from Memphis, participated in his first mission to Croatia in April 1993 and decided he wanted to create an organization that would be an official charity devoted to sending volunteer medical teams around the world to provide surgical correction of congenital heart defects in as many countries to as many kids as possible without any cost to the families.
In July 1994 the International Children’s Heart Foundation was officially established and incorporated, and the first Babyheart missions were conducted.
Novick is currently on a Babyheart mission to Kemerovo, Russia, in the heart of Siberia, where the high temperature is 45 below zero.
“We work with the ministers of health or the equivalent thereof in countries that are either underdeveloped or under-resourced for providing these services to kids,” Carter said.
The medical teams generally travel for a minimum of two weeks at a time to a particular geographic area. The 13- to 16-person teams consist of cardiac surgeons, pediatric anesthesiologists, perfusionists that operate the bypass machines and adjust the temperature of children prior to and during surgery, operating room and ICU nurses, critical care cardiologists, and respiratory therapists – the majority of which volunteer their time and skills for the missions.
The most common defects seen are ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect, where there are deficiencies in the walls separating the heart’s chambers, said Dr. Christian Gilbert, the foundation’s associate medical director of surgery. Gilbert did his first Babyheart mission as a volunteer in December 2008 and then began working for the foundation full time in January 2009. He now goes on 14 to 15 Babyheart trips each year.
“The foundation is growing in an exponential fashion. The demand for the help and services of the ICHF has exceeded our capacity to provide care. We can only provide services when there is adequate funding,” said Gilbert, who stressed the importance of philanthropic donations to the ICHF cause. “With a sizable grant we could expand our coverage, hire more staff and meet the needs that are going unmet right now because of funding conditions.”
The foundation’s annual operating budget is $6.3 million, the majority of which comes from donations. More donations mean more children will get the surgeries they need.
“We’re getting to the point now where there is so much demand that we are in three different places in three parts of the world simultaneously,” Carter said.
Next year, the foundation anticipates breaking its record for most Babyheart trips in a year with 40 planned missions, and Carter says that number could rise, depending on requests from particular countries.
“We hope to return to Egypt in 2013, and we are evaluating Macedonia as a possibility for next year, as well as a couple of new sites in Russia,” Carter said.
The foundation provides all of the medical supplies and medical equipment needed for each visit.
“That’s a pretty monumental effort in itself,” Carter said. “We have to determine what the medical team will need based on the types of surgical procedures they will be performing, and all of that has to be matched up and sent ahead of time so that when the medical team hits the ground they are ready to pursue the surgical schedule and get to as many kids as possible.”
The ICHF also works with local professionals at each destination to help them become more self-sufficient and provide improved care for future patients.
“We work with medical and health care professionals in each area, and we work out educational and training programs so that locals can learn the specialty aspect of cardiac surgery and recovery from cardiac surgery,” said Carter, who explained that it usually takes three to six years for some areas to establish independently run programs.
In the future the foundation hopes to establish as many as six centers of excellence strategically placed around the world to serve larger geographic populations. | <urn:uuid:590410ee-89a1-4480-bd51-02a4c75c29a3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.memphisdailynews.com/news/2012/dec/26/missions-double-for-heart-foundation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959347 | 1,207 | 1.96875 | 2 |
The Castello di Pralormo has medieval origins but, over the centuries, it has been transformed into a nobiliar residency which has always been inhabited by the Beraudo di Pralormo family since 1680. The castle is located at around 30 km from Turin, close to the historic region of Langhe and Roero.
What has preserved the beauty of this site is the constant commitment of the current owners, Consolata and Filippo Beraudo di Pralormo, in safeguarding, restoring and enhancing the historic property. In fact, every year from April to November they allow the opening to the public of the family house, promoting the discovery of what the everyday life in a Piedmontese Castle looks like.
The park of the castle, which was designed around the mid-nineteenth century, has an English style with a deep romantic soul. It is opened to visitors every year in April, with the amazing blooming of 90,000 tulips. Furthermore, the park is characterised by centenary trees, such as the cedars, oaks, lindens and many others, that contrast the stateliness of the castle and which offers unique views in every season of the year. This is part of the “delightful journey” which aims at astonishing the visitor with natural colours, sounds, views and historic romantic situations. In particular, the most striking part of the park is the Theatre of Verzura which used to host concerts, ballets and theatrical performances within the statues of the “Quattro Stagioni”. The owners’ intention is that of proposing again traditional shows and concerts in such a picturesque scenario. | <urn:uuid:8f9513ca-2aab-430a-b816-1aa0b384ef03> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ledimoredelquartetto.eu/en/portfolio/castello-di-pralormo-pralormo-to/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.962369 | 350 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Wenceslaus III was the 7th King and the 1st Emperor, his wife Viola of Cieszyn was from the House of Piast and was related to Wladyslaw I the Elbow-High. Wenceslaus's sister Anne married Henry of Carinthia which helped him to become regent to Wenceslaus's sons Premysl Otakar III and Borivoj III. Through marriage Premyslids are related to killed of both Wenceslaus and Henry, Conrad of Bolštejn, who had daughter Margaret who married Wenceslaus's last son Vladislaus. The kingship then went to their first son Vladislaus III. He also had other siblings including John who inherited the duchy of Warsaw from him when he became king and Margaret who became the duchess of Pilsen. Vladislaus then married Mary of England, daughter of Edward IV, making his children related to John I of Luxembourg and Andronikos III Palaiologos. These children were Borivoj IV and Vratislaus of Pilsen. | <urn:uuid:e95a343c-c771-40a8-ab42-f0b88f361369> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Premyslids_(Premyslid_Bohemia) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00545-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986263 | 225 | 2.875 | 3 |
Photos and Story by Tom Demerly and Jan Mack for TACAIRNET.com
The 2016 Cleveland National Air Show on September 3, 4 and 5th was the first civilian air show to host the Lockheed-Martin F-35A Lightening II Heritage Flight Demo Team with both an F-22 Raptor and a P-51 Mustang in formation flight.
The U.S. Air Force F-35A Heritage Flight Team flew with an F-22 Raptor from the Air Combat Command F-22 Demo Team at Langley Air Force Base and the North American P-51 Mustang “Baby Duck”from the Warbird Heritage Foundation of Waukegan, Illinois at Cleveland.
The flight demonstration in Cleveland followed a two-aircraft Heritage Flight at the Chicago Air and Water Show two weeks before on August 19-21 that only featured the F-35A and the P-51.
To date, flight demonstrations of the new USAF F-35A Lightening II have been infrequent since the aircraft only reached IOC (Initial Operating Capability) with the U.S. Air Force on Tuesday, August 2, 2016.
Demos of the F-35A have been flown with relatively low performance profiles compared to the F-22 demo team and other tactical jet demonstration teams partially because of the recent integration of the F-35A into Air Force operational status.
The inclusion of the Air Force F-35A into the Heritage Flight and the air show circuit parallels the successful integration of the F-35A variant into Air Force operational status.
The F-35 program has recently entered a phase of acceleration in demonstrations that included a spectacular display at the Royal International Air Tattoo (RIAT) in July with six F-35’s of two variants from three services demonstrating at RIAT. The RIAT display also included a demonstration of the F-35B’s (U.S. Marine and Royal Air Force) STOVL capability in addition to USAF F-35A’s. The USAF F-35A Heritage Flight Demonstration at Cleveland was another display first for the successful program.
One of the concerns about basing locations of the F-35’s across all variants has been noise levels. This demonstration was the first opportunity for many people to hear the F-35A in comparison to other military jets including twin engine F-22 Raptors and twin engine FA-18 Hornets flown by the Blue Angels. The noise level throughout the demonstration in Cleveland seemed no louder than other tactical aircraft. The aircraft does produce a distinctive howling sound from the new Pratt & Whitney F-135 after-burning turbofan engine for short periods in specific flight attitudes relative to the show line.
“You’ll see the F-35 program picking up speed now in all areas, including a big media push” said Air Force Major Will Andreotta, demo pilot for the F-35A that flew at Cleveland. “The aircraft offers an incredible variety of capabilities many media outlets haven’t reported on yet. We’re going to change that in these coming months” Maj. Andreotta, callsign “D-Rail”, told TACAIRNET.com.
Major Andreotta gave us the opportunity to hold and examine one of the F-35A helmets. The helmet, said to cost over $400,000 USD, is a remarkable system.
“It’s not just a helmet, it’s an integrated display that functions with the sensor system to provide a level of control and situational awareness that has never been available to any pilot before.” Major Andreotta told us. “It is easy to get used to since it is scaleable, you can call up capability as you need it, and not use it when you don’t.”
Throughout the weekend demo the Air Force maintained a tent in the show venue where spectators could meet Master Sgt. Ed De Leon Jr., the F-35A Lightning II Heritage Flight team chief from the 56th Fighter Wing, Luke Air Force Base, Arizona along with both F-35A pilots and other personnel supporting the flight demonstration.
The flight demonstration profile on each day featured the P-51 Mustang taking off from the show venue on Lake Erie at Burke Lakefront Airport, performing a brief solo display then exiting the demonstration box for the arrival of the F-22 Raptor Demonstration Team who also performed a solo flight demo but flew out of Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, several miles away, where the F-35A demo team was also parked.
The F-35A typically entered the demonstration box airspace from the left (west) of show center and performed a slow pass in review followed by a high performance turn during which the aircraft exceeded 90-degree bank angle. These passes provided excellent views of the F-35A in profile and plan form views from both the top and bottom of the aircraft, giving photographers and spectators a truly remarkable insight into the future of military aviation technology.
Following the entrance pass and introduction of the F-35A by the team announcer the aircraft formed up with the F-22 and P-51 behind the demonstration box and entered again from the right of show center. There were usually two passes, one at a slightly greater distance initially with the subsequent pass flying closer to the crowd line to afford better views and photos.
The Cleveland National Airshow U.S. Air Force F-35A Heritage Flight Demonstration was three days of truly remarkable aviation history before our eyes. Most spectators got their first look at the F-35A at this demonstration and it was apparent the massive crowd of over 100,000 airshow spectators was excited about seeing the F-35A for the first time. While the demonstration itself did not include aerobatics now common with the older F-22 Raptor demo team, the F-35A put on an exciting show that only begins to hint at future successes of the overall F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program, a massive program still at its beginning. | <urn:uuid:49cf4dd0-9220-4226-be01-b02deb4e1526> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://tacairnet.com/2016/09/17/first-civilian-airshow-f-35a-heritage-flight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00185-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934991 | 1,244 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Crisis of Leadership and the Role of Citizens in Black AmericaISBN: 9780739197905
A theoretical examination of the concepts of the citizen, citizenship, and leadership, A Crisis of Leadership and the Role of Citizens in Black America: Leaders of the New School proposes to develop a prototype or model of effective Black leadership. Furthermore, it examines "citizenship habits" of the Black community based on their economic standing, educational attainment, participation in the criminal justice system, and health and family structure. It tracks data in these four categories from 1970 to today, measuring effective leadership by the improvement or decline in the majority of African Americans standing in these four categories. This book concludes that African Americans have negative perceptions of themselves as U.S. citizens, which thus produce "bad citizenship habits." Additionally, ineffective Black leaders since the Civil Rights era have been unwilling to demonstrate the purpose and significance of service, particularly to the poor and disadvantaged members of the Black community. Contemporary Black leaders (post-Civil Rights Era) have focused primarily on self-promotion, careerism, and middle-class interests. A new type of leader is needed, one that stresses unity and reinforces commitment to the group as a whole by establishing new institutions that introduce community-building. | <urn:uuid:204879c4-3a10-4c6a-bfa2-b22d90c51270> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bargainbooks.com.au/products/9780739197905 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.945356 | 252 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Assignment 2: Additional External Financing and Business Plan Project, Week 2
*****Part One: Additional External Financing
You have been running your small business, Craft’s Boat Shop, for several years now and have been very successful. You have come to the point where you expect sales to increase next year and want to be sure that you have enough assets available to support your sales. You also need to have the financing available to acquire those assets, if needed.
Accordingly, you have gathered the following data:
Craft’s Boat Shop
Sales Last Year $1,000,000
Assets at the End of Last Year 750,000
Accounts Payable 60,000
Notes Payable 60,000
Profit Margin on Sales 5%
Dividend Payout 50%
Note: All figures are as of the end of last year
• If you need $0.80 in assets for every $1.00 in sales, by how much can sales increase without obtaining additional outside financing? HINT: Use the AFN formula.
*************Part Two: Business Plan Project, Week 2
Continue working on your business plan. This week, you should create pro-forma financial statements for the first five years of operations. Document all your assumptions and support your use of the assumptions. | <urn:uuid:9fdae816-ed0c-4cdd-bc04-a5fa1d9dda4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.studentlance.com/solution/additional-external-financing-and-business-plan-project | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00135-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927544 | 274 | 2.1875 | 2 |
PowerGrip Timing Sprockets
Use with PowerGrip Timing Belts.
Full split in bushing allows easy installation and removal.
Precise sprocket design produces positive, press fit to shaft.
Precision manufactured and static balanced to eliminate sprocket wobble.
Gates PowerGrip Timing Pulleys are measured by number of grooves, pitch and width. For example; part number TL30L050 denotes “TL” for Taper-Lock®, 30 grooves, L (.375”) pitch and 1/2” width.
Pitch—The pitch of a PowerGrip Timing Pulley is the distance from center to center of the grooves (in inches). The letters correspond to pitches as follows:
MXL = Mini Extra Light = 0.080” pitch;
XL = Extra Light = 0.200” pitch;
L = Light = 0.375” pitch;
H = Heavy = 0.500” pitch.
Width—The width designation is in hundredths of inches and corresponds to the width of the widest belt that can operate in the pulley.
The complete pulley designation must be used when ordering a Gates PowerGrip Pulley.
Details shown which do not affect drive function or overall weight may be changed without notification.
Abbreviations used for pulley bore: MPB=Minimum Plain Bore. Abbreviations used for pulley materials: AL=Aluminum, ST=Steel, SiS=Sintered Steel, GI=Gray Iron, DI=Ductile Iron.
MXL and XL MPB pulleys are supplied with set screws. L and H pulleys are not supplied with keyway and set screws.
WARNING: Do NOT use these sprockets with rim speeds in excess of 6,500 fpm.
Access our handy Belt I.D. Chart for easy-to-read images, sizing, specifications, product I.D. numbers, and more. Gates offers an extensive range of power transmission belts—from V-belts to synchronous belts—to meet your needs. | <urn:uuid:154ca154-b749-4d19-bc47-2edaf607a2f7> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.gates.com/products/industrial/industrial-belts/sprockets-and-sheaves/synchronous-sprockets/powergrip-timing-sprockets | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718957.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00435-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.835254 | 443 | 1.5625 | 2 |
|Title||Seasonal Hydroclimatic Forecasts as Innovations and the Challenges of Adoption by Water Managers|
|Publication Type||Journal Article|
|Year of Publication||2014|
|Authors||Whateley, Sarah, Palmer Richard N., and Brown Casey|
|Journal||Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management|
|Keywords||climate change, Decision support systems, forecasting, Innovation, management, water management|
Technological advances in forecasting the Earth’s climate offer a potentially useful tool to support planning and management decisions in water resources. Previous research has found that the implementation of new ideas and practices are impeded by many challenges such as low forecast skill, institutional obstacles, and political disincentives to innovation. To better understand barriers to forecast use at seasonal-to-interannual, decadal, or longer time scales, this paper evaluates a diffusion of innovations (DoI) framework to assess the adoption of hydroclimatic forecasts by water managers in the Northeast United States. Specifically, this paper seeks to understand how five innovation characteristics, relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, and observability, influence the rate of adoption. Methods used for this analysis include the distribution of a survey, interviews, and a literature review. Results indicated that while much attention has focused on institutional obstacles, in the Connecticut River Basin obstacles were related to characteristics of the forecasts themselves. Evaluation of the DoI makes clear that the challenges to forecast use are common to all innovations. | <urn:uuid:11684939-9139-40b0-8110-c8b8e97e40c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.umass.edu/necsc/biblio/seasonal-hydroclimatic-forecasts-innovations-and-challenges-adoption-water-managers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.887843 | 368 | 1.804688 | 2 |
How do hobbies affect our indoor air quality?
Artists have always risked their health for the love of their craft, whether they work with paint, food, cloth, wood, metal, resin or many other materials! I’m talking about air quality here, and I guess the only art with pure air may be music. Let’s get to the details of each and see how, in this age of technology, you may not have to sacrifice your health for your art.
Painting: Oil paint is my favorite medium because of its rich color and shine. When I first learned to oil paint in 2004, the school (which was a beautiful converted old mansion) had a permanent fragrance of turpentine and being a healthy person, I had no problems breathing for the 2-3 hour classes, but now I know… it’s not the paints, it’s the mediums and thinners. Most artistic oil paints, straight from the tubes, don’t contain VOCs. However, the turpentine and mineral oil spirits used as thinners and cleaners exude many VOCs that can pass from the lungs into the blood. I found out later that turpentine has an odor threshold of 200 ppm in air, but the current permissible exposure limit is only 100ppm, meaning if you smell it, you’ve already been exposed to too much! (sciencedirect.com) Acrylic paints, because they are water-based, require only soap and water cleanup. Many art acrylic paint brands are certified as non-toxic, however some can contain agents that can emit VOCs, such as antibacterial, anti mildew, quick drying or conservant agents (woodguide.org).
Here are some ways to embrace painting without toxins:
Try oil-painting without solvents by using a brand that has a more fluid “body” such as Rembrandt or Blockx. (sophieploeg.com)
(for oil paints): Try solvents that have low VOCs, such as Sansodor, Zest-it or Roberson’s Studio Safe Orange Solvent.
If you do use a toxic thinner, paint, or brush cleaner make sure to do so outside or with plenty of ventilation (windows open, fans going). Keep the lids on these thinners closed when you are not using them, and don’t store solvent-soaked rags in closed containers (they are a fire hazard).
Look for “AP-Certified Non-Toxic” or “Certified Non-Toxic”, on the label. "AP" is a rating found on a product that is considered to be non-toxic by the ACMI in accordance with the ASTM. If the product contains the rating “CL”, this rating indicates potential risk and is rated so by the ACMI in accordance with the ASTM. (artistrunwebsite.com) Mainly these hazards arise if the paint is ingested (use common sense!)
Buy from a company that is dedicated to non-toxic ingredients, such as earthsafefinishes.com.
If you have a pre-existing health condition and/or you use spray paints that can send finely atomized particles through the air, check out this review of best respirators for painting.
Food: Maybe you never thought of food as art before television elevated cooking shows to cult status. Personally, I know of several foodies who spend months planning, shopping for and executing their Thanksgiving day menu for a crowd of 25 or more! Being able to partake in such an “exhibition” is pure delight, but no one ever thinks about the dangers for the artists and the guests. According to an experiment detailed in a New Yorker article, researchers cooked a Thanksgiving dinner in a test home and found that levels of fine particulate matter reached as high as 285 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3). In comparison, fine particulate matter levels in New Dehli, which has poor air quality, average around 225 µg/m3 during the dirtier winter months. “Even short-term increases of just ten micrograms per cubic metre from one day to the next will increase hospital admission rates and mortality in the over sixty-fives,” according to Francesca Dominici, a biostatistician at Harvard. All those delicious smells and aromas can be very unhealthy, but there are ways to temper them:
Using a rangehood exhaust fan of the appropriate power when cooking on the stovetop and even baking
Peeling and chopping aromatic veggies like onions and oranges near the exhaust fan
Cracking a window to dilute the atmosphere
Taking breaks outside when possible/appropriate
Sewing: Wait a second here! Sewing? Granny never suffered from making our pajamas and all those quilts…or did she? It turns out that “fiber art” (a term that includes all kinds of uses for fabric in artistic ways) puts out a lot of ultrafine particles into the air. According to these crafters, even several HEPA filters were not enough to clean the air from heavy fabric cutting and sewing machine use. Those who sew professionally, such as seamstresses and factory workers, are at an even higher risk because they are breathing in microfibers all day long. Here are some ways to keep your work area safe:
Get an air quality monitor for your sewing/craft room. The Indoor Air Hygiene Institute requires a PM2.5 level of 12 μg/m3 or less, with infrequent or no spikes of 35 μg/m3 or higher. If the levels persist above 12 μg/m3 , use a mask while vacuuming or cleaning until you can get the levels down.
Use a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter to clean everything in your sewing/craft room that can hold dust: surfaces, the floor, tops of cabinets, the sewing machine, drapes, etc.
Using a bipolar ionizer like Air Angel or Germ Defender and a HEPA filter will help remove ultra-fine particles from the air. The Air Angel and Germ Defender’s ions cause ultra-fine particles to stick together, creating larger particles that are more easily captured by the HEPA filter.
Try using starch on fabrics before cutting and sewing to keep it from releasing as many fibers. A product called Mary Ellen’s Best Press is a popular starch alternative; however, its ingredients are not listed, and it cautions not to breathe its mist. Here is a recipe for making your own Best Press.
Using a polyester blend thread will produce less lint than all-cotton thread.
Store fabrics in plastic tubs or closed cabinets, in order to keep them from gathering dust.
Dispose of any old fabrics that have mold or insect damage or are degrading on their own.
Run fabrics through a non-heated dryer cycle or shake them outside before using to get any surface lint/dust off.
Did you know that formaldehyde can be present in new fabrics (those that have not been washed) to prevent mildew and wrinkling. Pre-washing the fabrics can remove the formaldehyde.
If you find yourself coughing and sneezing during sewing, remember that is a sign of fibers that are irritating your throat and lungs. However, even if you aren’t coughing while breathing the same dusty atmosphere, you are doing damage to your lungs and possibly the rest of your body!
Woodcarving: Whittling away with a carving knife and block of wood is not detrimental to your health, unless you slip and cut some part of your body instead of the wood! When you start to bring sandpaper and high-speed tools into your art, then you’ll release those fine and ultra-fine particles that hurt your lungs and body. In addition, paints and lacquers used to finish the wood can introduce VOCs and toxins into the air. This is one hobby that requires some serious air filtration.
Suck it up: air filters can be located in your workspace, or outside of it. If your workspace is within or connected to your home and you have an external dust filtration system (like this one), it will be affecting the ventilation in your house because of the negative pressure created! Make sure that combustion gases from water heaters and stoves are properly venting, by using an air quality monitor in your home and workshop. There are also many brands of filters you can hang in your shop to trap the finest particles, which tend to stay suspended in the air for a very long time. These do not create a negative pressure because they suction and exhaust into the same space.
Many woodworking tools like saws and sanders have a port for attaching a vacuum. When using the tool, always attach and use a HEPA vacuum!
Clean it up: Did you know that you can get HEPA filters for the traditional shop vacuums? Just find out your model and shop for a new filter.
When in doubt, use a mask: thanks to the pandemic, a variety of masks have evolved that are more comfortable, durable and effective than old dust masks. Here is one that filters up to 99.9% of all dust/air particulates and pollution sized .1 micron or greater and conforms to NIOSH N99 filter standards. The outside is washable, but it requires new inserts (cannot be washed).
Be sure to use good ventilation when performing woodburning, painting, staining and using other finishes: read the labels!
Metal arts: Welding is a fabrication process that uses heat, pressure, or both to fuse two or more parts together, forming a joint as the parts cool. (engineeringchoice.com) The heat is generally produced by passing an electrical current through the two metal parts. One part is grounded, meaning the electrical current will pass to the ground, and the other part is electrified by the welding machine and the electrode (which are consumable or non-consumable).
The gasses emitted when welding depend on the type of welding, the metals involved, and the pre-treatment of the metals, but they can be composed of:
Metal fumes and fluoride exposure in the case of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW, also known as stick welding)
Significant levels of ozone, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide gases in the case of Tungsten Inert Welding (TIG)
In other processes, carbon dioxide from the decomposition of fluxes, carbon monoxide from the breakdown of carbon dioxide shielding gas in arc welding, and ozone from the interaction of electric arc with atmospheric oxygen. (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety)
If the metal has been degreased with a chlorinated solvent, other airborne gases (such as phosgene, hydrogen chloride, chlorine gas, etc.) may be produced. (Occupational Health & Safety Online)
Hazardous fumes such as lead from painted surfaces, or chrome from chromated surfaces that heat up with the metal when welding, even if you are not directly welding that area.
It might be obvious that you would need to use lots of ventilation when welding, and with the high heat, fire protection so that nothing around you catches on fire. There are lots of articles online about setting up an area in your attached garage to weld. But from an air quality standpoint, this is not a good idea. We discussed in this post that cars should not be left idling in the garage in order to prevent these noxious fumes from penetrating the shared wall with the house (and benzene, which is in gasoline), and you should take special precautions when having an attached garage in general. Welding for a couple hours in the garage on a Saturday afternoon can do the same thing as leaving a car idling in the garage.
Here are some things you can do to make welding a safer hobby for you and your family in terms of air quality:
The door between the garage and house needs to be air-tight to avoid allowing hazardous gasses to leak into the home. Install an insulated, metal, fire-rated door with a self-closing feature, so it won’t be left open accidentally. A good weather seal is also imperative. (HGTV.com)
If your garage walls are already finished with drywall, consider making the garage a negative pressure zone with an exhaust fan, at least during the time you are welding and for 30 minutes after.
If the garage walls are unfinished (only insulated), consider taking out any fiberglass insulation, replacing it with spray foam insulation (for its air-sealing properties when properly applied), finishing with ⅝” type X (fire-rated) gypsum board on the garage side of the walls, and using fire-rated caulk, adhesive, or expanding foam to seal up penetrations.
Of course, take all the necessary precautions against fire by sealing up paints and flammable materials like paper, cardboard and rugs, and storing them well away from the welding area. Grinders can throw sparks, too. Even the paper facing on fiberglass can catch fire, so be sure to cover anything that may be flammable with a fire-proof blanket or move it away.
3-D printing: 3D printers are now accessible to home hobbyists because of lower pricing and material availability–what a fun thing to “print” your own part or toy! Most 3D printers use one of 3 types of plastic to form their models. They take raw material “thread” of ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PLA (polylactic acid) or PETG (polyethylene gerephthalate glycol), heat it up inside the machine, and lay it down in thin layers in order to build up the model to completion in a method known as fused depositional modeling (FDM). (explainthatstuff.com)
Heating up plastic causes a couple of issues.
Risk of fire: if the thermistor detaches from your machine (accidentally but it does happen), the machine can over-heat and catch on fire or catch nearby materials on fire. It’s best to have a smoke detector installed in the room where the printer is located, and have a fire extinguisher on hand.
These plastics will give off ultra-fine particles and fumes. You should have adequate ventilation supplied to the printer room, such that the air is exchanged four times per hour. If possible, do not stay in the room while the machine is printing. Also, use a fume extractor/extractor fan whenever using or cleaning up your 3D printers as there are nanoparticles released which your lungs cannot clean out. (3dprinterly.com)
If your printer did not come with an enclosure, it’s best to purchase one and install it. This keeps foreign objects out of the printing process (childrens’ hands, insects, etc.) and also cuts down on particles and fumes.
Using a bipolar ionizer like Air Angel or Germ Defender and a HEPA filter will help remove ultra-fine particles from the air. The Air Angel and Germ Defender’s ions cause ultra-fine particles to stick together, creating larger particles that are more easily captured by the HEPA filter. A charcoal filter is also advised (such as these available for the Germ Defender) to remove VOCs (gases emitted from the printer).
Our homes are havens in which we live, work and play. What other ways have you found to protect air quality so you can safely enjoy your hobbies? Fresh, clean air throughout makes them even more enjoyable! | <urn:uuid:fcb6bee8-fac4-46a1-9cde-c59e52c7b002> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hypoair.com/how-do-hobbies-affect-our-indoor-air-quality/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.940116 | 3,274 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Evidence emerged last week that butterflies in Japan have suffered “physiological and genetic damage” caused by radiation released from the damaged reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. Once again we see another animal species paying the price for nuclear power.
In May last year, two months after the catastrophic earthquake and tsunami destroyed three of the Fukushima reactors, scientists and researchers in Japan collected and examined pale grass blue butterflies, a common species in Japan. Their findings are disturbing. Some of the butterflies collected showed “mild abnormalities.” Other butterflies bred from the collected specimens had more severe abnormalities that they then passed on to the next generation. These abnormalities included malformed eyes, wings and antennae.
And so another animal exhibit for the nuclear zoo. Only a few weeks ago in June, we heard that swallows at the Sellafield nuclear facility have been contaminated by radiation from the plant. Sellafield has quite the history of radioactive animals. We’ve talked before about the contaminated seagulls there needing to be culled by sharpshooters. Nuclear waste from the plant has also contaminated lobsters, shrimps and mussels in Scandinavian waters.
The disaster at Chernobyl also bred species of damaged animals. Research has found that birds around the site have “5% smaller brains, an effect directly linked to lingering background radiation.” Another investigation found that the populations of bumblebees, butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies and spiders are in decline in the area. Wild boar in Germany have been contaminated by radioactive caesium-137 released from the Chernobyl reactor.
Nuclear power is about 60 years old and yet we still know so little about radiation’s effects on living organisms. Many people are dismissive and say little damage has been caused by nuclear accidents. And yet it is known that genetic damage caused by radiation can span generations. What have been the effects of the Fukushima disaster? It is still too early to tell.
The Japanese scientists conclude that their research on the butterflies “has invaluable implications for the possible future effects of radiation on animals.” That’s a chilling thought. The past effects of the nuclear industry on the animal kingdom are more than enough without considering future ones. The damage caused to the pale grass blue butterfly in Japan tells us that nuclear power has no future.
(Original image © Greenpeace / Daniel Beltrá) | <urn:uuid:10076a6a-7b48-43fe-a6aa-48f64d65774f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/nuclear-reaction/fukushima-radiation-causing-abnormalities-in-/blog/41816/?expandid=b91557&entryid=41816 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00339-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944674 | 490 | 3.609375 | 4 |
APR 10, 2015
By changing the information available on their monthly bills, the new credit card law may also inspire customers to seek credit counseling before their debt gets out of control, according to a release by Accelerated Debt Consolidation, Inc.
The Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 currently requires that lenders include a toll-free phone number for credit counseling and debt management services on monthly bills. They must also include a timetable showing how long it would take a consumer to pay off their debt if they only made minimum payments.
“This creates several advantages for the consumer,” Young said. “If credit consumers begin contacting credit counseling and debt management agencies when they are only up to 30 percent of their credit limits for example, their options for reducing their debt will be greatly improved.”
Cardholders with high rates on their balances would be able to transfer the debt to accounts with smaller balances in the debt management program. Or they can transfer money to accounts with better rates, allowing them to reduce debt faster. Carrying low credit card balances and paying on time can positively contribute to a consumer’s credit history.
Other provisions within the Credit CARD Act prohibit lenders from raising interest rates, fees or terms unless they give customers 45 days’ advance notice. | <urn:uuid:3c131188-3bd0-4a47-b392-e1849d0d88c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.creditreport.com/blog/what-is-the-card-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00065-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956748 | 263 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Go Six in a Row (+0
The pilots took a test flight, but quickly called it no-go for the 6th day in a row. The winds are so strong that Richard, who took off in the wrong direction, had a hard time battling the headwind to get back to the airport to land! When will the winds release this migration? Let's hope it's tomorrow.
In the Classroom
North is pleased to feature this educational adventure presented in
cooperation with the Whooping
Crane Eastern Partnership (WCEP). | <urn:uuid:b8b91085-e2f6-4f03-b863-15da12326986> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/crane/07/WCEPHighlights120107.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00044-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969736 | 112 | 2.03125 | 2 |
This paper is intended to explore the childhood psychological disorders associated with drug use. The paper will mention the risk and protective factors associated with drug use and the disorders they may cause. Also, the research proposal will explore the perceptions that adolescents have about substance abuse prevention programs.
Drug addiction afflicts many adolescents in the United States. Moreover, the occasional or recreational adolescent drug user is more common than most Americans think. This literature review and research proposal is intended to: (1) summarize adolescents' perceptions and the effectiveness of drug prevention programs (a protective factor) and (2) propose a research to examine the correlation between drug prevention programs and the rate of psychopathology in adolescents.
Increase in drug use by school-aged children has led to the enactment of the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act in order to enhance drug education prevention programs. In addition, there is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the effectiveness of the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.), one of the more famous drug prevention programs. Therefore, the research proposal will attempt to clarify the effectiveness of D.A.R.E., which is a protective factor for several childhood psychological disorders. Drug use during adolescence is a risk factor and predictor for several psychological disorders. The effectiveness of D.A.R.E., and other drug prevention programs, is important to the field of child and family child psychopathology because they help to prevent and understand some disorders.
The D.A.R.E. program has been described as a "psychosocial” approach to drug prevention. The sessions include training for personal, social, and resistance skills.
The articles pertaining to D.A.R.E. essentially state that program has good short-term results but less successful long-term results.
In the first article by Rosenbaum (1999), the subjects he studied were in the fifth and sixth grades, about eleven and twelve years old. | <urn:uuid:eaff874b-9928-4dd8-b822-20f4fced4c70> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/48425.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00125-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946898 | 391 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Hydro Engineering can verify your flow meters accuracy through a number of in house tests to make sure that you’re getting paid for what your pumping & also to verify that you’re applying the right amount of nutrients that you should be.
Krohne Flow Meters
The Krohne magnetic flow meter has a teflon-pfa liner and reinforced stainless steel mesh for abrasion resistance. A remote digital readout in the tractor cab gives the operator instant reading of gallons per minute and total gallons pumped for an accurate application rates per acre. This meter can be set for gallons or liters and has a zero out button to clear out the total read out. Krohne meters are capable of being hooked up to GPS units. For extra protection have a meter head guard and cable protector installed.
The OPTIFLUX 4000 design meets the demands of a very wide range of applications in industries including the chemical, pulp & paper, water and wastewater, minerals and mining, iron, steel and metals, pharmaceuticals and oil & gas industry.
The OPTIFLUX 4000 has a field proven and unsurpassed lifetime. This is assured by the fully welded construction, full bore pipe construction, absence of moving parts and wear resistant liner materials. Even for demanding applications in harsh environments or with aggressive and abrasive media KROHNE’s OPTIFLUX 4000 can offer a solution.
Examples include water injection under high pressures (2500 lbs), sub-sea installations, slurries with very high solids contents, alkaline solutions and acids, up to chemical dosing, bleaching, colouring, and black liquor in the paper industry. If required, a solution beyond our standard scope can be engineered. KROHNE has in-house specialized know-how on constructions, welding and exotic materials
Information above is from the Optiflux 4000 technical datasheet
The IFC 100 converter is compatible with almost any flow sensor in the OPTIFLUX and WATERFLUX range.
The signal converter supplies the current required by two field coils to generate a magnetic field. It converts the flow proportional signal voltage into digital values and filters out noise and interference signals. From the filtered signal, the flow velocity, the volume flow and the mass flow are calculated.
The IFC 100 signal converter provides a large variety of flowmeter and process diagnostic functions guaranteeing reliable measurements. Detection of deposits or coating on the electrodes, temperature and conductivity changes in the medium, gas bubbles or solids, and an empty pipe are good examples of process diagnostics functions.
Information above is from the IFC 100 technical datasheet | <urn:uuid:6fd1748b-f0e8-4d8b-a200-c7bad264adab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hydro-eng.com/agriculture/liquid-manure-injection-equipment/toolbar-accessories/flow-meters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.884074 | 547 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Maternal Child Health is a voluntary program that links families with children (0 to 6 years) to appropriate supports and services in the community and offers screening to identify those at risk. Support and Linkage services include information of possible community resources needed to meet needs:
- Baby Bundles for expecting mothers
- Welcome Baby Bag for new births
- Milk Coupon Program
- Prenatal Classes
- Postpartum Home Visits, including Breastfeeding Support
- Welcoming Babies Celebration
Immunization Program—The Maternal Child Health Nurse provides vaccines to children, school children and adults.
Prenatal Classes—The Maternal Child Health Nurse (MCH) worked closely with the Registered Dietitian, Midwife and Community Health Nurse to develop Prenatal Classes. We also have an Elder come in to share some traditional teachings.
Postpartum Support services are offered to those who have given consent to the local Public Health Unit to be contacted by the Maternal Child Health Nurse and home visit shortly after hospital discharge is offered. Welcome Home Baby Bags containing several baby items along with some information, are distributed to new babies and parents. Moms who are breastfeeding receive support as needed.
Maternal Child Health Nurse
705-753-3312 ext. 2227
To contact staff by email, please visit our Contact Us page. | <urn:uuid:35da1ea7-a3d9-422a-8f79-6f17970e283a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nfn.ca/health-services/maternal-child-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.942255 | 283 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Full profile →'">
The author is a Forbes contributor. The opinions expressed are those of the writer.
“Let’s not mince words,” economist Anthony Orlando says. “Student loans are killing people. People need to understand just how big a problem we’re talking about: Americans owe more in student loans than on all their credit cards combined.”
Orlando, the author of Letter to the One Percent, suggests that, for American society to build its best future, we should consider forgiving substantial amounts of the student debt racked up by recent college graduates—and to find new ways to lower the debt burden for current and future college students.
Start your lives over. Everyone is forgiven, no matter what. --Rumi
Lenient bankruptcy laws are a quintessentially American way of offering its citizens the bright light of a new start. “The latest research shows that bankruptcy protection makes life better for people,” says Orlando, a public policy researcher at the University of Southern California and a lecturer in the College of Business and Economics at California State University, Los Angeles. "They earn more money, they’re less likely to lose their house, and they live longer. Debt relief saves lives.”
Consider too how General Motors, American Airlines and Eastman Kodak used bankruptcy in recent years for the purpose of new beginnings, as did entrepreneurs like Henry Ford (twice) Milton Hershey and Walt Disney in early stages of their empire building. Second chances offer incredible power.
“But what’s the hardest debt to get rid of in bankruptcy?” Orlando asks. “Student loans.”
Making the process easier could unleash the full energy of the Millennial generation, especially within a rapidly shifting economy where they often need a variety of stopgap gigs and career transitions. Some Silicon Valley visionaries hail the new sharing economy as a new gold rush, but students with $50,000 in debt can’t afford to spend much time driving for Uber or planning the next big startup.
The Millennials inherited this economy, they didn’t make it. And it may be older generations’ duty to remedy the situation.
I sat down with Orlando, himself a 27-year-old Millennial, for a more in-depth exploration of how a large-scale student-debt forgiveness effort could work. Below are highlights of our conversation:
Rob Asghar: What’s the upside for society if we forgive huge portions of student debt?
Anthony Orlando: Don’t fool yourself into thinking you’re immune if you don’t owe a student loan yourself. The people who have student loans are consumers. They’re investors. They’re potential homeowners. If it’s a problem for them, it’s a problem for you.
Let me give you an example. Economists at the New York Fed have found that students relying on more debt are more likely to move back in with their parents and less likely to move away in their mid-20s. According to their calculations, 25-year-olds are over 60% more likely to live with their parents now than they were fifteen years ago, and this trend can’t be explained by falling home prices or rising unemployment, which only happened in the latter half of that period. Even the wages in their hometown don’t seem to have as strong a relationship with the number of Millennials who start their own household. It’s all about student loans. And those student loans are restraining your housing market, whether you have one or not.
As for me, I don’t have a student loan. So what do I get to do? I get to save for retirement. I get to build a small business. I get to travel the world. Now, my friends, they’re just as smart. They worked just as hard. And they don’t get to do any of those things because their parents couldn’t afford to pay all their tuition? Come on, there’s no moral system in which that’s even remotely fair.
Asghar: You’ve mentioned student loans are the hardest kinds of debt to get forgiven. What provisions are there in place currently?
Orlando: The Department of Education has the power to forgive debt if a borrower’s college defrauded them—if they were duped into paying for an education that wasn’t as valuable as they thought it was. So far, that law has only been used in egregious cases like Corinthian College, which was so bad at fulfilling the promises it made to its students that it had to shut down. I think this is a narrow definition of fraud. The problem isn’t confined to a handful of colleges. It’s the system that’s the problem. Millennials who went to college were promised good-paying jobs like the generation before them, and guess what? They got stuck with the worst job market since the Great Depression. An entire generation has been sold a product that does not work as advertised!
Asghar: At a practical level, how much more can debt forgiveness programs be expanded?
Orlando: Most states already have a student loan forgiveness program of some sort, usually for graduates who work in public service. So we're not talking about a radical new idea here. We're just talking about helping people who've fallen through the cracks, like college dropouts who don't have the degree to get the job they need to pay off the loans that didn't even fulfill their purpose in the first place! And surely there are a lot of private sector workers who are just as valuable and just as deserving.
President Obama has already taken a step in this direction with "Pay As You Earn," a plan that caps monthly payments for 20 to 25 years, after which the rest is forgiven. But the program only applies to government loans, and 25 years is over halfway to retirement! A modest improvement would extend the program to private loans and shorten the term to 10-15 years.
Senator Elizabeth Warren has already put forward a bill that would allow the government to refinance student loans at lower interest rates. There's no reason we can't do the same for the principal. We did it for mortgages in the Great Depression, and it benefitted both borrowers and lenders by getting rid of loans that weren't going to be paid off in time anyway.
Asghar: But what about students currently in college? Or future students?
Orlando: You can’t forgive student debt without simultaneously reforming higher education. If all you do is wipe out the debt, the colleges will just keep jacking up the prices, and the process will start all over again. We need to fundamentally rethink how we’re paying for education in this country. Bernie Sanders thinks it should be free for everyone. So do I, but not if it looks anything like public schools in L.A. or Chicago these days. How do you give everyone access without ruining the quality? That’s the debate we should be having.
Economists need to get in on this debate. They seem to have forgotten that there are two sides of every balance sheet. Assets and liabilities. What you own and what you owe. When it comes to American households, economists have had a pretty one-sided focus on the asset side. We love to study investments like stocks and bonds, but we don’t usually ask where people are getting the money to make those investments! What good is a booming housing market if people can’t afford to pay their mortgage?
We need more research and more ideas. I tried to make the case in Letter to the One Percent that household debt matters, but I mostly focused on housing. That makes a lot of sense when you’re trying to figure out how we got where we are, but if you want to know where we’re going, you have to understand that the Millennials can’t afford housing like their parents could. When I talk to people my age about the future, they don’t talk about mortgages. They talk about student loans.
Rob Asghar is the author of Leadership Is Hell: How to Manage Well and Escape with Your Soul, available at Amazon. | <urn:uuid:da65221e-7721-4969-b193-4874fd423295> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.forbes.com/sites/robasghar/2016/02/11/a-fresh-start-for-millennials-the-case-for-forgiving-student-debt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00154-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9669 | 1,719 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Untangle complex webs of data using advanced technical and mathematical skills
Data Science is a multidisciplinary field of study that blends mathematical methods, statistics, computing, business decisions and communication. Data Science untangles the complex, interwoven webs of data using advanced technical and mathematical skills to deliver actionable insights for organisations. As billions of devices feed data to central databases, businesses and governments require experts to interpret that data.
Data Scientists have become one of the most in-demand professionals globally due to their ability to unlock hidden insights within data. Uncovering new insights and predicting trends has become vital in the retail, environmental, not-for-profit, IT and professional services sector. Data can help drive social progress as it provides answers to complex problems and helps make informed decisions.
When you study Data Science at UNSW you’ll learn with the best. We’re ranked 1st in Australia and 38th in the world for mathematics. Harness the expertise of three schools in three different faculties as you study across Mathematics and Statistics, Computer Science and Engineering and Economics. You’ll learn what companies are looking for in a data expert, you’ll develop specialist skills in mathematics, computer science and business to meet current demands from employers.
The future is bright for budding Data Scientists. Professionally the demand for Data Scientists is exploding across all industries. Career opportunities in data science span across start-ups to established corporations including Coles, AirBnB, Spotify, Netflix and Greenpeace, to name a few.
Our specialised degree, the Bachelor of Data Science and Decisions will provide you with strong skills and knowledge to enter the data science engineering industry.
We offer a range of engineering program specialisations that can be undertaken in our Engineers Australia accredited degrees. You can study Data Science Engineering in the following undergraduate degrees/compatible degrees:
Supercharge your Data Science Engineering career with postgraduate study in: | <urn:uuid:2e3ca9a7-d5f8-4461-89ae-70bcb099f201> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.unsw.edu.au/engineering/study-with-us/study-areas/data-science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.908745 | 395 | 2.390625 | 2 |
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Dharamshala — The spiritual leader of Tibet His Holiness the Dalai Lama again topped the 2016 list of the 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People, published by Watkins' Mind Body Spirit magazine.
Presented annually since 2011 in the spring issue of the quarterly publication, the list – also known as the Spiritual 100 – compiles the most spiritually prominent people of the past year.
"We are delighted to share with you Watkins' 2016 list of the 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People – spiritual teachers, activists, authors and thinkers that change the world," the magazine said.
The Nobel Peace Prize laureate, His Holiness the Dalai Lama was recognised in front of Pope Francis and South African retired Anglican bishop Desmond Tutu who were placed second and third respectively. Others listed include German spiritual teacher and writer Eckhart Tolle (fourth), Indian American author and public speaker Deepak Chopra (fifth), Brazilian novelist and author of The Alchemist Paulo Coelho (sixth), American novelist, short story writer, poet, and activist Alice Malsenior Walker (Seventh), Australian television writer and producer Rhonda Byrne (eighth), Chilean filmmaker and director of El Topo Alejandro Jodorowsky (Nineth), American talk show host Oprah Winfrey (tenth), Greek American author and co-founder and editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post- Arianna Huffington (fifteenth) and British author and commentator known for her books on comparative religion Karen Armstrong (twentith).
The Magazine also said that "there are plenty of newcomers on this year's list including the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby, psychologist and author Daniel Goleman, physicist and environmental activist Vandana Shiva and poet and philosopher Mark Nepo."
"If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you want to be happy, practice compassion."
This is just one of the many often-quoted statements from His Holiness the Dalai Lama that continue to land him on top of global lists of influential and inspiring world religious leaders. For several years now, Watkins Magazine has placed the Tibetan spiritual leader at the top of their list of the 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People. He was #1 in 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012. In their 2016 list, published earlier this month, the Tibetan spiritual leader is once again #1.
#21. Jon Kabat-Zinn: Also not a Buddhist per se, but Kabat-Zinn did study with a number of Buddhist teachers before developing the now wide-spread Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR).
#25. Sam Harris: One of the “Four Horsemen” of New Atheism, has taken up the practice of vipassana, derived from the early Buddhist tradition, and even teaches it – stripped of aspects he considers religious.
#34. Daniel Goleman: A well known psychologist and long time scholar of meditation who has worked closely with the Dalai Lama for over a decade. One of his breakthrough books was Emotional Intelligence (1995), and later works include Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama (2003) and Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence (2015).
#36 is Gary Snyder, #38 is Pema Chödrön, #50 is Robert Thurman, #65 is Thich Nhat Hanh, #66 is Jack Kornfield, #68 is Ajahn Brahm, #78 is Tara Brach, #82 is Huston Smith (another wonderful scholar of many world religions, including Buddhism), #89 is Richard Gere, #95 is Sogyal Rinpoche, and #99 is Sharon Salzberg.
The magazine states that the list is compiled based on three factors: "1. The person has to be alive as of January 1st, 2016. 2. The person has to have made a unique and spiritual contribution on a global scale. 3. The person is frequently googled, appears in Nielsen Data, and is actively talked about throughout the Internet."
"By taking into account the amount of times that a person is googled or how many times their Wikipedia profile is viewed, the list gains a highly democratic parameter. In a sense, being googled is a form of digital voting, and illustrates just how often someone is being sought out," it added.
According to Mind Body Spirit, the list is not a competition but "is meant to celebrate the positive influence of contemporary spiritual teachers."
Watkins Mind Body and Spirit magazine is sold and published by Watkins Books, England's oldest and largest esoteric bookshop that has been trading since 1893. | <urn:uuid:2084004d-c359-4f78-bc78-50d9449f124d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thetibetpost.com/en/news-in-focus/4904-his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-of-tibet-tops-2016-spiritual-100-list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95687 | 952 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Just like humans, dogs sometimes develop tumours. Tumours that develop on a dog's pancreas are called exocrine tumours. Veterinarians aren't sure what causes the tumours to develop in the glandular tissue of the pancreas, but when they do occur, exocrine tumours are almost always malignant. It is very rare for a dog to develop a benign pancreas tumour. Dogs diagnosed with pancreatic tumours often only live a few months from the time they're diagnosed.
Other People Are Reading
Along with abnormalities in the dog's blood tests, earlier signs that a dog may be suffering from a tumour of the pancreas include a failure to eat or loss of appetite, weight loss, listlessness or lethargy.
Diagnoising Pancreatic Tumors in Dogs
If you notice swelling or sensitivity in your dog's stomach that lasts longer than a few days, visit your vet. Your vet will examine your dog and check for a mass or lump in your dog's stomach. To confirm that there is a mass on your dog's pancreas, your vet will order X-rays. Sometimes an ultrasound, the same technology used during pregnancy, is used to pinpoint the type of pancreatic tumour. If your dog has a pancreatic tumour, laboratory tests will often show dehydration, an obstructed bowel and signs of jaundice.
Treating Tumors of the Pancreas in Dogs
Tumours are sometimes treated with surgery, but generally by the time dogs are diagnosed with pancreatic tumours, it is often too late. By this time, the cancer has usually spread beyond the pancreas to nearby organs and lymph nodes. Rarely, when discovered early before it spreads, a tumour can be surgically removed from a dog's pancreas and the dog may go on to recover fully. Chemotherapy treatment is another option, but again, it is often a futile effort since the majority of exocrine tumours of the pancreas in dogs result in death, regardless of chemotherapy treatment.
Caring for a Dog with Tumors of the Pancreas After Sugery
If your dog undergoes surgery for a pancreatic tumour, he will require a few days' stay at the animal hospital. There, your pet can receive food through a feeding tube while his intestine recovers after surgery. Your dog will require medications prescribed by your vet after the surgery, and he may still need the feeding tube when he returns home.
Preventing Tumors of the Pancreas in Dogs
Since scientists do not know what causes tumours of the pancreas in dogs, prevention isn't possible. Early detection is the next best option to prevention when it comes to pancreatic tumours in dogs. This means that you should take your older or middle-aged dog to the vet if she experiences abdominal pain, weight loss, yellowing of the eyes or vomiting. If your dog is unlucky enough to have a pancreatic tumour, you may be able to have it removed if you detect the disease early enough, before it spreads to other organs or overwhelms the pancreas to the point at which surgery is no longer possible.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:6fa554e9-b223-40cc-92d7-f84cb2e7c055> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5127849_pancreas-tumors-dogs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00390-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946914 | 697 | 3.234375 | 3 |
November's issue of The College Mathematics Journal features an article by three collaborators, Alif Anggoro, Eddy Liu, and Angus Tulloch, entitled "The Rascal Triangle." Here's the abstract: "A number triangle, discovered using a recurrence formula similar to that of Pascal’s triangle, yields sequence A077028 from the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."
Talk about burying the lede! The collaborators are middle-school students from the US, Canada, and Indonesia. The three middle-schoolers came up with an alternative way of populating the numbers in a triangular array. In Pascal's Triangle, you populate the triangle by adding the numbers directly above each number to the right and the left. This rule generates an infinite series of whole numbers, and the triangle has various uses in probability, binomial coefficients, and more.
According to their article, the boys were responding to an IQ test that had presented the numerical values of the first 5 lines of Pascal's Triangle, and asked what comes next. When they offered an "incorrect" answer, they set about defending their logic.
The Rascal Triangle proposes a different rule, which also generates an infinite series of whole numbers. I'll let Gary E. Davis, at the Republic of Math, illustrate the rule, since I'm not a mathematician. As Davis notes, "It is a lovely example of how much fun school mathematics can be if a teacher — in this case probably uncle Andy Liu — listens to students and encourages and nurtures their ideas."
In addition to the Republic of Math's writeup, you can also see the Mathematical Association of America's story for more information.
(My favorite GeekDad-related bit in the article: From Angus's bio: "I have to thank my parents for their steadfast refusal to buy a gaming system.") | <urn:uuid:3985cfab-6327-4971-8475-3238336945a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wired.com/2011/01/little-rascals-doing-math/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.937218 | 377 | 3.125 | 3 |
SCK•CEN is one of the largest research institutions in Belgium. Every day, more than 700 employees dedicate themselves to developing peaceful applications of radioactivity. Our developments have already resulted in a long list of innovative and forward-looking applications for the medical world, industry and the energy sector. We are renowned for our expertise world-wide.
In the course of our work, there are three main research topics:
SCK•CEN collaborates with numerous research partners both at home and abroad. The work performed by SCK•CEN has a direct effect upon various aspects of our daily life. Besides our work as a research centre, we also organise training courses and offer specialist services including consultancy.
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As a foundation of public utility, the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre conducts groundbreaking research into nuclear energy and ionising radiation for civilian use, and develops nuclear technologies for socially valuable purposes. We achieve this by means of independent, fundamental and applied research, and by providing advice, training, services and products.
SCK•CEN aims to be a leading research institution and a centre of excellence at an international level. Driven by inspired scientists and engineers, in combination with a unique infrastructure, we aim to develop innovative technologies that provide solutions for the social issues and requirements in the field of nuclear energy and ionising radiation. Safety and durability are always the key priorities.
- Absolute priority to safety in all its aspects, including security and environmental impact, both in terms of research and services, and in the operation of the corporate facilities.
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- Always incorporating the societal and ethical aspects reflected in the Ethical Charter of the Centre.
An ethical charter as guide
SCK•CEN has renewed its ethical charter in 2009. All employees were given the opportunity to participate in internal debates about the nature and content of this important document. The final charter, approved by all of our employees, goes beyond traditional values such as mutual collaboration and transparency to the outside world.
The ethical charter serves as a guide because it shows how we, as an institution and as an individual contributor, should manage technologies which have unavoidable risks and many opposing views in our society.
For SCK•CEN this document is more than an internal work instrument. It is a text that should generate a permanent reflection, not only internally, but also in discussion with the outside world. Thus we are open to any kind of feedback.
SCK•CEN ethical charter
More info: SCK•CEN for you - Your choice for the future | <urn:uuid:74167222-d147-49a2-a688-4cf099994059> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sckcen.be/en/About/Introduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00038-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923109 | 690 | 1.65625 | 2 |
While There Is Time
By Bishop Augoustinos of Florina
"In an acceptable time I have heard thee..." Isaiah 49:8, 2 Cor 6:2
I ask, dear friends, that you pay close attention to these words. We will spend
some time in interpreting them; they are a prophecy by Isaiah and those of you
who will comprehend them will become the "lottery's grand prize winners."
Otherwise I am left with no alternative and I wash my hands...
What is the meaning of these words? I will start my interpretation from a
little further away.
When a person intends to travel internationally, he prepares his passport and
arranges for a visa from the intended destination country's embassy
accordingly. Generally speaking, all travelers inquire about the departure time
of the bus, train, ship or airplane and make every reasonable effort to ensure
that they are on time, with their ticket in hand. Similarly, a young man who
plans to study at a university ensures that he prepares and submits the
necessary application forms, as required by the educational institution of his
choice. It is likewise for the businessman who has borrowed fluids for his
business and is obliged to submit monthly payments; he makes every effort to be
on time and to not cause any issues with his lender. What I am trying to say is
that as we always make the necessary time to ensure that we obtain our
passport, purchase our ticket, pay our loan, and attend to all of our other
duties related to employment, marriage and family, similarly there is adequate
time for a different obligation, more important than any which life presents
What is this obligation? Well, God did not create us for travel and business,
for degrees and titles, for dowries and weddings. These things have nothing to
do with our main purpose. What is our true purpose? The above verse says it clearly.
As there is always time for all worldly matters, there is likewise plenty of
time for this most important matter. However, which one of us truly understands
this? One may say that it is necessary for an angel to descend from Heaven and
inject within our heart some of the faith and love that our saints possess;
only then might it be possible for us to truly feel and comprehend the
"In an acceptable time I have heard Thee." In other words the time which we
spend in this world is truly priceless; it is time for the purpose of
salvation. Our life may last 20, 40, 60 or 80 years; what can we do during this
time? Why do we ask? Why do we not open the holy scriptures, the synaxarion, or
even visit a cemetery where the bodies of many lie buried? Why do we not look
in the stars in the sky and then, searching within our heart, ask ourselves:
"Why did we come to this world?" What is it that we ought to accomplish within the
span of our earthly life? Well, I am about to tell you, just make sure you are
You my young lady, that spends so much time in front of the mirror or stay up
during all hours of the night entertaining yourself, draw near and listen to
me. And you, my young man, who spends your day running around in your car or
motorcycle, draw near and listen to me as well. And you, my dear
housewife, who spends hours window shopping in the malls, come near me as well.
All of you, why are you wasting so much of your time? I do not ask for much; I
only ask that you set aside some of your time each day for prayer, to kneel and
speak with God.
I am also talking to you, the husband, who spends hours upon
hours studying those papers with the fine print. I see you on the train or bus
or at home either in front of the TV or staring at magazines and newspapers.
What is it that you find in them? Please forgive my language, but have you ever
seen a man use a stick to dig up or disturb cow droppings? Not really; because
such an act would bring forth offensive odors and stench. Draw near my fellow
Christian and if you are a baptized Orthodox man, than open up your Bible each
day and spend some time reading it with your wife and children so that all of
your eyes may open.
What else? Take a pen and paper and start counting the hours. One entire week
comprised of 168 hours. From all these hours, what does God ask of you? Simply
just one or two hours to attend the weekly Sunday Liturgy*; to be in church
from the moment you hear "Blessed is the Kingdom of the Father and the Son and
the Holy Spirit" all the way to "Through the prayers of the Holy Fathers, Lord
Jesus Christ have mercy on us and save us, Amen." If the priest asks us to
attend an all-night vigil who goes? If, however, the devil calls us to join him
in the dark entertainment centers of the evening, then many run to be with him
through midnight and beyond. While in church, though, they all ask "How much
longer until it's over?"
In the end my fellow Christians, every new year God grants you a new cycle of
365 days. Every year is like a long komboloi (worry beads) with 365
beads. Every day is represented by a golden bead. Yes, my fellow Orthodox
Christian, it is truly made of gold since we all know too well that "time is
money;" From all these 365 days dedicate at least one day and approach the
spiritual clinic through the sacrament of Holy Confession. When you lose your
physical health, I see you running to doctors and hospitals. For your soul,
however, do you do anything? Thus my child, from all these 365 days, pick a day
or two and seek a confessor, go and kneel in front of him and confess your
So you see my child, it is unfortunate but true. There is such great
unwillingness to dedicate five minutes for prayer, a few minutes to study the
Holy Bible, an hour or two to attend the weekly Liturgy a day or two for
confession. What can we then expect from God?
My brethren, as you can see, I have taken a hold of the valuable coin on which
is inscribed "In an acceptable time I have heard Thee..." and I peeled it apart
so all of us can comprehend these words. Now that this deed is completed, which
one of you will take the time to establish his or her timetable and itinerary.
Which one of you will rise in the morning and instead of standing in front of
the bathroom mirror will take the time to seek the spiritual mirror contained
within our Holy Bible and read it? Which one of you will kneel at home to pray?
Which one of you will make it a point to start coming to church every Sunday?
Which one of you will make it a point to seek and find a spiritual father for
It is within the time afforded to us by God in this life of ours that these
deeds must be completed. You must also take note that time is of the essence,
even though it appears that we have plenty of time. Our church reminds us of
this every day; "That we complete the remaining time of our lives in peace and
repentance, let us ask of the Lord." What is the duration of our life going to
be? How much longer will we live? Is it perhaps possible that this current year
is the last one of our earthly life? What am I saying? Could this current month
be our last one? Perhaps even this next week or next day may end up being our
last one... Do you doubt me? Well, just open the newspaper and read the
There was a mayor of Athens once who organized a large party to celebrate his
birthday, inviting politicians, ministers and many others. They all gathered in
happiness. The table was set with the finest foods; flowers were everywhere;
the music was playing. In his pocket he even had the papers ready with the
speech he would deliver. He was standing by the door having his picture taken
as he greeted each of his guests. But before he made it to the table, his call arrived.
He could have never expected it to come at that time, but it did come, as
lightening from a clear sky! What type of lightening? A heart attack... He fell
down, never to get up again; they lifted him and carried him away with their
hands... He was truly gone. As far as his guests, none of them sat around to
enjoy the meal. They were all beside themselves. Those of you who were raised
in small villages may have seen the following, several chickens grazing in the
meadow when suddenly a hawk appears out of nowhere and plunges among them, snatches
one of them and quickly disappears. The remaining chickens become greatly
agitated. This is exactly; my brethren, how death appearslike a hawk that snatches
lives away. He snatches you in the store, in the street, in the town square,
during a wedding, during a baptism, during elections, wherever he finds you! He
snatches the elderly as well as babies from their cribs.
My brethren, how much longer shall we remain senseless? How much longer shall
we refuse to consider eternity?
"In an acceptable time, I have heard thee..." In a very old book, I read that
there was a king a long time ago who had the following custom. Throughout his
entire kingdom and whenever he came near a city with his army, he carried two flags;
a white one and a black one. When he approached the city; he raised the white
flag which meant that as long as that flag was raised, a soldier did not have
permission to disturb anything, not even the hair on a person's head! All of the
city's inhabitants had also the ability to request favors from the king,
whatever they desired. This, however, was for a short duration only and it had
a very definitive time limit. As soon as time was up, the black flag was raised
and then mothers would weep for their children; in homes and in fields, to
people and to animals alike, fire, murder, blood everywhere...
Do you comprehend what I am telling you? Christ, our good King, raises His
white flag over this world through His Holy Cross. Let all the sinful come, all
people, all nations, while there is time ("In an acceptable time...")! The time
will soon come that the white flag of love and mercy will be lowered and then
all gates will be shut. The day will come that you will arrive only to find the
Church door closed. You will keep knocking but not even the chanter will be
there to answer. The stars and the sun will be extinguished and the rivers will
dry up. The moment of judgment and justice will be upon us all!
My brethren, as long as we remain in this vain world, let us repent, let us
weep, and let us all beg fee God's mercy; May God deem us worthy to spend the
rest of our life "in peace and repentance," through the intercessions of our Holy
Theotokos and all the saints. Amen.
* Webmaster note: His Grace, Bishop Augoustinos, is
almost certainly condescending to the weakness of his worldly listeners in
saying this. Pious Orthodox Christians would not be satisfied with merely
attending the Divine Liturgy, but would also make every effort regularly to attend Vespers and
Orthros (Matins), especially if they were communing. It's reasonable to
conclude that His Grace deemed it pastorally unwise to lay such a "burden" on
those who were rarely even attending services or confessing.
From Orthodox Heritage (Vol. 3, Issue 7), p. 1-3.
Reprinted from the weekly bulletin "Kiriaki," Feb. 6, 2005. Translated from Greek by the staff of the Greek Orthodox Brotherhood of St. Poimen. Posted to the OCIC on 8/21/2005. | <urn:uuid:757e0cb6-7ac7-409d-90b8-e992b4b1339a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/whilethereistime.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00442-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969637 | 2,609 | 2.296875 | 2 |
It was a beautiful sunny evening as cars busses and groves of people filed into Binder Park Zoo. The attraction today was not the animals, but over 700 3rd-5th grade girls from Calhoun County. The vibrant spirit in the air matched the bright green of the girls’ shirts and one could definitely feel that this was a special kind of event. Each and every one of these girls would be accomplishing great things today. Today was the culmination of a 12 week program where the girls learned about being joyful, confident and giving while incorporating running. Today was their final 5k and WSI was honored to once again be a part of the event.
As the girls filed into the start corral with their families lining the start line the excitement was overwhelming. The WSI riders rode past making their way to the start and a cheer rose up from the crowd. It was almost time. And what better way to support a Girls on the Run race with a cycling crew of mostly women? (Go girl power!)
The girls shouted out a “boom chicka boom” cheer and the race began. The WSI cyclists led the girls through the zoo, up the paths and boardwalks of Africa and back out into wooded trails all the way to the finish. As the cyclists rode back by signaling that the lead runner was a step behind, the spectators all rose to attention and cheered. Our cyclists did not stop there. They continued to pedal back into the woods riding in, encouraging and cheering on more and more girls until each and every girl had crossed the finish.
Volunteering at events like these is definitely a rewarding experience. Being able to see these girls and the pride and joy on their faces as they cross the finish line will make you want to come back every year, which is exactly what we have done. WSI Cycling has and will proudly support the achievements of our local girls working hard on building healthy lifestyles and self-confidence.
Girls on the Run is so much fun!
For more information about Girls on the Run locally please visit www.gotrofcalhoun.org | <urn:uuid:b602e4f2-cfad-47ec-b4d6-c1954fa2bec5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.wsicycling.com/2014/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.974749 | 433 | 1.5 | 2 |
Poems can be found everywhere and anywhere, not just in books! You can hear rhythmical, patterned, repetitious language in football chants, nursery rhymes, playground games, hymns, raps, TV adverts, radio jingles and tabloid headlines. You don’t have to think about them. All you have to do is use your ears.
A Creative Approach to Teaching Rhythm and Rhyme is a guide for primary teachers to develop pupils speaking and listening skills. It is a book about celebrating the music of ordinary speech. It features practical warm-up sessions, games examples to help pupils to become readers, writers and confident speakers through the lively practice of rhythm and rhyme.
Out of stock | <urn:uuid:7af2101e-f916-4465-8d99-4d075c3d2a4d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.funkyrainbow.com/product/a-creative-approach-to-teaching-rhythm-and-rhyme/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.906246 | 198 | 3.53125 | 4 |
from Deanna Travis
Publisher & Owner
SURVIVAL IN THE SONORAN DESERT
Actually I thought that was the title of a book on the stack here and I could steal it for a nice tie-in to our day-to-day life here. Well I was wrong, the title is "A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert" and the reason I mention it is the wonderful color photo on the cover. One of the most beautiful scenes in nature (so I am told not having yet seen it) is the desert in bloom. That is what the cover photo shows, and since it is fairly rare I thought it funny to use it to spark interest in the book. And probably not too honest either.
None of that makes a lot of sense, probably because I am so deprived from not fishing that my whole outlook is screwed up. And on top of that my email didn't work and it nearly took an act of congress to get it fixed. At any rate it is working now and I must ask for your help please. I don't have any of my email history, so no address book! If you have been one of my correspondents please, PLEASE, drop me just a note with your email and something like "my address" on the 'subject line' on it so I can rebuild that. Send to: firstname.lastname@example.org If I have not responded in the past three weeks to a month to something you sent please resend it since it probably was lost in the shuffle between Montana and Arizona. Sorry about that.
We had the first local snow on the mountain tops here when we woke this morning. We expected it since we had a very unusual heavy rain overnight. At one point it rained hard enough to wake me, I listened a bit, got up and partially closed a window. The carpet wasn't wet there this morning so it worked out alright. A rain of that intensity and duration is pretty rare at this time of year. They do have a monsoon season from late June through early September and the majority of annual rainfall comes during that time. The rest of the year rain is pretty rare and therefore very welcome. The weather folks on TV were nearly celebrating the thought. It really doesn't take much for everything to green up very nicely. And it is appreciated by the folks who live here.
I'm gathering all sorts of useless trivia which might only be of value if I should compete on Jeopardy, but as long as we are on the subject I had not heard of a winter lawn before I came here. Seems lawns pretty much bite the dust (sorry about that pun not intended) in the summer, it's just too hot and nearly impossible to keep lawns watered. But during the winter lawns are over seeded with rye grass seed, watered and behold in a couple of weeks, literally the lawn man is cutting the beautiful green grass.
On our way down here a couple of weeks ago there was snow on the top of Humphrey's Peak which is the tallest mountain in Arizona at 12,633, as well as the surrounding mountains in the San Francisco mountain range just outside Flagstaff.
We haven't had much for migrating birds here yet, but with the big storm front which blew through here overnight we probably will see more. My husband Trav gets a couple of bird listing via email and those sometimes will list unusual birds for a particular region. Of course we still get the Montana lists so we know what is happening at home as well.
Trav worked a night hike in Saguaro National Park this past Friday night, and he will be leading a hike on Friday afternoons on the life history of the Saguaro cacti. I walked the trail with him a couple of days ago on the Freeman Homestead Trail, if you've ever been in the park it is one of the better known trails and has a little bit of everything.
Some friends were commenting on how depressing it is living in a 55 and over community like ours, and I can see how that could happen if one was not involved in community events or didn't have any interests outside the community. There are all sorts of activities here, from exercises to classes, various card games, luncheons and dinners outside the community and even a good local playhouse with a schedule of both Broadway plays and melodramas with special rates for 'seniors.' For us, we have our association with the Northwest Bible Church – which also has more programs and events for seniors, as well as Trav's park involvement so we aren't limited.
I don't remember if I mentioned we also belong to a choral group here, called the Meadowlarks. The most we had last year was probably 35 or so, with a good number of men. You really need the male voices to make it work, and we are really blessed with a good number and good voices as well. We had the first rehearsal last Monday with about half of the group showing up. Some of folks forgot, and a good number of the folks aren't back here yet. We have the first performance set for I think the 11th of December, so we are working on Christmas music.
But I can see how if you just lived in a retirement community and were aware of how many times the ambulance and fire truck (medics) are in and out and did not have any other interests it might become depressing. I'm grateful that isn't the case here.
The local folks were dressed in warm coats with hoodies today, the temp was 60 degrees. We thought it was nearly summer-like and took a little walk around one of the local ponds. Lots of folks spin fishing – these urban ponds are stocked – and one gentleman told me the catching was slow but the fishing was terrific.
It's all about surviving in the Sonoran Desert. Until next time enjoy life wherever you find it. | <urn:uuid:02fc594b-2b96-4a9d-8d9a-f5e3aaeb2c49> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://flyanglersonline.com/articles/ldy/2011/ldy20111106.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00171-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98223 | 1,215 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Main point summary
Blessed is the man who meditates on the law because he will prosper,but the wicked will perish.
Blessed is the man 1
How blessed is the man
How blessed 1 is the one 2
who a walks not in b the counsel of the wicked,
who a does not walk in the b counsel of the wicked,
who does not follow 3 the advice 4 of the wicked, 5
nor stands in c the way of sinners,
Nor stand in the 1 c path of sinners,
or stand in the pathway 6 with sinners,
nor d sits in e the seat of f scoffers;
Nor d sit in the seat of scoffers!
or sit in the assembly 7 of scoffers! 8
but his g delight is in the law 1 of the Lord ,
But his a delight is b in the law of the Lord ,
Instead 9 he finds pleasure in obeying the Lord ’s commands; 10
and on his h law he meditates day and night.
And in His law he meditates c day and d night.
he meditates on 11 his commands 12 day and night.
He is like i a tree planted by j streams of water that yields its fruit in its season,
He will be like a a tree firmly planted by 1 streams of water, Which yields its fruit in its season
He is like 13 a tree planted by flowing streams; 14 it 15 yields 16 its fruit at the proper time, 17
and its k leaf does not wither.
And its 2 leaf does not wither;
and its leaves never fall off. 18
l In all that he does, he prospers.
And 3 in whatever he does, b he prospers.
He succeeds in everything he attempts. 19
The wicked are not so,
The wicked are not so, But they are like a chaff which the wind drives away.
Not so with the wicked! Instead 20 they are like wind-driven chaff. 21
but are like m chaff that the wind drives away.
Therefore the wicked n will not stand in the judgment,
Therefore a the wicked will not stand in the b judgment, Nor sinners in c the assembly of the righteous.
For this reason 22 the wicked cannot withstand 23 judgment, 24 nor can sinners join the assembly of the godly. 25
nor sinners in o the congregation of the righteous;
for the Lord p knows q the way of the righteous,
For the Lord 1 a knows the way of the righteous, But the way of b the wicked will perish.
Certainly 26 the Lord guards the way of the godly, 27 but the way of the wicked ends in destruction. 28
but the way of the wicked will perish.
1. Head Focus: The focus of this section is the life of the mind. We want to think accurately according to the truth of God’s Word we’ve phrased. Questions: How should I think differently about God/myself/others because of what I’ve just phrased? What doctrines are taught in this passage? What specific contribution to those doctrines does this passage make? What other Scripture texts add to the truths taught in this passage? 2. Heart Focus: The focus of this section is the life of the emotions. We want to feel accurately according to the truth of God’s Word we’ve phrased. Questions: How should I feel differently about God/myself/etc. because of what I’ve just phrased? What emotions are expressed in this passage? What emotions does this passage exhort me to feel? 3. Hands Focus: The focus of this section is the life of the will. We want to act accurately according to the truth of God’s Word we’ve phrased. Questions: How should I act differently because of what I’ve just phrased? What motivations does this passage give for acting differently? What sins do I need to repent of and put off? What good works do I need to put on? F
OUTLINE OF PSALMS I. THE BLESSED MAN 1:1-3 A. Who is the Blessed man 1:1-2 1. He does not delight in doing evil 1:1b i. In his mind 1:1c ii. In his way 1:1d iii. In his speech 1:1e 2. But He delights in the Law of the Lord 1:2a 3. What does it look like? 1:2b i. He meditates on it day and night 1:2c B. Why is the Blessed man,blessed? 1:3 Because... 1. He is fruitful 1:3a 2. He is nourished 1:3b 3. Namely,in all that he do,he prospers 1:3c II. THE WICKED 1:4-150:6 A. Who is the Wicked? 1:4 1. His life in not like the Blessed 1:4a 2. Instead,He is withered and being driven away 1:4b B. What will be the life of the wicked 1:5 1. The judgement for the wicked will be instant 1:5a 2. He will not be numbered among the righteous 1:5b C. Why? 1:6-150:6 i. The Lord knows who are his' 1:6a ii. The wicked will perish 1:6b-150:6 What can we learn from the passage? Head: I should put in my mind that it is God who preserves,and nourishes the life of those who seek Him in his words. I should remember that God is not for those who delights in evil but He always sees the way of righteous. I should remember that the word of the Lord or the law is very important when it comes to my spiritual life. I must remember that,it is sure that,the way of the righteous will be rewarded but the way of the wicked will be punished Heart: I should delight in the law of the Lord. I should hate wickedness,even my own wickedness,i should not delight in sinning. The passage expresses delight in the law of the Lord and hatred against wickedness. It exhort me to feel delight in the law and hatred against wickedness. Hands: I should read and study the scriptures day and night. I should not let my mind,my actions and even my words be an instrument for wickedness. Motivation: I will prosper in all that i do. I will not perish. The Lord will guide my way. Sins to put off: Every wickedness Good deeds to put on: Reading and studying the words of the Lord day and night. | <urn:uuid:c2c3cde3-46d9-4a62-b5d3-00c72c55e8d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.biblearc.com/author/Jerico_Cantoria/Devotional/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.944735 | 1,453 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Abstract Energy equilibrium models can be valuable aids in energy planning and decision-making. In such models, supply is represented by a cost-minimizing linear submodel and demand by a smooth vector-valued function of prices. In this paper, we use the energy equilibrium model to study conventional systems and cogeneration-based district energy (DE) systems for providing heating, cooling and electrical services, not only to assess the potential economic and environmental benefits of cogeneration-based DE systems, but also to develop optimal configurations while accounting for such factors as economics and environmental impact. The energy equilibrium model is formulated and solved with software called WATEMS, which uses sequential non-linear programming to calculate the intertemporal equilibrium of energy supplies and demands. The methods of analysis and evaluation for the economic and environmental impacts are carefully explored. An illustrative energy equilibrium model of conventional and cogeneration-based DE systems is developed within WATEMS to compare quantitatively the economic and environmental impacts of those systems for various scenarios. | <urn:uuid:2e9e3a02-66db-4d4f-9176-ca7416164515> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/c3e793982c641ac008da192f8aa8e424 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00320-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927328 | 205 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Fair Information Practices 1)Purpose Specification 2)Collection Limitation 3)Use Limitation 4)Data Quality 5)Individual Participation (Access & Review) 6)Openness of Data Management Practices 7)Accountability
Purpose Specification Illinois State Police = States CHRI Repository Repositorys function is to collect, maintain, and disseminate CHRI data.
Collection Limitation Illinois State Police collect the data they require to efficiently administer the repository. Identifying information, notations of arrests, charges, dispositions, & death notices. ISP is required to collect access & review notations. ISP collects some additional information that may not be addressed in its purpose: caution notices, stop orders, ordinance violations.
Use Limitation Uniform Conviction Information Act = Conviction-Only CHRI is public record. Several agencies have access to non- conviction CHRI pursuant to state statute. Illinois Law also provides for the sealing of convictions; sealing limits the use of records to justice practitioners.
Data Quality Users of UCIA CHRI must update their information every 30 days. Update notification Audits Disposition Acquisition Unit Access & Review
Individuals have a right to access and review their criminal history transcripts. Individuals may challenge the accuracy of their transcripts with the Illinois State Police and, if unsuccessful, may appeal to the Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
Openness of Data Mgt. Illinois State Police have promulgated rules in the Illinois Administrative Code. Guide to Understanding Criminal Background Check Information is available on the Illinois State Police website. The collection of stop orders and ordinance violations isnt mentioned.
Accountability Illinois State Police are subject to Audit. The granting of federal funds are conditional upon compliance with the Dept of Justice regulations as published in the C.F.R.
Summary Purpose Specification Collection Limitation Use Limitation Data Quality Individual Participation (Access & Review) Openness of Data Management Practices Accountability | <urn:uuid:8b735065-7432-45c1-a09e-9ec4cda618e8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/757992/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00066-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844625 | 383 | 2.046875 | 2 |
LOS ANGELES - December 8, 2011 - The Gnomon Workshop, the industry leader in professional training for artists in the entertainment art and design field, today announced The Gnomon Workshop Library for the entertainment arts industry. A web-based video training solution specifically designed for industry professionals and studios, The Gnomon Workshop Library gives artists access to self-paced video training from many of the world's top entertainment production specialists in film, games and television, and related arts fields.
"Gnomon has always prided itself as the premier destination for education and training for entertainment artists. Much of our success is thanks to our vast connections and relationships with artists and peers at top studios who have lent their talents and shared their secrets with our followers," said Eric Miller, managing director of The Gnomon Workshop. "Through the new Gnomon Workshop Library, we are bringing all of that knowledge and training into one comprehensive hub that's simple for studios and individual artists to access, inspiring both personal and professional artistic growth with our all-encompassing video tutorial catalog."
The Gnomon Workshop Library offers unprecedented entertainment arts training materials through an easy-to-use system of benefits, including:
Over 300 Training Videos - A robust variety of topics including film & game visual effects, entertainment design, industrial design, illustration, sculpture, tattooing, and many others. Training is easily accessed over the web and broken down into chapters, with project files also available.
New Web-Based Training - A system making it easy for users to search for and access training online. All training is at the user's fingertips through an intuitive real-time search engine stemming from careful tagging and categorization.
Multi-Team / User Deployment for Companies - Organizations are enabled to easily purchase and deploy training. Each can assign users to teams and manage floating licenses, which can be shared with multiple users easily.
License Management / Training History - Easy purchase of additional licenses from The Gnomon Workshop Library when assigning licenses to teams. Organizations can also view training usage history for all users.
Large Scale Deployments - Large companies and educational institutions are offered network proxy access, enabling users to access training directly from within the organization's network without needing to login.
The Gnomon Workshop Library is now available for subscriptions at $499.00 per annual license. Bulk discounting options are also available for institutions and studios looking to purchase 10 or more licenses.
Further information on The Gnomon Workshop Library, including subscriptions, can be found here: http://www.thegnomonworkshop.com/subscription/.
About The Gnomon Workshop
Since 2000, The Gnomon Workshop has provided artists and students with the educational resources they need to succeed as artists in the entertainment industries. Whether they're interested in design, modeling, effects, animation, storytelling or matte painting, these DVDs provide a valuable educational resource for students around the world. The Gnomon Workshop is the sister company of the Gnomon School of Visual Effects, which provides professional caliber visual effects instruction to students and professionals in Los Angeles, California. | <urn:uuid:749b785d-5407-42a4-afc7-1c0d6385d85b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mcvuk.com/press-releases/read/gnomon-introduces-new-gnomon-workshop-library-system-for-entertainment-arts-industry-professionals/088376 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00202-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922089 | 616 | 1.578125 | 2 |
ERIC Number: ED241265
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1984-Jan
Reference Count: N/A
Improving Science and Mathematics Education: Costs and Effectiveness.
Anderson, Ronald D.; And Others
Sixty-eight specific interventions to improve science education were grouped into 11 categories. Each category was then related to one of three major intervention objectives and an associated group. These categories, grouped by objectives are: (1) interventions increasing amount of time students are engaged in learning science (increasing student requirements); (2) interventions increasing quality of instruction (preservice education; enhancing teaching as a career; improving instructional practice; inservice education; improvement of materials, facilities, and equipment; and assistance from business and industry); (3) interventions to increase the "match" between actual classroom objectives with objectives most appropriate in today's world; and (4) facilitating interventions (improving local leadership, testing programs, and public education). Analyses were conducted to determine the cost of implementing each intervention and to determine a rating of its effectiveness based on research data and other available information. The major conclusion reported is that solutions to problems in science education must be sought in the form of combinations of interventions with full regard for the interactions among these interventions. (Also included are modifications of analyses as they pertain to mathematics education and a delphi study on interventions for improving science and mathematics education in Colorado.) (JN)
Publication Type: Reports - Evaluative
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Colorado State Dept. of Education, Denver. Planning and Evaluation Unit.
Identifiers - Location: Colorado | <urn:uuid:c81da4de-a746-4972-8c27-3f199e301aa6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED241265 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00495-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910184 | 337 | 2.375 | 2 |
PCB is noted to be a thin board made using laminated material or fiberglass where the self-contained interconnected electronic components are found. It electrically connects and then supports all the major electrical components mechanically. This stage is covered using conductive tracks or with the use of laminated copper sheets.
Nowadays, you will find the printed circuit boards in radars, beepers, computer systems, and even in pagers. The applications can be found in laptop computers and desktops, controller cards, video cards, network interface cards, and expansion cards. PCBs are mainly divided into three major categories, depending on copper layers, and are double-sided, single-sided, and the multi-layered.
Most of the time, PCBs are green in color. In some of the advanced PCBs, the present components will be active devices or resistors, capacitors, and more. Once you get to enroll in the Pcb Repair Training Courses, you will come to learn more such details about the printed circuit boards. On the other hand, you will learn about the history of PCBs under expert guidance over the here.
Industrial demands and the career scope associated with PCB and circuit designs:
For packaging and interconnecting electronic components of the item, the PCB will form the basic foundation to go. This clearly states that it is one evergreen branch as needed for designing equipment in multiple sectors.
- The current PCB demand in the automotive section has risen at a rapid rate as the automobile industry will have a large number of electrical components well embedded in the given structure.
- There has always been that rapid growth in the manufacturing and electronics sector, mainly because of the boom in the telecom sector, consumer electronics, and gaming industry, which has led to the perfect development within a few decades.
- Engineering students can now start their careers by joining PCB training from any reputed sector. Then you have the PCB designers, who will find a crucial role in R&D units, the PCB industry, and even in electronic production units.
- As this sector is target to be highly technical, the pay package will be towards the right stage from the fresher level.
Learning the PCB and circuit designs:
If you are playing the role of an electronics engineer, there are some basic steps to follow when it comes to circuits and PCB designs. These steps are well-mention once you have joined the course modules and are ready to learn more about them. So, the time has come to learn more about the products now!
- You will come to learn the basic physics concept or that of the basic electronics like current, power, voltage, and more. All these will be crystal clear in nature.
- You will come to learn more about the materials, and those are aluminum, gold, and copper. It will help out the students to implement the concepts well.
- Understand more about the basic electronics components, which are divide into passive and active components. In the course modules, students will come to learn about those thoroughly.
- After these promising points, students will further come to learn about the circuit designs, which are associate with the given components, and practical knowledge.
- Then they will come to learn more about the simulation for procuring the much-needed expertise in this field.
- As the final stage, the electronics engineers will learn about the PCB layout designing with the help of PCB express or the eagle.
Great tutorials for you to address:
Searching the internet world will let you come across multiple companies, and all of them are claiming to offer the best PCB Repair Training Courses. Moving forward with the best names in town is important as you can rely on their faculty team members to let you know everything about printed circuit boards and then get quality results cover.
- Always aim for those companies which have years of experience in offering top-notch PCB training to the needful students.
- These schools are design for higher learning and training in the field of PCB designs. VLSI technologies, and embedded system design with multiple training centers.
- Furthermore, from these sources, you will receive the vocational PCB training courses designed for working professionals. Then there are 6 months of PCB courses for the students out there.
- The most promising domains covered over here are Porteus, Express SCH and Express PCB, Drilling and Soldering, and PCB Printing and Etching.
- These institutions will train the students in two different software types, and those are Professional level software and Student level software.
- Students are here to receive rigorous knowledge on. Every domain to help them build innovative components to match the visionary and industrial needs now.
So, looking forward to the best PCB repair training course module is important. If you want to move forward in this field. There are loads of options waiting for you to grab right now. | <urn:uuid:0a4e9218-5bfd-4d29-98de-245494914b17> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://elizabetholsen.info/pcb-repair-training-courses-expect-a-thorough-understanding-of-the-field/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.948061 | 993 | 3.3125 | 3 |
February 18, 2012
The lull in the Republican presidential primaries allows us to assess what is going on with conservatism as America continues its conservative drift during its economic crisis.
Mitt Romney is still the front runner (he's electable according to the Republican elite) and the spoilers (Newt Gingrich and Rick Santorum) rise up and down. The GOP’s positions have shifted far to the right as the candidates espouse an anti-government ideology to capture the Tea party vote with their heady rhetoric of roll back “Obamacare,” empower “free enterprise,” and slash taxes, whilst being very careful to leave Social Security and Medicare untouched.
So much for the libertarian principles of “limited government" and getting government out of the picture altogether. The Tea Party populist conservatives demand that bankers be freed from red tape and the scrutiny of the law, and whilst standing in the bread they weep for the banker lounging on his yacht.
In Will the Tea Get Cold? in the New York Review of Books Sam Tanenhaus observes:
The impracticality of this war against government, which in fact offers no serious plan to scale government back, suggests that the conservative populism of our moment is rooted not in a coherent worldview so much as in a “mood” or atmosphere of generalized undifferentiated protest.....Richard Hofstadter, an early astute observer of modern right-wing passions, gave such a position the name “pseudo-conservatism” in 1955 and asked, “Why do the pseudo-conservatives express such a persistent fear and suspicion of their own government?”
Hofstadter’s account of populist conservatism is one of provincial resentments, suspicion, and nativism rather than the constitutional principles of limited government, US sovereignty and constitutional originalism.
The culture wars witnessed white working-class Americans willing to sacrifice the welfare state and labour rights to align with a rich elite who played to their distaste for abortion, homosexuality, secularism and immigration. They accepted the ideology of "market populism", a strand of philosophising among the elite, who justified themselves while undoing the social compact by arguing that market forces most truly represented the popular will and the order of nature and God.
The Tea Party still embraces a top-down, money-driven conservatism. On this account capitalism, left to itself, is infallible. It must have been government regulatory interference that caused the banks to push sub-prime loans, inflate the real-estate bubble, and hide this ticking time bomb from itself in opaque and unregulated derivatives.
The Harvard sociologist Theda Skocpol and her research student Vanessa Williamson have done helpful demographic and interviewing work---The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism ---which suggests that the Tea Party consists primarily of middle-aged and senior citizens, economically comfortable, already conservative Republican, and more likely than the average to be evangelical Christian. What matters about the Tea Party is not that it represents the grief of ordinary Americans at vanished savings, lost jobs and underwater mortgages. On the contrary, it has articulated the fears of a small propertied class, past the age of educating children or raising families, which worries that it will have to pay a price for the rest of society, and which nurtures a pre-existing rage at immigrants and a liberal black president. | <urn:uuid:bb0b6ef3-b35c-47e2-ac75-c05b80f98771> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.sauer-thompson.com/archives/opinion/2012/02/populist-conser.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00126-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937413 | 686 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Mahdi Saleh Abd, 32, is scarred by the images of his dead brothers. Gunmen shot two in their home. The Shiite family fled the city of Habbaniyah in mostly Sunni Arab Anbar province. But before they could get away thugs ambushed the family and slit a third brother's throat in front of Abd and his mother.
That was two years ago, but as he told his story inside a trailer at a displaced persons camp in southern Iraq, his face was rife with worry.
The Ministry of Displacement and Migration has ordered closure of the tent and trailer camp in the desert where Abd’s family lives along with 230 other Shiite Muslim families just outside the southern city of Najaf -- almost all displaced from Sunni-dominated Anbar province or Sunni neighborhoods of Baghdad. Officials said the government plans to close all other camps for the displaced in Iraq. One official described them as “fake camps,” filled with people who are criminals taking advantage of the aid provided by non-governmental organizations.
"I've looked for work for two years. We have nowhere to go," Abd said, his eyes filled with tears at the thought of returning to the place where his brothers were killed. "Habbaniyah only has Sunni people. When you need them they will not defend you. They killed three of my family."
The above is from Leila Fadel's "Displaced Iraqis, now told to go home, fear for their lives" (McClatchy Newspapers) and it's an examination of what's happening to the internal refugees which shouldn't be at all surprising considering it's time for the puppet government to yet again insist that 'progess' has been made. It's behind the supplying of Iraqi oil to Jordan which has been used as a leverage to cajole Jordan into sending some Iraqi refugees home. The United Nations and the International Red Cross continue to warn against Iraqis returning due to the continued violence. But it's such good p.r. for the puppet government, how can they resist. And if it's anything like last year's Myth of the Great Return, they'll get anywhere from six to eight weeks where they're allowed to make false claims before some in the press finally out their lies.
They're just there to try and make the people free,
But the way that they're doing it, it don't seem like that to me.
Just more blood-letting and misery and tears
That this poor country's known for the last twenty years,
And the war drags on.
-- words and lyrics by Mick Softly (available on Donovan's Fairytale)
Last Sunday, ICCC's number of US troops killed in Iraq since the start of the illegal war hit the 4,174 was the number. And tonight? 4177 is ICCC's count. Just Foreign Policy's counter estimates the number of Iraqis killed since the start of the illegal war to be 1,273,376 up from 1,267,401 up. Turning to some of today's reported violence . . .
Mohammed Al Dulaimy (McClatchy Newspapers) reports 4 people shot dead at a Mosul funeral (six more wounded), two police officers wounded in another Mosul attack, 3 people shot dead in Diyala Province and a US raid in Mosul led to 11 Iraqi deaths. Corinne Reilly and Yassem Taha (McClatchy) add, "Neighbors told Iraqi police in Mosul that the family was peaceful, but the U.S. military said five of the dead were terrorists who had targeted American soldiers. A military spokesman said at least some of the Iraqis were killed when a member of the family detonated a suicide bomb inside the house the Americans were raiding." Reuters notes 1 Iraqi Christian was shot dead in his store on Saturday in Mosul and, back to Sunday, 1 butcher was shot dead in Mosul and his son injured.
Mohammed Al Dulaimy (McClathcy Newspapers) reports 3 corpses discovered in Mosul and 1 found in Kirkuk (all four had been kidnapped the day prior).
CNN reports that Saturday night saw the collision of 2 "UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters" resulting in the death of 1 Iraqi soldiers and 4 soldiers (2 Iraqi, 2 US soldiers) being wounded and that "two Interior Ministry officials said that a U.S. helicopter crashed in northeastern Baghdad as a result of clashes between U.S.-backed Iraqi forces and gunmen." Alissa J. Rubin (New York Times) reports, "Local Iraqi police officers said the tail of one of the helicopters caught fire before it crashed and taht there was shooting from the surrounding area when it came down."
On the diplomatic front, Corinne Reilly and Yassem Taha (McClatchy) report that a visit to Bagdady ("one-day stop") today by Ahmed Aboul Gheit, Foreign Minister of Egypt "was the first visit to Iraq in nearly 20 years by a high-ranking Egyptian delegation." Mohammed Abbas(Reuters) notes that the minister "promised to reopen an embassy in Baghdad soon".
Kat's "Kat's Korner: Aimee Mann ain't smiling" went up last night and new content at Third:
Truest statement of the week
Truest stament of the week II
A note to our readers
Editorial: Sour Grape Girls, Tears Dry On Their Own
TV: The Comedy of Errors
The Vagina Strikes Back! (Ava and C.I.)
Again, whose media center?
Goodbye To All That WMC Style
Bail Out Barry screws the tax payers
Green Party Women's Caucus stands up
Authoritarina Fool of the Week
Sponsor a Team Nader volunteer
Pru notes the following from Great Britain's Socialist Worker:
This article should be read after: » No bailout for banks - seize their profits!
US war woes intensify as instability spreads
by Simon Assaf
As the global financial markets went into meltdown on Monday, US general David Petraeus came knocking at Gordon Brown’s door.
Petraeus was demanding that Brown beef up the number of British troops in Afghanistan.
It is not known what the response was, but his visit confirmed that problems for the US are stacking up across the world.
The commitment of Canadian and Dutch governments to the military coalition in Afghanistan is now in question.
The British commander is being told that he has to do without the extra 4,000 troops he needs to secure the Helmand province.
Petraeus has warned that the planned transfer of troops from Iraq has only been partially met. While commanders on the ground were demanding a minimum of 10,000 extra troops, he can only deliver 4,000.
The Pentagon’s National Intelligence Estimate has described the Afghan war as "grim".
The Taliban and other resistance organisations have a stranglehold over the capital and seem to be able to strike at will in different parts of the country.
The consensus in countries in the Nato alliance is that the occupation is heading for defeat.
Admiral Michael Mullen, the chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, told Congress recently that "we're running out of time. I’m not convinced we're winning."
He said that he has commissioned "a new, more comprehensive military strategy for the region that covers both sides of the [Afghanistan-Pakistan] border".
The first elements of this strategy are now being played out. The Pakistani army has launched a massive offensive in the tribal regions along Pakistan’s northern border.
According to the United Nations over 20,000 refugees are now pouring into Afghanistan.
The heightened tension has led to several armed confrontations between Pakistani and US troops.
The highly influential Rand Corporation, a right wing think-tank, summed it up:
"We are now at a tipping point, with about half of the country now penetrated by a range of Sunni militant groups including the Taliban and Al Qaida."
Part of the problem lies in the "fragility" of the occupation in Iraq. The US military is divided about how quickly they can transfer troops from there to Afghanistan.
Robert Gates, the US defence secretary, warned, "I believe we have now entered that endgame and our decisions today and in the months ahead will be critical to regional stability and our national security interests for the years to come."
US ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker is calling for "strategic patience" – which means don't give up Iraq to save Afghanistan. He fears the growing influence of Iran in Iraq.
Crocker claims that the Iranians have a "fundamental desire to oppose the development of a fully secure and stable Iraq. I think they would like to keep Iraq off balance as a way of being able to control events here to the satisfaction of Tehran."
Short of introducing the draft, the US military does not have enough troops to prosecute two wars. It can stabilise one occupation, but not both at the same time.
This dilemma is expressed by the different strategies presented by rival presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain.
Obama wants the US to focus on the Afghainstan-Pakistan war. McCain wants to move on Iran.
To add to US woes, Russia is now dragging its feet over reining back Iran’s nuclear ambitions.
It withdrew from a critical meeting with Western governments last week that was set to tighten economic sanctions on the Iranian regime.
Russia has also gone cold over opening up a key supply route for Nato through northern Afghanistan.
Russia's foreign minister Sergei Lavrov announced on Monday, "The agreement that was signed with Nato at the April summit in Bucharest is still formally in effect, but there is no chance of putting it into practice."
This deal would have allowed Nato to resupply its troops without passing through treacherous regions of northern Pakistan.
Russia is throwing its weight around the former soviet states in central Asia as it is confident following its recent victory over Georgia.
To add to US nervousness, Russian warships have established control over the Black Sea and docked in their old base in Syria – marking the return of its fleet to the Mediterranean.
Another flotilla is conducting exercises with the Venezuelan navy in Caribbean.
The credibility of US power is also under question in Africa – the so called "third front on the war on terror".
The US encouraged Ethiopia to invade Somalia in its battle against "Islamist extremism".
This occupation is rapidly unravelling, threatening US plans to control the strategically important Horn of Africa.
Over the past eight years George Bush has unleashed a series of wars he hoped would increase US power. Instead these wars' failures has proved its limits.
The recent economic meltdown, although not directly affecting its ability to fight, makes this struggle even more desperate.
The spread of war to Pakistan, and possibly Iran, remains a warning that its desperate attempts to manage defeat means the US is making the world a more dangerous place.
The following should be read alongside this article: » No bailout for banks - seize their profits!» Panic and division hits US ruling class» Europe's economies teetering on the edge» Turmoil on Wall Street hammers Moscow's markets» Africa: a continent living in fear of starvation» Shockwave hits China and Japan» Playing a dangerous game with our pensions
Afghanistan: Why we should get out, a new Stop the War Coalition pamphlet by Chris Nineham and Jane Shallice, with an introduction by John Pilger, is out now for £1. To order copies phone 020 7278 6694 or go to » www.stopwar.org.uk
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and the war drags on
mohammed al dulaimy
the new york times
alissa j. rubin
the socialist worker
the third estate sunday review | <urn:uuid:78c26748-be8d-4be7-a897-63a0170e376c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thecommonills.blogspot.com/2008/10/and-war-drags-on.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00365-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958088 | 2,500 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Sickle Cell Disease: Centers of Excellence And Gene Therapy
July 11, 2020
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hemoglobinopathy associated with defective ‘sickle’ red blood cells. Two hemoglobinopathies, β-thalassemia and SCD, are different in the following way. β-Thalassemia has low or absent production of β-globin, while SCD has defective β-globin due to a specific mutation leading to defective hemoglobin.
Genetically, SCD is inherited in the autosomal recessive manner with only one gene being affected: the gene of the β-hemoglobin subunit that typically has the GAG to GTG mutation, resulting in the Glu-to-Val substitution in position 6. Despite the single-gene, single-mutation nature, SCD is a multiorgan, clinically heterogeneous disease. A plethora of medical literature describes signs and symptoms of the disease, but for me as a non-clinician, what stands out the most is the horror of debilitating pain and perpetual fatigue. For many patients, the quality of life is poor. Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) is the most severe form of SCD, and is the focus of many clinical trials of disease-modifying treatments.
Currently, the approved treatment with a curative potential is an HLA-matched transplant. However, as you can guess, for multiple socioeconomic reasons, finding a donor is not easy, with less than 1/4 of all patients having this option. Unfortunately, other approved treatments do not have curative or disease-modifying potential.
Pipeline Of Cell And Gene Therapies For Sickle Cell Disease
Trying to achieve a long-lasting and, hopefully, curative effect, many companies and academic groups are designing novel cell and gene therapy (CGTx) approaches to treat SCD. A haploidentical transplant is in Phase 3 clinical development, while gene therapies are in Discovery through Phase 3/Registration, as shown in the pipeline below (expands to full screen).
General Therapeutic Strategies
Let’s look at a few general strategies before discussing specific GTx modalities.
0 – To deliver a healthy β-globin gene
Purposefully, I call it ‘Strategy Zero’ because, unlike for some other autosomal recessive, single-gene diseases, this strategy is not a slam dunk for SCD. Notably, the β-globin gene is large, and gene silencing is a problem. Scientists have been trying to design a vector that can fit the gene and all regulatory elements to achieve safety and efficiency of gene expression. Currently, there is no such therapy in the pipeline, yet.
1 – To have fetal hemoglobin do the job for adult hemoglobin
First, there are two hemoglobins, fetal (HbF) and adult (HbA). HbF is present before birth, and its level declines steadily after birth. In contrast, the production of HbA ramps up after birth, and HbA becomes the main hemoglobin carrying oxygen in healthy adults. Consequently, HbA is the most common.
The relevance of HbF to SCD management is the following: if you increase the amount of HbF, you could compensate for defective HbA. This is one of the approaches used in GTx development. Scientists noticed that elevated HbF levels compensate for HbA deficiency in β-thalassemia and have a potent anti-sickling effect in SCD, reducing symptom severity.
How can HbF be increased?
While HbA has 2 α and 2 β chains, HbF has 2 α and 2 γ chains. Therefore, one drug development approach is to increase γ-globin production.
Conveniently, BCL11A plays a major role in repressing γ-globin gene expression. Therefore, BCL11A suppression (by creating specific mutations) results in persistence of HbF.
2 – To reduce sickling properties of defective HbA
Instead of tackling the disease-causing Glu-to-Val mutation in position 6, scientists noticed that the Glu-to-Thr change in position 87 of β-globin provides compensatory anti-sickling properties.
Sickle Cell Gene Therapy Examples
For the purpose of the article, we classify gene therapy candidates into 1) lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and 2) gene editing.
Lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer
First, the most advanced therapy is Lentiglobin bb305 (HPV569 vector), by Bluebird Bio (formerly Genetix Pharma), currently in Phase 3/Registration. It has the Glu to Thr change in position 87. After the original LG001 trial, the vector was optimized, and new Ph1/2 trials HGB-205 and HGB-206 were conducted in France and the U.S., respectively.
Second, LentiV shRNA targeting BCL11A uses erythroid-specific shRNA that induces HbF in human erythroid cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Other lentiviral vectors include GLOBE (San Raffaele, Italy), RVT-1801 (Aruvant, Cincinnati Children’s), TNS9.3.55 (Memorial Sloan Kettering, halted development), and AS3-FB (UCLA).
As compared to gene transfer/addition, gene editing has an advantage of not losing efficacy due to gene silencing (at least as currently believed). Examples of gene editing approaches to treat SCD include CRISPR/Cas9, zinc figure nucleases (ZFN), nuclease-free editing, and base editing. Most of editing happens ex vivo in patient’s HSCs. However, in vivo approaches are on the rise too. Editing tools are delivered using primarily viral vectors (lentiviral or AAV) or electroporation. The pipeline figure above provides details on some of these approaches (expand to full screen).
Clinical Trial Centers
Importantly, sickle cell disease is a rare condition, with ~100,000 people living with the disease in the U.S. Therefore, not many hematologists consider themselves experts in the disease, and not many centers have the experts. Then, where are SCD experts located? Where do patients go if they want to enroll into a trial? And what if patients are looking specifically for a gene therapy trial?
Below is the map showing clinical sites that have been conducting interventional trials in SCD:
Sites activated in the past 12 months (green),
Sites with CGTx experience (orange),
All other sites with interventional trials (blue).
To obtain this refined dataset, we applied the following Exclusion criteria:
Conditions: trials where SCD is one of many diseases
Trial Phase: no phase information
Sponsor: no industry sponsor involvement
Trial type: observational or expanded access trials
Dates: trials completed before 2016, or trials not updated in the past ~5 years
Sites: exUS sites, trials without appropriate clinical site information
Of 151 site, 30 sites have initiated at least one interventional clinical trial in sickle cell disease in the last 12 months (on map: green) and 29 sickle cell centers have had at least one trial involving a novel cell/ gene therapy (on map: orange). See tables below with the names of the institutions that represent these 30 & 29 sites (expand for full screen).
Does the sickle cell disease gene therapy development get sufficient attention from the scientific and drug development community?
For example, at the 23rd Annual Meeting of ASGCT, 22 posters and oral presentations highlighted progress towards novel and potentially curative treatments for SCD. Comparing to other disorders, SCD is one of the most discussed, both in 2019 and 2020. (For more detail, see our insights article on non-oncology diseases at ASGCT).
Notably, the 2020 conference featured a broad spectrum of SCD gene therapy studies, including in vitro, in mice and non-human primates, patient samples, as well as clinical trials. Unsurprisingly, ex vivo approaches are dominant. However, in vivo approaches are being gradually developed, with most notable examples being HDAd5/35++ vectors by University of Washington, Seattle (posters 199, 373, 629, 810, 811 and talks 546 and 1322) and AAVHSC-delivered nuclease-free editing by Homology Medicines.
In conclusion, SCD seems to get significant attention from the CGTx development community as compared to many other rare diseases. However, not many centers have an option to enroll patients in such trials. Optimistically, a multitude of preclinical programs gives hope for more trials to open up in the future.
Disclaimer: This article is for the educational purpose only. It is the property of BioHeights LLC. This article is written based only on non-confidential information provided on company websites, in press releases and scientific publications, and on clinicaltrials.gov. BioHeights LLC and its members are not responsible for any damages resulting from reading this blog article. BioHeights LLC takes no responsibility for completeness or correctness of this article and its contents. | <urn:uuid:59b7cb94-4330-48f2-8941-cd107bce2151> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://blog.vitamart.ca/sickle-cell-disease-centers-of-excellence-and-gene-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.926808 | 1,968 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Author: James Skinner
Australian Trade Minister, Dan Tehan, and UK Secretary of State for International Trade, Liz Truss, are engaging in negotiations over the next 10 days before Prime Ministers Scott Morrison and Boris Johnson announce the deal at the G7 summit in Cornwall, UK.
“There are issues we continue to discuss around mobility, how we can get more ability for Brits and Australians to move between the two countries,” Tehan told Australian broadcaster ABC’s Insiders program.
Under existing rules, Australians aged 18 to 30 can only live and work in the UK for up to two years, while Britons aged under 30 can stay in Australia for up to three years if they do six months of “specified” regional work.
CANZUK International has worked with MPs and Ministers to increase both the age limits and lengths of such visas, eventually leading to free movement for all Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and British citizens under a unified CANZUK arrangement.
Talks have also focused on another initiative which CANZUK International has campaigned for, being the greater recognition of professional qualifications which would enable easier movement between the two countries for professionals such as lawyers, mechanics or accountants.
“There is a lot of fine detail that has to be worked through when it comes to these agreements,” Tehan said.
Both Ministers spoke on May 28th and will speak again on June 1st to finalize all outstanding provisions to implement a comprehensive trade deal, with mobility provisions, between Australia and the UK.
CANZUK International is delighted that provisions for greater mobility and trade are being discussed as part of an Australia-UK trade deal and will continue to lobby for similar arrangements to be implemented between all CANZUK countries. | <urn:uuid:eb6e0ec4-2a49-48c5-b31e-4b4dd81e3bdf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cpdimmigration.com/final-negotiations-begin-for-increased-visa-access-between-australia-uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.94981 | 405 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The ACLU of New Hampshire is suing the state on behalf of America's favorite furry, bipedal humanoid. Well, actually — on behalf of a human filmmaker and performance artist who was barred from filming his ape suit adventures at a local mountain.
Jonathan Doyle made his first appearance as Bigfoot in September 2009, when he donned the costume and ran across the top of Mt. Monadnock. Then, in street clothes, he filmed bystanders talking about what they saw. As Doyle told the media: "People loved it. It was socially engaging. When I showed up at the top of the mountain dressed as Bigfoot and beating my chest, everyone just laughed and hoorayed."
Apparently, park manager Patrick Hummel was not as captivated by the Sasquatch sighting. When Doyle and friends returned to the mountain later that month to make another film, Hummel cut them off, barring them from filming without first obtaining a $100 special-use permit 30 days in advance, along with a $2 million insurance bond.
Doyle and his counsel at the ACLU of New Hampshire argue these requirements constitute a clear violation of the First Amendment. Jon Meyer, cooperating attorney on the case said:
The underlying activities are humorous, but the principle's important. We're talking about a very small-scale activity in a very large place. We don't believe there's any legitimate government role in regulation.
We'll keep you posted on what comes next. We hope the courts will rule in our favor and show that in America, free speech is more than an elusive myth. | <urn:uuid:d3796595-4588-4970-8dc0-09e6f996489c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.aclu.org/blog/speakeasy/even-bigfoot-knows-his-rights?redirect=blog/free-speech/even-bigfoot-knows-his-rights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00417-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969316 | 319 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Use our 3-page graphic organiser to research and report on a significant natural disaster from the last 100 years.
A comprehension worksheet for an information report from the Year 5 magazine (Issue 2).
A comprehension worksheet for the information report from the Year 3 magazine (Issue 2).
A set of 89 task cards to help students learn about patterns in nature.
A comprehension worksheet for an article about ten facts about Mauna Kea in Hawaii.
A poster explaining the processes that lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks.
34 earthquake related vocabulary cards for a word wall.
A 45 slide editable PowerPoint template for teaching a unit on natural disasters.
A worksheet to use when exploring the layers inside the Earth.
An activity to use when exploring the potential effects of natural disasters, and how to manage these.
A cloze activity to use when learning about the layers of the Earth and plate tectonics.
A task to be used when investigating how to remain safe in the event of a natural disaster.
A worksheet to use when introducing the concept of natural disasters.
A task requiring students to design a poster regarding earthquake safety.
An hands-on experiment to be conducted by students when investigating earthquakes.
A worksheet with earthquake content vocabulary and definitions.
45 marine life word wall vocabulary cards.
An educational poster showing the structure of the Earth.
A poster explaining the main types of plate boundaries and their effects on the earth's surface.
An educational poster highlighting the main landforms created by tectonic plate movement.
A set of educational posters with information about types of rock.
A poster showing the different types of geographic features of Earth.
This Science unit addresses the concepts of plate tectonics and natural disasters.
A 60 minute lesson in which students will identify appropriate safety procedures for natural disaster events.
A 60 minute lesson in which students will identify the effects of natural disasters and explore how these may be managed.
A 60 minute lesson in which students will investigate how building techniques can reduce the impact of earthquakes.
A 60 minute lesson in which the students will investigate the causes and effects of geological natural disasters.
A 60 minute lesson in which students will explore tectonic plates and the effects their movements have on the surface of the earth.
A 60 minute lesson in which students will identify the characteristics of the earth's internal layers. | <urn:uuid:9ce97f8d-5f1b-4fe3-b0e3-6753191f2111> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.teachstarter.com/au/learning-area/geology-earth-space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.887666 | 490 | 3.96875 | 4 |
A top doctor has urged women to be wary of the warning signs during ovarian cancer month.
Dr Bini Ajay, consultant gynaecologist at St Anthony's Hospital in North Cheam wants to make sure they are aware of the symptoms of ovarian cancer as survival rates for those who spot the illness in its early stages are significantly increased.
Dr Ajay said the way to remember the symptoms is through the acronym BEAT - B - bloating that is persistent, E - eating less and feeling fuller, A - abdominal pain, T - trouble with your bladders and bowels.
She added: "It’s important that women recognise the signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer as this will lead to earlier diagnosis and improved survival rates.
"Never make the assumption that any changes are due to age or diet. The outcome can be very positive if caught early."
Ovarian cancer awareness month is March. For more information, visit www.ovarian.org.uk
- Shocking figures show how long you'd have to live to afford buying your first south London home
- VIDEO: No laughing matter as two men try to steal gas canisters from St Helier Hospital
- Armed police to travel on the Tube for first time since 7/7
- Fewer mentally ill people being locked up in London police cells, figures show
- Christmas joy: Tube and rail workers could walk out at same time in combined strike | <urn:uuid:25120bd8-43c4-4c61-a35c-1d23114db03d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/11028498.Top_doc_at_St_Anthony_s_Hospital_issues_ovarian_cancer_warning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00046-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95193 | 293 | 2.140625 | 2 |
1.1 Scope of the documentThe guidance contained in this document is intended to provide information about the available specifications for water for pharmaceutical use (WPU), guidance about which quality of water to use for specific applications, such as the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and dosage forms, and to provide guidance on the good manufacturing practice (GMP) regarding the design, installation and operation of pharmaceutical water systems. Although the focus of this document is on water for pharmaceutical applications, the guidelines may also be relevant to other industrial or specific uses where the specifications and practices can be applied.
The GMP guidance for WPU contained in this document is intended to be supplementary to the general GMP guidelines for pharmaceutical products published by WHO (WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Thirty-seventh report. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003 (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 908), Annex 4).
This document refers to available specifications, such as the pharmacopoeias and industry guidance for the use, production, storage and distribution of water in bulk form. In order to avoid confusion it does not attempt to duplicate such material.
Note: This document does not cover waters for administration to patients in their formulated state or the use of small quantities of water in pharmacies to compound individually prescribed medicines.
The guidance provided in this document can be used in whole or in part as appropriate to the application under consideration. Where subtle points of difference exist between pharmacopoeial specifications, the manufacturer will be expected to decide which option to choose in accordance with the related marketing authorization submitted to the national drug regulatory authority.
1.2 Background to water requirements and usesWater is the most widely used substance, raw material or starting material in the production, processing and formulation of pharmaceutical products. It has unique chemical properties due to its polarity and hydrogen bonds. This means it is able to dissolve, absorb, adsorb or suspend many different compounds. These include contaminants that may represent hazards in themselves or that may be able to react with intended product substances, resulting in hazards to health. Different grades of water quality are required depending on the route of administration of the pharmaceutical products. One source of guidance about different grades of water is the European Medicines
Evaluation Agency (EMEA) Note for guidance on quality of water for pharmaceutical use (CPMP/QWP/158/01).
Control of the quality of water throughout the production, storage and distribution processes, including microbiological and chemical quality, is a major concern. Unlike other product and process ingredients, water is usually drawn from a system on demand, and is not subject to testing and batch or lot release before use. Assurance of quality to meet the on-demand expectation is, therefore, essential.
Additionally, certain microbiological tests may require periods of incubation and, therefore, the results are likely to lag behind the water use. Control of the microbiological quality of WPU is a high priority. Some types of microorganism may proliferate in water treatment components and in the storage and distribution systems. It is very important to minimize microbial contamination by routine sanitation and taking appropriate measures to prevent microbial proliferation.
1.3 Applicable guidesIn addition to the specific guidance provided in this document, the bibliography lists some relevant publications that can serve as additional background material when planning, installing and using systems intended to provide WPU.
2. General requirements for pharmaceutical water systemsPharmaceutical water production, storage and distribution systems should be designed, installed, commissioned, validated and maintained to ensure the reliable production of water of an appropriate quality. They should not be operated beyond their designed capacity.
Water should be produced, stored and distributed in a manner that prevents unacceptable microbial, chemical or physical contamination (e.g. with dust and dirt).
The use of the systems following installation, commissioning, validation and any unplanned maintenance or modification work should be approved by the quality assurance (QA) department. If approval is obtained for planned preventive maintenance tasks, they need not be approved after implementation.
Water sources and treated water should be monitored regularly for quality and for chemical, microbiological and, as appropriate, endotoxin contamination. The performance of water purification, storage and distribution systems should also be monitored. Records of the monitoring results and any actions taken should be maintained for an appropriate length of time.
Where chemical sanitization of the water systems is part of the biocontamination control programme, a validated procedure should be followed to ensure that the sanitizing agent has been effectively removed.
3. Water quality specifications
3.1 GeneralThe following requirements concern water processed, stored and distributed in bulk form. They do not cover the specification of waters formulated for patient administration. Pharmacopoeias include specifications for both bulk and dosage-form waters.
Pharmacopoeial requirements for WPU are described in national and international pharmacopoeias and limits for various contaminants are given. Companies wishing to supply multiple markets should set specifications that meet the strictest requirements from each of the relevant pharmacopoeias.
3.2 Drinking-waterDrinking-water should be supplied under continuous positive pressure in a plumbing system free of any defects that could lead to contamination of any product.
Drinking-water is unmodified except for limited treatment of the water derived from a natural or stored source. Examples of natural sources include springs, wells, rivers, lakes and the sea. The condition of the source water will dictate the treatment required to render it safe for human consumption (drinking). Typical treatment includes softening, removal of specific ions, particle reduction and antimicrobial treatment. It is common for drinking-water to be derived from a public water supply that may be a combination of more than one of the natural sources listed above. It is also common for public water supply organizations to conduct tests and guarantee that the drinking water delivered is of potable quality.
Drinking-water quality is covered by the WHO drinking-water guidelines, standards from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and other regional and national agencies.
Drinking-water should comply with the relevant regulations laid down by the competent authority.
If drinking-water is used directly in certain stages of pharmaceutical manufacture or is the feed-water for the production of higher qualities of WPU, then testing should be carried out periodically by the water user’s site to confirm that the quality meets the standards required for potable water.
3.3 Purified waterPurified water (PW) should be prepared from a potable water source as a minimum-quality feed-water, should meet the pharmacopoeial specifications for chemical and microbiological purity, and should be protected from recontamination and microbial proliferation.
3.4 Highly purified waterHighly purified water (HPW) should be prepared from potable water as a minimum-quality feed-water. HPW is a unique specification for water found only in the European Pharmacopoeia. This grade of water must meet the same quality standard as water for injections (WFI) including the limit for endotoxins, but the water-treatment methods are not considered to be as reliable as distillation. HPW may be prepared by combinations of methods such as reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration and deionization.
3.5 Water for injectionsWater for injections (WFI) should be prepared from potable water as a minimum-quality feed-water. WFI is not sterile water and is not a final dosage form. It is an intermediate bulk product. WFI is the highest quality of pharmacopoeial WPU.
Certain pharmacopoeias place constraints upon the permitted purification techniques as part of the specification of the WFI. The International Pharmacopoeia and The European Pharmacopoeia, for
example, allow only distillation as the final purification step.
3.6 Other grades of waterWhen a specific process requires a special non-pharmacopoeial grade of water, this should be specified and should at least satisfy the pharmacopoeial requirements of the grade of WPU required for the type of dosage form or process step.
4. Application of specific waters to processes and dosage formsProduct licensing authorities define the requirement to use the specific grades of WPU for different dosage forms or for different stages in washing, preparation, synthesis, manufacturing or formulation.
The grade of water used should take into account the nature and intended use of the intermediate or finished product and the stage in the manufacturing process at which the water is used.
HPW can be used in the preparation of products when water of high quality (i.e. very low in microorganisms and endotoxins) is needed, but the process stage or product requirement does not include the constraint on the production method defined in some of the pharmacopoeial monographs for WFI.
WFI should be used in injectable product preparations, for dissolving or diluting substances or preparations for parenteral administration before use, and for sterile water for preparation of injections. WFI should also be used for the final rinse after cleaning of equipment and components that come into contact with injectable products as well as for the final rinse in a washing process in which no subsequent thermal or chemical depyrogenation process is applied.
When steam comes into contact with an injectable product in its final container, or equipment for preparing injectable products, it should conform with the specification for WFI when condensed.
5. Water purification methods
5.1 General considerationsThe specifications for WPU found in compendia (e.g. pharmacopoeias) are generally not prescriptive as to permissible water purification methods other than those for WFI (refer to section 3.5).
The chosen water purification method, or sequence of purification steps, must be appropriate to the application in question. The following should be considered when selecting the water treatment method:
— the water quality specification;
— the yield or efficiency of the purification system;
— feed-water quality and the variation over time (seasonal changes);
— the reliability and robustness of the water-treatment equipment in operation;
— the availability of water-treatment equipment on the market;
— the ability to adequately support and maintain the water purification equipment; and
— the operation costs.
The specifications for water purification equipment, storage and distribution systems should take into account the following:
— the risk of contamination from leachates from contact materials;
— the adverse impact of adsorptive contact materials;
— hygienic or sanitary design, where required;
— corrosion resistance;
— freedom from leakage;
— configuration to avoid proliferation of microbiological organisms;
— tolerance to cleaning and sanitizing agents (thermal and chemical);
— the system capacity and output requirements; and
— the provision of all necessary instruments, test and sampling points to allow all the relevant critical quality parameters of the complete system to be monitored.
The design, configuration and layout of the water purification equipment, storage and distribution systems should also take into account the following physical considerations:
— the space available for the installation;
— structural loadings on buildings;
— the provision of adequate access for maintenance; and
— the ability to safely handle regeneration and sanitization chemicals.
Related: Difference Between Purified Water and De-mineralized Water
5.2 Production of drinking-waterDrinking-water is derived from a raw water source such as a well, river or reservoir. There are no prescribed methods for the treatment of raw water to produce potable drinking-water from a specific raw
Typical processes employed at a user plant or by a water supply authority include:
— disinfection or sanitization (e.g. by sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) injection);
— iron (ferrous) removal;
— precipitation; and
— reduction of specific inorganic/organic materials.
The drinking-water quality should be monitored routinely.
Additional testing should be considered if there is any change in the raw-water source, treatment techniques or system configuration.
If the drinking-water quality changes significantly, the direct use of this water as a WPU, or as the feed-water to downstream treatment stages, should be reviewed and the result of the review documented.
Where drinking-water is derived from an “in-house” system for the treatment of raw water, the water-treatment steps used and the system configuration should be documented. Changes to the system or its operation should not be made until a review has been completed and the change approved by the QA department.
Where drinking-water is stored and distributed by the user, the storage systems must not allow degradation of the water quality before use. After any such storage, testing should be carried out routinely in accordance with a defined method. Where water is stored, its use should ensure a turnover of the stored water sufficient to prevent stagnation.
The drinking-water system is usually considered to be an “indirect impact system” and does not need to be qualified.
Drinking-water purchased in bulk and transported to the user by tanker presents special problems and risks not associated with potable water delivered by pipeline. Vendor assessment and authorized certification activities, including confirmation of the acceptability of the delivery vehicle, should be undertaken in a similar way to that used for any other starting material.
Equipment and systems used to produce drinking-water should be able to be drained and sanitized. Storage tanks should be closed with appropriately protected vents, allow for visual inspection and for being drained and sanitized. Distribution pipework should be able to be drained, or flushed, and sanitized.
Special care should be taken to control microbiological contamination of sand filters, carbon beds and water softeners. Once microorganisms have infected a system, the contamination can rapidly form biofilms and spread throughout the system. Techniques for controlling contamination such as back-flushing, chemical or thermal sanitization and frequent regeneration should be considered. Additionally, all water-treatment components should be maintained with continuous water flow to inhibit microbial growth.
5.3 Production of purified waterThere are no prescribed methods for the production of PW in the pharmacopoeias. Any appropriate qualified purification technique or sequence of techniques may be used to prepare PW. Typically ion exchange, ultrafiltration and/or reverse osmosis processes are used. Distillation can also be used.
The following should be considered when configuring a water purification system:
— the feed-water quality and its variation over seasons;
— the required water-quality specification;
— the sequence of purification stages required;
— the energy consumption;
— the extent of pretreatment required to protect the final purification steps;
— performance optimization, including yield and efficiency of unit treatment-process steps;
— appropriately located sampling points designed in such a way as to avoid potential contamination; and
— unit process steps should be provided with appropriate instrumentation to measure parameters such as flow, pressure, temperature, conductivity, pH and total organic carbon.
Ambient-temperature PW systems are especially susceptible to microbiological contamination, particularly when equipment is static during periods of no or low demand for water. It is essential to consider the mechanisms for microbiological control and sanitization.
The following techniques should be considered:
— maintenance of flow through water-purification equipment at all times;
— control of temperature in the system by pipeline heat exchange or plant-room cooling to reduce the risk of microbial growth (guidance value <25 °C);
— provision of ultraviolet disinfection;
— selection of water-treatment components that can be thermally sanitized; and/or
— application of chemical sanitization (including agents such as ozone).
Related: Chlorination and De-chlorination of Water System
5.4 Production of highly purified waterThere are no prescribed methods for the production of HPW in any major pharmacopoeia, including the European Pharmacopoeia.
Any appropriate qualified purification technique or sequence of techniques may be used to prepare HPW. Typically ion exchange, ultrafiltration and/or reverse osmosis processes are used.
The guidance provided in section 5.3 for PW is equally applicable to HPW.
5.5 Production of water for injectionsThe pharmacopoeias prescribe or limit the permitted final water purification stage in the production of WFI. Distillation is the preferred technique; it is considered a more robust technique based on phase change, and in some cases, high temperature operation of the process equipment.
The following should be considered when designing a water purification system:
— the feed-water quality;
— the required water quality specification;
— the optimum generator size to avoid over-frequent start/stop cycling;
— blow-down and dump functions; and
— cool-down venting to avoid contamination ingress.
6. Water purification, storage and distribution systemsThis section applies to WPU systems for PW, HPW and WFI. The water storage and distribution should work in conjunction with the purification plant to ensure consistent delivery of water to the user points, and to ensure optimum operation of the water purification equipment.
6.1 GeneralThe storage and distribution system should be considered as a key part of the whole system, and should be designed to be fully integrated with the water purification components of the system.
Once water has been purified using an appropriate method, it can either be used directly or, more frequently, it will be fed into a storage vessel for subsequent distribution to points of use. The following text describes the requirements for storage and distribution systems.
The storage and distribution system should be configured to prevent recontamination of the water after treatment and be subjected to a combination of online and offline monitoring to ensure that the appropriate water specification is maintained.
6.2 Materials that come into contact with systems for water for pharmaceutical useThis section applies to generation equipment for PW, HPW and WFI, and the associated storage and distribution systems.
The materials that come into contact with WPU, including pipework, valves and fittings, seals, diaphragms and instruments, should be selected to satisfy the following objectives.
• Compatibility. All materials used should be compatible with the temperature and chemicals used by or in the system.
• Prevention of leaching. All materials that come into contact with WPU should be non-leaching at the range of working temperatures.
• Corrosion resistance. PW, HPW and WFI are highly corrosive.
To prevent failure of the system and contamination of the water, the materials selected must be appropriate, the method of jointing must be carefully controlled, and all fittings and components must be compatible with the pipework used. Appropriate sanitary specification plastics and stainless steel materials are acceptable for WPU systems. When stainless steel is used it should be at least grade 316L. The system should be passivated after initial installation or after modification. When accelerated passivation is undertaken, the system should be thoroughly cleaned first, and the passivation process should be undertaken in accordance with a clearly defined documented procedure.
• Smooth internal finish. Once water has been purified it is susceptible to microbiological contamination, and the system is subject to the formation of biofilms when cold storage and distribution is employed. Smooth internal surfaces help to avoid roughness and crevices within the WPU system. Crevices are frequently sites where corrosion can commence. The internal finish should have an arithmetical average surface roughness of not greater than 0.8 micrometre arithmetical mean roughness (Ra). When stainless steel is used, mechanical and electropolishing techniques may be employed. Electropolishing improves the resistance of the stainless steel material to surface corrosion.
• Jointing. The selected system materials should be able to be easily jointed by welding in a controlled manner. The control of the process should include as a minimum, qualification of the operator, documentation of the welder set-up, work-session test pieces, logs of all welds and visual inspection of a defined proportions of welds.
• Design of flanges or unions. Where flanges or unions are used, they should be of a hygienic or sanitary design. Appropriate checks should be carried out to ensure that the correct seals are used and that they are fitted and tightened correctly.
• Documentation. All system components should be fully documented and be supported by original or certified copies of material certificates.
• Materials. Suitable materials that may be considered for sanitary elements of the system include 316 L (low carbon) stainless steel, polypropylene, polyvinylidenedifluoride and perfluoroalkoxy.
Other materials such as unplasticized polyvinylchloride (uPVC) may be used for treatment equipment designed for less pure water such as ion exchangers and softeners.
6.3 System sanitization and bioburden controlWater treatment equipment, storage and distribution systems used for PW, HPW and WFI should be provided with features to control the proliferation of microbiological organisms during normal use, as well as techniques for sanitizing or sterilizing the system after intervention for maintenance or modification. The techniques employed should be considered during the design of the system and their performance proven during the commissioning and qualification activities.
Systems that operate and are maintained at elevated temperatures, in the range of 70–80 °C, are generally less susceptible to microbiological contamination than systems that are maintained at lower temperatures.
When lower temperatures are required due to the water treatment processes employed or the temperature requirements for the water in use, then special precautions should be taken to prevent the ingress and proliferation of microbiological contaminants (see section 6.5.3 for guidance).
6.4 Storage vessel requirementsThe water storage vessel used in a system serves a number of important purposes. The design and size of the vessel should take into consideration the following.
6.4.1 CapacityThe capacity of the storage vessel should be determined on the basis of the following requirements.
• It is necessary to provide a buffer capacity between the steady-state generation rate of the water-treatment equipment and the potentially variable simultaneous demand from user points.
• The water treatment equipment should be able to operate continuously for significant periods to avoid the inefficiencies and equipment stress that occur when the equipment cycles on and off too frequently.
• The capacity should be sufficient to provide short-term reserve capacity in the event of failure of the water-treatment equipment or inability to produce water due to a sanitization or regeneration cycle. When determining the size of such reserve capacity, consideration should be given to providing sufficient water to complete a process batch, work session or other logical period of demand.
6.4.2 Contamination control considerationsThe following should be taken into account for the efficient control of contamination.
• The headspace in the storage vessel is an area of risk where water droplets and air can come into contact at temperatures that encourage the proliferation of microbiological organisms. The water distribution loop should be configured to ensure that the headspace of the storage vessel is effectively wetted by a flow of water. The use of spray ball or distributor devices to wet the surfaces should be considered.
• Nozzles within the storage vessels should be configured to avoid dead zones where microbiological contamination might be harboured.
• Vent filters are fitted to storage vessels to allow the internal level of liquid to fluctuate. The filters should be bacteria-retentive, hydrophobic and ideally be configured to allow in situ testing of integrity.
Offline testing is also acceptable. The use of heated vent filters should be considered to prevent condensation within the filter matrix that might lead to filter blockage and to microbial growth that could contaminate the storage vessels.
• Where pressure-relief valves and bursting discs are provided on storage vessels to protect them from over-pressurization, these devices should be of a sanitary design. Bursting discs should be provided with external rupture indicators to prevent accidental loss of system integrity.
6.5 Requirements for water distribution pipeworkThe distribution of PW, HPW and WFI should be accomplished using a continuously circulating pipework loop. Proliferation of contaminants within the storage tank and distribution loop should be controlled.
Filtration should not usually be used in distribution loops or at takeoff user points to control biocontamination. Such filters are likely to conceal system contamination.
6.5.1 Temperature control and heat exchangersWhere heat exchangers are employed to heat or cool WPU within a system, precautions should be taken to prevent the heating or cooling utility from contaminating the water. The more secure types of heat exchangers of the double tube plate or double plate and frame configuration should be considered. Where these types are not used, an alternative approach whereby the utility is maintained and monitored at a lower pressure than the WPU may be considered.
Where heat exchangers are used they should be arranged in continually circulating loops or sub-loops of the system to avoid unacceptable static water in systems.
When the temperature is reduced for processing purposes, the reduction should occur for the minimum necessary time. The cooling cycles and their duration should be proven satisfactory during the qualification of the system.
6.5.2 Circulation pumpsCirculation pumps should be of a sanitary design with appropriate seals that prevent contamination of the system. Where stand-by pumps are provided, they should be configured or managed to avoid dead zones trapped within the system.
6.5.3 Biocontamination control techniquesThe following control techniques may be used alone or more commonly in combination.
• Maintenance of continuous turbulent flow circulation within water distribution systems reduces the propensity for the formation of biofilms. The maintenance of the design velocity for a specific system should be proven during the system qualification and the maintenance of satisfactory performance should be monitored. During the operation of a distribution system, short-term fluctuations in the flow velocity are unlikely to cause contamination problems provided that cessation of flow, flow reversal or pressure loss does
• The system design should ensure the shortest possible length of pipework.
• For ambient temperature systems, pipework should be isolated from adjacent hot pipes.
• Dead legs in the pipework installation greater than 1.5 times the branch diameter should be avoided.
• Pressure gauges should be separated from the system by membranes.
• Hygienic pattern diaphragm valves should be used.
• Pipework should be laid to falls to allow drainage.
• The growth of microorganisms can be inhibited by:
— ultraviolet radiation sources in pipework;
— maintaining the system heated (guidance temperature 70– 80 °C);
— sanitizing the system periodically using hot water (guidance temperature >70 °C);
— sterilizing or sanitizing the system periodically using superheated hot water or clean steam; and
— routine chemical sanitization using ozone or other suitable chemical agents. When chemical sanitization is used, it is essential to prove that the agent has been removed prior to using the water. Ozone can be effectively removed by using ultraviolet radiation.
7. Operational considerations
7.1 Start-up and commissioning of water systemsPlanned, well-defined, successful and well-documented commissioning is an essential precursor to successful validation of water systems.
The commissioning work should include setting to work, system setup, controls loop tuning and recording of all system performance parameters. If it is intended to use or refer to commissioning data within the validation work then the quality of the commissioning work and associated data and documentation must be commensurate with the validation plan requirements.
7.2 QualificationWPU, PW, HPW and WFI systems are all considered to be direct impact, quality critical systems that should be qualified. The qualification should follow the validation convention of design review or design qualification (DQ), installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ) and performance qualification (PQ).
This guidance does not define the standard requirements for the conventional validation stages DQ, IQ and OQ, but concentrates on the particular PQ approach that should be used for WPU systems to demonstrate their consistent and reliable performance. A three-phase approach should be used to satisfy the objective of proving the reliability and robustness of the system in service over an extended period.
Phase 1. A test period of 2–4 weeks should be spent monitoring the system intensively. During this period the system should operate continuously without failure or performance deviation. The following should be included in the testing approach.
• Undertake chemical and microbiological testing in accordance with a defined plan.
• Sample the incoming feed-water daily to verify its quality.
• Sample after each step in the purification process daily.
• Sample at each point of use and at other defined sample points daily.
• Develop appropriate operating ranges.
• Develop and finalize operating, cleaning, sanitizing and maintenance procedures.
• Demonstrate production and delivery of product water of the required quality and quantity.
• Use and refine the standard operating procedures (SOPs) for operation, maintenance, sanitization and troubleshooting.
• Verify provisional alert and action levels.
• Develop and refine test-failure procedure.
Phase 2. A further test period of 2–4 weeks should be spent carrying out further intensive monitoring while deploying all the refined SOPs after the satisfactory completion of phase 1. The sampling scheme should be generally the same as in phase 1. Water can be used for manufacturing purposes during this phase. The approach should also:
— demonstrate consistent operation within established ranges; and
— demonstrate consistent production and delivery of water of the required quantity and quality when the system is operated in accordance with the SOPs.
Phase 3. Phase 3 typically runs for 1 year after the satisfactory completion of phase 2. Water can be used for manufacturing purposes during this phase which has the following objectives and features.
• Demonstrate extended reliable performance.
• Ensure that seasonal variations are evaluated.
• The sample locations, sampling frequencies and tests should be reduced to the normal routine pattern based on established procedures proven during phases 1 and 2.
7.3 Continuous system monitoringAfter completion of phase 3 of the qualification programme for the WPU system, a system review should be undertaken. Following this review, a routine monitoring plan should be established based on the results of phase 3.
Monitoring should include a combination of online instrument monitoring of parameters such as flow, pressure, temperature, conductivity and total organic carbon, and offline sample testing for physical, chemical and microbiological attributes. Offline samples should be taken from points of use and specific sample points. Samples from points of use should be taken in a similar way to that adopted when the water is being used in service.
Tests should be carried out to ensure that the selected pharmacopoeia specification has been satisfied, and should include, as appropriate, determination of conductivity, pH, heavy metals, nitrates, total organic carbon, total viable count, presence of specific pathogens and endotoxins. Monitoring data should be subject to trend analysis.
7.4 Maintenance of water systemsWPU systems should be maintained in accordance with a controlled, documented maintenance programme that takes into account the following:
— defined frequency for system elements;
— the calibration programme;
— SOPs for specific tasks;
— control of approved spares;
— issue of clear maintenance plan and instructions;
— review and approval of systems for use upon completion of work; and
— record and review of problems and faults during maintenance.
7.5 System reviewsWPU (PW, HPW and WFI) systems should be reviewed at appropriate regular intervals. The review team should comprise representatives from engineering, QA, operations and maintenance. The review should consider matters such as:
— changes made since the last review;
— system performance;
— quality trends;
— failure events;
— out-of-specifications results from monitoring;
— changes to the installation;
— updated installation documentation;
— log books; and
— the status of the current SOP list.
8. Inspection of water systemsWPU (PW, HPW and WFI) systems are likely to be the subject of regulatory inspection from time to time. Users should consider conducting routine audit and self-inspection of established water systems.
This GMP guidance can be used as the basis of inspection. The following list identifies items and a logical sequence for a WPU system inspection or audit:
— a sampling and monitoring plan with a drawing of all sample points;
— the setting of monitoring alert and action levels;
— monitoring results and evaluation of trends;
— inspection of the last annual system review;
— review of any changes made to the system since the last audit and check that the change control has been implemented;
— review of deviations recorded and their investigation;
— general inspection of system for status and condition;
— review of maintenance, failure and repair logs; and
— checking calibration and standardization of critical instruments.
For an established system that is demonstrably under control, this scope of review should prove adequate.
For new systems, or systems that display instability or unreliability, the following should also be reviewed:
— performance qualification;
— operational qualification; and
— installation qualification.
Ankur Choudhary is India's first professional pharmaceutical blogger, author and founder of Pharmaceutical Guidelines, a widely-read pharmaceutical blog since 2008. Sign-up for the free email updates for your daily dose of pharmaceutical tips.
.moc.enilediugamrahp@ofni :liamE Need Help: Ask Question
Spread the Knowledge ⇩⇩⇩ | <urn:uuid:98d0aac2-d2e4-4eeb-afad-49d58c02c80d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pharmaguideline.com/2010/12/who-water-for-pharmaceutical-use.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00392-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908257 | 6,983 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Here’s some bad news for Anne Rice. Rather than a rock star vampire, her next book may have to be an interview with a scientist who has proof that biological vampirism is not spread by neck bites but passed from generation to generation by a genetic mutation. What about Dracula? Does this mean that Vlad went bad because of his dad?
“People with erythropoietic protoporphyria are chronically anemic, which makes them feel very tired and look very pale with increased photosensitivity because they can’t come out in the daylight.”
Dr. Barry Paw of the Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center knows what you’re thinking – that sounds like a description of a vampire. He specializes in porphyrias, a group of eight known blood disorders that affect the body’s ability to make heme, a key component of the critical oxygen-carrying blood protein hemoglobin as well as the reason why blood is red. One way of treating EPP, the most common porphyria, is regular blood transfusions and keeping the patient out of sunlight. Before the advent of transfusions, this was accomplished by drinking animal blood.
Dr. Paw knows what you’re thinking – that sounds even more like a description of a vampire. He agrees and speculates in a new a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) that the childhood disease may have been the cause for the original vampire stories – at least the blood-drinking and avoiding sunlight parts. But how did these poor kids acquire this affliction … from that Transylvanian exchange student who was a known biter?
Of course, the main focus of the paper is on EEP itself. Paw and his team determined that a mysterious genetic defect prevents heme production and causes a buildup of a component called protoporphrin IX which, when exposed to even trace levels of light on the skin, causes the burning and redness that drives EPP suffers into the darkness. While studying a family in Northern France with multiple EPP suffers, they were able to identify a mutation of the gene CLPX which started the chain reaction leading to living like a vampire.
"Although vampires aren't real, there is a real need for innovative therapies to improve the lives of people with porphyrias."
Dr. Paw reminds everyone thinking of shunning EPP sufferers as vampires to remember that porphyrias is a genetic disorder and not contagious, even through a bite. He’d prefer that sufferers come forward so that he and his team can find a way to correct the genes and end porphyria in all of its forms.
Anne Rice, have you considered crime novels? | <urn:uuid:80f5dac5-5fcd-49e1-bd13-54022c3b4dd5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2017/09/researchers-find-genetic-mutation-responsible-for-vampirism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.961308 | 574 | 2.484375 | 2 |
No Credit Vs. Bad Credit
There are really only two important factors that will make it so difficult to get good credit: bad credit and no credit. While it is generally believed that both of these credit positions are synonymous, this isn t always an accurate assumption. In reality, there are many different ways that bad credit can rear its ugly head. This means that regardless of what your credit score may currently be, you will need to find a way to increase your credit score in order to get good credit. In this article we will explain the difference between no credit vs. bad credit.
One of the most effective ways to increase your credit score is to begin to pay your bills on time. Even if you are dealing with the problem of past-due collection accounts, you should still attempt to make every payment on time. Many people who have a large amount of debt from collection accounts have become so accustomed to bouncing checks that they actually begin to feel like it is a way of life rather than a problem. While you are working to correct any issues with these collection accounts, make sure that you don’t end up further into debt by starting to carry credit card balances.
If you do end up having a collection account listed on your credit report, the most important question you should ask is whether or not you want to remove it. There are many points to consider here, and your decision will be based upon whether or not you want to trust your credit score to a third party organization, and/or whether or not you want to trust yourself to make the right decision. Many people are comfortable placing a collection account on their credit report, but others (such as businesses) would prefer that the account be removed altogether. While neither choice is necessarily ideal, it is important to understand how each decision will affect your overall credit score. Once you have made the decision to remove the collection account, you must then get in touch with the credit bureaus to explain the reasons why.
On the one hand, removing a No Credit Vs. Bad Credit scenario means you are taking control of your own finances. Without a good credit history, you cannot get loans or credit cards. Your chances of landing a job are reduced greatly if your credit history is bad. While you can improve your credit history by making payments on time, if you are unable to do so, your score will remain low. By successfully completing your payments on time and being active in managing your debt, you can quickly raise your credit score and regain control over your finances.
On the other hand, removing a No Credit Vs. Bad Credit scenario means you are relying on someone else’s credit history to get you through life. When you apply for a car loan, a mortgage, or a line of credit, you are essentially putting your life and your finances on the shoulders of someone else. If you have poor credit, your application will be denied. Even when you are approved, the interest rates will be high. While bad credit lenders do charge higher interest rates on poor credit borrowers, the alternative is worse: living with bad credit, avoiding important purchases, and foregoing the chance to enjoy better credit in the future. By completing your loan payments on time and proving that you are financially responsible, you can quickly improve your credit score and begin making responsible purchases in the future.
The first step in No Credit Vs. Bad Credit is to request a copy of your credit score from all three of the major credit reporting bureaus: Trans Union, Experian, and Equifax. Once you have obtained this report, examine each of the reports carefully. Look for errors or missing information. If you find errors, contact the reporting agency immediately to notify them of the error and to have the error corrected. Review the credit score, any letters regarding disputes made against you, and any court actions or judgments. To avoid some of these difficult steps contact us today to walk you through this process. | <urn:uuid:acc76245-320e-47c9-9e1c-6e5029b44650> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bestcreditrepairservices.com/no-credit-vs-bad-credit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.961375 | 795 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Looking after your mind
I recently attended a mental health first aid course in London. I had no idea what to expect.
When you break your leg, you have physical signs, such as crutches, or a plaster cast. It is obvious to everyone that you have an injury. With mental health, there are rarely physical signs and if there are, they are usually subtle enough for people to walk on by without a second thought.
However, just as a broken leg needs time to heal and mend, so does your mental health. Mental health issues range in severity from mild anxiety to psychosis and suicide.
During the course, which lasted 2 days, we covered anxiety, panic attacks, depression, eating disorders, suicide, personality disorders, psychosis, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, self- harm, OCD, and substance abuse.
So, why do we need mental health first aid?
It is a fact that 1 in 4 of us will encounter, or suffer from one or more of these issues during any given year. That figure changes to 3 out of 4 of us will develop it or be affected by mental health issues in our lives.
There is a stigma attached to mental health, which makes talking about it really difficult for people and they may be reluctant to ask for help. There can be huge negativity surrounding the whole subject and this can lead to those suffering, believing the negative things being said about them.
Those that do seek help, both with their GP or with friends and relatives, often find relief and in more serious cases, with medication and ongoing support can be completely free of any mental health issues.
Recognising the problem is the first step. That’s where mental health first aiders come into their own. We must not diagnose someone’s problem but we can be calm, we can be reassuring and offer a welcoming place to stop and talk. We can also help them to get further help if they need it.
The most important thing is to listen without judgement, give support and offer information.
Our mental wellbeing is of paramount importance. Mental health issues are responsible for 91 million working days lost in the UK per year, costing around £30 billion a year. Stress-related issues account for the second-highest reason to be absent from work long term.
75% of people with a diagnosable mental illness receive no treatment at all, and suicide is the most common cause of death for males aged 20-49.
I learned so much during the 2 days training but these few things have stayed with me the most.
- Suicide threats should always be taken seriously
- You cannot have a ‘touch’ of OCD, you either have it or you don’t
- Self -harm is not attention seeking
- Never say to someone suffering from a mental health issue: ‘pull yourself together’
- 30-50% of people with severe mental health issues are already taking drugs or reliant on alcohol
- All mental health issues are made worse with alcohol or drug abuse
- People with suicidal thoughts are more likely to act on them whilst under the influence of alcohol
- Studies have shown that suicide is the second leading cause of death in all 15-29 year olds
- For each adult that dies from suicide, there are 20 more attempting to take their own lives
- There is a 1 in 10 million chance of being killed by a person suffering with a mental health issue, the same as getting struck by lightening
- Prejudice, discrimination, victimisation and isolation are linked to anxiety, depression, self- harm and attempted suicide in the LGBT community
The good news is that the word is getting out there. Mental health first aid is spreading and we are talking more and becoming better at recognising those that need help and self- awareness.
I am proud to be a mental health first aider and hope in time that most people will understand the implications of well-being for everybody. | <urn:uuid:b469d4b6-2306-411d-8f4e-59e2f679f715> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://77thehill.com/staff-news/looking-after-your-mind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.967523 | 808 | 2.421875 | 2 |
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Access 2016 - Advanced II - Part 1
Who it's For:
Access is designed for people who are comfortable with spreadsheet programs like Excel. These users need more power and analyzation, as well as a stronger forward-facing interface.
What it is:
Access is a database creation and management program. It helps you design, build, and interface with a robust database to help your organization run smoothly. Many small to medium-sized businesses use Access for this exact purpose.
What You'll Learn:
This course starts with database basics, terms, and information you'll need to confidently build your database later on. Then, you'll learn how to build tables, determine relationships, query data, and create simple-to-use interfaces that other people at your company can use to interact with your data.
- Free-Floating Parent and Child Forms
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- Adding Actions to Your First Macro
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- Creating Command Buttons Without the Wizard
- Joining Forms by a Shared Field
- Parent Form Size and Position
- Child Form Size and Position
- If-THEN and IN-List
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- SETVALUE and GOTOCONTROL
- Introduction to VBA
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nuts produced daily
We offer a wide range of set nuts used in various industries, such as automotive, automation, electronics, energy, etc.
Set nuts (also known as press nuts) are used wherever a high stability of the connection in thin-walled sheet metal or plastic constructions is required. They are a good quality alternative for soldered and welded joints. The ability to use high torques during assembly allows a high rigidity of the connection. The special geometry, which guarantees the optimum torque and the resulting tensile forces, was developed in cooperation with the Steinbeis Center. This is the basis for the advantage of our product over other solutions.
The assembly of the nut is very easy. The nut is pressed using a mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic press. In some cases, the nut can be hammered into a drilled or punched hole. The assembly does not require special tooling. When mounting the nut, the material of the element into which it is pressed (eg metal) “flows” into the groove of the nut. The groove is located between the head and the knurled collar of the nut and is responsible for the permanent connection of the nut with the element. The geometry of the knurling guarantees the strength of the connection even when loaded with a high torque.
Protech setting nuts are characterized by a very good quality of realization. As standard, they are made of free-cutting steel (11SMnPb30 + C), heat-treated and then galvanized and annealed (Low hydrogen annealing) to prevent hydrogen embrittlement.
The figure below shows a table with dimensions of the set nuts and the corresponding plate thickness. Depending on the needs, nuts can also be manufactured according to individual customer requirements. These may include inch threads or different heights and diameters of the collar, etc. | <urn:uuid:50dc58d2-562f-4fb1-97c0-5ffa13ec508a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.protech-polska.pl/en/products/standard-product-lines/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.934632 | 392 | 2.015625 | 2 |
(Hypebot) — While the music industry demonstrated an impressive ability to bounce back thanks to its early adoption of streaming, keeping that momentum going will require a streamlining of the process through which tech companies get permission to license music.
Guest post by Jeff Yasuda of Adaptr
Having been in digital music for nearly two decades, I often get the question: How will the music industry innovate and grow? While we are always looking to do more, my answer is typically –it has! Major labels have learned a myriad of lessons from the early days of the internet, returning to profitability and growth thanks to an early embrace of streaming services, the unbundling of services, and a willingness to work with tech companies who ask permission for music licenses rather than forgiveness for infringement. So how do we keep this momentum going? By making it easier for tech companies to get permission.
Anyone who has spent even a day in the music industry knows the significant complexities around music licensing. One label might own the master recording, but publishing rights are likely split between multiple songwriters and producers, who each could be represented by a different publishing company. It’s natural for these rightsholders to be protective of their content considering the costs to produce, develop, and market artists and songs. And ,like VCs, they need to evaluate the risk/reward trade-off before approving a license. So how do we make it worth their while? It helps to get some perspective from the major labels, so I recently spoke with Oana Ruxandra, Chief Digital Officer, WMG.
“One of our key goals at WMG is to make it far easier to license all music. Among other things, reducing frictions around licensing will enable us to accelerate innovation, support the startup community, engender competition, excite our fans with new and evolving ways to interact with music, and get our artists and songwriters more value for their art,” said Ruxandra. “We want to help drive innovation and spark creativity, and Adaptr will help us do just that.”
Troy Carter, a legendary music manager for artists such as Lady Gaga and John Legend, appeared to agree at last year’s NY:LON Connect conference, hosted by Music Ally and the Music Business Association (Music Biz). During his closing keynote, Carter was asked, “What more can the music industry do to foster innovation?” He hit the nail right on the head in his response: “[An] open API! If I have developers building on my API of these rights, I think you open up a ton of revenue at that point. Because now all of a sudden you have very smart people who don’t have to go through all the licensing restrictions, building products that we don’t even know exist, because they have access to the music.”
The API approach, in which tech companies build their products on top of a pre-cleared catalog of songs and features, not only opens the gates of innovation by providing easy and legal access to content for tech companies but also ensures rights-holders get paid for each use of their music. In fact, this approach has already proved successful in other industries.
Twilio, a communications platform, provides developers with open APIs to add voice, messaging, and video to their apps. Prior to this, it was incredibly difficult to add voice calls to apps. Twilio has leveraged its IP telephony know-how and have allowed developers to easily add in-app voice calls. This is all done through an API. Twilio gives developers the ability to skip the difficult part and get the ball rolling.
Similarly, Stripe, a payment processing company, integrated an API to handle complex credit card processing. Credit card processing was traditionally an incredibly difficult process that required months of work with several financial intermediaries. Stripe removed this headache from developers and provided an easy way to handle credit card payments within a day. Like Twilio’s API, Stripe’s API removed the laborious aspects of implementing something that traditionally has been difficult and made it easy for developers to focus on their core competencies.
By applying APIs to music rights, we can unlock incredible new possibilities in the music industry without losing out on revenue. In fact, rights-holders could end up making even more money as they ride the wave of technological evolution, which is now rising higher than ever as the COVID-19 pandemic forces the world to find new ways to connect. At Feed Media, we’re excited about the future of music and tech, and look forward to being a part of the next wave. | <urn:uuid:74a316bb-e48c-4e40-a243-85e40f96bedb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://celebrityaccess.com/2021/02/19/music-apis-are-exactly-what-the-industry-needs-heres-why/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.961299 | 961 | 1.523438 | 2 |
The general preparation time for the USMLE Step 1 exam takes about 1.5-2 years of medical school education and about 1-3 months of dedicated study time which is an independent, uninterrupted review of everything that you have learned. Most of the Step 1 content should be covered in the first two years of medical school. Therefore, during dedicated study students are mainly reviewing material they have already learned, doing practice questions, and taking full-length practice exams.
The amount of dedicated study time depends on two things: how confident you feel with the material AND how much dedicated time your school allows. It usually ranges from 4 weeks to 12 weeks. However, many students find that 8 weeks is a fair amount since too little time can be detrimental, and too much time can be counterproductive.
Last updated: August 25, 2020 | <urn:uuid:3ce8aa9e-9246-451c-9018-8039d3dff149> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.step1daily.com/step-1-exam/preparation/study-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.97091 | 167 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Abortion in Michigan
2006: Michigan Constitutional Amendment fails
Michigan Citizens for Life (MCfL) circulated a petition between
2006-JUN-18 and JUL-10.
It has variously been called the "Citizens
for Life" and the "Pre-Natal Initiative" petition. It would
have severely restrict
all abortions in the state by adding two sections to the Michigan Constitution,
to be called the "Personhood Amendment:"
|"The right to due process, whereby no person shall be deprived of life,
liberty, or property without due process of law, guaranteed in Article 1,
Section 17, and the right to equal protection of the law, guaranteed in
Article 1, Section 2, vest at conception."|
|"A 'person', for purposes of the Constitution and laws of the State of
Michigan, exists from the moment of conception."
The public would have voted on these amendments during the 2006-NOV-07 election,
if 317,757 or more valid signatures had been gathered by 2006-JUL-10.
If passed, the amendment would not have immediately ban abortions in the state,
because it would have conflicted with the U.S. Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision of
1973. Everyone recognizes this fact. However, the main purpose of the
amendment is not to restrict abortions; it is to trigger an inevitable lawsuit
about abortion access that Michigan Citizens for Life hope will be
decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in their favor.
During the year 2004, 26,269 abortions were performed in Michigan. This
dropped to 25,209 in 2005, the lowest level since detailed records were started
about three decades earlier. According to the South Bend Tribune:
The abortion rate -- the number of abortions per 1,000 women between the
ages of 15 to 44 -- was 11.9 last year. That equals the previous low rate
recorded in 1999. 9
If one defines pregnancy as starting
at conception, the actual total would be much larger, because of the the use of:
Contrary to many statements by religious and social conservatives, EC prevents conception by delaying ovulation or directly inhibiting fertilization of the ovum. If an ovum has been fertilized, EC has no effect. They cannot
prevent implantation of the zybote in the inside wall of the uterus.
Existing Michigan anti-abortion law:
Some pro-life advocates suggested that a constitutional amendment is not
needed, because Michigan already has a 1931 law prohibiting abortions which
would automatically come into effect if the U.S. Supreme Court ever overturned its
1973 decision, Roe v. Wade.
The law, referred to as the Michigan abortion statute (M.C.L. 75-14)
criminalizes the act of:
"[a]ny person who shall willfully administer to any pregnant woman and
medicine, drug, substance or thing whatever, or shall employ any instrument
or other means whatever, with intent thereby to procure the miscarriage of
any such woman, unless the same shall have been necessary to preserve the
life of such woman." 3
In 1972, the Michigan Court of Appeals ruled that the abortion statute could
not be used to prosecute a physician:
"...for the mere act of artificially inducing a miscarriage of an
unquickened fetus....the Legislature did not view the induced abortion of an
unquickened fetus as being the destruction of a human life...a licensed
physician who performs a therapeutic abortion upon a woman who is in her
first trimester of pregnancy, if such operation takes place in a hospital,
is not subject to prosecution..." 6
In a footnote, the court wrote that:
"If a licensed physician, who performs a
therapeutic abortion in a licensed hospital upon a woman who is beyond her
first trimester of pregnancy but before the fetus has quickened can show
that said operation involved no significant increase in danger over an
operation performed during the first trimester, he [sic] too would not be
subject to the application of the statute. By the same token, if the
abortion is performed in a clinical setting which provided the same standard
of care as a hospital and involved no significant increase in danger over a
hospital operation, the doctor performing the abortion would not be subject
to the statute." 6
Quickening occurs when the pregnant woman first feels fetal movements. This
usually happens in the fourth or fifth month of gestation. About 90% of all
abortions in the U.S. are performed during the first three months of pregnancy.
In 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the (in)famous Roe v. Wade case that
women had legal access to abortion for any reason during the first trimester,
and restricted access later in gestation.
Following the Roe v. Wade ruling, the Michigan Supreme Court found a
defendant guilty. He had performed an abortion even though he was an unlicensed
physician. The court noted that the "...central purpose of [Michigan abortion
statute] is clear enough -- to prohibit all abortions except those required to
preserve the health of the mother." However, because of public policy
changes and the Roe v. Wade decision:
"....we construe [the abortion statute] to mean that the prohibition of
this section shall not apply to 'miscarriages' authorized by a pregnant
woman's attending physician in the exercise of his medical judgment; the
effectuation of the decision to abort is also left to the physician's
judgment' however, a physician may not cause a miscarriage after viability
except where necessary, in his [sic] medical judgment to preserve the health
of the mother." 6
One might argue that, if the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade in the future, that
Michigan's abortion statute would become effective and would permit about 90% of
the abortions currently being performed by physicians -- those which are carried
out before the end of the first trimester.
The Thomas More Law Center suggests that:
"...should the United States Supreme Court eventually overturn Roe v.
Wade and Doe v. Bolton, all things being equal, the legal status of abortion
in Michigan will be far from clear.
On the other hand, the attorneys of Right to Life's have advised the group that
law would make abortion illegal in Michigan should the Supreme
Court reverse Roe v. Wade. Thus, a new law is unnecessary.
There is an interesting aspect of the statute that we have never seen
discussed. It allows abortions before quickening. But quickening is a subjective
experience of the woman. If, say during the fifth month of pregnancy, she seeks
an abortion and maintains that she has never felt the fetus move, how could her
physician be convicted of performing an abortion after quickening? This might
extend the interval of allowable abortions to the end of the second trimester.
Currently, 99% of all abortions are performed before this time.
Appeal to Michigan clergy:
On 2006-JAN-30, Carl Zastrow, Chairperson of Michigan Citizens for Life,
wrote an open letter to all clergy in Michigan. It is based on the belief that
human personhood begins at conception. It said, in part:
"After thirty-three years, after over forty-five million murdered babies
[nationally], it is way past time to stop the killing. Can you imagine the
Americans coming up to the Dachau death camp in 1945 and trying to regulate
it? You do not 'regulate' the murdering of innocent people, whether it be by
gas chambers, machine guns, or surgical suction machines. You shut them
down! Any 'law' that recognizes the 'right' of a mother to murder her son or
daughter is immoral. Any 'law' that allows a mother to murder her baby after
she does A, B, or C, is not good enough!..."
"We praise God for educational and mercy ministries like 'post-abortion'
counseling and pregnancy resource centers. We praise God for the peaceful
Rescue movement and street ministries. We praise God for shepherds who
compassionately bring wounded sheep to the Savior for repentance,
forgiveness, and healing. A truly compassionate shepherd not only patches up
ravaged sheep, but he protects sheep from the wolves in the first place.
Yes! He takes his staff and beats the wolves to jelly! The demonic spirit of
murder is like a wolf that kills almost one-third of American children.
Shepherds, it is time for us to arise together and peacefully stop the
slaughtering, to prevent the wolves from killing the lambs! Being pro-life
doesn't save any babies - acting pro-life does...."
"PRAY against the spirit of murder. Pray against the lies that
call murder, a 'choice,' or 'a surgical procedure,' and 'removal of
pregnancy tissue.' Pray against the apathy that allows over 4,000 children
each day to be slaughtered [in the U.S.]."
Activities of the Thomas More Law Center
The Thomas More Law Center in Ann Arbor, MI, a conservative Christian
legal advocacy group, geared up to handle the inevitable court battles that
this amendment would have triggered, if it were implemented.
Reactions to the petition:
|Republican State Committee: The Michigan Republican State Committee
unanimously passed a resolution supporting the Michigan Citizens for Life
petition drive. It said:
"In conjunction with the Republican National
Committee Platform passed in 2004, the Michigan Republican Party expresses
support for the concept that life [of a human person] begins at conception and we encourage our
members to consider supporting the Michigan Citizens for Life petition initiative."
Cal Zastrow, chairperson of MCfL said on 2006-APR-12 that the resolution has helped the petition drive. He said:
"It has tremendous impact. The Republican Party is staying true to its
|Troy-Clawson Republican Forum: The forum supports the petition. Treasurer Eileen Kruper stated:|
"From the moment of conception, the tiny human is a self-contained
unit, needing only shelter, food and oxygen to continue developing,
just like all the rest of humanity. T.C.R.F. supports this petition
drive because we need to finally recognize this scientific fact and
protect the most innocent among us -- the child in the womb."
|Democrats: The Michigan Democratic Party criticized the GOP resolution and the
petition, noting that women who have abortions even in
cases of rape or to protect their own lives would become criminals. Mark
Brewer, state chairperson of the Democratic Party said that the resolution moves the state Republican Party
"even farther out of the Michigan mainstream."
|American Civil Liberties Union: The ACLU has stated that it will file a lawsuit to block the amendment if voters pass it.
|Other anti-abortion groups:
|Right to Life of Michigan is perhaps the best known group
that is opposed to abortion access in the state. They
believe that the amendment is technically flawed, and that it is unneeded because Michigan already has a law in place that would ban abortions in the
state if the U.S. Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade in the future. 4 The Detroit News noted
"...the traditional heavyweights of the anti-abortion core in this
state -- Right to Life of Michigan and the Michigan Catholic
Conference -- are officially sitting this one out. And some say the
two are working against it, behind the scenes.
" 'It's never healthy for the movement when pro-life groups divide
over anything,' said Judie Brown, president of American Life League, a
national anti-abortion organization headquartered in Washington, DC.
Brown supports the Michigan ballot issue. 8
Barbara Listing, president of Right to Life of Michigan noted that
the constitutional amendment is silent on issues such as in-vitro
fertilization, abortions to save the mother's life, and cloning. That leaves
it open to legal entanglements, she said. 8
It also would appear to criminalize emergency contraception.
|Michigan Catholic Conference: Paul Long, the group's vice president for public policy, said:
"The Catholic Church stands by its belief that life begins at
conception. And while that is the teaching of the church, there is a
difference between that and whether this petition drive as written and
put forward is the right and proper thing to do at this time."
|The public: A EPIC/MRA public opinion poll in early 2006-JUN
showed that 47% favored the amendment; 42% are opposed.
Michigan Citizens for Life allegedly collected fewer than 300,000 signatures,
compared to the 317,757 needed to place the constitutional amendment on the
2006-NOV ballot. Their leader, Cal Zastrow, planned to continue its effort,
perhaps initiating a new petition in the future, or persuading the Legislature to
sponsor the constitutional amendment. The latter would require a two-thirds
affirmative vote by both the House and Senate.
Related essays on this web site:
The following information sources were used to prepare and update the above
essay. The hyperlinks are not necessarily still active today.
- "Petition Language," Michigan Citizens for Life, at:
- "An open letter to Christian shepherds." Michigan Citizens for Life, at:
- "Memorandum of Law," Thomas More Law Center, 2006-MAY-03, at:
- Tim Martin, "Anti-abortion petition drive supported by GOP committee," The Associated Press, 2006-APR-12, at:
- News release, Troy-Clawson Republican Forum, 2006-JUN-13, at:
- "People v. Nixon," 42 Mich App. 332 (1972).
- "People v. Bricker," 389 Mich. 534 (1973).
- Mark Hornbeck, "Abortion foes split over ballot," Detroit News, 2006-MAY-30, at:
- "Anti-abortion petition falls short in Michigan. Group wanted to get
enough signatures to put issue on ballot," South Bend Tribune, 2006-JUL-11,
Copyright � 2006 & 2007 by Ontario Consultants on
Originally posted: 2006-JUN-18
Latest update: 2007-DEC-05
Author: B.A. Robinson | <urn:uuid:edf4a336-a6c2-4e9d-ba58-eb238c7c43ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.religioustolerance.org/abomi.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933036 | 3,053 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Item description for Music of the Twentieth Century by Ton de Leeuw...
Ton de Leeuw was a truly groundbreaking composer. As evidenced by his pioneering study of compositional methods that melded Eastern traditional music with Western musical theory, he had a profound understanding of the complex and often divisive history of twentieth-century music. Now his renowned chronicle Music of the Twentieth Century is offered here in a newly revised English-language edition. Music of the Twentieth Century goes beyond a historical survey with its lucid and impassioned discussion of the elements, structures, compositional principles, and terminologies of twentieth-century music. De Leeuw draws on his experience as a composer, teacher, and music scholar of non-European music traditions, including Indian, Indonesian, and Japanese music, to examine how musical innovations that developed during the twentieth century transformed musical theory, composition, and scholarly thought around the globe.
Promise Angels is dedicated to bringing you great books at great prices. Whether you read for entertainment, to learn, or for literacy - you will find what you want at promiseangels.com!
Studio: Amsterdam University Press
Est. Packaging Dimensions: Length: 9.4" Width: 6.6" Height: 0.6" Weight: 0.88 lbs.
Release Date Jan 22, 2006
Publisher Amsterdam University Press
ISBN 9053567658 ISBN13 9789053567654
Availability 120 units. Availability accurate as of Jan 22, 2017 11:36.
Usually ships within one to two business days from La Vergne, TN.
Orders shipping to an address other than a confirmed Credit Card / Paypal Billing address may incur and additional processing delay.
More About Ton de Leeuw
Ton de Leeuw (1926-96) was a Dutch composer, music scholar, and teacher who studied under Olivier Messiaen and Thomas de Hartman before becoming director and artistic director of the Amsterdam Conservatory. He received many awards for his works, including the Prix Italia and the Edison Prize.
Reviews - What do customers think about Music of the Twentieth Century?
Great comprehensive overview of 20th century music May 13, 2007
If you have more than a base understanding of modern(20th century) music and what led up to it, this is a thorough and accessible work. I highly recommend it for anyone who is a theorist, composer, or music enthusiast. If you are not well-versed in music, this may be a bit much. | <urn:uuid:11d96087-f4fd-4249-981e-9094c84b62cd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.promiseangels.com/ton-de-leeuw/music-of-the-twentieth-century/SKU/186423 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931146 | 525 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Budget receives final approval, taxes up 2.06 per cent
Council has granted fourth and final approval of its 2013 budget.
This year's municipal tax rate will rise by 2.06 per cent.
Last week, council debated the budget one final time before granting the first three readings to the financial plan bylaw.
The 2013 tax increase breaks down to 0.16 per cent for city operations, 0.42 per cent for policing, 0.78 per cent to make up for lost revenue due to the provincial increase in farm exemptions, and 0.7 for capital.
Water rates will not increase this year, while sewer rates will rise by five per cent in 2013. Solid waste fees will not increase in the coming year while a storm drainage increase of two per cent has been approved.
The average homeowner (based on a home valued at $400,000) will see their taxes go up by $39, sewer rates by $11 and drainage rates by $3 for a total impact of $53 this year.
In total, the average homeowner will pay $4,025 in taxes and fees in 2013.
For more keep checking abbynews.com | <urn:uuid:3d88c36c-734c-4147-bf5b-9eb5595b994f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.abbynews.com/news/183887071.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00301-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92242 | 239 | 1.53125 | 2 |
The fruitfly is one of the most common pests found in and around the home. Fruitflies get their name because they tends to fly around sweet food like fruit. Although fruitflies will thrive on just about anything organic, fruitflies have become a major pest in the home due to the increase of vegetable and fruit consumption. People are eating more vegetables and fruit and with this consumption comes the increase of fruitflies. Fruitfly eggs are carried home on the produce when it is purchased at the grocery. Fruitfly eggs are already laid on the fruit or fruitfly adults simply hitch a ride on the foodstuff and emerge when unpacked. Developing fruitfly pupa are hard to see and typically go unnoticed. Within a few days of being brought home they will start to hatch.
Once in your kitchen, fruitflies will find a ready supply of food and attempt to establish themselves. Fruitflies love garbage disposals, garbage cans and fruit bowls. Washing produce will help to remove fruitfly eggs and pupae but it's hard to get 100% removed. Once they hatch, fruit flies will hover over the sink, garbage or fruit bowls searching for anything sweet to eat and lay eggs. They multiply quickly and will nest in several areas if there is a food supply to feed their larva. Fruitflies are small, about 1/8 of an inch, and have bright red to orange eyes which distinguishes a fruitfly from other species. Fruitfly eggs will hatch in less than two days and young will eat and pupate in under 8 days. Although infestations do not get huge, fruitflies will be persistent and aggravating if left unattended. The following video shows a closeup of two fruitflies where you can see their large red eyes.
The best way to get fruitfly control is to first locate their food supply. If you eliminate what they are feeding and breeding on, fruitfly control will be quicker and more complete. Once you remove any food sources, the following treatment options work well for getting rid of fruit flies.
1) For most people, killing the fruit flies that are flying around with a space spray seems like the best thing to do. Space sprays are products that can be applied to the air and are safe for kitchens and other open areas where fruit flies like to hang around. For these locations, products like PT-565 is a good option. It uses pyrethrin as the active ingredient and is both fast acting with very little having to be applied for quick results. The organic choice equally effective. Known as FLYING INSECT KILLER it too will work quickly and will only require a little bit to be applied where you see activity. Both products can be used daily as needed but be prepared to use them quite a bit since neither will really "solve" the problem.
2) Since space sprays only kill adults, fruit flies will quickly replace the ones you've killed if you don't break their life cycle. One of the more effective products for doing this is the use of growth hormone like GENTROL AEROSOL. Odorless and easy to apply, Gentrol will break the cycle by preventing the eggs from developing into reproducing adults. It's good to use when the exact breeding location is unknown but the population keeps rebounding and you have an idea where it might be centered. Keep in mind the Gentrol is not an adulticide. That means it will not kill the adults you see; it only affects the young. So if you're seeing a lot of adults, you should get both the Gentrol (for long term control) and one of the space sprays mentioned under section 1).
3) Additionally, fruit flies can be caught with traps like the NATURAL CATCH FRUIT FLY TRAPS or FRUIT FLY GLASS TRAPS. Both can help keep down adult populations throughout the warm season without having to rely on the space sprays nearly as much. And since fruit flies tend to be active around food, the traps make it easy to treat these sensitive areas since you can set them right out in the open with no safety concerns or preparation like you must do every time you want to spray.
4) If you have a sink or drain system that is prone to having organic matter like food or grease build up, you'll need to pour some SURVIVORS down the drain a regular basis. It will eat away the organic matter the fruit flies need for reproduction. And spraying some GENTROL AEROSOL down the drain can really help as well.
This video shows how easy it is to treat for fruitflies in the home using some of the products mentioned above.
Fruitflies can be a persistent pest in the home. Though most common in the summer, they can persist throughout the winter if they find a location in the home on which to breed and nest. Treat with the Gentrol for long term control and keep some of the Fruitfly Traps out when adults are active. Use one of the space sprays to knock out persistent adults and you'll be able to keep them under control.
Here are direct links to the information and products listed above:
PT-565 Aerosol: http://www.bugspraycart.com/insecticide/aerosol/pt-565-xlo
Organic Flying Insect Killer: http://www.bugspraycart.com/organic/aerosol/flying-insect-killer-14-oz
Natural Catch Fruit Fly Trap: http://www.bugspraycart.com/traps/fly/natural-catch-fruit-fly-trap
Fruit Fly Glass Traps: http://www.bugspraycart.com/traps/pheromone-and-food/fruit-fly-glass-trap | <urn:uuid:c18e4292-79b0-45db-8544-aa87b997259b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.fruit-flies-fly.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00542-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942511 | 1,184 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Item description for Consumer Drug Reference 2008 (Consumer Drug Reference) by American Society of Health-System Pharmacists...
With thousands of prescription drugs available today, protecting yourself and your family from medication errors should be a main priority. Am I taking the right dosage? Does it conflict with another medication? If these are questions you or someone you know has asked, the Consumer Drug Reference 2008 is your answer. This comprehensive reference will educate you on prescription and over-the-counter drugs and help empower you to take an assertive role in managing your medications and the medications of those in your care. And unlike other drug references, the CDR relies solely on medical experts for its facts, not drug manufacturers' package inserts.
Inside you will find:
* Unbiased, authoritative information on more than 12,000 medicines; including vitamins, minerals and the newest drugs * Full color identification chart of pills and tablets * Drug precautions and side effects you should know before using * Correct dosage and information on missed dosage * General information about the use of medicine * Free website link for updated safety alerts and new and additional drug listings
The most comprehensive information on prescription and nonprescription medicines...from the source you trust!
The CONSUMER DRUG REFERENCE is published by Consumer Reports in conjunction with American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Both organizations are independent and non-profit. ASHP is the30,000-member national professional association that represents pharmacists who practice in hospitals, health maintenance organizations, long-term care facilities, home care, and other components of health care systems.
Promise Angels is dedicated to bringing you great books at great prices. Whether you read for entertainment, to learn, or for literacy - you will find what you want at promiseangels.com!
Est. Packaging Dimensions: Length: 10.9" Width: 8.5" Height: 2.4" Weight: 5.45 lbs.
Release Date Jan 8, 2008
Publisher Consumer Reports
ISBN 1933524111 ISBN13 9781933524115
Availability 0 units.
More About American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Reviews - What do customers think about Consumer Drug Reference 2008 (Consumer Drug Reference)?
Handy Reference Feb 13, 2008
This book does have all the latest information, but the same as I get in a print out from the pharmacist. No new or more detailed information. It is handy to have this in my home. Love the front index. | <urn:uuid:c5f124ab-f1be-423f-a0a3-7367dc82e585> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.promiseangels.com/american-society-of-health-system-pharmacists/consumer-drug-reference-2008-consumer-drug-reference/SKU/247820 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00062-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.870769 | 505 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Case studies of SNS bursary and grant applications
Applicant: two individuals
Purpose: travel and equipment
Match funding: No
Aim of study: To determine how Orthoptera (grasshoppers and crickets) and bumblebees (Bombus spp.) respond to rewilding in two former arable fields. The two study sites, Arger Fen & Spouse’s Vale and Black Bourn Valley, are both SWT reserves comprising several hundred hectares of former arable land.
Outcomes of the study: Rewilding is an evolving topic in conservation and there are several projects underway in Suffolk. However, there have been few studies on the impacts on invertebrates. This project has practical value providing information that can be used to identify the habitat features that grasshoppers, crickets and bumblebees require in former arable fields at various stages of natural reversion.
Applicant: Landguard Conservation Trust
Amount: £450 over three years
Purpose: purchase of sim card for phone, electricity
Match funding: Wageningen University, Netherlands, personal donation
Aim of study: a) research into the migration of Nathusius’s bat from the continent through Suffolk using Dutch nanotags. b) research into the changing migration pattern of the Yellow-browed warbler across Europe and Africa through Suffolk using nanotags.
Outcomes of the study: opportunity to collaborate with European and North African colleagues in the detection of bats and birds migrating through Suffolk using automated telemetry. Suffolk is at the forefront of this new technology, reporting early pioneering results in The Times, on social media and on the internet across Europe and the USA.
Applicant: Suffolk Wildlife Trust
Purpose: accessories for hazel dormouse footprint tunnel survey packs, laminated survey guidance
Match funding: None
Aim of study: prove effectiveness of footprint tunnels as a survey method for detecting dormice and provide new records which will expand knowledge of dormouse distribution in Suffolk.
Outcomes of the study: non-licenced volunteers will be able undertake valuable surveys of dormice. The project will help to promote interest in surveying and recording hazel dormice. Increased knowledge of dormouse distribution in Suffolk.
Purpose: travel, collecting equipment
Match funding: None
Aim of study: to study the distribution of freshwater Mollusca, particularly the genus Pisidium (Pea Mussels), in a network of ponds in the parish of Great Glemham to determine the effects of microhabitat variations on the composition of the Molluscan fauna present.
Outcomes of the study: identification of unifying habitat features, allowing the sites to be classified; assessment of the impact of the wider environment on pond fauna; assessment of freshwater Mollusca as indicators of habitat quality and ecosystem health.
Applicant: River Blyth Otter Group
Purpose: equipment and travel expenses for volunteers
Match funding: River Blyth Otter Group, volunteer hours
Aim of study: to assess otter distribution and family dynamics in the River Blyth catchment.
Outcomes of the study: it is believed that otters have large territories on Suffolk’s lowland rivers. The use of trail cameras by volunteers will enable the group to assess how far individuals travel and whether the same animals use the upper reaches and the estuary over a period of one year.
Applicant: Suffolk Bat Group (SBG)
Purpose: purchase of specialist bat surveying equipment
Match funding: Aviva Community Fund, Essex & Suffolk Water Branch Out Fund, Suffolk Bat Group, Suffolk Biodiversity Project Fund
Aim of study: extend the ability of SBG to survey woodlands, water-bodies and wetlands, conduct long-term monitoring of bat populations and identify areas for future conservation (e.g. bat box projects) using harp traps.
Outcomes of the study: the Group will be able to contribute to national bat surveying projects as well as local surveys, all of which improve our knowledge and understanding of bat species. Members of the public will be able to learn about bats and their lives by having the opportunity to see them up close.
Purpose: travel and subsistence costs for research trip to Alberta and British Columbia, Canada
Match funding: Botanical Research Fund, Percy Sladen Memorial Fund
Aim of study: To fill in gaps in understanding of the natural ecology of fen orchid Liparis loeselii to: Facilitate the preparation of a comprehensive account of its ecology in the UK, b) Inform management of fen orchid sites, c) underpin work to reintroduce fen orchid to Suffolk fens
Outcomes of the study: provide evidence for the England conservation strategy for fen orchid under Natural England’s Species Recovery Programme. This includes data about the conditions with which fen orchids are evolved to cope and will inform site managers dealing with reintroductions. New understanding of the dispersal processes that underpin natural fen orchid population dynamics’. | <urn:uuid:272d8d7a-80f6-49c6-8f20-e4eee4a8dd99> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sns.org.uk/bursary-case-studies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.891011 | 1,090 | 1.773438 | 2 |
ROADPOL Safety Days is the flagship annual campaign of ROADPOL, the European Roads Policing Network with the support of the European Commission.
To promote ROADPOL's values of road traffic enforcement and cross-border police collaboration as key approaches to enhancing Road Safety in Europe.
To reduce the number of road fatalities in Europe which is now an average of 70 per day.
To reduce this number to zero for at least one single day.
Numerous road traffic enforcement activities across Europe as well as police forces direct engagement with the public and advocacy to road users. Public and private institutions, national and international, as well as road safety NGOs and educational institutions are all encouraged to support the campaign by organizing events to promote its messages to the broader public. | <urn:uuid:d390561c-f01a-4f01-94f8-e38788e0abd0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rsd2021.roadpolsafetydays.eu/index.php/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.957598 | 168 | 1.835938 | 2 |
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