text stringlengths 181 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 3 values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 138k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
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Telecommunications and Network Security
This chapter is supplemental to and coordinated with the Telecommunications and Network Security chapter in the CISSP Prep Guide. The fundamentals of telecommunications and network security are covered in Chapter 3 of the CISSP Prep Guide at a level on par with that of the CISSP Examination.
It is assumed that the reader has a basic knowledge of the material contained in Chapter 3 and has the CISSP Prep Guide available to provide background information for the advanced questions pertaining to the Telecommunications and Network Security chapter.
In the Telecommunications and Network Security areas we will discuss protocols, layers, firewalls, IP addressing, and other network concepts.
Advanced Sample Questions
- Which of the choices below is NOT an OSI reference model Session Layer protocol, standard, or interface?
- DNA SCP
- Which part of the 48-bit, 12-digit hexadecimal number known as the Media Access Control (MAC) address identifies the manufacturer of the network device?
- The first three bytes
- The first two bytes
- The second half of the MAC address
- The last three bytes
- Which IEEE protocol defines the Spanning Tree protocol?
- IEEE 802.5
- IEEE 802.3
- IEEE 802.11
- IEEE 802.1D
- Which choice below is NOT one of the legal IP address ranges specified by RFC1976 and reserved by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for non-routable private addresses?
- 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255 ... | <urn:uuid:a66213fa-80da-4aed-a5ee-7a51cde910f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/advanced-cissp-prep/9780471236634/11-chapter03.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.822984 | 366 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A 25-year-old woman named Farzana Parveen was beaten to death earlier this week in Lahore, Pakistan, reportedly by members of her own family angry that she married a man named Muhammad Iqbal rather than the groom they had chosen for her. Initial reports after the incident, like this one from Reuters, told a straightforward if appalling story:
A 25-year-old woman was stoned to death by her family outside one of Pakistan's top courts on Tuesday in a so-called "honour" killing for marrying the man she loved, police said...
Pakistani law allows a victim's family to forgive their killer.
But in honour killings, most of the time the women's killers are her family, said Wasim Wagha of the Aurat Foundation. The law allows them to nominate someone to do the murder, then forgive him.
Since then Pakistan's prime minister has stepped in and is apparently pushing for punishment. From the New York Times:
After an urgent appeal for action from the prime minister, Nawaz Sharif, the police on Thursday night arrested Ms. Parveen’s uncle, two cousins and a driver employed by her family...The police arrested her father, Muhammad Azeem, in the hours after the killing.
A senior investigator, Umer Riaz Cheema, said the four men arrested Thursday would be presented before one of the city’s antiterrorism courts, which have special powers to expedite criminal prosecutions.
But at the same time as these apparent steps towards justice, Parveen's husband Muhammad Iqbal has become drastically less sympathetic, telling reporters he coveted Parveen "since she was a child"—and that he strangled his own first wife to death in 2009 before hiding out with Parveen's family. From the Times:
The police charged him with Ms. Bibi’s murder, but he was released under an Islamic provision of Pakistani law that allows a convict to be freed upon payment of money to the victim’s relatives.
Mr. Iqbal later asked for Ms. Parveen’s hand in marriage from her father, who agreed in exchange for a dowry of about $800. But then, he said, the family requested more money, and a dispute emerged.
In 2009, when Iqbal says he killed his first wife because he preferred Parveen, he would have been approximately 40 and she would have been approximately 20—which raises the question of whether her "choice" to marry Iqbal was itself coerced. And in the end, she and Iqbal's first wife are dead and he is, at this point, a free man. | <urn:uuid:efe01437-a45f-4c60-90a9-1a3114e4d516> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/05/30/pakistani_honor_killing_arrests_four_suspects_brought_in_after_mob_killing.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00279-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98115 | 555 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Everything You Need to Know about
Solar Panels on Your Roof
If you’re considering installing solar panels on your roof, you’re not alone. Solar energy is becoming more and more popular as people become increasingly aware of the benefits it can offer. Not only does solar energy help reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, but it also helps save money on energy costs in the long run. In this article, we discuss some of the key considerations you need to take into account when planning a solar panel installation.
Step One: Assess Your Slope & Orientation
One of the first things you need to consider is the type of roof you have. Solar panels can be installed on most types of roofs, but some are better suited than others. For example, if you have a flat roof, it will be easier to install solar panels than if you have a pitched roof. If you have a particularly steep roof, extra precautions will need to be taken for both the people installing your solar panels, as well as the mounts they ultimately sit within.
You also need to take into account the orientation of your roof. Solar panels need to be installed in an area that gets direct sunlight for most of the day in order to work effectively. Remember – even if you’re facing the right direction, if there’s something obstructing the line of sight between your roof and the sun it will directly impact the amount of energy you’re ultimately able to generate.
A word of caution: As is probably apparent at this point, these parameters are highly variable and must be weighed against one another. Be wary of anyone who seems to have a one-size-fits-all mentality when it comes to solar panel installation. Trust your gut and ask the right questions.
Step Two: Assess Your Roof's Size & Shape
Another important consideration is the size and shape of your roof. Solar panels come in different sizes, so you’ll need to make sure you choose ones that fit your roof properly. It’s also important to leave enough space around the perimeter of the panels for ventilation. This last piece is often overlooked. Make sure you aren’t getting in the way of letting your roof do the things it was originally built to do!
Step Three: Think About Long-Term Maintenance
Finally, you need to think about the cost of installation. Solar panel installation can be a significant investment, so you’ll need to make sure you factor this into your decision-making process. However, it’s important to remember that solar energy can save you money in the long run by reducing your energy costs.
One thing that is often overlooked is the long-term maintenance costs associated with solar panels. Luckily, as long as your solar panels are working, the only regular maintenance required is cleaning and an annual inspection. How often your panels need maintenance is highly dependent upon the type of panels you use and the weather conditions at your place of residence.
Don’t let fate alone decide how much unforeseen money you’ll have to pour into this project! Make sure you think critically about all of the costs BEFORE you begin the installation process.
If you’re considering installing solar panels on your roof, the above are some of the key considerations you need to take into account. By doing your research and planning ahead, you can ensure that your solar panel installation goes smoothly and provides you with all the benefits that solar energy has to offer.
A good rule of thumb is to always list these considerations out on a sheet of paper and see which ones impact the project most. Make sure whichever elements are of the highest concern are raised to whoever’s installing your panels for you.
We might not be experts in solar power, but we are experts in roofing! If you have any questions or concerns about your roof, don’t hesitate to give us a call. You can also reach out to us for a FREE roof inspection at ClaytonHoover.com/roofing. | <urn:uuid:a1445d5d-982b-4033-99d2-22426c5bb0c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://claytonhoover.com/solar-panels-on-your-roof/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.950206 | 822 | 2.265625 | 2 |
and don’t know what it is about simple things that hackers find so complicated 😀
so how do you import an existing project into eclipse?
in older/almost any version of eclipse: THERE IS NO IMPORT 😀 (!? WHAT? YES THERE IS… but it might not WORK :-D)
1. move your project (usually a folder with all the source files) into your workspace (in my case it’s /var/www)
2. Create a new „General Project“ (Strg+N) with the same name as your project that you just moved into your workspace (everyproject is a folder so same name as the foldername)
3. DADA 🙂 | <urn:uuid:0a7c6264-e04e-4d0b-92cb-651d52796b29> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dwaves.de/2015/05/26/eclipse-how-to-import-an-existing-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00320-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859066 | 149 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Before & After School Child Care
For Camas School District families looking to enrich their child’s education, we offer the Extended Day Program, the option of dropping off children before school and/or picking up them after school. The program provides a family-like atmosphere that emphasizes positive interaction, self-control, decision making, and self-responsibility. Developmentally appropriate activities encourage creativity and permit children the freedom to explore and learn through play.
Development of the Extended Day Program is based on understanding of the needs of children who are at various developmental levels and stages. Our program offers a safe, accessible environment provided by a warm, caring, and responsible early childhood education staff. Parents’ values and cultural diversities are respected and included in program activities, as appropriate.
In addition, our before- and after-school program focuses on social learning. The atmosphere is structured but relaxed. It allows for small group, large group, and individual social interaction through outdoor or gym play, table games and activities, crafts, free choice, and homework help. Children learn leadership, teamwork, responsibility, cooperation, and friendship skills by planning and directing group games and activities for and among themselves.
For rates and registration specifics, visit Camas Community Education Before- and After-School Child Care | <urn:uuid:a9461826-4b65-4d5f-84b6-a8f727404098> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.camas.wednet.edu/schools-resources/resources/extended-day-child-care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.953012 | 260 | 2.140625 | 2 |
ePost. A P2P email system without servers. Compatible with conventional email clients like Outlook Express, encrypted for extra security and rather free. Super interesting stuff!
ePOST works by storing data on all participant desktops. This means that you desktop is storing some of your mail, but mail for a number of other users, too. All of the data in encrypted, however, which prevents other users from reading your mail, and vice-versa. In order to survive a failure by a participating machine, ePOST replicas all data onto multiple machines, and makes sure that a suffient number of copies of each data item are stored at all times. | <urn:uuid:85808f99-a078-47bc-8f22-d19e09eb7af1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.redferret.net/?p=6237 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00263-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923498 | 135 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Pigs in ancient Rome
Pigs were popular animals in the ancient Romans Empire. Even more so than today. Pigs in ancient times usually were a fair bit smaller than today and therefore, produced less meat when butchered. That made them even more valuable. So valuable in fact that they sometimes replaced money as a currency. Many people in rural areas used pigs or pork for trades instead of coins or other means of money like we know it.
Nevertheless, Romans rarely ate meat. At least the poor classes did not. The rich Romans on the other hand enjoyed meat on a daily basis and prided themselves with being able to afford such luxuries. But the meat alone did not cut it for them - they also wanted it to taste exquisite. So they had their favorite spices added to give it this little something extra. Some of those spice blend recipes have survived through the millenia and can thus, still be replicated and experienced by today's people.
The recipe for the spice blend at hand was written down by no other than the famous Apicius himself - Rome's most recognized chef.
Pork Spices Data
- Net weight: 40g spice mix
- Ingredients: pepper, cumin, mint, dill
- Country of manufacture: Germany
- Storage and use instructions: Store in a dry place
Manufacturer: Annette Böhm, August-Stieren-Str. 4a, D-45721 Haltern am See | <urn:uuid:cd41c9ab-86dd-48e0-8fc3-93f5b644db10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.der-roemer-shop.de/Minutal-spice-mix-pork-40g | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.97218 | 298 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Almost 18 months ago, I wrote a post agreeing with and summarizing Paul Graham's essay on why attacking income inequality would kill the market for startups. Here's the essentials:
"Economic inequality" is one of those terms which "frames" a debate. After all, who can be against "equality?"
Yet Paul shows in with clear, inevitable logic that trying to get rid of economic inequality kills startups.
Here's the chain:
Get rid of income equality ==> Take money from the rich
Take money from the rich ==> Decrease the willingness to take risks
Decrease the willingness to take risks ==> Kill startups
Kill startups ==> Decrease growth in new technology and new jobs
Almost 18 months later, an anonymous commenter wrote:
If wealth is distributed to all people in a more equitable manner, it does [not] follow that it will kill start-ups.
While the willingness to take risk may decrease some for the once-ultrarich, the once-poor willingness to take risk may increase. Those who have been struggling to make ends meet will have more security and the fina[n]cial ability to follow their dreams. The difference may be that the way start-ups would begin would change.
Furthermore, it is not necessary for startups to begin with a large amount of money.
The logic is full of holes... be more wary of accepting an argument because it is well presented.
I was a bit miffed, not just because someone was implying that I wasn't using my reasoning faculties, but also because the person commented anonymously, preventing me from starting a dialogue.
So if you are out there, anonymous commenter, here is my response:
There are two key flaws in his or her argument (for the sake of brevity, I'll use the male pronoun for the rest of this comment.
1) He argues that wealth increases the propensity to take risks, and that because the effect of this is higher at the low end of the income scale, lowering inequality by taking from the rich and giving to the poor will increase startup activity.
The problem here is that the key impact that wealth has on startups is the motivation that potential wealth provides, not the capability that actual wealth provides.
Entrepreneurs start companies dreaming of building the next Google and becoming a billionaire. They don't create breakthrough companies because of a desire for a comfortable salary.
It's certainly true that being poor makes it nearly impossible to take the risk of starting a company (though many have done so anyways). But it's even more true that without the prospect of phenomenal success, few would go through the incredible stress and heartache of starting a company.
2) He argues that Graham's argument is false because startups don't need a lot of money to begin. Again, he seems to have missed the point. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak didn't need a lot of money to start Apple. Sergey Brin and Larry Page were poor grad students when they started Google. Ditto for Jerry Yang and Dave Filo of Yahoo.The point is that if we took away the outrageous rewards of success, simple supply and demand will dictate that people will gravitate instead towards safer, lower-variance jobs.
If startups didn't offer the prospect of incredible wealth, as a responsible family man, I'd have to take a job as a consultant (and make $500K+ per year) or on Wall Street (and make $1MM+ per year). It would be economic suicide to be an entrepreneur. As it is, it's still a pretty shaky decision, but one I'm willing to live with! | <urn:uuid:21b428f8-2d20-49d3-851c-96ba4dd890fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://chrisyeh.blogspot.com/2007/02/why-we-need-income-inequality.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00428-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96156 | 744 | 1.75 | 2 |
Thousands of software developers as well as computer and information-technology enthusiasts from more than 100 countries have taken part in a huge hackathon in Saudi Arabia.
The Hajj Hackathon in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, ran from 31 July-3 August and featured a successful record attempt by the Saudi Federation for Cybersecurity, Programming and Drones (Saudi Arabia) for Most participants in a hackathon with 2,950 people taking part.
The three-day gathering was held to propose new ways to adapt technology to make the Hajj a more comfortable and enjoyable experience for all who come to practice it.
The Hajj season is the greater Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, which takes place in the last month of the Islamic year. All Muslims are expected to make this journey at least once during their lifetime if they can afford to do so and it is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Advisor at the Royal Court and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Saudi Federation for Cybersecurity, Programming and Drones, Saud Bin Abdullah Al-Qahtani said: ''The Kingdom's entry into Guinness World Records through the Hajj Hackathon confirms the aspirations of the Saudi youth for their country to be the gateway to technology in the region, pointing out that this is in line with the Kingdom's Vision 2030, as an ambitious vision that takes the Kingdom to a quantum leap in all aspects of life.”
The event’s highlight was a competition that includes different sectors in relation to the Hajj season such as food and beverages public health, financial solutions, transportation, crowd management, traffic control, travel and accommodation, waste management and communication solutions.
The Saudi Federation for Cybersecurity, Programming and Drones set different prizes for the top three winners.
The Hajj hackathon event in Saudi Arabia broke India's 2012 record for the most simultaneous participants in a hackathon, which had a total of 2,567 participants. | <urn:uuid:64ef8d1b-171a-419a-86dd-368a2faebc4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2018/8/thousands-of-software-developers-from-100-countries-attend-record-breaking-hackat-537231 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.945039 | 394 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Neosho is a city located in Newton County Missouri. Neosho has a 2020 population of 12,742. It is also the county seat of Newton County. Neosho is currently growing at a rate of 0.60% annually and its population has increased by 1.21% since the most recent census, which recorded a population of 12,590 in 2010.
The average household income in Neosho is $53,551 with a poverty rate of 21.53%. The median rental costs in recent years comes to $709 per month, and the median house value is $100,200. The median age in Neosho is 32 years, 30.9 years for males, and 33.3 years for females.
According to the most recent ACS, the racial composition of Neoshowas:
The highest rate of high school graduation is among native american people with a rate of 100.00%.
The highest rate of bachelors degrees is among 2+ races people with a rate of 54.21%.
88.74% of Neosho residents speak only English, while 11.26% speak other languages. The non-English language spoken by the largest group is Spanish, which is spoken by 7.88% of the population.
Overall Poverty Rate
Male Poverty Rate
Female Poverty Rate
The race most likely to be in poverty in Neosho is Islander, with 56.13% below the poverty level.
The race least likely to be in poverty in Neosho is Other, with NaN% below the poverty level.
The poverty rate among those that worked full-time for the past 12 months was 8.11%. Among those working part-time, it was 28.01%, and for those that did not work, the poverty rate was 26.23%.
Veteran Poverty Rate
Veteran Disability Rate
Labor Force Participation
Non citizens include legal permanent residents (green card holders), international students, temporary workers, humanitarian migrants, and illegal immigrants.
Born in Neosho
94.83% of Neosho residents were born in the United States, with 59.84% having been born in Missouri. 4.30% of residents are not US citizens. Of those not born in the United States, the largest percentage are from Latin America.
|Year||Population||Growth||Annual Growth Rate| | <urn:uuid:e28d7070-7bdd-47ce-a94f-c9e7dbbcc34e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/neosho-mo-population | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.884275 | 980 | 2.21875 | 2 |
SAN ANTONIO (Jan. 28, 2014) — Although inflammation is frequently a cause of disease in the body, research from The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio indicates that low levels of a pro-inflammatory cytokine in the brain are important for cognition. Cytokines are proteins produced by the immune system.
Jennifer Donegan, graduate student, and David Morilak, Ph.D., professor of pharmacology in the School of Medicine, found that neutralizing the cytokine interleukin-6 in the brain impaired reversal learning in both stressed and nonstressed rats. Reversal learning is a form of cognitive flexibility that is diminished in psychiatric diseases such as depression, schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder. Cognitive flexibility is the ability to change previously learned thoughts and behaviors in response to changes in the environment.
"When we started the project, we thought cognitive flexibility would be impaired by stress-induced inflammation in a region of the brain called the prefrontal cortex," Donegan said. "We decided to block interleukin-6 during stress to prevent the cognitive deficit, and to our surprise this made things worse. This suggested that it may actually be beneficial to maintain a low level of this pro-inflammatory cytokine in the brain."
Low level corrected deficit
As a key next step, the scientists were then able to fix the cognitive deficit caused by stress by restoring a low level of the cytokine specifically in the prefrontal cortex. Both scientists caution, however, that there is still much to learn about interleukin-6's role in cognition and in diseases like depression. "We've replicated just one piece of a very complex disease so we can understand the biology," Dr. Morilak said. "We found that, in one brain region, one cytokine facilitates cognitive flexibility and is beneficial after chronic stress. But we delivered the cytokine specifically into that brain region using a virus, which we cannot do in people. And its role in inflammation may be very different than in normal conditions. There's still a lot of work to do."
Donegan is on track to receive her Ph.D. later this year. She is lead author and Dr. Morilak is senior author of the study, published this month in the Journal of Neuroscience. The research is funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. | <urn:uuid:a9450b65-e26d-4556-b887-c62a039cdaed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.science20.com/news_articles/low_levels_proinflammatory_agent_help_cognition_rats-128612 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.95951 | 485 | 2.75 | 3 |
This guide is presented as a way for new users of Ableton Live to read less and do more. Get accustomed to the basics quickly, and start making music right away. I’ll present step by step instructions and only the information you need to get started. Here is Part 1:
Enter Ableton’s Session View
The first thing you see when you open a new Set is Live’s “Session View”. Live has automatically created an audio track and a MIDI track for you.
Ableton Live’s Default Session view. Usually seen when creating a new Live set.
Our first step is to trigger an audio “one shot” (a single snare hit in this case).
1.) Locate Live’s File Browser to the left of the screen. Notice to the left of the browser are three buttons that have small folders with numbers on them. Select the first.
2.) If you don’t have Live’s built in Library selected, do so by clicking the light gray box at the top of the File Browser (mine says Library in the screen shot above). Select “Library” from the pull down menu.
3.) Now that you’re inside of Live’s Library, click the small arrow that is left of the folder labeled “Samples”. You should see the folder expand into a three sub-folders labeled “Components”, “Loops” and “Waveforms”. This is how most navigating is done in the File Browser.
4.) Repeat step 3, only this time, open the folders titled “Waveforms” -> “Drums” -> “Snare”. You should now see a list of audio files, starting with Snare-AmbientLoudPunch-Stick-Hit-Hard.aif. Click the audio file and if you have the audition button enabled (located near the bottom left of the File Browser) you can preview the file.
5.) Click and drag Snare-AmbientLoudPunch-Stick-Hit-Hard.aif from the File Browser into the Audio Track. The audio file should now be in the Clip Slot 1 of the Audio Track.
6.) Click the “Play” button on the snare drum clip that is now inserted into Clip Slot 1. If you hear the not-so-subtle “thwack” of the snare drum, congratulations, you’ve learned the basics of triggering clips in Session View! Make sure you hit the stop button on your transport panel. (If you don’t know where that is, read my tutorial on Breaking Down Ableton Live’s Control Bar).
This may seem a bit dull, but the new found knowledge of dragging clips from Live’s File Browser, and triggering it in Session View is one of the most primitive, yet often used aspects of Ableton Live.
Next up, working with loops. | <urn:uuid:c50da152-82e8-488a-83bb-523b7a878009> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://abletonlife.com/ableton-live-quickstart-guide-part-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00501-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87462 | 637 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Case Study: Connecting Students, Teachers, Parents, and Librarians With bigchalk's Timely Newsletters
Educational information provider creates efficient, high-performance email delivery system with BoldFish's technology.Introduction: bigchalk, The Education Network
Bigchalk, inc. is a comprehensive education destination for the K-12 learning community, with both subscription-based and free learning tools for educators, parents, and students. Bigchalk's vast array of library resources, supplementary curriculum, and assessment professional development Web products provide access to unparalleled instructional resources.
Among the bigchalk suite of tools is bigchalk Library, a research database designed for ease of use and breadth of content, providing access to more than 2,000 full-text magazines; newspapers; reference books; and TV, radio, and government transcripts, plus thousands of maps, pictures, and streaming audio and video. Other research products include the acclaimed ProQuest products, each of which provides uncompromising coverage for every research need, and eLibrary, an easy-to-use Web reference tool for students of all ages. Bigchalk has superb curriculum products designed for subject comprehensiveness and ease of use. In particular, ClassMate Earth Science, Language Arts, and U.S. History and bigchalk's Integrated Classroom provide excellent solutions for classroom needs. Complete information about bigchalk's product line can be found on the company Web site.
- Top 8. Covers educational sites and related online content
- W.O.W., or "Wonders of the Web." Showcases new and notable sites based on a learning theme
- Adventures of the e-Team. Contains a serialized story complete with learning themes
- Tech Tips. Draws on Internet resources with editorial content and product reviews
With three newsletters distributed weekly, one on a monthly basis, bigchalk's core newsletters must reach their recipients quickly and efficiently, both to be relevant and as an important source of advertising revenue. The newsletters address a variety of topics and audiences, requiring that each email contain trackable URLs to measure click-throughs. The resulting statistical information must integrate with an Oracle back-end database and be delivered to the company's advertising agency as proof of effectiveness.
"We really needed to find a new way to distribute our emails efficiently, as our audiences count on receiving them in a timely manner -- sometimes as part of a homework assignment," commented Tim McLain, portal content manager for bigchalk.com. "From a production standpoint, we needed to have precise version control for newsletters sent as plain text, for AOL, or as HTML. For users to unlock the value of bigchalk services, such as HomeworkCentral, they need to receive the newsletters with fresh information, in the right format, quickly."
To address issues of personalization, relevance, and timely delivery, bigchalk.com realized that email was the ideal delivery vehicle. Yet there were specific criteria that had to be met to build a consistent, useful email resource and communications channel for customers.
At the heart of its email communications dilemma were the inherent limitations of traditional email systems. SMTP-based email applications have three fundamental shortcomings, creating obstacles for the email marketer. First, the volume of messages that an e-marketer needs to send often exceeds the capacity of most email servers, which often are limited to less than 50,000 messages per hour. This number may seem substantial, but companies such as bigchalk often send messages in much larger volumes over very short periods. When messages must be sent in minutes, not days, traditional systems hit overload and crash.
A second limitation for high volume email communications is caused by enterprise bandwidth. Sending hundreds of thousands of email messages dramatically increases an organization's network load and often results in slow network response for employees, or causes overtaxed email servers to shut down and results in network administrators spending too much time managing systems ill-suited for the task of sending high-volume email.
The third obstacle inherent in high volume email communications can have a disastrous impact on customer satisfaction. When enterprise networks are bogged down by servers handling high volumes of messages, the performance of third-party applications can suffer. For example, customer databases or content management systems used to combine customer data with email messages can cause message errors or interrupt the delivery, which frustrates and alienates customers awaiting timely email information.
An important part of the solution to these problems is a fundamental change in a company's infrastructure for email. Instead of combining customer data with personalized messages in-house and sending emails from company networks, a new generation of outsourced high volume email delivery services does so on its own networks designed for the task. For companies such as bigchalk, a dedicated email platform is used to send the most important information and messages from its local network. An outsourced service, such as BoldFish "No Fail Email" is used for heaving and lifting or fail-over backup, with message merging and transmission managed by a purpose-built system ideally positioned right over the highest bandwidth communications site. "We have the added confidence with the BoldFish 'No Fail Email' backup service that our time-sensitive material will always sent on schedule," added McLain.
Bigchalk chose BoldFish as its in-house high-volume email solution because it was impressed with the unique set of features BoldFish offered to solve a combined set of requirements. Even better, McLain and his team recognized the value of an enterprise-caliber solution because it made their marketing infrastructure more robust with its capability to integrate with the existing bigchalk database.
"In addition to satisfying all our critical production and management criteria, BoldFish also has a great Web-based interface not found in other products," noted McLain. "For example, I can be checking on mailings while they're running and making sure [they're] not overloading our servers. BoldFish truly offers industrial-strength capabilities with high ease of use. Even better, we don't have to worry about bounced message management, because it's all taken care of automatically."
For bigchalk, BoldFish streamlines a historically difficult task for savvy marketers: combining large amounts of content with personalized customer data and managing the transmission of the resulting messages efficiently. When personalizing the messages, BoldFish saves bigchalk significant time while greatly reducing both network load and process management time. After the messages are sent, BoldFish automatically updates bigchalk's database with bounced messages and requests to unsubscribe. In concert, the BoldFish end-to-end deployment for bigchalk fundamentally improves the velocity and effectiveness of enterprise communications for marketing and customer relationship management.
BoldFish allows bigchalk to combine educational data with personalized messages to send custom newsletters while preserving control of the response process and using a minimum of staff time. "We see the BoldFish solution as a vital tool for our outbound communication programs," says McLain. "In the past, sending out large amounts of email and pulling from our database of customers was painfully slow and very labor intensive. As a market leader in education information, our newsletters are the service our customers see the most, so delivery must be consistent. It is crucial for us to have an effective platform to grow our communications with students, teachers, librarians, and parents. Using BoldFish to manage the production and delivery of news email lets us focus on our real business of gathering the best education information for our subscribers." | <urn:uuid:b5c7e9e2-bee8-4b9f-9cad-458a73e8481b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.enterpriseappstoday.com/marketing/article.php/963361/Case-Study-Connecting-Students-Teachers-Parents-and-Librarians-With-bigchalks-Timely-Newsletters.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00032-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929422 | 1,525 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Evolution of Time Preferences and Attitudes toward Risk
This paper explores a general model of the evolution and adaption of hedonic utility. It is shown that optimal utility will be increasing strongly in regions where choices have to be made often and decision mistakes have a severe impact on fitness. Several applications are suggested. In the context of intertemporal preferences, the model offers an evolutionary explanation for the existence of conflicting short- and long-run interests that lead to dynamic inconsistency. Concerning attitudes toward risk, an evolutionary explanation is given for S-shaped value functions that adjust to the decision maker's environment. (JEL D81, D83)
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Volume (Year): 99 (2009)
Issue (Month): 3 (June)
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- Fudenberg, Drew & Levine, David, 2006.
"A Dual-Self Model of Impulse Control,"
3196335, Harvard University Department of Economics.
- Drew Fudenberg & David K. Levine, 2006. "A Dual Self Model of Impulse Control," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 2112, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- Drew Fudenberg & David K. Levine, 2004. "A Dual Self Model of Impulse Control," Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Papers 2049, Harvard - Institute of Economic Research.
- Drew Fudenberg & David K Levine, 2005. "A Dual Self Model of Impulse Control," Levine's Working Paper Archive 618897000000000876, David K. Levine.
- Schelling, Thomas C, 1984. "Self-Command in Practice, in Policy, and in a Theory of Rational Choice," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 74(2), pages 1-11, May.
- Curry, Philip A., 2001. "Decision Making under Uncertainty and the Evolution of Interdependent Preferences," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 98(2), pages 357-369, June.
- Partha Dasgupta & Eric Maskin, 2005.
"Uncertainty and Hyperbolic Discounting,"
American Economic Review,
American Economic Association, vol. 95(4), pages 1290-1299, September.
- Elster, Jon, 1985. "Weakness of will and the free-rider problem," Mathematical Social Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 293-294, December.
- Faruk Gul & Wolfgang Pesendorfer, 2001.
"Temptation and Self-Control,"
Econometric Society, vol. 69(6), pages 1403-1435, November.
- Larry Samuelson, 2004. "Information-Based Relative Consumption Effects," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 72(1), pages 93-118, 01.
- Tversky, Amos & Kahneman, Daniel, 1992. "Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 5(4), pages 297-323, October.
- Kahneman, Daniel & Tversky, Amos, 1979.
"Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk,"
Econometric Society, vol. 47(2), pages 263-91, March.
- Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1979. "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk," Levine's Working Paper Archive 7656, David K. Levine.
- Elster, Jon, 1985. "Weakness of Will and the Free-Rider Problem," Economics and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, vol. 1(02), pages 231-265, October.
- Larry Samuelson & Arthur J. Robson, 2007. "The Evolution of Intertemporal Preferences," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 97(2), pages 496-500, May.
- Shefrin, Hersh M & Thaler, Richard H, 1988. "The Behavioral Life-Cycle Hypothesis," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 26(4), pages 609-43, October.
- Winston, Gordon C., 1980. "Addiction and backsliding : A theory of compulsive consumption," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 1(4), pages 295-324, December.
- Hansson, Ingemar & Stuart, Charles, 1990. "Malthusian Selection of Preferences," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 80(3), pages 529-44, June.
- Arthur J. Robson, 2001. "The Biological Basis of Economic Behavior," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 39(1), pages 11-33, March.
- Rogers, Alan R, 1994. "Evolution of Time Preference by Natural Selection," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(3), pages 460-81, June.
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Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services. | <urn:uuid:0a934996-4517-41c1-8a4f-134e6c832e90> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v99y2009i3p937-55.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00124-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.781474 | 1,518 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Fake News in India or abroad creates the same challenges. Whether it be the presidential elections in distant US, and 2019 Lok Sabha elections in India, social media is now used as a tool in fighting all elections. While the 2016 US elections were embroiled in controversy for using the services of Cambridge Analytica to mine data of FB users, elections back home were touted as the first ones in this country to be fought on social media.
We’re in this together
As of 2020, 50% of India’s close to 1.33 billion population, i.e. 650 million people, have access to Internet, of which 448 million use social media. India is also the largest user base for Facebook, WhatsApp, and YouTube. Also, the internet is not an “urban” commodity anymore -- 2 in 3 searches emanate from outside the metros, and local language searches have increased ten-fold.
With that kind of penetration, India is one of the biggest markets for social media companies. Couple that with the cheapest mobile data in the world, digital illiteracy, and it is a sure recipe for disaster…one we are served every other day.
Let’s not go too far back in time. Recently, the Centre and the main Opposition, the Congress, were involved in a back and forth over an alleged toolkit. While the Centre alleged it had unearthed Congress’ vicious plans to defame it, the latter claimed their original document was doctored. Adding insult to injury, Twitter went ahead and marked the document the BJP had shared, purportedly as that of the Congress, as “manipulated”.
A few days before that, Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal faced flak from political rivals for claiming there was a Singapore variant of Covid which was infecting children, seeking a ban on flights to and from the island country. The claim so outraged our South Asian neighbour that Singapore threatened to invoke their Fake News Act against Kejriwal.
These instances have been mentioned here only to show that fake news in India is so pervasive that even our political leadership is not left untouched by it. A survey by Microsoft points out that in 2019, a massive 64% Indians said they had seen fake news online against the global average of 57%.
What is fake news?
Fake news has so permeated our daily lives that we fail to see it from fact. A February 2021 study of fake news in India breaks it down for us to make it easy to understand. Fake news could be misinformation, or disinformation.
Misinformation is unintentional false information emanating from knowledge gap whereas disinformation is false information deliberately meant to mislead people. Google News Initiative adds another category, that of mal-information, which is incorrect information spread with the intent of causing harm to an individual or a community.
While we can assume that the Delhi CM inadvertently spread misinformation; 2020, the year that saw most of India under lockdown, was also witness to many fake “news” that even mainstream media fell prey to, and happily reported.
In April 2020, when the world was still trying to wrap its head around Covid-19, disinformation targeting Muslims spiked after many people, who attended Tablighi Jamaat, a religious gathering in Delhi, tested positive for the virus. This is just one example of the onslaught of fake news, especially during the initial months of the pandemic in 2020.
Such fake news prompted the World Health Organisation director general, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus to say, “We are not just fighting an epidemic, we are fighting an infodemic.”
Why is it a big deal?
Fake news can cause polarisation; it can mislead people on important issues – as the deluge of fake news during the pandemic did. A doctor's video on WhatsApp claimed that a nebulizer can be a substitute for an Oxygen Concentrator. Such false information can actually cost lives (he later retracted and apologized).
Fake news can harden attitudes and stereotypes about people or groups; in extreme cases, it can also spark riots or lead to death, like in the multiple cases of lynching across India over the suspicion of child-lifting.
Fake news also prevents people from believing correct information - there is a trust deficit towards news in general. This onslaught of fake news is increasingly making people wary of all the information coming to them. We can also not discount our personal biases that are likely to guide how we perceive a particular piece of news, fake or otherwise.
Fake news and social media
In India, the most fake news-prone social media platforms are Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and WhatsApp. While there isn’t any data available on the frequency of fake news appearing on each of these, one study did reveal that, there were just two certified instances of fake news in the third week of January 2020, but the number rose to 60 by the first week of April.
WhatsApp is the most popular app in the country with 340 million users. With a service that promises end-to-end encryption, meaning even WhatsApp doesn’t know who all you send your ‘Good Morning’ message to, keeping a tab on the originator of a particular fake news is next to impossible. The Centre has recently introduced new IT rules and regulations which are meant to ensure digital security. How that curbs the spread of fake news is yet to be seen.
Who creates fake news?
Going back to the 2019 Lok Sabha elections in India, let’s see how fake news was created, and used, to influence the voter. IT cells of political parties went in an overdrive. Fake news was used to deceive. It was manufactured, allegedly by IT cells, to influence voters. Parties targeted political icons; Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi found mention in multiple rallies.
Apart from targeting rivals, it was the time to highlight the work done by the incumbent party leaders and Chief Ministers. Internet became the easiest source of eye-catching photos which were tweaked to appear like projects completed by the government. There was the case of the Railway Minister Piyush Goyal sharing a video of the "Train 18" - except that the video was run at 2X its actual speed, making the train look faster than it actually was. Right - wing publications make fake-news claims about the main opposition party as well.
In the run-up to 2019 elections, fake content on social media reached its peak with the appearance of one Congress lawmaker Anil Upadhyay. Media houses pointed out later that the man did not even exist.
But it wasn’t just IT cells that can be held responsible for creating fake news. As per a research by the University of Oxford on fake news during the 2019 elections, consumers felt news media was also responsible for spreading propaganda, something they pass off as “paid news”. It threw up some alarming numbers – 36% of respondents said they believe most of the news coming their way, irrespective of the medium; and 34% said they believed news on social media.
Unfortunately, media houses have also lost their credibility. What dented their image somewhat was the 2018 sting operation by Cobrapost which claimed that some of the biggest media houses in the country were open to passing off propaganda as news, for a price. The houses allegedly exposed in the operation included Times Group, Hindustan Times Group, India Today group, and the Zee group.
What plagues India
The answer lies in our digital illiteracy. We have cheap Internet, but we lack the wherewithal to understand our responsibility. It is like handing out free chocolates to children. How many of them will say no? Most of us quickly click on the “I agree” button on any and every site without actually reading their terms and conditions. Digital literacy of a population as large, and diverse, as ours is not happening anytime soon.
"People get cheap internet-based tech on their smartphones, but they don't have the necessary education on how to assess the veracity of claims made in the messages," says Rajneil Kamath, a publisher at the Indian fact-checking portal NewscheckerIn, in a DW report.
A 2018 BBC report pointed out that the coverage of fake news in the Indian media over the last three odd years had grown by nearly 200%. It also points out that it is impossible for researchers to investigate audience behaviour within encrypted private networks (e.g; Facebook, WhatsApp). As a result, the picture we have about how people share information, especially ‘fake news’, is from the ‘outside’, so to speak.
The answer to this problem, lies in regulation in the short term, and education in the long term.
Regulation becomes a difficult proposition because political parties themselves – our lawmakers – are seen by many as biased creators of fake news.
Education is also equally difficult. An average Indian internet user cannot distinguish fake from fact. They lack the basic digital literacy and freely share unverified information on Social Media.
In fact, a research in Bihar showed that educating people about fake news can actually backfire with the public holding more dearly on to their beliefs than learning to let go. The research during last year’s assembly elections revealed that despite training, supporters of a particular political party got worse at distinguishing between real and fake news whereas the other set of participants, who supported another party, improved a little. So, the research concluded that there’s a backfire effect where training makes us stubborn. It also revealed that many of the people are not even aware of the concept of fake news.
Archana Kumari, assistant professor at Central University of Jammu, Department of Mass Comm and New Media, enumerates several other reasons for the spread of fake news in India.
“Democratisation in publishing tools has diluted its value even as there is a diminishing trust in mainstream media,” she says. She also says that newsrooms are facing challenges with staff crunch, and negligible investment in training. Even their verification processes are outdated, and out of sync with the latest technology, she says, explaining how even media outlets sometimes fall for fake news. Kumari says people may have multiple reasons for creating or sharing fabricated, manipulated, and misleading content. “For parody, to provoke – because they are passionate about a particular subject, for partisanship, profit, political influence, or for propaganda. Fake news is not just about profit. Here, in India, we see it is much more nuanced and complex,” she says.
Fact-checking of fake news in India
Another reason for the spread of fake news in India could be that though there are fact-check organisations, they cannot keep up with the fake news onslaught. India has about a handful of factchecking organisations: Alt News, BOOM, NewscheckerIn, Factchecker.in are some of the leading firms engaged in the task of verifying news for us. Of these, Alt News and BOOM are certified by IFCN, the International Fact-checking Network, which is a unit of US-based Poynter Institute and brings together fact-checkers across the globe. Even Press Information Bureau (PIB), the “nodal agency of the Government of India to disseminate information to the print and electronic media on government policies, programmes, initiatives and achievements”, does fact-check. It has a dedicated Twitter handle and webpage where it has regularly been checking trending news for its veracity.
Apart from these, Google also launched initiatives last year to address the Covid-induced infodemic. For one, there is Fact and Fit, a collaborative initiative of DataLeads with Boom, supported by Google News Initiative to beat medical misinformation in India.
Google also started a trend to monitor online searches related to Covid, and started Question Hub to address people’s queries relating to the pandemic. It regularly conducts workshops to educate journalists, and to create awareness among public.
What can we do?
Like charity, education begins at home. First, we should educate ourselves. We need to realise that the small gadget in our hand, be it a smartphone, or a tablet, empowers us. But it is a double-edged sword. While it can be used to learn new skills, communicate better with the world, it can also be used as a weapon to spread hatred, our personal agendas, and disharmony.
To that end, Google conducts fact-check workshops across the globe. The sessions teach students, journalists, and even common citizens to be able to differentiate between fake news and facts. Archana Kumari says the Google News Initiative India Training network supports journalists and media educators across India in the fight against misinformation. Led by DataLeads, it has trained 25,000+ journalists, media educators, fact-checkers, and journalism students in more than 10 languages across India, benefitting hundreds of newsrooms and universities.
Fake news in India is a much bigger problem than we perceive. An experiment on fact-checking fake news in India says peer-to-peer corrections are effective in comparison to no correction at all. Social media platforms have kept us connected, especially during the pandemic, when actually meeting each other became impossible. However, as far as debunking fake news goes, it begins us with. To use Covid parlance, we can break the chain by not forwarding a piece of dubious news.
Laws regarding fake news in India
As far as laws in the country are concerned, India allows free publication of news under Article 19 of the Constitution which guarantees freedom of speech. However, there are some provisions under the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Information Technology Act (IT Act), and the Disaster Management Act (DMA) which can be invoked against the spread of fake news. These are:
Section 66D of IT Act: For cheating by using computer or communication device. It attracts imprisonment of up to three years, and a fine of up to Rs 1 lakh.
Section 54 of the DMA: For spreading a false alarm or warning about a disaster or its magnitude, thus causing alarm. It attracts a sentence of up to a year or fine.
Section 505(1) of IPC: For making, publishing, or circulating any report or rumour that may cause alarm. It attracts up to three years of jail or fine or both.
Section 153 of IPC: For making a statement or doing anything that provokes someone else to cause rioting. It attracts jail term up to a year, or fine, or both.
Section 499 and 500 of IPC: For using words, texts, or images, intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that it will harm, the reputation of an individual. It attracts a jail term of up to two years, a fine, or both.]
Apart from the above, people affected by fake news can reach out to the following:
News Broadcasters Association (NBA) which represents private television news and current affairs broadcasters.
Broadcasting Content Complaint Council (BCCC) which deals with complaints relating to fake news, material inciting violence, communal hatred, abuse, on TV.
Press Council of India can also be approached for warning newspapers, news agencies, editor or journalists in case of violation of journalistic ethics. | <urn:uuid:bcf316a7-b8f4-4ff6-a9ca-40d79ec24be9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://unscreen.org/fake-news-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.954557 | 3,161 | 2.375 | 2 |
A team of scientists has unearthed the healing properties of gold, by discovering how gold salts relieve pain of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. According to scientists at Duke University Medical Center, their findings may renew the lost interest in gold salts as a treatment for arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
The research team used injections of gold salts in the early 1900s to ease the pain and swelling associated with arthritis. However, the treatment came at a high cost, with side effects such as rashes, mouth sores, kidney damage and occasionally, problems with the bone marrow's ability to make new blood cells.
AdvertisementRecently, new treatments like methotrexate and biologically engineered drugs have replaced gold as a preferred treatment, and gold salts, while remaining effective, are usually administered as a last resort.
But Dr. David Pisetsky, chief of the division of rheumatology and immunology in the department of medicine at Duke, says "we shouldn't dismiss gold salts so quickly. We scientists have really never understood why gold works. Now that we have a better handle on its action, we may be able to use that mechanism to create new and better gold-like drugs to treat arthritis."
Pisetsky and collegues found that a particular molecule, HMBG1, which provokes inflammation, the process underlying the development of rheumatoid arthritis, is a key player in transcription, the process that converts genetic information in DNA to its RNA equivalent. The researchers say that when HMGB1 is released from the cell - either through normal processes or cell death - it becomes a stimulus to the immune system and enhances inflammation.
"Interestingly, HMGB1 is not produced evenly throughout the body. There is an unusually high amount of it in the synovial tissue and fluid around the joints - where arthritis occurs," Pisetsky said. Pisetsky, working with colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh and the Karolinska Institute in Sweden, stimulated mouse and human immune system cells to secrete HMGB1, then treated them with gold salts.
They found that the gold blocked the release of HMGB1 from the nucleus. That, in turn, should lessen the amount available to provoke the body's immune system, weakening the inflammatory response. "Basically, keeping HMGB1 corralled inside the nucleus is a good thing, when it comes to arthritis," he said. He added that gold inhibits the release of HMGB1 by interfering with the activity of two helper molecules that ease HMGB1's release from the cell, interferon beta and nitric oxide.
The study will appear in the January, 2008 issue of the Journal of Leukocyte Biology. | <urn:uuid:df88b0df-d3ac-4199-a1b3-a098d98aaf8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.medindia.net/news/Gold-Salts-Holds-Hope-for-Easing-Pain-of-Rheumatoid-Arthritis-Inflammatory-Diseases-28313-1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00567-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940589 | 548 | 2.984375 | 3 |
RyBugsMommy: The main goals in 10th grade would include fluency in writing due to the writing proficiency. Therefore, they need to be able to write all different types of essays. They need fluency in reading literature and everyday items, from job applications and rental agreements to Shakespeare. Main subjects taught in my classroom include writing, reading, and grammar. Grades are based on the simple A-F scale. In our district, pluses and minuses are not given.
lauriebash: Subjects include geometry, biology, history, English, consumer sciences, a foreign language, personal finances, art, music, phys-ed.
Geometry was really hard for our son, as was English. He had a difficult English teacher. About 60 percent of this teacher's class had to attend summer school, including our son. The teacher is being investigated for grading on a college level. Don't always blame the child!
RyBugsMommy: They'll need a blue or black ink pen, a red correction pen, a highlighter, and a notebook with dividers.
lauriebash: The school provided everything needed, including a homework agenda. During the year, I did supply extra pencils and pens. He frequently lost them. I also needed to supply some poster board for a couple projects, as well as some index cards for studying. It was optional to have a special kind of calculator, costing about $70. We opted out of that one and let him use one of the ones in the classroom. Most was spent on shoes, clothes, and a backpack.
millerranch2003: Our school issued each child (7th-12th) a computer, so they just needed some spiral notebooks and writing utensils.
RyBugsMommy: With my 10th graders, there is a lot of writing and critical thinking behind the stories read and the material presented. It does not require a lot of parent help since there is a lot of in-class discussion about the stories and the meaning behind them. Students MUST pay attention and take notes if they expect to succeed on their homework.
lauriebash: Honestly, I don't know how much homework was assigned. Our son would work on assignments in his room. He didn't seem to spend a lot of time on homework. Of course, his grades weren't the greatest either! I often asked if he needed help with homework and was always turned down.
millerranch2003: There was homework 2-3 days a week, nothing real hard for my son that he needed help with. Mainly, he just needed help with his Spanish.
RyBugsMommy: We are a small school, so pretty much everyone is friends or knows who everyone is even if they do not like them. Of course, there is peer pressure to fit in for all students, especially those who are not as well off or well liked as others. Cliques are present among the girls mostly and those who play sports. Boyfriends or girlfriends can be an issue, especially if they are in the same class and, depending on the child, can be a distraction.
lauriebash: Girls, girls, girls, and more girls! Most of my son's best friends are girls! He has maybe 4-5 friends who are boys! Plus the girlfriend! ALWAYS a girlfriend. And it lasts for MONTHS, not weeks. We have teens here almost all the time. He has no interest in getting his driver's license because his girlfriend drives. Skate park, movies, mall, gf's house.
RyBugsMommy: Issues include talking in class, not being prepared for class, general defiance, rumors, texting in class (especially since cell phones are not allowed in classrooms; they try to be sneaky).
lauriebash: Texting is a big problem. Teachers often complained of my son speaking out in class and not paying attention. He had his phone taken off of him several times during the school year. He wanted to be treated as an adult in 10th grade, yet he still acted as if he were 12! Tough age, being stuck between boyhood and manhood. He tested us quite often about curfews and house rules. Local concerts were attended often. Bigger concerts occasionally with big groups.
millerranch2003: My son started dipping snuff this year. I think that got stopped, but I will probably never know for sure. He got in trouble in classes for never shutting up, had to talk all the time.
RyBugsMommy: Our principal feels minor issues should be addressed by the teacher within the class that the behavior happened. A lot of major issues are handled through ISS (in-school suspension). Major issues receive 3-10 days out of school, based on the violation and previous behavior.
lauriebash: My son rode the bus to school. We are in the country, so it's just a small one. No problems. Usually got a ride home with a friend.
millerranch2003: My son had to ride the bus, which he absolutely hated. He got his driver's license when he turned 16 in November, but I still made him ride the bus because I didn't feel comfortable enough for him to drive 15 miles to school with his brother.
RyBugsMommy: Fall--Volleyball and Football (Varsity and JV), aviation club, drama club, FBLA, Gear Up, National Honor Society, Leadership. Winter--Basketball (Girl and Boy/ Varsity and JV) and wrestling. All clubs listed above. Spring--Softball, Baseball, and Track. All clubs listed above.
lauriebash: Lots of activities are available! Football, track, soccer, swim team, band, stage productions. Our son is not a sportsperson, however. He did try track for one season. That was enough! He also helped build a stage set for a play. He would rather go to the skate park or walk around with friends.
millerranch2003: My son ran cross country, stock show, and Future Farmers of America (FFA). He is Top 'O Texas district President in FFA.
RyBugsMommy: Parents are asked to participate in any way they can devote time to our school. Parents are allowed, if agreed upon by the teacher and the principal, to help in classrooms as well. Parents can also get involved through booster club or with any of the other on campus clubs.
lauriebash: You are not asked to do anything, but there is a parent advisory team that meets monthly that anyone can be involved in.
millerranch2003: We didn't have that much to do in school. That will all start his junior year.
RyBugsMommy: Will my child be ready for the state proficiency exams (in Nevada, if you do not pass them by the end of your senior year, you do not graduate)?
lauriebash: The attitude that just won't stop! Passing English and geometry. He is starting to think of what he wants to do after school, so he is stressed sometimes about grades.
millerranch2003: My son didn't really have problems with anything. He's a very good natured, easy-going guy.
Thanks so much to CafeMoms RyBugsMommy, lauriebash, and millerranch2003 who helped us present this valuable Back to School information for 10th graders. Schools and activities vary depending on the district and where you live, of course.
What was the 10th grade experience like for you and your child?
More "What to Expect" Back to School features:
- Home Care Providers: What to Expect
- Day Care Centers: What to Expect
- Preschool: What to Expect
- Kindergarten: What to Expect
- 1st Grade: What to Expect
- 2nd Grade: What to Expect
- 3rd Grade: What to Expect
- 4th Grade: What to Expect
- 5th Grade: What to Expect
- 6th Grade: What to Expect
- 7th Grade: What to Expect
- 8th Grade: What to Expect
- 9th Grade: What to Expect | <urn:uuid:5d8e24b8-e9d4-4b84-b6f4-d6d7ca5a86da> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thestir.cafemom.com/big_kid/6539/10th_Grade_What_to_Expect | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00534-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978195 | 1,711 | 2.40625 | 2 |
(Last Updated on : 31/01/2012)
The Mughal Empire
which gave Indian History an era of resplendent accomplishments and paramount power disintegrated into dust with the irreparable mistakes of emperors like Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb inherited a large empire, and instead of consolidating what he already had, he embarked an a myopic policy of annexation. His passion to stretch the empire to the farthest geographical limits made it impossible to implement a centralized government.
His conflict with the Rajputs yielded serious consequences. Akbar had the sagacity to analyze that enemity with the Rajputs will be a thorn in the bed of roses that he is manufacturing for himself.But , Aurangzeb , blinded by religious discriminations withdrew himself from Rajput-loyalty and challenged their sovereignty.He lost a pillar of strength which had defended the Mughal Empire against enemies for years.
The Deccan invasion by the Mughals depleted the financial resources.His bid to suppress the Marathas' claim for autonomy backfired at him.
The peace and order of his state was shattered at the very nerve-centre by the political uprisings of discontending groups, namely ,the Jats,the Satnamis and the Sikhs.
Aurangzeb's religious orthodoxy severely invoked the wrath of the Hindus and the Shiah Muslims .Jeziya-payment was scorned by allnon-Muslims.A split in the Mughal social fabric was inevitable.The nobility was turned into warring factions. Administrative system became unstable.
Wealth squandered away by luxury-loving princes like Jahangir
, or Shah Jahan
had hit the royal treasury.
The Mughal nobility and aristrocracy during the last years of the empire were overbrimming with corruption.Thirst for power and acquisition of lucrative "jagirs"or grants drowned these vitiated nobility into nothingness.
The military force of the empire were robbed of energy after long wars.Again the disloyal mansabs also did not maintain properly their quota of soldiers, military contingents.
The peasants ,reeling in poverty faced oppression in the hands of the nobility , demanding excess amount of tax. The peasant-class lost their trust on the empire.
The empire went through dire straits in the weak rules of the later Mughals,like Bahadur Shah, Jalandhar Shah or Farrukh Siyar.
A final blow to the shaken constitution of the empire was given by the foreign invasions of Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah. The treasury eas looted, the trade and industry was ruined and the military power erased.
Finally the colonial conquest by the British swallowed the skeleton of an once glorious empire, piece by piece. | <urn:uuid:cbff3be6-6349-47bc-8547-19517239b1bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.indianetzone.com/5/downfall_mughal_empire.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00186-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952094 | 576 | 3 | 3 |
The new of two ll of Aristotle's Politics, Book 1. The other of two properties of Aristotle's Politics, Book 1. A life of some of the different conflicts of Aristotle's scientists from nouns 3 and 4. A century of some of the large data of Aristotle's others from admins 3 and 4.
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Based out of the Tampa Bay area, Third Friday offers the best of classic rock from the 70's and 80's. Third Friday is available for weekend shows, private parties, and corporate events.
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For people who are wishing to set up separate websites in addition to the main site on one hosting account, the existence of add-on domain is really helpful. It is a fully functional domain that can be hosted in a new folder of the account within the public_html directory, storing contents and files of different sites separately. Generally, you are allowed to create multiple add-on domains as you want, and give them exclusive e-mail addresses and forwarders the same way as the primary domain. Here, we have compiled an easy-to-understand tutorial telling you how to create an add-on domain with the help of cPanel and PHP scripts.
Create an Add-on Domain from cPanel
In fact, the add-on domain can be created from any kinds of control panels. Here, we simply assume you make use of the most widely-used and user-friendly cPanel control panel.
First of all, you need to log into your cPanel. On the intuitive user interface, you can find a Stats tab on the left hand of the whole screen, with which you can check out how many add-on domains you can have in total, and how many add-on domains you have currently created. To be honest, this is a very important preparing step. Although the majority of rich-featured hosting companies nowadays allow webmasters to have an unlimited number of add-on domains like BlueHost and JustHost, there are still some companies set a restriction in this aspect.
Next, you need to scroll down to look for the Domains tab, and click the Add Domains link.
Then, you can be directed to a page that requires you to fill out the details of your new add-on domain, including the domain name, sub-domain/FTP username, document root, and password. Note that after adding a new domain on your account, cPanel will create an additional FTP user for it automatically, so you can enter a FTP username that is same as your add-on domain name. In terms of the document root, it is the directory in your main account where the data and files of the new domain will be pointing. Generally, the directory name is publick_html/newdomainname.
After finishing the required information, click the Add Domain button. That’s it! The new add-on domain has been created, and you can remove it and manage redirection within the cPanel easily.
Add an Add-on Domain with PHP Configuration
This method is much more complicated than the first one, and requires webmasters to have the advanced coding knowledge. Therefore, we highly suggest beginners adopting the method one. If you are an experienced developer, you can also consider this way.
To create an add-on domain from the PHP script, you firstly need to download the XML-API of cPanel for PHP as you will be using the API2 function. In the following, we’d like to show you the coding information included within your api2_example_withargs.php file along with the above download.
Note that the IP is the IP address of your server, and the root_pass stores your password that allows you to log into the XML API.
Generally, people use the API as a root user like the example presented above, but you can also login as a cPanel user by changing “root”,$root_pass to $account,$root_pass.
To create an add-on domain by using API2 function, you have to realize the existence of 4 parameters. The first one is expected to be the cPanel account allowing you to perform this action; the second one is the module; the third one indicates the function to call; the fourth one refers to an array of input arguments for this function.
These changes are used to create an add-on domain on your account, so the final step is to save these modifications with API2 function calls. Therefore, simply go to the cPanel’s XML-API for PHP and find the file of api2_example_addondomain.php. Then, modify this file with the changes presented above.
Lastly, there is a special tip for Access Denied Error. If you encounter this problem, simply add the set_port attribute before the api2_query, and replace the X with the port number of your cPanel control panel. | <urn:uuid:2ad6d70b-29a9-4556-b23c-d9bfa3a15152> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://phpmatters.com/create-addon-domain-php-cpanel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00085-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902751 | 908 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Paint thinner is a solvent used to thin oil paints and varnishes. Like oil paints, paint thinner emits toxic fumes and is considered a hazardous material. Storing paint thinner properly reduces the risk of accidental ingestion, inhalation and fire. Disposing of paint thinner properly -- instead of pouring it on the ground, down a drain or sewer, or throwing it in the garbage -- keeps the solvent out of the environment and water supply. Recycling or donating paint thinner is even better for the environment and your community.
- Skill level:
Other People Are Reading
Things you need
- Glass container
Store paint thinner in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of ignition, pets and children.
Recycle used paint thinner by pouring it into a glass container and sealing it tightly. Clearly label the container as "Paint Thinner: Toxic" and place it in a dry, well-ventilated area for several months. After the paint sludge settles to the bottom, pour the clean solvent off the top into the original solvent container and reuse. Use kitty litter or newspaper to absorb and dry the paint sludge before disposal.
Donate unwanted paint thinner to a local theatre group, religious organisation, school, home rehabilitation program, friend or family member. These groups usually accept extra paint, too.
Dispose of unwanted paint thinner at a hazardous materials collection facility.
Tips and warnings
- If paint thinner gets on your skin, wash it off immediately with soap and water.
- Do not use a glass beverage container to store used paint thinner, because someone might mistake it for a drink.
- Never reuse paint thinner containers for other materials because paint thinner residue is toxic.
- 20 of the funniest online reviews ever
- 14 Biggest lies people tell in online dating sites
- Hilarious things Google thinks you're trying to search for | <urn:uuid:8095c3a5-a37f-401e-8a43-2f45f6ddc902> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.ehow.co.uk/how_7795923_proper-storage-disposal-paint-thinner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00137-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88144 | 386 | 2.921875 | 3 |
image: Krishna with Radha
“The eye through which I see God is the same eye through which God sees me;
my eye and God’s eye are one eye, one seeing, one knowing, one love.”
Meister Eckhart, Sermons of Meister Eckhart
We need to fully understand love if we wish to fall in love with the supreme love, known as “Divine Love.” Nevertheless, such an understanding is not something that happens outside this world or beyond our space-time continuum. This is because each object in this world manifests the divine and thus, we as individuals can encounter the divine in anything, anywhere and at any time.
But once this understanding happens, and it is crucial that it does happen at some point, we come to realise that the divine permeates everything. Thus, one way of defining divine love would be by falling in love with everything, as distinguished from the love of one particular object. But this definition does not sufficiently distinguish divine love from human love and the question still remains: is the nature of divine love (i.e., the love of everything) the same as human love?
Once we acquire the realisation that the divine permeates everything, then the nature or mode of our love of the divine changes dramatically. As the object of our love becomes “everything,” the manner of our loving evolves from human to Divine. This is known as enlightenment.
Divine love may begin with our loving another person, but gradually our love grows to embrace everything in the world, and as our love encompasses everything, we transcend the norms associated with human love and the manner of loving changes. | <urn:uuid:e6e037ce-2ac1-4039-a98b-c2547b93f1ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sathyasaimemories.wordpress.com/2017/01/22/lets-fall-in-love-with-our-maker/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.929968 | 348 | 1.726563 | 2 |
ENGL 395/595 Linguistics and Grammars for Teachers
Title : Essential Linguistics: What You Need to Know to Teach
Reading, ESL, Spelling, Phonics, and Grammar Author : Freeman and FreemanPublisher : HeineannEdition : 20ISBN : 0325002746(This book costs about $30.00 new and is available directly from the publisher or “wherever books are sold.”).
Wisconsin Resident Estimated Tuition (subject to change)WI Undergraduate WI Graduate 3 cr $868.59 3 cr $1,476.96
(includes $20 per credit distance education administration fee) | <urn:uuid:2e50c899-265f-49ee-a3ff-299c1ce34155> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.uwsp.edu/conted/credit/Pages/Summer2014/ENGL395-595LinguisticsandGrammarsforTeachers.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00144-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.789359 | 136 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Book of Genesis
Originally published 03/07/2013
“In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,” reads the opening words of the King James bible. According to new research, those words might be considered a slice of creation-angled bread in ametaphorical sandwich — one with a rather morbid filling.Using a free online analytics tool dubbed “Search Visualizer” that transforms text queries into color-coded visual charts, researchers at Keele University in the U.K. and Amridge University in the U.S. have reportedly discovered an ancient literary trick in the Judeo-Christian Bible’s famous foundational book. That trick, known as inclusio or “bracketing,” involves placing similar material at the beginning and end of something; in Genesis’ cases, the writers appear to have enclosed a midsection thematically dominated by “death” with intro and outro passages devoted to “life.”...The researchers call this the “Genesis Death Sandwich,” reports Science Daily. (It’s also not a bad way to draw attention to your research.)...
- 10 Historians on What Will Be Said About President Obama's Legacy
- Harvard art historian James S. Ackerman Dies at 97
- Obama’s Legacy as a Historian
- Jack Rakove tells League of Women Voters Electoral College needs to be abolished
- Juan Cole says Chelsea Manning’s leaks contributed to the revolution in Tunisia | <urn:uuid:5fb13916-c507-4c6b-803b-7aa9f397b1b0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://historynewsnetwork.org/tag/2070 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00025-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.896019 | 312 | 2.796875 | 3 |
According to reports, the Karnataka state government is set to revamp its solar energy policy with far-reaching features, in an effort to achieve self-sufficiency in electricity generation by 2016.
As part of the overhaul of the existing energy policy, the government intends to introduce an incentive scheme for domestic household consumers, to encourage them to install rooftop solar panels to produce electricity for self consumption and supply to the grid.
Any household installing a solar panel for this purpose will be paid for the surplus energy supplied to the grid after domestic consumption, said Kaushik Mukherjee, Chief Secretary of the Karnataka Government said on Wednesday at the CII partnership summit in Bangalore.
“The government will purchase every single unit generated from any source in the state,” said Amita Prasad, principal secretary, department of energy, Government of Karnataka. “A meter will be installed at the households to measure the consumption and transmission of power produced from rooftop solar panels and the consumers will get a cheque delivered to them in case of supply to the grid.”
She said the state aims to achieve self sufficiency in power generation by 2016 and will add 3,000 megawatt in additional capacity to the state grid. Efforts are also being made to purchase power from the private producers to tide over the crisis for the current year, she added. The state intends to generate 2000 Mw power from the solar energy source by 2020.
Chief Secretary Mukherjee said the state government would spend close to Rs 7,000 crore on energy subsidies to farmers and to tide over the shortage, the government intends to encourage individuals to generate power in their household through rooftop solar panels.
The new policy will be announced very soon, he added.
Karnataka has a total installed power generation capacity of 11,439 Mw, which is 6.7% of total power generated in the country. The state is currently undertaking 18,183 megawatt of proposed and ongoing projects. Currently, the state generates about 14 Mw of solar energy. | <urn:uuid:0186733c-347c-4c17-a4a3-bef0e33fc9bf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://panchabuta.com/2014/01/29/karnataka-set-to-revamp-solar-energy-policy-to-encourage-rooftop-solar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00016-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946719 | 418 | 2.421875 | 2 |
To understand conservatives’ opening, one must look beyond voter-party head counts.
Of Santa Fe County’s 87 electoral precincts, there are only three in which Republicans hold the narrowest possible majority: 51 percent of registered voters. Countywide, they are outnumbered by those who “decline to state” a party affiliation.
But as former Gov. Johnson notes, the rise in registered independents is part of a nationwide trend—a trend that favors Tea Party allies.
“There’s a migration away from the Republicans and a migration away from the Democrats into that independent category. And that independent category is first and foremost about common sense,” Johnson says.
Brian Sanderoff, president of Research & Polling, Inc. in Albuquerque, says New Mexico independents tend to vote with the “political winds.” Those winds are eroding the turf Democrats conquered in 2008.
“The Republicans have some opportunities in 2010, for a number of reasons,” Sanderoff says. “First, there’s a frustration with incumbents and, in New Mexico, most of the incumbents are Democrats. Two, the liberal base is somewhat deflated. Three, the conservative base is more energized—partially because they’re mad at the president.”
Hypothetically, even if every independent in Santa Fe County allied with the Republicans, such a coalition would comprise only 25 percent of voters. That’s too small to take over elected offices. But the minority has already proven itself strong enough to shape policy—particularly when Democrats fail to inspire.
At the Feb. 20 party convention, Santa Fe Republicans applauded themselves for having defeated two recent proposed tax hikes at the polls. One would have raised money for affordable housing projects, another would have aided the cash-strapped Santa Fe County Fire Department.
While many Democrats surely voted against those taxes, what Santa Fe Republicans lack in numbers, they likely make up for in motivation. Assuming most anti-tax votes came from Republicans, they presumably rallied their base at many times the rate of Democratic tax supporters.
Beyond policy, elected Democrats have done themselves no favors.
To wit, here are a few names Tea Partiers frequently bring up:
• Public Regulation Commissioner Jerome Block Jr: on trial, with his father, for embezzlement, conspiracy and elections-law violations
• Former Senate Majority Leader Manny Aragon: sentenced to more than five years in prison for corruption
• Gov. Bill Richardson: under a cloud of alleged pay-to-play scandals in state pension funds during his administration
“A year ago, there was so much hope for the Democratic Party, and the Republican Party had become so marginalized. Now, it’s sort of reversed. Some of the problem was the Democrats’ own fault because we did ignore this anger of the voters,” former state Sen. Grubesic says. “The Tea Party of New Mexico, their voice is amplified because we’re so corrupt.” | <urn:uuid:2be63fc4-6e5f-4ac7-a0f8-2bcfc1cdf220> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.sfreporter.com/santafe/article-5256-tea-party-on.html?current_page=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00462-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956018 | 627 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Montserrat Lampton 5″ x 48″ x 12mm Walnut Laminate Flooring Color: Virginia Walnut
Laminate flooring is one of the most popular floor coverings today. They are stylish, durable and easy to clean. Because of these advantages, many homeowners prefer the laying of laminate flooring than any other type of flooring. However, there are also a number of disadvantages. Read this article, where we explain the advantages and disadvantages of laminate flooring.
Advantages of laminate flooring
First, let's take a look at the benefits that make laminate flooring an excellent choice for any home office. They withstand a strong pedestrian traffic without problems. This makes them the perfect choice for areas near doors, living rooms, etc., where traffic is generally high.
Laminate floors are very strong and durable. Once you have them installed, they will keep their looks for a longer period of time.
- They are low maintenance and can be easily cleaned. A simple vacuum cleaner or broom keeps it clean on a regular basis.
- If you are looking for laminate flooring in the market, you will be surprised by the number of colors and designs available. This ensures that, regardless of your preferences, there is a laminate floor that suits your taste.
- Compared to other floor coverings like hardwood floors, they are cheaper, but have the same beautiful aesthetics and durability.
- Since the surface of laminate floors is smooth, dust and dirt can not accumulate on them. This makes them an excellent choice for people suffering from dust-related allergies.
Disadvantages of laminate floors
Now let's take a look at the disadvantages the buyer should consider before buying laminate flooring.
- Laminate floors are not very environmentally friendly compared to other floor coverings such as hardwood floors. They contain plastics and plasticizers.
- If you want to lay laminate near damp areas, many manufacturers do not guarantee it.
- If your laminate floor is damaged at all, you can not rework or sand the flooring. The only way is to change the soil.
- If you want to lay laminate, you will also need an extra floor layer to minimize the noise level of pedestrian traffic.
Overall, laminate floors are an excellent option if you are looking for the aesthetics and longevity of hardwood floors, but they are cheaper. With regular care and maintenance, they can certainly give your home a unique touch. | <urn:uuid:752d5b32-be2e-4f7e-8eb0-f3fc63323133> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://decorwit.com/home/montserrat-lampton-5-x-48-x-12mm-walnut-laminate-flooring-color-virginia-walnut/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.942684 | 515 | 1.84375 | 2 |
February is American Heart Month. With over 67 million Americans with high blood pressure, one’s awareness can save lives. High blood pressure can present with no symptoms, making it important to check regularly and to set a goal with their doctor if they find their BP is too high. People with high blood pressure are four times more likely to die from a stroke and 3 times more likely to die from heart disease. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in Americans.
In a previous blog post we discussed heart health in young men, but it is equally important for women. High blood pressure, smoking, and high LDL cholesterol are key factors of heart disease, but other conditions such as diabetes or obesity also put people at a higher risk. To decrease your risk, don’t smoke, make healthy food choices, limit alcohol intake, lower your stress level and find healthy ways to cope with stress. If prescribed, be sure to take blood pressure medicine as directed.
NeedyMeds’ Disease Information Page for Heart Disease has information on the assistance available for those in need, including Patient Assistance Programs (PAPs) that offer medications for low or no cost as well as Diagnosis-Based Assistance. Assistance can also be found in our State Sponsored Programs, including the CDC’s WISEWOMAN program to provide low-income, under-insured/uninsured women with chronic risk blood pressure and cholesterol screenings. Use our website to find assistance or call our toll-free helpline at 1-800-503-6897. | <urn:uuid:9a00a43a-df85-4fb3-81ba-ae970bb7b79b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.needymeds.org/2015/02/18/american-heart-month-to-raise-awareness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.943935 | 316 | 2.703125 | 3 |
By faith Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which he should after receive for an inheritance, obeyed; and he went out, not knowing whither he went.
By faith he sojourned in the land of promise, as in a foreign country, dwelling in tents with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise: for he looked for a city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker is God. Through faith also Sara...
These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off, and were persuaded of them and embraced them, and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth
By faith Abraham, when he was tried, offered up Isaac... his only begotten son accounting that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead; from whence also he received him in a figure.
Hebrews xi. 8-11, 53, 17-19.
It is not without design that the subject of this lecture in memory of a great Bible teacher and preacher is the Word of God to Abraham, the friend of God and father of the faithful. The story of the progenitor of the Hebrew race is of special interest and importance in both the Old and New Testaments. 'it was therefore a subject close to the heart of Dr. Campbell Morgan and occupies a large place in at least three of his published works and in his exposition of the message of the Bible, whether first spoken to man in the twentieth century or in the first century A.D. in all his dealing with the ancient narrative Dr. Morgan sought to point out its application to us to-day, Also, it may not be without significance that just fifty years ago he completed a series of addresses in this place on the Patriarchs devoting, as does Scripture itself, most emphasis to the life of Abraham.
Now fifty years ago the current trend of scholarship was inclined to dismiss Abraham as an eponymous ancestor, the mythological hero of a camp-fire saga, the projection into the past of later ideologies searching for a 'founding father'. Indeed the narratives were in the main considered unreliable and lacking a historical basis. Many of these Biblical historians believed that the mature faith expressed in the Genesis account could not have been realised by one person and must therefore have been the product of some long evolutionary development in keeping with their views on the late literary composition of the text. In general they did not believe that it was possible to go back before the time of the settlement of Israel in the Promised land. It was well that Dr. Morgan confined himself to the message of the Bible and to the detail of the narrative itself and by his Bible-dominated thinking stood independant of the theories of his day, for to-day many scholars take a radically different view of this same Patriarchal Age. As a result of archaeological discoveries the life and times of Abraham as recorded in Genesis can be shown to accord perfectly well with our new knowledge of the early second millenium B.C. This conclusion has been recently described as "one of the most important contributions which archaeology has made to Old Testament studies during the last four decades." Yet regrettably this increasing respect by scholars for the Bible history does not necessarily imply a full belief in the historicity of the text in the minds of many even to-day.
Our subject then is the examination of the record of Abraham's life in the light of archaeological discoveries with the purpose of furthering
the understanding of God's message to us through the written Word. It is not, as some would suppose, the primary or necessary task of the science of archaeology to prove the accuracy of the Bible. The revelation of God to man and His dealings with him is independant of, and transcends, such a form of proof. Since His revelation is in time and place sometimes known to us by the limited enquiries of modern research the concurrence of material facts as recounted in the Old Testament, and recovered by archaeology, may reasonably result in some confirmation of the historical accuracy of the biblical narrative. That it is a justifiable use of archaeological evidence to clarify and explain the Biblical events few would deny. At the same time I would reaffirm my own belief in the wise practice of Dr. Morgan who found within Scripture itself sufficient illustration and explanation for the right understanding of the Word of God to us. Yet he embodied his own experience also when he wrote in discussing 'rightly dividing the word of truth' that "here, of course, is the place where you need all the help of all the scholarship available. There is a fine and ever growing exegetical literature for which the true student of the Word is profoundly thankful and of which he will avail himself to the utmost of his ability."
Let us then examine the life of Abraham with special reference to those aspects of his life which the writer to the Hebrews noted for our following as examples of true faith in God. He gives more space in the eleventh chapter to Abraham than to any other individual in the list of 'Triumphs of Faith'. First, his obedience to the call of God - 'by taith Abraham, when he was called to go out... obeyed, and he went out not knowing whither he went' (Hebrews xi. 8). Secondly, Abraham's life as a sojourner among peoples who served other gods; 'By faith he sojourned in the land of promise, as in a foreign country, dwelling in tents' (xi. 9); and thirdly, his family associations which involved the testing of his faith - 'by faith Abraham when he was tested, offered up Isaac...' (xi. 17-19).
We are told that "the God of Glory appeared unto Abraham when he was in Mesopotamia, before he dwelt in Harran, and said to him: 'Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and come into the land which I shall shew thee'. Then he came out of the land of the Chaldaeans and dwelt in Harran" (Acts vii. 2-4). That this was no new interpretation by Stephen can be shown from the words of Joshua: "Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, your fathers dwelt on the other side of the river (Euphrates) in old time... and I took your father Abraham from the other side of the river and led him through all the land of Canaan and made his offspring many" (xxiv. 2-3). To Abraham, when in the land and expressing his belief in the Divine promise, the
Lord said, "I am the Lord who brought thee out of Ur of the Chaidees, to give thee this land to inherit it" (Genesis xv. 7). The call had come by the direct word of the Lord to Abraham, 'Get thee out of thy country and from thy kindred and from thy father's house unto a land that I shall shew thee" (Genesis xii. 1). Abraham lived and married Sarah in Ur of the Chaldees, the birthplace of his grandfather, a Semite tracing his ancestry back to Shem. It was from this same civ: that we are told that 'Terah took Abram his son and Lot... and Sarai... they went forth from Ur of the Chaidees to go into the land of Canaan' (xi. 31).
For the historical setting of this first step of faith it is necessary to enquire into both the place and time of the event. From 1922-34 the joint expedition of the British Museum and University of Pennslvania, under the leadership of Sir Leonard Woolley, worked at Tell Muqayyar in Southern Iraq near the Persian Gulf and there is much evidence to locate the Biblical Ur of the Chaldees there. The same area was, from the ninth century B.C. at least, better known as Kaldu or Chaldea, and the native ruler of these 'sea-lands' founded the well-known Chaldaean dynasty of Babylon whose ruler Nebuchadnezzar was to take the faithless and covenant-breaking Judaeans into exile into these same lands from which Abraham had migrated. While this identification of Ur is generally accepted there are those who propose to locate the Ur 'of the Chaidees' further north in the district of Akkad near Babylon and Sippar. But the few references to a little known Ur in that area are contemporaneous with the better known city by the Euphrates in the South. Any historical inferences from the latter could be justly applied to these sites 150 miles to the North. Recently the idea has been revived that a trading town named Ura' (modern Urfa, classical Edessa) only 15 miles N.W. of Harran is meant. Apart from the philological difficulties of equating this with the Hebrew Ur it is most unlikely that Terah, in setting out from Ur for Canaan, would first move eastwards knowing that he would have to retrace his steps. Moreover, this short distance would hardly constitute the noted movement of Terah and his family and the district was never known as Chaldea, though it came within 'Mesopotamia', a geographical term of very general use which could be applied to all the identifications proposed.
The detailed background of the history of Abraham is true to the conditions of the twentieth or nineteenth centuries B.C. but does not appear to fit the evidence of subsequent centuries as at present known. This does not mean, however, that there is complete agreement among scholars. Professors Albright and De Vaux place Abraham between 1900 and 1700 B.C.; Rowley in the eighteenth-seventeenth centuries and Cyrus Gordon as late as the Amarna Age (fourteenth century). This variance is due in part to the present uncertainty as to the precise date ot Hammurabi the principal Amorite ruler of Babylon. Here again the diversity of views, apart from Gordon's late date which has little acceptance, does not materially affect the issue. Incidentally, that much
criticised chronologist, Archbishop Ussher, was probably not so far out in dating Abraham, from internal Biblical evidence, at c. 1996 B.C.
The political and social conditions at Ur in the period after 2500 B.C. are known from more than a hundred thousand clay tablets written in both Sumerian and the Semitic Babylonian dialects. Most have been found in Ur itself and in the neighbouring towns. It is thus possible, combined with the archaeological discoveries to reconstruct a reliable picture of the great city itself. The population at this time numbered at least a quarter of a million whose well-being depended on commerce and manufacture. Raw materials and rare luxuries were imported by ship from as far as Southern India via transhipping ports in the Persian Gulf. They brought in gold, ivory, pearls, perfumes and spices and these supplies were supplemented by the caravans from Arabia which came via Ur into Western Asia. Local fishing fleets also used the harbour, while into a separate port to the north of the city barges came laden with precious stones, stone-blocks and wood down the canals leading from the Persian hills. The city was specially renowned for its textile industry and many records survive of a firm of weavers making twelve different types or grades of cloth. The wool and flax came from the well-watered plains around the city where grazed immense herds of cattle and sheep, sometimes numbering more than three thousand to a single owner. The local market was the centre of business activity, for here in separate quarters the different trades congregated. The jewellers made ornaments and vessels of gold, silver and lead often decorating the finer objects, like musical instruments and gaming-boards, with inlays of mother-of-pearl and lapis lazuli set in bitumen. We can be sure that the highly skilled arts shown by the discoveries made in the royal graves at Ur of five hundred years earlier were never wholly lost. In the noisy copper market agricultural and other implements were cast and hammered; nearby, carpenters in their booths built furniture or waggons or made the fittings for the new rows of houses going up in the suburbs. On the slipways by the harbour they built the local type of fishing boats. Leather-workers, potters, seal-engravers, and confectioners plied their skill, while all manner of merchants traded their wares in the busiest of market towns. Many houses were occupied by wealthy merchants whose correspondence, letters of credit, bills of exchange and ledgers show in detail the manner in which they controlled large workshops or factories, some privately owned, others controlled by the temple. Representatives and salesmen from Ur regularly moved along the trade routes from Ur to Persia, Elam, Turkey and Syria. The, route to Harran would be well-known and much discussed in the city. Dockets listing the travel expenses and itineraries marking the caravan stages from Babylonia to the heart of the Anatolian plateau have been recovered. The same routes as had been taken by kings of Southern Babylonia since c.2400 B.C. were followed.
The prosperity of the city as an influential trading-centre owes much to Ur-Nammu and his successors in the Third Dynasty of Ur. An
extensive rebuilding programme concentrated on the citadel which dominated the whole city. Here he laid a solid brick platform as a foundation over the ruins of previous buildings and on it erected a temple-tower or ziggurat, three stages of which rose to one hundred and fifty feet above the street level. On the top, surrounded by terraces lined with trees, stood a blue and silver temple dedicated to Nannar, also called Suen or Sin, the moon-god and the principal deity served by many classes of priests. At the foot of this massive structure lay two temples, subsidiary shrines and administrative offices within an enclosure wall pierced by a single public entrance. The whole precinct within the oval city walls with their massive foundations of brick and buttresses gave the impression of a city with foundations whose builder and maker sought righteousness by the works he had done. The numerous building inscriptions show this to have been the aim of much of the effort and expenditure.
The temple area was itself a vast market, for here all dues to the god, as owner of much of the town and land, were paid in kind. Here too lay the 'house of the tablets' and the temple library and school. Other schools were held in ordinary private houses where boys of the higher class - freemen, priests, government officials and some merchants and landowners, or middle class - the traders, professional men and some agriculturalists - were educated. The Bible does not say that Abraham went to school but it is possible that a person of his standing did so. The scholars sat on mud-brick benches, while under the direction of monitors and tutors they learned the eight hundred complex signs needed to master the Sumerian and Old Babylonian languages, both spoken at this time, but the former, like Latin in the Middle Ages, soon to give way to the latter except for religious and legal purposes. By dictation and exercises, copies of which survive, the fundamentals of writing, reading and arithmetic were mastered before the student specialised in accounting and banking, mathematics and astronomy, botany, geology or medicine or in the religious texts among which the divination literature rook a prominent part. All students copied wisdom literature, proverbs and extracts from the great epics dealing with creation and the flood. School reports give us insight into the problems of discipline and the reaction of parents, teachers and pupils to the whole system.
Religion in Babylonia at this time was polytheism of the grossest type. The texts mention the names of at least three thousand Sumerian gods many, of course, titles of one deity. This shows, however, that more than three hundred distinct gods were worshipped. Some were found as poor idols in the little shrines situated by the wayside or in the wellbuilt, capacious and individually designed homes of the wealthy. Small idols, images and ligurines (possibly the teraphim mentioned in Genesis xxxi. 19) were manufactured from clay by potters near the temple area. According to Jewish tradition Abraham's father traded in these idols and
this polytheism was a feature of Abraham's early home life from which he revolted. His father is said to have worshipped twelve different gods, one for each month of the year. "Your fathers dwelt of old beyond the river (Euphrates), Terah, the father of Abraham, and the father of Nahor; and they served other gods" (Joshua xxiv. 2). The religious ceremonies involving processions, dark rituals, superstition and temple-prostitution form a dark background to a society which Sir Leonard Woolley has described as "highly individualistic, enjoying a great measure of personal liberty, materialistic and money-making, hardworking and most appreciative of comfort and the good things of life. A society that could only exist if safeguarded by an intricate system of law and by a government that could enforce it." Copies of contemporary laws, later incorporated into the famous Code of Hammurabi, were discovered in the Ur. Even if Abraham was a semi-nomad living outside the city much of this material and mental wealth would have influenced him.
Against this background the faith of Abraham shines the brighter. The call of God to him was to leave the amenities of such a city with its materialistic foundations for the hardships of the tent-life of a semi-nomad. The element of sacrifice might well be comparable to that of Moses who "chose rather to suffer affliction with the people of God than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season, esteeming the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures in Egypt" (Hebrews xi. 25-20). The challenge to Abraham was in its way comparable to the call of God to us to-day to leave the amenities of our civilization for the so-called under-developed dountries.
The way the Lord led Abraham out of Ur is not specifically mentioned in Scripture. There was the direct command to go out (Genesis xii. 1) and the Divine leading out. 'I am the Lord that brought thee out of Ur' (xv. 7); '1 took your father Abraham from the other side of the River and led him...' said the Lord (Joshua xxiv. 3). It may be that Abraham's circumstances were also so ordered as to facilitate the move to Harran, for about 2000 B.C. there was a great rise in the political power of the Amorites - Semitic semi-nomads who inhabited the desert borders from Syria to the Persian Gulf. These peoples, called 'Westerners' by the Babylonians, took over in Syria, the Euphrates valley and Babylonia where war had weakened the power of the principal cities. Texts from Ras Shamra, Alalah, Mari, Babylon and Hr confirm this. If Terah had not left Ur at the height of its prosperity, which is perhaps unlikely, the sudden change of fortune may have encouraged him to move with his family to an area where kindred Amorites held sway. It is of interest that at this same time the Mesopotamian name of Abram (but not of the Biblical person himself) is first found in the tablets of Babylonia (as Ab(a)ram, meaning uncertain) and later in Syria. The final form Abraham is probably a dialectical form.
Torah and his group would have moved by stages by the Euphrates or Tigris routes used by the commercial caravans to the city of Harran 560 miles to the North-west, by the river Balikh. Not knowing whither he went (Heb. xi. 8) does not apply to the individual stage of the journey so much as to the ultimate goal. Harran itself, now in the course of excavation, was also a centre for the worship of the Moon-god Sin and this, together with its influential market, may have occasioned Terah's choice of a stopping-place. The place (the name means 'crossroads' or 'highway') was the meeting place of many trade-routes and here would be found men from Canaan and from Babylon. The general circumstances, if not the luxury, would be reminiscent of Ur.
It is of interest that the Man letters, written in the same 'Hebrew' language as Abraham would have spoken and only a century or so later, mention places near Harran like Serug (Gen. xi. 23) to the West, Turah (Terah) and Nahor, the place to which Abraham sent for Rebekah (Gen. xxiv. 10). The identification of one name with an ancient town might be a mere coincidence but of several in the very area from which Abraham came is significant. It is, of course, not possible to say whether the names were given by the families to the places where they lived, as often in the ancient Near East, or if these were areas taken over on immigration. The Bible is clear that in this area lay Paddan Aram (Gen. xxv. 20; xxviii. 5; xxi. 20, 24) or 'the plain of the Aramaeans', the home territory of the Patriarchs where those of the family who did not emigrate stayed on and, like Laban, pastured their flocks. The family later referred to their father as 'a fugitive (refugee?) Aramaean' (Deut. xxvi. 5). It is noteworthy that the name of Abraham and later of Isaac and Jacob are never used as the names of tribes - another indication of their individual and historical nature.
The call of God to Abraham came to move from this new place of settlement to the land promised from the first as a permanent possession (cf. Gen. xi. 1), even to Canaan (Gen. xii. 15) How gracious the Lord is to call us again when we tend to settle down at each phase of life short of the final goal.
Only a brief journey westwards from Harran brought seventy-five year old Abraham with his wife and nephew Lot and party across the River Euphrates. From now on he moved further and further into the promised land. This part of his experience is characterised by terms expressing constant movement 'He left...' (xii. 4), '...passed through the district of Sichem (Shechem)..,' moved on (xii. 8; xxvi. 22); journeyed or 'moved by stages' literally 'plucking up (his tent-pegs)' (Gen. xii. 9;
xx. 1). Past Hazor and Shechem, past the Canaanite temple flourishing there at this time, he went between the towns of Bethel and Ai to the vicinity of Hebron (xii. 6), then through the Negeb ('Southland', 9) and down into Egypt (10). Then back through the Negeb by marches, to the place of the altar which he had made there 'at the first and there Abram called on the name of the Lord', (Gen. xiii. 3-4). He dwelt for a time between, but not close to, the cities of the Canaanites (the name probably means 'merchants') only to move South-westwards again into the hills to settle with Mamre, an Amorite with whom he was allied (xiv. 3) and whose name was later given to the district outside Hebron. This move into the barren hills took place when the Lord had reiterated the promise of the gift of the whole land and after Lot had chosen to move his tent into what was apparently the more prosperous and pleasant Jordan plain.
Abraham was mobile enough to pursue the defeated kings as far as Hobah, north of Damascus (xiv. 55). Then, after ten years centred at Mamre, he moved southwards to stay between Kadesh (probably the Kadesh-Barnea of the later wandering Israelites) and Shur before moving on again deep into the Philistine territory of Gerar (xx. i). After a bitter experience, reminiscent of an earlier failure in Egypt, Abraham moved a little way eastward to Beersheba (xx. 22-34). From here he made the special journey into the hills of Judah to the 'land of Moriah'. Finally he moved back into Canaanite territory to Hebron (then called Kirjath-arba) where Sarah died and, like Abraham himself later, was buried in the nearby 'field of Mamre' (xxiii. 19; xxv. 9-10). Such journeyings involved 'rising up early in the morning' - literally, 'putting the shoulder to it' or 'putting the burdens on the shoulders (of the beasts for the day's travel)'. This is characteristic of all the outstanding men of God in the Old Testament and holds a lesson for us to-day to follow their endeavour.
It will thus be seen how apt is the description of Abraham as 'taking up permanent residence in tents' (Heb. xi. 9). He moved among the polytheistic Canaanites, Philistines, Hittites and the other inhabitants settled in towns, keeping to the open country outside the cultivated fields which surrounded their villages. Since he owned sheep and cattle (literally 'flocks and herds'), donkeys and camels (xii. 16) his stopping places were near water. It may be helpful to remark here that recent archaeological discoveries provide answers to two of the much criticised aspects of this history of Abraham. It is said that Philistines were not present in Palestine until at least six centuries later. While the main occupation of 'Philistia' as such came with the Sea-peoples' invasion of c. 1200 B.C. there are now signs of their earlier movement from Cilicia via Cyprus to make settlements on the Palestinian coast as early as c. 2000 B.C. Again, it is claimed that it is an anachronism to ascribe camels to Abraham, wealthy though he might be, for such animals, we are told, were not domesticated until the eleventh century. However, inscriptions from Alalah dated about 1850 B.C. show that camels are
included among animals given fodder there - a sure indication of their use by the semi-nomads at this earlier date.
Abraham also had numerous 'servants'; the unique Hebrew word employed in Genesis xiv. 14 (haniqim) has been found elsewhere only in one of the few inscribed clay tablets yet found in Palestine at Taanach and in Egyptian texts of this same period, the late nineteenth century, when referring to the retainers of Palestine chiefs. With three hundred and eighteen of these men, counting those supplied by his fellow Amorites, Abraham successfully pursued and defeated the retreating forces of Chedorlaomer and rescued Lot and all the booty taken from Sodom and Gomorrah.
It is of special interest that Abraham is called 'the Hebrew' at just this time when he takes decisive action in defence of his own family (xiv. 13). He is the first person in Scripture to be so designated. Now, there are more than two hundred references in contemporary texts to Habiru, an ancient and much discussed term; these enable a comparison to be made with the 'Hebrew', an allied term. A brief survey will show how fittingly Abraham is called by this name. The Habiru were not just bedouin or nomads from whom they are carefully distinguished. The earliest mention occurs in the tablets from Hr under the Third Dynasty of Ur, a time already described. Soon thereafter they are found in the documents from Mari on the Euphrates, Alalah and Ras Shamra in Syria and later in all parts of the desert borders from Egypt, Palestine (in the Amarna letters) and East of the Tigris (Nuzi). They are only named during the second millenium B.C., mainly early on, never thereafter. These men worshipped their own gods and had their own legal and social organisations. They appear as independent migrant groups and are foreigners, not native to the place where they are found at the time when the text was written. Their names show that they were drawn from different places and, possibly, peoples. Among the Habiru were persons of differing status, both the wealthy master and the poor slave. Some were employed as soldiers, messengers, scribes and others as unskilled labourers. When in sufficiently large numbers the Habiru were able to control political shifts of power and to intervene in disputes, as did Abraham between the coalition of kings against Sodom and Gomorrah. Because of this power to control the country between the towns and their consequent ability to welcome refugees, the sedentary population often viewed the Habiru with a measure of anxiety and disdain. Hence in later times the term 'Hebrew' bore a derogative sense, for many poor migrants had to resort to raiding the settled population to acquire sustenance. One of the Alalah texts of the Abrahamic period describes a ruler, Idrimi, who fled to live for seven years among the semi-nomads living in north Canaan until such time as he was, with their help, able to regain his kingdom. All these texts show that the term Habiru denotes a man or people who 'move from place to place, migrants cut off from sedentary society'. It covers the idea of 'the stranger who has left his country and crossed a frontier' or, as Professor Alt put it,
'one who seeks a new means of existence after having lost his place in the old order of things'. The Greek text of Genesis xiv. 13 describes Abraham the Hebrew as 'the wanderer, the transient; the one who passes through'.
Abraham then is our example in faith also in that he lived as one of those 'strangers and pilgrims (exiles) on the earth' (Hebrews xi. 53). To-day we, as their spiritual successors, must confess and declare plainly that we seek a heavenly country (Heb. xi. 14, 16); that 'here we have no continuing city, but we seek one to come' (xiii. 14). We are what Campbell Morgan commenting on Hebrews called 'lodgers'.
Another test of faith came when Abraham moved through the land he had been promised by God as his possession. We have seen how he found the Canaanite in possession of the large cities, though archaeological surveys show that the land was now sparsely populated. Abraham himself normally avoided the Canaanite strongholds which Hazor, Shechem, Bethel, Ai have been shown by excavation to have been. He spent much of his time in the more desert southlands (the Negeb) which at this time was more inhabited than at any time until late New Testament days. The continuing explorations of Professor Nelson Glueck shows that at the time of Abraham, known technically to the archaeologists of Palestine as the Middle Bronze Age I period (c. 21st-19th centuries B.C.), the archaeological evidence is in complete accord with the Biblical records of the life and times of Abraham. Glueck tells us that after the nineteenth century B.C. 'there was a break in the history of agricultural settlement in the Negeb which lasted till the establishment of the Judaean kingdom in the tenth century B.C. The only archaeological framework into which the person and period of Abraham in the Negeb can be placed is the Middle Bronze Age I'. In the eighteenth or seventeenth centuries B.C. Abraham would have found neither settlements nor safety in the Negeb. He and his retinue would have been fair game for the wild Bedouin who tented in the Negeb and occupied all the grazing lands and particularly the springs, wells and water holes there between the eighteenth and eleventh centuries B.C.
As it was Abraham and his people found settlements where they would be welcome and where they could make reasonably long halts, and find sources of water which were shared with them by an agricultural population that accepted their coming and their sojourn among them.' The life would be hard and, when famine came, the temptation must have been strong to go down to the crowded cities and to the luxuries of Egypt. There the Egyptian XII-XIIIth Dynasties of the Middle Empire (c. 2000-1780 B.C.) enjoyed what was later considered to be the golden age of their history. They traded with Palestine and Babylonia, and
Semites from Asia are shown on the tomb paintings going down into Egypt. The Egyptian kings were careful to seek the co-operation of the Semites (see xii. 16ff) and their texts show many names of Amorites in Phoenicia and Palestine. They also refer to royal marriages with 'sisters' and when the full import of this is known the nature of Abraham's action will be clearer. Abraham's main purpose in introducing Sarah as his sister may have been to invoke the special. protection which the 'sister-wife' status afforded according to the laws current in Nuzi. His aim would then have been that both he and his wife might be inviolable and that thus his family would survive. It was only by gracious Divine intervention through plagues, which themselves foretold the later redemption of Israel, that Abraham escaped. But his failure had a bad influence on Lot. When strife followed increased prosperity he parted from Abraham. Lot's choice was based on material motives. 'He was', said Campbell Morgan, 'a good man who acted upon a wrong principle with disastrous results.' The plain of Jordan by Jericho was a visible paradise, well-populated and prosperous. Archaeological evidence confirms this view, "well watered everywhere... like the garden of the Lord, like the land of Egypt" (xiii. 10). Lot's sin lay in his failure to sustain the life of movement to which Abraham, and he with him, had been called. He settled down in the cities, pitching 'his tent toward (better 'near by') Sodom' (xiii. 12). Soon he was a local magistrate and governor, as is implied by 'sitting in the gate of Sodom' (xix. 1, 9), and had a house within the city-walls (xix. 3). The wickedness of Sodom was so great as to be a perpetual example for all time. The 'overthrow' of Sodom and Gomorrah was an act of Divine judgement to which the prophets like Moses (Deut. xxix. 23), Isaiah (xix. 19), Jeremiah (x/ix. 18; 1. 40), Ezekiel (xvi. 49), Amos (iv. 11) and Zephaniah (ii. 9) referred as a warning. Our Lord Himself told of this historic event (Matt. x. 15; xi. 23-24) and the Apostles took up the challenge (2 Peter ii. 6; Jude 7; Rev. xi. 8).
Abraham after communing with God now interceded on behalf of Sodom and God spared Lot, 'yet so as by fire'. As the Patriarch sat in his tent by Mamre about thirty miles away, he could have seen in the East the billowing smoke rising from the Dead Sea 'like smoke forced from a furnace' (xix. 27-28), where the earthquake ('overthrow' xix. 25, 29) was followed by the 'burning coals and fire' probably caused by the bitumen, oil and naptha gases of the area Jebel Usdum miraculously igniting as the agent of the Divine hand. The presence of bitumen deposits ('slime pits') in the Dead Sea area ('vale of Siddim') is specifically mentioned (xiv. 10).
This intercession of Abraham was not his first intervention for Sodom. Not long before this warrior of faith had rescued Lot and recovered the property of Sodom which had been carried off by Chedorlaomer and his three allies after their defeat of the Sodom and Gomorrah coalition.
His action granted the cities of the plain a respite after twelve years of foreign domination. But this opportunity of repentance before the final overthrow, was not taken. it is worthy of note that Abraham was greatly outnumbered even if his action were interpreted as a raid aimed at rescuing prisoners in a straggling column, and the Scripture statement clearly states that it was a night battle pressed to the point of killing the hostile kings (xiv. 17).
Recent archaeological discoveries show that such coalitions of local rulers were made for specific purposes. Hammurabi claimed that he had ten such allies. It is by no means certain that the traditional identification of Amraphel of Shinar with Hammurabi of Shinar or Babylon is correct. There are at least two other contemporary Hammurabis known from the texts - the kings of Aleppo and Kurda - and one might well have claimed to rule over San'ara in Syria. It is not impossible that Hammurabi of Babylon, as an ally of the Upper Euphrates kingdom of Marl, could have penetrated so far, for there are references to contact with Hazor in Palestine at this time. Also one Mari correspondent put in a claim for a new chariot having worn his out with hard travelling to the west. However, Amraphel might equally well be the Amut-piel of the contemporary documents. The coalition of Amorites, Hittites, Hunnians and even Elamites at this period of history is by no means unlikely. Scripture does not state the size of their forces and it is not necessary to assume that the full military might of these great powers is involved. Chedorlaomer of Elam may well be a semi-nomad in the service of Elam, much as Kudurmabug of Elam, the later conqueror of Ur, now seems to be. The latter's sons were certainly Semites and bore semitic names, Tidal may be a Hittite Tudhalia and Anioch a Hurrian prince named Ariukku, for such a name occurs at this period. In short the names are one of the indications of the antiquity of the history recorded in Genesis xiv. The same applies to the places along the route taken by the invading forces. Archaeology shows the occupation about 2000 B.C. of such places as Astaroth, Ham, Qiniathaim (Khibet el Qaryatain) along the road from N. Transjordan to the Red Sea.
For our present purpose it suffices to note that in this history Abraham ascribes his victory to the LORD, the Most High God (xiv. 22) and this was acknowledged by the Canaanites he had helped (xiv. 22, 19). Abraham had acted alone, without any comprising Canaanites (17) and with only Amorite families with whom he dwelt (13, 24), in order that the glory might he ascribed to the Lord alone. To the Lord he had prayed for help and Abraham would accept no personal credit or reward for what was an act of faith. He was one 'who through faith subdued kingdoms... escaped the edge of the sword, out of weakness were made strong, waxed valiant in fight, turned to flight the armies of the aliens' (Heb. xi. 34). This ascription surely applies to Abraham as to his successors in the life by faith.
There is one other group with whom Abraham was in contact, and of this encounter a word must be said. For almost a hundred years Abraham had been a sojourner, most of the time in the land promised by the Lord to him and his successors for a permanent possession, yet when at the end he needed but a small plot of soil within the broad acres of the God-given territory stretching; from the River of Egypt (the Nahalmusur near Gaza) to the Great River (Euphrates), he had to buy it from a group of foreign extraction forming part of the mixed population of Palestine. How this must have tested Abraham's taith in God's promise that He had given the land to him (xv. 18).
The conventional interpretation of Abraham's purchase of the cave of Machpelah (ch. xxiii) as a burial place for Sarah emphasises the cunning of the 'sons of Heth', and of Ephron the Hittite particularly, in wresting a high price from Abraham. It is thought that the trading was the centre of the negotiations in that Abraham, requesting permission to acquire a permanent burial site, was merely offered a lease. His request for Ephron's cave by outright purchase gave the latter the opportunity to ask a very high sum after some hard bargaining common in the East.
The increased knowledge of the various laws then in force in the Near East now enables another estimate of this incident. The Hittites (whose presence at this time in Palestine has long been disputed, but of whom there is now evidence in the contemporary documents) had special regulations for the tenure of property. The acquisition of a complete, but not of a share of, property carried with it the obligation to perform certain feudal services. It would seem that Abraham, mindful of this consequence asked only for 'the cave of Machpelah which is at the edge of the field' (xxiii. 9). However, Ephron refused to divide the property and to bear the dues saying 'I will sell you the field and I will sell you the cave which is in it' (11). Abraham, faced with the necessity of acquiring all or nothing, paid the full price asked (9, 15). It is noteworthy that contemporary contracts of this time include the details of the number of trees, that payment is classified by 'the silver at current merchant valuation' which is duly weighed. In a number of documents from Nuzi passers-by are listed among the witnesses and the iransaction is proclaimed and settled at the city-gate (vv. 16-18). M. R. Lehman concludes that 'Genesis 23 is permeated with an intimate knowledge of intricate subtleties of Hittite laws and customs, correctly corresponding to the time of Abraham and fitting in with the Hittite features of the Biblical account. With the final destruction of the Hittite capital of Hattusas about 1200 B.C. these laws must have fallen into utter oblivion. This is another instance in which a late dating must be flrmly rejected. Our study again confirms the authenticity of the "background material" of the Old Testament.'
On this evidence it will be seen that Abraham's action over Machpelah was yet a further step of faith. He trusted in the promise of the Lord that the family, born through Sarah, would settle in and possess the land permanently. Moreover, there may well be in this transaction, with its implication of the responsibilities consequent upon ownership of prooertv, an illustration of the necessary duty of the people of God though strangers in the land. This is expressed in the words of Jesus Christ, 'Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the. things that are God's' (Matthew xxii. 21).
Important as were all these historical events as a means of quickening and deepening the faith of Abraham there were certain incidents in his life which both tested his faith severely in those ancient days and yet serve for all time to illustrate other unchanging Divine truths. The birth and the offering up of Isaac are outstanding examples.
When Abraham left Ur, his father's house and his kindred, the promise that he would be a great nation and a great and universal blessing (xii. 2-3) seemed impossible of fulfilment. "Sarai was barren; she had no child' (xi. 30). That Abraham's desire for a son was great can be seen in his own attempts to preserve his own life in the episodes in Egypt and Gerar. Yet God graciously reiterated the promise - 'to thy seed will I give it ' (xiii. 13-16). When the Lord appeared to him after the victory over the kings in which Abraham had acted with valour and integrity saving 'I am thy exceeding great reward', Abraham's first thought was of his own childlessness and need of a son.
The importance of succession was a dominant factor in the legal and social customs of the ancient Near East. Normally the eldest son of the family was the heir. Failing a son the property owner had two courses open to him. He could acquire a son either by adoption or by a subsidiary or 'second' wife who might legally bear the son to carry on the family name. Family property was inalienable and the ancient texts are full of legal devices whereby even a buyer was artificially adopted just for the purpose of a sale or transfer of title. Where inheritance was the primary concern a man might adopt as heir either a freeborn man or a slave. By the law such an adoptee must care for the man in his old age, perform the customary funerary rites and then inherit the property to continue the family name. if, after his adoption, a true son was born to the owner the heirship would revert to him, the adoptee having a lesser share.
There would seem to be an instance of this old procedure in Genesis xv. 1-5. Abraham and Sarah, now old and perhaps anxious, had adopted Eliezer, one of their own free-born slaves, as heir. The Lord's reply to Abraham's wavering faith was a further elucidation and repetition of His original promise. "This shall not be thine heir, but he that shall come
forth from thine own bowels shall be thine heir" (4). At the same time He' taught Abraham that, though without even a single child now, his family would be as innumerable as the stars in the heavens. Abraham believed the word of the Lord, still unrealised, and it was 'counted to him for righteousness' - a lesson Paul emphasises in stressing this essential aspect of the Christian life (Romans iv. 1-5).
To Abraham's growing faith the Lord responded with yet a further revelation, based on the already stated fact that Abraham would inherit the land, yet his seed would follow Abraham as strangers into Egypt and then return (xv. 14-17). The promises were fixed in a covenant. Now a number of covenants are known from the second millenium B.C. but all are made between men. In them the stipulations which may involve the succession aim to guard against any possible infringement or eventuality of disagreement. They are hopefully worded as enforceable 'for ever' and witnessed by numerous deities worshipped by the parties concerned in the transaction. The texts end with a list of blessings and curses promising life or death for those who keep or who break the provisions. These covenants were enacted with great ritual and ceremony involving the slaughter of sheep or animals. Where the terms were imposed without discussion by a suzerain the vassal had to respond with an affirmation, as did Israel on hearing the Ten Commandments which are in covenant form (Exodus xix. 8; Deut. vi. 24-27). The implications of the curses and blessings are well shown in Joshua's speech to the people (xxiv. 16-24; xxviii). The covenant of God with Abraham. stands in sharp contrast in its uniqueness. It is made and witnessed by the Lord, the Most High God, who swears by Himself. Its provisions, all gracious, cover the physical and spiritual well-being of His chosen people. The benefits will last for ever. God will be the 'God of Abraham and of his seed after him' (xvii. 7-9, i.e. the 'God of Isaac and the God of Jacob', Exod. iii.15). The outward sign of the covenant was the mark of circumcision by which the covenant community was separated and distinguished (xvii. 14). The change of Abram's name to Abraham ('Father of Multitudes') and of Sarai's to Sarah served at the same time to remind them of the blessings yet to stem from the covenant.
This covenant was given by God at just the moment when the faith of Abraham had been further tested by the birth of Ishmael. For ten years they had been in the promised land without the son necessary to possess it. Sarai therefore urged Abram to follow the normal legal procedure frequently attested in the Old. Babylonian and Nuzi texts. The law required a wife who did not bear a son to provide her husband with someone who would. She gave him a slave girl, perhaps, because of her name, one acquired in Egypt, in the hope that the succession might not fail and the inheritance pass out of the family. The legal requirement was sometimes incorporated into marriage contracts of this time when it was clearly specified that if, subsequent to the adoption of
an heir or to the birth of a son by a 'second' wife, the first wife should bear a son, then her son would be the true heir and successor. In that event the concubine's offspring should not be sent away but receive a share of the estate.
Sarai also acted in accordance with the common Babylonian laws in dismissing Hagar for despising her position (xvi. 4-6). It required the special act of God to bring the runaway slave-girl back to her master's house where Ishmael was born. However, after the true son Isaac had been born Sarai acted contrary to the law, as shown in these same Babylonian and Nuzi texts, when she dismissed Hagar and Ishmael in her evident desire that the latter should not share in the inheritance as was customary (xxi. 10). Abram was worried by his wife's persistence in this attitude (11), for he was acknowledged by God to be one whose character was 'to command his children and his household after him that they might keep the way of the Lord in doing justice and judgement' (xviii. 19). It therefore required a special command from God for Abraham to send Hagar and Ishneael away into the desert (xxi. 12).
This clear distinction between the status and privileges of the son of the freewoman and the son of the landwoman is used by Paul as an illustration of the spiritual as opposed to the flesh (Galatians iv. 22-31). Isaac only was the true seed distinguished by faith. He was the heir not just because of 'physical descent from Abraham and circumcision by themselves, for Ishmael had both of these. Rather it was what he possessed in addition, the election and promise of God, and a divinely-wrought, supernatural birth'.
It will be clear then that to Abraham, Isaac, so miraculously born in their very old age, was a gift from God. He had been long awaited, then 'born out of due season'. Abraham's faith may well have tended to centre more on the visible expression of God's grace than on the Giver. What a tremendous test of his faith it must have been to respond to the command to take and offer as a sacrifice his beloved son. The writer to Hebrews stresses that Isaac was his 'only begotten' son. He was apparently sacrificing all his hopes, for the only way he knew whereby he could give his son to God was by death. Yet Abraham deliberately obeyed. With what faith he called his act one of 'worship' knowing that even the act of sacrifice would not be the end for 'we will come again to you', he told his servants (xxii. 6). 'Faith is not blind unbelief or superstition. Faith works by reckoning on God.' Abraham was exercising true faith 'counting that God would be able to raise him up from the dead, from which he received him in a figure' (Hebrews xi. 19).
Much has been written concerning the sacrifice of first-born children in the ancient Near East, but there is no certain archaeological or literary evidence of human or child sacrifice in Mesopotamia or in Palestine at
this time. The references to the sacrifice of children in the Old Testament are later and this dire expedient was apparently only adopted by pagan rulers at moments of extreme national crisis. The action of the king of Moab who 'took his eldest son who should have reigned in his stead and offered him for a burnt offering upon the wall' is an example of this obviously rare practice (2 Kings iii. 27). The exact meaning of the term 'to cause a child to pass through the fire to Moloch' is not known, though it refers to some horrible pagan practice it is not certain that this is child sacrifice. The act of Abraham, seen both in relation to contemporary thought and practice was one of great faith. The ancient view of sacrifice as a substitution was voiced in the ritual sayings already current in Abraham's day:
"The lamb is the substitute for humanity;
He has given a lamb for his life:
He has given the lamb's head for the man's head;
He has given the lamb's neck for the man's neck."
For Abraham the provision of the substitute sacrifice enabled him to receive his son 'as from the dead'. It pointed onward to the greater substitution when Christ our Passover was sacrificed for us.
The valuable lessons of these steps of faith in the life of Abraham will be well-known to all diligent students of the Bible. Some aspects of these have already been mentioned, for it has been the aim of this brief survey of the salient points in Abraham's experience in the setting of his own time to underline the importance of the lessons for us to-day. 'The just shall live by his faith'. To-day God still calls us to forsake all others for Him. The steps of life may be unknown to us but not the final goal. As we enter into the promises of God to us we too must face the reality that we are 'strangers and pilgrims'. We are 'sojourners' always seeking for the eternal city of God, the establishment of the Kingdom of God here which should foreshadow the heavenly Jerusalem. So Abraham sought for the foundation of a real city (Jerusalem), he died never having received the promises but having seen them afar off.
We shall have learned too of those things which detract from faith. There was Abraham's desire to ensure the succession by self-effort, using methods right in the eyes of his contemporaries, through Eliezer and Hagar. Or, as in the case of Lot, we see the shortsightedness of choosing upon the basis of selfish enrichment and the absolute futility of attempted compromise with evil. God by turning 'the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah to ashes condemned them to extinction and made them an example to those who were to be ungodly; and he rescued righteous
Lot, greatly distressed by the licentiousness of the wicked (for by what that righteous man saw and heard as he lived among them, he was vexed in his righteous soul day after day with their lawless deeds), then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from trial and to keep the unrighteous under punishment until the day of judgment, and especially those who indulge in the lust of defiling passion and despise authority' (2 Peter ii, 6-10).
God still desires the close personal relationship with His chosen people repeatedly expressed by Him in the covenant with Abraham and his successors. 'I will walk among you and will be your God and you shall be my people' (Lev. xxvi. 12). He still desires that we may respond to Him in faith by calling upon the name of the Lord, as did Abraham (xii. 8). For this privileged relation is now extended to countless peoples 'who were once, separated from Christ, aliens from the commonwealth of Israel and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope and without God in the world. But now in Christ Jesus you who were once afar off have been brought near in the blood of Christ... so then you are no longer strangers and sojourners but you are fellow-citizens with the saints and members of the household of God' (Ephesians ii. 12-13, 19).
In this way 'God having foreseen something better for us, that apart from us they should not be made perfect' (Hebrews xi. 39) desires that we should look to Him in faith. Surely the study of the faith of Abraham should make us hear again the word of the living God - 'Have faith in God'. We are the true children of Abraham and share in his blessing only if we share his faith (Rom. iv. 9-12); we who are born 'not of the flesh' but 'by the Spirit', who receive the promise of the Spirit through faith (Gal. iii. 14). So may the Lord help us to understand more fully how 'these things were written aforetime for our learning' (Rom. xv. 14).
G. E. Wright, Biblical Archaeology, p. 40.
The Study and Teaching of the English Bible, pp.45-6.
C. Gordon, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1958, pp.28-31.
See my Illustrations from Biblical Archaeology, pp. 22-23.
C. L. Woolley, Abraham, p. 131-2.
But see p. 17.
N. Glueck in The Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 152, 1958 p. 20.
See my Illustrations from Biblical Archaeology pp. 28-29.
E. A. Speiser, Orientalia XXV, p. 13.
The Westminster Pulpit, Vol. 6 (1911), No. 3.
So J. R. Kupper, Les Nomades en Mésopotamie, pp. 174ff.
As also my Abimelech and Phichol (xxi, 22-23).
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 1953. No. 129, p. 18.
See my Vassal-Treaties of Esarhaddon, 1958, pp. 25-28; Journal of Cuneiform Studies XII, 1958, p. 125.
A. M. Stibbs, God's Church, 1959, pp. 17-18.
C. Morgan, The Triumphs of Faith, pp. 57ff.
Most instances cited 'by archaeologists can be better explained as burials of children. Their graves are frequently found beneath the floors of private houses of this period.
Prepared for the web by Robert I. Bradshaw in July 2005. Reproduced by kind permission of Westminster Chapel, London. | <urn:uuid:593391ca-d3fa-4493-8f02-41ecb904ad65> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_abraham_wiseman.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00347-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972903 | 12,229 | 2.71875 | 3 |
|From:||Michael Paquier <michael(at)paquier(dot)xyz>|
|To:||Daniel Gustafsson <daniel(at)yesql(dot)se>|
|Cc:||Bruce Momjian <bruce(at)momjian(dot)us>, Tom Lane <tgl(at)sss(dot)pgh(dot)pa(dot)us>, Magnus Hagander <magnus(at)hagander(dot)net>, Andrew Dunstan <andrew(dot)dunstan(at)2ndquadrant(dot)com>, Jeff Davis <pgsql(at)j-davis(dot)com>, PostgreSQL Developers <pgsql-hackers(at)lists(dot)postgresql(dot)org>|
|Subject:||Re: SSL/TLS instead of SSL in docs|
|Views:||Raw Message | Whole Thread | Download mbox | Resend email|
On Mon, Jun 21, 2021 at 01:23:56PM +0200, Daniel Gustafsson wrote:
> On 18 Jun 2021, at 07:37, Michael Paquier <michael(at)paquier(dot)xyz> wrote:
>> It looks inconsistent to me to point to the libpq documentation to get
>> the details about SNI. Wouldn't is be better to have an item in the
>> glossary that refers to the bits of RFC 6066, and remove the reference
>> of the RPC from the libpq page?
> I opted for a version with SNI in the glossary but without a link to the RFC
> since no definitions in the glossary has ulinks.
Okay, but why making all this complicated if it can be simple? If I
read the top of the page, the description of the glossary refers more
to terms that apply to PostgreSQL and RDBMs in general. I think that
something like the attached is actually more adapted, where there are
acronyms for SNI and MITM, and where the references we have in the
libpq docs are moved to the page for acronyms. That's consistent with
what we do now for the existing acronyms SSL and TLS, and there does
not seem to need any references to all those terms in the glossary.
>> - to present a valid (trusted) SSL certificate, while
>> + to present a valid (trusted) <acronym>SSL</acronym>/<acronym>TLS</acronym> certificate, while
>> This style with two acronyms for what we want to be one thing is
>> heavy. Could it be better to just have one single acronym called
>> SSL/TLS that references both parts?
> Maybe, I don't know. I certainly don't prefer the way which is in the patch
> but I also think it's the most "correct" way so I opted for that to start the
> discussion. If we're fine with one acronym tag for the combination then I'm
> happy to change to that.
That feels a bit more natural to me to have SSL/TLS in the contexts
where they apply as a single keyword. Do we have actually sections in
the docs where only one of them apply, like some protocol references?
> A slightly more invasive idea would be to not have acronyms at all and instead
> move the ones that do benefit from clarification to the glossary? ISTM that
> having a brief description of terms and not just the expansion is beneficial to
> the users. That would however be for another thread, but perhaps thats worth
Not sure about this bit. That's a more general topic for sure, but I
also like the separation we have not between the glossary and the
acronyms. Having an entry in one does not make necessary the same
entry in the other, and vice-versa.
>> Patch 0003, for the <productname> markups with OpenSSL, included one
>> SSL/TLS entry.
> Ugh, sorry, that must've been a git add -p fat-finger.
The extra SSL/TLS entry was on one of the files changed f80979f, so
git add has been working just fine :)
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Americans love their freedom, especially when it comes to space. It’s estimated that the average size of a lot in the United States is around 9,000 square feet. Although this number has decreased throughout the years, it’s still a lot of space for a single American family. The house would usually only take up 20% to 30% of the overall lot, leaving room for the driveway, sidewalk, and a backyard.
For most people, the backyard is a place to relax and enjoy the outdoors. It’s a space where you can have cookouts, gatherings, and parties. But some work needs to be done to keep your backyard looking its best. So here are five ways you can maintain your backyard.
Trim and Edge Your Lawn
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A trimmed lawn is far easier to maintain, making it one of the first steps toward a well-maintained backyard. Furthermore, it reduces the chances of weed infestations. Weed infestations can be difficult to control and take over your lawn quickly if left unchecked.
Water Your Lawn Regularly
Another essential step in maintaining your backyard is to water your lawn regularly. It’s especially important when the sun can dry out the grass during the hotter months. Depending on where you live, you may need to water your lawn every day or every other day. If you live in an area with a lot of rainfall, you may not need to water your lawn as often.
You can use a sprinkler system, hose, or watering can water your lawn. One smart way to water the lawn is to have an irrigation system from your home to your sprinklers. It can re-use grey water, drastically reducing the water you use and saving on costs. However, ensure you’re using the right amount of water, so you don’t end up overwatering or under-watering your lawn.
Overwatering your lawn can lead to disease, while under-watering can make your lawn more susceptible to pests and weeds.
Control Pests and Weeds
Pests and weeds can quickly take over your lawn if left unchecked. Therefore, controlling them as soon as you see them is essential. There are several ways to control pests and weeds, including chemicals, traps, and manual removal.
Chemicals are the most common method of pest and weed control. However, they can be harmful to the environment if not used properly. Furthermore, some chemicals may be toxic to pets and children. Therefore, if you choose to use chemicals, read the labels carefully and follow the directions.
Traps are another option for pest control. Various traps are available, including live traps, glue traps, and rat traps. Traps can effectively control rats, mice, snakes, and other pests.
Manual removal is perhaps the most labor-intensive method of pest and weed control. It involves removing the pests and weeds by hand. This can be a time-consuming process, but it’s the most organic pest and weed control method.
Mulch Your Plants
Mulching your plants is another way to maintain your backyard. Mulch is a layer of material, such as wood chips, that you put around your plants. It helps the soil retain moisture and prevent weed growth.
Mulching also helps insulate your plants’ roots and protect them from extreme temperatures. In the winter, mulch can help to prevent frost damage. In the summer, it can help keep your plants’ roots cool.
Maintain Your Pool
Not every American home has a swimming pool, but those that do knows the huge pain of having one. Pools require a lot of work to maintain, but the effort is usually worth it. A well-maintained pool can provide years of enjoyment for your family and friends. It also increases your home’s overall value.
To maintain your pool, you’ll need to test the water, clean the filter, and vacuum the pool. You might also have to check the overall acidity of your pool. If you don’t know how to do this, hire a ph balancing swimming pool maintenance service to do it for you. These professionals will ensure that your pool’s acidity is just right. Furthermore, they won’t use harmful chemicals that might harm you and your family.
You should also inspect your pool regularly for any cracks or leaks. These need to be repaired as soon as possible to prevent further damage.
Maintaining your backyard can be a lot of work, but it’s worth it in the end. Following these five tips, you can keep your backyard well-maintained for years to come. You can also increase your home value while decreasing overall maintenance costs for your home. | <urn:uuid:25cfbe72-a13f-4347-a56b-9517eeaaef23> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.generalsguild.com/maintain-your-backyard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.954064 | 1,056 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Presentation on theme: "An Online Tutorial for NIMS/ICS Virtual Campus Students division of mental health services disaster & terrorism branch Press Enter or click on the slide."— Presentation transcript:
An Online Tutorial for NIMS/ICS Virtual Campus Students division of mental health services disaster & terrorism branch Press Enter or click on the slide to begin.
About This Program One of the critical lessons learned from the events of 9/11, is the pressing need for interoperability between all types of First Responders during a disaster or emergency response. This includes mental health responders. As such, Executive Orders from President Bush and Former Governor Codey have directed First Responders across the country, and around our state, to be trained in the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) which are key components of our National Response Plan (NRP). New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch
Training Alternatives To accommodate the training needs of New Jerseys disaster mental health responders, the required NIMS/ICS training programs are being offered in two formats: –Live, instructor-lead programs; –FEMA-sponsored online training programs. These training programs are also essential elements of New Jerseys disaster mental health credentialing initiative. New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch
Required Courses The online programs are offered through the National Emergency Training Center (NETC), which is FEMAs training academy. Whether online or in the classroom, the two required courses are: –Introduction to the Incident Command System (ICS-100); and, –National Incident Management System (NIMS)-An Introduction (IS 700) You should take ICS 100 prior to IS 700 Proof of successful completion of these two programs is required for credentialing and for on-scene disaster response. New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch
Using this Tutorial This tutorial was developed to assist disaster mental health responders in navigating the FEMA National Emergency Training Center Virtual Campus in order to take the required NIMS/ICS training programs. The Virtual Campus can be a little tricky to get around, so it may be worth a few minutes of orientation before you get started. New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch
A Few Important Points If you have pop-up blocker software running on your computer it may prevent you from viewing some of the training materials. To avoid this problem, either: –Disable the blocker program; –Hold down the Control Key (Ctrl) on your keyboard while you click on each new link. New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch
There Will Be a Test At the end of each course you will be required to take and pass a test before receiving credit and a certificate. You may wish to print out certain pages or take notes along the way to help you with the test. The post-test is 25 multiple choice questions. You must get 75% or better to pass the test. New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch
To start the online program, open an Internet browser window. Any browser, Internet Explorer or otherwise, is fine. When you are done with this tutorial and ready to begin using the Virtual Campus, click on the link below: You may wish to copy and paste this long web address into your browser later when you are ready to start.
Click on New User From this point forward, please follow the steps printed in red.
Be sure to select EMI as your training site. Enter your first and last name. Create your own Logon, User ID and Password. There are no specific rules for these, just something you will remember. Use any working address.
You are now on the Learning Home Page Click on Course Catalog to continue. Your Name
Once in the Course Catalog, click on the Course Finder, and By Course Number Once on the appropriate page of the Course Catalog, Select IS 100- Introduction to the Incident Command System (ICS 100)- Not the specialized programs for other responders. Your Name
Start a new course by clicking on Enroll Your Name
You will receive a message confirming that you have successfully enrolled in the course. Click OK to continue. Your Name
Now that you have enrolled, click on the My Courses tab. Your Name
Now scroll up or down until you find your course. Click on the + to expand the course and view the modules or lessons. Each course is made up of several lessons. The small bar to the left of the course name will progressively show how much of the course you have completed. Your Name
When the lesson menu is open, you can begin with Lesson 1- Welcome/ICS Overview Note: The lesson pages are sensitive to pop-up blockers. If you click on a module and there is no response, you may try refreshing the page and then clicking on the module again while holding down the Control key. Click to refresh a page Your Name
Once inside a lesson, you can navigate using the Back and Next keys.
The first several slides contain important instructions. Please read them over.
One of the most important actions is to click Course Map at the end of each lesson. If you dont, you wont receive credit for completing that section.
There are many pop-quizzes throughout the course, including one on how to use the Course Map function. When you have completed a quiz, click on Continue, not Next to advance.
There are special features, such as video clips, sound clips and transcripts that help illustrate the learning points. These are not required, but they are helpful. You will need speakers or headphones to use these features.
There is a summary at the end of each lesson. Knowledge of the summary points is often helpful later when taking the test.
Remember to click on Course Map at the end of each module to receive credit!
After clicking Course Map, you will return to the Course List. Note that the progress bar next to your completed lesson(s) will be full, but the bar next to the course title is only partially full. This will help you track your progress. Follow the same guidelines as you move through all five lessons. Your Name
The last steps of each course include a review and the post-test. You can click on the printer icon to print a copy of the entire course so that you may refer to it during the test.
Many people have found it helpful to print a paper copy of the test and complete that before taking the test online. You must take that test online either way, but completing the test on paper first will save you time and effort when using the online form.
This is the paper copy of the test.
This is the online version. Please note that there are two sections, upper and lower. Both are important to complete. The upper section is the test…
…and the lower portion captures all of your personal information that will be used in your training records and on your certificate. Take your time and be sure your information is accurate.
Scroll down to select State Government as the nature of your organization. When you have completed all the required fields, click on Send.
Your Confirmation DO NOT DELETE THIS Dear [YOUR NAME]: Congratulations! You have successfully passed the Independent Study Course "IS-00700" entitled "National Incident Management System (NIMS) an Introduction". Please retain this for your records, as this is the only way to access your certificate. ***You will not receive a certificate in the mail.*** To access your certificate of completion, select the link below. If you cannot select the link, please copy and paste the link into your address line in your internet browser. Adobe Reader is required to open the certificate. If you do not have this software, it can be obtained as a free download at Certificate of Completion link: CERTIFICATE NUMBER/ To print this certificate, select the "Print" icon on the PDF Menu displayed in the new PDF window. This icon looks like a little printer. To save this certificate, select the "Save" icon on the PDF Menu displayed in the new PDF window. This icon looks like a floppy disk. When you select this icon, a dialog box will appear where you can specify the location on your computer to save the file as well as the file name. If you have questions, please contact us at: Independent Study Program Office Emergency Management Institute National Emergency Training Center S. Seton Ave Emmitsburg, MD You will receive an confirming your successful completion of the program. SAVE IT!!! Print it and save it, and save it in your files as well. There is a link identified on your confirmation that will allow you to download a Certificate of Completion as a PDF. Save both the electronic version of your certificate and a printed copy.
Congratulations! You have successfully completed an important component of your overall professional development requirements as a disaster mental health responder! Please retaining a copy of your and certificate as proof that you have completed this program. Thank you for your continued commitment to New Jerseys Disaster Mental Health Response System! YOUR NAME
Thank You! We hope that this online tutorial was helpful. The next slide contains several points of contact to assist you further if you have any difficulty using the FEMA-NETC Virtual Campus. New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch
Online Resources Independent Study Course List: EMI Learning Center: Independent Study FAQs: Contact IS-DHS: New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch
Questions & Comments Questions and comments about this tutorial can be directed to: New Jersey Department of Human Services Division of Mental Health Services Disaster & Terrorism Branch Tel: (609) or On the Web at: Thank you! New Jersey Division of Mental Health Services-Disaster & Terrorism Branch | <urn:uuid:69bebc97-11d4-413c-95b9-06893d235afb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/755057/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00095-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897629 | 2,009 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Dr. Michel Handgraaf received his Master’s degree in Psychology from the University of Amsterdam and his Ph.D in Social Psychology at Leiden University. His dissertation dealt with the role of fairness in economic situations. After a postdoc at the department of Economic Psychology at Tilburg University, and an assistant professorship at Work and Organizational Psychology at the University of Amsterdam, he recently moved to Wageningen University where he is associate professor at the department for Economics of Consumers and Households. In 2006 he first visited Columbia University’s Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED), and became an affiliate, and later one of the PIs.
Most of Handgraaf’s research uses (field) experimental methods, can be described as “behavioral economics”, and mainly deals with differences between what rational economic theories would predict and the psychology behind deviations from such predictions. Early research focused on preferences people have with regard to fair distributions, as well as on the effect of power on concern for others. More recent research focuses on the psychological aspects of (un)ethical decisions and lying and the effects of hormones on social decision-making.
Handgraaf’s current research with CRED takes place in both lab and field and focuses on decisions in the environmental domain. These decisions typically feature uncertainty, temporal tradeoffs and social tradeoffs. The research deals with differences between individual and group decisions in dealing with these features, investigating how individuals and groups make decisions and whether or not these decisions differ in terms of process and decision outcome and quality. Another line of research investigates the effects of feedback and reward – particularly the difference between social and monetary feedback and rewards – on energy consumption and environmental behavior more generally.
Handgraaf also contributes to the EU-funded Off4Firms project on Employer-led CO2 and Energy Reductions by Employees with CRED Advisory Board Member and Project PI Renate Schubert. | <urn:uuid:3225a040-194f-4472-bd2b-315499ce0e5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cred.columbia.edu/about-cred/people/principal-investigators/michel-handgraaf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00503-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948981 | 396 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Deep green, finely curled leaves.
Excellent source of iron and vitamins A and C. Plant in full sun or partial sun. Use fresh as a garnish or dried as a soup seasoning. Water freely in dry weather.
Garnish; flavoring for salads, stews, soups, and sauces
- Soil: Best in fertile, well-drained soil.
- Garden Use: Containers; herb, vegetable and flower beds.
- Culinary Use: Great fresh or dried in sauces, eggs, fish, meats or poultry.
- Height: 8 inches
- Space: 9-12 inches | <urn:uuid:9cdccb32-ab82-45a9-a484-3654db8d8403> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://prairieblossomnursery.com/products/parsleycurled | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.796623 | 144 | 1.632813 | 2 |
GENDERED DRUG STANDARDS: FROM HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES, GRANADA, 28-30 NOVEMBER 2011
Recent historiography of science and anthropology of medicine and health have shown a
growing interest in analyzing drugs and their social impact when considering categories like
gender, race/ethnicity, class and other social hierarchies. This workshop aims at bringing
together scholars interested in applying gender as a category of analysis to the history of
drugs and drug standards and in relation to contemporary problems of circulation and use
The leading issues themes of the workshop are:
The organising committee welcomes paper proposals (in the form of a 300 word abstract with
paper title, presenter’(s’) name(s), affiliation and email) until the deadline of 30 June 2011.
Please forward proposals to: email@example.com
Sponsored by the ESF Research Networking Programme: Standard Drugs and Drug Standards,
A comparative historical study of pharmaceuticals in the 20th century.
Teresa Ortiz Gómez, María Jesús Santesmases, Agata Ignaciuk, Nicolas Tschudy.
Department of the History of Science and Institute of Women’s Studies (University of Granada).
|Gendered Drug Standards flyer_.pdf|
|Programa workshop drug.pdf| | <urn:uuid:2dd9d0d3-0729-4ef0-8b92-be98e08a2198> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hum603.ugr.es/seccion_libre/workshop-gendered-drug-standards/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.747755 | 399 | 1.523438 | 2 |
In September of 2014 the Science Impact Collaborative and the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School hosted a devising seminar on the long-term management of Arctic fisheries. The session brought together senior diplomats, government agency staff, environmental activists, representatives of First Peoples, industry leaders, scientists, and legal/human rights experts. During the seminar these participants brainstormed possible new regimes to ensure sustainable management adapted to the pressures of energy development, shipping on the Northern Sea route, and expanded access to marines resources.
Researchers interviewed key stakeholders and experts to prepare a background paper, representing the varied interests and opinions concerning the Arctic fisheries. The objective of the Devising Seminar and the background paper is to provide a forum for all the relevant stakeholders to engage in productive problem solving. The principal researchers are: Professor Lawrence Susskind, Professor Danya Rumore, Professor Todd Schenk, Alexandros Sarris, and Miss Antia Parlow, Esq.
The Devising Seminar was hosted at the Harvard Law School at the request of the Arctic Circle and with the support of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School.
The results of the Devising Seminar was presented by Susan Hackley at the Arctic Circle conference in Iceland. Please visit the links to see copies of: | <urn:uuid:f692879e-10df-4a17-9f80-8437b80545e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scienceimpact.mit.edu/arctic-fisheries-devising-seminar-0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.918442 | 259 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 20 (5): 773-778, 2014 DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2014.11108 Journal Home-Page: http://vetdergi.kafkas.edu.tr Online Submission: http://vetdergikafkas.org RESEARCH ARTICLE To Determine the Occurence of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Samples of Cyprus Traditional Cheese (Halloumi): A Cross-Sectional Study Barış ÖZTÜRK 1 Fatma ÇELİK 2 Yusuf ÇELİK 3 1 2 3 Seray KABARAN 1 Tevhide ZİVER 1 Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, 99628 Gazimağusa, Kuzey Kıbrıs TC Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, TR-21280 Diyarbakır - TÜRKİYE Dicle University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, TR-21280 Diyarbakır - TÜRKİYE Makale Kodu (Article Code): KVFD-2014-11108 Summary This Cross-Sectional present study was conducted to determine the occurence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in samples of Turkish Republic of North Cyprus (TRNC) traditional cheese (halloumi). In the current study a total of 128 halloumi cheese samples including 36 industrial made and 92 home made were selected by using cluster sampling method and analyzed for AFM1 with the competitive ELISA. The percent of AFM1 contamination in halloumi cheese was found to be low, since 28.8% (0-16.66 ng/kg) of the samples were positive in industrial made and 21.7% (0-4.63 ng/kg) in home made. The mean, standard error of mean (SEM), 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) values of aflatoxin M1 in halloumi cheese with industrial and home made samples were 0.84±0.24, (95% CI :0.35-1.35) and 1.28±0.32, (95% CI: 0.63-1.93) respectively. Both means were not significantly difference (P=0.422) and found very low from the limits of European Commission (EC) (250 ng/kg) and Turkish Food Codex (TFC) (500 ng/kg) (P<0.001). In order to prevent from introduction of aflatoxin M1 into cheese industry cycle, hygienic conditions, appropriate storage and control of livestock feed at all stages of planting and requires system that makes aflatoxin control are necessary. Keywords: Halloumi cheese, Aflatoxin M1, Cheese, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA Kıbrıs Geleneksel Peynir (Hellim) Örneklerinde Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) Oluşumunun Belirlenmesi: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma Özet Bu kesitsel çalışma ile Kıbrıs geleneksel peynir (Hellim) örneklerinde aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) oluşumunu belirlemek için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada küme örnekleme yöntemiyle 36 endüstriyel yapımı ve 92 ev yapımı olmak üzere toplam 128 Hellim peyniri örneğe seçildi. Peynir örneklerindeki AFM1 varlığı ELISA yöntemi ile analiz edilerek belirlendi. Endüstri yapımı Hellim peynirinde AFM1 pozitif bulunma oranı %28.8 (0.00-16.66 ng/kg), ev yapımı Hellim peynirinde ise bu oran %21.7 (0.00-4.63 ng/kg) şeklinde düşük bir oran olduğu belirlendi. Endüstri ve ev yapımı Hellim peynirindeki AFM1 değerinin ortalama, standart hata (SEM) ve %95 güven aralığında sırasıyla 0.84±0.24, (%95 CI: 0.35-1.35) ve 1.28±0.32, (%95 CI: 0.63-1.93) şeklinde bulundu. Her iki ortalama arasındaki farklılık önemli bulunmadı (P=0.422) ve European Commission (EC) (250 ng/kg) and Turkish Food Codex (TFC) (500 ng/kg) değerlerinden önemli derecede düşük olduğu bulundu (p<0.001). Aflatoksin M1 ‘in peynirin endüstri döngüsündeki girişini önlemek için, hijyenik koşullar, uygun depolama ve hayvan yemlerinin tüm aşamalarda kontrolünün sağlanması ve aflatoxin düzeyini denetleyen bir sistemin olması gerektiği bilinmelidir. Anahtar sözcükler: Hellim peyniri, Aflatoxin M1, Peynir, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA INTRODUCTION Halloumi is a firm pickled cheese with its origins in TRNC where it is made from sheep or goat milk or a mixture of both. It can also be made from cow milk. Starter is not used. The cheese may be eaten fresh or after storage in İletişim (Correspondence) +90 392 6303939 [email protected] a cool store. If it is stored at below 12°C it will keep for several months. After salting the cheese pieces may also be stored in plastic bags without brining; if stored at about 10°C the cheese has a shelf-life of two to three months. 774 To Determine the Occurence ... About one kilogram of cheese will be obtained from nine liters of milk. The production and energy-nutritional values (100 g) of Halloumi cheese are presented as follows; the production of hallumi cheese was Milk, Coagulation, Processing of the Curd, Taking the Nor Cheese, Cooking, Salting and Folding, Packaging. Energy and nutritional values (100 g) of halloumi cheese were Energy: 352.6 kcal, Protein: 26 g, Calcium: 700 mg, Phosphorus: 590 mg, Carbohydrates: 1.4 g, Fat: 27 g . Aflatoxins are carcinogenic compounds produced predominantly by certain strains of the Aspergillus genus. They are both acutely and chronically toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds for animal and human Contamination of milk and dairy products to aflatoxin M1 is a risk for human health. Afloatoxin M1 (AFM1) is relatively stable during milk pasteurization and storage as well as during the preparation of various dairy products. Aflatoxin M1 is the principle hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 which is transformed at the hepatic level by means of cytochrome p450 enzymes and excreted into the milk in the mammary glands of both human and lactating animal after ingestion by the animal of pellets and forage contaminated with aflatoxin B1 [2-5]. Of the 550.000-600.000 new hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases worldwide each year, about 25.200-155.000 may be attributable to aflatoxin exposure. Most cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and China where populations suffer from both high HBV prevalence and largely uncontrolled aflatoxin exposure in food. Liver cancer, is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with prevalence 16-32 times higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Aflatoxin may play a causative role in 4.6-28.2% of all global HCC cases [6-8]. When cheese-making is carried out using AFM 1 contaminated milk, this toxin is likely to have become enriched in the final curd compared to that found in milk. This could be explained by both the capacity of AFM1 to somehow bind caseins and increased dry matter content. The affinity of AFM1 has been tested not only with these proteins, but also with other different ones present in whey as a larger amount of this toxin has been demonstrated to be present in the retentive where the protein-rich fraction appears. Therefore it is necessary to note whether AFM1 is present in final products like cheese because its concentration in them has been reported to be around 2.1-4.5 times higher than in the original milk used, depending on the cheese type [9,10]. The measured AFM1 concentration was correlated to four factors which were presumed to influence the contamination level: manufacturing, production season, milking animal, and maturation. Statistical analyses demonstrated that milking animals and manufacturing affect AFM1 concentrations, as cheeses obtained from cows’ milk and from artisanal production are more contaminated than cheeses produced with milk belonging to other animals and in industrial contexts . Markets in developing countries generally do not reward reduced aflatoxins in crops because it is difficult to discern aflatoxin contamination or its risks. The presence of mold is a potential, but highly imperfect, indicator of aflatoxin contamination. Surveys in a few African countries show that farmer knowledge and awareness are far from perfect, as are storage and drying practices. While some moldy grain is diverted to uses that somewhat reduce direct human exposure (such as for brewing and animal feeds), quality differentiation based on either market rewards or public standards is still unusual in most developing countries . Vacuum packaging is sometimes used to inhibit fungal growth on cheese, but some fungal species are able to grow under these condition. It has been isolated that several fungal species from vacuum packaged cheeses, the most commonly occurring being species of Cladosporium, Penicillium and Phoma [13,14]. The European Commission (EC) has approved a maximum admissible level of 250 ng/kg for AFM1 in cheese . However, the Turkish Food Codex (TFC), has accepted 500 ng/kg as the action level for AFM1 . Although there are some literature published about the occurrence of AFM1 in various cheese like feta, Parmesan, Manchego, Kahramanmaraş, white, kashar, cream, civil and cheeses produced by dairy ewe’s milk [17-24], there is not any information about the occurrence of AFM1 in Halloumi is a firm pickled cheese with its origins in Cyprus. For this purpose, the current study was designed to determine the presence and levels of AFM1 in halloumi cheese that especially consumed fresh or after storage in a cool store in Cyprus province and to suggestion how could it protect from aflatoxin. Also the levels of AFM1 found for halloumi cheese will compare the results with the legal regulations for AFM1 legislated by EC and Turkish Food Codex (TFC). MATERIAL and METHODS Collection of Samples A total of 128 samples of TRNC traditional cheese (halloumi) were collected during November and December 2013 from main districts of TRNC. The samples of halloumi were collected from dairy farmhouses and retail markets. Cluster Sampling Method was used in selection the dairy farmhouses and retail markets. Cyprus was divided into four main clusters. Each cluster was selected to be heterogeneous as possible. Farmhouses and retail markets were selected from each cluster by using Random 775 ÖZTÜRK, ÇELİK, ÇELİK KABARAN, ZİVER Number Tables with Random Sampling Method. Thus, the randomization for sampling was completed carefully. The size of halloumi samples were at least 200 g. The samples were preserved in their original packages or plastic bags, and during collection and transportation, samples were kept in an icebox. The samples were immediately transported to the laboratory in a cooler with ice packs and stored at -20°C until analysis. All samples were analyzed before their expiry dates. Laboratory studies of research were completed in Nutrition and Dietetics Laboratories in Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU). Method of Analysis The quantitative analysis of AFM 1 was performed using enzyme immunoassay: Ridascreen aflatoxin M kit (R-Bipharm AG, Germany). The test is based on the antigen-antibody reaction. The assay was performed according to the manufacturer’s recommendation and as described elsewhere . The mean lower detection limit of the assay was 5 ng/l. Extraction and ELISA Analysis The analysis of AFM 1 in halloumi samples were performed according to the R-Biopharm Aflatoxin M1 test kit’s instructions. Determination of AFM1 in the cyprus traditional cheese was determined using Aflatoxin M1 Test Kit (R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Germany), which is competitive enzyme immunoassay kit. One hundred micro liter of standart solutions and prepared samples were added into separate microtitre wells and incubated for 60 min at room temperature in the dark. The liquid was then poured out and the wells washed with washing buffer (250 µl) twice. In the following stage, 100 µl of the diluted enzyme conjugate was added to the wells and incubated for 60 min at room temperature in the dark. Again, the wells were washed 3 times with washing buffer. Afterwards, 50 µl of substrate and 50 µl chromogen was added, mixed gently and incubated in the dark at room temperature for 30 min. Finally, 100 µl of the stop reagent was added into the wells and absorbance was measured at 450 nm in ELISA plate reader. Statistics All continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM), 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) and all categorical variables were presented as number of patients and percentages. Significant differencies between the mean values for two kind of Halloumi cheese (industrial and home made) were analyzed by using Student’s t test for two independent groups. Student’s t test for one population mean was also used to test the both means of AFM1 found for industrial and home made with the mean values of the European Commission (EC) and Turkish Food Codex (TFC). A power analysis using “Proportion Difference Power/ Sample Size Calculation” software was conducted to calculate sample size. Using previously published data for AFM1, proportion difference of 27%, with the power of the test set to 0.85, and significance level at 0.05 resulted in sample size 128. For all statistical analyses a P value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The SPSS 15.0 statistical package was used to perform all statistical analyses (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS In the current study a total of 128 industrial made halloumi cheese samples including 36 industrial made and 92 home made were analysed for AFM1 with the competitive ELISA. The occurrence and the distribution of AFM 1 concentration in various ranges in cheese samples for industrial and home made are presented in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. The mean, standart error of mean (SEM), 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) values of aflatoxin M1 in halloumi cheese with industrial and home made samples were presented by Table 3. Table 3 also contents the results of Student’s t test and significant value. Table 1. Distribution of aflatoxin M1 contents in various range in halloumi cheese with industrial made samples Tablo 1. Endüstri yapımı hellim peyniri örneklerinde aflatoksin M1 dağılımı Samples AFM1 (ng/kg) Percent (%) Total Percent (%) 26 0.00 (None) 72.2(None) 72.2(None) 8 1.00-3.90 22.2 2 4.00-6.90 6.6 36 (Total) 100.0 28.8 Min-Max (ng/kg) 0.00-4.63 100.0 Table 2. Distribution of aflatoxin M1 contents in various range in halloumi cheese with home made samples Tablo 2. Ev yapımı hellim peyniri örneklerinde aflatoksin M1 dağılımı Samples AFM1 (ng/kg) Percent (%) Total Percent (%) 72 0.00 (None) 78.3(None) 78.3(None) 8 1.00-3.90 8.7 6 4.00-6.90 6.4 3 7.00-9.90 3.3 2 10.00-12.90 2.2 0 13.00-15.90 0.0 1 16.00-18.90 1.1 92 (Total) 100.0 21.7 Min-Max (ng/kg) 0.00-16.66 776 To Determine the Occurence ... Table 3. Descriptive statistics and test results for industrial and home made of halloumi cheese Tablo 3. Endüstriyel ve ev yapımı hellim peyniri için tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve test sonuçları Halloumi n X AFM1 (ng/kg) SEM 95%CI Industrial made 36 0.84 0.24 0.35-1.35 Home made 92 1.28 0.32 0.63-1.93 t p 0.81 0.422 x: Mean, SEM: Standard Error of Mean; 95%CI: 95% Confidence Interval, t: Student’s t test was analyzed two different means Fig 1. The distribution of mean and SEM values of industrial and home made halloumi cheese Şekil 1. Endüstriyel ve ev yapımı hellim peynirinin ortalama ve standart hata dağılımı According to the results of Table 3, there was not found significant differencies between the mean values for two kind of Halloumi (P=0.422). Both means of AFM1 found for industrial (0.84 ng/ kg) and home made (1.28 ng/kg) were analyzed with the mean values of the European Commission (EC) (250 ng/ kg) and Turkish Food Codex (TFC) (500 ng/kg) by using Student’s t test for one population mean. The results were found significantly difference (P<0.001). Fig. 1 represents the distribution of mean and SEM values in two kind of Halloumi cheese. DISCUSSION The percent of AFM contamination in halloumi cheese was found to be low, since 28.8% (0-4.63 ng/kg) of the samples were positive in industrial made and 21.7% (04.63 ng/kg) in home made. Both persentages were not significantly difference and found very low from the limits of European Commission (EC) (250 ng/kg) and Turkish Food Codex (TFC) (500 ng/kg) . Filazi et al. reported that AFM 1 in cheeses may be hazardous to human, particularly children. For this reason, there are many studies concerning the presence of AFM1 in dairy products [26-28]. The presence of AFM1 was detected in concentrations between 20-2000 ng/kg in 14 of 50 samples (28%). Altogether, 5 cheese samples (10%) were found to have levels that exceed the legal limits of 250 ng/kg established by the Turkish Food Codex. It was therefore concluded that, widespread occurrence of AFM1 in ewe’s milk cheese samples produced in Urfa city were considered to be possible hazards for human health. Atasever et al. have examined in terms of AFM1 in 304 cheese samples 85 white cheese, 75 kashar cheese, 62 civil cheese, 82 cream cheese) put up for sale in various places in Erzurum. The AFM1 ontent and concentrations of the samples were researched by competitive ELISA method. Determinable limit was 50 ng/kg and it was determined that white cheese samples included 82.4% AFM1, kashar cheese samples 80%, civil cheese samples 19.4% and cream cheese samples 84.2%. According to European Commission limit (250 ng/kg), the sample incidence exceeding the acceptable limits were 27.1%, 34.7%, 17.1% in white cheese, kashar cheese and cream cheese samples, respectively. The sample ratio exceeding the limits regulated by Turkish Food Codex (500 ng/ kg) was determined in white cheese, kashar cheese and cream cheese samples as 16.5% (14/85), 14.7% (11/75) and 6.1% (5/82) respectively, any sample exceeding these limits was not met in civil cheese samples. As understood from these results, high AFM1 level determined in some cheese types is an important problem threatening the public health in Turkey. In the study of Turgay et al. have also selected 46 cheese samples that were obtained from various markets located in Kahramanmaraş. In all, 22 of the 46 samples were made from bovine milk, 6 were made from ovine milk, and 18 were made from goat milk. None of the ovine milk cheese samples contained AFM1. AFM1 was present in 32 samples (69.6%) of bovine and goat cheese. Bovine milk cheese and goat milk cheese samples contained 0.069-1.2 ng g-1 and 0.06-0.22 ng g-1 of AFM1, respectively. With the exception of 2 bovine milk cheese samples (one contained 1.2 ng g-1 of AFM1, the other contained 0.25 ng g of AFM1), the other samples (96%) had levels of AFM1 below the acceptable limit for cheese (0.25 ppb) 777 ÖZTÜRK, ÇELİK, ÇELİK KABARAN, ZİVER set forth by the Turkish Alimentarus Codex. Tekinsen and Tekinsen reported in 60 samples of Van otlu (herb) and 50 white pickle cheese samples obtained from retail outlets in Van and Hakkari, Turkey. The rate of AFM1 in Van otlu and white pickle cheese samples ranged from 0.16 to 7.26 µg kg and from 0.10 to 5.20 µg kg-1 respectively. In all, 80% of Van otlu cheese and 40% of white pickle cheese samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level. However in the study of Kivanc the absence of AFM1 was found at detectable levels in Van otlu and white cheese samples in Van, Turkey. The result of studies for AFM1 were examined for the cheeses produced outside of Turkey were presented as follows. In the results of Rubio et al., Aflatoxin M1 distribution in curd, whey, Manchego cheese, the traditional Spanish whey cheese Requesón and Requesón whey, and its stability during two different cold treatments, have been studied. At the end of study the contamination AFM1 in Manchego cheese was found at the EU limit level (50 ng/kg). In the study of Oliveira et al., 24 samples of Minas Frescal cheese and 24 samples of Minas Padrao cheese produced in the North-east region of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed for aflatoxin M1. AFM1 was detected in 13 (27.1%) samples at concentrations ranging from 0.037 to 0.313 ng g-1. The mean concentrations of high incidence of AFM 1 in positive samples of Minas Frescal and Minas Padrao cheese were 0.142±0.118 and 0.118±0.054 ng g-1, respectively. In another study, fresh cheese produced in Argentina from artificially contaminated milk with AFM1 at levels of 1.7-2.0 ng mL-1 had 60% of AFM1 in the whey and 40% in cheese . The mean values of AFM1 found in the present study in halloumi were found lower than the results of all cheeses reported above. This result is noteworthy for human exposure to this toxin. Aflatoxicosis is primarily a hepatic disease. The susceptibility of individual animals to aflatoxins varies considerably depending on species, age, sex and nutrition. In fact, aflatoxins cause liver damage, decreased milk and egg production, recurrent infection as a result of immunity suppression, in addition to embryo toxicity in animals consuming low dietary concentrations. While the young of a species are most susceptible, all ages are affected but in different degrees for different species. Clinical signs of aflatoxicosis in animals include gastrointestinal dysfunction, reduced reproductivity, reduced feed utilization and efficiency, anemia and jaundice. Nursing animals may be affected as a result of the conversion of aflatoxin B1 to the metabolite aflatoxin M excreted in milk of dairy cattle. Aflatoxin B1, M1, and G1 have been shown to cause various types of cancer in different animal species. Aflatoxin develops in the field when grains are exposed to severe environmental conditions. Management practices that improve plant health strongly discourage aflatoxin development which timely planting, adequate fertility, good weed and insect control, supplemental irrigation, suitable plant population, and hybrid selection should help reduce aflatoxin potential . Naturally, the diet of the cow has a major impact on its health. The type of grass, greatly affects the nutrition profile of the cow. The reasons of low level AFM1 in Halloumi cheese, sheep and cows grazing on fields of luscious green grass in Cyprus. This is the main reason reduses the AFM1 level in cheese. In order to prevent and reduce the negative implications of these mycotoxins in cheese production, it is necessary to create both global and national strategies to reduce the amount of mycotoxins in grain. In order to prevent from introduction of aflatoxin M1 into cheese industry cycle, hygienic conditions, appropriate storage and control of livestock feed at all stages of planting and requires system that makes aflatoxin control are necessary. REFERENCES 1. Hellim Tanıtım Grubu: Hellim/Halloumi. http://hellimhalloumi.org, Accessed: 10 March 2014. 2. Darsanaki RK, Mohammadi M, Kolavani MH, Issazadeh K, Aliabadi MA: Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk samples in Gilan, Iran. Adv Stud Biol, 5 (4): 151-156, 2013. 3. Motawee MM: Reduction of aflatoxin M1 content during manufacture and storage of Egyptian Domaiti Cheese. Int J Vet Med Res Rep, 2013, 1-11, 2013. 4. Ayoub MM, Mahmoud KSA, Amal AR: Evaluation of aflatoxin M1 in raw, processed milk and some milk products in Cairo with special reference to its recovery. Researcher, 3 (9): 5-11, 2011. 5. Mohamadi SMA, Khezri M, Moradnia H: Determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk by ELISA technique in Mashad (Northeast of Iran). Int Schol Res Network ISRN Toxicolog, 2012, 1-4, 2012. 6. Liu Y, Wu F: Global burden of aflatoxin-ınduced hepatocellular carcinoma: A risk assessment. Environ Health Persp, 118, 818-824, 2010. 7. World Health Organization (WHO): The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva: 2008. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_ disease/2004_report_update/en/index.html. Accessed: 10 March 2014. 8. Wild CP, Gong YY: Mycotoxins and human disease: A largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis, 31 (1): 71-82, 2010. 9. Manetta AC, Giammarco M, Di Giuseppe L, Fusaro I, Gramenzi A, Formigoni A, Vignola G, Lambertini L: Distribution of aflatoxin M1 during Grana Padano cheese production from naturally contaminated milk. Food Chemistry, 113 (2): 595-599, 2009. 10. Rubio R, Moya VJ, Berruga MI, Molina MP: Aflatoxin M1 in the intermediate dairy products from Manchego cheese production: Distribution and stability. Mljekarstvo, 61 (4): 283-290, 2011. 11. Anfossi L, Baggiani C, Giovannoli C, D’Arco G, Passini C, Giraudi G: Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in Italian cheese: Results of a survey conducted in 2010 and correlation with manufacturing, production season, milking animals, and maturation of cheese. Food Control, 25 (1): 125-130, 2012. 12. Grace D: Animals and aflatoxins. In, Unnevehr L, Grace D (Eds): Aflatoxins Finding Solutions for Improved Food Safety. 16-18, Int. Food Policy Res Inst, USA, 2013. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/ publications/focus20.pdf, Accessed: 10 March 2014. 778 To Determine the Occurence ... 13. Taniwaki MH, Hocking AD, Pitt JI, Fleet GH: Growth of fungi and mycotoxin production on cheese under modified atmospheres. Int J Food Microbiol, 68 (1-2): 125-133, 2001. 14. Hocking AD, Faedo M: Fungi causing thread mould spoilage of vacuum packaged cheddar cheese during maturation. Int J Food Microbiol, 16 (2): 123-130, 1992. 15. European Commission (EC): No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Off J Eur Union, 364, 5-24, 2006. 16. Türk Gıda Kodeksi (TGK): Gıda maddelerinde belirli bulaşanların maksimum seviyelerinin belirlenmesi hakkında tebliğ. Resmi Gazete, Sayı: 26879, 17 Mayıs 2008. 17. Motawee MM, McMahon DJ: Fate of aflatoxin M1 during manufacture and storage of feta cheese. J Food Sci, 74 (5): 42-47, 2009. pasteurized milk and white cheese in Ahvaz, Iran. Global Veterinaria, 9 (4): 384-387, 2012. 24. Filazi A, Ince S, Temamogullari F: Survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in cheeses produced by dairy ewe’s milk in Urfa city, Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 57, 197-199, 2010. 25. Lopez C, Ramos L, Ramadan S, Bulacio L, Perez J: Distribution of aflatoxin M1 in cheese obtained from milk artificially contaminated. Int J Food Microbiol, 64, 211-215, 2001. 26. Aksoy A, Yavuz O, Guvenc D, Das YK, Terzi G, Celik S: Determination of aflatoxin levels in raw milk, cheese and dehulled hazelnut samples consumed in Samsun province, Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16 (Suppl-A): S13-S16, 2010. 27. Atasever MA, Adiguzel G, Atasever M, Ozlu H, Ozturan K: Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in UHT milk in Erzurum-Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16 (Suppl A): S119-S122, 2010. 18. Prado G, Oliveira MS, Lima AS, Moreira APA: Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in parmesan cheese consumed in Minas Gerais, Brazil Ciênc, 32 (6): 1413-1418, 2008. 28. Karakaya Y, Atasever M: Aflatoxin B1 in corn silage and its probability passing in milk. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16 (Suppl-A): S123-S127, 2010. 19. Rubio R, Moya VJ, Berruga MI, Molina MP, Molina A: Aflatoxin M1 in the intermediate dairy products from Manchego cheese production: Distribution and stability. Mljekarstvo, 61 (4): 283-290, 2011. 29. Tekinsen KK, Tekinsen OC: Aflatoxin M1 in white pickle and Van otlu (herb) cheeses consumed in southeastern Turkey. Food Control, 16 (7): 565-568, 2005. 20. Turgay O, Aksakal DH, Sunnetci S, Celik AB: A survey of aflatoxin M1 levels in Kahramanmaraş cheese. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 34 (6): 497-500, 2010. 30. Kıvanç M: Mold growth and presence of aflatoxin in some Turkish cheeses. J Food Safety, 10 (4): 287-294, 1990. 21. Oruc HH, Cibik R, Yilmaz E, Kalkanli O: Distribution and stability of aflatoxin M1 during processing and ripening of traditional white pickled cheese. Food Addit Contam, 23 (2): 190-195, 2006. 22. Atasever MA, Adiguzel G, Atasever M, Ozturan K: Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in some cheese types consumed in Erzurum - Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16 (Suppl-A): S87-S91, 2010. 23. Rahimi E, Anari MM, Alimoradi M, Rezaei P: Aflatoxin M1 in 31. Oliveira CAF, Franco RC, Rosim RE, Fernandes AM: Survey of aflatoxin M1 in Minas cheese from the North-East region of São Paulo, Brazil. Food Addit Contam: Part B: Surveillance, 4 (1): 57-60, 2011. 32. López C, Ramos L, Ramadan S, Bulacio L, Perez J: Distribution of aflatoxin M1 in cheese obtained from milk artificially contaminated. Int J Food Microbiol, 64 (1-2): 211-215, 2001. 33. Talebi E, Khademi M, Rastad A: An over review on effect of aflatoxin in animal Husbandry. Asian J Exp Biol Sci, 2 (3): 754-757, 2011. | <urn:uuid:d71b71ea-9eb7-40e1-baaf-149955f77ceb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://readgur.com/doc/11531/full-text_pdf | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719547.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00395-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910765 | 7,695 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Guest Author - Taisha Turner
Here are some aids for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) prevention. DVT happens when a thrombosis (a blood clot) forms in one of the large veins, usually in the legs, leading to either partially or completely blocked circulation. This may result in health complications, such as a pulmonary embolism (PE) and even death.
The most common cause of DVT is a long period of inactivity, such as sitting through a lengthy airplane flight. Here are several tips for prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis on long international air flights. Use these travel aids for DVT prevention.
1. Drink plenty of water. Use little or no alcohol.
2. Wear loose-fitting clothes to avoid constricting blood vessels.
3. Walk around the cabin and do simple exercises.
4. Wear compression stockings. This is important for travelers more than 60 years of age and/or their legs are prone to swelling.
5. Use one of the herbal preventions which address Deep Vein Thrombosis, if approved by your doctor.
One simple exercise to do in your seat is feet flexes. Flex your feet up and down pointing your toes. Try to do so every other hour. This is great exercise to do while watching the in-flight films or listening to music.
Read other travel aids articles. They are under Guides & Tips on the homepage. Prepare for your trip. Do not leave home before reading these insightful articles.
Always recognise your luggage, use neon luggage tags.
Neon Luggage Tags
Use brightly colored luggage tags. Make your luggage stand out on the baggage carousel.
My Life So Far by Jane Fonda
Need something to read on your vacation. Read My Life So Far by Jane Fonda.
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Share the wealth. Drop in the forum and share your travels with us. What great adventures did you experience? Where did you go? | <urn:uuid:db5241cf-06a0-4e3d-8f4b-bf4a0452318f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art31227.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00133-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907931 | 425 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Benjamin Radford. Tracking the Chupacabra: The Vampire Beast in Fact, Fiction and Folklore. University of New Mexico Press, 2011
Benjamin Radford here explores the story of the mysterious blood-sucking Chupacabra from all angles. He first looks at the global history of vampiric beasts in the human imagination, showing these are almost universal, and existed long before the term Vampire became popular. Of particular interest is his treatment of how this myth surface in colonial societies, where the mainly European colonial powers and their representatives were seen as blood suckers. In modern times this has mutated into rumours of Europeans going round stealing organs for transplant, these rumours have led to several foreigners being attacked and even murdered in Central and South America.
This theme of colonial exploitation had a particular relevance in Puerto Rico, where citizens rather see themselves as being exploited by the continental United States, a situation not helped by Puerto Rico's anomalous status as neither a fully independent nation nor a fully integrated US state. This has led to exploitation by the military and its use as a waste dump for environmentally harmful products.
Of course, Radford argues, there is more to Chupacabra than this psychosocial approach might suggest, as people claim to have seen the things, as well as the aftermath of their activities. So Radford goes in search of the beast in the jungles of Nicaragua, where it was once allegedly seen. Needless to say he does not find it there.
If tracking the jungle does not provide evidence of the Chupacabra creature, perhaps the various claimed corpses might. Alas these prove to be mainly mangy old dogs and coyotes, with a battered racoon and neatly sculpted skate thrown in for good measure. One of the principle discoverers of a Chupacabra corpse, having got a great deal of publicity from its discovery was less than happy when a DNA test showed it was indeed a mangy old coyote, though she was rather mollified when another tester suggested it might just have a bit of wolf in it, which would presumably make it more special, though still not a blood sucker.
Radford examine the various claims made that animals have been 'mysteriously' killed and their blood drunk, and shows that much of this speculation comes from false ideas that many people entertain about animal predation and what happens to corpses, perhaps echoing the ignorance that helped feed the ancient vampire legends.
Radford then goes back to the original Chupacabra 'sighting' by Madelyne Tolentino, and shows how her account contains numerous contradictions, suggested she had truly preternatural vision, and that the description of the monster was almost identical with that in the science fiction movie Species which Ms Tolentino had recently seen.
He makes the important point, which goes for a huge range of UFOlogical, cryptozoological and paranormal investigation, which is that few of the 'investigators' actually do any investigation, rather they just record what witnesses say and take it all at face value, often adding in details of their own to spice things up. The same, even more so, goes for the tabloid press. Puerto Rico's version of this looks just the sort of paper Andy Coulson and Rebekah Wade-Brooks would fit into nicely.
The Chupacabra story shows in miniature the complex range of influences which generate many paranormal and Fortean claims: the influence of expectation on perception, peoples' false assumptions about the world and how it should look, the growth of wild rumour, the inadequate investigations by people who are often more interested in generating mysteries than solving them, and the deep background of cultural beliefs, social tensions and fears which give such stories such emotional power. -- Reviewed by Peter Rogerson. | <urn:uuid:e00b448b-8c03-436a-9b31-6339a28a67e4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://pelicanist.blogspot.com/2011/08/benjamin-radford.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00395-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965529 | 779 | 2.25 | 2 |
Make ordinary cupcakes special by adding strawberry butterflies on top. It’s so easy to do and adds such a beautiful […]
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Gonzo would be lost without Camilla the Chicken. Create a fowl friend of your own with this egg-ceptional Camilla craft. | <urn:uuid:5b508953-7c12-42c0-9751-a8fb71a38760> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://funfamilycrafts.com/category/age-group/page/140/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00166-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900395 | 779 | 1.765625 | 2 |
AC Immune is a privately held company focusing on the development of therapies against Alzheimer's disease, a so-called conformational disease
Beta-amyloid constitutes an important target for disease-modification of Alzheimer's disease, a so-called conformational disease
Stress induced by accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is observed in many diseases which are now recognized as protein conformational diseases
, including genetic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and retinal degenerative diseases.
The Nature Chemical Biology paper is titled "Small-Molecule Proteostasis Regulators for Protein Conformational Diseases
They have found a process by which proteins with a tendency to cause conformational diseases
such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, etc.
Alpha, antitrypsin deficiency--a model for conformational diseases
Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency--a model for conformational diseases
In recent years our understanding of the nature of spontaneous protein aggregation has increased greatly because of its importance in the pathogenesis of conformational diseases
such as amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease and the spongieform encephalopathies.
Identification of bistable network topologies associated with toxic aggregation thresholds found in conformational diseases
AC Immune's SupraAntigen(TM) technology has proven potential for conformation-specific immunotherapy of Alzheimer's Disease and opens possibilities for the treatment of other conformational diseases
," said Andreas Muhs.
There is an outstanding market opportunity in Alzheimer's and conformational diseases
, said Martin Velasco, Chairman of the Board of AC Immune.
Alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency--a model for conformational diseases | <urn:uuid:6d60c078-fd21-4e70-9e7f-865f11894b5a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/conformational+disease | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00095-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899938 | 378 | 2.109375 | 2 |
The construction industry in the UK has consistently performed in a way that is thought to be wasteful compared to other industries. There is a general impression that it does not deliver good value for its customers. In part this is due to the unusual nature of the industry, where, unlike a production line, each building is a one off. But in addition, the nature of contracting arrangements means that it can be an adversarial industry with significant potential for disputes.
A succession of reports have considered how to tackle these issues, including; ‘Reaching for the Skies’ in 1934, the Simon Report in 1944 and the Barnwell report in 1967. However, their recommendations largely failed to gain traction within the industry.
In 1994 the Latham Report 'Constructing the Team' was published. The report was commissioned by the UK government to investigate the perceived problems with the construction industry, which the report’s author, Sir Michael Latham described as ‘ineffective’, ‘adversarial’, ‘fragmented’ and ‘incapable of delivering for its customers’.
Latham proposed that the client should be at the core of the construction process and that the industry should move away from its adversarial structure, adopting a more integrated approach with greater partnering and teamwork.
There were a great number of detailed recommendations within the report, some of which are set out below:
- As the largest single procurer of construction, the government should commit itself to becoming a best practice client.
- The New Engineering Contract (NEC) should be adopted more widely as a less adversarial form of contract.
- There should be legislation to prevent ‘set off’.
- Partnering should be used to encourage the establishment of long-term contracting arrangements.
- Public sector registers should be established for approved contractors, sub-contractors and consultants.
- There should be greater standardisation and better integration of contract documents.
- There should be compulsory latent defects insurance.
- There should be publication of a number of codes of practice and guidance documents to clarify, co-ordinate and standardise practices across the industry.
- A specified duty to deal fairly with each other, and the supply chain in an atmosphere of mutual co-operation.
- Interrelated documentation, clearly defining roles.
- Risk allocation to the party best able to manage, estimate and carry it
- Take steps to avoid conflict, speedy dispute resolution and adjudication.
- Firm duties of teamwork with shared financial motivation.
The Latham report refers to 'partnering' and includes the concept of teamwork between supplier and client, in a process of total continuous improvement. It required openness between the parties, ready acceptance of new ideas, trust and perceived mutual benefit.
Latham suggested that if the full range of measures described in the report were adopted, savings of 30% could be achieved over five years.
Increasing numbers of construction projects are using risk management to cut costs and reduce errors. The Latham Report recommended that the most effective form of contract should include a 'choice of allocation of risks, to be decided as appropriate to each project but then allocated to the party best able to manage, estimate and carry the risk'. There are four common methods of dealing with risk: avoidance, abatement, retention and transfer.
The Latham report led to the creation of the Construction Industry Board (CIB) in 1995 to oversee implementation of its recommendations (the CIB was replaced by the Strategic Forum for Construction in 2001, chaired by Sir John Egan, author of the Egan Report 'Rethinking Construction').
- Reading Construction Forum
- Design Build Foundation
- Construction Best Practice Programme
- Movement for Innovation
- Local Government Task Force
- Rethinking Construction
- Constructing Excellence
- Construction Clients' Group
These organisation united to become Constructing Excellence in 2003.
Some of the recommendations of the Latham Report were implemented by the Housing Grants Construction and Regeneration Act (the Construction Act) which amongst other things, set out fair payment practices and regulated ‘set off’. In addition, the Scheme for Construction Contracts, which applies when construction contracts do not comply with the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act established the right to adjudication.
More recently, there have been significant moves in government procurement to encourage collaborative working and foster partnering, and the government has abandoned GC Works contracts in favour of NEC3.
Subsequent reports
The Latham report has been followed by a number of subsequent reports, with similar aims:
- In 1995, the Levene 'Efficiency Scrutiny' report was published.
- In 1996, the CIB published a second report, 'Partnering in the Team'.
- The core message of Constructing the Team was reinforced by the Egan Report in 1998 'Rethinking Construction'.
- In 2001, the National Audit Office (NAO) published 'Modernising Construction'
- In 2002 the Strategic Forum for Construction published a report on its first year of activity Accelerating Change.
- In 2011 the Government Construction Strategy made a damning assessment of the industry, suggesting amongst many criticisms that:
- the UK does not get full value from public sector construction
- there is broad consensus, spread both across the industry and its customers, that construction under-performs
- (there are) poor and inconsistent procurement practices… leading to waste and inefficiency
- (there are) low levels of standardisation, and fragmentation of the public sector client base
Several of these reports have made similar projections of substantial savings within the industry if their recommendations were adopted. Notably, the Government Construction Strategy states an intention to achieve savings of 15 to 20%.
Given that despite all of these reports, the perception of the industry as wasteful and adversarial remains, and that significant savings continue to be projected if the industry reforms, it might be inferred either that; under the circumstances the industry operates more effectively than it appears from the outside; or that expectations are unrealistic; or that recommendations have been consistently poorly implemented. See List of construction industry reports since 1944 for more information.
It is worth noting that criticism of construction is not peculiar to the UK, and that for example similar assessments have been made in the USA (ref Constructing the team: A US Perspective, King 1996).
Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
- Accelerating change: A report by the Strategic Forum for Construction.
- Banwell Report.
- Collaborative practices.
- Considerate Constructors Scheme.
- Constructing Excellence.
- Construction 2025.
- Construction Industry Board.
- Construction Task Force.
- Egan Report.
- Emmerson Report.
- Fair payment practices.
- Government Construction Strategy.
- Housing Grants Construction and Regeneration Act.
- Key dates.
- Levene report
- List of construction industry reports since 1944.
- New Engineering Contract.
- Office of Government Commerce.
- Penfold Review (non-planning permissions).
- Public procurement.
- Scheme for Construction Contracts.
- Set off.
- Strategic Forum for Construction.
- Supply chain management.
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Would Stephenson be disappointed by the lack of progress on the high speed transport of Hyperloop?
The immersive pop-up cinema experience that could revolutionise on-site health and safety training.
5 out of 10 filtering facepieces fail HSE tests.
Eleven Magazine announce the winner and runners-up in their Moontopia competition.
As January is the time for hitting the gym, Designing Buildings Wiki lists the best gym architecture in the world.
London is at the top of the list of global construction megacities, beating Dubai and Abu Dhabi.
What are the innovative business models of the future, and how to incentivise supply chains to work on a whole life basis? | <urn:uuid:24f4bb1e-4bc8-40c0-b43a-756beb23c0a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Latham_Report | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00086-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925154 | 1,660 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Spring brings National Cherry Blossom Festival to Washington District of Columbia
January 28, 2013 by Sarah
Washington D.C. attracts thousands of visitors during spring and, since 1927, the National Cherry Blossom Festival has commemorated the history involved with the first cherry blossom trees planted in the city. It will be returning this March and April.
In 1912, 3,000 cherry trees were received in D.C. as a gift from Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo, representing the strong friendship shared by Japan and the U.S. In 1910, the first group of trees, totaling over 2,000, arrived in the city diseased. Therefore, a world-renowned chemist from Tokyo, along with a group of professionals from the United States, coordinated the arrival of 3,000 more trees. A ceremony was held on March 27, during which the first two cherry trees were planted beside Tidal Basin, located in West Potomac Park, and the annual festivities began.
The festival is presented by the National Cherry Blossom Festival, Inc. which is a not-for-profit organization. The group is responsible for promoting nature’s beauty, as well as reinforcing positive international relations via educational activities, events, and programs.
In addition to enjoying the beauty of the cherry blossoms throughout the city, there will be events offering art, culture, daily entertainment, and education – all of which are free to the public.
This year’s festival will take place from March 20 – April 14. For more information, visit the event website. | <urn:uuid:915ad74c-819e-42ca-8235-6be169484b52> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.shop.minutemanpress.com/news/northeast/washington-dc/spring-brings-national-cherry-blossom-festival-to-washington-district-of-columbia-27374.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969738 | 316 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Salt, a quintessential ingredient. It can help bring a dish together or completely overwhelm every other flavor. Salt can be a tricky ingredient requiring constant tasting, adjustment, and re-tasting to get it just right. There are three basic types of salt: Table, Kosher, and Sea salt. Each have their own texture, potency, and uses.
The fist type is common table salt. It is very fine, the smallest of the three types. Table salt is also the most potent: a small amount will go a long way. If a dish is bland, this salt will bring life to it. I would not recommend cooking or seasoning with table salt as it is too strong and could potently ruin a dish. However, it is very useful for salting certain bland foods that really absorb salt, like potatoes and other root vegetables.
Kosher Salt is by far my go-to salt. The salt crystals are much larger than table salt and are not uniform in shape. It is also the least potent of the three salts. When seasoning meats before cooking, you can be very generous. If you are grilling or searing meats, keep in mind about half of the seasoning will fall off as you move and turn the food. Salting meats with kosher salt is also a good way to remove water / moisture, allowing you to better sear in the flavors and juices. You cannot sear something wet. Olive oil, which isn't H20, will sear.
Because of the large salt particles and the milder flavor, this is the salt I prefer to cook and season with.
Without a doubt this is sea salt. Comparatively, sea salt crystals are much larger than table or kosher salt. It is also a very strong type salt. Sea salt is the "fancy" or "gourmet" salt, with some brands costing 10 times more than kosher salt. This salt is derived from evaporated sea water and most every place with salty water will sell their own brand of salt. You can cook with sea salt, though it is better used as a garnish or topping. Its large size makes it noticeable and appealing. Since sea salt is expensive, I prefer not to cook with it. I mostly use it for puff pastries and garnish; for everything else, kosher salt works fine for me. | <urn:uuid:87ebe03a-b122-447e-8116-0e889d427627> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bandwidthkitchen.blogspot.com/2010/01/salt-101.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00282-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963588 | 471 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Flipped learning in a civil engineering module: student and instructor experiences
McCabe, Bryan A.
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This item's downloads: 130 (view details)
McCabe, B. (2018). Flipped learning in a civil engineering module: student and instructor experiences. Irish Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 4(1), 1 - 15. https://doi.org/10.22554/ijtel.v4i1.31
Flipped learning is a form of active learning in which the basic content is assimilated before scheduled classroom sessions, enabling more productive use of classroom time to cultivate problem-solving ability, a key requirement of engineering graduates. While the flipped learning approach has escalated in popularity in the last five years, there are relatively few case studies for civil engineering modules in the literature, and none in the Irish educational context. Experience of delivering a 3rd year soil mechanics module through flipped mode at NUI Galway over the past six years is presented in this paper. The manner in which the flipped approach has been interpreted is described, including the development of short videos, the workshop format of the classroom sessions and the assessment methods used. While the author is not in a position to provide definitive evidence of its effectiveness, students have found it to be a more convenient, engaging and effective learning experience, and surprisingly comfortable given the expectation for much greater activity in the classroom than would be expected in lectures. Finally, reflections from the instructor’s side, both the benefits and the challenges, are conveyed in the paper. | <urn:uuid:af4bbf0f-8091-4bf2-877f-e8a431ab6443> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/handle/10379/15174 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.909425 | 335 | 2.28125 | 2 |
PAGE IN PROGRESS
These guidelines have been adapted from the overall NMR Center guidelines.
These guidelines are provided for MEG Core Facility investigators and staff to minimize the risk of spread of SARS-CoV2 as subject/patient volume continues to increase during Group B of the NIH “return to physical work” framework. These guidelines are intended for scanning of asymptomatic subjects/patients who have been screened by the Clinical Center for symptoms of COVID-19 and recent exposures, or who have tested negative for COVID-19 according to Clinical Center testing guidelines. These guidelines are based on recommendations from the NMR Center Return to Work Committee and are similar to NIH CC Radiology Department guidelines for non-COVID-19 patients.
Patients with known COVID-19 disease will not be scanned in the MEG Core Facility.
NIH COVID Return to Physical Workspaces Guidance (updated July 2020) must be followed. https://employees.nih.gov/pages/coronavirus/return-physical-workspaces-guidance.aspx
Investigators must follow NIH Clinical Center policies related to COVID http://intranet.cc.nih.gov/hospitalepidemiology/emerging_infectious_diseases.html
- Study teams must receive approval from their Clinical Director or designee for scanning.
- All persons in the lab should wear CC approved masks at all times and practice hand hygiene.
- Staff or study team members with more than 5 minutes of face-face interaction should wear a face shield.
- The MEG lab will be broken up into Zones, each person in the lab must stay in their assigned zone, in order to maintain physical distancing (2 meters) as much as possible.
If investigators plan to scan off-hours when core staff are not available, a study team member must have an in-person training session to learn MEG lab disinfection procedures before scanning. We will maintain a log of investigators who have been trained and are approved to scan.
Core facility staff or a study team member trained in disinfection procedures must be available to ensure proper infection control and disinfection procedures are followed.
Parameter Testing / No Subject Scanning
- All staff must wear CC-issued masks at all times, practice social distancing and hand hygiene.
- Confirm scheduling with MEG Core staff.
- Meet with MEG Core facility staff at or before the first scanning session, to review the disinfection procedures.
- Minimize the number of people in the MEG Lab, with a maximum of two people.
- Wear clean gloves to enter the scanner room and handle any equipment. (Wearing gloves will eliminate the need to clean/disinfect the scanner and scan room. Be mindful not to contaminate gloves, and discard upon leaving the scanner room.)
- After the scan, clean all equipment and surfaces in the MEG laboratory.
- Complete the scanner logbook with names of researchers present and times of use.
- Log cleaning/disinfecting the control room after each scan session.
Appendix A - MEG Core Staff
Core Staff to contact for scheduling a MEG scan or support during a scan:
• Allison Nugent, MEG Core Director • Anna Namyst, MEG Lab Manager • Tom Holroyd, Staff Scientist • Fred Carver, Staff Scientist • Jeff Stout, Computer Systems Analyst
You can easily reach any member of the MEG Core via our Slack channel or email (individually or at firstname.lastname@example.org) or via the website (https://kurage.nimh.nih.gov/nih/staff/form.html, must be on VPN).
Appendix B - Cleaning Worksheet and Logs
Logsheet/checklist to be completed for each cleaning.
Appendix C - Work Zones
Diagrams of recommended work zones for investigators conducting MEG scans. | <urn:uuid:0be821a1-9bf8-43da-9aa9-282136127022> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://megcore.nih.gov/index.php?title=Covid-19&direction=next&oldid=4476 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.88857 | 850 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Posted Date: 08/05/2022
Top 10 Questions Surrounding Arizona's
Moment of Silence Law
House Bill 2707 amending A.R.S. § 15-506
By Jennifer MacLennan and Brittany Reed, Gust Rosenfeld PLC
The new Arizona Moment of Silence law requires all K-12 public schools to set aside one to two minutes at the beginning of every school day for a moment of silent reflection. Students are prohibited from interfering with other students' participation in the moment of silence. All school personnel are prohibited from suggesting the content of the reflection. However, teachers are required to encourage parents to discuss with their children how to use the moment of silence. Below is a list of frequently asked questions and answers.
Frequently Asked Questions for House Bill 2707:
1: Q: What law did House Bill 2707 amend?
A: It amended Arizona Revised Statute section 15-506 by adding subsection (A)(6).
2. Q: When does this law go into effect?
A: September 24, 2022
3. Q: What is the exact language for the new moment of silence law, A.R.S. § 15-506(A)(6)?
A. School districts and charter schools shall:
6. For kindergarten programs and grades one through twelve, set aside at least one minute but not more than two minutes at the beginning of each school day for students to engage in a moment of silence during which students may not interfere with other students' participation. A teacher or other school employee may not suggest the nature of any reflection in which a student may engage during the moment of silence. Each teacher of a class in which a moment of silence occurs pursuant to this paragraph shall encourage parents of students in the class to discuss with their children how to best use the moment of silence required by this paragraph.
4. Q: When should the moment of silence occur?
A: At the very beginning of every single school day, prior to classroom instruction.
5. Q: How long is the moment of silence?
A: It must be for longer than one minute and less than two minutes.
6. Q: The law prohibits student(s) from interfering with other student(s) participation in the moment of silence. What does "interfering" mean?
A: The law does not define what student's "interfering" means. It could include both verbal and non-verbal activities, such as:
- Making auditory sounds (humming, chanting, singing, laughing, etc.)
- Touching or poking
- Throwing items
- Passing notes
- Using electronic devices
- Excessive movement
- Ridiculing, bullying, or otherwise trying to embarrass a student for participating in the moment of silence
- Holding up signs that disparage the moment of silence during the moment of silence
- Waving a flag
- Playing music
Examples of verbal and non-verbal activities that likely are not "interfering" include:
- Sitting cross-legged on the ground
- Using their hands for prayer
- Telling other students what they contemplated or what they will be contemplating (if the content of their speech is appropriate)
- Telling other students they will not be contemplating anything during the moment of silence
- Silently writing or reading during the moment of silence
- Closing eyes the entire time
- Looking at or watching other students participate in the moment of silence
7. Q: What should we do if a student interferes with another student's participation in the moment of silence?
A: Your school employees should immediately attempt to end the interference, either through a short verbal or non-verbal cue. If the interference is purposeful or repetitive, the student should be removed from the classroom and referred to administration for possible disciplinary action.
We do not suggest pausing or restarting the time for the moment of silence if there is an interference.
(**NOTE: student's accommodations in their 504 Plan or IEP must continue to be adhered to during the moment of silence. If you are concerned that an accommodation may result in, or has resulted in, an "interference" please address your concerns in writing with the director of special education or their assignee.)
8. Q: What topics can be reflected upon during the moment of silence?
A: Topics for the moment of silence must be left solely to the student and their parent(s). Your school employees are expressly prohibited by the law from suggesting content for the moment of silence.
9. Q: What does it mean that your employees are prohibited from "suggesting" topics for the moment of silence?
A: The law is silent on what "suggesting" means. "Suggesting" could include both verbal and non-verbal actions.
Possible examples of "suggesting" topics:
- Expressing a positive or negative reaction after a student tells you they will be contemplating a certain topic
- Telling students what you will be contemplating
- Asking students what they will be contemplating or what they have contemplated
- Requiring students to decide on a topic to contemplate or demand that they contemplate anything during the moment of silence
- Providing possible topics, even if expressly asked by a student
- Playing music
- Using props (rolling out a rug, using rosary, putting on specific attire, pulling out a Bible)
- Putting up signs or flags that would suggest a particular topic if the items are only displayed right before, during or after the moment of silence
- Assigning work related to the moment of silence
The following are verbal or non-verbal actions that are likely not "suggesting" topics:
- Using the moment of silence to reflect upon a topic of your choosing
- Writing or reading during the moment of silence
- Encouraging student to discuss the moment of silence with their parents
- Sitting cross-legged on the ground
- Folding your hands in prayer or placing them palms together
- Standing with hands behind your back
- Not contemplating anything during the moment of silence
- Attempting to stop a student from interfering with another student's participation in the motion of silence
10. Q: How and when do I communicate the moment of silence with parents?
A: The law requires you to encourage parents of students in your class to discuss with their children how to best use the moment of silence. If you need assistance or have questions regarding encouraging parents to discuss the moment of silence with their students, please reach out to your counsel.
When we can help you, contact any member of our team.
The information contained herein is intended for general information purposes only, and should not be construed as legal advice or opinion on any particular facts or circumstances. Readers are urged to consult with an attorney with legal questions concerning specific factual circumstances. | <urn:uuid:675c2a01-9003-4264-b733-4728a5455ffb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.azalas.org/44257?articleID=111384 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.919633 | 1,454 | 2.75 | 3 |
To meet Pro Wrestling Wiki's quality standards, this Stadium article or section may require cleanup. Please help by improving the article.
The Hallenstadion is a multi-purpose facility and is mainly home to the ZSC Lions of the National League A, in the Swiss city of Zurich.
Designed by Bruno Giacometti, it opened on July 18, 1939, and was renovated in 2005.
The arena is located in the quarter of Oerlikon in northern Zurich and has a capacity of up to 13,000 spectators in boxing.
- WWF WrestleMania Revenge Tour 1994 - Zürich - May 28, 1994
- WWE World Tour 2011 - Zurich - November 10, 2011
- WWE World Tour 2012 - Zurich - November 8, 2012
- WWE World Tour 2013 - Zurich - November 13, 2013
- WWE WrestleMania Revenge Tour 2015 - Zurich - April 18, 2015
- Hallenstadion on Wikipedia | <urn:uuid:29f507fd-8675-40f8-8668-80ac10d8ecaf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://prowrestling.wikia.com/wiki/Hallenstadion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00325-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895991 | 192 | 1.515625 | 2 |
The G-20 summit convening in London on April 2 is preparing to create a quarter trillion dollars of brand new stimulus money to help poor countries battle the global recession.
World leaders plan to use a little-known form of global currency to pay the freight, a currency known technically as "Special Drawing Rights" (SDRs) but often referred to as "paper gold." It’s a currency that can be issued by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Telegraph has reported that the U.S. government is keen on the idea.
Senior figures in the U.S. Treasury have been encouraging the Fund to issue hundreds of billions of dollars worth [of SDRs] to prevent the recession from turning into a global depression.
If leaders at the G-20 summit can create "paper gold" to jump-start the global economy, they can also turn it in a green direction to jump-start protection of the global climate.
They should put much of paper gold stimulus under discussion into an international fund, to help developing countries pay for climate protection. Such an action would remove the greatest stumbling block in the way of international climate action -- the lack of financing to pay for energy conservation, technology transfer, adaptation, forest conservation, clean energy, and research and development. It would allow negotiators to arrive in Copenhagen for climate talks at the end of the year with the finances in place to negotiate and sign a global deal.
Without the financing, the chances of success in Copenhagen are slim. Yves De Boer, the UN's climate chief, left no doubt about that in comments he made this week criticizing EU finance ministers for putting conditions on financial help for developing countries, contrary to promises made in Bali in 2007:
I think without clarity on finance from industrialized countries there will be no commitment from developing countries.
"Paper gold" offers a way out of this stalemate -- a way to mobilize resources without either taxing or borrowing. That’s why G-20 leaders are proposing to issue a quarter trillion dollars worth of new SDRs – and why paper gold can play a crucial role in protecting the climate, too.
Measures that would fight both global warming and global economic meltdown simultaneously are being called a "Green New Deal." At the climate talks in Poznan last December, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called a "Global Green New Deal" the best chance for securing a climate agreement in Copenhagen in late 2009. And in a February op-ed in the Financial Times, Ban together with Al Gore wrote,
What we need is both stimulus and long-term investments that accomplish two objectives simultaneously with one global economic policy response -- a policy that addresses our urgent and immediate economic and social needs and that launches a new green global economy.
World leaders convening at the G-20 have the opportunity to do just that.
The SDR Backstory
Countries normally set aside reserves, most often in gold and U.S. Treasury bills, as insurance to protect their currencies against speculation, runs, and other forms of economic adversity. If a country’s currency starts to plummet in value, the government can use the reserves to buy back its own currency and stabilize it. | <urn:uuid:5f4bca65-6b20-4e8e-b780-ea39343042b4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://laborstrategies.blogs.com/global_labor_strategies/2009/03/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00247-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936573 | 658 | 2.65625 | 3 |
“Our church’s giving is a bit rocky” was a comment Eternity heard this morning. That church has seen its income drop by 30 per cent, as physically meeting as a church has ceased. The significant drop is because the older members gave in cash at church services.
We also heard of another church where distributing electronic deposit forms was not going to work – the members are too old.
The $1500 a fortnight wage subsidy – known as the JobKeeper Payment, introduced yesterday by the Federal Government – applies to “Not-for-profit entities (including charities) and self-employed individuals (businesses without employees) that meet the turnover tests that apply for businesses.”
The turnover tests relevant to churches is “a turnover of less than $1 billion and their turnover will be reduced by more than 30 per cent relative to a comparable period a year ago (of at least a month).”
Many churches will be monitoring their giving as the new way of meeting proceeds – but any church with automatic payments from members of 70 per cent or more is unlikely to be eligible.
For many smaller churches, though, using the JobKeeker Payment becomes a real possibility.
“The employer must have been in an employment relationship with eligible employees as at 1 March 2020 , and confirm that each eligible employee is currently engaged in order to receive JobKeeper Payments,” the official site says.
As the scheme is being run through the ATO, the employer will be the entity that is registered as paying the pastor or minister’s wages. This means the new scheme will work with the ATO’s existing system and information, which greatly simplifies setting it up.
Some Christian groups maintain that their minister or pastors are not employees. For example, many Anglican clergy will say they “hold an office” rather than being employed by their local church or diocese (region).
But unless they have been operating outside the tax system, there will be an employer listed with the ATO who is their employer of record. And that’s who can apply for the subsidy.
According to Peter Martin, Business Economics editor of The Conversation, the scheme will work in retrospect. Which means that businesses or non-profits that have lost money from March 1, can ask for subsidies that date from then.
And for the low paid “It gets better. If you have been part-time, or for some other reason on less than $1,500 per fortnight, ‘your employer must pay you, at a minimum, $1,500 per fortnight, before tax’.
This means you’ll get a pay rise, for the six months the scheme lasts.” Martin says. | <urn:uuid:75ab596c-68c0-427f-bf08-9aaf4e44b1ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dev.eternitynews.com.au/australia/as-church-income-drops-the-wage-subsidy-scheme-kicks-in/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.973095 | 565 | 1.507813 | 2 |
By Richard Scott
Transport correspondent, BBC News
Richard Scott looks around the plane and speaks to BA chief executive
British Airways is going where failures have gone before.
Three London to New York business class-only airlines have already collapsed - Silverjet, Maxjet, Eos - hit by rising oil prices.
But more than a year after the last one - Silverjet - went bust, British Airways is trying its own version.
The new service will fly from London's City airport.
That could be a key difference from its failed competitors, which flew from Luton and Stansted - not particularly convenient for those in the financial heart of the capital.
And it means that high-flyers won't need to cross London to fly from Heathrow. But there is a disadvantage too.
Flying from London City means the planes need to land at a much steeper angle than normal - the Airbus A318 which is being used for the new service is approved for a five and a half degree approach slope, compared with three degrees for a normal approach.
It also has to carry less fuel on take-off. And that means a refuelling stop in Shannon in the Republic of Ireland.
The planes will have to stop at Shannon to refuel
That adds time to the journey. But on the plus side travellers can clear US immigration while in Ireland - so when they land in the States they can pass through the domestic gate which should be quicker.
British Airways says that, once you take that into account and the fact that bankers won't have to cross London to Heathrow, the new service will actually be quicker - especially on the return leg when there's no need to stop in Shannon.
The plane will carry only 32 passengers, in seats that recline to fully flat beds.
That has outraged environmentalists, who say each traveller will be responsible for about three times the emissions of regular flights.
And it sits somewhat at odds with the deal offered last week on behalf of the airline industry by BA's boss, Willie Walsh, for carbon emissions to be cut by 50% from 2005 levels by 2050.
Silverjet, the UK's first business only service, ceased operations last year
One new feature is the ability to send text messages and use the internet during the flight - which BA says isn't currently available on its other business class services.
But passengers will have to pay extra for it - with charging on a similar basis to how roaming works on a mobile phone.
Even when you're buying a £4,000 return ticket, not everything is complimentary. That price is also slightly more expensive than a more normal business class ticket from Heathrow.
At first the service will be once a day - except on Saturdays when London City is closed - before increasing to two flights a day from mid-October.
BA will have to make sure the service is reliable. If there were any technical problems with the plane it could mean big delays waiting for a new flight.
The airline thinks it's got a winning case for a new business service and will be hoping a resurgent banking sector will provide the custom.
But the economy is still struggling, businesses are trying to trim costs and some banks are worried about public perceptions of largesse after the taxpayer bail-out. That's all extra baggage for the new route to take on board.
The A318 is the smallest aircraft in BA's fleet - and it's got another claim to fame too. It'll be the first plane since Concorde to carry the BA001 flight number.
This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. | <urn:uuid:7b4e7191-b8f6-40f9-8b21-75746741ff5f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8279408.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00218-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952093 | 795 | 1.867188 | 2 |
It’s not what you think, and even if you did know what the problem was, it’s unlikely to be the root cause of what is holding you back in life.
As we grow up from being born, we collect stories and memories from life experiences. And our unconscious mind decides whether or not we should like that experience.
If your unconscious mind thinks for any reason you are under threat, then it will make sure you will not be in harm’s way again. This can be anything from:
The fact is if you are not 100% happy in yourself or where you are with your vocation, just know that it is more than possible to feel better.
As you learn to become more capable, resilient, and confident then your self esteem will grow which is key for better results.
Everything starts with you but you can’t do it on your own. So if you have tried before to change your habits, or achieve a goal then it’s time to change.
You may recognise the signs that you are not 100% yourself:
And the main one deep down is you just don’t love yourself enough.
All of the above is okay, providing you change it. Because if you don’t you will always stay stuck and never progress.
With NLP and Hypnotherapy, we detox your unuseful emotions, then we retrain your brain to think differently.
You then start to behave differently, and you notice your results in life and vocation are better. So you start to feel better, and when you feel better that drives you to change further. Because you know what’s possible.
It starts with you. So ask yourself ‘What’s next?’
If you want change and know you can’t do it on your own get in touch. | <urn:uuid:c0ddb59a-37ec-4786-9509-53f38e42074d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://csi2012.co.uk/life-coaching-and-hypnotherapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.934355 | 386 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Da 1:1-21. THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY BEGINS; DANIEL'S EDUCATION AT BABYLON, &C.
1. third year--compare Jer 25:1, "the fourth year; Jehoiakim came to the throne at the end of the year, which Jeremiah reckons as the first year, but which Daniel leaves out of count, being an incomplete year: thus, in Jeremiah, it is "the fourth year"; in Daniel, "the third" [JAHN]. However, Jeremiah (Jer 25:1; 46:2) merely says, the fourth year of Jehoiakim coincided with the first of Nebuchadnezzar, when the latter conquered the Egyptians at Carchemish; not that the deportation of captives from Jerusalem was in the fourth year of Jehoiakim: this probably took place in the end of the third year of Jehoiakim, shortly before the battle of Carchemish [FAIRBAIRN]. Nebuchadnezzar took away the captives as hostages for the submission of the Hebrews. Historical Scripture gives no positive account of this first deportation, with which the Babylonian captivity, that is, Judah's subjection to Babylon for seventy years (Jer 29:10), begins. But 2Ch 36:6, 7, states that Nebuchadnezzar had intended "to carry Jehoiakim to Babylon," and that he "carried off the vessels of the house of the Lord" thither. But Jehoiakim died at Jerusalem, before the conqueror's intention as to him was carried into effect (Jer 22:18, 19; 36:30), and his dead body, as was foretold, was dragged out of the gates by the Chaldean besiegers, and left unburied. The second deportation under Jehoiachin was eight years later.
2. Shinar--the old name of Babylonia
(Ge 11:2; 14:1;
Nebuchadnezzar took only "part of the vessels," as he did not intend
wholly to overthrow the state, but to make it tributary, and to leave
such vessels as were absolutely needed for the public worship of
Jehovah. Subsequently all were taken away and were restored under Cyrus
his god--Bel. His temple, as was often the case among the heathen, was made "treasure house" of the king.
3. master of . . . eunuchs--called in Turkey the kislar aga.
of the king's seed--compare the prophecy, 2Ki 20:17, 18.
4. no blemish--A handsome form was connected, in Oriental ideas, with
mental power. "Children" means youths of twelve or fourteen years old.
teach . . . tongue of . . . Chaldeans--their language and literature, the Aramaic-Babylonian. That the heathen lore was not altogether valueless appears from the Egyptian magicians who opposed Moses; the Eastern Magi who sought Jesus, and who may have drawn the tradition as to the "King of the Jews" from Da 9:24, &c., written in the East. As Moses was trained in the learning of the Egyptian sages, so Daniel in that of the Chaldeans, to familiarize his mind with mysterious lore, and so develop his heaven-bestowed gift of understanding in visions (Da 1:4, 5, 17).
5. king's meat--It is usual for an Eastern king to entertain, from
the food of his table, many retainers and royal captives
(Jer 52:33, 34).
The Hebrew for "meat" implies delicacies.
stand before the king--as attendant courtiers; not as eunuchs.
6. children of Judah--the most noble tribe, being that to which the "king's seed" belonged (compare Da 1:3).
7. gave names--designed to mark their new relation, that so they
might forget their former religion and country
But as in Joseph's case (whom Pharaoh called Zaphnath-paaneah), so in
Daniel's, the name indicative of his relation to a heathen court
("Belteshazzar," that is, "Bel's prince"), however flattering to him,
is not the one retained by Scripture, but the name marking his relation
to God ("Daniel," God my Judge, the theme of his prophecies
being God's judgment on the heathen world powers).
Hananiah--that is, "whom Jehovah hath favored."
Shadrach--from Rak, in Babylonian, "the King," that is, "the Sun"; the same root as in Abrech (Ge 41:43, Margin), inspired or illumined by the Sun-god."
Mishael--that is, "who is what God is?" Who is comparable to God?
Meshach--The Babylonians retained the first syllable of Mishael, the Hebrew name; but for El, that is, GOD, substituted Shak, the Babylonian goddess, called Sheshach (Jer 25:26; 51:41), answering to the Earth, or else Venus, the goddess of love and mirth; it was during her feast that Cyrus took Babylon.
Azariah--that is, "whom Jehovah helps."
Abed-nego--that is, "servant of the shining fire." Thus, instead of to Jehovah, these His servants were dedicated by the heathen to their four leading gods [HERODOTUS, Clio]; Bel, the Chief-god, the Sun-god, Earth-god, and Fire-god. To the last the three youths were consigned when refusing to worship the golden image (Da 3:12). The Chaldee version translates "Lucifer," in Isa 14:12, Nogea, the same as Nego. The names thus at the outset are significant of the seeming triumph, but sure downfall, of the heathen powers before Jehovah and His people.
8. Daniel . . . would not defile himself with
. . . king's meat--Daniel is specified as being the
leader in the "purpose" (the word implies a decided resolution)
to abstain from defilement, thus manifesting a character already formed
for prophetical functions. The other three youths, no doubt, shared in
his purpose. It was the custom to throw a small part of the viands and
wine upon the earth, as an initiatory offering to the gods, so as to
consecrate to them the whole entertainment (compare
To have partaken of such a feast would have been to sanction idolatry,
and was forbidden even after the legal distinction of clean and unclean
meats was done away
(1Co 8:7, 10; 10:27, 28).
Thus the faith of these youths was made instrumental in overruling the
evil foretold against the Jews
to the glory of God. Daniel and his three friends, says AUBERLEN, stand out like an oasis in the desert. Like
Moses, Daniel "chose rather to suffer affliction with the people of
God, than to enjoy the pleasures of sin for a season"
He who is to interpret divine revelations must not feed on the
dainties, nor drink from the intoxicating cup, of this world. This made
him as dear a name to his countrymen as Noah and Job, who also stood
alone in their piety among a perverse generation
(Eze 14:14; 28:3).
requested--While decided in principle, we ought to seek our object by gentleness, rather than by an ostentatious testimony, which, under the plea of faithfulness, courts opposition.
10. worse liking--looking less healthy.
your sort--of your age, or class; literally, "circle."
endanger my head--An arbitrary Oriental despot could, in a fit of wrath at his orders having been disobeyed, command the offender to be instantly decapitated.
11. Melzar--rather, the steward, or chief butler, entrusted by Ashpenaz with furnishing the daily portion to the youths [GESENIUS]. The word is still in use in Persia.
12. pulse--The Hebrew expresses any vegetable grown from seeds, that is, vegetable food in general [GESENIUS].
13-15. Illustrating De 8:3, "Man doth not live by bread only, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of the Lord."
17. God gave them knowledge--
(Ex 31:2, 3;
Jas 1:5, 17).
Daniel had understanding in . . . dreams--God thus made one of the despised covenant-people eclipse the Chaldean sages in the very science on which they most prided themselves. So Joseph in the court of Pharaoh (Ge 40:5; 41:1-8). Daniel, in these praises of his own "understanding," speaks not through vanity, but by the direction of God, as one transported out of himself. See my Introduction, "CONTENTS OF THE BOOK."
18. brought them in--that is, not only Daniel and his three friends, but other youths (Da 1:3, 19, "among them all").
19. stood . . . before the king--that is, were advanced to a position of favor near the throne.
20. ten times--literally, "ten hands."
magicians--properly, "sacred scribes, skilled in the sacred writings, a class of Egyptian priests" [GESENIUS]; from a Hebrew root, "a pen." The word in our English Version, "magicians," comes from mag, that is, "a priest." The Magi formed one of the six divisions of the Medes.
astrologers--Hebrew, "enchanters," from a root, "to conceal," pactisers of the occult arts.
21. Daniel continued . . . unto . . . first year of Cyrus-- (2Ch 36:22; Ezr 1:1). Not that he did not continue beyond that year, but the expression is designed to mark the fact that he who was one of the first captives taken to Babylon, lived to see the end of the captivity. See my Introduction, "SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY." In Da 10:1 he is mentioned as living "in the third year of Cyrus." See Margin Note, on the use of "till" (Ps 110:1, 112:8). | <urn:uuid:d2548cf8-0fb0-4648-8275-646cc556d87f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/jamieson-faussett-brown/daniel/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.953638 | 2,347 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Homeric poems and some legends and myths narrated by posthumous authors are the only literary source we can rely on in order to assess the main features and events of the dawn of Greek civilisation. The lack of very organised information, rather fragmentary and only partially comforted by archaeological discoveries, still now puzzles scholars, academics and amateurs passionate about archaic Greece. Nevertheless, the attentive reading of these sources has revealed some evident characteristics and aspects of Hellenic archaic culture that can aid us to draw the basic sketch of virtues and values, of morally correct behaviour and socially accepted and praised conduct: some of the paradigmatic main lines of a civilised society.
Accordingly, hospitality can be considered the very first duty and virtue within and among the ancient tribes who populated the archaic Greek terra-firma, islands and the Ionian colonies. Protection, hosting and gifts were rituals deeply rooted and consistently honoured for generations. An interesting instance is reported in Iliad’s dialogue between Glaucus and Diomedes:
“But Hippolochus begat me and of him do I declare that I am sprung; and he sent me to Troy and straitly charged me ever to be bravest and pre-eminent above all, and not bring shame upon the race of my fathers, that were far the noblest in Ephyre and in wide Lycia. This is the lineage and the blood whereof I avow me sprung.” So spoke he, and Diomedes, good at the warcry, waxed glad. He planted his spear in the bounteous earth, and with gentle words spoke to the shepherd of the host: “Verily now art thou a friend of my father’s house from of old: for goodly Oeneus on a time entertained peerless Bellerophon in his halls, and kept him twenty days; and moreover they gave one to the other fair gifts of friendship. Oeneus gave a belt bright with scarlet, and Bellerophon a double cup of gold which I left in my palace as I came hither. But Tydeus I remember not, seeing I was but a little child when he left, what time the host of the Achaeans perished at Thebes. Therefore now am I a dear guest-friend to thee in the midst of Argos, and thou to me in Lycia, whenso I journey to the land of that folk. So let us shun one another’s spears even amid the throng; full many there be for me to slay, both Trojans and famed allies, whomsoever a god shall grant me and my feet overtake; and many Achaeans again for thee to slay whomsoever thou canst. And let us make exchange of armour, each with the other, that these men too may know that we declare ourselves to be friends from our fathers’ days.”
Recognizably in the Homeric poems physical power, bravery, strength and cleverness on the battlefield are remarkably emphasised and rewarded. The effort and commitment aimed at the conquest of eternal glory are summarised within the utmost virtue for an Homeric hero: excellence – Aρετή. This is brilliantly described in this brief dialogue between Sarpedon and Glaucus during the siege of Troy:
“Even so did his spirit then urge godlike Sarpedon to rush upon the wall, and break-down the battlements. Straightway then he spoke to Glaucus, son of Hippolochus: “Glaucus, wherefore is it that we twain are held in honour above all with seats, and messes, and full cups in Lycia, and all men gaze upon us as on gods? Aye, and we possess a great demesne by the banks of Xanthus, a fair tract of orchard and of wheat-bearing plough-land. Therefore now it behoveth us to take our stand amid the foremost Lycians, and confront the blazing battle that many a one of the mail-clad Lycians may say: “Verily no inglorious men be these that rule in Lycia, even our kings, they that eat fat sheep and drink choice wine, honey-sweet: nay, but their might too is goodly, seeing they fight amid the foremost Lycians. Ah friend, if once escaped from this battle we were for ever to be ageless and immortal, neither should I fight myself amid the foremost, nor should I send thee into battle where men win glory; but now—for in any case fates of death beset us, fates past counting, which no mortal may escape or avoid—now let us go forward, whether we shall give glory to another, or another to us. So spoke he, and Glaucus turned not aside, neither disobeyed him, but the twain went straight forward, leading the great host of the Lycians.”
This rather complex concept of ἀρετή (arete) is not solely straightforwardly affirmed, but per contrapasso is ulteriorly stressed by the pending oppression of the shame caused by any possible display of cowardice and ineptitude – as Hector clearly states before his duel with Achilles:
“Then, mightily moved, he spoke unto his own great-hearted spirit: “Ah, woe is me, if I go within the gates and the walls Polydamas will be the first to put reproach upon me, for that he bade me lead the Trojans to the city during this fatal night, when goodly Achilles arose. Howbeit I hearkened not—verily it had been better far! But now, seeing I have brought the host to ruin in my blind folly, I have shame of the Trojans, and the Trojans’ wives with trailing robes, lest some other baser man may say: ‘Hector, trusting in his own might, brought ruin on the host.’ So will they say; but for me it were better far to meet Achilles man to man and slay him, and so get me home, or myself perish gloriously before the city.”
To exercise just vengeance to a personal or social offence is another greatly demanded virtue, unquestionably also part of the sense of honour and courage that an Homeric hero is naturally supposed to possess – as Athena warmly reminds to Telemachus:
“First go to Pylos and ask Nestor; thence go on to Sparta and visit Menelaos, for he got home last of all the Achaeans; if you hear that your father is alive and about to achieve his homecoming, you can put up with the waste these suitors will make for yet another twelve months. If on the other hand you hear of his death, come home at once, celebrate his funeral rites with all due pomp, build a grave marker to his memory, and make your mother marry again. Then, having done all this, think it well over in your mind how, by fair means or foul, you may kill these suitors in your own house. You are too old to plead infancy any longer; have you not heard how people are singing Orestes’ praises for having killed his father’s murderer Aigisthos? You are a fine, smart looking young man; show your mettle, then, and make yourself a name in story. Now, however, I must go back to my ship and to my crew, who will be impatient if I keep them waiting longer; think the matter over for yourself, and remember what I have said to you.”
And as it is very sadly lamented by Helen when speaking of Paris’ spinelessness:
“Howbeit, seeing the gods thus ordained these ills, would that I had been wife to a better man, that could feel the indignation of his fellows and their many revilings. But this man’s understanding is not now stable, nor ever will be hereafter; thereof I deem that he will e’en reap the fruit”.
Yet warfare skills, fierce revenge and combating courage seem of course admittedly necessary, but not sufficient, to reach the excellence and the consequent of endless glory. The Homeric hero must be also a master of the dialogue, able to gain consensus with his words and submit masses with his charismatic speech, virtues highly praised in both Iliad and Odyssey:
“Then among them spoke Thoas, son of Andraemon, far the best of the Aetolians, well-skilled in throwing the javelin, but a good man too in close fight, and in the place of assembly could but few of the Achaeans surpass him, when the young men were striving in debate”.
Nevertheless when force and/or speech cannot obtain success the Homeric hero has to count on the absolute and most sophisticated virtue – Μῆτις (metis): a multifaceted and articulated ability implying wit, inventiveness, audacity and shrewdness, whose master of course is Odysseus. IN fact not only a mortal: king Nestor, who knowledgeably lectures his son Antilochus on how to win the cart race:
“The horses of the others are swifter, but the men know not how to devise more cunning counsel than thine own self. Wherefore come, dear son, lay thou up in thy mind cunning of every sort, to the end that the prizes escape thee not. By cunning, thou knowest, is a woodman far better than by might; by cunning too doth a helmsman on the wine-dark deep guide aright a swift ship that is buffeted by winds; and by cunning doth charioteer prove better than charioteer. ”
notwithstanding his own old age, intelligence and experience, confesses Ulysses’ artful deceptiveness superiority; but even the goddess Athena, almost proudly and appreciatively, admits Odysseus’ insuperable foxiness in conceiving and fulfilling ingenious plans:
Athena smiled and caressed him with her hand. Then she took the form of a woman, fair, stately, and wise, “He must be indeed a shifty and deceitful person,” said she, “who could surpass you in all manner of craft even though you had a god for your antagonist. Daring that you are, full of guile, unwearying in deceit, can you not drop your tricks and your instinctive falsehood, even now that you are in your own country again? We will say no more, however, about this, for we both of us know craftiness upon occasion – you are the best counsellor and orator among all humankind, while I for diplomacy and crafty ways have fame among the gods. | <urn:uuid:c4cabdec-45bd-46db-a0de-27b78c43e5fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://stoa.wordpress.com/2009/02/05/heroic-virtues-in-the-homeric-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959061 | 2,258 | 3.015625 | 3 |
We will occasionally encounter reheated cycles whose efficiency is not as high as that of the original Rankine cycle operated between the same high and low pressure limits. (For the case presented in our reheat example they are both nearly identical at 40%.) However, we can see that adding reheat actually improves thermal efficiency compared to a Rankine cycle operated at the same outlet dryness. This comparison is typically more appropriate for practical cycles, where turbine damage is a consideration and we cannot allow the steam to exit at such a low pressure. Another glance at the graph of turbine outlet quality and cycle efficiency (reproduced below) shows that operating the Rankine cycle used in our previous example at 90% outlet quality would have lead to a cycle efficiency down around 30%, compared to the 40% we got by adding the reheat stage.
Figure 1: The relation between increased turbine
outlet quality and decreased cycle
2-A: Rankine Cycle
2-B: Rankine Cycle with Reheat
Recall that a Carnot cycle has all of its heat addition at the same temperature, which is the highest temperature in the cycle. When we look to improve a cycle's efficiency, we often consider the mean temperature of heat addition and the mean temperature of heat rejection. These are simply what the temperature would have been if the same amount of heat had been added (or rejected) all at one temperature, allowing us to treat the cycle as a Carnot cycle operating between these two temperatures. For reversable heat transfer, the average temperature of heat addition is Qin / DS and the average temperature of heat rejection is Qout / DS. For more efficient cycles, we would like to add heat at a higher temperature and reject it at a lower temperature.
Knowing this, let's look at Figure 2 again. In the Rankine cycle, the above equation tells us we are adding heat between states S1 and S2 at an average temperature of about 260 C. The reheat cycle has heat addition from S1 to S2 and again from S5 to S6, also at an average temperature of about 260 C, which doesn't surprise us given the nearly equal efficiencies of the two cycles.
Just looking at the T-s diagram (Figure 2-B) for the reheat cycle, it appears that we might be able to raise this mean temperature by allowing the fluid to leave the turbine at S5 at a higher pressure. Figure 3 shows a sensitivity analysis that confirms the benefit of a higher reheat pressure for improving cycle efficiency.
Figure 3: Rankine Cycle with reheat
Improving Cycle Efficiency with Higher Reheat Pressure
Figure 4: Rankine Cycle with Reheat
and Higher Mean Temperature of Heat Addition
Download the CyclePad design of the original Rankine Cycle with Reheat or the modified Rankine Cycle with Reheat.
Whalley, P.B. 1992. Basic Engineering Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0-19-856255-1
Contributed by: Peter B. Whalley, Kenneth D.
Forbus, M. E. Brokowski
Initial Entry: 9/5/97
Last Edited: 12/9/97
For comments or suggestions please contact firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:2a6d9ee7-1725-46d0-b8af-835bd35e8c3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/thermo/design-library/reheat/rht-eff.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00189-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937559 | 671 | 3.59375 | 4 |
When the Seattle Kraken began play in 2021, their home arena was in some ways both the oldest and the newest in the NHL. Climate Pledge Arena, as it’s now hilariously known, exists under the same heritage-designated roof as the former Key Arena, which itself was a significantly-renovated upgrade from 1962’s Seattle Center Coliseum, originally built for the World’s Fair of that same year.
It was the previous two iterations of the arena that hosted both the NBA’s Supersonics and the WHL’s Thunderbirds. The T-birds moved down the street from the ancient Mercer Arena in 1989, making the Coliseum their permanent home, and then moved out in 2009 when the new ShoWare Center opened in suburban Kent. For those twenty years, the Thunderbirds joined the Hitmen, Oil Kings, Giants, Hamilton Bulldogs, Montreal Rocket, and other junior teams playing in NHL-sized arenas, usually with the upper deck curtained-off and a resulting lack of atmosphere.
From photos, it appears that the Key Arena was poorly-suited to hockey anyway. The building was designed for the NBA first and foremost, which meant that one end of seats had to be removed in order to fit the ice surface in, like America West Arena in Phoenix or the Barclay’s Center in Brooklyn. The center scoreboard was off-centre for hockey as well, hanging roughly over the blue line in one end, and from what I’ve heard atmosphere was poor apart from the biggest games.
Key Arena was demolished in anticipation of the arrival of the Kraken, apart from the famous roof superstructure. In fact, the new arena is mostly underground, a brand new NHL-sized arena that was excavated and built under a mid-century modern roof. I am looking forward to going to a Kraken game in the near future to see it for myself.
What's the Arena Used For Today?
The arena structure that was Key Arena was demolished in 2018, though the roof was preserved as diggers excavated a massive hole underneath it and basically built a new arena from scratch. What exists now, from what I understand, is a brand new arena that still looks the same as the old one from outside. It's home primarily to the Seattle Kraken of the NHL and also hosts the Seattle Redhawks college basketball team and the Seattle Storm WNBA team.
If anything is incorrect or you have something to add, please e-mail me at and I'll update the guide. | <urn:uuid:78dd40bc-7480-47fd-86e3-b0b05f312b2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ohlarenaguide.com/keyarena.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.973384 | 519 | 2.078125 | 2 |
[chicken] El Rgaga (الرقاقه أو المكامير)
El Rgaga (aka Al Makameer) is a traditional dish from the countryside around Daraa, a city in the southwest of Syria near the border with Jordan. When there is a big occasion with many guests, groups of neighbourhood women get together and make a big batch. Many layers of thinly rolled dough are layered with onions caramelized in olive oil and chicken that has been poached in a spiced broth, and then baked until golden and crispy on top. (The name translates as “the chip”, probably referring to the crunchy top layer that absorbs the flavours of the dish). This dish was originally suggested by Majda, so we reached out to Maryam and her daughter-in-law, who are also from Daraa and experts in making it.
[vegetarian] Harraq Esbaoo حراق اصبعو
A very old and well-known dish in Syria, the name translates “burning his finger”. The notion is that the dish is so delicious, that diners can’t resist going for it before it cools, so they burn their fingers. Lentils and fresh, hand-cut pasta are cooked together with spices then mixed with onions, coriander, and a tamarind & pomegranate molasses dressing, then garnished with crispy fried pita croutons, caramelized onions, fresh coriander and fresh pomegranate seeds.
Ok, here’s my stab at Syrian humour:
How did the Syrian hipster burn his fingers?
He ate his Harraq Esbaoo before it was cool.
Salateh Malfouf سلطة ملفوف
A cool, refreshing salad made of chopped cabbage, diced tomatoes and pomegranate seeds, dressed with olive oil, garlic, lemon juice, sumac, and fresh mint.
A crisp, buttery cookie studded with pistachio pieces and covered in sesame seeds, barazek are one of the most famous sweets of Damascus, and a popular gift often brought by people visiting from Syria.
Meals are available for pickup from The Depanneur, 1033 College Street (between Dufferin & Dovercourt) from 6–7pm on Thursday, Oct. 13
foodora sponsors FREE Delivery within 3km radius
Meals go on sale on Tuesday at 7am.
Please indicate “PICKUP” or “DELIVERY” in the Order Notes at the Checkout.
Newcomer Kitchen is a new project that invites groups of Syrian refugee women to use our kitchen to cook traditional Syrian dishes in a fun, social setting. Meals are prepared and packaged, and then sold online for pickup or delivery to pay for all the ingredients and provide an honorarium for the cooks.
We also offer 1 spot to help/hang out in the kitchen, learn the recipes and join the ladies for family meal on Thursday afternoon. We are asking for a $50 donation for this, which will go to topping up the $ we have to share with the cooks. This is available for purchase online, on a first-come, first-served basis.
Proceeds from the sale of meals goes directly to the newcomer cooks. However this does not cover the costs of the enormous amount of behind-the-scenes coordination required to keep this project going. You can support the Newcomer Kitchen project directly and our vision of expanding this model to support more women in more neighbourhoods!
Help us take this idea into any restaurant kitchen, in any city in the world!
Learn more about the Newcomer Kitchen project. | <urn:uuid:67510826-0e4d-4d8a-8d8e-0b63b3f5eeda> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newcomerkitchen.ca/event/newcomer-kitchen-october-13-2/2016-10-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.937221 | 818 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Capt. Theodore "Ted" Williams (Center)
83 years old from Inverness, Florida
VMF-311, Marine Aircraft Group 33 (MAG-33)
August 30, 1918 - July 5, 2002
Everyone knows Ted Williams as one of the greatest Baseball players of all time, but many may not know that he also served his country during W.W.II and Korea. Williams joined the V-5 program to became a Naval aviator after enlisting in the Marine Corps in 1942. He received his pilots wings two years later in 1944. He never saw action as Japan surrendered as he was in Pearl Harbor awaiting orders. He did, however, in the Marine Forces Reserves and was later recalled in to active duty during the Korean War. He flew 39 combat missions before being hospitalized with pneumonia which resulted in the discovery of an inner ear infection that ultimately disqualified him from flight status.
You Can Read More About Williams here and here.
These brave men and women sacrifice so much in their lives just so others may get to enjoy freedom. For that I am proud to call them Hero.
Those Who Say That We're In A Time When There Are No Heroes, They Just Don't Know Where To Look.
This post is part of the Wednesday Hero Blogroll. For more information about Wednesday Hero, or if you would like to post it on your site, you can go here. | <urn:uuid:984b3a70-7422-4d9e-af40-1cb7545603e1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://findalismonkeyinthemiddle.blogspot.com/2011/10/wednesdays-hero-capt-theodore-ted.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00273-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976663 | 286 | 1.9375 | 2 |
But the images of the young girl who lost her father, step-mother and five of her siblings as picnicking families fled a barrage of Israeli shells a week ago have become their own battleground.
Who and what killed the Ghalia family, and badly maimed a score of other people, has been the subject of an increasingly bitter struggle for truth all week amid accusations that a military investigation clearing the army was a cover-up, that Hamas was really responsible and even that the pictures of Huda's grief were all an act.
However, a Guardian investigation into the sequence of events raises new and so far unanswered questions about the Israeli military probe that cleared the army of responsibility. Evidence from hospital records, doctors' testimony and witness accounts challenges the central assertion that the shelling had stopped by the time seven members of the Ghalia family were killed.
In addition, fresh evidence from the US group Human Rights Watch, which offered the first forensic questioning of the army's account, casts doubt on another key claim - that shrapnel taken from the wounded was not from the kind of artillery used to shell Gaza.
The pictures of Huda's traumatic hunt for her father garnered instant sympathy around the world and focused unwelcome attention on Israel's tactic of firing thousands of shells into Gaza over recent weeks, killing more than 20 civilians, to deter Palestinian rocket attacks.
The Israeli prime minister, Ehud Olmert, initially apologised for the killings but the military swiftly realised it was confronting another PR disaster to rival that of the killing of Mohammed al-Dura, the 12-year-old boy who died in his father's arms amid a barrage of gunfire six years ago and became the first iconic victim of the intifada.
The army quickly convened a committee to investigate the deaths on the beach and almost as swiftly absolved itself of responsibility.
The committee acknowledged the army fired six shells on and around Beit Lahia beach from artillery inside Israel. But it said that by coincidence a separate explosion - probably a mine planted by Hamas or a buried old shell - occurred in the same area at about the same time, killing the family.
The army admitted that one of the six shells was unaccounted for but said it was "impossible", based on location and timings, for the sixth shell to have done the killing. The investigation also concluded that shrapnel taken from the wounded was not from artillery.
The military declared its version of events definitive. Others went further and saw a Palestinian conspiracy. An American pro-Israel pressure group, Camera, which seeks to influence media coverage, went so far as to suggest that the film of Huda Ghalia's trauma was faked: "Were the bodies moved, was the girl asked to re-enact her discovery for the camera, was the video staged?"
But the army's account quickly came in for criticism, led by a former Pentagon battlefield analyst, Marc Garlasco, investigating for Human Rights Watch. "You have the crater size, the shrapnel, the types of injuries, their location on the bodies. That all points to a shell dropping from the sky, not explosives under the sand," he said. "I've been to hospital and seen the injuries. The doctors say they are primarily to the head and torso. That is consistent with a shell exploding above the ground, not a mine under it."
Mr Garlasco also produced shrapnel from the site apparently marked as a 155mm shell used by the army that day.
The key part of the military's defence hinged on timings. It says it fired shells toward the beach between 4.30pm and 4.48pm, and that the artillery barrage stopped nine minutes before the explosion that killed the Ghalia family.
The army concluded that the deadly explosion occurred between 4.57pm and 5.10pm based on surveillance of the beach by a drone that shows people relaxing until just before 5pm and the arrival of an ambulance at 5.15pm.
Major General Meir Kalifi, who headed the army's investigation committee, said the nine-minute gap is too wide for Israel to have been responsible for the deaths. "I can without doubt say that no means used by the Israeli defence force during this time period caused the incident," he said.
But hospital records, testimony from doctors and ambulance men and eyewitness accounts suggest that the military has the timing of the explosion wrong, and that it occurred while the army was still shelling the beach.
Palestinian officials also question the timing of video showing people relaxing on the beach just before 5pm if the army, by its own admission, was dropping shells close by.
Several of those who survived the explosion say it came shortly after two or three other blasts consistent with a pattern of shells falling on the beach.
Among the survivors was Hani Asania. When the shelling began, he grabbed his daughters - Nagham, 4, and Dima, 7 - and moved toward his car on the edge of the beach. The Ghalia family was on the sand nearby awaiting a taxi.
"There was an explosion, maybe 500 metres away. Then there was a second, much closer, about two minutes later. People were running from the beach," said Mr Asania. "Maybe two minutes later there was a third shell. I could feel the pressure of the blast on my face it was so strong. I saw pieces of people."
This sequence is backed by others including Huda's brother, Eyham, 20. Annan Ghalia, Huda's uncle, called an ambulance. "We were sitting on the sand waiting for the taxis, the men on one side and the women on the other. The shell landed closer to the girls," he said. "I was screaming for people to help us. No one was coming. After about two minutes I called the ambulance."
The first ambulance took children to the Kamal Odwan hospital. Its registration book records that five children wounded in the blast were admitted at 5.05pm. The book contains entries before and after the casualties from the beach, all of whom are named, and shows no sign of tampering. The hospital's computer records a blood test taken from a victim at 5.12pm. Human Rights Watch said altering the records would require re-setting the computer's clock.
The distance from the beach to the hospital is 6km. Even at speed, the drive through Beit Lahia's crowded back streets and rough roads would not take less than five minutes and would be slower with wounded patients on board.
Dr Bassam al-Masri, who treated the first wounded at Kamal Odwan, said allowing for a round trip of at least 10 minutes and time to load them, the ambulance would have left the hospital no later than 4.50pm - just two minutes after the Israelis say they stopped shelling.
Factoring in additional time for emergency calls and the ambulances to be dispatched, the timings undermine the military's claim that the killer explosion occurred after the shelling stopped.
The first ambulance man to leave another Beid Lahia hospital, the Alwada, and a doctor summoned to work there say they clearly recall the time.
The ambulance driver, Khaled Abu Sada, said he received a call from the emergency control room between 4.45pm and 4.50pm. "I went to look for a nurse to come with me," he said. "I left the hospital at 4.50pm and was at the beach by 5pm."
The Alwada's anaesthetist, Dr Ahmed Mouhana, was woken by a call from a fellow doctor calling him to the hospital. "I looked at the time. That's what you do when someone wakes you up. It was 4.55pm," he said.
Dr Mouhana left for the hospital immediately. "It only takes 10 minutes from my house so I was there by 5.10pm or 5.15pm at the latest. I went to reception and they had already done triage on the children," he said.
If the hospital records and medical professionals are right, then the emergency call from the beach could not have come in much later than 4.45pm, still during the Israeli shelling.
From the number of shells counted beforehand by the survivors, Mr Garlasco believes the killer shell was one the army records as fired at 4.34pm.
A military spokesman, Captain Jacob Dalal, said the army stood by its interpretation. Military investigators said shrapnel taken from Palestinians treated in Israeli hospitals was not from 155mm shells fired that day. "We know it's not artillery," he said. "It could be a shell of another sort or some other device."
The military has suggested that the explosion was rigged by Hamas against possible army landings but Palestinian officials say that would only be an effective strategy if there were a series of mines or Hamas knew exactly where the Israelis would land.
Mr Garlasco said the metal taken from the victims may be detritus thrown up by the explosion or shards from cars. He said shrapnel collected at the site of the explosion by Human Rights Watch and the Palestinian police was fresh and from artillery shells.
The former Pentagon analyst said that after examining a blood-encrusted piece of shrapnel given to him by the father of a 19-year-old man wounded in the beach explosion, he determined it was a piece of fuse from an artillery shell.
"The likelihood that the Ghalia family was killed by an explosive other than one of the shells fired by the Israeli army is remote," he said.
Capt Dalal defended the army's investigation. "We're not trying to cover up anything. We didn't do the investigation to exonerate ourselves. If it was our fire, we'll say it," he said. | <urn:uuid:28552d68-348f-4048-9141-90aef5d7bb1a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jun/17/israel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983258 | 2,010 | 1.507813 | 2 |
St. James Church stands on surely one of the most beautiful locations anywhere! It is located at the top of Dunmanus Bay looking westwards towards the Atlantic ocean. Dunmanus Bay is 16 miles long and runs between the Mizen and Muintir Bhaire peninsulas. The scallop shell is the symbol of St. James denoting his strong bond with the sea, a link which we cherish and continue two millennia later. We celebrated 200 years of worship in this building in 1992 although Christian worship has been conducted in this ancient Irish Parish of Muintir Bhaire since the earliest days of the Celtic Church. The parishioners come from a wide variety of backgrounds. The majority of families have lived in the area for centuries. Some came as Huguenot refugees from France in the seventeenth century. Some were shipwrecked on the rocky coastlines. Others have come more recently from Britain, America and continental Europe, attracted by the outstanding natural beauty and serenity of the area.
The Parish of Durrus was united (combined) with the Parish of Bantry (Kilmocomogue) in 1984 to become the Kilmocomogue Union of Parishes. Later, in 2000 that parish was further united with Beara Union of Parishes. The parishioners are mainly small farmers, many of Huguenot descent. The family names in the Ecclesiastical Records of St. James Church reflect their French origins. Although a small community, we are blessed in so many ways - the wonderful scenery and wonders of God’s creation all about us and chiefly in the mutual friendships, cooperation and wonderful ecumenical community spirit that exists here.
More Detailed History
St. James Church is located in the parish of Durrus and Kilcrohane, now part of Kilmocomogue Union of Parishes. This Union took place finally in 1984 but before that there had been a long association with Kilmocomogue. Records show, for instance, that the parishes of Durrus and Kilcrohane were joined with Kilmocomogue from 1669 until 1792 when the then Rector, John Kenney, requested that a new Church be constructed at Durrus. The reason for this was because the Church was in ruins! Mention is made in historical documents of a Church on this site in 1615 and the then Rector in 1639, Thomas Barnham, attested that the Church was in good order. By 1704, however, the Church is described as standing ‘ about a mile distant from the head of Dunmanus Bay, North East of the Bay. The Church is uncovered, the walls are standing built with good, large square stones and clay ... the patron saint of this parish is Faughnan.’ The Church at Kilcrohane is also described as being in ruins.
Perhaps more importantly, A new church was also needed to help parishioners to attend public worship. Frequently parishioners would have to travel many miles to attend Services with the only means of transport being walking or ‘pony and trap’ for those who could afford it. Many other buildings were licensed for public worship at that time, school houses and the vicarage being typical of the era.
On November 27th 1792, by order of the Lord Lieutenant in Council, the parishes of Kilcrohane, Durrus and Kilmocomogue were divided and the new parish of Durrus and Kilcrohane were created. St. James, Church of Ireland, was built 1792, at a cost of £461 10s. 9.25d.
Unfortunately, that Church was badly built and part of it collapsed. It was rebuilt by a later Rector, the Reverend Henry Jones (1799 - 1805) at his own expense. The Church was enlarges in 1832 and in 1867 the South Aisle was added. From 1792 this parish covered the whole Muintir Bhaire or Sheep’s Head peninsula.
As mentioned, the church in Kilcrohane was in ruins prior to 1701 and two other places of worship, apart from St. James Church, were licensed in the parish - one at Glenlough and the other at Rooska, which is a townland on the north side of the Muintir Bhaire peninsula. Some of the services and sermons at these places of worship were conducted in the Irish language. These were schoolhouses initially but a church was built at Rooska in 1866. Rooska Church was closed in January 1988. | <urn:uuid:d4e2844c-1b29-4f3a-898d-f37bed017f75> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://durrusfete-org.webs.com/st-james-church | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.984779 | 943 | 2.28125 | 2 |
The Utah Seismic Safety Commission publication Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country—Your Handbook for Earthquakes in Utah gives information on earthquake hazards and preparedness, and is available here.
Download a PDF copy.
Pick up a free copy from the Natural Resources Map & Bookstore.
Pick up a free copy from the Utah Division of Emergency Management (1110 State Office Building, Salt Lake City).
Pick up a free copy from your city or county emergency manager (for more information see the government section of your local telephone book). | <urn:uuid:8c5e718e-78c0-48ea-a36f-0e23a7151a27> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://quake.utah.edu/new-news/putting-down-roots-in-earthquake-country | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.817533 | 108 | 1.507813 | 2 |
This week, Charlie looks at what points you should consider when planning for a hurricane.
For the last couple of weeks I have been in the Caribbean, helping a power and water company plan for hurricanes, so I thought I would share what I have learnt. I have done a reasonable amount of hurricane planning before, and have interviewed several people who lived through Hurricane Maria in September 2017, so I know the basics. However, as so often happens in this profession, during my visit I learnt lots more! I think a number of the points I am going to discuss are valid for all incidents, so if hurricanes are not one of your threats there should still be something of interest for you, so read on!
My first point is about planning. One of the advantages (if it possible to use that word) of hurricanes, is that unlike most incidents you have some time to prepare, as you will usually get around 3-4 days’ notice. This is not entirely predictable as the hurricane can change course or strength, but unlike an earthquake, at least you have some time to prepare.
Throughout the Caribbean, I have always been impressed by the level of awareness and planning. Most organisations I have been involved with have a plan and a series of activities they carry out in preparation for the hurricane season. As part of our preparations. we ran an exercise across the whole company to ensure that their plans were coordinated and to help them prepare for the season. Our scenario for the exercise consisted of a category three hurricane, which in this organisation’s plans requires them to shut down their water and power production, in order to protect them from the storm surge and so that all staff can be evacuated from the plant. Their individual plans for each division were detailed and well-thought-out, but they had been prepared in silos and there was little coordination between all the different divisions involved in the shutdown. There was also some confusion on when staff would be sent home before the incoming storm. Would some staff be sent home in the ‘Code Red’ time zone, 12 hours before the storm, or would all staff be sent home prior to ‘Code Red’ starting?
At the end of the exercise we all agreed that what was needed was a project plan which synchronised the activities of the different divisions, prior to the hurricane arriving. Now that a project plan is in place, if a hurricane is forecast, the time it is due to arrive can be put into the project plan as the ‘delivery date’ and all the actions can be seen, with each division knowing when they need to carry out their activities. As well as coordination, we considered the shutdown. It is useful to take a company-wide view of when different divisions are sending staff home. This allows appropriate communication with staff before they are sent home and ensures that staff who are needed in support roles are not sent home too early. Within the timeline, it must also be taken into consideration that staff will need sufficient time to prepare their home and their family before the hurricane arrives. One of the lessons I learnt was to develop a countdown project plan of company-wide activities which need to be carried out before a hurricane arrives.
An example of the timeline we created during the exercise.
During an incident, keeping staff informed of what is going on and the actions they should take is vitally important. Staff confusion on what to do leads to poor staff moral and engagement with the response. One area I can’t remember seeing in any plans is a list of items to brief staff on before they go home or to a shelter to wait for the hurricane’s arrival. This briefing is very important, especially as during Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico all communication lines were destroyed. The company whose staff I interviewed said that it took them three weeks to account for all staff and find out if they were safe. Some staff lived in remote parts of the island which were completely cut off.
The main areas which the staff briefing should cover before they leave, include the following:
- Any preparation they should carry out before they can go home.
- At what point they can leave the site and go home.
- Informing personnel on how to contact the company if normal communication methodologies are down (email, telephone, internet), and how to get updates from the company. This could be via local radio if all other communication channels are unavailable.
- Any advice for protecting themselves and their family from the hurricane.
- What equipment they should take home.
- When they should turn up to work after the hurricane and where they should report to.
- What type of task they might be doing on return to work.
- Whether they should they bring any protective equipment with them on return to work.
- What they should do if they feel they can’t leave their family for fear of looters, or if they need to deal with their own family’s issues before returning to work. As a minimum, they may be asked to get a message to the company to say they are safe and they are not returning to work immediately.
- What help the company will offer to those that need it e.g. food, water, building materials, ice, loans, use of company tools and equipment.
The other area, which is usually less developed in hurricane plans, is recovery after the hurricane. This is made difficult by not knowing what level of damage the hurricane will cause. This can vary from complete devastation and having no water or power for six months to some minor damage. In the recovery phase, there are a few items which seem to be missing from a lot of recovery plans:
- Where and when staff should meet after the hurricane and should this be on site or off site.
- Do you want all staff to report at the same time or do you want to stagger the staff return to enable operational staff to come first and support staff later, after damage assessment has been carried out? Do you have a task for support staff to carry out if they cannot do their normal role?
- How will the damage assessment be carried out, who will do it, do they have the appropriate qualifications to make an assessment and how will the information be collated centrally?
- Who needs to be communicated with in order to inform the status of your company and the impact of the hurricane?
- How do you manage safety of staff after the event and how do you prevent people trying to be ‘heroes’ in responding and clearing up, but at the same time putting themselves at risk? How do you enforce the safety message and supervise staff to ensure safe working?
- How will you deal with volunteers from either staff or the local community, and do you have tasks that they can do?
- Who will collate information from all staff to check they are safe, whether they have any family or personal requirements and what is the status of their home? The company in Puerto Rico did this very effectively and human resources interviewed every member of staff to ascertain their needs and the status of their home and family.
When I am presenting on this subject, I always say you can never be 100% prepared. The next incident is always the one you didn’t anticipate or prepare for, BUT the more you prepare, the more you think through some of the actions you need to carry out and learn from other’s good practice, the better you will be prepared. | <urn:uuid:89d3fe4d-67ab-41a7-919b-4d68b58820aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://planbconsulting.co.uk/knowledge-zone-articles/hurricane-planning-new-learning-points/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.974884 | 1,517 | 1.726563 | 2 |
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Students discuss the importance of decision making and the effect decisions have on their lives. They explore problem solving strategies. To assist students in the thinking process, they observe a guided problem-solving model.
3 Views 35 Downloads | <urn:uuid:e31fdcc8-81de-46c2-9354-a3af6462ffe6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/lesson-plan-participation-in-decision-making | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00192-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880885 | 104 | 3.546875 | 4 |
MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA
DREAMS & FUTURES
1. Briefly describe the structure of your program.
In 1996 the Mountain View Police Department, along with Foothill College, Mountain View School District, Whisman School District and 25 other community organizations and local businesses, began a pilot gang prevention program in the City of Mountain View. Called Dreams & Futures, the program targets 70-90 fourth- to seventh-grade students for participation in a two-week summer program focused on building positive self-esteem, providing children with the skills and opportunities needed to succeed, and assisting them in developing a sense of community within the larger society.
Dreams & Futures was conceived as a gang prevention effort to serve children that fall into a higher risk category for gang involvement, and features academic, athletic and enrichment components designed to give support and guidance needed to find alternatives to gang involvement.
The academic component consists of five hours daily of basic writing skills and computer awareness at a local school. Summer school teachers are contracted to provide the curriculum. The athletic component consists of two, week-long sports camps (soccer and basketball) lasting two hours a day. The enrichment component is implemented after the summer program. It is designed to get the children involved in activities throughout the school year, such as basketball and soccer leagues, community involvement activities like the Mayorís Youth Conference, community clean up programs, and Thanksgiving food give-away programs, to name a few.
2. When was the program created and why?
Like many cities in California, Mountain View has been faced with increasing youth gang activity ranging from graffiti to shootings in recent years. This increase was most notable in 1992, with an 18 percent increase in gang-related cases, followed by a 27 percent increase in 1993, and a 9 percent increase in 1994. Along with increases of gang-related cases, the level of violence and increased injuries due to gang activity were rising as well. As the numbers of gang members and gang violence grew, the City created a gang officer position to begin addressing these issues, but it was quickly learned that gang suppression efforts alone would not be enough to address the growing problem. Intervention and prevention components were needed, and the Dreams & Futures program was initiated in the summer of 1996 as the centerpiece of Mountain Viewís prevention efforts.
3. How do you measure the programís effectiveness?
Initial tracking of children who have participated in the program through local police records and school records have shown dramatic results in the reduction of gang activity. Actual criminal statistics have shown an overall reduction of over 50 percent over the past two years, going from 80-plus gang-related cases annually (excluding graffiti) to 39. Also, over half of the children who attended the first two years of the program went on to junior high school, and the schools attended by Dreams & Futures participants tracked these students for gang activity and related problems such as truancy or behavioral problems and, as of this date, no negative reports have been received.
In addition to the gang prevention aspects, a second benefit of the program has been the long-term, "one on one" relationships developed between the police officers and kids. These relationships continue throughout the year, with Dreams & Futures-sponsored sporting activities, field trips, program and sport participation scholarships, and community programs.
Also important to note is that roughly half of the participants were actively involved in the Mountain View Mayors Youth Conference, several assisted in the Thanksgiving Food Bank Program, and some Dreams & Futures alumni became part of YMCA-sponsored basketball teams.
4. How is the program financed?
The first year of the Dreams & Futures program was completely funded by community donations and volunteers, including 25 Mountain View police officers who donated their off-duty time to ensure the programís success. The only paid staff member was the gang officer, who spent the equivalent of 160 hours of staff time in program development and implementation. In its second year, Dreams & Futures received $13,000 in Title 7 funding from the two school districts and $9,000 from the City of Mountain View, and the program was expanded from 45 students to over 70. As the program has progressed and community recognition has increased, enough donations have been received to fully fund the third year of the program without relying on school or city funding.
5. How is the community involved in the program, if at all? How has the community responded to the program?
Over forty local businesses and community-based organizations donate funds, products, lunches and time to the program. Local restaurants and Price Costco donated over seven hundred lunches for the children during the summer program. Donated sports equipment enabled officers to put either a brand new basketball or new soccer ball in each childís hands at the end of the summer program. In addition, for the past two years, each child has been provided with a backpack filled with school supplies for the next school year.
Foothill College provided an instructor and facilities for the academic component, college souvenir shirts for the children as well as a bus and part-time driver during the first year of the program. The Mountain View and Whisman School districts assist with the recruitment, educational component, and transportation of the children to the field trips, and Mountain View middle schools now provide instructors for the program. Finally, in the first year 25 Mountain View police officers and department personnel donated time in their off-duty hours to assist as coaches for sports camps, instructors for some of the academic components, and in the daily operation of the program. In years two and three, over 40 police officer volunteered off-duty time to become coaches, chaperons for field trips and mentors. Community support in both financial and volunteer support for the program has been outstanding.
6. Contact person:
The United States Conference of Mayors
J. Thomas Cochran, Executive Director
Copyright © 1999, US Conference of Mayors, All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:37415210-dd3f-4b9d-a418-3e970521d5f4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://usmayors.org/bestpractices/bp98/09_1998_Preventing_School_Violence131.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00523-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968013 | 1,212 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Stefan Rier’s alpine abode offers breathtaking views of the Dolomites
DEC 23, 2019 | By Martina Hunglinger
Growing up in northern Italy, architect Stefan Rier, partner of Italian studio NOA architects, spent many winters of his childhood playing with his friends in the village’s hay barns. This nostalgic setting with open spaces and exposed wooden beams inspired his own home—a contemporary version of a hay barn, built 3,444 ft above sea level. Rier gave it contemporary architecture and a fantastic, surrealistic world that combines his idea of “Stefan in Wonderland” and Jacque Tati’s French film Mon Oncle.
It also reflects his playful and humorous attitude towards life: two black (plastic) monkeys swing through the large space on pendant lamps and a whole colony of white mice dance on the exposed beams and sills. “At one point, I was asked by my wife Steffi, who has a more grounded approach to interior decoration, to restrain myself and not go too wild,” says Rier. So, Rier employed geometric patterned fabric that covers the large suspended cubes, laser cut metal for the staircase and relief tiles that cover most of the kitchen and bathroom.
He chose an unexpected palette of blue, turquoise and petrol for this mountain home. “By selecting traditional materials such as wood, stone and felt in various tints of blue, I combined the two worlds in which I grew up,” explains Rier, referring to his childhood in the alpine region of South Tyrol and his younger days in other parts of Italy and the Mediterranean.
Staying true to the building typology of the area, Stefan opted for an outer shell, which respects the genius loci, while fashioning the interiors in a contemporary style. The large, floor to ceiling glass facade creates a sense of openness and allows stunning views of the mountains and the valley to the south. He designed the building with a stone plinth for the lower levels that house the garage and the guest apartment, while a timber frame construction on top contains the private quarters of the homeowner. Aside from the three secluded cubes that hang in the wooden framework and accommodate the bedrooms, there is a continuous connection to the main floor with its living room and kitchen.
Borrowing from ancient settlements to Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater house, the fireplace is quite literally the hearth and heart of Rier’s house. It is a significant space for socialising, cooking and eating. The top floor—the best spot to appreciate breathtaking views of the Dolomites—is dedicated to the sauna and an outdoor terrace with a whirlpool. “It is a fun, playful space that evokes positive sensations, which we are so lucky to experience daily,” concludes Rier. | <urn:uuid:d1e58c93-3ccc-43da-b3fd-c72542074df1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://elledecor.in/article/architect-stefan-riers-alpine-abode-brings-to-mind-a-warm-and-cosy-barn-albeit-a-tastefully-appointed-one-with-endearing-eclectic-elements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.952025 | 595 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Deliverable 4.7 Guidelines on how to improve the risk - RISE
The key point about PPM is that it tells you how many “units” of substance A you have for every million units of the This unit of concentration can be expressed a number of ways but the true definition of ppm is shown on the right. Another way of expressing ppm is the number Define the concentration units of mass percentage, volume percentage, mass- volume percentage, parts-per-million (ppm), and parts-per-billion (ppb); Perform ppm (parts per million): In NMR spectroscopy, the units of the chemical shift scale . Signals in thisH-NMR spectrum of 2-methoxybutane lie between 0.0 and 4.0 Parts per million is the molar mass, volume or mass ratio between the pollutant component and the solution. ppm is defined as.
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2. Percent, ppm, ppb, and ppt page 2 Revised by D Lingner, 11/23/2009 In chemistry, it's more like this: you have a 150 gram sample and you figure out that it contains 0.00006 grams of gold. To express this in %, ppm, and ppb, you do the same sort of calculation as above and it … ppm (or ppm m) is used to measure the concentration of a contaminant in soils and sediments.In that case 1 ppm equals 1 mg of substance per kg of solid (mg/kg). ppm (or ppmm) is also sometimes used to describe small concentrations in water, in which case 1 ppm is equivalent to 1 mg/l because a liter of water weighs approximately a 1000 g. Concentration PPM abbreviation meaning defined here. What does PPM stand for in Concentration?
Contamination analysis of the landfill Rösaberg inerta massor
b) it is one gram of solute per million grams of sample solution. Notice that the more general word 'part' is used above, but 'gram' is used in (a) and (b) just above.
Atmospheric corrosion of Mg and MgAl alloys - CORE
Y [ppm]. Nb [ppm] geological meaning of these lower intercept ages is not yet clear. Water-supply - Swedish translation, definition, meaning, synonyms, It plays a part in regulating the chemistry of our atmosphere and water supply. If the water supply is fluoridated at the level of 1 ppm, one must consume one litre of water (organic chemistry) The property of organic compounds which have at least one conjugated ring of relative to the nutritive or aromatic constituents are colours within the meaning of this Regulation; Aromatisk restmonomer ≤ 50 ppm.
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g.m-3. CO2. Carbon dioxide ppm aspects, which means that it can produce incorrect numerical solutions if one of the four optional mean characteristics; PRM provided comparable and at its best, superior accuracy in volume characteristics compared with PPM. Effects of clear-cutting and slash removal on soil water chemistry and forest-floor Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Articles, Vol. 138, No. 1 20 mSv a"1 as an average over defined periods of 5 years (ICRP, 1991). In radiation ämnet, som också kan anges i gram eller ppm . Får man det meant by ingoing substances is a standard text within all chemical preservatives to 100 ppm per preservative, this means that you can use up The InLab OptiOx™ requires no polarization time, meaning you can start your measurement immediately.
A 20 ppm concentration means 20 parts of solute dissolved for every 1,000,000 parts of
Formaldehyde means the chemical substance, HCHO, Chemical Abstracts 0.75 parts formaldehyde per million parts of air (0.75 ppm) as an 8-hour TWA.
20 Aug 2014 For example, 1,000ppm of CO2 means that if you could count a million gas molecules, 1,000 of them would be of carbon dioxide and 999,000
Temporary hardness in ppm of `CaCO_3=500-200=300ppm` Get Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Maths Solutions Calculate the mean, variance and standard deviation for the following distribution:Class 30-40 40-50 50-60
The first chapter of this thesis introduces dynamic covalent chemistry and a NOESY. Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy ppm. Parts Per Million.
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The MC-306 exists in a 20 ppm and a 50 ppm version. For the 20 ppm version this means that the frequency will be between 32.7673 kHz (32.768 - 20 ppm, or x 0.999980) and 32.7687 kHz (32.768 + 20 ppm, or x 1 Calculate mass errors (in ppm) and m/z values based upon molecular formula Coronavirus (Covid-19): Latest updates and information Skip to main content Skip to navigation Get PPM full form and full name in details. Visit to know long meaning of PPM acronym and abbreviations.
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PPB (Parts per Billion) is commonly used unit of concentration for very small values. 1 PPB is one part of solute per one billion parts solvent. PPM as Percentage: 2020-02-02 PPM (Parts per million) is a measurement used today by many customers to measure quality performance. Definition: One PPM means one (defect or event) in a million or 1/1,000,000 There was a time when you were considered a pretty good supplier when your defect rate was less than 1%, (10,000 PPM), then the expectation was increased to 0.1% or 1,000 PPM. Seeing ppm or mg/L on a lab report means the same thing. One ppm is equivalent to the absolute fractional amount multiplied by one million. A better way to think of ppm is to visualize putting four drops of ink in a 55-gallon barrel of water and mixing it thoroughly.
Our AI work enables research teams to extract meaning from raw ppm – Parts per million. PM – Particulate matter decommissioning within the nuclear industry, both of which could mean higher costs for decontamination the hot chemistry lab – will be released from radiological controls. As stated above av B Lundell — uppfyller denna definition kan implementeras av programvaruprojekt som Lars-Göran Berglund, IT-chef på PPM.' Woelfle, M., Olliaro, P. & Todd, M. (2011) Open science is a research accelerator, Nature Chemistry,. Vol. ments are released depends on the chemical and mineralogical com- position of the av innovationskritiska metaller och mineral behövs en definition av utnyttja om uranhalten i gruvan överstiger 1 000 ppm eftersom den. | <urn:uuid:4b1749e6-0b43-4a29-b8eb-4be24fafe449> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lonwdgr.web.app/36972/39135.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.804206 | 1,729 | 3.453125 | 3 |
This page draws together several pieces of guidance to help with teaching and learning online.
- How to use a phone to scan handwritten maths and email it as a pdf
- Suggestions on digitally marking students' work
- Recording lectures and presentations with Panopto (with suggestions for Windows/Mac, Linux, phone, tablet)
- How to schedule a teaching session or meeting in Microsoft Teams
- Tips on teaching and learning in Microsoft Teams: see below
- Options for handwriting maths when teaching and learning online (on paper/device/virtual whiteboard): see links on left
There is more information about teaching remotely from the Oxford Centre for Teaching and Learning. At the national level, TALMO (Teaching and Learning Maths Online) has organised several events, and recordings of some of the talks are available online, as are helpful suggestions of resources for teaching and learning maths online.
Using Teams for online teaching and learning
Here are some tips that we hope will improve your experience of teaching and learning online using Microsoft Teams.
If you are a student and are concerned about your ability to participate in an online teaching session, perhaps because of personal circumstances, time zone differences, or access to technology or internet, please contact someone suitable (such as your college tutor or the person teaching the session) beforehand. Everyone involved in teaching and learning this term will need to be flexible and to try to accommodate individual circumstances.
If you are teaching, please make sure students know how you would prefer them to contact you (via email, through Teams, etc). It might in some contexts be appropriate to offer a one-to-one meeting with individual students beforehand, to answer any questions and to explain the arrangements in more detail.
Before starting it is well worth reading the the University policy statement on Video Enabled Collaboration Software.
Please download the relevant version of Teams for your operating system. Please make sure you start it and login by typing in your Oxford email address first and then using single sign-on. If you try to join any meetings before you have logged in, you will miss out on some features.
It is possible to use Teams within some browsers, but for best results please download Teams if you can. Some features work less well (or not at all) in the browser. If possible, please use a computer/laptop, possibly with an addition of an iPad for presentations/annotations. There are also versions for tablets and phones, but they do not have all the functionality of the desktop version and it will be a better experience for the other participants if you are using a stationary device that does not move around.
If you haven’t used Teams before, consider having a short practice beforehand, to explore the features and make sure you are comfortable with them.
Scheduling and joining a teaching session
If you are the teacher, then you will either need to do this yourself (for college teaching), following the department's instructions, or it will be done by the Academic Admin team (for intercollegiate classes and consultation sessions).
Please note: If you do not schedule a meeting or use the "Meet now" button in calendar, but do an ad-hoc video call through the Chats instead, it will lead to reduced functionality (eg no whiteboard, less functional screen sharing etc)
If you are a student, then you will receive a link in an email, which you can use to join the meeting.
Everyone is encouraged to try to join about 5 minutes before the scheduled start time, in case of any technological glitches.
You can choose to blur your background on the Windows and Mac versions of Teams. This will be offered via a toggle switch when you click on the joining link to the meeting, and you can choose it as an option during a meeting (on the horizontal bar on the middle of the screen, choose the ... to see more options).
During a teaching session
You will need to experiment to find what works best in your particular context. There is separate information with tips for writing maths in real time during an online teaching session (see the links on the left-hand side of this page).
- Discuss the ‘etiquette’ for this particular teaching session, and make sure everyone is comfortable with the conventions you will use. For example, if someone wants to speak, should they indicate this in the chat panel (to avoid people talking over each other)?
- Review the technology everyone is using. If the group haven’t met before, it would be good to start by asking each person to introduce themselves, and at the same time this will check their microphone. Even if everyone already knows each other, it is still helpful for everyone to say hello and check in.
- Whilst the meeting should be setup correctly in advance by specifying a presenter, if you want to add or remove presenters you can click the "Show Participants" icon in the meeting toolbar and right click the relevant participant to make them a presenter (or make them an attendee, ie remove their presenting rights).
- Everyone should mute themselves when they are not talking. This significantly reduces intrusive echoing. When it’s your turn to speak, unmute yourself – and remember to mute yourself again when you’ve finished. Meeting organisers or presenters can mute everyone else, though individuals can unmute themselves.
- Within Teams, it is possible to “pin” a video, meaning that you always see that video. (Otherwise you see the most recent speaker(s).) In a teaching session, it can be helpful for all the students to “pin” the video of the tutor. To do this please open the participants list from the meeting toolbar, click on the "three dots" near the relevant participant and click "Pin".
- Within a Teams meeting, there is a chat panel. To open this, choose the Chat icon from the horizontal bar across the screen. It can be useful for everyone to monitor the chat bar during the session. Note that everything in the chat bar will be visible to all those with the joining link for the meeting, so be cautious if the information is confidential.
- The chat panel can be a good place for people to contribute to the discussion, and allows many people to contribute at the same time (for example, all students in a teaching session can answer a question simultaneously).
- Within a Teams session, participants can raise a hand using the icon on the horizontal bar. This will be visible to all participants. Participants need to remember to put their hand down at the appropriate time.
It can be helpful to pause during a teaching session, to give longer for people to write comments and suggestions in the chat bar.
- Sometimes you might have a question that everyone can consider and then answer in the chat bar (whether a multiple choice question or one requiring short answers) - this can help more people to share answers/ideas than is possible with people speaking.
- If your internet connection is limited, or your connection is struggling, try turning off your video, so that others can hear but not see you. Often uploading video (of yourself) is more problematic than downloading video (of others). Turning off your own video can sometimes improve the audio quality.
- Teams includes options for some categories of participant to share a screen or a whiteboard. If you are going to share your screen, consider closing all unnecessary windows/tabs beforehand, to avoid distractions (or indiscretion).
- If you are sharing your screen, say when you are sharing and when you aren’t, to get feedback from others on whether they are seeing what you want them to see.
- Consider having students email the tutor before the session to highlight questions/topics/points they particularly want to discuss during the session, to help with planning and making sure students’ priorities are clear.
- Online teaching sessions can feel more intense and tiring than face-to-face small group teaching. If your session is quite long, consider having a short break partway through.
- You must not record a teaching session without the informed consent of everyone involved. Typically there is no need to record an online session, just as typically there is no need to record a face-to-face session. If you are a student with permission from the Disability Advisory Service to record teaching sessions, then you may do whatever recording is permitted by your usual arrangements, though you will have to inform other meeting participants that they will be recorded. If you are a teacher and think that there is some exceptional reason why you should record a teaching session, please contact Academic Admin <@email> for advice about the practical and legal steps you need to take.
- Please remember to take active steps to include everyone in the discussion, whether or not they are participating using video/audio. Perhaps you can monitor the chat bar during the teaching session. Perhaps you can build in more/longer pauses than usual, to give people enough opportunity to comment or to ask a question. Please try to be inclusive, and to be sensitive to individual needs and circumstances.
At the end of a teaching session
- Newer versions of MS Teams have an "End meeting" option under the three-dot "Advanced options" menu. Selecting that ensures that the meeting is ended for all participants at the same time.
- If the tutor writes during the tutorial, perhaps on the screen or on paper, then it would be a good idea to send round a pdf of the notes afterwards, in case students experience any technical difficulties and to save students having to copy everything during the session. You could upload a pdf of the notes in the chat for the session, to share the notes with participants.
- Consider having a brief group discussion at the end of the session, or just afterwards, about what worked well, and what you would like to try doing differently next time. | <urn:uuid:0b7a8891-e3c5-4228-8959-8d5ba4a9eafe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/members/teaching-staff/teaching-remotely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.933158 | 2,027 | 2.5 | 2 |
WASHINGTON (AP) - The government should act to increase competition within the airline industry but not in the way the Transportation Department plans to do it, says a new report to Congress.
In a study commissioned by the department, the National Research Council, said Friday that steps should include dropping flight restrictions at popular airports in New York, Chicago and Washington and creating special "congestion fees" that would raise extra money for gate and terminal construction.
In addition, the council said the federal government should end prohibitions against foreign investment in and ownership of U.S. airlines. Doing so "could result in more seed money for start-up carriers, putting them in a stronger position to compete for customers," the council said in a statement issued with the report.
The report stems from efforts by both the department and Congress to improve airline competition to send more flights to small and medium-size communities and to reduce air fares throughout the system.
Last year, amid allegations that major airlines were squashing discount rivals, Transportation Secretary Rodney Slater proposed guidelines to determine if airlines were engaging in unfair practices. The airlines panned the proposal and, after debate, Congress asked instead for a new assessment of competition.
The Transportation Department had no immediate response to the report.
John Meenan of the Air Transport Association, a trade group representing the nation's major airlines, said the group had not yet seen the report.
The National Research Council is the principal operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences, which provides advice on science and technology under a congressional charter. The council last studied airline competition in 1991.
The new committee's 11 members include Alfred Kahn, a Cornell University economics professor who has been dubbed "the father of airline deregulation" for his work in the 1970s.
In its report, the committee unanimously agreed that the Transportation Department's proposed competition guidelines were "flawed."
In April 1998, the department promised to block airline actions, taken in response to new competition, that officials deemed unreasonable. Such a policy, the committee said, "could lead to regulations that would stifle competition more than encourage it."
Committee members split over remedies. Some favored having the department more aggressively enforce existing laws against tactics aimed solely at driving out competition. Others favored having the Justice Department take the lead.
The panel said the Transportation Department should try to "steer air traffic away from the nation's busiest airports and toward secondary airports in major cities. ... A recommended tool to achieve this is a system that would charge airlines fees for using congested airports during peak periods."
Such fees, the committee said, would provide revenue for airport construction and reduce delays caused by overcrowded gates. New gates also would break the grip that dominant airlines have on existing gates.
The committee said limits on takeoffs and landings in Chicago, New York and Washington airports, as well as a 1,250-mile limit on the length of flights to and from Reagan National Airport in Washington, are barriers to competition by new airlines.
Airlines also received criticism. The committee complained that carriers that give bonus commissions to travel agents who steer business to them can inhibit consumer access to the lowest fares.
It also said the Transportation Department should consider rules to govern how flights are displayed in computer reservations systems so every airline has an equal chance for business.
Airline stocks were mixed Friday. AMR Corp. AMR, -6.74% parent of American, fell 1 5/16 to 64 7/8. Southwest LUV, +0.33% rose 1/2 to 18 1/2. UAL Corp. UAL, -1.71% parent of United, fell 9/16 to 63 7/16. Northwest nwac lost 1 to 32 1/8. | <urn:uuid:7b141062-e615-4bc8-a55d-8beeead3e4c9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.marketwatch.com/story/report-offers-ways-to-boost-airline-competition | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719416.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00365-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963463 | 763 | 1.976563 | 2 |
(CNSNews.com) – While other nations’ opinions of the U.S. “improved markedly” in 2009 in response to Barack Obama’s presidency, America’s favorability rating has tumbled in Mexico, apparently because of Arizona’s new immigration law, a new survey concludes.
The Pew Research Center’s annual Global Attitudes Project gauges how the United States and President Obama are perceived both at home and abroad. The 172-page report was unveiled at the National Press Club on Thursday.
This year’s report includes a follow-up survey of Mexicans, conducted after Arizona passed a law allowing police to check a person’s immigration status if that person is stopped for some other valid reason. The Arizona law mirrors federal law, but nevertheless it has drawn sharp criticism from illegal immigrants and those who support amnesty or a “pathway to citizenship.”
Pew’s follow-up survey -- 800 Mexicans were questioned before the Arizona law was passed and 500 after it passed -- found that “only 44% of Mexicans gave the U.S. a favorable rating after the signing of the [Arizona] bill, compared with 62% who did so before the bill passed.”
The survey concludes that Mexican “resentment” of Arizona’s new immigration law “is fueling a backlash against the U.S., the American people, and even against President Obama, who has publicly criticized the measure.”
However, when CNSNews.com asked for more details on the May follow-up survey in Mexico, Andrew Kohut, president of the Pew Research Center and director of the Global Attitudes Project, responded that Pew had once again asked a generic question about how Mexicans rate the United States – “the same questions that we asked” in April, he said.
“There were some follow-up questions about (the Arizona) law, Kohut added, “but they are not considered” in the global attitudes report.
As noted above, 62 percent of the Mexicans interviewed from April 14-20 had a positive view of the U.S., compared with just 44 percent of those interviewed between May 1-6, after the Arizona law was passed.
“The inference that we can draw from that is, there’s a backlash in the United States as a consequence of this (Arizona) law,” Kohut told CNSNews.com.
Richard Wike, associate director of the Pew Global Attitude Project, said the follow-up survey in Mexico did include some questions about the Arizona law: “We asked some questions about how people heard about the law and asked people to rate certain leaders on how they’re dealing with the law. Some of that, you can see in this report … there’s a little bit of that in this report,” Wike said.
For example, the global attitudes report notes that nearly two-thirds (65%) of Mexicans surveyed after the Arizona law’s enactment had heard of the new law; 23% had heard a lot about it; and around 25% had not heard of it.
“When asked how leaders on both sides of the border are handling the controversial new measure, Mexicans generally offer negative assessments,” the report says. “In particular, (Arizona) Gov. (Jan) Brewer gets poor marks – 75% disapprove of the way she has dealt with the law. And even though U.S. President Barack Obama has criticized the new law, a majority of Mexicans (54%) disapprove of the way he has handled the crisis,” the report says.
Pew says its follow-up survey asked Mexicans about the Arizona law after asking them once again for their overall favorability rating of the United States.
Although Mexico’s view of the U.S. has turned negative, that is not the case in Western Europe, where the United States is looked on favorably because of Obama’s leadership, the Pew survey said.
“Driven by President Obama’s popularity in the region, favorable ratings for the U.S. in Western Europe soared between 2008 and 2009, and in this year’s poll attitudes remain overwhelmingly positive in Britain, France, Germany and Spain,” the report says.
The Pew Research Center, which calls itself a non-partisan “fact tank,” has conducted the Global Attitudes Project since 2001.
Following is the transcript of CNSNews.com’s questions to Kohut and his response, as well as the response from Richard Wike, associate director of the Pew Global Attitude Project.
CNSNews.com: Can you give us more details on the special follow up poll when you asked about the Arizona law, as far as polling in Mexico? I was curious about how you posed that question and the methodology of getting that polling on the Arizona law.
Kohut: Sure, what we did was a follow up interview; a small national sample. The questions posed were the same questions that we asked prior to the interview. There were some follow-up questions about this law, but they are not considered in this report. What we were looking at (was) the pre-, post-reaction to the United States…
CNSNews.com: So the question wasn’t specifically asked about the Arizona law? You just did the widespread poll to see if it changed, pre- and post?
Kohut: That’s right.
CNSNews.com: So you did not at all ask about the Arizona law?
Kohut: We did ask questions about the Arizona law, but they’re not in this report.
Wike: We asked some questions about how people heard about the law and asked people to rate certain leaders on how they’re dealing with the law. Some of that, you can see in this report … there’s a little bit of that in this report.
CNSNews.com: I guess the question I wanted to get answered is, how that law was asked (about)?
Kohut: The most important thing here is not how that question was asked about the … Arizona law—(It’s) that we did a survey completely comparable on the view of the United States, without any reference to the Arizona law, we got a big difference. The inference that we can draw from that is there’s a backlash in the United States as a consequence of this law. | <urn:uuid:25d99177-6eca-4f63-85a9-c267a9fe0fce> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/mexico-s-view-us-worsens-after-passage-arizona-immigration-law-says-global-attitudes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00194-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972288 | 1,359 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Dante Gabriel Rossetti.
Arthur's Tomb: The Last Meeting of Lancelot and Guinevere.
1854. Watercolour on paper. British Museum, London, UK. More.
Arthur’s Tomb: The Last Meeting of Launcelot and Guinevere.
Sir Lancelot, a knight of King Arthur, and Guinevere, the wife of the king, are two of the main characters of the medieval legends about King Arthur and his knights. The subject was inspired by Malory’s ‘Morte d’Arthur
’: after the death of Arthur the Queen retired to a nunnery and rejected Lancelot. Rossetti invented another episode: the repentant Queen repulses Launcelot’s attempt to kiss her over late husband's tomb. The apple tree and the snake, creeping out of the grass are clear references to the biblical Fall of Man. This picture inspired the poem of the same title by William Morris:
Across my husband's head, fair Launcelot!
Fair serpent mark’d with V upon the head!
This thing we did while yet he was alive,
Why not, O twisting Knight, Now he is dead? | <urn:uuid:f5293270-4ae0-42a6-9cf6-e1e53e503490> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.abcgallery.com/R/rossetti/rossetti7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718278.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00239-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919676 | 251 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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Aggression and Violent Behavior, A Review Journal is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes substantive and integrative reviews, as well as summary reports of innovative ongoing clinical research programs on a wide range of topics germane to the field of aggression and violent behavior. Papers encompass...Read more
Aggression and Violent Behavior, A Review Journal is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes substantive and integrative reviews, as well as summary reports of innovative ongoing clinical research programs on a wide range of topics germane to the field of aggression and violent behavior. Papers encompass a large variety of issues, populations, and domains, including homicide (serial, spree, and mass murder: sexual homicide), sexual deviance and assault (rape, serial rape, child molestation, paraphilias), child and youth violence (firesetting, gang violence, juvenile sexual offending), family violence (child physical and sexual abuse, child neglect, incest, spouse and elder abuse), genetic predispositions, and the physiological basis of aggression.
Manuscripts that articulate disparate orientations will be welcomed, given that this journal will be cross-disciplinary and cross-theoretical. Indeed, papers will emanate from numerous disciplines, psychology, psychiatry, criminology, criminal justice, law, sociology, anthropology, genetics, social work, ethology, and physiology.
Papers describing the study of aggression in normal, criminal, and psychopathological populations are acceptable. Reviews of analog investigations of aggression and animal models will be considered if the contribution is likely to lead to significant movement in the field. The emphasis, however, will be on innovativeness of presentation and clarity of thinking.
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- Protective Factors in Forensic and Correctional Practice Clare-Ann Fortune | Tony Ward
- U.S. Marshals Service and FBI Michael L. Bourke | Tia Hoffer
- Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Youth Violence: Facts, Prevention, and Intervention Izabela Zych | Rosario Ortega-Ruiz | ...
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Advertising On the Internet
By Stan Gelber CEO Healthlinks.net
Healthlinks receives many inquiries from sites wanting to advertise on the Internet so I thought I would spend some time discussing this important aspect of e-commerce.1. How does it work?
There are several ways to advertise on the Internet, they include the payment of a fee to get your site a higher rating on some search engines, the placement of logos next to your listing, becoming an affiliate partner and the placement of banner ads. For this article, I want to focus on affiliations and banner ads.a. Affiliations.
Affiliations are a good way to advertise your products and services on the Internet because they normally do not cost you anything up front. Fees are usually in the form of a percentage of sales (these can range from 1% to 15% of the product or service costs). You will however need to setup tracking software and provide reports to each web site you have an affiliation with. Affiliations are a good way to get exposure however many web sites will not participate in affiliation deals unless you have a well recognized established organization and products in demand.
2. Banner Ads
Banner Ads are probably the most common form of advertising on the Internet. Most commercial sites sell banner advertising space (a banner is a 460x68 pixel gif or jpg graphic you create). Fees are usually based on the number of times your banner is shown (this is called an impression) and can range from a high of $100.00 per thousand impressions to a low of $10.00 per thousand impressions. Impressions are normally purchased in blocks (10,000 to 100,000), the more your purchase, the lower the cost per thousand. Another way to purchase banner ad space is by the clicks method. In the click method, you pay the banner advertiser for each click you receive (.05 to .15 cents per click) however very few sites are willing to use this method unless you have a very good set of products or services.2. The Benefits of Advertising
Banner advertising is an inexpensive way to get your message out to a very large global audience. Your return on investment is comparable to both print and television advertising relative to the costs of the ad. Click through rates on your banner will vary however can range from a low of .050% to a high of 14% depending on where your advertise (targeted audience Vs general audience) and your product and/or services.
For an example of Healthlinks.net banner advertising rates please visit http://www.healthlinks.net/adrates.html | <urn:uuid:541cafdc-5b97-404e-906b-36be37fb1818> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.healthlinks.net/archive/advertising.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00401-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946245 | 532 | 1.546875 | 2 |
What is a Tariff
In its simplest form, a tariff is government-imposed duties or taxes on goods as they cross the border into their country. When trying to sell and ship products to customers located in other countries, you’ll have to pay a certain amount of tariffs to get that product across the border and into that customer’s hands.
Why Do Governments Impose Tariffs
There are several reasons why countries impose tariffs on foreign imports. One of the key reasons is to protect domestic industries. By making imported products more expensive, consumers in that country will opt to buy products made within their country. Another reason is to collect raise government revenue from imports which can then be used for domestic affairs like building new infrastructure. Tariffs can also be used to impose political leverage on another country depending on who is in office at what time in each country.
How Much Do Tariffs Cost
The cost of tariffs your e-commerce business will have to pay when sending packages to different countries will depend on the country and the type of item your specifically trying to ship. It may also depend on the political situation within that country you’re trying to ship to. The person in office at the time could raise tariffs on the country your shipping from in order to increase revenue or make a political statement.
Tariffs vs. Customs Duties vs. Taxes
While all of these costs are associated with shipping to a foreign country, each serves a different purpose and is imposed in a different way.
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(MHADRI) aims to advance evidence-informed global migration health policies and practices that will improve the health and wellbeing of people and communities affected by migration.
The Migration Health and Development Research Initiative
The network aims to develop an international community of practice focused on the generation of quality, ethical, and rights-based research to inform the development of policy and programming to improve the health and wellbeing of people on the move. Through the MHADRI network, we hope to offer opportunities for improved collaborative and comparative research approaches, and for dissemination and public engagement of findings with multiple stakeholders. Membership represents multiple actors, including academics and researchers based in civil society organisations who work with migrant groups. Ensuring that the voices of migrants are included in the network’s activities is central to our approach.
Active researchers, from any discipline and organisational background – including early career researchers, graduate students and NGO-based researchers – currently working on researching any aspect(s) of the relationship between migration and health are invited to join the network. Any person who has or is currently undertaking research on advancing knowledge on any aspect(s) of the relationship between migration and health is eligible to be MHADRI network member, especially researchers based in Global South contexts, from developing nations or those classified as low-income, lower-middle-income or upper-middle-income countries.
COVID-19 Resources: Publications | Evidence Portal | Bibliometric Analysis
Repository of Research Publications on COVID-19 and Migration Health
A repository of research publications and high-yield evidence briefs
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For all the people suffering from bone loss, did you know that calcium requires magnesium in order to be utilized by the body? Magnesium by its self doesn’t need calcium to function in the body. Calcium should never be taken without magnesium if you are supplementing just calcium you are actually reducing the amount of magnesium in the body which can be a bad thing. Few people realize the importance of the mineral magnesium. Magnesium influences many of the body’s processes such as digestion, energy production, muscle function, bone formation, creation of new cells, activation of B vitamins, relaxation of muscles and helps in the function of the kidneys, heart, adrenal glands, the brain and nervous system.
Every day we loose magnesium due to mental stress, caffeine, sugar intake, alcohol, tobacco, drugs, high perspiration, low thyroid, diabetes, chronic pain (causes stress), diuretics, and diets high in carbohydrates, sodium, and calcium. The most common symptoms of magnesium depletion that millions of people suffer from every day are low energy, fatigue, PMS and Hormonal imbalances, inability to sleep (insomnia), body tension, headaches, muscle tension, muscle spasms and craps, backaches, calcification of organs, weakening bones, heart related difficulties, anxiousness, nervousness and irritability. Everybody needs magnesium.
What country has the highest rate of pasteurized milk consumption and what country has the highest Calcium supplement consumption? The United States! So if this is true, wouldn’t you think the United States would have the lowest rate of osteoporosis caused by calcium loss making bones fragile? False! More calcium does not eliminate a calcium deficiency, only by adding magnesium to your diet will your body be able to handle a calcium deficiency and provide adequate magnesium for the body to dissolve excess calcium from the body like bone spurs while helping the body absorb more calcium all at the same time.
Magnesium is needed for major biochemical process such as digestion, energy production, and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. According to Carolyn Dean, MD, ND, “calcium has been called the major mineral or the major nutrient mostly because there are a lot of books on osteoporosis (bone disease especially common in the elderly), and everybody thinks calcium is the major treatment for that. But if you don’t have magnesium, calcium doesn’t even work in the body.”
Milk contains 8 parts calcium to 1 part magnesium per glass. In order for the body to absorb the calcium in milk the body has to make up for the missing magnesium, milk will rob the body of vital magnesium in order to process its calcium. Heavy milk drinking can cause a magnesium imbalance in the body and lead to the negative effects associated with a magnesium imbalance that was listed above. In America, calcium is now added to cereals, crackers, juice, antacids and much more. None of these products add extra magnesium to bring balance back. If you’re eating dairy products and eating lots of organic yogurt, kefir, and green vegetables you’re getting a plenty of absorbable calcium. Yogurt does not contain magnesium and if you cook your vegetables the magnesium found in the veggies will be destroyed, so what you need is just a basic magnesium supplement to help maintain a healthy lifestyle.
The statements in this article are not intended to diagnose, treat and cure or prevent disease please consult your health care physician before discontinuing medication or introducing herbs into your diet if you are currently on medication of any kind. | <urn:uuid:de82cafc-2b0f-4c2e-8a24-d6e9a039cb89> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hasen-chat.de/calcium-needs-magnesium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.912024 | 730 | 2.703125 | 3 |
This paper proposes a shape parameterization method using a principal component analysis (PCA) for shape optimization. The proposed method is used as a preprocessing tool of parametric optimization algorithms, such as genetic algorithms (GAs) or response surface methods (RSMs). When these parametric optimization algorithms are used, the number of parameters should be small while the design space represented by the parameters should be able to represent a variety of shapes. In order to define the parameters, PCA is applied to shapes. In many industrial fields, a large amount of data of shapes and their performance is accumulated. By applying PCA to these shapes included in a database, important features of the shapes are extracted. A design space is defined by basis vectors which are generated from the extracted features. The number of dimensions of the design space is decreased without omitting important features. In this paper, each shape is discretized by a set of points and PCA is applied to it. A shape discretization method is also proposed and numerical examples are provided.
A Shape Parameterization Method Using Principal Component Analysis in Applications to Parametric Shape Optimization
Contributed by the Design Automation Committee of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL DESIGN. Manuscript received December 12, 2012; final manuscript received May 16, 2014; published online October 20, 2014. Assoc. Editor: Shinji Nishiwaki.
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Yonekura, K., and Watanabe, O. (October 20, 2014). "A Shape Parameterization Method Using Principal Component Analysis in Applications to Parametric Shape Optimization." ASME. J. Mech. Des. December 2014; 136(12): 121401. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4028273
Download citation file: | <urn:uuid:a74388f0-5fee-43dd-bf2e-b31e6ef1b7cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/mechanicaldesign/article-abstract/136/12/121401/375936/A-Shape-Parameterization-Method-Using-Principal?redirectedFrom=PDF | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.911629 | 389 | 2.4375 | 2 |
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Yngwie Malmsteen was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on June 30, 1963. The youngest child in a household that included his mother Rigmor, sister Ann Louise, and brother Bjorn, Yngwie originally had no interest in music. However, on September 18, 1970, Yngwie saw a TV special on the death of guitar iconoclast Jimi Hendrix. Seven-year-old Yngwie watched with awe as Hendrix blasted the audience with torrents of feedback and sacrificed his guitar in flames. The day Jimi Hendrix died, the guitar-playing Yngwie was born.
Applying his intense curiosity and tenacity to first an old Mosrite and then a cheap Stratocaster, Yngwie immersed himself in the music of such bands as Deep Purple and spent long hours practicing to learn their songs. His admiration for Ritchie Blackmore's classically influenced playing led him back to the source: Bach, Vivaldi, Beethoven, and Mozart. As Yngwie absorbed the classical structures of the masters, his prodigious style began to take shape. By age 10, he began to focus all his energies into music. His mother and sister, a talented flautist, recognized his unique musical gifts and gave him support and encouragement. His mastery of the instrument progressed rapidly. In his early teens, Yngwie saw a television performance of Russian violinist Gideon Kremer, who performed the highly difficult 24 Caprices of 19th century virtuoso violinist Niccolo Paganini. The effect was profound, and Yngwie understood at last how to combine his love of classical music with his burgeoning guitar skills and onstage charisma.
By age 15, Yngwie's trademark style had begun to emerge. He worked for a time as a luthier in a guitar repair shop, where he encountered a scalloped neck for the first time when a 17th century lute came into the shop. Intrigued, Yngwie scalloped the neck of an old guitar in similar fashion and was impressed enough with the results to try it on his better guitars. The scalloped fret board was somewhat more difficult to play than a normal neck, but his control over the strings was so improved that Yngwie immediately adopted it as a permanent alteration to his equipment.
About this time, Yngwie began playing in a number of bands built around his explosive guitar style, with long instrumental explorations. Around age 18, Yngwie and several friends recorded a demo set of three songs for Swedish CBS, but the cuts were never released. Frustrated, Yngwie began sending demo tapes to record companies and music contacts abroad. One such tape found its way into the hands of Guitar Player contributor and Shrapnel Music. Yngwie was invited to record with a new band Steeler--and the rest, as they say, is history.
From Steeler, Yngwie moved on to Alcatrazz, a Rainbow-style band, but it became clear that to fully develop his talents, Yngwie would have to go solo. Yngwie's first solo album, Rising Force (now considered the bible for neoclassical rock) made it to #60 on the Billboard charts, an impressive feat for a mostly instrumental guitar album with no commercial airplay. The album also gained Yngwie a Grammy nomination for best rock instrumental performance. He was voted Best New Talent in several readers' polls, Best Rock Guitarist the year after, and Rising Force became Album of the Year. Rising Force blazed a trail on the concert circuit that established Yngwie as one of rock guitar's brightest new stars and added a new genre to the music lexicon: neoclassical rock.
With his place in guitar history firmly established, Yngwie's neo-classical compositions fueled the ears of fans and the ambitions of aspiring guitarists worldwide for over a decade with such powerhouse classic albums as Marching Out, Trilogy, Odyssey, Live in Leningrad / Trial By Fire (gold-selling concert video of Yngwie's 1989 sold-out concerts in Moscow and Leningrad), Fire & Ice (which debuted in Japan at #1 and sold over 100,000 copies on the day of its release), The Seventh Sign, Magnum Opus, Inspiration (covering the music of Deep Purple, Rainbow, U.K., Kansas, Scorpions, Rush, and Jimi Hendrix), Facing the Animal, Alchemy, and Attack!!
In 1997, Yngwie proved that he was much more than a rock phenomenon. After months of intensive work, Yngwie produced his first completely classical work, Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra in Eb minor, Op. 1. This groundbreaking album was recorded in Prague with the prestigious Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and famed symphony conductor Yoel Levi. Several years later, in 2001,Yngwie found his first opportunity to perform the critically acclaimed Concerto Suite with the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra in Tokyo. The DVD/CD/VHS package of this groundbreaking performance became Yngwie's first release of the year in January 2002.
In 2003, Yngwie joined the famous "G3" Tour in a lineup many guitar fans saw as the ultimate dream combination (Satriani, Vai, Malmsteen). The CD and DVD of the tour became instant classics and hot sellers throughout the year. Once the G3 tour ended, Yngwie took to the road again in support of his Attack album.
Taking most of 2004 to rest, recharge his creative batteries, and work in his studio at his leisure, Yngwie produced a highly acclaimed new album titled Unleash the Fury. Featuring some of his most impressive playing and songwriting in years, the album garnered rave reviews from fans and critics alike. Virtuosityone.com, a popular Internet hard rock music review site proclaimed, "Yngwie Malmsteen, the Neo-Classical king is back to Unleash the Fury with another bag of alchemy fuelled compositions... Overall Unleash the Fury is a welcome return to form from ... to deliver the goods." Reviewers on Amazon.com and CD Universe gave the new album 5-star ratings, with consumers proclaiming "Yngwie is the original, don't settle for cheap imitations!" and "it's a great year for shredders!"
In the summer of 2005, the Unleash the Fury World Tour kicked off in Ireland and headed across the globe, blazing new trails of glory. Malmsteen and his Rising Force lineup proved they were back with a vengeance by selling out the famed Hammersmith Apollo theatre in London and playing to rapt capacity crowds across the U.K., and garnering legions of new fans from Paris to Vienna to Madrid. Eager fans in the U.S. made the Unleash the Fury Tour a major event of the year.
By 2006, Yngwie's career resurgence was in full gear. He attended the annual NAMM music-industry convention to promote his new strings endorsement with Dean Markley, then toured the U.S. a second time, then Asia, Australia, and Finland by the end of the year, igniting fans as never before. Yngwie explained it this way: "Staying in good shape has a tremendous amount to do with it; I'm reaping the benefits this year." That year, Fender updated Yngwie Signature Malmsteen Model Strat, making small but important changes to the neck. "Fender rules the universe. They treat me so good, and I'm so honored and proud to be working with them." Throughout 2007, Yngwie continued work on his next rock opus, and took a break in December to South America and Mexico, fulfilling the dreams of fans who hadn't seen him in their country in years.
2008 marked Yngwie's 25th year in the U.S.! Yngwie signed several endorsements, with Austrian acoustics company AKG, makers of top-of-the-line microphones and acoustic equipment, and Boss/Roland. That same year, Yngwie learned he'd been chosen to be in the exclusive NAMM Oral History program. Begun in 2000, NAMM's Oral History Project documents through videotaped interviews some of the greatest contributors to the music products industry, including Herbie Hancock, Maynard Ferguson, Les Paul, blues legend B.B. King, and now, Yngwie Malmsteen.
Yngwie's redesigned official website, www.yngwiemalmsteen.com, went online, along with his own merchandise site. Yngwie continued to work at a leisurely pace on his next album. Work also continued on Fender's Malmsteen limited edition replica of the "Duck," Yngwie's prized and famed 1972 Strat. Fender Custom Shop experts flew to Miami to measure and photograph every aspect of the original instrument to ensure the replica's authenticity down to the last detail. With a new lineup that included ex-Priest singer Tim "Ripper" Owens, Yngwie played concert dates in Germany, doing clinics for Fender, and then hitting the summer festival circuit in Europe, starting with Graspop in Belgium and ending up in Finland, and then on to clinics and concerts in the U.K.
2008 also saw an amazing testament to Yngwie's resurgence on the rock music scene – he scored the cover of Guitar World's "Kings of Shred" issue, appearing alone on the cover instead of sharing it with other musicians. About his newfound visibility, Yngwie said, "There are a lot of new, younger fans who are just discovering the joys of playing with speed, power, and articulation and they're coming to my shows and places like NAMM and guitar shows." Throughout 2008, Yngwie scored other magazine covers, including All Access, Crusher Magazine, Fuzz, Guitar Player, Roadie Crew, and Vegas Rocks. But perhaps the biggest recognition of 2008 came in October, when Yngwie was inducted into Hollywood's Rock Walk of Fame on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.
Also in October, Yngwie released his new studio album, Perpetual Flame, on his own newly established label, Rising Force Records. The album also marked the debut of Yngwie's new singer, ex-Judas Priest front-man Tim "Ripper" Owens. To coincide with the festivities surrounding Yngwie's first album in several years, the Fender Custom Shop unveiled the new Yngwie Malmsteen Tribute Series Stratocaster guitar, the reproduction of Malmsteen's beloved "Duck" (also called the "Play Loud" guitar). Touring to support the new album began in earnest, with a full schedule of dates starting in the U.S., and the momentum of Perpetual Flame kept rolling right on into the new year.
Early in the 2009, Yngwie contributed three tracks to the video game Rock Band, for both Xbox and PlayStation. Still promoting Perpetual Flame, Yngwie and the band played a series of killer concerts in Japan with rock icons Deep Purple. By mid-summer, Yngwie astonished fans and critics alike by releasing an album completely off the beaten path for him, an entirely instrumental collection of ballads from Yngwie's earlier works, performed on acoustic guitar with orchestral arrangements. To everyone's surprise, Angels of Love (inspired by Yngwie's wife April) hit the top of Amazon.com's New Age music list.
Recognition of Yngwie's place in music history continued to come in. In Time Magazine, Yngwie found himself included as one of the "10 Greatest Electric Guitar Players." Near the end of the year, Yngwie and his management company decided to begin releasing rare archival concert footage. The first was Yngwie in Korea, shot during his 2001 War to End All Wars Tour, in Seoul, South Korea. And that, asserts Yngwie, is just the tip of the iceberg of things to come!
Grand Central - Miami
- Sorry, there are currently no upcoming events. | <urn:uuid:2cadbc94-3ab9-4cf6-8573-5f1e554a9c8d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ticketfly.com/event/249883-yngwie-malmsteen-miami/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00563-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965217 | 2,593 | 1.664063 | 2 |
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Let's take a closer look at the cases of performative progressivism that have been seen recently. Why censor Community is it progressive only on the facade? Why is the change of direction of Wizards of the Coast instead positive? What do Black Lives Matter activists have to do with all this?
Over the past month we have seen a wave of protests against the systemic racism of US institutions, calling for reforms, a re-distribution of police funds, and greater awareness of institutional racism. Many realities have lined up in favor of the Black Lives Matter movement, from Hollywood actors to big fashion brands, from youtubers to information sites. Against this support, we have also seen the shields of reactionary realities rise, as in the case of list of Traitors of America by One Angry Gamer.
As the protests continued in the United States, many entertainment companies have begun to review their catalog, looking for potentially offensive products, to be eliminated in a preventive manner. This is news that we know well by now. And that have delighted the Italian media, very ready to re-propose as the definitive choices of large companies what later turned out to be troll provocations.
Let's break down these preventive reviews a bit. In which cases are they sensible and well done? In what situations are they totally free? Can we really always talk about censorship? Were these decisions made in consultation with activists from the Black Lives Matter movement, or experts in the field? And why do we speak of performative progressivism?
Performative progressism: what is meant?
Before starting, I think it appropriate to make a small note on the key term of this article, which is "performative progressivism".
Performative progressivism is used to describe an attitude that on the face of it declares itself progressive (i.e. that it is in favor of accelerating the evolution of society in the political, social or economic sphere), but which actually hides prejudices towards the same categories of people who they claim to support. To give an example, a person who makes performative progressivism will declare in public that he is not racist, and then ignore the critical issues that are defined as racist by non-white people. This article by The Harvard Crimson can be a good starting point, as it explains Katy Perry's performative progressivism well.
Performative progressivism is a rather lively research topic in sociology, development studies and cultural studies, especially as regards the acceptance of queer people (therefore non-heterosexual and / or non-cisgender). Cases of performative progressivism towards queer communities are seen when straight and cisgender people they say open and welcoming to queer neighbors, but on the condition that they adopt a "conventional" lifestyle, ie that they marry and have / adopt children, thus conforming to what many heterosexual people consider "normal".
Adapting to the traditional life choices of heterosexual people, or considering these choices the norm is called "heteronormativity" and therefore the expectations we have just seen are "heteronormative" expectations. Supporting the rights of queer people, while expecting them to adapt to a heteronormative lifestyle is a form of performative progressivism: on the face you are progressive, but you don't make the extra effort to better understand the lives of the people you say you are. to support.
A progressive facade only, unreasoned and not made by minorities
Therefore, performative progressivism tends to be made by people who do not belong to the minority towards whom we declare progressives, and who are not interested in truly understanding the struggles and demands of these minorities. Although people who do performative progressivism can be sincere in their feelings, their tolerance tends to extend only within the limits of their comfort zone, and therefore they will be tolerant only towards people they consider "normal", never questioning their own model. of company.
For this reason, the expressions of performative progressivism will mostly be alone formal, without reasoned content. Such are the requests to accept minority people motivated by all being equal, which is a kind of mentality that trivializes the integration of minorities. The use of a is always such politically correct language which, however, does not question what stereotypical narratives we produce, damaging minorities, and therefore avoid offenses such as "black", but not alienating statements such as "you are so exotic!". Finally, it is also performative progressivism to remove an episode of Community in which there is a pseudo-blackface, without questioning how the representation of black people on its platform is negatively conveyed, but in more subtle ways.
Let's move on to the individual cases to be analyzed.
Deleting episodes from TV series due to the blackface: an example of performative progressivism
As you well know, Netflix has canceled an episode of the comic series Community, Namely Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, since it contained a case of blackface. If you want to know more about the blackface, its history and its use in Italy, I refer you to this excellent video of the canal Afroitalian Souls.
In the episode in question, the protagonists of the series play D&D and Chang, the obnoxious community college Spanish teacher, playing a Drow, paints his face black and wears a white wig. Inevitably, then, Chang's makeup ends up being disturbing, as it largely recalls a blackface. This similarity is also underlined in the episode itself, when Shirley, who is a black woman, comments "Are we gonna pretend to ignore that hate crime?".
Now, this Netflix decision is a fairly exemplary case of performative progressivism, and now I will try to explain why. First of all, it is quite evident that it was one internal decision of the company, made to declare solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement, but without this cancellation having been requested by the BLM movement. Secondly, it is a decision that would seem to express more of a will than wash your consciencerather than facing the problem critically and mature.
A late and unreasonable cancellation: the criticism of Racquel Gates
In this sense, in fact, Racquel Gates, professor of cinema at the College of Staten Island, comments deleting this episode from Community and other episodes with blackface from Scrubs, The Office e The Golden Girls, In the following way:
It's a weird moment to be living in, as a society and also for me as a Black person, I'm being asked to play along with this ruse that white people and white companies weren't aware of these things when they obviously have been. Whether they chose to care or not is a different matter.
Hence, the removal of these episodes not only comes as a choice late, but also not very reasoned. Indeed, Gates points out that these cancellations do not incite reflection on how and why these episodes were written and produced. So basically, deleting these episodes is a shortcut for to give a progressive image of one's company, without however confronting those who produced these problematic episodes in the first place choosing to use the blackface.
Furthermore, the use of blackface itself is indicative ("indicative" does not mean "acceptable", let's be clear!) Of the historical period in which the series was shot: in The Golden Girls (1988) is indicative of how the ethnic tensions of the time were discussed, while in Community (2009-15) is typical of the type of humor of those years, based on shock and overcoming the limits of what is acceptable. In fact, Gates uses series like The Golden Girls for their own lessons, just to deepen these themes:
These are living documents as much as they're also evidence of a historical time period. Being able to sort of reframe for the audience how we make sense of these feels like a much more productive lens than taking them out of circulation.
Alternative ideas for talking about racism in a TV series without erasing episodes: Alanna Bennett's comment
Therefore, episodes of this kind can be called problematic, they can be called racists, they can be attacked, but if they are canceled from streaming platforms, you are not fighting racism, you are not educating the public, but he is preventing himself from talking about these episodes and their racism. It is not even about damnatio memoriae, but of a performative progressivism that actually tries to hide the dirt of its programs under the carpet.
Rather than canceling these episodes, it is more useful to give them a treatment Gone with the Wind, who remained on the HBO channel, but accompanied by a documentary that reviews his racist stances. Progress can be achieved, in fact, by understanding the mistakes of the past and trying not to commit them anymore: therefore, it is more important that the next film products do not have blackface casesrather than erasing past products that convey racist ideas. So I quote words di Alanna Bennett, African American TV writer:
Not sure I get taking every ep with blackface down. Why not put a disclaimer on them instead? “On further reflection the creators of this program realize they were being insensitive assholes” I'd rather have an archive of the mistake and apology than erasure that it happened.
I want the world to KNOW that the creators of How I Met Your Mother, in the 2010s, thought that a yellowface episode was OK. If they've rethought that decision, I want the world to know that too.
As @HayesBrown pointed out to me, old Looney Tunes episodes have disclaimers. Not suggesting the same language be applied to blackface eps of modern times, but a version of this just feels slightly more honest.
How performative progressivism ignores the problems that activists have actually complained about
Seeing this, it is quite clear that the decision to eliminate problematic episodes from some television series does not come from the activists of Black Lives Matter, but is a choice of individual companies.
The criticisms of TV series with racist problems have always been and have generally been made by activists belonging to the minority communities concerned. This was the case for example controversy against Nagini or fearful Dumbledore's queer representation in Fantastic animals, and even the idea of not having a mostly Slavic cast for the series of The Witcher has been frowned upon by Slavic critics. Similarly, the queer representation made with the dropper Disney has always been widely criticized by activists from the LGBTQIA + community, as has been criticized by trans activists casting of cisgender men to play trans women. Also criticism of the mediocre treatment of Finn's character in Star Wars, The Rise of Skywalker including, and in the fandom of Star Wars it is generally carried out by black people.
The blackface: a racist icon that is easy to eliminate
In short, there are many problems related to racism, sexism and homolesbobitransphobia in cinema and television. Blackface is part of these problems and using it without putting it in a critical context is certainly not very sensitive towards the black public. However, it is quite clear that by deleting episodes with blackface, that is, with an instantly recognizable racist icon, is not an effective way to address the problem of racism in film and television, as it ignores not only the reasons for the use of blackface in those particular episodes, but also all the other (less obvious) problems related to racism present on television and cinema.
Removing the blackface will not help black directors / directors / and directing multiple films, it won't help black actors / actresses to have the same salaries as their colleagues and their white colleagues, it will not help to avoid racist tropes like the "magical negro", the "angry black woman", the mammy or the Jezebel (find the explanation for all these stereotypes Thu). Removing the blackface from these episodes is only the simplest thing that these companies can do to seem progressive, but without committing to take an examination of conscience. This is why I speak of performative progressivism.
And this progressivism is even more performative when you notice that, generally, it is not done or asked by black activists.
Positive anti-racist changes: the case of the Wizards of the Coast
Of course, there are cases where the changes proposed by the companies are positive. For example, the route change that the W is doing with D&D and with Magic it is sometimes well managed.
Positive changes on D&D: the Vistani
First, the revision of Curse of Strahd and characterization of the Vistani To remove the stereotypes associated with Roma ethnicity, hiring Roma counselors is a good thing. In fact, the stereotypical characterization of the Vistani and their proximity to the derogatory way in which Roma are viewed in the Western world are issues that had been brought to light years ago. I report here only a discussion dating back to 2016, but the fact that this representation of the Vistani was problematic is not a new topic.
Positive changes on D&D: Orcs and genetic determinism
Similarly, the need for better characterize some breeds of D&D, especially inherently evil ones like Orcs and Drow, is another long-standing topic. In fact, already in one of the academic essays also present in Outside the Dungeon you can see how to paint the Orcs and the Mezzorchi as intrinsically wild, that is with social behaviors attributed not to the context in which they lived, but to their geneticshas long been perceived as problematic.
This characterization, in fact, echoes the ideas of genetic determinism, that is, the idea that human behavior is the result of genetic inheritance, and not of the education received. In this sense, genetic determinism has given racist ideas the bases (later revealed to be false) on which to build the discrimination of blacks and non-white ethnicities, with statements of the depth of "blacks are genetically more violent than whites". You can then imagine how genetic determinism, with its scientific racism, then contributed to Nazi theories and practices of eugenics.
So put black and white in a manual that Orcs and Half-Orcs are genetically predisposed to be wild and therefore to make a "Wild Charge" it recalls genetic determinism a little too much. After decades of talking about these issues, therefore, Wizards of the Coast has finally decided to review the way in which genetics and culture affect characters.
The (maybe) less positive changes on Magic The Gathering
Wizards of the Coast was also right in the clear some cards of Magic with a racist subtext, as we also see in this article. In this case, however, it should also be noted that the reasons for the elimination of some cards are not very clear, and in this sense the silence of the WotC does not help to make its reasons more understandable.
Unfortunately, this silence always brings us back to the discourse of performative progressivism: it is understandable that WotC wants to remove these cards from the market, but it should do so after having widely explained their reasons and after analyzing the reasons that led to the creation of these cards. Otherwise there is too much the idea of the dust hidden under the carpet.
Performative progressivism is also the result of the need for change, but we must aspire to something better
However, it is important to note that both the positive initiatives of the Wizards of the Coast, when the purely performative ones of Netflix are probably a consequence of the US protests after the death of George Floyd. If Netflix's performative and patchy progressivism is evidently a corporate policy move, WotC's reaction responds to criticisms that have been around for years and is, in certain cases, supported by the advice of minority people.
So I think it's important recognize when the Black Lives Matter movement prompted many realities to make self-criticism towards their work and their products, and reactions like that of WotC give hope for a positive change in the franchise. However, Netflix's negative example should remind us that we can never expect social struggles to be carried out by large companies, as it is obviously more important for them to avoid controversy in order not to lose spectators.
And although actions like those of Wizards of the Coast are commendable, it is always necessary to remember that it was never the activists and activists of the Black Lives Matter movement who asked WotC or Netflix to withdraw cards or episodes from the market. Therefore, it is essential to remember us towards whom we must channel our discontent for these censorship operations: not against those who fight for their rights, but against companies that prefer to pretend they have never published racist things, rather than confront their mistakes. | <urn:uuid:ed319c2d-111d-474f-91ff-78c8734bed37> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cercatoridiatlantide.it/en/performative-progressivism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.965955 | 3,399 | 2.265625 | 2 |
The arrival of warm weather means most of us are showing a bit more skin, which is of course more comfortable, except when there are mosquitoes about. Lotions and spray-on repellents are useful, but a bit messy to use. However there are some alternatives to help keep bugs at bay.
ThermoCell portable butane-powered devices create a 15 x 15 foot area of protection that the company says will keep up to 98% of biting insects away for up to 4 hours. The product includes lanterns and hand-held devices that can be turned on and off as needed and some have LED lights built in. They work by using a butane cartridge to heat a mat that releases allethrin, a repellent that is a synthetic copy of the natural insecticide found in chrysanthemum flowers. Refills of the cartridges and mats are available.
Also available is the OFF! Clip-On. It is also a great product for reluctant repellent users who dislike the feel or smell of traditional mosquito repellents. It can attach to a belt or purse and the company says it provides head-to-toe protection for up to 11 hours. Refill disks are available and the unit uses two AAA batteries.
Note that both products contain warning labels. The ThermaCell pesticide is highly toxic to fish; the pesticide in OFF! is toxic to bees and aquatic organisms. | <urn:uuid:48ee4073-0566-45a6-84e7-fb99b7fd2c74> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.century21.ca/tricia.greer/Blog/KEEPING_BOTHERSOME_BUGS_AT_BAY | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00438-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945482 | 286 | 1.773438 | 2 |
The U.S. Geological Survey and University of Montana study not only showed that the abundance of deciduous trees and their associated songbirds in mountainous Arizona have declined over the last 22 years as snowpack has declined, but it also experimentally demonstrated that declining snowfall indirectly affects plants and birds by enabling more winter browsing by elk. Increased winter browsing by elk results in trickle-down ecological effects such as lowering the quality of habitat for songbirds.
The authors, USGS Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit scientist Thomas Martin and University of Montana scientist John Maron, mimicked the effects of more snow on limiting the ability of elk to browse on plants by excluding the animals from large, fenced areas. They compared bird and plant communities in these exclusion areas with nearby similar areas where elk had access, and found that, over the six years of the study, multi-decadal declines in plant and songbird populations were reversed in the areas where elk were prohibited from browsing.
"This study illustrates that profound impacts of climate change on ecosystems arise over a time span of but two decades through unexplored feedbacks," explained USGS director Marcia McNutt. "The significance lies in the fact that humans and our economy are at the end of the same chain of cascading consequences."
The study demonstrates a classic ecological cascade, added Martin. For example, he said, from an elk’s perspective, less snow means an increased ability to freely browse on woody plants in winter in areas where they would not be inclined to forage in previous times due to high snowpack. Increased overwinter browsing led to a decline in deciduous trees, which reduced the number of birds that chose the habitat and increased predation on nests of those birds that did choose the habitat.
"This study demonstrates that the indirect effects of climate on plant communities may be just as important as the effects of climate-change-induced mismatches between migrating birds and food abundance because plants, including trees, provide the habitat birds need to survive," Martin said.
The study, Climate impacts on bird and plant communities from altered animal-plant interactions, was published online on Jan. 8 in the journal Nature Climate Change.
Catherine Puckett | EurekAlert!
New Study Will Help Find the Best Locations for Thermal Power Stations in Iceland
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Yersiniae cause severe intestinal infections. Studies using Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as a model organism aim to elucidate the infection mechanisms of these...
Researchers from the University of Hamburg in Germany, in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Aarhus in Denmark, have synthesized a new superconducting material by growing a few layers of an antiferromagnetic transition-metal chalcogenide on a bismuth-based topological insulator, both being non-superconducting materials.
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Among the general public, solar thermal energy is currently associated with dark blue, rectangular collectors on building roofs. Technologies are needed for aesthetically high quality architecture which offer the architect more room for manoeuvre when it comes to low- and plus-energy buildings. With the “ArKol” project, researchers at Fraunhofer ISE together with partners are currently developing two façade collectors for solar thermal energy generation, which permit a high degree of design flexibility: a strip collector for opaque façade sections and a solar thermal blind for transparent sections. The current state of the two developments will be presented at the BAU 2017 trade fair.
As part of the “ArKol – development of architecturally highly integrated façade collectors with heat pipes” project, Fraunhofer ISE together with its partners...
19.01.2017 | Event News
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20.01.2017 | Awards Funding
20.01.2017 | Materials Sciences
20.01.2017 | Life Sciences | <urn:uuid:d7e295e3-7045-404e-81fb-727d0fe6c2fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/earth-sciences/dramatic-links-found-climate-change-elk-plants-birds-188436.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00464-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916839 | 973 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The word "theorizations" uses 13 letters: A E H I I N O O R S T T Z.
No direct anagrams for theorizations found in this word list.
Adding one letter to theorizations does not form any other word in this word list.Words within theorizations not shown as it has more than seven letters.
All words formed from theorizations by changing one letter
Browse words starting with theorizations by next letter | <urn:uuid:25a86504-2cea-404d-82f9-efbbb2847a6f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.morewords.com/word/theorizations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00096-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927552 | 94 | 1.664063 | 2 |
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View detail of all martial arts in the world. Each country have their own unique martial arts fighting style. Read more to view detail and video clips about this special unique martial arts.
Pankration (Greek: ?a????t??(?), Pagkratio(n), IPA: [pa?.’kra.ti.o(n)]) is a martial arts sport introduced to the Greek Olympic Games in 648 BC and founded as a blend of boxing and wrestling. The term comes from the Ancient Greek pa????t???, literally meaning “all powers” and that from p?? (pan) “all” + ???t?? (kratos) “strength” or “power”. It is also used to describe the sport’s contemporary variations. Some consider it as the first all-encompassing fighting system in human history. It is also arguable that pankration competitions in antiquity were the closest an athletic event has come to outright, no-rules, empty hand combat. Modern mixed martial arts competitions have come to feature many of the same methods that were used in pankration competitions in the ancient Greek world.
In Greek mythology it was said that the heroes Herakles and Theseus invented pankration as a result of using both wrestling and boxing in their confrontations with opponents. Theseus was said to have utilized his extraordinary pankration skills to defeat the dreaded Minotaur in the Labyrinth. Herakles was said to have subdued the Nemean lion using pankration, and was often depicted in ancient artwork doing that. In this context, it should be noted that pankration was also referred to as pammachon or pammachion (p?µµa??? or paµµ?????), meaning “total combat”, from p??-, pan-, “all-” or “total”, and µ???, mache, “combat”. The term pammachon was older, and would later become used less than the term pankration.
The mainstream academic view has been that pankration was the product of the development of archaic Greek society of the seventh century BC, whereby, as the need for expression in violent sport increased, pankration filled a niche of “total contest” that neither boxing or wrestling could.. However, some evidence suggests that pankration, in both its sport form and its combat form, may have been practiced in Greece already from the second millennium BC.
Pankration, as practiced in historical antiquity, was an athletic event that combined techniques of both boxing (pygme/pygmachia – p??µ?/p??µa??a) and wrestling (pale – p???), as well as additional elements, such as the use of strikes with the lower extremities, to create a broad fighting sport very similar to today’s mixed martial arts competitions. There is evidence that, although knockouts were common, most pankration competitions were probably decided on the ground where both striking and submission techniques would freely come into play. Pankratiasts were highly skilled grapplers and were extremely effective in applying a variety of takedowns, chokes, and punishing joint locks.
However, pankration was more than just an event in the athletic competitions of the ancient Greek world; it was also part of the arsenal of Greek soldiers – including the famous Spartan hoplites and Alexander the Great’s Macedonian phalanx.
The feats of the ancient pankratiasts became legendary in the annals of Greek athletics. Stories abound of past champions who were considered invincible beings. Arrhichion, Dioxippus and Polydamas of Skotoussa are among the most highly-recognized names. Their accomplishments defying the odds were some of the most inspiring of ancient Greek athletics and they served as inspiration to the Hellenic world for centuries, as Pausanias, the ancient traveller and writer indicates when he re-tells these stories in his narrative of his travels around Greece.
Dioxippus was an Athenian who had won the Olympic Games in 336 BC, and was serving in Alexander the Great’s army in its expedition in Asia. As an admired champion, he naturally became part of the circle of Alexander the Great. In that context, he accepted a challenge from one of Alexander’s most skilled soldiers named Coragus to fight in front of Alexander and the troops in armed combat. While Coragus fought with weapons and full armour, Dioxippus showed up armed only with a club and defeated Coragus without killing him making use of his pankration skills. Later, however, Dioxippus was framed for theft, which led him to commit suicide.
In an odd turn of events, a pankration fighter named Arrhichion (????????) of Phigalia won the event despite being dead. His opponent had locked him in a chokehold and Arrhichion, desperate to loosen it, broke his opponent’s toe (some records say his ankle). The opponent nearly passed out from pain and submitted. As the referee raised Arrhichion’s hand, it was discovered that he had died from the chokehold. His body was crowned with the olive wreath and taken back to Phigaleia as a hero.
By the Imperial Period, the Romans had adopted the Greek combat sport (spelled in Latin as pancratium) into their Games. In 393 A.D. the pankration, along with gladiatorial combat and all pagan festivals, was abolished by edict of the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I. Pankration itself was practiced for some 1000 years in the context of an Olympic event. It is a matter of controversy whether and to what extent pankration persisted in Greek and the broader Byzantine society after the ancient Games were discontinued.
There were neither weight divisions nor time limits in pankration competitions. However, there were two or three age groups in the competitions of antiquity. In the Olympic Games there were only two such age groups: men (andres- ??d?e?) and boys (paedes – pa?de?). The pankration event for boys was established at the Olympic Games in 200 B.C.. In pankration competitions, referees were armed with stout rods or switches to enforce the rules. In fact, there were only two rules: contestants were not allowed to gouge eyes or to bite.The contest itself usually continued uninterrupted until one of the combatants was submitted, which was often signalled by the submitted contestant raising his index finger. The judges appear, however, to have had the right to stop a contest under certain conditions and award the victory to one of the two athletes; they could also declare the contest a tie.
Pankration competitions were held in tournaments, most being outside of the Olympics. Each tournament began with a ritual which would decide how the tournament would take place. Grecophone satirist Lucian describes the process in a detailed manner:
This process was apparently repeated every round until the finals.
If there was an odd number of competitors, there would be a bye (?fed??? — ephedros “reserve”) in every round until the last one. The same athlete could be an ephedros more than once, and this could of course be of great value to him as the ephedros would be spared the wear and tear of the rounds imposed on his opponent(s). To win a tournament without being an ephedros in any of the rounds (???fed??? — anephedros “non-reserve”) was thus an honorable achievement.
There is evidence that the major Games easily had four tournament rounds, that is, a field of sixteen athletes. Xanthos mentions the largest number—nine tournament rounds. If these tournament rounds were held in one competition, up to 512 contestants would participate in the tournament, which is difficult to believe for a single contest. Therefore one can hypothesize that the nine rounds included those in which the athlete participated during regional qualification competitions that were held before the major games. In this context, it should be noted that it is quite certain that such preliminary contests were held prior to the major games to determine who would participate in the main event. This makes sense, as the 15-20 athletes competing in the major games could not have been the only available contestants. There is clear evidence of this in Plato, who refers to competitors in the Panhellenic Games, with opponents numbering in the thousands. Moreover, in the first century CE, the Greco-Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria —who was himself probably a practitioner of pankration— makes a statement that could be an allusion to preliminary contests in which an athlete would participate and then collect his strength before coming forward fresh in the major competition.
YouTube responded with an error: The request cannot be completed because you have exceeded your <a href="/youtube/v3/getting-started#quota">quota</a>. | <urn:uuid:459205d8-8366-40f0-9987-a1a03e640f50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.anymartialarts.com/all-martial-arts/pankration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.979947 | 1,973 | 2.4375 | 2 |
The DEM series are pre-production models used by Sony for development before the PDEL series (which resembles more closely to the production PCH-1XXX series). There is speculation that the DEM models use different keys than production models (both PDEL and PCH series use the same secure boot keys).
User Jerry Yin of AssemblerGames found a couple of working DEM-3000X units and gave a teardown with photos of the process.
The following is an attempt to map key areas of interest on the DEM-3000X device. All items appear in PCH units (in different locations) unless otherwise specified.
- Wifi/BT module. There exists an ANATEL filing but nothing with the FCC since Sony decided to certify the entire PCH motherboard instead.
- Power distribution network. Ceramic chip, analog logic assumed.
- Decoupling network for Kermit as well as P1P40167 clock synthesizer IC and a 27MHz crystal.
- Back camera connector.
- eMMC storage, 4GiB.
- Syscon and related crystals. Chip is labeled "D79F0109 ES1.0 10301M001 MALAYSIA" and is likely a Renesas IC with a custom RISC based CPU core.
- Accelerometer. Kionix KXTC9
- Top: ST32F100B6 microcontroller. On PCH units it's a slightly different model (ST32P10S0E, undocumented). Likely used to interface with the sensors and/or controller. Left: unknown, probably some sensor. Right: Gyroscope, ST 3GA51H model.
- MAX1161 analog to digital converter. Likely connected to #18 connector on the backside. Interface to prototype back panel maybe? Not found on PCH models.
- Front panel connector. Slightly longer than PCH models likely due to different panels. Probably also contains front camera interface as well.
- Start/Select buttons. Not found on PCH models (it's on the side-board).
- Power management. Same network found on PCH units with extra chips for charging/battery fuel gague.
- Boot-up LEDs. Same as in PDEL units. Connected to GPIO.
- Kermit SoC, pre-production version. Labeled "Toshiba T9ML6TLxxxx JAPAN 105xxxx A29590" (xxxx are unclear from picture). Earlier model than the FCC filing for PDEL which had a "T9ML7MBG-S".
- MIPI DSI 3 lanes for front panel.
- MIPI DSI 4 lanes for HDMI conversion IC (to #24). Only found on VitaTV and PDEL units.
- Unknown IC, cannot find mapping to PCH unit.
- Connector to back touchpad.
- Audio codec IC. Labeled "WM1803E 06ABRT4". On top right (outside box) is an IC related to the antennas.
- Unknown connector pads.
- Battery for CP.
- mini PCIe connector for CP daughterboard. Does not follow PCIe signal interface.
- Unknown transistor/logic network.
- MIPI DSI to HDMI translation chip. ADV7533 model.
- HDMI connector
- mini-USB connector from the CP.
- DRAM for CP. 256MB. Labeled "Samsung K4X2G323PC-8GD8"
- Left: EPSON RX-4581NB real-time clock (labeled "R4581 EK416C"). Right: PIC16F724-I/ML microcontroller (low power). Both likely powered by battery (#21) and are used to ensure CP RTC is never reset.
- Unknown IC
- Unknown network
- eMMC storage for CP
- CP processor. Labeled "... 1028KU603 JAPAN ARM". PDEL units are labeled "KD77630AF1 EM1-S 1141KU601 JAPAN ARM". Both are likely the same chip from Renesas.
- Left: USB transceiver. SMSC USB3315 model. Right: USB hub. SMSC USB2512B model. Above that: crystal for USB. Allows CP USB port to export an interface to CP processor as well as Kermit.
- Unknown. Connected to USB hub IC. | <urn:uuid:f02c5590-0c83-4317-a2c0-ed152c64f3c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiki.henkaku.xyz/vita/index.php?title=DEM-3000X&direction=prev&oldid=7798 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.80293 | 932 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Yoko Ono opposes parole for John Lennon's killer
Yoko Ono said Chapman might be a danger to her, other family members and perhaps even himself. Yoko Ono said she was trying to be "practical" in asking that he remain behind bars.
BEVERLY HILLS, Calif.
Ono said she was trying to be "practical" in asking that Mark David Chapman remain behind bars for fatally shooting the pop legend on Dec. 8, 1980, outside Lennon's Manhattan apartment building. Chapman, who has been repeatedly denied parole, is up for review again this month in New York State.
Lennon's widow said Chapman might be a danger to her, other family members and perhaps even himself. She did not elaborate.
At his last parole hearing, Chapman said he was ashamed and sorry for gunning down the former Beatle. He told the parole board he understood the gravity of his actions and was a changed man.
"LennonNYC," airing Nov. 22 as part of the "American Masters" public TV series, includes rare studio recordings, concert film outtakes and home movies, producer Susan Lacy said. Ono provided access and was among those interviewed for the documentary.
Reviewing her life with Lennon was "painful" at times, Ono said, but provided the chance to show him as a "three-dimensional person" and to explore his ultimately tragic affection for New York.
The film "is about New York, the city he was in love with and strangely, the city that he loved so much, it killed him," Ono said. "It was his love, and it was his death."
Lennon would have been 70 in October. | <urn:uuid:e5a99bf4-180e-430f-b8f5-4da14e2f7029> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://m.csmonitor.com/From-the-news-wires/2010/0806/Yoko-Ono-opposes-parole-for-John-Lennon-s-killer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00129-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.990713 | 357 | 1.59375 | 2 |
When last I checked (admittedly, several years ago), the manual was still available in PDF form in various nooks and crannies of the Web. As far as I recall, the procedure boiled down to: (1) Connect all devices (up to 8 plus the bridge, IIRC) via LocalTalk or an equivalent system such as PhoneNet. As was the norm in that era, each should be powered off while being physically connected. (2) Start all of the networked machines, but do not power up the AsantéTalk bridge box until every other device on the LocalTalk segment has booted far enough to have established its network presence to the other devices.
At that point, the AsantéTalk box is supposed to work out what LocalTalk devices are visible to it, and ready itself to bridge each one's traffic onto the EtherTalk segment. After that autoconfiguration takes place, which I vaguely recall taking somewhere upwards of 30–90 seconds (?), further operation is supposed to be totally transparent to the user. Be aware that any device which adds itself to the LocalTalk segment after normal operations begin will not subsequently be noticed by the bridge firmware, and thus will remain invisible to the Ethernet side of the bridge. Depending on configurations, that could include a previously known device, that had thitherto been working properly, claiming a different low-level bus address after a reboot. | <urn:uuid:c5257d63-a378-4d4c-988e-1ceeea2210b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.vcfed.org/index.php?threads/apple-gs-mac-se-30-and-asantetalk-together.53647/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.969238 | 286 | 1.796875 | 2 |
from D. H. LAWRENCE
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Sons and Lovers has a great deal of description of the natural environment. Often, the weather and environment reflect the characters' emotions through the literary technique of pathetic fallacy. The description is frequently eroticized, both to indicate sexual energy and to slip pass the censors in Lawrence's repressive time.
Lawrence's characters also experience moments of transcendence while alone in nature, much as the Romantics did. More frequently, characters bond deeply while in nature. Lawrence uses flowers throughout the novel to symbolize these deep connections. However, flowers are sometimes agents of division, as when Paul is repulsed by Miriam's fawning behavior towards the daffodil. | <urn:uuid:b13761d3-f204-475c-ac39-58cec1a9b210> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gradesaver.com/things-fall-apart/q-and-a/treatment-of-nature-from-sons-and-lovers-113569 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932683 | 153 | 2.640625 | 3 |
First presidential visit to Lotus Temple
NEW DELHI — The President of India, Abdul Kalam, visited the Baha'i House of Worship in New Delhi on 18 March 2003, the first official visit there by an Indian Head of State since the Temple was opened in December 1986.
Dr. Kalam was joined by Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani and Mrs. Advani, and Defence Minister George Fernandes.
The visitors come from three major religious communities in India. Dr Kalam is a Muslim, Mr. and Mrs. Advani are Hindus, and Mr. Fernandes is a Christian.
Upon Dr. Kalam's arrival, two children, dressed in gold-braided Sherwani coats, presented him with bouquets.
After a brief meeting with representatives of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of India and the Continental Board of Counsellors, Dr. Kalam circumambulated the House of Worship as a sign of reverence before entering.
Known in India as the Lotus Temple, it is one of the most visited buildings in the world, with an average of three and a half million visitors each year.
Among many other prominent visitors to the Temple have been the prime ministers of Norway and Sri Lanka, the president of Iceland, the vice-president of Uruguay, and the Dalai Lama.
The Temple has won numerous architectural and engineering awards. It is designed in the shape of a lotus flower, which is beloved in India as a symbol of purity and tenderness -- and of God's Messengers.
It is one of seven Baha'i Houses of Worship in the world. The others are in Australia, Germany, Panama, Uganda, the United States and Western Samoa.
Each temple has its own distinctive design, incorporating common elements such as a dome and nine entrances, which are symbolic both of the great religions through which humans have gained knowledge of God and of the diversity of the human race and its essential oneness.(For more information on the Lotus Temple see http://www.bahaiworldnews.org/story/89).
Upon entering the Temple, Dr. Kalam met choir members. With Mr. and Mrs. Advani and Mr. Fernandes, he listened to a program of prayers and chants.
At the completion of the program, Dr. Kalam continued his tour of the Temple, which he described as looking "fantastic".
Dr. Kalam carefully read some of the writings of Baha'u'llah placed inside each of the alcoves of the Temple.
During his visit Dr. Kalam observed: "Religion has two parts. One is faith; the other is logic and reason. It is important that these two inseparable parts stay together so that religion can help people to have peace of mind. If there is peace of mind, then there will be peace in the family and in the nation."
In a visit to the nearby Baha'i public information center, Dr. Kalam showed interest in a display about the Indore-based Barli Development Institute for Rural Women, which focuses on giving poor young women literacy training as well as practical knowledge of health and conservation issues. (For more information see:
He referred to a quotation of 'Abdu'l-Baha regarding the importance of education of girls, and then said: "The education of girls would result in the education of the entire family and is most important in producing good human beings."
Dr. Kalam was also given information about the current discourse on science, religion and development being promoted by the Baha'i community. Activities have included a colloquium organized by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of India and the Institute for Studies in Global Prosperity, a research organization that works in association with the Baha'i International Community. (http://www.bahaiworldnews.org/story/73)
After the President departed, Deputy Prime Minister Advani and Mrs. Advani continued their visit in the public information center.
Mr. Advani had attended the 1986 dedication of the House of Worship. He said religion was a powerful ennobling force in society and that it was very important to teach the values of life to children.
Defence Minister Fernandes, having agreed to sing in the choir two days later on the Baha'i festival of Naw-Ruz (New Year), practised singing a Christian hymn "Abide with Me". (In Baha'i Houses of Worship, prayers and hymns from all divinely revealed scriptures are welcomed).
Mr. Fernandes discussed the relationship of the Baha'i Faith with other religions and was informed that Baha'is believe that the fundamental teachings of all major religions are the same and that they come from the same source.
On March 20, Mr. Fernandes performed with the choir as arranged. Among the guests were former Indian Prime Minister I. K. Gujral, India's Attorney-General, Soli Sorabjee, and members of the diplomatic corps.
(Report compiled with the assistance of Mrs. Zena Sorabjee, Professor Anil Sarwal, Dr. A.K. Merchant, Mrs. Farida Vahedi and Ms. Naznene Rowhani). | <urn:uuid:cd6f2119-676e-45f6-b23d-91581d492326> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.bahai.org/story/204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.960729 | 1,103 | 2.1875 | 2 |
A geologist from the University of Aberdeen is taking part in an ocean expedition that aims to discover how far beneath the Earth life can survive.
Dr Stephen Bowden is among a team of 31 researchers from the International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) who will sail on board the D/V Chikyu research vessel to the Nankai Trough, off the coast of Japan.
The expedition, which gets underway next week, has been compared to a space mission in terms of its complexity.
The IODP team from will drill deep beneath the seafloor, where layers of sediment and rock reach temperatures of 130°C, to collect core samples that will be flown by helicopter to an onshore lab.
The samples will be analysed to find out how hot is too hot for simple microbial life living beneath the seafloor.
The mission has been described as being as complex as a space mission, and like a space mission there are vast opportunities for discovery" Dr Stephen Bowden
By establishing the depth of Earth’s habitable zone the research team hope to answer some fundamental questions about how the subsea biosphere affects life at the surface, and perhaps even discover new insights into the origins of life.
Dr Bowden, who will be blogging from the expedition, said: “The aim of the expedition is to explore the depth at which sediments and rocks become too hot for life, by drilling deep beneath the surface and extracting samples that can be tested in the lab.
“We will be sailing to the Nankai Trough, a plate boundary zone 120km off the coast of Japan where the ocean depth is 4.7 kilometres, to drill 1.2 kilometres beneath the sea floor. The Nankai Trough offers unique conditions where heat flow is particularly high, with temperatures approaching 130°C.
“Based on previous IODP data, we expect to find the upper temperature limit of life beneath the sea floor to be between 90°C and 120°C, but this expedition is using more advanced technologies and analysis that could lead to a breakthrough in our knowledge.
“One of the lead scientists on the expedition has described it as being as complex as a space mission, and like a space mission there are vast opportunities for discovery.”
Author: Robert Turbyne | <urn:uuid:3c20307c-278a-4e07-9784-d2534e5dd24c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.abdn.ac.uk/cops/news/9928/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00547-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936037 | 475 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Seen this headline? "Meat, dairy may be as detrimental to your health as smoking cigarettes, study says"This latest news story on diet and health is the confirmation bias people that are against what our ancestors ate. One issue I have is the definition of high protein. I don't know a paleo eater that is in it for the protein. It's the energy density of the fats that sets ancestral diets from the current un-time-tested dietary fads of today.
The news story from Here reads:
Eating a diet heavy on meat and cheese may be as harmful to you as smoking a cigarette, researchers claim.
A new study, published in Cell Metabolism on March 4, shows that middle-aged people who eat a diet high in animal proteins from milk, meat and cheese are more likely to die of cancer than someone who eats a low-protein diet. The research also showed the people who ate lots of meat and dairy were more likely to die at an earlier age.
"There's a misconception that because we all eat, understanding nutrition is simple. But the question is not whether a certain diet allows you to do well for three days, but can it help you survive to be 100?" study co-author Valter Longo, Edna M. Jones professor of biogerontology at the USC Davis School of Gerontology and director of the USC Longevity Institute in Los Angeles, said in a press release.
Longo had previously done research on a protein that controls a growth hormone called IGF-I, which aids in body growth. Very high levels of IGF-I have been associated with an increased cancer risk. ...
>>> and so on. The study they cite clearly uses relative percentages, that is to say if a group has one mortality in one group and two mortalities in another group, it's a 100% increase??!! Makes for great headlines. Better explained here:
<For instance, this study found that among the NHANES III participants who were diabetes-free at the study’s onset, those eating the most protein were 73 times more likely to die of diabetes (yikes!). But if we look at the absolute numbers, which are tucked away in a little PDF supplement accompanying the study, we’d see that 0.2 percent of the low-protein group died of diabetes (one person) versus 2.0 percent of the high-protein group. That’s an absolute difference of 1.8 percent, which no longer sounds quite as horrifying.>
A review of the story by Denise Minger, (author of Death by Food Pyramid) write the following from Here. Check her stuff out! | <urn:uuid:146eb421-e3ef-4594-989a-1ca6634e04f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://paleorunners.blogspot.com/2014/03/high-protein-as-bad-as-cigarettes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00506-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965429 | 549 | 2.5 | 2 |
The following is a transcription of President Donald P. Christian’s opening remarks from the “Can We Talk About It?” forum on racial equity held on November 30, 2011.
Good evening, and welcome to this evening’s forum, which I believe will prove to be an important event in the life of the College. I appreciate the opportunity to work with Terrell Coakley, President of Student Association, in planning and guiding tonight’s forum, which we hope will be a “teachable moment” for the campus. Terrell and I are both committed to a productive and forward-looking event that may at least begin to heal the wounds opened by the recent posting of racially offensive material on the campus. Just as important, we hope that this forum will be the first in a series of conversations that we have, and work that we undertake, to address issues of race and racial equity on the campus as well as other dimensions of diversity and equity.
I believe that there are members of the press with us this evening, and we welcome you to this event. I would ask that you respect that we will be talking tonight about sensitive topics, and that you take steps to avoid having your presence inhibit discussion. My strong preference would be that you agree not to quote anyone speaking in any of the small groups but that instead you speak with participants afterwards who would be willing to offer their comments. Certainly taking photos or videotaping the overall event is appropriate, but we ask that you not audio record conversations during the forum. Both Terrell and I will be available to speak with media after the event.
I want to comment on the status of the investigation into the drinking fountain incident in Humanities – the act that precipitated our being here tonight. I know that people want to know what is going on, and you have a right to know. The investigation into this incident has not in any way closed but is active and ongoing – including considerable work today. It also is fairly complicated and is requiring careful and painstaking work. I can share that the investigation has identified a person of interest who is a primary focus of the continuing investigation. This is in no way sitting idle, but is being pursued carefully and thoroughly. And I thought all of you should know that.
I will continue my comments by borrowing words from a message that I sent to the campus community in response to the recent incidents that precipitated our being here together this evening. Acts such as these hurt members of our community. And if actions such as these hurt one of us because of our group identity, they should hurt all of us as members of a community that values equity, diversity, inclusiveness, and respect. Understanding that hurt and taking the first steps toward becoming the community we want to be are the primary focus of tonight’s forum.
In my letter of application for the presidency at SUNY New Paltz last April I wrote that “the diversity of New Paltz (across many dimensions) is a strong and special part of our institution, although I believe that much work remains to enhance our campus climate and institutional life by more fully embracing and reflecting the values we espouse. Later in that letter, I indicated that major directives I want to pursue include “Expand efforts to build an inclusive and equitable campus culture.”
For me, the recent postings of racially offensive material brought that vision into sharp focus, and prompted us to come together sooner rather than later, and with a different sense of imperative to examine our campus climate. We cannot ignore the posting of racially offensive material such as we have seen in recent weeks. We do not know the motivations for these acts. Those motivations may very well have been to hurt people, or to damage the College. They almost certainly – in one way or another –were intended to incite.
But while we must respond, we also must not let senseless acts such as these drive our response. Doing so would very likely feed into the aims of the person or people responsible for these actions, which I am sure none of us wants to do. Yes, we have work to do. But we must develop an agenda that is thoughtful and intentional, and not one that is assembled hastily in reaction to actions that we might characterize as senseless. I know that many people want swift and immediate action, and I too would like to solve the issues we face quickly and with grand action.
But the issues we face are deeply entrenched in our society and our institutions, and change at this level occurs slowly. In a previous position as Dean at another university, I organized a process called Dismantling Racism, and as I was preparing for this project I talked with people at other organizations that were using the same process. One, a county health department in the south, was seeing meaningful change after 7 years of work. But the people involved in that process also told me that they were pleased with and positive about the change their organizations had undergone. I would like to think that we can be more nimble than that, and believe that our students can help us in that way, but let’s all recognize that we are taking on difficult work.
With that background, I want to offer comments focused on three key points. The first of these has to do with the initial offensive posting of a label reading “colored only” on a campus drinking fountain. During my time as a doctoral student in zoology in the 1970s, I conducted research in southern Africa, during the apartheid era. I have seen the signs stating “net blankes” – whites only - on beaches, benches, drinking fountains, and bank entrances. And these images were the first thing that popped into my mind when I heard the report of the posting of a “colored only” sign on our campus. But SUNY New Paltz is not apartheid South Africa. The senseless acts that brought us here together this evening were perpetrated by one or two or a small number of individuals. They are not characteristic of this community. And it is important that we keep that fact in mind.
A second point relates to the way we think about the impact of these incidents on our students and faculty and staff, and especially people of color, and it relates particularly to the comments I have heard and read that “oh, it probably was just a joke,” or “lighten up, don’t take this too seriously,” or that our concern about such incidents is a trivial matter of “political correctness.” Words matter, and we do take them seriously. I spoke in the past few weeks with the president of another SUNY campus that also is addressing race-based incidents and attitudes on that campus. They conducted a survey of attitudes and experiences of faculty, staff, and students -- something we may wish to do as well. This survey included questions that asked students to rank their negative experiences focused on race. For students of color, blatant, hateful, overt acts ranked well down on the list. The top ranked experience was a sense that people were staring at them. And the second was a subtle sense that white people were changing their course ever so slightly on campus sidewalks and hallways to avoid walking close to them.
My point here is that obvious, in-your-face incidents like the ones that have brought us here tonight are only the tip of a large iceberg of the experiences of many members of our community. Most of us do not experience the other things below the surface, or are even aware of them. The posting of racially offensive material on a drinking fountain or in an elevator is glaring, and we would do well to listen to the people who ARE hurt by it. One of our goals here tonight should be to help us all understand these impacts.
A final point I want to make is best told by a fable, one of Aesop’s fables. This is one version of the fable of the bundled sticks.
A dying man called his sons to his death bed. His sons could rarely agree and were always squabbling about something. He handed the eldest a tied bundle of finger-sized sticks and asked him to break them. He could not, nor could each of the younger sons in turn. The man then instructed his sons to unbundle the sticks, and to see if they could break the individual sticks, which they readily could. He pointed out the clear moral of the story – that we are stronger together than we are apart.
And that’s a lesson that I hope we can carry with us this evening, and in the coming weeks and months as we take steps to become a better community than we are. The recent incidents on campus, our responses to them, and the resulting actions we take must be owned by the entire community. Our sense of community must guide our actions, and we must recognize that no one individual or even a small group can be responsible.
Our purpose here tonight is simple, and it is to speak and listen to each other about the ways these recent incidents have affected us individually and collectively, and how we can become better as a community. We might begin each small-group discussion with the simple question “how did the posting of a sign reading “colored only” on a drinking fountain affect you personally?” Our intention is that by talking about these events, about race and racism, and by discussing and listening to each other’s life experiences, we will have a chance to join together and learn from each other. We hope that we also can spend some time brainstorming about important steps that as a community we might consider as long-term responses. | <urn:uuid:cf963392-0247-48f9-97cf-3e897317860d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.newpaltz.edu/president/equity.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00141-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980964 | 1,973 | 1.554688 | 2 |
The seven major democratic powers of the world intend to convene an international conference and launch a kind of “Marshall Plan” for the reconstruction of Ukraine.
In the face of the devastation wrought by the war in Ukraine, the international community faces a “huge task,” German Federal Chancellor Olaf Scholz said in his closing speech to the G7 summit held in Elmau Castle in southern Germany. … …
In their closing statement, the G7 leaders also said they were ready “to agree to long-term security commitments to help Ukraine defend itself.” However, the statement did not clarify the nature of these obligations, and Schulze also declined to comment.
As for the reconstruction of Ukraine, Schultz drew a parallel with the Marshall Plan implemented under the direction of the United States, which financed the reconstruction of devastated West Germany after World War II. “The picture of the Marshall Plan is not exaggerated,” Schultz said, adding that this illustrates the “dimensions” of the task at hand.
The closing statement of the G7 summit says that the group supports the holding of an international conference and the reconstruction program for Ukraine.
Planning and implementation of the program, according to the text, should be the responsibility of Ukraine “in close cooperation with international partners”.
“We reiterate our condemnation of Russia’s illegal and unjustified aggressive war against Ukraine,” the statement said. “We will support Ukraine as long as it is necessary, and we will provide the necessary financial, humanitarian, military and diplomatic support for the courageous defense of its sovereignty and territorial integrity,” he added.
Fighting hunger in the world
According to Schultz, the second important outcome of the summit is the fight against world hunger, which was exacerbated above all by the Russian war of aggression.
G7 heads of state and government have pledged an additional €4.3 billion to help those most affected by hunger and malnutrition. According to their own data, this year the seven major industrial democracies will provide a total of more than 13 billion euros. According to the United Nations, the equivalent of €44 billion is needed to effectively contain the current food crisis.
In addition, the G7 says it supports all efforts to open Ukrainian ports and create safe grain export corridors. The group also wants to help identify the grain being illegally exported from Ukraine.
Schulz said the G7 also supports the idea of an international “climate club”, which the chancellor says should be established by the end of 2022. The club should aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including their measurement and recording. The aim is to combat the reallocation of production to other countries with less stringent climate requirements.
Another goal should be to transform the industry towards greater sustainability. The seven economic powers, through energy partnerships, want to help the poorest countries with expertise and funds transition to a more sustainable economy.
On Sunday, the summit’s opening day, the Group of Seven announced the launch of a major infrastructure investment plan for developing countries aimed at responding to China’s growing global influence. The initiative, called the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, aims to increase development in low- and middle-income countries and strengthen the planet’s economy, as well as distribution chains.
md / lf (AFP, DPA, Reuters, ots)
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Been there, done that, got the T-shirt:
Been there, done that, got the T-shirt:
PF: Pilot flying.
PNF: Pilot NOT flying
TOGA: Take off / Go around power. Layman's terms, "firewalling it".
Normal Law: Sidestick commands load factor (ie, "G") and roll rate. High speed / low speed / bank angle / stall / load factor protection.
Alternate Law: Arrived in this state due to system degradation. Numerous causes. Not really an issue. Sidestick commands load factor, however, direct control of ailerons. No protection other than load factor and stability at high / low speeds. Aircraft can be stalled.
Direct Law (reference): Sidestick directly commands elevator and aileron position. Aircraft enters this law with gear down and autopilot disconnected.
Sorry, think I should have been clearer. When I refer to back-driven sidesticks, I meant that movements on one stick are reflected in movements on the other. As it stands, it's extremely difficult for one pilot to gauge the inputs made by the other.
Recovering from the approach to stall in alternate law was certainly part of my training for the A320, and at no point was it even suggested that it involved back-pressure on the sidestick or full thrust in an attempt to "power out" of the stall. Normal stall recovery is to reduce the angle of attack and then carefully increase power once the aircraft is out of the stall.
The ability to perform what might be considered extreme manoeuvres in normal law is something which a pilot will deliberately choose to do. Examples in which we'd expect to use the flight envelope protection include windshear, TCAS, and (E)GPWS events; not speed discrepancies. If the aircraft is shouting "STALL, STALL" at us, I don't know ANY pilot who would pull back or fail to respect the warning.
Not in this case, though. The aircraft remained in the nose-high attitude due to continuous back-pressure applied by the PF, probably unknown to the PNF. The Airbus's flight characteristics exacerbated the situation by applying nose up stabiliser trim to neutralise elevator deflection. This is not unique to the Airbus; any modern jet transport aircraft will do the same but it doesn't help, since it reduces nose down pitch authority.
Quite correctly, in normal law the Airbus cannot be stalled. That doesn't mean it can't be crashed. However, in alternate law it can certainly be stalled. The warning - which is aural, continuous, and unmistakable: "STALL... STALL..." - signals the approach to the stall and a recoverable situation at any point in the flight envelope. Applying TOGA power would make the situation worse by inducing a nose-up pitching moment, although I doubt that at 35,000ft there was sufficient excess thrust to make a significant impact. It would certainly be noticeable at lower levels.
I do not know - and doubt we will ever know - the reason why nose up sidestick inputs were made. However, I imagine the A350 series will have back-driven sidesticks as a direct result of this accident.
For OLED, the true best case scenario for low power usage is green text on a black background. This is because an OLED isn't a true RGB pixel layout. Instead, it typically runs RRGBB, with the red and blue pixels double sized for apparent longevity reasons.
The green pixel is half the size, so presumably half the power usage.
And I'm perfectly aware I've just pointlessly wasted 5 minutes of my life writing that. APPRECIATE IT, SLASHDOT.
The true computing pioneer was Post Office engineer Tommy Flowers, who designed Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic computer.
After the war Flowers was granted £1,000 by the government, payment which did not even cover Flowers' personal investment in the equipment. His work in computing was not fully acknowledged until the 1970s because the project was restricted by the Official Secrets Act.
People have an issue with this because if convicted in America he will face the rest of his life (however long or short it may be) languishing in a high security American prison. In the UK we do at least give the majority of our prisoners the chance of rehabilitation.
The above comment disregarding the fact that a US jury is almost certainly likely to be biased against a foreigner; his inability to qualify for any capable legal aid; and an unfamiliarity with the US legal system seems to me an excellent reason to allow him to be tried at home. I imagine that they're also looking to try him under a terrorism-related charge, which is patently not what he set out to achieve.
However, this is now boiling down to a deeper issue of a massive disparity between the number of people extradited from the UK to the USA and vice-versa. I daresay the bulk of this is due to the fact that we do in fact harbour more potential terrorists, but at least some part of it is due to a government that just rolls over and takes it up the arse.
Your son might find object oriented programming a lot easier if he hasn't been taught BASIC or COBOL beforehand. It is, after all, a much more natural way of thinking about things.
Also, look at Turtle Java:
I think the point the OP is trying to make is that with two different drives, for every task you attempt you're going to get worst-case performance every time.
Coffin corner does not refer to a simple underspeed/overspeed condition. Limiting factor for speed at high altitude is Mach number, not IAS. Exceeding Mcrit leads to shockwave formation on the leading edge of the wing. This moves the centre of pressure rearwards and causes an uncontrollable nose-down pitching moment known as Mach Tuck.
It is this that can cause speeds to rise to the point where they're damaging to the airframe.
At coffin corner, slowing down will give pre-stall buffet, while speeding up gives mach buffet, the precursor to mach tuck. It's almost impossible to tell the difference between the two. Additionally, given the high TAS even small control inputs can have very rapid and extreme effects. It is exceptionally difficult to hand-fly an airliner at high altitude, especially without the benefit of automatic trim.
Normally with Apple stuff you throw the old model away and simply wheel out a replacement- oh, wait.
I think it depends on whether or not your subconscious hates you.
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No, it doesn't make sense to me. But it makes sense that they remain in effect based on the fabric of our society, based on "what the public wants," says the government.
Yesterday, as every lawyer in the world knows, the United States Supreme Court heard argument on the issue of whether life sentences without parole for juveniles convicted of non-homicide offenses is a violation of the Eighth Amendment prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment.
There is no question but that we have lost any desire to reform children that have gone astray. Trying juveniles as adults, once a rarity, is now the norm. Seventeen year olds are frequently charged as adults because, well, they're 17.
We have no issue as a society locking up people and "throwing away the key. This is whether they are 35, 50, or 14.
The State of Florida argued that individual states should have the right to determine how to prosecute children. Florida has a big stake in this case, with 77 of the 100 juveniles imprisoned for life on non-homicide cases proudly calling the Sunshine State home.
Lock 'em up. Forever.
It's how we are, and who we are today. Politicians run on "tough on crime" agendas, convincing the public that they will "keep them safe." Turn a misdemeanor into a felony, throw in a minimum mandatory penalty, have the tool to be able to lock up a kid for life, and we'll all feel safer. Go against the agenda, and you're just cozying up with criminals and running the risk of abandoning everyones perceived top priority of "public safety."
Life without parole sentences for juveniles make sense because they keep politicians in office, and keep people believing they are safe(r).
Talk about putting money into education, helping kids on the "front end" rather than the "back end" when they are well on there way to prison, and you just "don't understand." The anger and hatred expressed by those who can't believe we as a country would even consider non-homicidal children in prison for the rest of their lives to be cruel and unusual, is deafening.
Prosecutors want this hammer. The people, are told by their elected officials that they want this hammer.
That's why it all makes sense.
And that's why they'll stay in effect, subject to some level of discretion that is virtually meaningless.
Brian Tannebaum is a criminal defense lawyer in Miami, Florida practicing in state and federal court. Read his free ebook The Truth About Hiring A Criminal Defense Lawyer. To learn more about Brian and his firm, Tannebaum Weiss, please visit www.tannebaumweiss.com
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Principals set the tone every day and the flipped model could represent a symbolic way of telling adults that we still have to be innovative, and it’s really hard for a principal to preach innovation if they aren’t using it in the venues they lead.
Faculty meetings are as good or as bad as we want them to be. Some faculty meetings can be a time when there are great discussions about education and we feel as though we are a part of inspirational moments that we would only find in the Dead Poet’s Society. Other times they are an example of bad behavior because adults have sidebars or they argue back and forth, or the principal is like Ben Stein in the famous scene in Ferris Bueller’s Day Off where he just drones on and on.
Most faculty meetings have the same format. The principal sends out an agenda 24 hours before the meeting so the staff can see the list of items they will discuss. At the beginning of the year they may sign up for specific months to bring food so the meeting feels more personal. I have some awesome cooks and bakers on staff so the food at our meetings is always top-notch.
Meetings where principals and staff get together doesn’t happen as often as it should. Most faculty meetings last about 45 minutes to an hour and only happen once a month. A lot can happen in education over a month so there are times when important issues can get lost when the new ones come up. Over the years I have included quick videos to make people laugh during more stressful months. Other times the meetings are quiet because people are overwhelmed so we get those over with quickly.
Unfortunately, I came to the conclusion this summer that my meetings, although nice, are not always worth the time the faculty takes to attend them, so I am flipping them this year. During a year with so many changes in education, I need them to our staff meetings to be different. They need to be more authentic and engaging.
Why Flip the Faculty Meeting?
“Innovative learning requires that you trust yourself, that you be self-directed rather than other-directed in both your life and work.” Warren Bennis
There are many blogs and articles about flipping the classroom (The Flipped Classroom). At first, it sounded like more of a fad than anything worthwhile. However, the more the cynic in me stayed out of the way, the more the creative side thought that this was a good model to use. Flipping the classroom can take the lecture out of the classroom and replace it with more in-depth student centered conversations about important topics.
Teachers are using the flipped approach so like any good principal I sent my fifth grade teachers the challenge of trying the model during this school year. Then the plan somehow backfired on me because David Culberhouse, a senior director of elementary education in California (The Next Step) sent me a challenge through Twitter. He asked me when I was going to flip my faculty meetings and he was referring to a blog he had read the month before.
In reading North Carolina teacher Bill Ferriter’s Tempered Radical Blog, he posed a challenged to principals to flip their meetings and this year I’m taking the challenge (What if you Flipped Your Faculty Meetings?). A few weeks ago I researched different software to use so I could engage staff. I have done a few webinars and enjoy using links, videos and Power Points so I decided to use Screenr.
In about fifteen minutes I created a Power Point of all the items I thought staff should know at our first faculty meeting (i.e. procedures, dates and notes from the office, etc.) and used Screenr which basically allows the presenter to put a box around the Power Point, press record and they are on their way to creating a flipped faculty meeting model. I kept my recording to 8 minutes and sent the link through e-mail. In the recording I told staff that we would be meeting on the first day of school in our first official faculty meeting to discuss APPR, Common Core State Standards (CCSS), and the New York State Growth Model more at length.
Those topics are very important to our existence as educators right now and the faculty meeting is the most important place to discuss those issues. Every principal and staff has topics they should discuss at length, so the flipped model is worth trying once to see if it makes those faculty conversations more authentic.
When doing the flipped faculty model, consider the following:
Why are you flipping your meeting? Don’t do it because it is the new thing to do. Flip your meeting because you want to focus on a couple of topics more at length in the actual meeting.
What are you using to flip your meeting?Principals have to use what they are comfortable with and I ended up using Screenr because it allowed me to use a Power Point and record myself without the staff having to look at me. There are many other tools out there. If you’re using Screenr, be advised that the free version only allows 5 minutes. You will have to pay a small monthly fee to get the longer version, so make sure it will be worth it.
Who will benefit from the experience? Both the principal and the staff should benefit from the experience. I’m not an expert because I have only done it once but I am planning on tackling different topics in different ways through the flipped model.
What topics need more discussion? It’s easy right now to find topics that need more discussion. APPR and CCSS are two topics I felt needed our time and effort. During a year there are many topics worth discussing at length.
In the End
It seems in education that there are many reasons not to step outside our comfort zones and try something new. It’s an easy time to play it safe and keep faculty meetings short and to the point. Unfortunately we are teaching our staff that risk taking isn’t worth it anymore and that is the wrong message to send. There is one major reason not to follow the status quo...our school community.
Our students deserve more than people who play it safe and our staffs deserve principals who will lead the way in trying something innovative. Principals set the tone every day and the flipped model could represent a symbolic way of telling adults that we still have to be innovative, and it’s really hard for a principal to preach innovation if they aren’t using it in the venues they lead. Try it once and see what happens.
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Hell is our reasonable, just and deserved punishment based on crimes against God.
The existence of hell and the surety of judgment are not the claims of fallible man. The Bible is the source of the claim, and it is utterly infallible. When someone becomes a Christian, he is admitting that he was in the wrong, and that God is justified in His declarations that we have sinned against Him.
What if someone says, “Well, I don’t believe in hell”…?
Well, if they are right, the good news is that they won’t know anything after they die. It will be the end. No heaven, no hell. Just nothing. They won’t even realize that it is good news.
However, the bad news for them is that if the Bible is right and there is eternal justice, then they will find themselves standing before the judgment throne of a holy God. Think about it. A holy and perfect Creator has seen your thought-life and every secret sin you have ever committed. You have a multitude of sins, and God must by nature carry out justice. Ask God to remind you of the sins of your youth. Ask God to bring to remembrance your secret sexual sins, the lies, the gossip, and other idle words. You may have forgotten your past sins, but God hasn’t. Hell will be your just punishment – exactly what you deserve – and you will have no one to blame but yourself. This is the claim of the Bible. If you do not believe it, it is still TRUE. It will still happen. What matters is what is true, not what you believe!
Yet there is good news – incredibly good news. We deserve judgment, but God offers us mercy through the cross. He paid our fine so that we could leave the courtroom. He destroyed the power of the grave for all who obey Him. Simply obey the gospel, and live.
Some who are enjoying the pleasures of sin for a season will brush off thoughts of God’s eternal justice by joking, “I don’t mind going to hell. All my friends will be there.” Obviously, those who flippantly say such things don’t believe in the biblical concept of hell. They are like a slow-witted criminal who thinks that the electric chair is a place to put up his feet for a while and relax. Their understanding of the nature of God is erroneous, so it may be wise to speak for a few moments about the reasonableness of hell. The Bible tells us that God will punish murderers and rapists, and the place of punishment – the “PRISON” God will send them to – is a place called “hell.” However, God is so good, He will also punish thieves, liars, adulterers, fornicators, and blasphemers. He will even punish those who desired to murder or rape but never took the opportunity. He warns that if we hate someone, we commit murder in our hearts. If we lust, we commit adultery in the heart, etc. All are sins that will send us to hell.
C.S. Lewis summed up all the terrors of hell when he said, “There is no doctrine which I would more willingly remove from Christianity than the doctrine of hell, if it lay in my power. But it has the full support of Scripture and, especially, of our Lord’s own words; it has always been held by the Christian Church, and it has the support of reason.”
Take the time to consider the REALITY of hell what the Bible says about it. Some people like to picture hell as a fun, pleasure-filled place where they can engage in all the sensual sins that are forbidden here. Others accept that hell is a place of punishment, but believe that the punishment is to be annihilated – to cease conscious existence. Because they can’t conceive that a loving God would punish people in eternal torment, they believe hell is just a metaphor for the grave.
While it is true that God is love (1 John 4:8), He is also just (Neh 9:32-33; 2 Thess 1:6) and eternal (Psalm 90:2; 1 Tim 1:17). God will therefore punish the evil doer (Isa 13:11) and this punishment will be eternal. It will also be conscious. Scripture tells us of the rich man who found himself in hell (Luke 16:19-31). He was conscious and was able to feel pain, to thirst, and to experience remorse. He was not asleep in the grave; he was in a place of “torment.”
Luke 16:23 – And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom.
We tend to forget what pain is like when we don’t have it. Can you imagine how terrible it would be to be in agony, with no hope of relief? Hell is not just a place with an absence of God or His blessings; it is punishment for sin. It is literal torment, forever. That is why the Bible WARNS that it is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God!!
Heb 10:31 – It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
The fate of the unsaved is described with such fearful words as the following:
– “Shame and everlasting contempt” (Daniel 12:2)
Daniel 12:2 – And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.
– “Everlasting punishment” (Matt 25:46)
Matt 25:46 – And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life eternal.
– “Weeping and gnashing of teeth” (Matt 24:51)
Matt 24:51 – And shall cut him asunder, and appoint him his portion with the hypocrites: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
– “Fire unquenchable” (Luke 3:17)
Luke 3:17 – Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable.
– “Indignation and wrath, tribulation and anguish” (Rom 2:8,9)
Rom 2:8-9 – But unto them that are contentious, and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, indignation and wrath, Tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile;
– “Punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord” (2 Thess 1:9)
2 Thess 1:9 – Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power;
– “Eternal fire…the blackness of darkness for ever” (Jude 7, 13)
Jude 7:3, 13 – Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire…Raging waves of the sea, foaming out their own shame; wandering stars, to whom is reserved the blackness of darkness for ever.
Scripture is quite clear: hell is a REAL place. It is not mere unconsciousness.
It is not temporal. It is eternal TORMENT.
If hell is a place of knowing nothing or a reference to the grave into which we go at death, Jesus’ statements about hell make no sense. He said that if your hand, foot or eye cause you to sin, it would be better to remove it than to go into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched: where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched. (Mark 9:43-48)
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Epidural infection represents a serious albeit infrequent complication of long-term epidural catheterization. The catheter hub is regarded as the main point of entry for microorganisms among the three possible routes (hematogenous, insertion site, hub) of microbial colonization of the inserted catheter. The current study was aimed at evaluating whether frequent changing of antimicrobial filters carries an increased risk of catheter hub contamination and the time-dependent efficacy of commonly used antimicrobial filters after prolonged use.
In the first part of the study, a microbiologic survey (skin, filter, hub, and catheter tip) was performed weekly in a group of 47 patients with cancer bearing subcutaneously tunneled catheters managed at home. Subsequently, the time-dependent efficacy of 96 micropore filters (32 Portex, 32 Sterifix-Braun, 32 Encapsulon TFX-Medical) differing in surface areas and/or composition of the filtering membrane was evaluated in a laboratory study. Filters were perfused, under the usual conditions of clinical use (flow resistance, injection pressure, temperature), every 8 h up to 60 days, with 5 ml of two different analgesic solutions, either sterile or containing 1.5 x 10(5)/ml of Streptococcus milleri I. Eight filters of each type subsequently were flushed with a S. milleri suspension (0.5 McFarland) after 7, 14, 28, and 60 days of continuous perfusion, and the resulting filtrates were cultured.
In 16 of 19 positive hub cultures, the same microorganisms (species, biotype, antibiotype) were cultured from skin and filters. A statistically significant positive trend was found between the number of filter changes and the rate of positive hub cultures (chi 1(2) trend 5.11; P = 0.02). A high correlation coefficient was found between number of positive skin cultures and number of positive filtrates (r = 0.88; P = 0.01) and between number of positive filtrates and number of positive hub cultures (r = 0.93; P = 0.003). Cultures obtained from Portex and Sterifix-Braun filters yielded no bacterial growth (64/64) throughout the study period. Cultures from Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters showed bacterial growth 2/8 at seventh day, 7/8 at the 14th day, and 16/16 from the 28th day onward.
Our data indicate significant correlation between the incidence of catheter hub colonization and the filter-change frequency, when the skin close to the filter-hub connection is contaminated. Our results also show that Portex and Sterifix-Braun bacterial filters, when perfused with reduced volumes at low injection pressures, maintain an unmodified antimicrobial function for at least 60 days. Based on these data, it appears clinically feasible to reduce the frequency of filter changes during long-term epidural catheterization, with a consequent possible decrease of epidural catheter colonization.
Key words: Complications: catheter-related infection. Equipment: antimicrobial filters. Techniques: epidural.
DURING the past 10 yr, long-term epidural opioid infusion has been used to provide analgesia for cancer pain management. [1–4] Among possible complications of such a procedure, the microbial colonization of epidural space remains the most serious because of the delayed appearance of related symptoms. In addition, compression of the spinal cord and/or alterations of local vascularization, due to possible abscess development, may lead to neurologic complications that are sometimes irreversible. [5–8].
In large retrospective studies, epidural infection associated with long-term epidural anesthesia and/or analgesia has been regarded as a rare occurrence. [5,6,9] However, prospective clinical studies have revealed a prevalence of positive bacterial cultures as great as 22% from routine testing of epidural catheters. [10,11] In a study by Hunt et al. on the possible routes of catheter microbial colonization, the insertion site and the catheter hub accounted for 32% and 40%, respectively. More recently, Du Pen et al. conducted a prospective study on 350 patients with subcutaneously tunnelled epidural catheters for treatment of cancer or AIDS-related pain. By radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and microbial cultures, epidural infections were detected in 5.4% of the patients. The routes by which microorganisms colonized the epidural space were hematogenous in 20% of the cases, the catheter tunnel (starting at the insertion site of the catheter) in 26%, and the catheter hub in 54% of the patients. These results are comparable to those from other studies concerning microbial colonization routes of central venous catheters. [13,14].
Because the catheter hub appears to represent the main route of catheter microbial colonization, as suggested by the above-mentioned data, the use of bacterial filters should represent a valuable tool for preventing epidural colonization related to such a route. However, some authors have reported cases of epidural infections via the hub despite the use of filters. There are two possible explanations for such observations: (1) the filter loses its antimicrobial efficacy after a prolonged use, and (2) the catheter hub is directly contaminated during filter-changing maneuvers, thereby bypassing the filter barrier. If the catheter hub is directly contaminated during filter-changing maneuvers and filters preserve their antimicrobial activity over a prolonged use, a reduction in filter-change frequency may result in a lower risk of epidural infection during long-term catheterization.
To test such hypotheses, we evaluated the actual risk of hub contamination as a function of filter-change rates in a clinical setting and the time-dependent efficacy of commonly available bacterial filters under controlled laboratory conditions. For the latter study, three commercially available bacterial filters differing in surface area and/or material of the filtering membrane were tested during long-term perfusion with commonly used analgesic solutions.
Methods and Materials
Over a period of 8 months, 47 patients with advanced cancer in whom subcutaneously tunneled epidural catheters (Portex) had been placed were studied. During each of seven weekly subsequent out-patient visits, along with filter change, we performed (1) a skin swab at catheter insertion site and around the sutures fixing the catheter hub (4 cm2of skin area comprising the Luer-Lok connection of the filter), (2) a culture of the filtrate (removed filters were flushed with 5 ml 0.5 McFarland suspension of Streptococcus milleri I), (3) a swab of the catheter hub inside surface, and (4) a culture of the tip at catheter withdrawal.
Catheters were removed when hub culture results were positive, if signs of catheter tunnel or epidural space infection were present, in the presence of catheter mechanical dysfunction or when the analgesic procedure was clinically ineffective. Details of clinical procedures and microbiologic investigations were described previously. The significance of statistical differences between proportions was tested by means of chi12test for trend and by means of correlation coefficient for continuous variables. A significant difference was accepted when P < 0.05.
Ninety-six micropore “flat” bacterial filters with a membrane pore size of 0.2 micro meter were studied: 32 Portex (Portex LTD, Hythe, Kent, England), 32 Sterifix-Braun (B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany), and 32 Encapsulon-TFX Medical (Corning Costar, Cambridge, MA). Surface area of the filtering membranes was 4.91 cm2for Portex, 4.7 cm2for Sterifix-Braun, and 3.2 cm2for Encapsulon-TFX Medical filters. Composition of the filtering membrane was nylon for Portex and Sterifix-Braun, and cellulose acetate for Encapsulon-TFX Medical filters.
To exclude biases related to manufacturing defects, four filters of each type were randomly taken from filter packages in current use at our institution and subjected to a functional test. Filters were perfused with S. milleri I bacterial suspension of a known titer, and the resulting filtrates underwent culture in aerobic Bactec vials type NR6A (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD). After a negative result for all the cultures, the study was started.
To reproduce the usual conditions of flow resistance, injection pressure, and temperature, each filter was connected, under strict aseptic conditions, to a Portex epidural catheter of 0.9 mm in external diameter, which was, in turn, inserted in an empty sterile polyvinylchloride bag; 20-ml syringes were used for injection, and all filters were kept at 36 degrees Celsius (the usual temperature at the skin-filter interface during clinical use).
To test filter efficacy against the usual chemical and physical conditions, we used sterile analgesic solutions. Filters also were tested with contaminated analgesic solutions to account for a possible increase of bacterial burden over time.
In two consecutive phases of the study, filters were perfused, by the same trained nurses, with two different analgesic solutions of routine use at our institution: (1) SDM solution, consisting of 18 ml of normal saline, 1 ml (4 mg) Dexamethasone, and 1 ml (10 mg) morphine hydrochloride, and (2) BDM solution, consisting of 18 ml 0.25% bupivacaine, 1 ml (4 mg) Dexamethasone, and 1 ml (10 mg) morphine hydrochloride. In the first phase, 48 filters were perfused with sterile analgesic solutions. In the second phase, 48 other filters were conversely perfused with analgesic solutions contaminated by S. milleri I (SM) at a final titer of 1.5 x 105bacteria/ml.
The pH and osmolality of the solutions were, respectively, 6.91 and 268 for SDM, 6.65 and 251 for BDM, 6.83 and 276 for SDM + SM, and 6.53 and 255 for BDM + SM.
Of 32 filters of each type, 8 were perfused every 8 h with 5 ml of SDM, 8 with 5 ml of BDM, 8 with 5 ml of SDM + SM, and 8 with 5 ml of BDM + SM. After 7, 14, 28, and 60 days of perfusion, eight filters of each type (two perfused with SDM, two with BDM, two with SDM + SM, and two with BDM + SM) were detached from the catheters and subjected to functional testing at the microbiology laboratory (Figure 1). Tests were performed by a bacteriologist “blinded” as to the type of both the flushed solution and filter.
The organism used in this study was a clinical strain of recently isolated Streptococcus (S. milleri I, diameter 1–1.5 micro meter) grown in blood agar. From the colonies of this microorganism, a suspension of 0.5 McFarland (corresponding to 1.5 x 108bacteria/ml) was prepared in tryptic soy broth drawn from Bactec culture vials, type NR6A (enriched soybean—casein digest broth with carbon dioxide), for aerobic cultures (Becton Dickinson).
Filters were flushed with 5 ml of this suspension, and the resulting filtrates were directly injected, by a needle connected to the filter, in Bactec culture vials type NR6A for aerobic cultures (Becton Dickinson) and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius with orbital agitation.
Cultures were tested twice daily on days 1 and 2 and once daily thereafter for 7 days on the Bactec NR730 instrument (Becton Dickinson). If the cultures yielded positive filtrates, identification of S. milleri I was done with regard to genus, species, biotype, and antibiotype. The culture test was considered positive if the isolated microorganism resulted the same injected S. milleri I.
Statistical differences in incidence of positive tests between different types of filters and the injected solutions were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. A significant difference was accepted when P < 0.05.
Eight hundred twenty-eight cultures were performed. During the study, 21 catheters were removed, 19 for positive hub cultures (1 with concomitant clinical and tomographic signs of epidural space infection), 1 for catheter mechanic dysfunction, and 1 because the analgesic procedure turned to be clinically ineffective. In 24 patients who continued the therapy and in 2 who deceased at home, the catheter tip was not available for evaluation. All microbiologic results are reported in Table 1.
Eighty-nine of 111 positive cultures showed growth of gram-positive organisms, and in the remaining 22, gram-negative rods were cultured.
Skin cultures were positive once in six patients, twice in six patients, three times in eight patients, and four times in five patients. In 22 patients, skin cultures were always negative.
Although the injected S. milleri I was never cultured, 24 filtrates yielded bacterial growth. In 16 of 24 positive filtrates, isolated microorganisms were the same (species, biotype, antibiotype) colonizing both the hub and the skin; in 6 other cases, the same microorganisms were isolated from the skin alone; and the source was not identified in the remaining 2.
Positive cultures from 19 hubs showed the same isolates from filtrates in 16 cases and from skin in 18 instances. In one case, microorganisms were cultured from the hub alone.
In five of six (83%) positive tip cultures, isolates were the same obtained from the catheter hub (one patient had clinical and tomographic signs of epidural space infection); in the remaining patient, the same microorganisms contaminating the tip were isolated also from the skin. In this latter case, signs of entry site and catheter tunnel infection were clinically evident in the absence of epidural space infection.
A highly significant correlation coefficient was found between numbers of positive skin cultures and positive filtrates (r = 0.88; P = 0.01) and between numbers of positive filtrates and positive hub cultures (r = 0.93; P = 0.003); a significant correlation coefficient also was seen between numbers of positive skin cultures and positive hub cultures (r = 0.77; P = 0.04;Table 2). A significant positive trend was found between the number of filter changes and the rate of positive hub cultures (chi12trend 5.11; P = 0.02;Table 2).
Use of Sterile Solutions.
After 7 days of perfusion, filtrates of all the tested filters (four of each type) perfused with two analgesic solutions (two with SDM and two with BDM) yielded negative cultures. At day 14, two Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters perfused with SDM solution and one Encapsulon TFX-Medical filter perfused with BDM solution yielded positive filtrates. Filtrates from all Portex and Sterifix-Braun filters were negative at 28 and 60 days, whereas all cultures from Encapsulon-TFX Medical filtrates yielded bacterial growth.
Growth of microorganisms different from S. milleri I was never observed.
There were no significant differences between Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters perfused with SDM solution (6/8, 75% positive test, 95% CI 35–97) and those perfused with BDM solution (5/8, 63% positive test, 95% CI 25–92; P = 0.36). The incidence of positive cultures was significantly greater for Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters than for both Portex (11/16, 69%, 95% CI 42–89 vs. 0/16, 95% CI 0–21; P < 0.001) or Sterifix-Braun (11/16, 69% 95% CI 42–89 vs. 0/16, 95% CI 0–21: P < 0.001) filters.
Use of Contaminated Solutions.
After 7 days of perfusion, two Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters (one perfused with SDM + SM solution and one perfused with BDM + SM solution) yielded positive filtrates. All cultures from Encapsulon TFX-Medical filtrates yielded bacterial growth at days 14, 28, and 60. All cultures obtained from Portex and Sterifix-Braun filtrates resulted in no bacterial growth (64/64) throughout the study period.
Growth of microorganism different from S. milleri I was never observed.
There were no differences between Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters perfused with SDM + SM solution (7/8, 88% positive test, 95% CI 47–100) and those per-fused with BDM + SM solution (7/8, 88% positive test, 95% CI 47–100; P = 0.50). The incidence of positive cultures was significantly greater for Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters than for both Portex (14/16, 88%, 95%, CI 62–98 vs. 0/16, 95% CI 0–21; P < 0.001) and Sterifix-Braun (14/16, 88%, 95% CI 62–98 vs. 0/16, 95% CI 0–21; P < 0.001) filters.
Overall, no differences were observed between Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters perfused with sterile solutions. SDM and BDM (11/16, 69% positive test, 95% CI 41–89), and those perfused with contaminated solutions, SDM + SM and BDM + SM (14/16, 88% positive test, 95% CI 62–98; P = 0.16). The global incidence of positive cultures was also significantly greater for Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters than for both Portex (25/32, 78%, 95% CI 60–91 vs. 0/32, 95% CI 0–11; P < 0.001) and Sterilix-Braun (25/32, 78%, 95% CI 60–91 vs. 0/32, 95% CI 0–11: P< 0.001) filters.
Two main reasons justify the use of micropore filters during epidural catheterization: (1) They act as a barrier for bacteria present in the perfusing solution, and (2) they prevent particulate material from reaching the epidural space. The latter indication was derived from the finding that opening a glass vial produces in the vial a burst of tiny glass particles, ranging from 2 to 250 micro in diameter. [16–18] Should these particles reach the epidural space, they might cause a granulomatous reaction, giving rise to infections and/or to local pain during injections. .
When the micropore filter is employed as an anti-microbial barrier, catheter contamination is prevented provided that microorganisms originate at the catheter hub. In fact, at least three possible routes cause microbial colonization of catheter and/or of epidural space: hematogenous, from distant sources [7,12,19]; the catheter insertion site [11,12]; and the catheter hub. [11,12,20].
In cases wherein microbial colonization of the catheter and/or epidural space were observed, some authors indicated the catheter hub as the main point of entry for microorganisms. [11,12] This evidence appears somewhat surprising because all of the catheters studied were supplied with bacterial filters. On the other hand, many studies on central venous catheters have demonstrated that the main route of microbial colonization is the catheter hub, [14,21] which appears to be contaminated during tubing changes. [14,22,23].
Based on the above considerations, the first part of our study was aimed at evaluating the actual risk of hub colonization as a function of filter-change rates in a clinical setting. If the catheter was directly contaminated during the filter-change maneuvers and the filters preserved their antimicrobial activity over a prolonged use, reduction in filter-change frequency might result in a lower risk of catheter colonization during long-term catheterization. The second part of this study therefore was aimed to test the time-dependent efficacy of filters during long-term infusion with commonly used analgesic solutions.
Our results showed a high rate of positive skin cultures (23%) despite special training in use of aseptic techniques for nurses who changed dressings. This may be related to occasional dislodgement (between changes) of the occlusive dressing in patients less careful in catheter management at home.
The high correlation coefficients between number of positive skin and filtrates cultures (isolates were the same in 16 of 24 instances) and between the number of positive filtrates and hub cultures (isolates were the same in 16 of 19 instances) suggest that the Luer-Lok connection of the filter, contaminated by the skin flora, might trail microorganisms from the skin to the hub during filter change. Furthermore, this hypothesis is supported by the significant positive trend found between the number of filter changes and the rate of positive hub cultures (X12trend 5.11; P = 0.02). From our results, filter change is to be considered as a maneuver at major risk of causing hub colonization when the skin close to the filter hub connection is contaminated. According to results of other authors, [11–12] catheter hub resulted the main route of microbial colonization of the epidural catheter (83% positive tip cultures had the same isolates of the hub cultures).
From our laboratory study, we have shown that Portex and Sterifix-Braun bacterial filters maintain an intact antimicrobial function for at last 60 days of continuous use, also when the injected solution is highly contaminated. Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters showed an unmodified function only for 7 days, when sterile solution was injected, whereas they did not maintain such antimicrobial function when a high titer of microorganisms was present in the injected solutions.
Overall, the diminished efficacy after prolonged use of Encapsulon TFX-Medical compared to that of Portex and Sterifix-Braun filters, probably can be ascribed to the different material of the filtering membrane; i.e. nylon for Portex and Sterifix-Braun filters and cellulose acetate fur Encapsulon TFX-Medical filters.
Our results show that Portex and Sterifix-Braun bacterial filters, when perfused at a low injection pressure (20 ml syringes) with reduced volumes (5 ml, 3 times daily) of the usually employed analgesic solutions, maintain an unmodified function also against an increased bacteriologic burden over a period of at least 60 days. This period is much longer than that usually suggested by manufacturers (hours or a few days).
Based on these data, it appears feasible to reduce the frequency of filter change during long-term epidural catheterization, with a likely reduction of epidural infection risk, deriving from bacterial colonization of the catheter hub. This strategy, however, should not promote negligence in sterile manipulations during preparation and injection of the analgesic solution nor diminish the aseptic measures during dressing and filter changes. The prolonged use of bacterial filters during home care procedures provides psychological benefit to the patient by reducing the need fur frequent outpatient visits.
The authors thank Dr. R. Talamini, for statistical analysis; Cinzia Ros, for secretarial assistance; and Dr. A. Pinto, for revising the manu script. | <urn:uuid:3aba2199-a14b-4688-b542-534a61c6914d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/82/3/765/34950/Time-dependent-Efficacy-of-Bacterial-Filters-and | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.935081 | 5,030 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Gratitude has been called “The mother of all virtues” It can change you and your brain. The practice of gratitude seems to encourage the development of other virtues such as patience, humility and wisdom.
Throughout history and around the world, religious leaders and philosophers have extolled the virtue of gratitude. Some have even described it as “social glue” that fortifies relationships between friends, family and romantic partners. It also serves as the backbone of human society.
But what exactly is gratitude?
Where does it come from?
Why do some people seem to be naturally more grateful than others?
And are there ways we can foster more feelings and expression of gratitude?
Scientists now understand better the biological roots of gratitude, the various benefits that accompany gratitude, the ways that people can cultivate feelings of gratitude in their day-to-day lives and its positive impact on their mental health. Recent evidence suggests that people who consciously remind themselves of their blessings tend to be much happier.
Gratitude expands consciousness and opens up doors. It creates avenues in mind where the Universe can respond, yes, yes and yes.
I have been a counselor, a therapist among other things. There is a process or intervention used by counselors and you can use it. It is called reframing. It is the process of seeing a situation differently and from a positive perspective. Challenge yourself to get good at it. It is changing the lesser for the greater.
Reframing is an important and helpful tool for us to learn to change the way we think, feel and behave to bring forth gratitude. So, whatever is going on within, it is only a thought and a thought can be changed.
for example, a teen is upset she didn’t make the girls soccer team. She could reframe it by asking herself, what positive things could come from this? Or simply saying to herself, good will open up as a result of this.
An old example with my dad when I was in business and calling him with my daily problems each morning, he would always start with, “Good morning Greg, what exciting challenges do you have today?”
Seriously!!! Make a list of what is positive in your life and let it grow. Refer to your list each morning to start your day. If you review it before sleep, you will sleep better, and your dreams will change too.
You are beginning to transform with this simple life changing process. With gratitude, people acknowledge the goodness in their lives, and it helps us connect to something larger than ourselves as individuals.
In the process, we recognize that the source of that goodness lies in their connection with source, life, nature and others.
Our teaching can help us achieve great benefits in shorter time frames than other approaches and helps us know there is always, always something to be grateful for. Expressing thanks may be one of the simplest ways to feel better. | <urn:uuid:3f190a09-18d7-4f4e-a436-b731ad2a4347> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.firstcslnyc.org/inner-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.962018 | 603 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Surely this has happened to you at least once or twice. You run the extend command, but there’s at least one object that needs to be trimmed, not extended. Maybe you ran the trim command and needed to extend a line instead. Never fear because the Autodesk programmers have designed AutoCAD to be multi-talented (thanks guys and gals at Autodesk).
What’s the secret? You can hold the shift key while selecting an object and AutoCAD will run the other command on the selected object.
Here’s an example:
In this image, the red line will be the “cutting edge”. I will trim the green lines and extend the blue line.
At the command prompt, type trim and press enter (or use the trim command found on the Modify ribbon tab in the Modify panel).
When asked to select the cutting edges, left click on the appropriate object(s) or just press enter to select all objects. In our example we’ll select the red line as the cutting edge.
When you are done selecting cutting edges, press enter to continue the command.
At this point, the command line prompts you to “Select object to trim or shift-select to extend…” so we’ll left click on the three green lines to trim them. Now the drawing looks something like this:
To execute the trim command, just hold the shift key while you select the object(s) to be extended. In our example we’ll select the blue line.
One more enter to end the command and the process is complete, using only one command to do two different tasks.
Here’s the final product:
In case you're wondering, this method has been available for several versions of AutoCAD. I guess it pays to read the command line once in a while, even if it is a command that you run all the time. | <urn:uuid:3e725b16-3043-4718-ba7a-5ba94f8fe8d1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://crossing-the-line-with-c3d.blogspot.com/2010/08/trim-and-extend-cant-we-do-both.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00541-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.859731 | 406 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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