text stringlengths 181 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 3 values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 50 138k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
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Is the regularity shown in this encoded message noise or structure?
In 'Secret Transmissions', Agent X could send four-digit codes error free. Can you devise an error-correcting system for codes with more than four digits?
We have created a set of seven very difficult linked ciphers to crack. We recommend that you try them in turn: each gives a small clue on how to solve the next cipher. Note that you may have to spend several days mulling over some of these codes and you will need to make use of spreadsheets, Word or other similar tools to make any headway!
As you try to decode these secret messages, remember that code-breaking is a mixture of a systematic application of mathematics, logic, intuiton and guesswork.
First challenge cipher
Second challenge cipher
Third challenge cipher
Fourth challenge cipher
Fifth challenge cipher
Sixth challenge cipher
Seventh challenge cipher
Imagine that you will frequently be attempting to decode encrypted messages coded using the methods employed in the seven challenge ciphers.
Create a flow chart showing how you might go about trying to crack such messages, assuming that you do not know at the outset which method of encoding is used for a given message. Of course, your flow chart will not guarantee the cracking of a code, but ideally will indicate a good way to go about trying to crack the codes.
As you create your flow chart you will see that decisions will need to be made based on probability, liklihood, complexity and speed of computation. You will need to think how best to include these decisions in your flow chart. This can be approached from various levels of complexity; try to solve using as much mathematics as you can bring to the problem. | <urn:uuid:add47b6d-f776-411b-a41b-3cc7e8c9351c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nrich.maths.org/7081/index | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00186-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938507 | 354 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Ice Cream Division of Chattanooga Food Corporation had shown declining sales for 5 consecutive years through 1996. That was the year that they lost their third largest customer, Stay & Shop. A turn around had to take place but the Ice Cream Division leadership was unsure how to accomplish this. The division was run by Charlie Moore, grandson of the company founder. Charlie was a very democratic leader but had major issues controlling and leading his team of vice presidents. The team was very dysfunctional considering they did not trust each other, had open conflict that was often malicious and mostly unproductive, a very apparent lack of commitment to work with each other, and the biggest issue appears to be avoidance of accountability. Moore had to get his team on the same page and quickly. Each management team member has their own issue with the other team members. Moore needs to publicly put the loss of Stay & Shop in the past and let everyone on the team know that it is all of their responsibilities to get together and become a functional team to make sure that no other business is lost. He needs to leverage this as an opportunity to finally build his team in a way that functions as needed but also in a way that he can ultimately manage in a style he is comfortable with. This paper will examine the problems with the team and propose how Moore can get this accomplished.
Chattanooga Ice Cream Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Chattanooga Food Corporation founded in 1936, sold ice cream products primarily to supermarkets and regional food chains. It was one of the largest regional manufacturers of ice cream in the United States. Chattanooga showed revenues of $150 million in 1996. This was down from $185 million just five years before, due in part to a decline in per capita consumption and increased competition. A further consideration was the fact that mix-in flavors (like fruit, nuts, sauces) were gaining in popularity over smooth flavors. Chattanooga was not tooled for mix-ins due to significantly increased cost requirements. Despite having taken action with the introduction of a line of frozen yogurt, and making other operational changes, the Company continues to founder and seemingly remains anchored to the past.
To address declining sales, a management change was undertaken in 1993. Charlie Moore, grandson of the company founder, was put in charge of the division. New talent, Barry Walkins, was brought in to shore up marketing. Information and control systems leadership was revitalized with the employment of Stephanie Krane. Additionally, in an effort to reduce costs, Chattanooga Ice Cream Division closed its original manufacturing plant in Chattanooga and consolidated production in its two other plants in Birmingham and Memphis in 1995. The problem that brought everything to a head was the loss of their third largest customer, Stay & Shop (representing $6.5 million in revenue), with little apparent forewarning. Analysis
The previous general manager for the Ice Cream Division was a stern manager that made decisions in a vacuum, seldom consulting any other senior team members. This led to a culture of dependence (on the leader) and team autonomy, which did not foster sharing vital information within the management team. His coercive management style yielded a management staff whose only decision making skill is in matters that only involve their own departments. Moore was completely different, believing significantly in the value of a team approach.
Moore found that no one was ready to open up in front of each other. He did find, though, that most were willing to openly criticize the others in private. Although his leadership approach and attempt at engagement should be commended, he failed to adapt his style to the appropriate state of the team while moving them to a storming... | <urn:uuid:5fe21e4c-06f0-4c28-93cd-82dc2e681454> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Chattanooga-Ice-Cream-Case-Analysis-751044.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00024-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9844 | 724 | 1.796875 | 2 |
10. The Melon Drop
are always looking for a new angle, so when they discovered that Japanese tourists would pay $100 for a pristine watermelon, they naturally got into the fruits and vegetables business. Enterprising con artists would buy a watermelon for $2 and then “accidentally” bump into a Japanese tourist, spilling their precious cargo on the sidewalk below. They would then pressure their victim into paying upwards of $50 to $100 for their damaged produce. These days, a melon drop refers to any scam involving a broken or damaged item. | <urn:uuid:bdffd197-1da5-404f-b390-a3bed884e754> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment/top-10-classic-cons_10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00151-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950233 | 115 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Agriculture, forestry and fishery statistics provides a selection of recent, topical data. Information is presented for the European Union (EU) and its Member States, and is supplemented (when available) with data for the United Kingdom, EFTA members, candidate countries to the EU and potential candidates. This publication aims to cover some of the most popular data within the domain of agriculture, forestry and fishery statistics as well as some of the wider farm to fork chain. The publication is divided into eleven chapters, providing facts and figures about farms, farmers, farm production and prices, the economic and resource performance of the agricultural sector, forestry and fisheries activities, food and beverages processing, distribution and the trade in agricultural goods. It concludes with a statistical annex for the EU27 and each of the EU Member States, covering a set of key indicators as well as a set of pertinent messages regarding agricultural developments. | <urn:uuid:bebaa636-ffa3-4940-b7f7-cdcbc1a4b36a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ioas.org/latest-news/eu-agriculture-forestry-and-fishery-statistics-2020-edition-published/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.941134 | 180 | 2.3125 | 2 |
I read an article recently where Rick Santorum decried having pre-natal testing being provided for free under the new health care law. He contends that it just ends up in more abortions and lessening health care costs by “culling the ranks of the disabled in our society.”
Rick Santorum has a dog in this hunt personally. His youngest daughter has Trisomy 18, which is a pretty devastating genetic anomaly, where half of the children with it do not even survive the first week of life. Mr. Santorum’s daughter is now three, with complicated health problems that will continue throughout her life. It’s a tough road for the Santorum family as a whole, and dealing with a child with a complicated medical problem is tough on everyone.
It’s a decision that many people face, but one that’s becoming a more definitive choice for people to make. The difference between the probability of having a child with a severe disability and knowing for sure if your child will have a disability is changing now that they have developed a way to do prenatal testing without endangering the child. The choice about what to do with that information is available, earlier and earlier, and I think that’s a choice that everyone should be able to make for themselves and their families, regardless of what the politicians think about it.
Prenatal Screening Primer
Prenatal screenings consist of many tests, ranging from ultrasound, blood tests, to tests like amniocentesis and CVS (Chorionic villi sampling). Ultrasound and maternal blood tests have been used to get a sense and probability of whether a baby may have a genetic defect, and whether the Mother is suffering from any complications in her pregnancy. Blood tests and ultrasounds are not invasive tests, (although you could argue early ultrasound with internal probes are pretty invasive) but they also do not provide a definitive answer of whether or not a particular child may have a genetic disorder.
Amnio and CVS give a more definitive answer. These tests actually take samples of the fetal DNA for a process known as karyotyping, to look for any chromosomal variations, but these invasive procedures, involving sticking a needle into the fetal membranes, have also carried a risk for miscarriage of about 1 in 100.
However, there’s now a less invasive method to get a definitive answer about fetal genetic problems. There’s a new test on the market from folks like Sequenom, where they can identify fetal cells in the maternal blood stream and determine accordingly whether a child has any genetic illnesses. While currently available to test for the most common genetic disorders like trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome, it could soon include testing for diseases like cystic fibrosis and more.
This raises as many questions as it answers. Prenatal testing lets parents make decisions about whether to carry a fetus to term, but it also lets those deciding to have affected children get plugged into appropriate services, support communities and more right away, from the day the child is born.
Let’s take an example of a friend who had a baby with a relatively rare metabolic disorder, affecting the baby’s ability to digest milk. By finding this out right away, the baby’s nutrition could be altered, preventing what could have become serious organ damage. As a result of this testing, this baby will go on to live a really normal life, just one that will always be free of dairy. No problem, but without the ability to genetically test the family for this issue, one that could have serious effects for the infant and the family as a whole.
Similarly, for families who know their children will be effected with things like Down Syndrome, these folks get partnered with parents who have already been there and get guided through their child’s special needs and the services they will need from the beginning. The services and special education needs will be extensive. They will also be expensive, monetarily and emotionally for parents. I know this, because I’ve been through it with my own kids who have relatively mild learning disabilities, and with friends who have kids with autism spectrum disorders. None of this is a piece of cake, no matter how many joys it brings with them.
I get that we’re worried about genetic testing leading to eugenics, where only those deemed “fit” will be born- we all read “Brave New World” in high school and understand that what was science fiction is now closer to reality than we might like. But I also understand that parents need to be able to make decisions on how they want to construct their own families. Children with disabilities change a family. Resources are invested in terms of time and money that mean other children in the family not only get less of these things, but they are also often responsible for the child with the disability after the parents are gone. It’s a long term decision that effects everyone, and I’m not sure the government, in any way, shape, or form, has any right in making those decisions for that family. These are not easy decisions. They are not cut and dried. But they are decisions folks have to make every day. I just think the Government has to leave some of these decisions to families regardless of what they do with the information, and let people live their lives. That’s freedom- to make your choices and deal with the consequences.
Anything that takes choices out of people’s hands is too much government interference in my book. I don’t care how you justify it. | <urn:uuid:5add25dc-fb17-4d46-87b4-8bc5477c73da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.whitneyhoffman.com/2012/03/02/the-complicated-world-of-prenatal-testing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.969782 | 1,147 | 2.09375 | 2 |
WhatsApp is one of the largest and most popular messaging services around. WhatsApp is owned by Facebook and is the only messenger on Android to actually hit a billion downloads. Additionally, WhatsApp is the only app from Facebook that is not blocked in China. That may not seem like a big deal, but when talking about the sheer size of the users for WhatsApp, it’s pretty important. Since being acquired by WhatsApp, we’ve seen quite a few changes hit the service and the app itself. It got a bit of a redesign about a year ago. While it isn’t material design, it’s much better than what it used to be. We also got the ability to use WhatsApp on the desktop, and now we are getting a beta track in Google Play.
A few years ago, Google I/O 2014 to be exact, Google announced beta tracks in Google Play. Essentially what it does is it allows users to sign up to beta test a particular app in a dedicated Google Group or Google+ community. Users in that community, only, are able to check out the beta or alpha version of the app. This limits the testing pool of users as well as giving users and developers a single place to talk about the app. Whether its bugs, or something else. WhatsApp has now joined in, and has made a beta track available for their app.
WhatsApp isn’t using a Google Group or Google+ community for their beta testing – since they are a Facebook company they’d rather drive traffic to Facebook than a competing service like Google+. So that takes out one of the steps needed to sign up. All you need to do is head to their Play Store listing, then opt into become a tester. On that page, there is a link to download WhatsApp if you haven’t already downloaded it on your smartphone. If you already have it, then within about an hour or so, you will likely see an update to WhatsApp. There’s nothing new in there, yet. It’s simply getting you on the beta track.
Now before you decide to opt into the beta, it’s important to note that beta’s do often times have bugs and other issues. So if you are worried about having bugs and such, you’ll want to skip this beta. | <urn:uuid:5f07290c-ea81-4bc7-a564-cc0eddf4c531> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.androidheadlines.com/2016/02/whatsapp-launches-beta-path-through-google-play.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957317 | 479 | 1.757813 | 2 |
On Dec. 6, 1989, the country was forever changed. Fourteen women died at Montreal’s École Polytechnique, killed simply because they were women. They were brilliant students, creative thinkers, beloved sisters, cherished daughters.
Their lives, cut short, became the source of sorrow for a nation.
Their deaths sparked a movement that took direct aim at violence hidden in the shadows for too long. These are the stories of the 14 women, 13 students and one university employee, who lost their lives.
Select a photo below to read more about the victims. | <urn:uuid:73b105e9-51b1-42e4-8c7b-b71ebc49e08d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cbc.ca/montreal/features/remember-14/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00450-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98283 | 119 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Tsunami Danger…Tomorrow [updated]
[Great news! It didn’t happen. No big “global warming induced” wave. Lives saved but also little attention paid to the “Countdown to global catastrophe” environmentalist report (click link in title above to see article). Hopefully no one working at environmental organizations is considering real-world terrorism to draw media attention to environmental conferences and reports (as the fictional environmental organizations do in Michael Crichton’s novel, “The State of Fear.”) For a Hollywood portrayal of a similar and far more deadly action by hard-core environmentists, see the very scary Bruce Willis action movie “12 Monkeys.”]
[original post below]
Those who have read Michael Crichton’s new novel, “The State of Fear,” will recognize the tsunami danger this headline, and tomorrow’s big climate report, represents: “Countdown to global catastrophe,” (The Independent Online, UK).
The story tells of a “high-level” report being issued tomorrow (1/25/05) titled “Meeting the Climate Challenge” from a task force of “senior politicians, business leaders, and academics.” The report claims (or at least the news stories about the report claim), the world has only ten years to mend its ways and reduce CO2 emissions. A couple natural disasters today and tomorrow would help focus media attention on this report.
This morning’s Drudge Report puts this article link right above the huge “Blizzard Buries Boston” headline and picture (the headline and link moved down at 7 am PST). It could already be too late to stop abrupt climate change! But it’s not too late to buy and read and encourage others to read “The State of Fear.” | <urn:uuid:3e421926-0240-4381-bf49-cafa00a0c03e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://economicthinking.org/2005/01/24/tsunami-dangertomorrow-updated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00327-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918947 | 393 | 1.710938 | 2 |
The Syrian Civil War timeline has been going on for...
How did this all start?
In 2011, Syria caught the
happening across the Mideast. Anti-government protests broke out. Syrian President Bashar al-Assad did NOT appreciate these and responded with a
, torturing and killing those who disagreed with him. This prompted protesters to form groups, and to eventually arm themselves against him. Soon, this was a full-blown civil war, with
I remember something about chemical weapons?
For a while, there were rumors of both sides using chemical weapons. Then, in August 2013, graphic images surfaced that appeared to show a massive
on civilians in Syria. The US and friends freaked out, and
. Assad blamed the rebels. For a second, it looked like the US was on the brink of military intervention in Syria. Until the UN and Assad
Then in April 2017,
were killed in a chemical weapons attack in northern Syria. All signs pointed to Assad's forces. President Trump responded by ordering an airstrike on the Syrian air base where the attack originated from. This was the US's
Tell me more about the groups involved.
Well, one of them is ISIS. But Assad’s been more focused on
, who’ve made it their explicit mission to take him down. A lot of the fighting has been concentrated in the key city of
, with government forces camped out in the city's west, and rebel groups camped out in the east. Meanwhile,
to Assad since it has been fighting off the other rebel groups. So Assad has mostly let ISIS do its thing, which has helped the group grab more land and become even more powerful. So powerful that in 2014, the US and friends intervened in Syria
What do people think?
...Team moderate rebels. Aka the ones that have been
. It wants Assad and ISIS gone STAT. In late 2014, former President Obama made the decision to
for the first time. But some argue that not arming and training Syria’s rebels years ago
for ISIS to thrive. Then in July of 2017, Trump decided to end a covert program that had
...Team Assad. Russia is one of Assad’s most important allies for a
. One, it has a naval base in Syria that gives it access to the Mediterranean. Two, Moscow makes a lot of money from arms sales to the Syrian military. Three, it doesn’t like the idea of Western powers meddling in the region. In late 2015,
...Team Assad. As the most powerful Shiite country in the Mideast,
in protecting Assad’s Shiite-run government. But Iran’s
...Team moderate rebels.
Syrian refugees have camped out in Turkey, which is a strain on its resources. Meanwhile, Turkey’s been working with the US to
rebel groups. Recently, the US-Turkey relationship took a turn for the worse when the US also started
in the region. Turkey has a long, violent history with Turkish Kurds and sees this as the US aiding their enemy. That's led to clashes
A civil war in a country the size of Washington state has turned into a massive humanitarian crisis.
Sign up for the Daily Skimm email newsletter. Delivered to your inbox every morning and prepares you for your day in minutes. | <urn:uuid:cb2933b0-452b-4142-9e59-97ee9eec4ba2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theskimm.com/news/syrian-civil-war-2ZbSXw7UEUymcUiu6i2gkQ-post | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.963474 | 712 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Roland Garros Tennis Tournament
Named after a tennis Stadium in France, Roland Garros, also known as the French Open Tournament, is the second Grand Slam Tournament held every year. Roland Garros is the only clay-court tournament that is still held on the planet.
The tournament is played in Paris during May and June for about two weeks every year and it is the most broadcasted tennis event up-to-day.
It is believed that this tournament is the most demanding tennis tournament because of many factors such as the single matches with no tiebreak, the field surface, etc.
Tennis started in 19th century as an upper-class game in the United Kingdom, nowadays tennis is an Olympic game that is played worldwide, and as a matter of fact tennis is, together with some other sports, the oldest Olympic game since it was played during the first Olympics in 1896.
Most of the rules in tennis haven´t changed since 1896, except for the introduction of the tiebreak and a new rule that states a server has to keep at least one foot on the ground.
Competitions are very popular, since Tennis is a sport that accounts a great number of spectators. The most popular tournaments are known as the Four Grand Slam, which are: Wimbledon, US Open, French Open (Roland Garros) and Australian Open.
The Tournament is always called Roland Garros (short for Les internationaux de France de Roland-Garros) by French people and it is simply called French Open everywhere else.
It started in 1891 as the Closed French Tournament since only player of French clubs could join the tournament, it wasn´t until 1928 that the Tournament became opened, and it has remained that way until now.
2011 Roland Garros Tournament will start on 22nd May, same location as usual, and ticket are available. The most common way of getting tickets is via online (www.billetterie.fft.fr). Beware prices change dramatically depending on the area. For example, the costs for the first match go from US$300 up to almost US$700.
Obviously prices go up the closer the tournament gets to finals so keep this in mind as well.
Some tickets for the finals can be US$3000 or even more expensive.
If you are late to get your ticket or you want to sell yours, try different websites such as: Roland Garros, sites like this one give you the option of negotiating tickets.
The Stadium was built in 1928, and its name (Roland Garros) was given after the World War I hero who was not only a war pilot ace but was also the first aviator to fly over the Mediterranean Sea and created the first machine gun to forward-fire from an airplane.
It is the only Stadium where this Grand Slam Tournament is held but, as a matter of fact, it has been announced that moving the Tournament away from Roland Garros Stadium in the future is currently being debated.
Roland Garros Champions
- 2001 Gustavo Kuerten (Brasil)
- 2002 Albert Costa (España)
- 2003 Juan Carlos Ferrero (España)
- 2004 Gastón Gaudio (Argentina)
- 2005 Rafael Nadal (España)
- 2006 Rafael Nadal (España)
- 2007 Rafael Nadal (España)
- 2008 Rafael Nadal (España)
- 2009 Roger Federer (Suiza)
- 2010 Rafael Nadal (España) | <urn:uuid:735213b9-4f47-4c8b-b89d-24265a9a42c4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.justfrance.org/rollandgarros.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00448-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956448 | 733 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The basement of the Mary Nohl House, often called the "Witch House," in Fox Point has been flooded, according to Terri Yoho, executive director of the Kohler Foundation, which preserves built environments by what are sometimes called outsider or vernacular artists. The house and yard, richly populated with sculptures by the late artist Mary Nohl, do not appear to have been damaged.
"There was water/sewage in the basement...as a result of a lift station malfunction during the heavy rains," Yoho wrote in an email. "We had perhaps five or six inches in the basement where a large number of ceramic pieces were stored. We removed them, had an environmental team in to clean and sanitize, and are now washing all the ceramics under the supervision of an objects conservator. We were very fortunate not to have any permanent damage--just a huge inconvenience. Thankfully, the ceramics were in cartons and not directly on the floor. We fared much better than others."
Many built environments by outsider artists exist along the Mississippi and in flooded areas of the Midwest, though it appears no significant sites have been damaged, said Yoho, who is getting email updates from around the region.
There was flooding around Ernest Hupeden's late 19th century Painted Forest, in Valton, though the site, which sits up on a hill, appears to be safe. Hupeden, an intinerant painter, created murals for drinking money in small towns. The Painted Forest covers every inch of wall space in what was then a meeting hall of the Modern Woodmen of America and is filled with secretive iconography. About 40 people live in Valton today, which is at about the midpoint between Madison and La Crosse.
The Prairie Moon Sculpture Garden & Museum, in Cochran, along the Mississippi, is just north enough to have escaped the flooding, Yoho said. Cochrane is about 50 miles north of La Crosse. The site, created by Herman Rusch starting in the 1950s, is filled with curios, quirky machines and Rusch's own sculptures, placed around the grounds and embellished with sea shells, bits of glass and mirrors. They included a Hindu temple, dinosaurs and a mini mountain.
What remains an open question is Tom Every's Forevertron, in North Freedom, Wisconsin, near Baraboo. The nearly 400-ton Forevertron is Every's "celestial craft," created from industrial wreckage from factories, breweries and mills. It is outfitted with everything from a junked fast-food sign to a decontamination chamber from an Apollo space mission. Yoho says she's not sure but that the area may be flooded with water. However, the resilient materials of the welded-together sculptural array may not be harmed by water in any case, she said.
If anyone has any additional information about about how these outsider artist sites and other cultural sites are faring, please email me (firstname.lastname@example.org) information. | <urn:uuid:dc835d52-916a-4545-b8ea-5da25176aa58> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://archive.jsonline.com/blogs/entertainment/32297159.html?page=1&_escaped_fragment_=page=0%26pageSize=10%26sort=oldestfirst%26comment=11182009 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721008.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00116-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975899 | 629 | 1.851563 | 2 |
In Person Training
The Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center offers several training courses to provide technical assistance to professionals and community members in developing pedestrian safety action plans and in improving conditions for walking.
For details and scheduling for courses related to a pedestrian safety action plan or designing for pedestrian safety, please contact Charlie Zegeer at 919-962-7801 or email@example.com.
For general information regarding the Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, please contact Laura Sandt at 919-962-2358 or firstname.lastname@example.org. Or, use our toll free number: 877-925-5245.
This 2-day course is designed to help communities know where to begin to address pedestrian safety issues when developing a pedestrian safety action plan tailored to their community.
This 3-day workshop is designed to create a draft pedestrian safety action plan for state and local agencies wanting to address safety issues.
This 2-day course is intended to help communities address pedestrian safety issues through design and engineering solutions.
This 3-day course is designed to help communities learn how to address pedestrian safety issues through planning, design, and engineering solutions.
This one-day course is designed to help government sponsored boards and commissions, advocacy, business and neighborhood-based groups and individuals work collaboratively to create livable communities through public involvement.
This one-day workshop is intended to initiate discussion about how to improve walking conditions and safety for older pedestrians. To enhance dissemination of the workshop, three free web-based options are available: watching an adapted version of the workshop, getting an instructor training or to preparing to make a brief presentation targeted to older pedestrians.
Different organizations and agencies conduct training events and workshops related to pedestrian issues. Example training objectives include:
- Helping a community start a pedestrian safety program
- Identifying and solving the pedestrian problems at a particular site
- Training state or local traffic engineers about pedestrian engineering and design principles
- Training law enforcement officers to properly handle pedestrian-related issues and violations
- Educating engineering and planning students about planning and design principles | <urn:uuid:ca693b12-b0ad-4d36-b2be-a9788579bc42> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pedbikeinfo.org/training/gettraining.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92253 | 435 | 2.28125 | 2 |
As we all know, Maggi was, and maybe still is India’s favourite snack/quick meal – mostly for children and teenagers. The noodles take 2 minutes to make (marketed time) and come in a handful of flavours. If there was nothing to eat, what did parents and children resort to? Maggi noodles, of course. A go-to meal, comfort food, or even just plain great tasting, a large portion of India loved Maggi, although some Indians still do, in spite of the recent health issues.
The Maggi Noodles Controversy:
Love it, or hate it, many states in India have banned the product due to its negative health effects, especially on children. Let’s discuss what Maggi consists of and how the ingredients affect children.
According to tests and studies, Maggi noodles have dangerously high levels of lead and monosodium glutamate (MSG). A recent press report had stated that tests performed by the food safety authorities in Uttar Pradesh had revealed that Maggi samples contained 17.2 parts p
What Is Lead?
If you paid attention in school, then you know lead is a heavy metal, which the body does not excrete. Instead, it accumulates. According to food safety experts, heavy metals affect multiple body systems, especially the liver and kidney functions.
Effects Of Lead:
Children are most vulnerable to even low levels of lead, especially when they are six years and younger. Even pregnant women have to be extra careful because lead can harm the central nervous system of the child they are carrying.
Lead poisoning can lead to many growth defects, disorders, and disabilities, which include:
- Attention deficit disorder
- Learning disabilities
- Impairment of speech and language
- Kidney damage
- Defected bone growth
- Defected muscle growth
- Defected brain growth
The World Health Organisation has stated that lead is, in fact, harmful for children because of the above-mentioned effects. They also state, “There is no known level of lead exposure that is considered safe.”
Here’s how exactly the defects occur -The body confuses the lead with elements such as calcium and begins to use the lead to make bones, muscles, and brain connections.
What Is MSG?
MSG, otherwise known, as monosodium glutamate, is a food additive and flavouring substance often used in Chinese food and even Maggi noodles (packages and canned foods). MSG does have negative impacts, although it is unclear as to how safe or unsafe particular levels actually are.
Using MSG can affect the quality because instead of using real ingredients, manufactures are enhancing flavour the unhealthy way. We don’t notice the lack of “real food”, which is why, in a way, we are being tricked because of the MSG flavours.
Effects Of MSG:
Apparently, the long-term impacts of MSG are still in talks amongst doctors. However, in the short-term, it can cause hypertension, palpitations, and headaches, which is why in India, manufacturers are required to disclose the usage of MSG on the product’s packaging.
If your body contains a high level of MSG, it gives way to free glutamates. This affects babies while in their mothers’ womb, as the placental barrier breaks down blocking the food supply to the baby. The placental barrier allows only good substances to enter. However, without the barrier, your baby is exposed to the good and bad, even allergens and germs.
For all you Maggi noodles lovers out there, we are sorry to tell you that it’s not at all a wise choice. No matter what level – high or low – the ingestion of lead and MSG is extremely harmful to people, especially to your children. We know it’s tasty (for most), and we know it’s quick, but that doesn’t mean our health should take a backseat.
Let us know your thoughts on Maggi noodles! | <urn:uuid:ece296b0-4b19-41b5-94fb-a4979520e16f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://coolmom.info/en/pages/605474 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00221-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955496 | 832 | 2.8125 | 3 |
How does parole work?
Look here for information on the parole process.
Parole is a prison inmate’s privilege of conditional freedom. The prisoner gets out from behind bars, but has to live up to a series of responsibilities.
This article discusses what parole means and how it works in general, but laws and procedures will vary at least somewhat by state.
What Is Parole?
Parole is the release of a prisoner:
- before the end of a prison sentence
- on the condition that the prisoner (now the parolee) abide by certain rules
- for the remainder of the sentence term.
A parolee who violates these rules—called parole conditions—may be sent back to prison.
State law may designate some felons as ineligible for parole based on, for example, particularly violent or repeated offenses. On the other hand, the law may create the right to a parole hearing after a certain period in prison. For a more detailed discussion about how and when inmates become eligible for a parole hearing, see Eligibility for Parole.
After a parole board finds a prisoner eligible for parole, the inmate appears at a parole hearing. If granted parole, the parolee is released and lives in free society, but under the continued supervision of the prison authority. The prison authority primarily supervises the parolee through mandatory visits with a parole officer. State parole services (usually a branch of the department of corrections) may provide transitional services tailored to the parolee’s needs, such as shelter in a halfway house or intensive mental health counseling.
Once out on parole, a parolee enjoys the privilege of relative freedom in return for abiding by certain conditions. (See Parole Conditions.) Some common conditions are that the parolee:
- maintain employment and a residence
- avoid criminal activity and contact with any victims
- refrain from drug—and sometimes alcohol—use
- attend drug or alcohol recovery meetings, and
- not leave a specified geographic area without permission from the parole officer.
Each parolee is assigned a parole officer, and must meet with that officer periodically. The parole officer may also make unannounced visits to the parolee’s home to check that the parolee is truly abiding by the relevant conditions. Unannounced visits let the officer observe whether, for example, there is evidence of parole violations like drug or alcohol use.
Remainder of Sentence Term
Although there are exceptions, a parole period usually lasts as long as the portion of the prison sentence that the parolee didn’t spend behind bars. So, if Henry is supposed to serve ten years in prison, but receives parole after eight, his parole term would typically be two years. At the end of those two years, his release from official custody would be complete.
Privilege vs. Right
Parole is a privilege for prisoners who seem capable of reintegrating into society. It’s not a right. Although some criminal statutes carry a right to an eventual parole hearing, none absolutely guarantee parole itself. Indeed, authorities retain the discretion to deny parole to dangerous prisoners. (See Who makes parole decisions?)
To violate parole is to fail to live up to its conditions. The violation could be a bad act, like committing a new crime, or a failure to act, like not getting the parole officer's permission to leave the county or state before going out of town.
Some more minor violations, such as prohibited alcohol use, may cause a parole officer to require something of the parolee rather than immediately commence back-to-prison proceedings. For instance, the officer might refer the parolee to substance abuse counseling (including, for example, AA meetings), and require proof of attendance. If the parolee fails to comply with the requirement, or, if the parole violation was more serious, the officer may schedule a parole board hearing.
At the hearing, the board will consider the nature and circumstances of the violation. The board will then decide whether to send the parolee back to prison. The prisoner may spend the remainder of the original sentence back behind bars, or may be granted a new parole hearing set to occur after the prisoner serves some specified time in prison.
Parole law varies by state. If you have questions about it or want to know how the law applies to you, consider speaking with a qualified lawyer. A knowledgeable lawyer will be able to more fully explain the law and procedures, including whether parole decisions are final.
You may also find valuable information by searching online with terms like “prisoner parole resources in [your state].” Some government and nonprofit websites tend to provide accurate and helpful information. | <urn:uuid:70254f4e-2024-4ca5-9e88-468226494edd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/how-does-parole-work.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00030-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935804 | 949 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Melissa Harris-Perry, the host of the weekend news and political talk show that bears her name on MSNBC, addressed nearly 400 people at Radcliffe’s Knafel Center on Thursday for the Maurine and Robert Rothschild Lecture. Her topic: “Who’s Choosin’ Who? Race, Gender, and the New American Politics.”
A professor of political science at Wake Forest University and a columnist for The Nation, Harris-Perry said she believes that living in a democracy means having the right to govern and not simply be governed, to rule and not just be ruled, to be heard and not silenced, and to lose without fear that the winners will take all. But securing that system, she noted — and especially a share for the losers in an election ― is difficult in practice.
“Thomas Jefferson is my personal obsession, having grown up at the University of Virginia and because he is in the moment of penning the Declaration of Independence doing an extraordinary thing, that many in the political world failed to do in this moment,” Harris-Perry said. “He writes an aspirational document and this document is key to the thing that continues to make America an interesting project.”
The struggle, however, is fulfilling the promise of Jefferson’s statement that all men are created equal. “[Martin Luther King Jr.] later calls it a check that has come back for insufficient funds,” said Harris-Perry. “But it’s better that the check was written — then it is clear that the debt is owed.”
A steady expansion of franchise for Americans began in 1870 with the 15th Amendment, which promised that voting rights could not be denied “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” The 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, secured the voting rights of women.
Both African-Americans and women have cultivated that franchise, Harris-Perry said. Black voters are becoming an increasing portion of the overall electorate. By most measures, in 2000 and 2008, African-American voters exceeded other minority groups and white voter turnout. In every election since 1980, the number of female voters have exceeded the male voter turnout. In 2004, 8.4 million more women than men voted in the election, she said.
“What we see is that black folks really take pretty good care of their franchise,” Harris-Perry said. “If you take it by gender, you will see this is powered by black women. Black women are the reason Barack Obama is president.”
Women are too complicated and diverse to be identified as a single voting block, she argued. In the 2008 presidential election, 56 percent of white women voted for Republican Mitt Romney. He also won the married woman vote. Obama won the votes of 96 percent of African-Americans, as well as the majority of Latino and single women.
“So the gender gap is real, but it is crossed by race and status,” said Harris-Perry. “I think we do a disservice in thinking of the franchise as primarily being about identity groups, and that we might be better to remember other aspects of our constitution.”
One example she sighted was the 13th Amendment, which impacted the voting rights of people in prisons across the nation. In 2010, 5.8 million Americans were incarcerated and unable to vote. She also focused on current legal battles dealing with the requirement that voters have specific identification as well as access to polling places.
But Harris-Perry said the real challenge is encouraging women, African-Americans, and other minorities to seek office.
“I want to think about how we determine who is governing and is this just,” she said. “I think of voting like the brushing your teeth of democracy: I’m pleased but not impressed.”
Gregory Davis, 26, a first-year doctoral student in African-American studies, was one of many attendees who stood in line to ask Harris-Perry a question following her lecture.
“She was candid and she talked about politics in a way I have not thought about before, and about the give-and-take of taking power, giving power to other people, and how we negotiate and manage that,” he said. “It was a really brilliant illustration of the world we are in right now.” | <urn:uuid:7e2ac19d-2c82-4b87-b606-b092a6b625ed> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/10/a-closer-look-at-whos-choosin-who/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00484-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973453 | 920 | 2.296875 | 2 |
You might understand somebody who has had oral implant treatment, and preferably, their experience agreed with. Implanted teeth are considered the best alternative for bringing back lost teeth, and this procedure is rapidly becoming the gold standard for missing teeth treatment. How much do you learn about the treatment and what to anticipate?
What Is an Implant Dentist? How Does It Function?
Dental implants made by Sewell family dentistry are rather simple. It typically consists of an implant post or screw taken into the jawbone, an abutment joined to the implant post and extending slightly beyond the gum line, and a crown covering the abutment. A screw or post is planned to fuse to the patient’s jawbone throughout Osseointegration.
Here, new bone cells begin to develop on the carefully treated implant post, ultimately securing the post such that it can stagnate even a millimeter. This procedure guarantees that the implant post is strong enough to support a replacement tooth. Oral implants may support implant crowns, bridges, and full dentures. Look here for more information on dental care.
What to Expect During the Operation
Surprisingly, the surgical treatment such as implants and laser lip to put a single dental implant may be ended up in as low as one hour. Usually, treatment might be carried out with local anesthesia; however, it’s up to you; please go over further sedation with your dental expert if you are anxious. The finest dental professional will strive to make your appointment as enjoyable and trouble-free as possible.
If you need more than one oral implant, the procedure might take longer, and extra anesthesia might benefit you. Once the implants have been positioned, they need at least three months to recuperate and fuse with the jawbone.
With some implant procedures, it is possible to connect replacement teeth right away. Your dental expert will constantly provide you with a momentary replacement that ought to look and feel good while your permanent teeth are built. Your dental practice will also offer you a wealth of information on postoperative wound care.
It is unusual to have minor discomfort, particularly after a single dental implant. If you have discomfort after the anesthesia wears away, a prescription for pain medication or info on an over-the-counter painkiller might be provided.
Conclusion of Treatment
Once your implants have successfully merged with your jawbone, we will have the ability to offer you your permanent teeth. These will seem much nicer and feel comfier than your temporary teeth, and you will be able to bite and eat appropriately with them.
This might be fantastic for those who formerly had complete dentures since the variety of things they can now take in will be far larger, making mealtimes much more wonderful.
Preserving Your Dental Implant
An implant must last for several years with appropriate maintenance, but it is necessary to keep them clean. This is straightforward, and your dental group can use a wealth of knowledge on how to brush and floss your oral implants and keep them clean with numerous instruments like interdental brushes.
Even if you have lost all of your natural teeth, it is important to have regular evaluations and health sessions so we can monitor your dental implants and basic oral health. | <urn:uuid:6e4fe0ef-368a-4aa6-95b4-f91259db3eef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pagebc.ca/expectations-for-dental-implant-restoration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.952921 | 660 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Obama’s recent public declaration in support of same-sex marriage was significant. And although I’m not sure that it will carry much weight during the election campaign (I suspect economic issues will dominate), I still think it’s worth knowing about the kinds of arguments that are slung back-and-forth between the opposing sides of this debate. In this light, I welcome John Corvino and Maggie Gallagher’s recently-published book Debating Same-Sex Marriage.
Corvino is an excellent and, may I say, witty, ethical philosopher (I actually chuckled at several points whilst reading his contribution to this book). I have covered his work before on this blog. Gallagher is far less cuddly figure, being the co-founder of the National Organization for Marriage, an organisation that campaigns vigorously against same-sex marriage. Their book is part of the point-counterpoint series published by Oxford University Press. Other entries in this series (such as Abortion: Three Perspectives) have been good, if a little patchy. And although I’ve only read Corvino’s contribution to this particular one, I think it’s probably worth reading. (Note: the book gets vicious reviews on Amazon on the basis of Gallagher's contributions)
Anyway, having been reading it all afternoon, I’ve decided to exert myself and write up a little series of posts based on one portion of Corvino’s main chapter. This is the portion dealing with the so-called Definitional Objection to same-sex marriage. In its naivest form, this objection holds that the label “marriage” is only properly applied to a union between one man and one woman. A union between two men, or two women (or indeed unions of three or more persons) cannot, obviously, be of this form. Consequently, it is wrong to even think about debating the propriety of same-sex “marriage”.
As I say, this is the simplest version of the Definitional Objection. The objection itself comes in several forms, only one of which has much of anything to do with how we define our terms. In fact, it might be best to call it the Ontological Objection, since it really has to do with what marriage essentially is.
In his discussion, Corvino looks at three versions of the objection. The first is based on the Argument from Tradition, the second is actually based on definitions (the Definitional Argument), and the third is based on concepts from new natural law (the New Natural Law Argument). He then closes with his own reflections on the definitional debate. In this series, I will cover the four parts of Corvino’s discussion, dedicating one blog post to each. I start by looking at the Argument from Tradition (AFT).
1. The Basic Version of the AFT
The AFT is not particularly persuasive, nor is it (to my knowledge) widely employed by those academics and public figures inclined to oppose same-sex marriage. Still, for all I know, it might be widely employed in “water cooler” or “down-the-local-pub” debates about this issue and thus worth addressing for this reason. I’m not sure if this is the reason why Corvino covers it, but he does so and I’m not going to question his reasons for it any further here.
The simplest way to put the AFT is as follows:
- (1) Marriage has always only been a union between one man and one woman.
- (3) Therefore, marriage should continue to only be a union between one man and one woman.
Obviously, this argument is a nonsense: the conclusion does not follow from the premises. I haven’t even tried to hide the fact: readers will no doubt have noticed the discrepancy in the number of the premises, jumping as they do straight from a premise (1) to the conclusion (3). Why was that? Well, because the argument obviously lacks a crucial normative bridging premise. That is, a principle that allows you to actually infer the conclusion from the premises.
What might that principle look like? Here’s a suggestion:
- (2) If a particular social institution has always been structured in a particular way, it ought to continue being structured in that way.
This would certainly get us to the conclusion (3). But it would do so at some cost since it looks to be obviously false. There are many institutions — slavery and female suppression to name but two — that had rich cultural traditions but which were not therefore ethically desirable. It is difficult to deny the claim that heritage and tradition are not always ethically sound. So we’ll have to look elsewhere for some principled support for the AFT.
We’ll do that in a moment. For the time being let us bend over backwards in deference to the AFT and assume that (2) is correct. Even then the AFT has problems. Why so? Because premise (1) — the empirical premise — is demonstrably false. It is simply not the case that marriage has always been a union between one man and one woman. Ethnographic evidence controverts this claim. Corvino runs through numerous examples in the text, highlighting in particular how polygamy (or, more correctly, polygyny) has been the preferred practice in many societies at one time or another, and how same sex unions have been accepted in a handful of cultures (the Nuer tribe are specifically cited as they recognised (recognise?) a form of female-female union).
Corvino suggests that some same-sex marriage opponents might try to object to this ethnographic evidence of same-sex unions. They might do so on the grounds that, even in the examples cited in the text, the partners to the alleged same-sex unions assume traditional gender roles. Such a response would be problematic on two grounds. First, most contemporary Western cultures have moved away from endorsing those traditional gender roles. And second, even if they hadn’t, it’s not like opponents of gay marriage would suddenly be happy if gay couples adopted traditional gender roles in their unions. They don’t support the gender roles themselves; they support the particular sexual make-up of a monogamous heterosexual marriage. Thus, this kind of response, if anyone was minded to give it, would be inadequate.
2. The Hayekian AFT
It looks then, to all intents and purposes, like the AFT is a resounding failure. Can nothing at all be said in its favour? Well, ignoring the factual problems that were just cited, Corvino does identify one slightly more sophisticated version of the AFT, one that actually attempts to motivate the principle underlying premise (2). This is the Hayekian argument in favour of traditional institutions (which might also be called a Burkean argument, though there might be some differences in the formulation if this were the case). And although this argument would still run afoul of the arguments just offered against premise (1), it is worth briefly considering here.
Hayek was most famous for his work in economics, particularly his work defending the merits free markets over centrally-planned ones. The essence of his critique of centrally-planned economies lay in his observation about the information-gathering powering of the market. As Hayek saw it, the kinds of information that one needs in order to make sensible decisions about what kinds of goods to produce and what kinds of goods to buy is bewilderingly complex. No central planner could effectively collate all that information, analyse i,t and then use it to make informed decisions about what kinds of goods and services ought to be produced in an economy, and the price at which they should be sold. It is much better to leave that kind of information-gathering to dispersed private individuals, who can assess locally-available fragments of the relevant information and use this to make their own rational decisions about production and consumption. Thanks to some feedback and self-organisation, this information can then be collated into the prices that are charged on the market. This can be done without the direct knowledge or awareness of the particular individuals making up the market.
The upshot of this is that, for Hayek, prices on the free market are informationally-rich signals that we would be well-advised to follow when making our economic decisions. What’s more, this advice sticks even when we are not aware of all the information that underlies those signals. The claim of the proponent of the Hayekian AFT against same-sex marriage is going to be that something similar is true of traditional social institutions like marriage. In other words, like price signals, traditional social institutions embody lots of underlying information gathering and analysis. This means that these institutions could have strong underlying normative rationales that are simply not transparent to us right now. Consequently, we would be well-advised to respect them, even if we’re not quite sure why.
The analogy is troubling, to say the least. While Hayek had a decent enough argument to make about price signals, whether that carries over to cover all social institutions is another matter. Most mainstream economists recognise that there are situations in which the information-gathering power of the market fails (e.g. because important costs are excluded from individual economic decisions, as in a Tragedy of the Commons type of scenario). In those cases of market failure, we would not be well-advised to respect the market signals. The problems for the Hayekian AFT is that something like a market failure (call it a moral failure) could easily happen in the context of cultural transmission. Indeed, there are obvious examples of this: slavery was once a widespread social institution, transmitted down through the ages in a long unbroken chain, yet it is now recognised as being morally corrupt.
So we can’t simply accept, on faith, that traditions will get us closer to the moral truth. Proponents of the Hayekian argument will need to show why the case of marriage is special, and less likely to embody a moral failure like slavery. I suspect that they are unlikely to be able to do so. Indeed, I think there are probably good reasons to think that the mechanisms through which social institutions are formed do not “track the truth” of morality. Furthermore, even if this was the case, the Hayekian argument would not go far enough. As Corvino points out, to be successfully employed against same sex marriage, the argument would need to show not only that there are good reasons for respecting a particular institution (in this case heterosexual monogamous marriage), but that there are also reasons for not extending that institution (to cover homosexual marriages). This, to Corvino, would require an unwarranted faith in the wisdom of tradition.
In conclusion, the AFT does not seem to work. In its simplest form, it is factually inaccurate and lacks a sound normative principle. In its more sophisticated Hayekian form it still fails because it does not give reasons for thinking that Hayekian-style loyalty is warranted in the case of social institutions like marriage.
We’ll look at the Definitional Argument in the next post. | <urn:uuid:eca3db3a-cccc-41bd-8432-241db4bc8d08> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://philosophicaldisquisitions.blogspot.com/2012/06/corvino-on-definitional-objection-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.961274 | 2,328 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Tuesday, August 28, 2018
11 33 53 66 68 82 89 | The death of John Heisman, the man the Heisman award is named after
John Heisman died on a date with 68 numerology.
10/3/1936 = 10+3+19+36 = 68
The most important shape in sacred geometry, is the Vesica Piscis, the shape of the football.
Further, he was a member of the Downtown Athletic Club, the club that created the Heisman.
ALSO, the shape of the football, the Vesica Piscis, is known as the Mandorla.
He died in New York.
He died at age 66, the 11th triangular number.
He died on the day leaving 89-days left in the year, the 11th Fibonacci Number.
Football is a game of 11 on 11; 11, the master number
10/3, like 103, the 27th prime; Ritual = 27 | <urn:uuid:1bf28ef7-16b0-477d-a551-3c5629bc7a39> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freetofindtruth.blogspot.com/2018/08/11-33-53-66-68-82-89-death-of-john.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.95332 | 215 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Presentation on theme: "Seek And Ye Shall Find The Collected Wisdom Gleaned from the EdSeek Project Enlightenments of the Glaringly Obvious Only After We Learned How Glaringly."— Presentation transcript:
Seek And Ye Shall Find The Collected Wisdom Gleaned from the EdSeek Project Enlightenments of the Glaringly Obvious Only After We Learned How Glaringly Obvious They Were.
Training Ground Eating your own dog food Try finding content on your own website in major search engines 1) School Lunch Menu “shiloh lunch menu” 2) CNC Router “cnc router” Seekology Primary School: Life on the Playground
Shiloh School April 2002
Shiloh School June 2002
Shiloh School Sept Reality of the Real World
How do “spiders” find pages “robots” or “spiders” follow links Follow standard html links DO NOT follow image maps, java animated menus, etc. Therefore – you need standard links to all pages in your site Ideally include a SITEMAP.html file –EdSeek.org – functional sitemapEdSeek.org –www.shiloh.k12.il.us - main navigation menuwww.shiloh.k12.il.us
Categorized How? The search engine software parses and reads all TEXT in the page (script/comments ignored) It assigns priorities to the words –based on location in page Title, Header section, Body section –based on number of times it is used –based on proximity of requested words to each other Priority is given to Meta-Tags
Description Meta-Tag Example Smithsonian Institute Smithsonian Institution
Keyword Meta-Tag Example IL-TCE ConferenceIL-TCE Conference - IL-Ed&Tech ConferenceIL-Ed&Tech Conference Illinois Technology Conference for Educators IL-TCE
Taking Controlling of which Pages are Indexed “ROBOTS.TXT” file Placed at root of Webserver –Or start in any folder
What is invisible to search engines? Images (use alt tags) Script (Java etc, some Image Maps) Comments/Scripts PDF & DOC files are not easily indexed Dynamic generated pages from Databases
School Website Model
Seekology 101: Introduction to Seekology A Primer for Uber-Geeks, Alpha-Geeks, Neo-Geeks and Non-Geeks Who Seek
Enlightenment No. 1 Nothing is available on the global network (web) unless someone puts it there.
Enlightenment No. 2 If you put something on the global network and don’t tell anyone that it’s there, it might as well not be on the global network.
Enlightenment No. 3 The most fundamental unit of information on the global network is the file.
Enlightenment No. 4 The most fundamental method of accessing the most fundamental unit of information is the hypertext link.
Enlightenment No. 5 Humans access units of information by following hypertext links using a process colloquially called “clicking”.
Enlightenment No. 6 Web servers are software programs designed to listen and respond to requests for files (clicks) from clients on the global network.
Enlightenment No. 7 If it cannot be “clicked”, it probably cannot be located by the average human user, unless one knows the exact location (URL or address).
Enlightenment No. 8 Search engines consist of 2 separate software programs: “crawlers” and “indexers”
Enlightenment No. 9 “Crawling” is done by software programs called “robots” (aka “spiders” and “spidering bots”).
Enlightenment No. 10 “Robots” work the same way humans do…they “click” on hypertext links and follow them from file to file.
Enlightenment No. 11 If there is no hypertext link to a file on a web server, a “robot” cannot find that file. Links on your home page are your key to seekology enlightenment
Enlightenment No. 12 Even if a robot finds a file on the web, it may not be able to parse (read) it.
Enlightenment No. 13 Basic spidering robots can “read” ASCII. Only the most advanced robots can read *.doc, *.xls, *.rtf, *.pdf, etc.
Enlightenment No. 14 Unless your web server publishes “indexes” of files, any file that is not the target of a hyperlink is invisible to robots
Example of Enlightenment No. 15 This is how one brand of web server shows a file index
Enlightenment No. 16 The “indexing” software component of the search engine parses files and stores keywords in a database on the server.
Enlightenment No. 17 Your interaction with the search engine is in the form of a keyword search of the database, from which it creates pages of hyperlinks to the files that contain the keywords along with a brief listing of what those files contain.
Enlightenment No. 18 The robot and indexing software are designed to pay special attention to text found within meta tagged brackets in the header area of web pages. info
Enlightenment No. 19 Search Engines are not intelligent.
Enlightenment No. 20 Search Engines are only as effective as the organization of the global network allows them to be.
Enlightenment No. 21 When material is placed on your web, make sure there is a “clickable” path to find it.
Seekology 380: Optimization Strategies – Beyond the Primer Enlightenments You Can Use on Monday.
Enlightenment No. 22 dir2html Use either the web server’s automatic indexing system or a tool such as “dir2html” to create hyperlinked indexes of files.
Enlightenment No. 23 Publish in ASCII when possible. This can include plain text, html, asp, php, or other text-based coding Advantages = small, easily parsed, no plugins
Enlightenment No. 24 Use META-tags abundantly for high-profile documents. META-tag Generators make this easy.
Enlightenment No. 25 Use “ALT=“ attributes to describe graphics that have valued context.
Enlightenment No. 27 Deflect robots from your sensitive server areas with the “robots.txt” file User-agent: * Disallow: /search Disallow: /groups Disallow: /images
Seekology Graduate School: Seekology Secrets 5010 Anyone can deploy a Search Engine. Big Secret No. 1 | <urn:uuid:5ba4bd18-02c6-4c5c-9d00-164fb4e806ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/2533157/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00014-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.825097 | 1,432 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Iraq, bombs and the return of aslyum seekers.
In the wake of this week's series of bombs in Iraq that left more one hundred people dead the refugee agency UNHCR has reiterated its deep concern about involuntary returns to Iraq amid the violence.
UNHCR said it is shocked and saddened by the recent bombings and continued violence in Iraq which have left hundreds dead and wounded this week.
"Despite the efforts of the authorities, the security situation remains
precarious. For this reason UNHCR's guidelines on Iraqis (last revised
in April 2009) should continue to be applied and countries need to
refrain from forcibly returning Iraqis originating from the region of
Central Iraq back to those governorates deemed to be unsafe, namely -
Baghdad, Ninewa, Salah al Din, Diyala, Tameem (Kirkuk).
In our guidelines issued last April, we noted that in view of the
serious human rights violations and continuing security incidents
throughout Iraq, most predominantly in the central governorates,
asylum-seekers from these governorates should be considered to be in
need of international protection. UNHCR therefore advises against
involuntary returns to Iraq of persons originating from Central Iraq
until there is a substantial improvement in the security and human
rights situation in the country.
Concerning asylum-seekers from the three northern governorates, as well
as those from the southern governorates and Al Anbar, UNHCR recommends
that their protection needs are assessed on an individual basis.
While the number of security incidents has reduced many groups continue
to face significant threats with UNHCR offices reporting that the
numbers of Iraqi refugees returning are being offset by new arrivals.," UNHCR said.
Thanks for your time. Billy Briggs. www.billybriggs.co.uk
Our blogs are written by Amnesty International staff, volunteers and other interested individuals, to encourage debate around human rights issues. They do not necessarily represent the views of Amnesty International. | <urn:uuid:a641a8b0-5b02-45e1-8167-451bdb911770> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.amnesty.org.uk/blogs/journalist-and-human-rights/iraq-bombs-and-return-aslyum-seekers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.94328 | 404 | 1.875 | 2 |
<< -- 2 -- David Thompson SIMPLE GIFTS?
Aside from the Editor's essential and lucid introduction, there
are fifteen articles in the book, plus two brief but revelatory transcripts
of interviews with Copland. The reviewer's difficulty can perhaps be
appreciated, detailed appraisal of every article being prohibitive. Since,
therefore, I must resort to a general overview with an occasional underlining
of what I found to be personal highlights, I would not, thereby, wish to
imply that the rest is less estimable. Far from it. Every article contributes
something vital to the whole, and the picture with which we are privileged
to be presented at the end of our reading.
The first section of the book serves usefully to place Copland within
the context of his life and the musical developments and influences which
were to contribute to the formation of his own unique voice. Thus Mark DeVoto
recounts Copland's encounter with the twentieth century's great
guru and musical midwife, Nadia Boulanger. Jazz and Dance are the subjects
of two further fertile aspects of Copland's experience, which receive
scholarly consideration from David Schiff and Marta Robertson respectively.
Jessica Burr celebrates Copland's achievement in being regarded in
his own country as the quintessentially 'Western' composer whose unlikely
roots lay in Jewish New York. This very brief study, tantalisingly understated,
of necessity, leaves us wanting more, and the material is ripe for expansion
into a book. For me, the highlight of this contextual section is Sally Bick's
'Copland on Hollywood', a consideration of an area that is often sidelined
or treated with less seriousness than is its due. We have to remember that
Copland was already in his late twenties when the sychronisation of sound
on film was introduced. He was therefore an exploratory pioneer of a genre
he did much to identify and define. Bick gives proper scholarly consideration
to this, and her presentation of the material is both welcome and justified,
especially as she writes with such clarity.
Copyright © 23 February 2003
David Thompson, Eastwood, Essex, UK | <urn:uuid:aedd0e2c-dc66-40d8-bb2c-bc92cf017d8b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mvdaily.com/articles/2003/02/copland2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00049-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946692 | 454 | 1.695313 | 2 |
In July 2010, there was an end-of-days-type hailstorm in Calgary, and my little Acura got hammered. Now I drive a car that looks like it has cellulite.
I'm cheap, and I don't need an overpriced and rapidly depreciating midlife-crisis-mobile to boost my ego; I have biceps for that. But if your biological chassis has bumps and pocks and you want them gone, you can't exactly trade in for a new model.
So is there the physiological equivalent of a "dent clinic" that can make those lower-body bumps go away?
I honestly didn't know. I've seen lots of fit, lean and muscular women working out who have cellulite, and it made me wonder if it is something that diet and exercise can deal with. So I endeavored to find out.
According to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, "Almost all women (and some men) have cellulite, stemming from genetic predisposition, hormonal changes and weight gain." And it's worth noting that an entire Photoshop industry is built around air-brushing cellulite from the images of anorexic actresses who in real life look like they've been cross-bred with cottage cheese.
On an unrelated note, I think every woman reading this column is beautiful and amazing. Please don't kill me.
Here's what I learned.
A paper in the 2010 Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology on the treatment of cellulite asserts that "cellulite can affect individuals regardless of their body mass index" — meaning it's not just a condition for people who are overweight. However, the authors also stated that weight gain "can accentuate the appearance of cellulite."
An article at MayoClinic.com explained that cellulite is caused by clumps of fat cells pushing up against the skin that are interspersed with fibrous cords connected to the muscle underneath. The cords pull the skin down in places and the fat bulges up in between, creating a dimpling effect.
Therefore, it stands to reason that if you lose body fat, the visible effect of cellulite would be lessened. But is that what actually happens? To find out, I decided to conduct an unscientific survey with subscribers to my e-newsletter. The free survey tool I used limited me to 100 responses, which is a nice round number, so I figured good enough. The criteria I set for respondents were: females who had lost at least 10 pounds from a program that included exercise and hadn't used any cosmetic or surgical options to try to get rid of their cellulite.
Of the 100 respondents, 47% had lost 10 to 20 pounds, 39% had shed 20 to 50 pounds, and 14% had lost more than 50 pounds.
In terms of exercise, 20% exercised only one to three hours a week, 52% worked out for about three to five hours per week, and 28% got in more than five hours. By far the most popular form of exercise (93%) was aerobic, such as running, cycling, swimming, hiking, aerobic machines and classes, but weightlifting was No. 2, at 64%. Yoga and "other" tied at 24%. Kettle bells and Pilates weren't that popular.
The results on visibility of cellulite were all over the map. Three percent checked the box marked "Gak! It increased!" — which I imagine would be frustrating. And 22% answered "no change." Forty-eight percent said they saw a "minor decrease" and 26% saw a "major decrease."
Only one person said it completely disappeared.
It looked like the "major decrease" change was mostly, but just barely, in women who lost the most weight and exercised the most. Plenty of women who lost 10 to 20 pounds experienced a major decrease as well. What's more, some women who lost more than 50 pounds saw no change in their cellulite. And the woman for whom it "completely disappeared" was in the 10-to-20-pound weight-loss group.
Now to the medical literature.
A 2006 study in the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Journal examining 51 women from medically supervised weight-loss programs (plus 11 controls) found that for cellulite, "treatments such as weight loss have variable effects on the improvement or worsening of this condition."
An interesting study of 86 obese women published online in September in the European Journal of Applied Physiology compared the effects of diet and exercise with diet and exercise plus fancy pants that exert pressure on the lower body on visible cellulite. Both groups experienced similar weight loss, but the addition of pressure-exerting pants resulted in subjects seeing a "significant perceived improvement" in skin appearance.
Maybe exercising in ultra-tight pants works better for reducing visibility of cellulite, but I question the practicality. I've got some compression clothing I wear to keep from freezing my butt off while running in sub-zero temps (it's black and makes me look like evil Spider-Man). But in the California sun, such garments would slow-cook you.
So. Both my research and that of real scientists suggest that diet and exercise leading to weight loss can (but not always) reduce the appearance of cellulite, either a little or a lot. This sounds like one of those things where genetics comes into play.
What about other methods?
I saw a YouTube video of former Playboy model Jeana Keough, now some orange housewife from Real County or something, proclaiming alongside her L.A.-based plastic surgeon Dr. Grant Stevens that her use of the "SmoothShapes" laser "manipulates the fat" and "kind of melts it."
Dr. Stevens says, "It's very affordable." That's good, because a paper published in July in Clinics in Plastic Surgery analyzing the use of lasers (including SmoothShapes) and radiofrequency heat, combined with tissue manipulation, for treatment of cellulite asserts that "results with devices alone are usually moderate in benefit and are short lived; therefore, frequent touch-up treatments may be required."
What's more, there is a risk of adverse events such as "bruising, pain, and hyperpigmentation."
A second YouTube video I watched was of another L.A.-based plastic surgeon, Dr. Daniel Casper, stating that liposuction "will not eradicate cellulite" but "you can see some improvement in the overall texture of cellulite." Information on the American Academy of Dermatology's website disagrees: "Liposuction does not improve the appearance of cellulite," it states, and "liposuction can make the appearance of cellulite worse by creating more depressions in the skin."
Of course, there are all kinds of heavily marketed options, such as creams, injecting carbon dioxide (yes, people do this), acid, herbs and other seemingly magic potions, but the aforementioned Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology paper states that "most treatments lack substantial proof of efficacy."
In other words, those things are probably serpent lubrication.
If your cellulite bothers you and you're carrying some extra pounds, I'd recommend starting with diet and exercise and see where that takes you. But I'm just a guy, and we don't usually get cellulite.
Instead, our hair migrates south.
Fell is a certified strength and conditioning specialist in Calgary, Canada | <urn:uuid:04961366-23ad-4fda-83bf-01a1643153af> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.courant.com/health/la-he-fitness-cellulite-20111003-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719027.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00302-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964682 | 1,537 | 1.601563 | 2 |
The message of the gospel—the entire storyline of scripture—is God’s loving pursuit of people who run from him as fast as they can and who live lives unworthy of his love. That’s why it’s called grace. But our Sunday school lessons teach us to be good little boys and girls, and God will love us and use us. It’s the total opposite of the gospel. It’s a counterfeit of the worse kind.We teach kids to follow the examples of the the "heroes of the faith," yet Scripture presents flawed role models in need of grace.
Rethinking Biblical Storytelling
The solution is to start anew, teaching kids the stories of Scripture with the reason they're included in the Bible. Why did the Holy Spirit record these things for us?
1. So we could see more of Christ
And he said to them, “O foolish ones, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken! Was it not necessary that the Christ should suffer these things and enter into his glory?” And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he interpreted to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself.
- Luke 24:25-27
2. So we could see more of ourselves
Now these things took place as examples for us, that we might not desire evil as they did.3. So we could see more of the Christian life and godliness
- 1 Cor 10:6
What then shall we say? That the law is sin? By no means! Yet if it had not been for the law, I would not have known sin. For I would not have known what it is to covet if the law had not said, “You shall not covet.”
- Rom 7:7
His divine power has granted to us all things that pertain to life and godliness, through the knowledge of him who called us to his own glory and excellence,
- 2 Pt 1:3
All Scripture is breathed out by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work.
- 2 Tm 3:16-17
The Point of Children's Ministry
A related question is the "why" of children's ministry. We are under no direct command in Scripture to have a children's ministry at our local gatherings. The question then becomes, why do we do what we do?
The goal of any church ministry is to honor God through the discipleship of others:
Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.Thus, whether the ministry aims at the homeless or at toddlers, it should be discipleship-oriented. Obviously, that fleshes out in a variety of ways depending on the age-group. However, the point is the same - cultivating a genuine understanding of the gospel and Christ's commands in our lives.
In a children's ministry, that means facets of lessons plans will run spectrum of evangelism, world-view building, and heart-application. Discipleship must be our drive—not arts and crafts, not top of the line games and toys, not entertaining programs, puppet shows, and music, not dumbed-down Bible lessons, not policies that accept teachers and volunteers based solely on the fact that they breathe! Children's ministry requires churches to think as shepherds, providing discipleship for the kids, discipleship for their parents, and discipleship for the volunteers.
This reflects in the kind of curricula we place in our children's ministry. We cannot claim to be biblical if our kids are learning the Bible through VeggieTales or some other moralistic source. Let us define curriculum quality based on its gospel presentation, not its entertainment or production value. Choose something that teaches kids the Bible, not young-life self-help principles. | <urn:uuid:52165af8-6cd2-4418-a828-5616a1caff2e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gospelliving.blogspot.com/2013/08/is-sunday-school-destroying-our-kids.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00117-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958663 | 851 | 2.296875 | 2 |
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau launched a new effort to urge the introduction of more innovative "consumer-friendly" financial products and services, the bureau announced yesterday. The initiative, called Project Catalyst, aims to connect with innovative financial companies and entrepreneurs through a website community that will provide access and communication between businesses and the bureau.
"In the run-up to the crisis of 2007-2008, innovation in consumer finance too often meant the creation and promotion of products that obscured costs and risks from consumers," Richard Cordray, the bureau's director said in prepared remarks yesterday. "We believe that good, consumer-friendly innovation holds great potential for achieving our mission of making the consumer finance market work again for consumers. We want to help as much as we can to stimulate innovation in financial products and services."
As part of the first phase of the project three companies had agreed to share anonymized consumer data with the bureau to help it understand shifts in consumer behavior, according to the bureau's statement. BillGuard will share data from its billing dispute services to aid the bureau in observing trends in customer complaints, while Plastyc, an alternative banking service, will share depositing and account access data. And Simple, another alternative banking service, will provide data that the bureau said will help gain insight into consumer spending and saving trends.
The bureau also said that it regarded Project Catalyst as an effort to fulfill its Dodd-Frank mandate to increase transparency and innovation in financial products and services. The bureau added that the the initiative will help in formulating regulations for emerging products and services that regulators haven't addressed yet.
Jonathan Camhi has been an associate editor with Bank Systems & Technology since 2012. He previously worked as a freelance journalist in New York City covering politics, health and immigration, and has a master's degree from the City University of New York's Graduate School ... View Full Bio | <urn:uuid:faf5e41e-8ccb-4eaf-9546-ee18819e8def> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.banktech.com/compliance/cfpbs-project-catalyst-aims-to-influence-product-and-service-innovation/d/d-id/1295949?cid=sbx_banktech_related_mostpopular_default_architecture_infrastructure&itc=sbx_banktech_related_mostpopular_default_architecture_infrastructure | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953421 | 375 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Still he prowled about the after orlop deck, and talked at large of his anxiety for the contents of the bullion-room.
He cut away three iron bars let into an aperture on the side of the ship on the orlop deck, formerly a part of her hold.
Seen from here it was a fearful chasm, laying open hold, orlop, and lower deck.
The hatchway of the lower deck was open, and down this they passed to the orlop deck.
As I was going down to the orlop deck, Larry came aft, supported by two men, with his fiddle-case under his arm.
The water continued to rush into the vessel until it reached the orlop beams; then as suddenly it stopped.
One man in the passage to receive and pass those charges through the scuttle in the orlop or berth deck.
One man, on the orlop or berth deck, at the passing-scuttle through the deck above, to pass up full boxes.
One man at the passage-scuttle on the orlop or berth deck, to receive the charges and pass them to the screen.
The bottom of the mail room which is on the orlop deck, is 24 feet above the keel. | <urn:uuid:8ba2f617-4644-499f-bde0-e906a1bb37c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dictionary.com/browse/orlop?qsrc=2446 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281649.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00446-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966807 | 274 | 2.03125 | 2 |
On the day after the inauguration many thousands are expected to take part in the 'Women's March on Washington". Organizers who began planning the event last November shortly after the presidential election say the objective is to bring national attention to women and other groups who feel they have been marginalized. We'll hear different perspectives on who's going, who isn't and its possible political impact.
Talking about death and dying is never easy. Many of us cling to the childhood belief that parents are invincible. But avoiding an end-of life conversation with a loved one could have tragic consequences. It might mean a surrogate who has different values from your mother could end up making decisions for her. Or that your uncle won’t qualify for Medicaid because he didn’t understand the process. Armed with basic facts and good listening skills, it’s possible to create a strategy that gives a loved one comfort and provides caregivers with peace of mind. Diane and her guests explore how to begin discussions about end-of life care.
- Charles Sabatino director of the Commission on Law and Aging, American Bar Association.
- Sue Belanger clinical ethicist and adjunct assistant professor at Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies, and director of education, training and research at Sibley Memorial Hospital in Washington, D.C.
- Janis Abrahms Spring clinical psychologist and author of "Life with Pop: Lessons on Caring for an Aging Parent" and "After the Affair."
MS. DIANE REHMThanks for joining us. I'm Diane Rehm. In this hour, a frank conversation about a difficult task, talking with loved ones about end-of-life planning. Joining me in the studio, three experts to offer practical advice to make that job less traumatic, clinical psychologist Janis Abrahms Spring, Sue Belanger of Georgetown University, and Charles Sabatino with the American Bar Association. Do join us, 800-433-8850, send us your email to email@example.com, you can follow us on Facebook or Twitter. Good morning to all of you.
REHMGood to have you here. Charles Sabatino, it seems to me that before we even think about beginning a conversation like this, we need to have the information we ought to have in front of us. Where do we get that?
MR. CHARLES SABATINOWell, there's many places you can find that. In your own state you can start with either a state bar association website, an office on aging website, or our own website at the ABA Commission on Law and Aging has a long resource list of materials, not only to point you to the right kind of legal documents, but I think more importantly pointing you to the need to have a guided discussion around these issues before you start signing legal documents.
REHMI think that's good advice. Just to point out, we have a great many links on our website, for example, Aging with Dignities Five Wishes website, we have the American Health Lawyers Association Guide to Legal Issues in Life Limiting Conditions. We have a number of them, and you can find them our website drshow.org. Turning to you, Janis Abrahms Smith (sic) , it's never easy to talk about death and dying. When do you think -- how do you think people can begin?
DR. JANIS ABRAHMS SPRINGWell, I think the fact is that people don't have these conversations. We think about death and dying, we think about the elderly, but everyone is born and everyone dies. And even in this room, we'd have to look around and say how -- and these, you know, we're all experts in this I suppose, how many of us have really spelled out in detail -- how many people who are listening on the show have really spelled out in detail their wishes? And it is such a sticky, uncomfortable, morbid topic.
DR. JANIS ABRAHMS SPRINGWe think about the elderly, but everyone at this age -- everyone at all ages can think about this and begin these conversations, but they don't. They don't talk to their children, and doctors don't talk to patients, and nobody's talking about it.
REHMSo long before people reach the bed and the bedside, these conversations should be taking place.
SPRINGWell, they should. They should. But, you know, of course, the question is why don't people talk about it, and there are good reasons. I've had one patient who went to her dad, elderly dad, and said, dad, you know, would you like to talk about your wishes? He says, what, you want to get rid of me? So those kinds of reactions don't encourage dialogue. Or I had another patient tell me that her doctor talked to her mother about her Alzheimer's and she was very angry at the doctor for beginning these conversations because the mother became clinically depressed and withdrew, and she blamed the doctor for being insensitive to the mother for having these conversations.
SPRINGSo you see how complicated, yes.
REHMOf course. Turning to you, Sue Belanger. I know you're a clinical ethicist, you're director of education, training, and research at Sibley Hospital here in Washington. You're both an R.N. and a Ph.D. What do you do if you hear that kind of, well, what do you want to do, get rid of me? What do you do with that?
DR. SUE BELANGERI think you need to let people know that in fact, no, we don't want to get rid of you. But it's very important that you maintain your decision making about what's right for you. And part of that means talking about what's right for you at any point along the health care continuum when you might need something. And so if you don't know what your options are, you may now know what's right for you, and really, you don't want other people to make decisions for you that don't know you, the person, what your values are, or what your wishes are.
REHMSo long before you find yourself in need, you need to begin the conversation, but as we've just heard from Janis, there are an awful lot of people, perhaps even in this room, though I must say I am not one of them who has not had the conversation, it does seem to me that the earlier the better, in greater health rather than in sickness.
BELANGERAbsolutely. One of the things I tell people all the time is end-of-life conversations are really not for end of life. They are for long before that time comes, and it's really important that at any time if there's a situation where someone you really admire, an actor, dies prematurely, it's an opportunity to talk about how that situation might relate to you. If a parent or a friend -- a 30-year-old may have a friend who dies in an accident. It's a perfect opportunity for that person to begin that conversation. What would you want if that situation was to occur for you? Any time is a good time.
REHMAny time is a good time. And we're trying to find the right time for you. Charles Sabatino, is there a right time?
SABATINOWell, from age 18, there's a right time. We tell -- I use a little mnemonic to remind people when they ought to revisit -- that assumes they visited this topic in the first place, but once you have sat down, had these conversations done in and advanced directive, it doesn't end there. I suggest that whenever any of the five Ds occur you have this again, the first D being a decade of your life. If nothing has happened in the last decade, it's time to sit down again. A death of a loved one, a divorce, and new and serious diagnosis, or a significant decline in a condition.
SABATINOAny of the five Ds, those are times to sit down and rethink, okay, do I -- where am I on this? We do know that people -- the truth is that people are very ambivalent about dying, and we have created these advanced directives as if the only problem is people need a way of communicating their wishes. A lot of people don't do this because they aren't quite sure what their wishes are, and that's perfectly normal and fine.
SABATINOHaving the conversation in a structured way can help people figure out things that they are more certain about or less certain about, and it's okay to redraw the line as you move on in a condition. Many people do. So it's a continuing conversation.
REHMJanis, Abrahms Spring, you've written a book titled "Life with Pop: Lessons on Caring for an Aging Parent." I assume you went through this personally.
SPRINGI did. It's basically after my mother died, I inherited my dad and I watched over his care until he died from complications of Parkinsons five years later, and I weaved together my patients' confessions with my own confessions, everything that went through that. My dad never talked about death and dying, and we never expected him to outlive my mother because he had so many health problems, but he did.
SPRINGAnd, you know, I describe a passage in the book where we go to visit a friend of his who's blanched from Alzheimer's, and, you know, the man is strapped to a wheelchair staring at a TV, and I thought this is a great time to begin this end-of-life conversation. So we go out to breakfast, we're sitting outside, and I say to my dad, so dad, do you ever think about dying? And he looked at me, and he said, no. And I try to keep the ball in the air, and I say, I think about it all the time, because I had no clue what he wanted me to do.
SPRINGI said, I think about it all the time, and I wait for him, and he looks down at this breakfast and he says to me, isn't this a great bagel?
SPRINGAnd I thought to myself, you know what, it is a great bagel, and he can sit out here in the sunshine and pick up this monster and stuff it into his face with his own two hands, and he's not strapped to the wheelchair in a nursing home, so why talk about dying now, and I just let it go. And that was a lovely moment, but I never knew what he wanted me to do.
REHMSo Sue Belanger, what would you have said to Janis?
BELANGERI think it's important to ask the question, and if the moment is not right to wait until there is a better moment. Sometimes it's okay for the family to react and say, this is a great bagel. You know that's your cue that this conversation is over for now, but it's also something that you need to think about in terms of the next conversation. When's the next in you might have to ask the question again. When's the next moment when it might be right to say, dad, I know this is difficult for you, but it really is very important information for me.
REHMAnd perhaps one could argue that to have had the conversation much earlier might have been easier. Do you believe that?
BELANGERI do believe that, but one of the caveats to that is sometimes once we are diagnosed with an illness, a grave illness, what we think about changes, and how we maybe see our lives change. So perhaps when we're perfectly well we think I don't want it this way, but perhaps later on that may change for us.
REHMSue Belanger. She's a clinical ethicist, professor at Georgetown University. Short break here. We'll be right back.
REHMAnd we've had a number of emails about the Five Wishes web site. This from Jay who says, "I'm only 61 years old, but have used the Five Wishes to outline in detail what my family needs to know about my final wishes. It's a relatively simple way to do so. My doctor has a copy in my records as does the local medical surgeon and hospital. My adult children and my wife all have copies. And once we discussed it I think we all felt a sense of closeness and relief knowing it was done. I highly recommend using the five wishes." Now has Jay done what he should have done here, Charles, to cover his options?
SABATINOI think he has because Five Wishes is an unusual form that has been developed to meet the legal requirements in the great majority of states, not every state. And by way of full disclosure I have consulted for Five Wishes to help them reach that level. And it's -- many people love the form but one of the points I'd like to make is that everybody approaches this in a slightly different way, sometimes a radically different way.
REHMOf course, yes.
SABATINOAnd our philosophy is to try to give people as many avenues to getting to the point they need to get as possible. If Five Wishes appeals to you than by all means use it. If other workbooks or advanced directives that help you do advanced care planning appeal to you, use them. Look around. There are now a lot of resources out there.
BELANGERYes, there is a document available on the web for those people who really want to outline any one of the numbers -- full numbers of options. This one is called Your Life Your Choices and consists of a 53-page document. That's for that person who really, really wants to outline every possibility. On the other hand there are Caring Conversations book written by the Center for Practical Bioethics from Missouri that gives very nice clear detailed information about how to go through this process.
BELANGERAnd there's another called Go Wish, which is actually a set of cards. You get a deck of cards for you and for your loved one who might have to make decisions for you. And both of you rate certain phrases on three levels. Basically is this very important, is this somewhat important, is this not important at all? And then you compare those and that helps being that conversation.
REHMWe have an email which says, "We're dealing with a terminal family member who refuses to have these conversations because she believes that they would prevent a miracle or contradict hope. How do we deal with that mindset?" Sue.
BELANGERThat's a very difficult situation to deal with because that's a sign that this person does not want to give up any type of hope in their life. And yet you want that person to really be able to die with dignity and die in a way that's very important to them. So that is one of the more difficult situations that families need to deal with but again, finding any way to come into the conversation for even parts of the conversation that need to be had, pain, comfort.
SPRINGIt may be helpful for people to realize that when they have these conversations it is an act of kindness to their family. I don't think my father really understood, and I had no way of anticipating that, that I would be put in a position of not knowing whether he wanted to live or die. And if he had thought of that, that it takes the morbidity out of the situation for the survivors and gives clear direction. It's really a supreme kindness to do that.
REHMSo what happened with your father? Did you ever revisit the conversation?
SPRINGWell, what happened was at some point with the Parkinson's he couldn't swallow his own saliva. He developed pneumonia. He needed a feeding tube. And the doctors went in and asked him if he wanted a feeding tube and he said no. But I don't think anyone said to him, not the doctors, not the social workers, not me the clinical psychologist, not my brother, no one mentioned the D word because nobody talks about it. I don't believe anyone said to my father, if you don't get the feeding tube you're going to die.
SPRINGSo when they go in they ask, do you want a feeding tube, my dad says no. And so I went in the next day. The doctor calls me and said, your father refused the feeding tube. Well, I don't know that my father really understood. So I went in the next morning and I said, yeah we have to have a serious conversation. He said, I know. And I said, you know you need a feeding tube and we talked about it. And I said, do you understand, he said, I do. And he looked at me and said, for how long?
SPRINGAnd I said to him, forever, Dad. You need a feeding tube forever. So he said, can I think about it? I said, yes and I went out and had a hot dog from the stand outdoors. When I came back he had slipped into unconsciousness. And so the hospital staff met with me and suggested that he would always develop pneumonia. He would -- there'd be frequent hospitalizations. He was unconscious at that point and so we let him go. So the conversation never happened.
SPRINGBut the point I want to make here is that nobody talks about it, not even the doctors. And never mind how complicated it is for family members.
REHMAnd Charles Sabatino, the question becomes when is there almost a legal responsibility for the doctor to present truthfully, honestly the options. I mean, the doctor or the nurse simply said, do you want a feeding tube? I mean, what does that tell us?
SABATINOIt's very unfortunate. The health care providers do have an obligation to obtain what's called informed consent for decisions, particularly important decisions like this. And that includes describing what the alternatives are, what the benefits and burdens of each of the alternatives are. What it means if you don't get a feeding tube and what it means if you do get a feeding tube. At that stage a feeding tube may not have done a bit of good and it may have been -- created a lot more suffering than benefit.
SABATINOBut unfortunately those kinds of discussions in the rush of medicine today often take place inadequately if at all.
REHMSo, Sue, what is your role in perhaps dealing with patients, dealing with the doctors? How can you be of help?
BELANGEROne of the important things at least is to begin the conversation with the doctor to say please disclose all the risks and benefits in an honest way with all the people that are involved in the situation, including the patient and the family. It's very important for family members to really understand what they're dealing with, not just in the immediate situation but long term. What does it mean to have a feeding tube long term? How does that impact this particular patient, my mother, my father who's lying here in the bed? So that's, you know, very important.
BELANGEROn the patient's side, as much information as we can give the patient is really important. That's why beginning the conversation early, doing your homework ahead of time so that you know when it comes time that I'm debilitated and I can't do anymore, do I really want that feeding tube? Does that make sense for who I am and what's important to me? And so, again that's sort of advanced care planning long before we need it. But honesty is very important.
BELANGERClinical ethics consultations for many people are a way to have someone who's unbiased and unrelated to the care come in and offer an objective point of view. In that conversation we bring everyone that's involved to allow family members to make the best decision that they can.
REHMJanis, do you think your father would have preferred to die at home?
SPRINGWell, he wasn't at home at that point. He was in an independent living facility and they wouldn't allow him to be there.
REHMI see. I see.
BELANGERWhy are you asking? What are you thinking?
REHMBecause I'm just wondering whether that's one of the questions that people would want to make sure to ask, where would you prefer to die?
SPRINGI think a lot of people want control over their decisions. It's interesting. I was going to a wedding the other day and somehow we got into a conversation and the person who is a doctor sitting next to me said, I'm hoarding pills because when I want to go I want to go. And I don't want any legal or medical person making these decisions for me.
SPRINGAnd I went into the wedding, I sat down next to the grandmother of the bride and I said to her, how old are you and she said, I'm 93. I said, oh my god, you look so great. She says, I do look great now but I'm not going to be great forever. And let me tell you, when it's time for me to go I want to have control over that. I said, really. What are you doing about that? She said, I'm hoarding pills. This is a conversation that took place within ten minutes of each other. It's on people's minds.
REHMClearly on people's minds. And clearly there's pill hoarding going on, Sue. We've got lots of callers. I'm going to open the phones here, 800-433-8850. First to Hilda in East Lansing, Mich. Good morning, you're on the air.
HILDAHi, Diane. I am a bioethicist and I've had to think about end of life care for a really long time. And one of the things that I've noticed is that most of the discussion goes around decision making. And often that's not really what is on the person's mind who is the actual patient in that situation. They're not so much interested in making decisions, because they don't know what they want. I think Charlie Sabatino pointed that out earlier.
HILDABut what they might want -- and many of them seem to -- is they want someone near and dear to them to act not for them but as them. That is to think for them, to make the decisions, to feel through what that situation is because they're sick and many of them are frankly busy dying. And they don't need to be bothered with that kind of thing. Now this is not true for everyone. Lots of people want control.
HILDABut there are plenty people who don't.
REHMInteresting. What do you think, Charlie?
SABATINOWell, like I said earlier, people approach this very differently. Some people control is very important. Others want to be cared and want the family members to make decisions. And that's one reason why it's important to have named a health care agent using a health care power of attorney. I mean, that is really the -- I tell people that there are three questions you've got to answer.
SABATINOOne, who do you want to speak for you when you can't. Two, what guidance do you want to give them and anybody else involved? And then three, how are you going to communicate that? Are you going to use a legal document, you going to use conversations? There are a lot of ways to communicate it. But to name a health care agent you do have to use the right legal document.
REHMCharles Sabatino. He's director of the Commission on Law and Aging at the American Bar Association. And you're listening to "The Diane Rehm Show." You know, Janis, going back to your story about encountering two people at the same wedding within ten minutes of each other, I think the issue has become more and more on people's minds as we see people living longer ending up in nursing homes, perhaps in front of television sets, simply living, simply existing. And I think that accounts for a great many people saying, I'm hoarding pills. I'm going to make sure that I take care of myself when that times comes.
REHMBut of course that time may have come beyond the point when someone can do to him or herself what they want, Sue.
BELANGERAbsolutely. I think medicine has allowed us to keep people alive for a very, very long time. Pacemakers and medications and many interventions that allow people to live much longer than anyone ever thought they could. And so unfortunately what also happens is we decline overtime. And so as we decline we never get back to that previous state. We go into the hospital, we come out, we're weaker. We're never back to where we were before. And so there -- we wake up one day and we're beyond the point where we ever wanted to be. And so...
REHMAnd here's a perfect example of that. Maryann in Peoria, Ill., you're on the air.
MARYANNThank you. My issue is sort of bordered on that. My mother had Alzheimer's and I knew from years past what she generally wanted, but when I tried to get her to talk about death and dying she seemed so frightened. And I finally made the choice that she really didn't want to have to make that decision. She couldn't even decide on appropriate clothing to wear by that time. And, like I said, she seemed afraid of the decision besides not really having the capability to do it.
MARYANNBut the panel seems to think that you should push people to make this decision and I was just wondering how do you decide which side of the line to go on, whether to relieve them of a burden of decision or push them -- enable them to make a decision of their own?
REHMGood question, Janis.
SPRINGWell, you know, again as I mentioned with my dad, he was telling me, I don't want to talk about this. And certainly I think people have the right to say that to their families. He -- it was his personality. And so that's how the mess evolved. But it was his wish not to discuss death and dying.
SABATINOWell, you know, I think the question of how do you want to die is the wrong question. It's really how do you want to live? We don't know what the timing of our death is going to be and I can understand not wanting to talk about it. But your father knew he didn't want a feeding tube. That was his quality of life -- that was a quality of life decision about how he wanted to live right now.
SABATINOSo many people can talk about these issues and avoid the D word in many ways and still you can make progress.
REHMYou know, we're faced with the question of power of attorney. We're faced with who's going to make these decisions if, for example, we're single or widowed or an only child, you know. And we're confronted with these decisions at a terrible time if someone is dying. So our conversation here this morning is really intended to get you to think about these issues now. We're going to take a short break. We'll be right back.
REHMAnd welcome back. We're going to go right back to the phones to Valdosta, Ga. Good morning, John, you're on the air.
JOHNGood morning. It's a pleasure to talk with you.
REHMThank you, sir.
JOHNMine is the email you read earlier about the five wishes. But I wanted to just add one thing. A lot of conversation has been made about, you know, people not wanting to talk about their own death. In my case, my adult children didn't want to talk about mine. And the five wishes just turned out be a really good protocol to just walk them through the very details of how I would want to be treated at the hospital or at home or so forth. And it really made a lot of difference. I mean, it -- as I said in the email, it's like everyone just took a breath and relaxed and said, okay, that's done.
JOHNAnd my history is my father died when I was about 13 and over a long period of time. And we had none of that in place and it was just an agonizing thing. But I think the discussion today is well worthwhile and, again, I highly recommend that particular document because it made it so much easier for me and for my family.
REHMJohn, thanks so much for calling. And expanding on that, Charlie, do you want to add to that?
SABATINOYou know, there are a number of what I call workbooks out there that give you some guidance for how to have a conversation, even give you some tactics for how to overcome resistance. You know...
REHMGive me an example.
SABATINOWell, you know, one of the questions, you know, dad, let's think about this. And his dad says, well, you know, you're going to make the decisions for me, you know, you know how to make them. And how do you respond to that when you really don't have guidance? You know, one of the tools that we've created in our website is called The Proxy Quiz. And it's -- and the daughter can say in that situation, well, you know, I hope I could make decisions the way you'd want them, let's give it a test. You know, if you answer these questions, and I'm going to answer them how I think you would answer them, let's compare the answers.
SABATINOAnd they're multiple choice, very short questions. And usually people don't come anywhere close to each other. And that's an interesting amount. Why did you answer it that way and why did I answer it -- think you would've said this way? So there some, you know, tricks up your sleeve you can use to try to get those conversations going. Like I said, the first question is usually seen as the most benign one. Who do you want to be your decision maker? And people often say, well, my spouse of course or my only child of course. And that may not be the best decision maker because there are definite qualities you want in a decision maker, and not everybody has a decision maker.
BELANGERMy mother actually lives in the state of Maine and she has six children. And she has chosen for her decision maker, the child who lives closest to her who helps her every day. I live 600 miles away. And so whereas I might be in a very good position to help make that decision for her because of my background...
REHMBecause of your professional life.
BELANGER...she has chosen someone who lives closer. That's her preference and that's okay.
SPRINGOften there are sibling conflicts, and so siblings are voting differently in who gets the vote. And one of the points I make is that often the conflicts may seem to be about whether we should give mom an MRI or dad a brain scan. But they're about unresolved conflicts between the siblings or between the child and the parent. You know, mom and dad paid for your college and not mine, so now you want me to put them in this nursing home that costs twice as much, but it's not fair. Or you always need to be in control. So these -- unless the siblings address the unacknowledged subtext of their fights, they're never going to be able to go on and resolve the parent -- the questions of a parent's care.
REHMAnd here's another perspective, Patty in St. Louis. Good morning, you're on the air.
PATTYGood morning, Diane. Thank you for taking my call.
PATTYMine was the cautionary tale. We did everything. We had the end of life. She made -- this is my aunt who will be 97 a week from Friday. And she made her healthcare directive in front of an attorney. We even updated it this year. The discussion was had. Everything was fine. But in December she had a emergency hospitalization and she lives in a nursing home. They send her to the hospital. I arrive with all of her directive, her list of medications, her power -- my power of attorney, everything.
PATTYWhat did I meet? But resistance from the medical staff who in her kind of semi weak anemic state kept pushing her to override these issues and kept asking her, you don't want antibiotics, you don't want us to do invasive surgery, you don't want -- and I finally had to say, will you stop? She just got here. And it turned out to be something that did not require these emergency procedures.
SABATINOWell, number one, if you're the agent in that situation, you do have the legal authority to make decisions if mom or dad can't make the decisions, and it may have borderline here. But you have to have a tough skin, you have to be able to put up with resistance against medical providers. Number two, there is a new protocol that is evolving in a number of states that addresses exactly her kind of situation. And it's called POLST or Physicians Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment. It's a protocol that is intended to bridge that gap between, in this case, the family had the conversations, they had the...
SABATINO...they had the forms.
SABATINOThat doesn't get into the medical plan. There's a gap there. It's not part of the -- what drives medical plans? It's doctors' orders. POLST tries to bridge that gap by requiring the conversation for people who are in an advanced stage of illness and converting it into a standardized medical plan that has -- that addresses emergencies.
REHMBut you've used that one word that everybody has a different interpretation of, advanced. And who is to say it's advanced or perhaps with more antibiotics or surgery or something else couldn't slow the advancement? And you get into a tug of war.
SABATINOThere's always something that medical technology can do...
SABATINO...to keep an organ going. I don't think of it as licensed to any treatment. I think of it organ sustaining treatment.
SABATINOAnd there's a professional for each of your organs out there who's willing to keep your organ going. But when I say it advanced illness, the rule of thumb that clinicians use out there in the states that have POLST is, would you be surprised if this person were to die in the next year or so? And it's not a hard and fast diagnostic tool, but it identifies the pool of people for whom POLST is appropriate. And it's intended to prevent surprises likes this from happening.
REHMAnd how do you make...
SABATINOShe shouldn't have gone to the hospital in the first place probably.
REHMExactly. How do you make sure that that PULST gets into the hands of the people who need to have it?
SABATINOWell, if states to adopt this, they really have to, for the first time, make sure that all providers are on the same band wave. The provider -- it's the provider's responsibility to initiate it. It's the provider's responsibility to update it. And it's the provider's responsibility to make sure it follows the patient from A to B to C. And that's why it's a big C change because up -- with advanced directives, it's up to -- that's up to you to make sure...
SABATINO...the doctor has it or the hospital has it. So it's a major C change and it's slowly evolving. And if it's done well, it'll address this kind of situation.
REHMAll right. To Rochester, N.Y. and to Victor. Good morning to you.
VICTORGood morning, Diane. The reverse situation sometimes arises. At our hospital we've had people in the Intensive Care Unit in the middle of the dying process who want everything done as does their family. Especially if this is the matriarch or the patriarch of the family, they want it all. And often what happens here is prolonging the dying process rather than prolonging life. A very, very difficult situation. I wonder if your panel might address that.
REHMTell me, Victor, what you as a physician would do in that situation. What might you say to those who are around the patient?
VICTORThe best you can do is to advise the people that the person is in the midst of dying and that further treatment might only not be beneficial, but might actually be detrimental. The ethical perspective of do no harm means that you don't harm people while trying to do something for them. And in this case, you can actually prolong suffering by prolonging the dying process.
REHMSue, do you want to add to that?
BELANGERYes. In my experience, not only do we want to say this is not medically beneficial, but as care providers, we don't want to step into the realm where we are offering things that families want that could be harmful to a patient. So it's really totally appropriate to say to a family member this is not medically beneficial and I cannot do it ethically. And so it's okay as ethical agents for physicians to say I cannot do that for your mother, for your father because it's not the right thing for them.
VICTORSometimes the patient is competent and requests the intervention themselves.
SPRINGAnd often family members are put in a position of questioning what is the loving thing to do. And sometimes the loving thing for one family member is to not intervene, and the loving thing for another family member is to do everything possible to keep that person alive. So both in the name of love, they go -- they vote in different directions.
REHMThanks for calling, Victor. Here's an email from Susan who is an MD at Case Western Reserve. She says, "I have had luck presenting this difficult decision to my family members by pointing out that if they specify what they want, they will control the process more than if we decide for them, which is an awfully good tip." Here's another, this one, "The hope issue is easier to deal with. If you help them change their definition of hope to hope for reconciliation, for pain control, for dealing with unfinished business, for a home like environment, for spending our last days in the best way possible." Let's go to Naples, Texas. Good morning, Kathleen, you're on the air.
KATHLEENGood morning. My mother is 87 years old now. More than ten years ago for Christmas one year, I researched, I found a local attorney that I knew my mother would speak to. I went to the attorney and had her make up a gift certificate for my mother to see the attorney, to do her end of life, her DNR, all the paperwork, and gave that to my mother as one of her Christmas presents.
REHMHow did she feel about that when she received that on Christmas day?
KATHLEENIt was on Christmas day. Unfortunately, you know, we have a good relationship, but she was, you know, concerned about, oh, I need to do this, I need to do that, and, yeah, I know I need to have to. I gave her the gift certificate. It was already paid for. All she had to do was call the attorney, make an appointment. And it left all the control in my mother's hands.
REHMThat's a great story. Charlie, would you recommend that?
SABATINOThat is a great story. I like that. But I do have to caution that most attorneys that do estate planning will do these documents as part of estate planning, and there will -- it will be a perfectly legal, valid document when you're done, but it may not be what you really need, because if it lacks the conversation with the family members, you can do the document, you can sign it, but if you've never had the conversation, the odds are the document is going to fail to do what you think it's going to do.
REHMUnless you've covered all the bases.
SABATINOThe document is only worth the discussion it's based on.
REHMAnd you're listening to "The Diane Rehm Show." And to Sanford, N.C., good morning, Alan.
ALANHowdy. Well, I just have a quick question. When I deployed to the initial push for Iraq, I was only offered a will. But now I know some of my friends are getting the options for both the will and the advanced directive, even if they're single or married. And I was wondering if your guests happened to know if there was a political reason or if it just happened to be that it's due to the time -- having changed due to commonalities being -- or it being a more common operation.
SABATINOI'm actually surprised to hear that because I'm familiar with Jag officers who do these regularly, and I thought that was pretty much standard practice. In fact, federal law actually creates a federal advanced directive option for those in the military. If a Jag officer does your advanced directive, it's good in any state, no matter whether it complies with state law or not, and that's a great advantage that they have. They should all be making use of that.
REHMAll right. And here's an email from Duane, "Your listeners need to know a power of attorney for medical and financial issues means nothing, despite having papers in hand at either terminal or soon to be terminal scenarios. The person if able to converse will always be asked if they want to "code or full code," even if they are cognitively impaired. The hospital medical personnel will follow the patient's replay at the time of being asked. Sue.
BELANGERI think in many cases that's true. And when you come into the hospital, it is a requirement that we determine what you want for emergency measures. And many times the healthcare professionals don't have any documents in hand that will help guide them. And so they rely on the patient or the family members to know at that particular moment what they want to do. That is in fact if they are asked at the time of admission what they want in that particular regard.
BELANGERSo it's very important that whoever comes with a patient into the hospital knows what it is that they want. And unfortunately we don't always have our documents with us, so as healthcare providers, as nurses, we ask, what is it you want, what's your preference. And if you don't have the documents, we document that anyway.
REHMWell, what you're saying is make sure you know where those documents are and take them with you to the hospital if you've got to go.
SABATINODiane, one of the things that people need to learn if you are a healthcare agent is what the criteria are for activating your role. In some states, you can create a healthcare agent who has authority right now, today, even if you don't lack capacity. But in most states, they only go into effect when you lack capacity and there is a procedure that must be followed on how to determine that.
REHMCharles Sabatino, he's with the American Bar Association. Sue Belanger, she's director of education, training and research at Sibley Memorial Hospital. And Janis Abrahms Spring, she's a clinical psychologist, author of "Life with Pop: Lessons on Caring for an Aging Parent." Thank you all so much.
REHMAnd thanks for listening. I'm Diane Rehm.
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By cooling the hypothalamus during hyperthermia, selective brain cooling reduces the drive on evaporative heat loss effectors, in so doing saving body water. To investigate whether selective brain cooling was increased in dehydrated sheep, we measured brain and carotid arterial blood temperatures at 5-min intervals in nine female Dorper sheep (41 ± 3 kg, means ± SD). The animals, housed in a climatic chamber at 23°C, were exposed for nine days to a cyclic protocol with daytime heat (40°C for 6 h). Drinking water was removed on the 3rd day and returned 5 days later. After 4 days of water deprivation, sheep had lost 16 ± 4% of body mass, and plasma osmolality had increased from 290 ± 8 to 323 ± 9 mmol/kg (P < 0.0001). Although carotid blood temperature increased during heat exposure to similar levels during euhydration and dehydration, selective brain cooling was significantly greater in dehydration (0.38 ± 0.18°C) than in euhydration (−0.05 ± 0.14°C, P = 0.0008). The threshold temperature for selective brain cooling was not significantly different during euhydration (39.27°C) and dehydration (39.14°C, P = 0.62). However, the mean slope of lines of regression of brain temperature on carotid blood temperature above the threshold was significantly lower in dehydrated animals (0.40 ± 0.31) than in euhydrated animals (0.87 ± 0.11, P = 0.003). Return of drinking water at 39°C led to rapid cessation of selective brain cooling, and brain temperature exceeded carotid blood temperature throughout heat exposure on the following day. We conclude that for any given carotid blood temperature, dehydrated sheep exposed to heat exhibit selective brain cooling up to threefold greater than that when euhydrated.
- body temperature
- evaporative heat loss
several species of mammal, particularly members of the order Artiodactyla, which includes sheep, goats, pigs, and antelope, employ the carotid rete to lower brain temperature below arterial blood temperature, a process termed selective brain cooling (for reviews, see Refs. 15 and 30). In artiodactyls the carotid rete, a bilateral network of arteries in the main arterial supply to the brain, lies at the base of the brain within the cavernous sinus, which receives cool venous blood draining from the nasal mucosa and other areas of the head. The thin walls and large surface area of carotid rete vessels allow warmer arterial blood in the rete to exchange heat rapidly with the cool venous blood in the sinus, facilitating delivery of cooler arterial blood to the brain and thus selective brain cooling. In resting, normothermic mammals with a carotid rete, brain temperature usually exceeds carotid arterial blood temperature by 0.2 to 0.5°C. However, during the hyperthermia invoked by moderate exercise or heat exposure, brain temperature rises more slowly than blood temperature does and selective brain cooling is exhibited. Usually, the more hyperthermic an animal becomes, the greater the magnitude of selective brain cooling.
Traditionally, selective brain cooling was thought to protect the brain from thermal damage during heat stress (for a review, see Ref. 28). However, recent studies, mainly from free-living animals, have yielded data that are inconsistent with that concept (15, 30). Rather than being a process that favors protection of the brain, selective brain cooling appears to play a role in balancing thermoregulatory and osmoregulatory needs (15, 30). By cooling the hypothalamus and hence temperature sensors that drive evaporative heat loss (16), selective brain cooling inhibits evaporative heat loss and therefore conserves body water. In hyperthermic goats, Kuhnen (20) has shown that selective brain cooling substantially reduces respiratory evaporative water loss.
If selective brain cooling does serve primarily to reduce water loss, then it is likely to be particularly valuable to an animal that is under concurrent heat stress and dehydration. Jessen and his colleagues (17) have shown that selective brain cooling occurred rarely in three euhydrated black Bedouin goats kept in outdoor enclosures but frequently and to a larger extent when the goats were dehydrated. However, the dehydrated goats had carotid arterial blood and brain temperatures higher than those when they were euhydrated, so the increased selective brain cooling may have arisen only as a product of the higher core temperatures. In goats, at least under controlled laboratory conditions, there is a precise relationship between brain temperature and arterial blood temperature. At a threshold brain temperature of ∼38.8°C, brain temperature uncouples from arterial blood temperature and selective brain cooling is invoked (21, 22). Jessen et al. (17) were not able to determine whether the threshold for selective brain cooling was lowered with dehydration, an adjustment that might contribute to inhibiting evaporative heat loss, because the Bedouin goats rarely used selective brain cooling when euhydrated. Baker and Nijland (5) found that the threshold for selective brain cooling was unchanged by hydration status in goats exercising on a treadmill, and that, when expressed as a function of arterial blood temperature, selective brain cooling was not influenced by dehydration. Selective brain cooling, however, is not exclusively under thermal control, but also is influenced by nonthermal inputs, in particular, sympathetic nervous system activity (12, 30). Increased sympathetic activity during exercise increases the threshold for selective brain cooling (7, 23), so it may not be possible to distinguish the relative importance of hydration status on the implementation of selective brain cooling in exercising animals.
To investigate whether the threshold for selective brain cooling is lowered by dehydration and whether selective brain cooling is increased independently of core temperature, we measured brain and carotid arterial blood temperatures of sheep, a species in which selective brain cooling is conspicuous and in which evaporative heat loss occurs via panting and sweating. We did not wish to elicit severe hypohydration hyperthermia, so the nine sheep were exposed to only moderate heat stress (40°C dry heat for 6 h each day) and moderate dehydration (5 days of water deprivation). By obtaining the first continuous recordings of brain and carotid arterial blood temperature in laboratory animals during euhydration, dehydration, and rehydration, we have shown that dehydration did not alter the threshold temperature for selective brain cooling.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiments were performed on nine adult female (age 2–3 years, mass 41 ± 3 kg, means ± SD) Dorper sheep (Dorset × Persian, Ovis aries). Dorpers are a mutton breed and carry a light wool coat. The sheep were obtained from the South African Agricultural Research Council, Irene, where they had been exposed to temperate summer heat in outdoor pens (indoors at night) before being transported to our laboratory. During the study, sheep were housed in either an indoor animal facility or a climatic chamber (see below) in two groups (sheep 1–5, sheep 6–9). Lucerne chaff and commercial sheep pellets (Epol, Johannesburg, South Africa) were provided each morning, and water was provided ad libitum (except during dehydration trials). All procedures were approved by the Animal Ethics Screening Committee of the University of the Witwatersrand (protocol number 2004/94/5).
Using general anesthesia and in sterile conditions, we implanted miniature data loggers with thermistor sensors for temperature measurement. Anesthesia was induced by intramuscular injection of ketamine (2.5 mg/kg, Anaket-V, Centaur Labs, Johannesburg, South Africa) and medetomidine hydrochloride (0.04 mg/kg, Domitor, Novartis, Johannesburg, South Africa), and maintained with isoflurane (2–3% in oxygen, Isofor, Safe Line Pharmaceuticals, Johannesburg, South Africa). Sheep received prophylactic long-acting penicillin (4–7 ml im, Peni LA, Phenix, South Africa) and an analgesic and anti-inflammatory medication (3.0–4.5 ml sc, Dexa-Tomanol, Centaur Labs, Johannesburg, South Africa). Lignocaine (0.1 g, Bayer Animal Health, Johannesburg, South Africa) mixed with epinephrine (Kyron Labs, Johannesburg, South Africa) was injected under the scalp at the site where the brain probe would be inserted, primarily to anesthetize the periosteum. Respiratory rate (visual observation), heart rate, and percentage hemoglobin oxygen saturation (Nonin Handheld Pulse Oximeter, Plymouth, MN) were monitored throughout surgery.
A thermistor in a blind-ended and thin-walled polytetrafluoroethylene tube (OD 0.9 mm; segment of a Straight Aortic Flush 4F Catheter, Cordis, The Netherlands) was inserted into the left common carotid artery at a position midway along the length of the neck, and advanced 80 mm, toward the heart. The base of the thermistor probe was secured by purse-string sutures to the vessel wall, while the remainder of the probe lay free in the arterial lumen. Outside the vessel, the thermistor was connected via PTFE-covered leads to a data logger (see below). The logger, covered with an inert wax (Sasol, EXP987, Johannesburg, South Africa), was placed in a subcutaneous pouch dorsal to the vessel. For brain temperature measurement, a second data logger was positioned subcutaneously in the neck, behind the left ear. Its lead was advanced subcutaneously to the skull, where it was connected to a head plate and guide tube. The guide tube, constructed from cellulose acetate butyrate tubing (length 44 mm, OD 3.2 mm, ID 1.6 mm; World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL) and sealed at the tip by a stainless-steel cap, was inserted via a hole drilled through the skull. Anatomic markers, verified in our previous study (25), were used to guide the probe tip near to the hypothalamus. The guide tube was connected to a small polyvinyl chloride headplate (10 × 10 × 3 mm), which was secured to the skull by two bone screws. A third temperature logger, with an on-board temperature sensor, was inserted into the abdominal cavity, via a small incision in the left paralumbar fossa. Wounds were treated with a topical antiseptic spray (Necrospray, Centaur Labs, Johannesburg, South Africa), and a stent bandage was sutured over the neck wound (the bandage was removed 1 wk after surgery). After surgery, sheep were returned to pens in the animal facility (see below).
At the end of all experiments, using the same anesthetic and surgical procedures as before, we removed data loggers, headplates, and thermistors. All loggers were in perfect order, wounds had healed, and there were no signs of infection. Examination of the carotid arteries revealed no occlusion, that is, the thermistor probes had measured the temperature of free-flowing blood. After recovery from surgery, sheep were returned to stock at the Agricultural Research Council.
Body temperature measurement.
The miniature data loggers (StowAway, Onset Computer, Pocasset, MA) had dimensions of ∼50 × 50 × 25 mm and a mass of ∼ 50 g when covered in wax. They had a storage capacity of 32 kb, a measurement range from +34 to +46°C, and a resolution of 0.04°C. The loggers were set to record temperatures averaged over 5-min epochs. The wax-coated loggers were calibrated against a high-accuracy thermometer (Quat 100, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany) in an insulated water bath, and all had a calibrated accuracy equal to or better than the resolution of the loggers (0.04–0.05°C).
For 2 wk before and for 12 days (sheep 1–5) or 22 days (sheep 6–9) after surgery, sheep were housed in an indoor animal facility (ambient temperature 22–25°C) with a 12:12-h light-dark cycle (lights on at ∼0700). At the start of experimental trials, sheep were transported to a temperature-controlled climatic chamber (7.5 m2) with a 12:12-h light-dark cycle (lights on at 0715), where they were housed for 11 days in a group of five animals (there was one nonexperimental animal with sheep 6–9). Sheep were fed and given water, and the climatic chamber was cleaned, once per day, but otherwise they were disturbed as little as possible. They were inspected regularly through a peephole by researchers and veterinary staff. On the first two days dry-bulb temperature was maintained at 23°C (relative humidity 40%). Thereafter, animals were exposed for 8 days to a cyclic regimen of thermal stress; between 0900 and 1500 dry-bulb temperature was set to 40°C (relative humidity 57%) and between 1500 and 0900 at 23°C (relative humidity 40%). On the final day, dry-bulb temperature was returned to 23°C. The schedule is summarized in Fig. 1 (bottom).
At 1200 on the 3rd day of heat exposure (day 5), drinking water was removed from the climatic chamber. Drinking water at a temperature of 39°C was returned 120 h later at the end of day 9 at 1200 to each sheep individually. The volume of water consumed by each sheep within 5-min after water was returned was recorded by an observer (the difference in mass of the container before and after drinking), and remaining water was removed from the room. Communal drinking water, at a temperature of ∼18°C, was returned 1 h later.
At ∼1510, after air temperature had been reduced from 40 to 23°C, on day 4 (the day before water removal) and day 8 (the 4th day of water deprivation; 99 h without drinking water), each sheep was weighed, and 10 ml blood was taken from the jugular vein. Hematocrit (Heraeus hematocrit centrifuge, Hanau, Germany) and osmolality (Wescor 5500 vapor pressure osmometer; Wescor, Logan, UT) were determined for each sample. We did not obtain weight or blood at the end of water deprivation (after 120 h) because stress induced by the interventions would have altered thermoregulatory responses of the sheep to rehydration (see below). After day 11, animals were returned to their pen in the indoor animal facility.
Because water was removed and returned at 1200, analyses were made with a day defined as 1200–1155. Daily minimum and maximum body temperatures were the lowest and highest, respectively, of the 288 5-min readings obtained within the 24 h. Comparisons of body temperatures and of selective brain cooling between euhydration and dehydration were made by comparing temperatures in the 48-h period before water removal (euhydration; days 3 and 4) and the final 48-h period of water deprivation (dehydration; days 8 and 9). Selective brain cooling was calculated as “carotid blood temperature − brain temperature,” with positive values reflecting positive selective brain cooling. Temperatures were compared statistically by repeated-measures ANOVA or paired t-tests, with Bonferroni correction, where appropriate.
To examine temperatures during hyperthermia, we averaged the temperatures recorded every 5-min between 1000 and 1200; we did not include data between 1200 and 1500, when body temperatures often were higher than those between 1000 and 1200, because of the confounding effects on temperature of returning water at 1200 after 5 days of water deprivation. Analyses of temperatures over the entire period when animals were hyperthermic (∼1000–1500), not available for the 5th day of water deprivation and so not reported here, yielded the same statistical results as analyses for 1000–1200.
Original 5-min recordings of body temperatures were used to find the daily mean, SD, minimum, maximum, and amplitude of carotid blood temperature and brain temperature for each animal. Following Jessen et al. (18), the relationship between brain temperature and blood temperature in each animal was analyzed by sorting all 5-min measurements of arterial blood temperature into 0.1-°C classes, and determining the mean, standard deviation, maxima, and minima of brain temperature at each class of blood temperature. The frequencies at which each of the 0.1°C classes of blood temperature occurred also were determined.
Sample size was nine, unless otherwise stated. Values of P < 0.05 are considered significant. All data are reported as means ± SD.
Effect of water deprivation on body mass and osmolality.
Measurements made 99 h after the start of the 120-h (5-day) water deprivation period revealed that body mass had decreased, on average, by 16% (from 41.3 ± 2.6 to 34.5 ± 1.8 kg, t = 10.2, P < 0.0001) and plasma osmolality had increased by 11% from 290 ± 8 to 323 ± 9 mmol/kg (t = 7.8, P < 0.0001). The percentage change in body mass was linearly correlated to the percentage change in osmolality (r2 = 0.5, P = 0.03). Hematocrit did not differ in euhydrated (33 ± 3%) and dehydrated (35 ± 3%) sheep (t = 1.6, P = 0.15), probably because of splenic contraction during blood sampling. Sheep continued to feed on lucerne and pellets throughout the period of water deprivation.
Effect of water deprivation on core temperature.
Mean 24-h carotid arterial blood temperature did not differ significantly between euhydration (39.29 ± 0.29°C; 48 h before water deprivation) and dehydration (39.42 ± 0.29°C, t = 1.2, P = 0.27; final 48 h of water deprivation). However, over 2 h on each day (1000–1200) when sheep were hyperthermic, mean carotid blood temperature was significantly higher in dehydration (39.83 ± 0.22°C) than in euhydration (39.55 ± 0.26°C, t = 2.5, P = 0.038), although only by ∼0.3°C. In contrast to what we would expect if the dehydrated animals displayed adaptive heterothermy (30), the minimum carotid blood temperature was significantly higher in the dehydrated state (38.90 ± 0.34°C) than in euhydration (38.54 ± 0.26°C, t=4.0, P = 0.004). That pattern can be seen clearly in Fig. 1 (middle), which shows all 5-min measurements of carotid blood temperature over the full experimental period for one sheep.
Patterns of abdominal temperature were similar to those of carotid arterial blood temperature. Mean 24-h abdominal temperature did not differ in euhydration (39.52 ± 0.29°C) and in dehydration (39.70 ± 0.31°C, t = 1.5, P = 0.16), but over the 2 h of heat exposure (1000–1200) on each day, abdominal temperature was slightly, but significantly, higher in dehydration (40.08 ± 0.29°C) than in euhydration (39.76 ± 0.24°C, t = 3.1, P = 0.015). On average, over the experimental period, abdominal temperature significantly exceeded carotid blood temperature, but only by ∼0.2°C (abdominal 39.48 ± 0.24°C, carotid 39.29 ± 0.20°C, t = 6.0, P = 0.0003). The amount by which abdominal temperature exceeded carotid blood temperature increased slightly at higher body temperatures; the average slope of straight lines regressing carotid blood temperature on abdominal temperature (n = 9) was 1.06 ± 0.07 (significantly different to 1, t = 2.4, P = 0.04).
Relationship between water deprivation, carotid blood temperature, and selective brain cooling.
The mean magnitude (averaged over nine sheep) of selective brain cooling did not differ in euhydration (0.05 ± 0.17°C) and in dehydration (0.16 ± 0.13°C, t = 1.8, P = 0.10) over the full 48 h that we analyzed. However, between 1000 and 1200 when the sheep were hyperthermic, selective brain cooling was significantly greater in dehydration (0.38 ± 0.18°C) than in euhydration, when, on average, it was absent (−0.05 ± 0.14°C, t = 5.2, P = 0.0008). There was considerable interindividual variability, with some sheep only occasionally exhibiting selective brain cooling and others using selective brain cooling routinely. Over the last 2 days of water deprivation, for example, the sheep shown in Fig. 1 spent 90% of the time employing selective brain cooling (calculated as the percentage of 5-min brain temperature readings at least 0.05°C cooler than carotid blood temperature), while another sheep used selective brain cooling for only 33% of the 48-h period. On average, the proportion of each period spent using selective brain cooling was the same in dehydrated sheep (64 ± 22%) and euhydrated sheep (48 ± 24%, t = 1.5, P = 0.17). Nevertheless, in all sheep there was a progressive increase in the magnitude of selective brain cooling between 1000 and 1200, when the animals were hyperthermic, over the period of water deprivation. Figure 2 (top) shows the mean difference between carotid blood and brain temperature (positive values = selective brain cooling) during the 2 h (1000–1200) of heat exposure (40°C), on the two days when sheep had access to water and over 5 days without water. Selective brain cooling was significantly greater on days 7, 8, and 9 (which correspond to days 3, 4, and 5 of dehydration; P < 0.05) than that during euhydration (F = 20.9, P < 0.0001). Mean carotid blood temperature (bottom), measured over the same period, was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that in euhydration only on day 9 (F = 18.1, P < 0.0001).
Figure 3 (top) shows the average 24-h pattern of selective brain cooling when sheep were euhydrated and dehydrated. As a group, the sheep exhibited selective brain cooling throughout the night, and the magnitude did not differ between dehydration (0.13 ± 0.16°C) and euhydration (0.12 ± 0.20°C, t = 0.08, P = 0.94). Attenuation of selective brain cooling near to 0700 and 1900 was associated with climatic chamber lights switching on and off, respectively, and between 0800 and 0900 with cage cleaning and feeding. Dehydration did not alter the 24-h rhythm of carotid blood temperature; the area between the 24-h curves of carotid blood temperature (Fig. 3, bottom) did not differ significantly from 0 (t = 1.2, P = 0.28). Despite only small differences in carotid temperature during heat exposure in the euhydrated and dehydrated state, selective brain cooling, on average, was 2–3 times greater in dehydration than in euhydration.
To further investigate how progressive water deprivation altered selective brain cooling, we plotted brain temperature as a function of carotid blood temperature on each day, as shown typically in Fig. 4 for one sheep. In animals with access to drinking water (for example, Fig. 4, day 3 and day 4), brain temperature typically exceeded carotid blood temperature at carotid temperatures less than 39°C, while selective brain cooling of up to ∼0.5°C was evident at higher body temperatures, as shown by the slopes of linear regression lines fitted to the data. With continued water deprivation, the slopes of regression lines fitted to the data decreased (Fig. 4, days 5 to 9), reflecting a progressive increase in the magnitude of selective brain cooling and an increase in selective brain cooling independent of changes in carotid blood or brain temperatures.
The conventional analysis for summarizing the overall relationship between carotid blood and brain temperature (18) is shown in Fig. 5, for the sheep in Fig. 4, during euhydration (days 3 and 4) and dehydration (days 8 and 9). The frequency distribution of carotid blood temperature (top) shows that the mode of carotid blood temperature in this animal was similar in euhydration (39.9°C) and in dehydration (39.7°C) but that the animal did not exhibit carotid blood temperatures lower than 39.2°C when dehydrated. At the modes of carotid blood temperature, brain temperature, on average, was slightly lower than carotid blood temperature in both the euhydrated and dehydrated state (Fig. 5, bottom). Above the modes, the animal exhibited greater selective brain cooling when dehydrated than when euhydrated, despite experiencing a similar frequency of carotid blood temperatures.
The point at which mean brain temperature is equal to the mean carotid blood temperature, as shown in Fig. 5, is known as the threshold of selective brain cooling. For the nine sheep, the mean threshold temperature for selective brain cooling was not significantly different during euhydration (39.27 ± 0.78°C) and dehydration (39.14 ± 0.39°C, t = 0.51, P = 0.62). However, the mean slope of lines of regression of brain temperature on carotid blood temperature above the threshold was significantly lower in dehydrated (slope = 0.40 ± 0.31) than in euhydrated (slope = 0.87 ± 0.11, t = 4.1, P = 0.003) sheep. Thus the mean body temperature at which selective brain cooling was initiated did not change, but there was increased sensitivity at carotid blood temperatures above the threshold, leading to selective brain cooling up to threefold greater in dehydrated than in euhydrated sheep.
Effect of rehydration on carotid blood temperature and selective brain cooling.
Before the return of drinking water at 1200 on the 5th day of water deprivation, all sheep were exhibiting substantial selective brain cooling (0.62 ± 0.18°C, range 0.40 to 1.04°C), as shown for two sheep in Fig. 6. Return of drinking water (long arrow), heated to a temperature of 39°C, led to rapid rise in brain temperature (0.13°C/min, on average over 5 min), and the abolition of selective brain cooling. The response of brain and carotid blood temperatures of the sheep shown in the Fig. 6, top, was typical for eight of the nine sheep, which drank between 4.1 and 6.1 liters of the warm water. After the abolition of selective brain cooling, there was a gradual fall in carotid blood and brain temperature, at a time when body temperatures continued to rise slowly on the other days of heat exposure, and selective brain cooling was conspicuous (see Fig. 3, for example). Carotid blood and brain temperature fell further at 1300 (small arrow), when communal drinking water (at ∼18°C) was returned. We could not measure the volume consumed by each sheep at this time.
One sheep (Fig. 6, bottom) was reluctant to drink at 1200 and consumed only 0.3 liters of water. Unlike the other sheep, following the initial abolition of selective brain cooling when water was offered, this sheep reinstituted selective brain cooling about 15 min later. When communal drinking water was returned at 1300, the sheep exhibited a second steep rise of brain temperature and thereafter did not exhibit significant selective brain cooling until 2100 that night. Following drinking of water by the sheep at 1300 (which we observed through the peephole), there was a pronounced fall in carotid blood temperature.
As shown in Figs. 2 and 4, over the 24 h following the return of drinking water (day 10), there was a reduction in selective brain cooling during heat stress. On average, brain temperature exceeded carotid blood temperature by 0.18 ± 0.13°C between 1000 and 1200, during heat exposure on the day following water return (Fig. 2), significantly more than that when the sheep were euhydrated (t = 3.5, P = 0.008). Indeed, on the day following rehydration, the sheep employed selective brain cooling only between 2000 and 0620, that is, only at night, and at a time when ambient temperature was 23°C and body temperature was below 39.5°C. The absence of selective brain cooling during heat exposure was associated with a carotid blood temperature 0.51°C lower than that over the initial 48 h of euhydration (t = 4.0, P = 0.004; Fig. 2).
We have shown for the first time that the threshold temperature for selective brain cooling in sheep is not shifted by dehydration. Thus, dehydrated sheep do not further reduce evaporative water loss during heat stress by employing selective brain cooling at lower core temperatures. However, at carotid artery blood temperatures above the threshold for selective brain cooling (∼39.2°C), the sheep increased the magnitude of selective brain cooling when they were dehydrated. That increase was not a consequence of higher core temperatures, but rather appeared to reflect increased sensitivity for selective brain cooling at carotid blood temperatures above the threshold. Despite similar carotid blood temperatures during 6 h of heat exposure (40°C), selective brain cooling was up to threefold greater in dehydration than in euhydration. Unlike Jessen et al. (17) in their study on goats, we were able to determine unequivocally the threshold of selective brain cooling in our sheep in both hydration states because the sheep exhibited selective brain cooling frequently when they were hydrated and normothermic. Indeed, the typical response of sheep at night, when their carotid temperatures were decreasing slowly, was to implement low-amplitude (mean ∼0.13°C) selective brain cooling (Fig. 3). That pattern has been observed before in sheep in the laboratory (see Fig. 2 and Ref. 26) and in sheep housed outdoors (A. Fuller, unpublished observations), and may explain why we did not detect a significant increase in the percentage of time spent using selective brain cooling in dehydrated animals. So if selective brain cooling indeed is a means for reducing evaporative heat loss, the dehydrated sheep increased their water saving by lowering brain temperature further below carotid blood temperature during heat stress, presumably by increasing flow of cool venous blood to the cavernous sinus (24), rather than by employing selective brain cooling for longer periods.
If lowering of brain temperature reduced the drive on evaporative heat loss effectors, and so attenuated panting and sweating, we would have expected the sheep to exhibit higher core temperatures when selective brain cooling was greatest. We found that mean carotid arterial blood temperature was higher during heat stress in dehydrated sheep than in euhydrated sheep, but only by about 0.3°C. Intermittent measurements of rectal temperature obtained, most famously, from camels (34), but also from many other species possessing a carotid rete (e.g., see Ref. 35), indicate that dehydration elicits a hyperthermia of up to 3°C at rest in hot environments. There is no evidence that dehydration leads to elevated core temperature in animals not exposed to heat (3). The weak hypohydration hyperthermia that we observed in our heat-exposed sheep, a tenth of that observed previously in other species, was not the consequence of us measuring carotid arterial blood temperature, rather than rectal temperature, as a measure of the animal's thermal status. We made concurrent measurements of carotid arterial blood temperature and temperature within the abdomen, and abdominal temperature also was elevated by only 0.3°C during heat exposure in dehydrated sheep.
Like our sheep, Bedouin goats housed outdoors demonstrated moderate hypohydration hyperthermia, with maximum daily carotid blood temperature elevated by only about 0.6°C (17). The researchers argued that the hyperthermia expected from reduced evaporative water loss in dehydrated animals was countered by a decrease in metabolic heat production. Metabolic rate may be up to 40% lower in dehydrated than in euhydrated Bedouin goats, even if the animals continue to feed (9, 32). Reduced metabolism also has been observed in dehydrated cats (10) and camels (33). If a similar decrease in metabolic rate occurred in our sheep during dehydration, the modest increase in core temperature of our heat-exposed and dehydrated sheep is not at odds with the inhibition of evaporative heat loss by selective brain cooling.
We did not measure whether selective brain cooling was associated with changes in respiratory or cutaneous water loss or whether the animals demonstrated changes in heat production, because making those measurements in our laboratory would have required human interference, or the isolation of animals and attachment of tethered equipment. Our protocol required that the animals be housed communally, with as little interference from human observers as possible. That requirement was imposed because of the well-described effects of sympathetic stress on selective brain cooling in sheep (4, 25, 31) and other ungulates (30). Sympathetic stimulation inhibits selective brain cooling, and, in sheep, appears to do so either by constricting the angularis oculi veins, which supply the cavernous sinus with cool venous blood returning from the nasal mucosa, or by constricting arteriovenous anastomotic shunts in the nasal mucosa (4, 24). Our sheep exhibited transient increases in brain temperature and abolition of selective brain cooling in response to people in the climatic chamber, and even when the lights in the chamber were switched on or off (Fig. 3). Return of drinking water after 5 days of water deprivation also led to a rapid rise in brain temperature and abolition of selective brain cooling. We believe that this rise in brain temperature was not related to water intake itself but reflected excitement and sympathetic activation. In the one sheep that did not drink appreciably when water was offered initially, brain temperature rose rapidly like that of the other animals. In that sheep, selective brain cooling again was suppressed only after communal drinking water was restored (Fig. 6, bottom).
The finding that selective brain cooling did not return in the other eight sheep after they had consumed water at 1200 (Fig. 6, top), even though they still were exposed to heat and that their carotid blood temperatures were above the threshold for selective brain cooling, further supports our view that selective brain cooling serves to reduce evaporative heat loss in dehydrated sheep. After 120 h of water deprivation, all of the sheep were using substantial selective brain cooling during the heat-exposure period (mean ∼0.6°C). But after the sheep drank and their body fluid status presumably was restored, selective brain cooling was inhibited until ∼2000 and was absent during heat exposure on the following day. In parallel with the inhibition of selective brain cooling in the 24-h period following the return of drinking water, carotid blood temperature was lower in that period than on any other day of the study (Fig. 2), raising the possibility that rehydration after dehydration initiates rebound suppression of selective brain cooling and enhanced evaporative cooling.
Our study is the first to describe brain and carotid blood temperatures in the 24 h following rehydration. Jessen and colleagues (17) and Robertshaw and Dmi'el (32) reported changes in brain and arterial blood temperatures following rehydration in goats, but for only 90 min. Both of those studies showed a rapid fall in blood temperature, associated with inhibition of selective brain cooling. In hyperthermic animals, part of the drive to increase heat loss is provided by brain temperature sensors (14), so the rapid rise in brain temperature at drinking may be responsible for enhancing evaporative heat loss. Indeed, Baker (2) has shown that hypohydrated goats increased sweating 3 min after starting to drink, when plasma volume and osmolality had not changed, but at a time when we predict brain temperature would have been rising at its most rapid rate. However, there are likely to be additional mechanisms, other than a rise in brain temperature, that contribute to the initial fall in carotid blood temperature with drinking. Baboons, which do not possess a carotid rete and are incapable of regulating brain temperature independently of arterial blood temperature (27), also demonstrated a rapid fall in blood temperature (and a fall rather than rise in brain temperature) after drinking body-temperature water after three days of water deprivation (D. Mitchell, unpublished observations). Dehydration-induced suppression of cutaneous vasodilatation was released immediately after drinking in humans, presumably by the stimulation of oropharyngeal reflexes (19).
Identification of the stimulus that enhances selective brain cooling during dehydration, at carotid blood temperatures above the threshold for selective brain cooling, requires further study. We have shown a progressive increase in the magnitude of selective brain cooling with continued dehydration (Figs. 2 and 4), the interpretation being that selective brain cooling changes in response to progressive changes of another variable. Typically, water deprivation leads to decreased body water and an increase in osmolality. It is widely held that changes in fluid status and osmotic stimuli are responsible for modifying temperature regulation mechanisms in dehydration (1), possibly by increasing ANG II and AVP release (8). In sheep and other ruminants, the effects of water deprivation are buffered because water is drawn from the rumen in the early stages of dehydration (13). Nevertheless, plasma osmolality and sodium concentration increase in sheep even after 1 day of water deprivation (28), so it is possible that hyperosmolality may have played a role in mediating the increased selective brain cooling in our animals.
A major effect of dehydration on the thermoregulation of heat-exposed mammals is to reduce and delay the onset of evaporative heat loss (1). Our sheep had a light wool coat and were acclimatized to heat, so cutaneous evaporative heat loss may have presented a significant route for heat dissipation. Nevertheless, panting usually is the major avenue of evaporative heat loss in sheep during heat exposure (6). Heat exchange with inspired air leads to cooling of venous blood in the nasal mucosa, so it may seem counterintuitive that selective brain cooling was increased during dehydration. However, Kuhnen and Jessen (21) showed, in an elegant series of experiments using extracorporeal heat exchangers in goats, that selective brain cooling may be absent at high levels of respiratory evaporative heat loss and present even when respiratory evaporative heat loss is negligible. Indeed, our sheep exhibited selective brain cooling at night, when their core temperature was decreasing and respiratory evaporative heat loss was likely to have been low. It is possible, though, that respiratory evaporative heat loss of our sheep was not altered by dehydration. Mammals that have the capacity for sweating and panting may suppress only sweating, while increasing the rate of panting, when they are dehydrated (11, 32). We obtained sporadic measurements of respiratory rate from five of the sheep and found that it did not differ between euhydration and dehydration (data not shown).
In summary, we have shown that an elevated core temperature, typically associated with hypohydration, was not responsible for enhanced selective brain cooling in dehydrated sheep. Rather, our study supports the idea (17) that dehydration increases selective brain cooling, which, in turn, contributes to the inhibition of evaporative heat loss, and promotes the development of hyperthermia. Dehydration did not alter the threshold temperature for selective brain cooling, but, above that threshold, at any given carotid blood temperature, dehydrated animals exhibited selective brain cooling up to threefold greater in magnitude than that when euhydrated. Rehydration suppressed selective brain cooling, even when the sheep were exposed to heat. How dehydration mediates an increase in the sensitivity of selective brain cooling is not clear.
This work was funded by the National Research Foundation, South Africa, the Iris Ellen Hodges Trust, and the Friedel Sellschop Award from the University of the Witwatersrand.
We thank the staff of the Central Animal Service at the University of the Witwatersrand for their care of the animals, and Brenda de Witt, Linda Fick, Robyn Hetem, Peter Kamerman, and Lennox Nqobo for help with experiments.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
- Copyright © 2007 the American Physiological Society | <urn:uuid:0eaedef8-f31d-4c55-bcdb-20142d399473> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ajpregu.physiology.org/content/293/1/R438 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00485-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948842 | 8,742 | 3.15625 | 3 |
This Fast Track to REST training class provides in-depth coverage of REST principles and building RESTful services using the JAX-RS 2.0 API. It includes a brief overview of SOAP-based services and WSDL, to provide a contrast to RESTful services.
To really understand REST, we need to remind (teach) students about the full capabilities of HTTP, since RESTful service design is centered on the innate principles and capabilities of the HTTP protocol. Stated differently, RESTful services should use HTTP the way it was originally intended, not just as GET/POST plumbing for request/response data. You will emerge from the course with a full understanding of the HTTP protocol and its vision of the "original web," and how these ideas are implemented in RESTful applications.
We'll show you how to handle the most common types of request input, culminating in the transmission of HTTP entities in both XML and JSON format, in line with the original intention of HTTP. You'll also learn how to create appropriate responses given a variety of inputs and conditions, according to the guidelines and principles in the HTTP standard.
Your daily personal use of the web is increasingly RESTful, and this course will show you how to expose your backend business systems using REST and the innate API and capabilities of HTTP. We also take cues from the masters such as Google, examining some of their public services and using them as a backdrop in building our own.
The course is very hands-on with frequent labs, in which the student can see these ideas implemented in software.
All labs are done with the Eclipse IDE Java EE version and the WildFly Application Server, and the lab instructions include detailed directions for using them. Other IDEs and servers available on request. | <urn:uuid:13bc4f87-bb6f-4080-b074-21e67a8ce10c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.webucator.com/spring-training/course/fast-track-rest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.936112 | 434 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In the News for the Week of 8-16-05
Clinical news in the headlines
- Highlights of Annals of Internal Medicine
- Clinical guidelines fall short in care for older, chronically ill patients
- Two-part therapy better than combination for osteoporosis
- Staph infections exact heavy toll at U.S. hospitals
ACP Journal Club update
- ACP Journal Club launches early publication
Business of medicine
- Physician compensation rising--but large groups still post losses
- Payments for high-tech services pushing up cost of care
- Medicare drug premiums dropping as insurers compete for market share
- Consumers rank cost over choice in health plan survey
Clinical news in the headlines
The following articles appear in the Aug. 16 issue of Annals of Internal Medicine. Full text is available to College members and subscribers online.
Study: Vulnerable older patients who receive quality care live longer. A study of 372 vulnerable older patients living in the community and cared for by two managed care organizations found that those who received standard-based care for numerous conditions had better survival rates than those whose care did not meet these standards.
Researchers created a quality-of-care score based on 236 process-of-care quality measures, such as annual influenza vaccination, annual evaluation of urinary incontinence, weight measurement per visit and, for those with diabetes, blood pressure check per visit, glycated hemoglobin levels measured at least every 12 months and more. Survival improved steadily as patients' quality score rose.
Although the link between standard process of care and patient outcomes is logical, the authors say that "the relationship between performance on process-of-care quality indicators and better health outcomes remains a largely untested assumption" for older patients receiving care in community or ambulatory settings.
Warfarin plus aspirin benefits some heart patients. A new study found that treatment with a blood thinner plus aspirin was beneficial for people who had a low risk for bleeding after a heart event. Researchers analyzed data from 10 randomized trials involving 5,938 patients who had a coronary event--such as a heart attack or angina--and who did not have a stent.
Patients who survive coronary events are at high risk for arterial blood clots and for repeated heart attacks, while both warfarin and aspirin can be used as blood thinners to prevent clots and stroke. In this study, patients with low to average risk for bleeding who took warfarin plus aspirin had fewer subsequent heart events than major bleeding episodes.
Researchers cite other data showing that only half of eligible patients receive warfarin therapy, while therapy with another drug--clopidogrel--is popular even though it has been shown to be less effective than warfarin in reducing heart attack and is not cost effective. Researchers urge primary care physicians to prescribe warfarin plus aspirin to eligible patients.
Clinical guidelines fall short in care for older, chronically ill patients
A study released last week concluded that doctors' clinical judgment should take precedence over practice guidelines in the care of older patients with multiple chronic conditions.
The review found that most clinical guidelines are not modified for older patients with multiple comorbidities and do not incorporate patient preferences into treatment plans. The study reported that if all of the applicable guidelines were followed for a hypothetical 79-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension and osteoarthritis, the patient would be on 12 medications and 19 doses per day costing $406 per month, possibly leading to adverse interactions between drugs and diseases.
The study, which appeared in the Aug. 10 Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), used data from the National Health Interview Survey and a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries, as well as the National Guideline Clearinghouse. Researchers looked at some of the most common chronic diseases seen in primary care including hypertension, chronic heart failure, stable angina, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoporosis.
The findings have implications for pay-for-performance programs, noted the Aug. 10 New Jersey Star-Ledger. Quality of care is being linked to physicians' adherence to guidelines, but current guidelines are aimed primarily at managing single diseases.
Using single-disease clinical practice guidelines as a basis for deriving reimbursement for physicians who care for older patients with multiple conditions could create inappropriate incentives, the authors said. Current pay-for-performance initiatives encourage a single-disease approach, they said, and fail to reward physicians for managing complex cases.
Pay-for-performance programs need to incorporate standards for older patients who have three or more chronic diseases, which represent half of the population older than 65, they continued.
The authors recommended that future Medicare pay-for-performance initiatives take into account how to incorporate quality of life and the risks, benefits and burden of recommended treatments for this population. Training physicians to incorporate these issues into evidence-based care, they added, is another important consideration.
The JAMA abstract is online.
The New Jersey Star-Ledger is online.
Study finds two-part therapy better than combination for osteoporosis
A recent study found that following parathyroid hormone therapy with alendronate produced better outcomes for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
The trial included about 120 women who received parathyroid hormone (1-84) alone for one year, followed by either one year of alendronate or placebo. Researchers found that those who took alendronate had significant increases in bone mineral density compared with the placebo group, especially in the trabecular bone at the spine, while those on placebo lost substantial bone mineral density. The study appeared in the Aug. 11 New England Journal of Medicine.
Women who took alendronate in the second year of the study had a 31% increase in trabecular bone density compared with a 14% increase in the placebo group. The study found that combining parathyroid hormone with alendronate had no advantage over either treatment alone, and that alendronate tended to lessen the effect of parathyroid hormone on trabecular bone density.
The authors noted that human parathyroid hormone 1-34, or teriparatide, which stimulates bone formation, is one of two classes of drugs approved for osteoporosis. The other class--antiresorptive drugs--reduces bone resorption. While past studies have shown no advantage to combining the two drugs, this study suggests that women risk losing the positive effects of parathyroid therapy if it is not followed by antiresorptive therapy, such as alendronate.
The New England Journal of Medicine abstract is online.
Staph infections are leading to thousands of deaths every year and costing U.S. hospitals billions of dollars, according to a new study.
Results published in the Aug. 8 Archives of Internal Medicine estimated that staphylococcus aureus infections result in nearly 12,000 inpatient deaths annually, 2.7 million extra days in the hospital and $9.5 billion in excess charges. The study was a retrospective analysis of the 2000-01 editions of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, which represents about 20% of U.S. hospitals.
Compared with non-infected patients, inpatients with staph infections stayed in the hospital three times longer (an average of 14 days) and had five times the risk of in-hospital death (11% vs. 2%). Almost 1% of all inpatients in the study acquired the infection during their hospital stay.
Between 40% and 60% of staph infections are resistant to antibiotics, according to the Aug. 9 Chicago Sun-Times. The elderly--as well as those with kidney or lung disease, or diabetes--are most vulnerable, the article said. Preventive measures include hand washing, prescribing the correct antibiotics and covering the skin when inserting central IV lines.
The Archives of Internal Medicine is online.
The Chicago Sun-Times is online.
ACP Journal Club update
Starting with its September/October issue, ACP Journal Club will offer permanent early publication, publishing study abstracts to the ACP Journal Club Web site as those abstracts become available. Many abstracts may be posted online as much as early as five weeks before their actual print publication date.
The move to establish permanent early publication came after an 18-month early publication trial. During three months of the trial, the ACP Journal Club Web site received 4,400 more hits than during a previous three-month period, suggesting that readers appreciated the journal's early publication format.
ACP Journal Club is a bimonthly publication featuring expert reviewers who present abstracts of leading peer-reviewed biomedical studies and reports. ACP Journal Club is free to College members.
For early publication access, see the ACP Journal Club Web site.
Business of medicine
A new physician compensation survey of large medical groups found that while most specialists' incomes went up in 2004, many groups in the Northern and Eastern regions of the country operated at a loss.
Primary care specialties saw increases of between 6% to almost 9% after several years of declining compensation or small increases, according to an Aug. 10 news release from the Alexandria, Va.-based American Medical Group Association (AMGA), which conducted the 2005 Medical Group Compensation and Financial Survey. Internal medicine compensation increased by more than 7.5%, while family medicine compensation rose by 6.4%.
Among all specialties, the largest compensation increases were in general surgery (8.9%), pediatrics and adolescent medicine (8.8%), and hematology and oncology (8.5%), the release said. By contrast, specialties that had some of the largest hikes in 2003 did not fare as well, with general cardiology, cardiac/thoracic surgery and gastroenterology recording increases in the 1% range.
Despite the compensation increases, groups in the Northern United States had an average loss of $1,365 per physician, compared with a loss of $3,477 per physician in 2003, the AMGA release said. Groups in the Eastern United States operated at a loss for the first time in four years, posting an average loss of $784 per physician compared with a profit of $2,080 per physician the previous year.
Groups in the Southern and Western regions performed better than other groups but still worse than in previous years, the release reported. Southern groups had an average profit of $40 per doctor, while the per-physician group profit in the Western region declined from $1,530 in 2003 to $479.
AMGA officials attributed the poor financial performance of many large groups in part to the current transaction-based reimbursement model, which does not reward investments in technology or other innovations that lead to improved patient outcomes. The AMGA survey includes data from about 34,500 physicians in mostly large medical groups.
The AMGA news release is online.
Prices for high-tech cardiac and orthopedic services have ignited intense competition among physicians and hospitals and are driving up the cost of health care, according to a study released last week.
Physicians and hospitals have become more entrepreneurial as a way to counteract declining or stagnant reimbursement rates, said an Aug. 9 news release from the nonprofit Center for Studying Health System Change. That trend is driving competition between the two groups as both attempt to add more profitable specialized services such as high-end imaging, cardiac and orthopedic services.
The study, based on site visits to 12 communities and interviews with officials in government, industry and insurance, appeared in the Aug. 9 online Health Affairs.
Many physicians are offering services such as MRI, radiation therapy and outpatient cancer care, the release said, which do not have physician self-referral restrictions. While competition in other sectors of the economy usually leads to lower prices, this is not always true in health care, the study pointed out, because care is paid for by third parties that reimburse providers for certain services based on billed charges rather than relative costs.
The increased focus on more profitable services could hurt access to care, said the study authors. For example, general hospitals may find it harder to subsidize charity care or expensive trauma and burn centers if their more profitable services are taken away by specialty and physician facilities. In addition, they said, physician ownership of specialty facilities often leads to more referrals, which again drives up overall cost of care.
The authors made several policy recommendations aimed at adjusting payment rates for certain services, including having Medicare partner with major medical societies to conduct a relative value survey of physician services. Medicare could also assume higher capacity use rates when setting payments for services involving expensive equipment, the authors suggested, by raising its uniform utilization rate from 50% to 75% over the life span of equipment.
Medicare announced last week that intense competition among private insurers has driven down the estimated premium for the new Medicare drug benefit by $5 per month.
The new average monthly premium will be $32.20 when the program begins in 2006, according to an Aug. 9 Medicare fact sheet. Medicare's costs are also expected to be less than expected in the first year of the program, with the per-beneficiary cost now estimated at $1,129--14% less than earlier estimates, the Aug. 10 New York Times reported.
The government said the lower costs would make the drug benefit accessible to more beneficiaries, but Medicare is anticipating having trouble getting seniors to sign up, said the New York Times. Initially, about 39 million people were expected to receive coverage starting in 2006, but that estimate was lowered last week to between 28 million and 30 million.
An insurance industry consultant quoted in the article noted that insurers likely would raise premiums in 2008, when the government drops protections against large losses on their Medicare drug business. Insurers' main strategy for the first two years of the program, the New York Times said, is to secure market share.
Details of the drug benefit will be announced in September after contracts with insurers are signed. Insurers can begin marketing to consumers in October and beneficiaries can start enrolling Nov. 15.
The Medicare fact sheet is online.
The New York Times is online.
In survey results released last week, HMOs scored higher with consumers than preferred provider organizations (PPOs), indicating that patients are more willing to give up choice to pay a lower premium.
The survey ranked 35 HMOs and 41 PPOs based on responses received between May 2003 and April 2004 from 35,000 Consumer Reports readers. Kaiser Permanente's HMOs in Oregon and Washington state scored highest on the national health plan survey, while Blue Cross's Personal Choice was selected as the top PPO. Results were reported in the September 2005 issue of Consumer Reports magazine.
While some plans ranked high with consumers, only 64% of those surveyed said they were completely or very satisfied with their plan. In addition, the survey found that 47% of respondents paid more than $1,000 in premiums during the previous 12 months, compared with 37% who had paid more than that amount in 2002.
People in HMOs had more trouble accessing care than people in PPOs, the magazine reported. However, patients in PPOs reported more billing problems-nearly three times the rate of people in HMOs.
Consumer Reports is online.
About ACP ObserverWeekly
ACP ObserverWeekly is a weekly newsletter produced by the staff of ACP Observer. It is automatically sent to all College members who have an e-mail address on file with ACP.
To add your e-mail address to your member record and to begin receiving ACP ObserverWeekly, please click here.
Copyright 2005 by the American College of Physicians.
A 67-year-old man is evaluated for a 6-month history of worsening exertional dyspnea. He has severe COPD, previously with minimal exertional symptoms, but now notes activity-limiting shortness of breath when walking short distances. He does not have chest pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, or sleep-related symptoms. Medical history is otherwise unremarkable. Medications are a twice-daily fluticasone/salmeterol inhaler and an as-needed albuterol/ipratropium metered-dose inhaler. He has a 55-pack-year smoking history but quit when COPD was diagnosed. Following a physical exam, chest radiograph, and transthoracic echocardiogram, what is the most appropriate diagnostic test to perform next?
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A New Way to Ace the Boards!
Ensure you're board-exam ready with ACP's Board Prep Ace - a multifaceted, self-study program that prepares you to pass the ABIM Certification Exam in internal medicine. Learn more. | <urn:uuid:887cbc90-b6f1-4884-9d3b-660d05bbdcc3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.acpinternist.org/weekly/archives/2005/8/16/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00375-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949174 | 3,523 | 1.640625 | 2 |
AMC MCQ Examination
The AMC Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) MCQ Examination is a computer-administered fully integrated multi-choice question examination delivered in one 3.5 hour session in examination centres worldwide.
The examination consists of 150 A-type MCQs (one correct response from five options)—120 scored items and 30 (non-scored) pilot items. You are expected to complete all 150 items and must complete the 120 scored items. Failure to complete all 120 scored items in the examination may lead to insufficient information for a reliable determination of your ability and therefore a result on the AMC adaptive scale. The examination result is recorded as ‘Fail—Insufficient data to obtain result’.
The content blueprint (the number of questions on each patient group) for the examination follows.
|Adult Health (Medicine)||Adult Health (Surgery)||Women's Health (Obs) (Gyn)||Child Health||Mental Health||Population Health||TOTAL|
The MCQ Examination Specifications booklet gives more information on the computer adaptive testing (CAT) blueprint and format. | <urn:uuid:cf278757-d246-4f66-b7ee-41d94c329a99> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.amc.org.au/assessment/mcq-exam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880559 | 228 | 2.203125 | 2 |
...bears a striking and eerie resemblance to Marion Lambert, murdered in Lake Forest, IL, in 1916,
And the story gets weirder from there:
The girl in the road didn't move as the headlights swept over her.Stay tuned for the rest of the story... which sounds like it would make a wonderful movie.
She wore a long blue dress that was soaked from the rain, and her feet were bare. The approaching driver slowed and reached for her cell phone, thinking the girl might have been in an accident. But before she dialed, she took a closer look — and could scarcely believe what she saw.
Light seemed to pass through the girl, as though she were a figment from a disturbing dream. When the car pulled alongside her, she smiled, displaying blackened teeth in a deteriorating mouth.
Unnerved, the driver sped away.
I can't explain it," she recently told the Tribune, years after the incident. "It just wasn't real."
A chill runs through local historians when they hear this story. The driver had been traveling on Sheridan Road in Lake Forest, near the now-closed Barat College. That was close to the spot where, on a winter morning in 1916, a young woman's frozen body was discovered — the prologue of a drama that would consume the town and the nation. | <urn:uuid:11c509d6-dd39-4ca7-a6c5-448f3bbde06b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://getonthe.blogspot.com/2010/10/spooked.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00563-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983381 | 277 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Written for: The Sunday Whirl, Wordle #336
Words: change, tale, cat, ransom, rain, trample, dangerously, aim, dense, magic, day, band
This is the tale of the odd orange cat
who could change colors just like that.
Was it magic by sleight of hand
to turn blue at night playing with his band?
One day it rained–would that be dangerous
for his color? Not a cat known to be courageous.
A dense deluge flooded the town,
trees fell and were trampled on the ground.
While storm raged, orange cat heard of a ransom
demanded for a youngster he knew, so handsome.
The orange cat aimed to make things right
just as soon as day became night.
He changed his color to inky black,
stole into the hideaway and got the child back.
The rain dried up, townspeople were cheering,
“Hail orange cat, our multi-colored hero. | <urn:uuid:2e0eda73-241b-4b1b-aa71-6e8018ecfd68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://purplepeninportland.com/2018/01/29/the-tale-of-the-odd-orange-cat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.964398 | 213 | 2.109375 | 2 |
All About the Etruscan Lifestyle
The internal walls of Etruscan tombs such as those at Cerveteri and Tarquinii still contain the remains of magnificent murals which give us a considerable insight into the Etruscan way of life. A commonly recurring theme is the banquet, which in the case of the Necropolis paintings, carried a double meaning. For the banquet was also an intrinsic part of the religious ceremony at funerals. After all the formal funeral ceremonies were complete, the relatives of the deceased were treated to a sumptuous banquet, at which the spirit of the departed was believed to attend.
In Etruscan daily life, the banquet was very much a status symbol, indicating to all and sundry that the hosts had “arrived” in the estimation of the Etruscan social elite. Certainly in the heyday of the Etruscan league, around the seventh century BCE a wide reaching trading network (the first EEC) had been well established with far flung parts of Europe.
Etruscan bronzes have been found as far afield as Hassle in Sweden. Ships loaded with amphorae and the bounties of Etruscan mining and agriculture were traded throughout the Mediterranean and possibly into the Atlantic Ocean as far as Madeira. As a result of all this, life for the rich Etruscans was extremely pleasant.
Lavish receptions were laid on, in which the guests; men and women of high social standing, reclined on couches waited on by numerous servants, and were entertained by musicians and dancers swaying to the hypnotic but strident rhythms of music played by Etruscan virtuosos.
The tables were covered with elaborately embroidered table cloths, on to which the various dinner courses were arranged. The dishes included generous selections of fish such as Tuna, and meats such as hare, deer and birds (Wild boar was a particular favourite). Grapes were originally native to the Arabian peninsula, but widely grown by the beginning of the first millennium BCE. The Etruscans probably introduced grapes and wine to Italy around the 9th Century BCE.
In the 7th century BCE, Etruscan clothing was very similar to that of the Greek archaic period. The men in the archaic age wore a kind of robe, which was knotted at the front. In later times this gave way to the “tunica” which was worn over the head, usually with a colourful cape slung over the shoulders. This cape, usually wide and heavily embroidered, became the national costume of Etruria – the “tebenna”, later to become the Roman toga.
Women wore a long tunic down to the feet, usually of light pleated material and was typically decorated on the edges. Over this was worn a heavier colorful mantle.
The most common types of footwear were high sandals, ankle boots and one characteristic type of shoe, with upward curving toes, possibly of Greek or Oriental origin.
The most common head wear was a woolen hat, but these came in many different forms such as caps, conical type hats, pointed hoods and wide brimmed hats, such as are still worn to this day by Tuscan farmers. Often the hat identified the person that wore them with a particular social class. From the end of the 5th century BCE, it became more common not to wear a hat. Also from the 5th century BCE men, who previously wore a beard, began to shave and to wear short hats.
The regalia of later Roman times, such as the purple robes worn by the emperors, were of Etruscan origin, as were a number of symbols often ascribed to Rome such as the Lictor and Fasces.
Women wore a great variety of hairstyles including long, shoulder length, knotted or interlaced behind the shoulders, in later times, the hair was worn shorter, and was knotted at the crown of the head or collected in gauze mantles or caps.
The magnificent robes of the patrician women were finished off with exquisite jewellery including ear-rings, necklaces, bracelets and fibulae. In its time, Etruscan Jewellery was unsurpassed by any other in Europe. The bronzes of Etruria were equally celebrated throughout Europe, North Africa and the middle East.
Etruscan city planning was on a rigid planning system as determined by the disciplina etrusca. Houses were laid out in streets with sewage lines located under the roads. Early Rome as founded by the Etruscans was laid out in a similar fashion. Following the invasion of Rome by the Celts during the days of the Early republic, the local population begrudgingly rebuilt the city, but the final result was a more hap-hazard street pattern with housing built above sewer lines in many cases, resulting in disease epidemics.
While the Romans are admired for their magnificent aquaducts, the Etruscans reticulated water by means of underground water pipes and pressure boxes- a technology which was not passed on to the Romans. A form of underfloor heating was used, which continued on with the Romans in later years.
The pillars used by the Etruscans to support Temples and other public works complied with defined ratios, and computer models show that in terms of Engineering, they were an improvement on the Greek Corinthian, Doric and Ionian orders.
Arches, unknown in Classical Greece, were originally used in Mesopotamia, and were introduced to Italy by the Etruscans. They were used to good effect by the Romans in later years.
The residences of the Etruscan ruling classes were typically characterised by a wide central courtyard entered from an “Atrium Tuscanicum” as the Romans called it. The word Atrium itself comes from the Etruscan word for entrance or harbour, as in the Etruscan port of Atrii which gave its name to the Adriatic sea.. Several other rooms led off from this central courtyard. The Etruscan villa was the precursor to the later Roman Villa.
The buildings were single storey and were built with blocks of stone as a foundation. The walls were constructed with frames of wood and clay plastering.
The typical shape of the roof was eaved, but terraced roofs were also built. The exterior and interior walls of the houses were frescoed with geometric patterns or with moulded terracotta. Painted scenes adorned the interiors. As in Roman times, it was common to have painted pictures in frame like sections giving an overall effect of pictures hanging on a wall. | <urn:uuid:d9987446-141f-4eb7-9fed-d423fecffe9f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://madeinatlantis.com/2016/04/all-about-the-etruscan-lifestyle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00424-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986884 | 1,397 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Carbon Monoxide Generation and Transport from Compartment Fires
Wieczorek, Christopher John
MetadataShow full item record
The aim of the present research was to gain a better understanding of the species generation and transport from enclosure fires. The species generation experiments were conducted with a half-scale ISO 9705 enclosure with three different ventilation conditions and heat release rates ranging from 50 kW to 500 kW. The transport study was conducted with a 6.1 m long hallway connected to the compartment in a head-on configuration. All measurements were performed at the compartment or hallway exit plane during the steady-state period of the fire. Measurements included species mole fractions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons, along with gas pressure (used to determine gas velocities) and gas temperatures. Species mappings performed at the exit plane of the compartment indicated that the exiting species are not spatially uniform. Horizontal and vertical gradients in the species mole fractions were observed for all ventilation conditions and heat release rates examined. Predictive techniques developed previously were applied to the data obtained in the present study and were determined to be inappropriate for situations were the plume equivalence ratio was not equal to the global equivalence ratio. A new methodology for predicting species levels at the exit plane of an enclosure was developed. The proposed methodology correlates the species yields based on the combustion within the compartment as a function of a non-dimensional heat release rate. The non-dimensional heat release rate is based on the fuel load and geometrical parameters of the enclosure. The present methodology in applicable to situations where a well-mixed uniform layer is not present and the overall global conditions are of interest. Species transport to remote locations was also examined. Experiments were conducted with the baseline ventilation at x = 0 m (the compartment/hallway interface) and three different ventilation conditions at x = 6.1 m (end of hallway). The three ventilation conditions consisted of the narrow, baseline, and wide doorways. Experiments were conducted for heat release rates of 85 kW, 127 kW, and 150 kW. The results from the tests indicated that, for over-ventilated compartment fires, the hallway and hallway ventilation had no impact on the species generation within the compartment. This allows the correlations developed from the compartment study to be applied to more complex scenarios. Differences in species mole fractions between x = 0 m and x = 6.1 m were shown to be a result of air entrainment into the upper layer within the hallway, which acted as a dilutent or as a source of oxygen for further oxidation reactions. For non-dimensional heat release rates less than 1.0, the reduction in carbon monoxide levels along the hallway was a result of dilution, while for non-dimensional heat release rates greater than or equal to 1.0 the reduction in carbon monoxide levels along the hallway was a combination of dilution and further oxidation reactions.
- Doctoral Dissertations | <urn:uuid:4d9910b6-988e-4f29-a5a4-028c2ac1f29b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/28006 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00516-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958634 | 604 | 2.5625 | 3 |
India's mobile subscribers totalled 563.73 million at the last count, enough to serve nearly half of the country's 1.2 billion population.
But just 366 million people - around a third of the population - had access to proper sanitation in 2008, said the study published by the United Nations University, a UN think-tank.
"It is a tragic irony to think in India, a country now wealthy enough that roughly half of the people own phones," so many people "cannot afford the basic necessity and dignity of a toilet," said Zafar Adeel, the UN University director.
Mr Adeel heads the UN University's Institute for Water, Environment and Health, based in the Canadian city of Hamilton, which prepared the report.
Worldwide, an estimated $358 billion (£230 billion) is needed between now and 2015 to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving the proportion of people with inadequate sanitation from 2000 levels.
Proper sanitation "could do more to save lives, especially those of young people, improve health and help pull India and other countries in similar circumstances out of poverty than any alternative investment," Mr Adeel said.
Poor sanitation is a major contributor to water-borne diseases, which in the past three years alone killed an estimated 4.5 million children under the age of five worldwide, according to the study.
The report gave a rough cost of $300 to build a toilet, including labour, materials and advice.
The world could expect a return of up to $34 for every dollar spent on sanitation through improved productivity and reduced poverty and health costs, said Adeel.
He said improving sanitation was "an economic and humanitarian opportunity of historic proportions." | <urn:uuid:a0c7d913-22f8-4a46-b149-7fdfb4bc0c06> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/7593567/India-has-more-mobile-phones-than-toilets-UN-report.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00245-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948744 | 354 | 3.0625 | 3 |
5 December 2008
HEBRON: Settlers attack Palestinians after Israeli military forcibly evacuates Occupied House
by Donna Hicks
On Thursday 4 December 2008, Israeli military and law enforcement forcibly evacuated Israeli settlers from the Occupied House, called the House of Peace or House of Contention by settlers, located between the Israeli settlement Kiryat Arba and Hebron’s Old City. Israeli courts had ordered its evacuation pending resolution in another court of competing claims on the legality of the building’s sale to the settlers.
Around 3:00 p.m., settlers threw large building blocks, planters full of dirt and plants, clothing, hot water, and other articles down into Old City’s market area from the Israeli settlement enclave of Avraham Avinu—endangering Palestinian shopkeepers and others working and walking in the alley beneath—while an Israeli soldier watched from an adjacent roof,
Palestinian families on Tel Rumeida, above the Muslim cemetery, reported that they were barricading themselves in their homes as Israelis from the settlement enclave there threw rocks at the doors and windows and hit the doors with their gun butts. Settlers burned some of the carpets in the mosque on Tel Rumeida, set fire to four cars parked next to the mosque and to trees near the Qurtuba Girls School, across Shuhada Street from the Beit Hadassah settlement enclave.
By late afternoon, Israeli authorities had declared Hebron and the southern West Bank a closed military zone in order to keep settlers from other parts of the West Bank from getting into Hebron to reinforce the local settlers | <urn:uuid:23581c74-5253-4992-b744-99402930371d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cpt.org/2008/12/05/hebron-settlers-attack-palestinians-after-israeli-military-forcibly-evacuates-occu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.96289 | 327 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Verizon announced it is turning its 19 years of responding to hurricanes and disasters with ground-based mobile satellite technology into a standard service for a variety of businesses and governments.
Customers in government, retail and other businesses can set up the mobile satellite service with Verizon to gain access within 24 to 36 hours to communications trailers and other vehicles equipped with satellite dishes and data ports to be used with voice over IP phones and computers.
Those satellite dishes, in turn, communicate over a special KU satellite wireless band with a fleet of stationary satellites above Earth, which then communicate with a network of 10,000 terrestrial satellite bases around the globe already operated by Verizon. Verizon will then connect those mobile satellite customers to its global private IP network, which runs over a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) network.
Customers can use the service to pre-arrange mobile satellite services for communications following natural and manmade disasters, but the service could be valuable, for example, to stream IPTV video for training purposes or to multicast a live presentation at a trade show to a global audience, said Stuart Burson, group manager for Verizon's Satellite Solutions Group. The group is based in Plano, Texas, which is centrally located to make it possible for gear to reach areas within the continental U.S. within 24 hours, Burson said.
"This service gives customers another means of access to MPLS... but it takes the fixed solution and makes it mobile and gives customers the opportunity to standardize the response," Burson explained. Having arranged the service in advance with a retainer fee, a customer would be first in line in an emergency to receive a variety of trailers or other vehicles equipped with satellite dishes, reducing the time to restore a network and giving a customer greater predictability with costs, he said.
For example, a retailer might need to support point-of- sale data solutions for 10 to 5,000 sites. In the case of a local police or fire department responding to a hazardous waste spill, a Verizon trailer unit could respond to set up a 2Mbps or 5 Mbps satellite connection, with all the data capacity prioritized for voice for 24 or 48 callers.
Burson said Verizon is willing to pre-arrange a multitude of configurations, which is why he said he couldn't offer pricing for the new service.
Verizon has previously worked with private businesses and governments on disaster recovery of networks, but it only provided custom solutions. Now, Verizon will work with a customer on a set of services that fit into a customer's set of master services. "That way we can have the services ready when needed and we already understand what applications need to run, what a customer's bandwidth needs are and more," Burson added.
A customer need not have a Verizon MPLS contract to receive mobile satellite services, he added.
An added benefit of the service is that it works well within a customer's network security design, Burson said. The mobile satellite vehicle can be used to put a customer behind a corporate firewall with its own corporate security configurations, eliminating the need for each user to connect via a VPN. In addition to the satellite connection, Verizon can arrange to have the trailer equipped with Wi-Fi for nearby users, and will assign a Verizon technician to keep the network running around the clock, Burson added.
"The person deployed on site keeps things running and the generators fueled," he said. "He stays with you throughout the event."
Verizon, like other major wireless carriers, has provided free humanitarian networking services following a variety of disasters in the past two decades, including after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and after the Sept. 11, 2011 World Trade Center attacks and the Oklahoma City bombing.
Matt Hamblen covers mobile and wireless, smartphones and other handhelds, and wireless networking for Computerworld. Follow Matt on Twitter at @matthamblen or subscribe to Matt's RSS feed . His e-mail address is [email protected] .
Read more about mobile and wireless in Computerworld's Mobile and Wireless Topic Center. | <urn:uuid:5960644a-0add-40c5-83a1-08904aebec2d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/feature/network-wifi/verizon-makes-its-satellite-dishes-available-as-standard-service-3296109/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00032-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941396 | 828 | 1.703125 | 2 |
The Steyr Scout has been seen in use in the Kosovo conflict. While not much detail is known, it is believed that there are between 30 and 50 Steyr Scouts in circulation. They are known to be, for the most part, privately owned (or at least furnished) and are being used as light sniper rifles. They have been seen fitted with both the forward mount scout scope and conventional optics and are apparently holding up well.
This page contains photographs of the Steyr Scout in use in the Kosovo conflict. The files are fairly large so the page may load slowly. MS FrontPage says 87 seconds at 28.8.
above is cropped from an original picture
published in the October 15 issue of USA Today, page 10A.
The photo is copyrighted by AP and is credited to Enrico Marti.
original caption was: "In central Kosovo: Kosovo Liberation
Army fighters move
to a new position Wednesday. Though a U.S.-brokered peace deal says Serb forces
must withdraw from Kosovo province or return to their bases, Serb soldiers are staying put.
Steyr Scout in Kosovo.
Note the Jeff Cooper logo stock insert.
This does not appear to be the same person as in the top photo.
This photo appeared in the February, 1999 issue of SOF in the article
"The UCK Stops Here--Kosovo's Uncompromising Liberation Army" by Don North.
comes from the German weekly magazine Der Spiegel, #23 for 1999
It appears to be fitted with a "standard" type sling. The retangular piece on the side of
the stock is another sling swivel.
appeared in an article titled "The Bitter Peace."
The caption read "KLO fighters in Albania: "We will chase away the Russians." "
The photo credit was to B. Slatensek/Sygma
To email me click here
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Updated 2005-10-13 @ 1130 | <urn:uuid:70053d3c-b36e-40d8-b6a9-fb7c6bad96e9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.steyrscout.org/kosovo.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00336-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954628 | 423 | 1.632813 | 2 |
The king is retiring.
Peter O'Toole, the British actor who twice played England's irascible Henry II in the movies, announced today he's retiring from stage and screen. He is 79 and slowing down following a lifetime of drinking and carousing and serious illness.
"It is time for me to chuck in the sponge," he said in a statement typical of his quirky manner. "The heart for it has gone out of me: it won't come back."
People magazine put it this way: "Lawrence of Arabia is folding his tent."
No one who saw it will ever forget O'Toole's golden hair and deep blue eyes on screen in the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia, in which he portrayed the flamboyantly weird British military leader T.E. Lawrence rallying Arab Bedouin tribesmen during World War I. Considered one of the most influential films ever, Lawrence won seven Oscars and earned O'Toole his first of eight acting nominations.
But O'Toole is even more closely associated with Henry Plantagenet, the 12th-century King Henry II, whom O'Toole played twice, in his youth and as an old man. In 1965's Becket, for which he was nominated, O'Toole was the king to Richard Burton's "turbulent priest" who caused the king so much trouble. And in 1969's The Lion in Winter, for which he was also nominated, he was opposite Katharine Hepburn as Henry's wily old queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, as the two schemed and skirmished during an unhappy Christmas family reunion. Despite this royal connection, O'Toole has not been knighted, as many of his acting contemporaries were.
In his long career, O'Toole did Shakespeare dramas, goofy comedies and biting satire. He was nominated for Goodbye, Mr. Chips, The Ruling Class, The Stunt Man and My Favorite Year. His last nomination was the 2006 film Venus. He also will appear in the forthcoming film Katherine of Alexandria.
Although he never won an Oscar for his roles, he was given an honorary award by the academy in 2003, in recognition of his "providing cinema history with some of its most memorable characters."
O'Toole, who lives in London, said he will spend his time working on the third volume of his memoirs.
He said his career has "brought me public support, emotional fulfillment and material comfort. It has brought me together with fine people, good companions with whom I've shared the inevitable lot of all actors: flops and hits.
"However," he added. "it's my belief that one should decide for oneself when it is time to end one's stay." He concluded: "I bid the profession a dry-eyed and profoundly grateful farewell."
Sign up for Lifeline Live e-mail alerts | <urn:uuid:1e0c2821-2a7b-4ba9-878f-ddde0491f19f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/07/british-actor-peter-otoole-is-retiring-from-stage-screen/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00338-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985561 | 594 | 1.625 | 2 |
Bail Bonds Work Types, Conditions
Paying rescue to get of prison might appear to be a basic idea. The thought is that in the event that somebody gets captured, another person can Bail Bonds and the imprisoned individual goes free. And keeping in mind that that is the fundamental thought behind bail, there is more that goes into the cycle.
Regularly, individuals who have not gone through the criminal equity framework are faced with a bail circumstance however don’t know what to do. In case you are captured and need to pay $100,000 in bail, does that mean you should remain in prison in the event that you can’t bear to pay the whole sum? Will another person pay? Would you be able to recruit a bondsman to pay for you? How would you approach doing that?
Seeing how bail functions, how courts decide bail sums, what sorts of installment techniques you can utilize, and other comparative issues is significant for any individual who is confronted with capture, or the capture of a relative or adored one.
Captures, Jail, Bail and the Criminal Justice System
Bail is a term that portrays the arrival of a criminal respondent or arrestee after a capture before the finish of the criminal case. Bail can – yet doesn’t generally – include the respondent (or somebody for the litigant’s sake) paying cash to a court. The cash guarantees that the respondent re-visitations of court for the rest of the criminal equity measure. In this way, bail isn’t a discipline offered before an individual being seen as blameworthy of any wrongdoing, yet an approach to guarantee that criminal respondents get back to court without the need of keeping them in guardianship the whole time.
Bail can assume a significant part in the criminal equity measure, as it serves as far as possible the measure of prison space required, and guarantee that individuals who are free while their cases are continuous will get back to court. Individuals can be delivered on bail at practically any stage in the criminal equity measure, like following a capture, or even after a court has given a sentence.
As a general rule, any time somebody is captured there will be three potential results: the arrestee is delivered, the arrestee is charged and delivered on bail, or the arrestee is charged and stays in authority until the case reaches a conclusion. Bail is one way individuals can be delivered from prison preceding a court deciding blame. Captures
At the point when police or policemen capture individuals, they actually arrest the arrestees. Individuals nabbed are commonly arrested by police, set into a police vehicle, and afterward moved to a prison or criminal handling office for a regulatory cycle regularly alluded to as “booking. ” Sometimes the police will deliver arrestees without recording charges, yet in case charges are documented, the arrestee should stay in guardianship until delivered on bail, until a court delivers a judgment, or until the case is generally settled.
Booking is the authoritative cycle that follows a capture. During this interaction, the police play out a progression of assignments, like taking the arrestee’s photograph, recording individual data like name, date of birth, and age, taking fingerprints, taking any actual belongings the arrestee has and setting them into a storage space, looking for any warrants, playing out a wellbeing assessment, and putting the arrestee in a confinement holding region.
Post-Arrest Custody, Pretrial Release
After the police have captured and booked somebody, one of three things will ordinarily occur: First, the police can deliver the litigant with a composed notification to show up at court. Second, the police can deliver the litigant solely after the person in question pays the fitting bail sum. Third, the police can keep the litigant in care until a court holds a bail hearing.
State law figures out which of the three choices applies in some random circumstance. As a general rule, captures for low-level violations, like messy direct or insignificant theft, will all the more regularly bring about discharge with a composed notification to show up, while more genuine wrongdoings, like genuine vicious offenses, will bring about the respondent excess in guardianship until a court can hold a bail hearing.
Bail plans are arrangements of bail sum that apply to singular wrongdoings in any purview. For instance, a state’s bail timetable might set bail for the wrongdoing of confused lead at $1,000, or set a $5,000 bail for thievery.
States laws will decide not just what bail sums are fitting for every wrongdoing and regardless of whether police can deliver a respondent without requiring bail, yet in addition whether litigants are permitted to post bail following booking or on the other hand on the off chance that they should hang tight for a bail hearing. They likewise commonly permit passes judgment on critical scope in expanding or diminishing bail when the court considers it proper. (Government courts don’t have bail timetables, and bail sums are up to the tact of the court.)
For instance, the State of California requires a bail hearing in all cases including explicit wrongdoings, like spousal battery, spousal assault, and conveying fear monger intimidations. As a rule, if state laws take into consideration it, a respondent can be delivered on bail following booking as long as the litigant can pay the suitable sum. In the event that the law requires a bail hearing, the respondent can not pay bail or in any case be delivered until a court holds the consultation.
At the point when a court holds a bail hearing, it decides how much bail applies to a particular case. Courts don’t generally need to permit bail, and can deny it whenever permitted by state law.
At the point when the court decides bail sums or regardless of whether to deny bail, it gauges an assortment factors:
• Flight Risk. A few litigants represent a higher flight hazard than others. For instance, respondents who are confronting sentences that force passing or extensive stretches of imprisonment might be bound to attempt to escape than those confronting less genuine punishments.
• Community Connections. An individual with solid associations with a local area, for example, somebody who claims a nearby business or whose whole family is situated nearby, might be less inclined to escape or neglect to return at court than somebody who is simply visiting.
• Family Obligations. Courts might be bound to force a lesser bail sum when a litigant is answerable for the prosperity of relatives or different wards.
• Income and Assets. A litigant with a ton of cash or resources may not see a low bail sum as a huge hindrance, while those with few resources might be essentially influenced by bail sums outside of their assets. Likewise, a court can consider if a respondent is utilized and prone to lose that work because of being not able to pay bail and staying in guardianship.
• Criminal and Court History. Individuals with criminal chronicles – particularly those with narratives that elaborate disappointments to show up at court – ordinarily have higher security sums than the individuals who are in the criminal equity framework interestingly. For instance, if a litigant has been conceded bail various occasions before yet has consistently disregarded bail conditions or neglected to show up in court, courts will ordinarily force a lot higher bail than they would for somebody with no previous history of neglecting to show up. Or then again, they might even deny bail totally.
• Seriousness of the Crime. By and large, a more genuine wrongdoing will have a higher bail sum than a less genuine wrongdoing. For instance, bail for somebody blamed for a minor burglary might be $1,000 or less, yet bail for somebody blamed for homicide could be countless dollars or more.
• Public Safety. In case a litigant’s delivery would represent a danger to wellbeing and security of others, or to the local area everywhere, courts ordinarily decline to permit bail by any means. For instance, a respondent accused of scheming to submit a demonstration of illegal intimidation might be denied bail, as delivering that individual could represent a danger to the existences of others.
As well as deciding a bail sum that a litigant should pay to be delivered, courts normally force extra impediments or prerequisites on respondents when making a bail assurance. These constraints are like those forced on individuals saw as blameworthy of a wrongdoing and condemned to probation. Disregarding bail conditions can bring about police arresting the respondent back until preliminary, just as the relinquishment of any bail paid.
Coming up next are commonplace states of bail:
• Pretrial Check-Ins. Similar as checking in with a parole or post trial supervisor, individuals on bail can need to make ordinary registration with pretrial administrations officials. Pretrial administrations officials screen litigants preceding preliminary to ensure they are consenting to any orders or conditions forced by the court.
• No-Contact Orders. In situations where the litigant is blamed for following, abusive behavior at home, conveying criminal intimidations, or other comparative wrongdoings, the court commonly forces a no-contact request. The request requires the litigant to forgo reaching the supposed survivors of the wrongdoing.
• Employment. Courts can require a respondent to keep up with business while on bail. In the event that the litigant is jobless, the court can require the person in question to endeavor to discover business while on bail.
• Travel Restrictions. Respondents on bail are regularly not permitted to leave the region except if explicitly permitted by the court or pretrial administrations official.
• Substance Abuse. Bail conditions, particularly those in cases including inebriated driving, drug ownership, or other substance-misuse related offenses, ordinarily require the respondent to forgo utilizing medications and liquor.
• Firearms Restrictions. Bail conditions might require the litigant to abstain from having guns, regardless of whether the charged wrongdoings didn’t include the utilization of guns.
Post-Conviction or Sentence Bail
In certain circumstances, bail is conceivable even after an individual has been indicted for (or condemned for) a wrongdoing. Normally, when a court gives a prison or jail sentence, the respondent should start carrying out the punishment right away. For instance, if an appointed authority sentences somebody to five years in jail, bailiffs will bring the litigant into cus
Be that as it may, courts can permit criminal litigants to be delivered on bail after a conviction or condemning if the respondent records an allure. For instance, if a court sentences a litigant to five years in jail however the respondent documents an allure of the conviction, the condemning court might give that respondent bail and permit that litigant to stay out of guardianship until the allure has been heard by an investigative court.
Like other bail issues, state laws administer post-conviction or post-condemning bail, and not all states consider it. In states that do, the court commonly has expansive attentiveness in giving bail, just as in deciding the suitable bail add up to set.
Bail Payment Procedures
Every purview not just has its own standards on how bail is resolved and who can be delivered, yet in addition has its systems for how bail installments should be made. Ordinarily, the installment interaction necessitates that somebody travel to a particular area, like a town hall or a prison. A clerk, assistant, or other authority at the area is liable for getting bail installments. The payer should give the representative explicit data, like the respondent’s name, the situation or booking number, and the bail add up to be paid. (The assistant or official frequently approaches this data, and can discover how much bail should be paid.) The payer should then present the suitable bail add up to the agent.
When the agent’s office has gotten the bail installment, it informs the revisions authorities who are keeping the litigant in guardianship, and they discharge the respondent from prison. In certain circumstances, the bail discharge happens very quickly on the grounds that the assistant is situated in a similar office as the prison, while in different circumstances it might require a few hours or more for the respondent to be delivered.
Bail installments should normally be made in real money or with some other type of acknowledged installment, for example, credit or charge card, guaranteed or clerk’s check, secured checks, or cash request. Acknowledged installment sums contrast from one locale to another.
Sorts of Bail
Numerous individuals partner bail with a particular money sum. The overall thought is that in the event that you have the cash to pay bail after you are captured, you can escape prison. In any case, bail is regularly more convoluted than that, particularly when the bail sum is enormous.
In any state or ward there might be an assortment of bail types accessible. While a few kinds of bail are not accessible in all states or circumstances, and some are pretty much frequently utilized than others, respondents can hope to experience one of a greater amount of the accompanying sorts of bail.
- Money Bond
Much of the time, the police won’t deliver an arrestee with a basic reference, however will deliver the arrestee in the wake of booking if that individual pays a money security. On the off chance that the respondent doesn’t have the cash, another person can pay the abandon benefit of the litigant.
The money security sum is controlled by the state or nearby bail plan, or by a court after a bail hearing. However long the payer has sufficient cash to cover the full bond sum, the respondent is delivered from police guardianship.
- Own Recognizances or Personal Recognizances Bond
Some of the time, a court delivers an in-authority respondent on their own recognizances or on close to home recognizances, otherwise called an or PR bond. Or then again and PR bonds are like a reference and delivery, just they occur after a court holds a bail hearing. On the off chance that the court permits this kind of bail, the litigant will be delivered from care depending on the prerequisite that the individual return in court sometime in the future and consent to some other bail conditions the court forces.
- Unstable or Signature Bond
An unstable bond, otherwise called a mark bond, applies after a court holds a bond hearing and forces a bail sum, however doesn’t need the respondent to pay that add up to be delivered. This type of bond is comparable both to an OR bond and a delivery and reference. Rather than paying any money to be delivered, the litigant should consent to an arrangement expressing that on the off chance that she doesn’t show up at court as required, the individual in question will be needed to give up the bail sum.
- Gotten or Property Bond
A got bond, or “property bond,” is a kind of bail wherein the respondent gives the court a security interest in property equivalent to the value of the all out bail sum. A security interest is a lawful right to have or take a particular piece of property given by the land’s owner to the got party.
For instance, when you purchase a vehicle utilizing a vehicle advance, your moneylender gives you cash to purchase the vehicle. As a trade-off for that cash, you give the loan specialist a security premium in the vehicle. You and the bank concur that should you neglect to reimburse the credit as per the terms to which you both concurred, the moneylender can repossess the vehicle (the security) and offer it to recuperate the cash you actually owe. The equivalent is genuine when a bank abandones a home when the property holder neglects to pay the home loan. Both are types of safety interests.
In this way, with a got property bond, the litigant or some other bond payer gives a security interest in a particular piece of property to the court as a type of bail. Should the litigant neglect to later show up at court, the court can hold onto the property utilized as guarantee to recuperate the neglected bail.
- Bail Bond or Surety Bond
A bail bond is a type of bail installment gave for a respondent’s benefit by a bail bond specialist. Bail bond specialists, otherwise called bondsmen, are individuals who are occupied with paying bond in the interest of criminal respondents. At the point when respondents utilize a bail bond specialist, they pay the specialist a charge and the specialist goes about as a guarantee, telling the court that they (the bond specialists) will pay the full bond sum should the litigant neglect to show up at court.
Bail security specialists bring in cash by gathering an expense from the individuals who need to be rescued. Ordinarily, that charge is 10% to 15% of the measure of bail. In this way, if a court sets a respondent’s bail at $10,000, that litigant (or somebody following up for the respondent’s benefit) can pay a bail bond specialist $1,000 and the bond specialist will go about as a guarantee for the respondent’s sake.
Like got or property bonds, bail bond specialists commonly require the litigant or the paying party to give insurance or some other type of protection from the bond. (They additionally necessitate that the litigant sign an agreement expressing the particulars of the arrangement.) For instance, a bond specialist might require the respondent to genuinely give the bond specialist bits of gems that the bond specialist can offer to recuperate the full security sum if the litigant neglects to show up in court. Also, the bond specialist may require the litigant, or another person, to sign a security interest in a vehicle, home, or other piece of property that the bond specialist can repossess if the respondent neglects to show up.
Getting Bail Money Back From the Court
Since bail isn’t a type of discipline or a criminal sentence, somebody who pays bail is qualified for have that cash returned if the litigant consents to all bail agreements. For the most part, there are two potential results when somebody pays bail: the bail is delivered back to the payer, or the bail is relinquished.
Bail Release or Refund
In the event that a criminal litigant is delivered from guardianship on bail, the bail will be reimbursed to the payer upon the finish of the case. This delivery or reimbursement of bail relies on both the sort of bail utilized and the ward in which the bail is paid.
For instance, somebody paying money bail in Suffolk County, New York, normally has their bail installment delivered inside two to about a month and a half from the finish of the case. Then again, should the litigant utilize a property bond, the court delivers the lien on the property. The lien discharge, similar to the arrival of the bail installment, regularly requires a little while or more to close.
In different wards, like government courts, the court doesn’t consequently deliver endless supply of the criminal case. In such purviews, the bail payer should record a report (called a “request”) with the court, requesting that it discharge the cash paid; or, on account of a property or got bond, to deliver the lien put on the property utilized as insurance.
Regardless of whether bail is delivered, it is entirely expected for the court to keep a limited quantity of it as a regulatory or comparative sort expense. For instance, in Massachusetts, the court keeps $40 of any bail cash paid.
In circumstances where a litigant is delivered from care on bail however later neglects to show up in court as required – or in any case neglects to agree with any of the conditions the court forced when giving bail – the bail sum is relinquished.
For instance, in case you are captured and pay $1,000 in real money as bail, you will lose that $1,000 in the event that you miss your court date. Additionally, on the off chance that somebody pays abandon your sake, the payer relinquishes should you miss court.
In the event that a property bond is included and the litigant neglects to show up, the court can repossess or dispossess the got property. For instance, if your dad utilizes his home as the insurance in a got property bond and you neglect to show up, the court can dispossess the home and offer it at closeout to recuperate the bail sum.
Bail Violation and Failure to Appear Petitions
On the off chance that a respondent neglects to advance in court and relinquishes bail, there is as yet an opportunity the court will restore bail (permitting the litigant to stay out of authority until the case closes) and return the bail that has effectively been paid. A litigant can appeal to a court to restore bail (or to not relinquish bail) if the respondent can show that there were valid justifications –, for example, encountering a health related crisis – why the person missed court.
Getting Bail Money Back From the Bail Bond Agent
At the point when a litigant utilizes a bail bond specialist to post bail, the respondent should pay the bondsman’s expense, and may likewise need to give up guarantee or consent to a security arrangement. Should the litigant conform to bond conditions, the bond specialist will return the insurance or delivery the lien made by the security understanding upon the finish of the case. Be that as it may, the bond specialist’s charge (the 10% to 15% of the absolute bail sum) isn’t returned regardless of the result.
Bond Forfeiture and Bounty Hunters
Should a litigant who utilized a bond specialist’s administrations neglect to show up in court or in any case abuse bail terms, the specialist can ordinarily attempt to discover the respondent, arrest that individual, and truly return the respondent to police guardianship. Courts regularly award bond specialists a beauty period after a respondent abuses bail terms. On the off chance that the specialist can return the litigant to court inside that beauty period, the court typically won’t need the specialist to pay the full bail sum.
As a component of this interaction the bail bond specialist can utilize abundance trackers, likewise called bail implementation specialists, to find and capture the litigant. Abundance trackers, similar to bail bond specialists, are not government representatives or policemen. They don’t have general capture powers, however can capture a respondent who utilized the bail bond specialist’s administrations. This is on the grounds that as a feature of the agreement respondents sign with the bail bond specialist, litigants regularly consent to permit the bond specialist, or abundance trackers working for the specialist, to enter their home, capture them, or make different moves that would ordinarily be unlawful without the respondent’s assent.
Note that state laws on both bail specialists and abundance trackers can vary altogether, and not all states consider bail bond specialists or abundance trackers.
Like all pieces of the criminal equity framework, bail can be substantially more muddled than numerous individuals envision it to be. Bail can include a ton of cash and genuine monetary dangers, even in the best of conditions – and that isn’t in any event, thinking about the potential outcomes that accompany a criminal case. Like all issue concerning criminal law, knowing what your choices are and ensuring you are satisfactorily secured frequently necessitates that you address an attorney before you settle on any choices. Getting legitimate guidance from a certified master is consistently desirable over settling on a choice without having the real factors. | <urn:uuid:53404568-c069-4b90-b522-f6e6f1b7be0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sbtips.co.uk/bail-bonds-work-types-conditions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.928272 | 4,925 | 2.4375 | 2 |
This article originally was published in BSR Insight.
If you’ve read our Good Company report, you already know that around 42 percent of Americans want to be seen as someone who buys eco-friendly products, and 26 percent can name a brand — unaided — that they’ve purchased or not purchased because of the environmental or social record of the manufacturer. You also know that how well you’re taking care of your people is what affects Americans’ favorability towards your brand the most.
But another clear mandate from consumers is right behind that: recycling. When asked, "Please choose the three most important things companies should be doing to positively impact your purchase decision," "recycle" comes out on top, and "make recyclable products" rounds out the top three answers.
So — why? If you’re reading this, you know that there are much bigger initiatives companies can and should be doing to reduce their environmental impact, so why are Americans fixated on recycling?
- They’re still more worried about plastics in the ocean than climate change. We uncovered that this was the case back in 2019, and it’s held true even through our surveying during the pandemic. For many Americans, plastics in the ocean is the issue we need to tackle, largely because all of us are complicit in it. (That could be my plastic bag around that turtle’s neck!) This is a highly visual, tangible problem that we can all see our part in, and we want it to stop. But for those consumers actively trying to reduce their single-use plastics purchases — a third of the population pre-pandemic, a quarter during the pandemic — they’re forced to buy plastic packaging to get the products they want, and so they put the onus on manufacturers and brands. In other words, "If you’re going to make me buy single-use plastic packaging that I don’t want to buy, then it’s on you to ensure that plastic is made from recycled content and that it’s recyclable."
- Recycling is a giant get-out-of-guilt free card. Many of us feel a little guilty about all that we buy and throw away. Just think for a second about the word "waste." It’s never used to connote something positive — "waste not, want not" comes to mind, as does, "That guy at the bar is so wasted" — so none of us wants to be a "waster." If we didn’t have a recycling bin, we’d be rolling two garbage cans to the curb each week instead of one, and we’d feel really bad about it. So we believe in recycling — even for the 39 percent of Americans who are aware of challenges with the current recycling system, 97 percent haven’t changed their recycling habits. And that belief extends to the brands we identify with and purchase — we expect brands to hold themselves to the same standard we hold ourselves to, and we expect them to recycle their waste versus throwing it in a landfill.
- We’re starting to lose faith. Interestingly, though, in 2019, only 15 percent of Americans said they didn’t feel confident that what they put in the recycling bin actually was recycled. One year later, that number jumped to 23 percent. That puts ever more expectation on brands. If I can’t feel sure that what I put in the blue bin is actually recycled, then I need to know that brands are trying to handle this for me, recycling their own waste and making packaging from recycled content.
There’s a huge opportunity for brands to tell their stories — about how you’re managing waste on your factory floors, but also about how you’re working to use packaging materials that genuinely are recyclable. There’s also a high degree of risk here. Until chemical recycling becomes commonplace, any plastics labeled 3-7 largely aren’t being recycled. So when a brand slaps the chasing arrows encircling a number other than a 1 or a 2 on their packaging, they’re really greenwashing, I’m afraid. And when consumers find out, there will be a backlash. They will feel betrayed and lied to. And that’s not the relationship you want to build between your brand and your buyers. | <urn:uuid:d6e451ff-7272-4c5e-a7ca-24f7dc024cb1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.greenbiz.com/article/3-reasons-your-company-should-be-telling-its-recycling-story | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.962067 | 920 | 1.953125 | 2 |
It is always our policy to implement the client's ideas first and offer our suggestions as we go. We believe that creativity is part of individuality.
Your project can include any number of features such as flash animation, video and audio streaming, dynamic and static web page design, or even customized graphics. We'll use the graphics or photos you provide, however we are also able to provide custom logos and company branding. We can provide custom video shoots, site maintenance, database development, administration interfaces as well as consultation.
We base our design on CSS and XHTML. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a simple mechanism for adding style (e.g. fonts, colors, spacing) to Web documents.
The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is almost identical to HTML 4.01 , however it is a stricter and cleaner version of HTML .
In designing web sites we emphasize:
Our database web development is based on PHP and MySQL. The MySQL database server is the world's most popular open source database. MySQL is an attractive alternative to higher-cost, more complex database technology.
PHP is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML.
MySQL is a multithreaded, multi-user, Structured Query Language (SQL).
Albo Digital relies on PHP MySQL programming environment to develop complex database driven web pages, offering a rich and useful set of functions.
You can consider us as your technology partners. We can take you from the most basic to the most sophisticated as needed and at your own pace. | <urn:uuid:01d8dc54-745c-4912-b7a3-be975014e250> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.albodigital.com/web-design.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.906963 | 332 | 1.5625 | 2 |
The bestselling historian's biography of a decisive figure in England's history. No Englishman has made more impact on the history of his nation than Oliver Cromwell; few have been so persistently maligned in the folklore of history.
The central purpose of Antonia Fraser's book is the recreation of his life and character, freed from the distortions of myth and Royalist propaganda. Cromwell was a man of contradictions and surprising charm.
This decisive and ruthless commander was also a country gentleman and a passionate connoisseur of music.
Of Cromwell's fitness for high office, this fascinating biography leaves no doubt.
Under his rule English prestige abroad rose to a level unequalled since Elizabeth I, yet his campaign in Ireland has cast a shadow over his reputation. Antonia Fraser displays great insight into this complex man and reveals a totally unexpected Cromwell, far removed from the received stereotype.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 1008 pages, 32
- Publisher: Orion Publishing Co
- Publication Date: 05/12/2002
- Category: Biography: historical, political & military
- ISBN: 9780753813317 | <urn:uuid:b83e2461-a0c7-4ad8-8569-c46fd74737af> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.speedyhen.com/Product/Antonia-Fraser/Cromwell-Our-Chief-of-Men/1995204 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00246-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935183 | 234 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Over the years, we’ve talked to a lot of people who are thinking about entering the coaching industry. And if you’re reading this, you probably have a lot of the same questions that they did! Questions like:
- How long does it take to become a coach?
- What steps are required?
- How much does life coach training cost?
- And finally… do you really need to be certified?
Let’s start with that last question first!
Do you need to be certified to be a life coach?
Short answer? No, you don’t.
But we would recommend it, and here’s why:
Coaching is an unregulated industry. While the International Coaching Federation (ICF) represents the gold standard for coaching ethics and best practices, there is no universal credentialing process.
If anyone can do it, why invest in training?
A reputable coach training program will prepare you to deliver meaningful results for your clients. You’ll gain broad exposure to coaching frameworks, interventions, methodologies, and techniques. You'll also “learn by doing,” with ample practice coaching opportunities to test it all out.
Ready to explore how it works? This step by step guide will walk you through it!
How to Become a Certified Life Coach
1. Understand your options
If you’re new to the field of coaching, you might be feeling overwhelmed by all the specialized terms you’ve likely come across already. When it comes to understanding the coaching industry bona-fides, and what level of training is right for you, here’s the ones you most need to know.
- Certification. A certificate is awarded by the coach training company that you study with. Graduation requirements are determined by the company itself, and the certificate confirms that you completed their program. Some programs are ICF accredited, others are not. We’ll talk more about why this might matter to you in a bit.
- Accreditation Programs and institutions get accredited, not people. In other words, you don’t earn an accreditation, your coach training company does. So when we say “Lumia is an ICF-accredited program”, what that means is that our curriculum has been quality checked by the International Coach Federation and has met their high standards.
- Credentialing. A credential is awarded when you complete an advanced, third party examination to prove your level of knowledge in the field of coaching. Credentials are awarded to life coaches by the International Coaching Federation. There are three levels: Associate Certified Coach (ACC), Professional Certified Coach (PCC), and Master Certified Coach (MCC). To get credentialed, you’ll need to complete an ICF accredited program, log a certain number of coaching hours, and sit for an exam. More details on the process and requirements can be found here.
Want to learn more? Check out: What Certification Do You Need To Be A Life Coach?
2. Discover your interests
To succeed as a coach, you’ll need to figure out what problems your ideal client hopes to solve, and know how you are uniquely positioned to help them meet those goals. For many, the most direct path to achieving this is by narrowing down to one or two specialties for your coaching business.
If you already have an idea of what you’d like to do, great! Be sure that you incorporate those interests as you review what type(s) of training and certification you may need. If you want to do relationship coaching, for example, it might not be best to choose a training program that is geared toward corporate coaching!
If you’re not sure what you’d like to do yet, don’t panic. It’s OK to come into coaching without any specific niche in mind. Many coach certification programs are designed to help you explore this out once you’re in training.
Want to learn about emerging opportunities in the coaching industry? Check out:
3. Decide what level of training you need
Certification is the first step in your coaching journey. Some coach training programs also include preparation for ICF credentialing as part of the curriculum, but many do not.
A lot of aspiring coaches opt to take this one step at a time, getting certified and practicing as a coach first, and leaving credentialing as a possible next step down the road.
We believe that not every coach needs to be credentialed. Here’s some factors to consider when making that determination:
- If you want to work with executives, or in business-oriented specialties, it can be useful to have your ACC, PCC or MCC credential. ICF credentials open additional doors for corporate work, and are recognized as the gold standard for coaching.
- As more life coaches enter the marketplace, credentialing may be a good way for you to stand out.
If you are interested in life coach certification to up-level your existing skills, or to work with clients outside the corporate sector, you may not need to invest the extra time and expense of earning the ICF credential. It’s all about deciding what works best for you, and the coaching practice you hope to build.
Want more info? Explore: Why Become An ICF Certified Coach?
4. Research your options
As you investigate professional coach certification programs, here’s what we recommend looking at:
There are hundreds of coaching modalities and techniques you can potentially gain exposure to. A good curriculum will include how to work with clients, positive psychology, appreciative inquiry, strengths-based approaches, the art of asking questions, and LOTS of coaching practice. Be sure that the program you choose is robust enough to deliver the goods relative to your personal goals.
Some programs span years, while others give a taste of coaching over a single weekend. With so many programs out there, it’s possible to find one that fits your specifications and needs. Many coaching programs are flexible, offering online classes on nights and weekends for those who have an existing career, families, or other commitments to juggle.
Real World Application
To make this a viable career, there’s more to it than just learning how to coach! Look for professional programs that include business, sales, marketing, and interpersonal skills in the curriculum. A reputable program will want to see you succeed after graduation. To that end, it should offer business opportunities, the chance to practice your skills, and a strong alumni community to support your development and growth.
It’s one thing to read a program’s marketing materials, visit their website, attend a webinar, or talk to someone in admissions. These are all important steps, but you may also want to talk to some graduates. A good program will be happy to hook you up. As you speak to alumni, ask what their experience was like, and how they are using what they learned. Find out if the programs that interest you really deliver!
Begin to compare with: Why Choose Lumia Life Coach Training?
5. Consider your budget
Coaching certifications are offered both online and in person. Costs can range from $1,500 to $10,000... and sometimes even higher. Each program has a signature style and unique way of teaching participants. Training programs vary in length and depth, and their costs usually reflect that as well! Many people wonder if this investment will pay off, and it’s a fair question. The answer is individual, so it’s important to really know your goals and financial considerations as you weigh the options.
For more on this topic, read How Much Does It Cost to Become A Life Coach?
Need strategies for asking your employer to help cover the cost? Dig into our guide How To Ask Your Company to Pay for Life Coach Training
Curious about your potential ROI? Don’t miss the Ultimate Guide to Life Coach Salaries, and our three part podcast series “Can I Make it As A Coach?” with Lumia co-founders John Kim and Noelle Cordeaux.
6. Take the leap!
If the past few years have taught us anything, it’s this: life doesn’t always go to plan.
If you dream of doing something other than what you’re up to right now, it’s time to get going. We sometimes forget that we don’t control the clock. But what we do have control over is our choices.
Want life to be different? You have to do it differently!
There’s no such thing as the perfect time. Besides, perfection is overrated. Or as Lumia co-founder John Kim likes to tell our coaching students: “You’ve got to build the bus as you’re driving it.”
Ready to Get Started?
One of our values at Lumia is that we dare to be different. Our coaches ignore the expectations society tries to impose on them, and seek to live from their own truth instead. If you are ready to step into your power and leave your mark on the world and you’d like some partners in the process, come join our revolution! Explore the Lumia Life Coach Training program today. | <urn:uuid:e9152871-cbd7-4f09-84d9-0e8dc94bd10c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lumiacoaching.com/blog/how-to-get-certified | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.957788 | 1,939 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Thursday, April 26, 2018
Tuesday, April 24, 2018
Heather Upfield kindly gave me permission to pass on to you her photo:
"I popped up to West Kilbride today and took a walk through Glenbryde. This is the Kilbride Burn which joins the Atlantic Ocean about a mile further downstream. St Bride arrived on these shores (probably where Kilbride Burn meets the sea) around 500AD and established chapels along the coast — at North Ayrshire."
Friday, April 20, 2018
“Saint Bridget and the King's Wolf”
by Abbie Farwell Brown
EVERY one has heard of Bridget, the little girl saint of Ireland. Her name is almost as well known as that of Saint Patrick, who drove all the snakes from the Island. Saint Bridget had long golden hair; and she was very beautiful. Many wonderful things happened to her that are written in famous books. But I suspect that you never heard what she did about the King's Wolf. It is a queer story.
This is how it happened. The King of Ireland had a tame wolf which some hunters had caught for him when it was a wee baby. And this wolf ran around as it pleased in the King's park near the palace, and had a very good time. But one morning he got over the high wall which surrounded the park, and strayed a long distance from home, which was a foolish thing to do. For in those days wild wolves were hated and feared by the people, whose cattle they often stole; and if a man could kill a wicked wolf he thought himself a very smart fellow indeed. Moreover, the King himself had offered a prize to any man who should bring him a dead wolf. For he wanted his kingdom to be a peaceful, happy one, where the children could play in the woods all day without fear of big eyes or big teeth.
Of course you can guess what happened to the King's wolf? A big, silly country fellow was going along with his bow and arrows, when he saw a great brown beast leap over a hedge and dash into the meadow beyond. It was only the King's wolf running away from home and feeling very frisky because it was the first time that he had done such a thing. But the country fellow did not know all that.
"Aha!" he said to himself. "I'll soon have you, my fine wolf, and the King will give me a gold piece that will buy me a hat and a new suit of clothes for the holidays." And without stopping to think about it or to look closely at the wolf, who had the King's mark upon his ear, the fellow shot his arrow straight as a string. The King's wolf gave one great leap into the air and then fell dead on the grass, poor fellow.
The countryman was much pleased. He dragged his prize straight up to the King's palace and thumped on the gate.
"Open!" he cried. "Open to the valiant hunter who has shot a wolf for the King. Open, that I may go in to receive the reward."
So, very respectfully, they bade him enter; and the Lord Chamberlain escorted him before the King himself, who sat on a great red velvet throne in the Hall. In came the fellow, dragging after him by the tail the limp body of the King's wolf.
"What have we here?" growled the King, as the Lord Chamberlain made a low bow and pointed with his staff to the stranger. The King had a bad temper and did not like to receive callers in the morning. But the silly countryman was too vain of his great deed to notice the King's disagreeable frown.
"You have here a wolf, Sire," he said proudly. "I have shot for you a wolf, and I come to claim the promised reward."
But at this unlucky moment the King started up with an angry cry. He had noticed his mark on the wolf's right ear.
"Ho! Seize the villain!" he shouted to his soldiers. "He has slain my tame wolf; he has shot my pet! Away with him to prison; and to-morrow he dies."
It was useless for the poor man to scream and cry and try to explain that it was all a mistake. The King was furious. His wolf was killed, and the murderer must die.
In those days this was the way kings punished men who displeased them in any way. There were no delays; things happened very quickly. So they dragged the poor fellow off to a dark, damp dungeon and left him there howling and tearing his hair, wishing that wolves had never been saved from the flood by Noah and his Ark.
Now not far from this place little Saint Bridget lived. When she chose the beautiful spot for her home there were no houses near, only a great oak-tree, under which she built her little hut. It had but one room and the roof was covered with grass and straw. It seemed almost like a doll's playhouse, it was so small; and Bridget herself was like a big, golden-haired wax doll,—the prettiest doll you ever saw.
She was so beautiful and so good that people wanted to live near her, where they could see her sweet face often and hear her voice. When they found where she had built her cell, men came flocking from all the country round about with their wives and children and their household goods, their cows and pigs and chickens; and camping on the green grass under the great oak-tree they said, "We will live here, too, where Saint Bridget is."
So house after house was built, and a village grew up about her little cell; and for a name it had Kildare, which in Irish means "Cell of the Oak." Soon Kildare became so fashionable that even the King must have a palace and a park there. And it was in this park that the King's wolf had been killed.
Now Bridget knew the man who had shot the wolf, and when she heard into what terrible trouble he had fallen she was very sorry, for she was a kind-hearted little girl. She knew he was a silly fellow to shoot the tame wolf; but still it was all a mistake, and she thought he ought not to be punished so severely. She wished that she could do some- thing to help him, to save him if possible. But this seemed difficult, for she knew what a bad temper the King had; and she also knew how proud he had been of that wolf. who was the only tame one in all the land.
Bridget called for her coachman with her chariot and pair of white horses, and started for the King's palace, wondering what she should do to satisfy the King and make him release the man who had meant to do no harm,
But lo and behold! as the horses galloped along over the Irish bogs of peat, Saint Bridget saw a great white shape racing towards her. At first she thought it was a dog. But no: no dog was as large as that. She soon saw that it was a wolf, with big eyes and with a red tongue lolling out of his mouth. At last he overtook the frightened horses, and with a flying leap came plump into the chariot where Bridget sat, and crouched at her feet, quietly as a dog would. He was no tame wolf, but a wild one, who had never before felt a human being's hand upon him. Yet he let Bridget pat and stroke him, and say nice things into his great ear. And he kept perfectly still by her side until the chariot rumbled up to the gate of the palace.
Then Bridget held out her hand and called to him; and the great white beast followed her quietly through the gate and up the stair and down the long hall until they stood before the red-velvet throne, where the King sat looking stern and sulky.
They must have been a strange-looking pair, the little maiden in her green gown with her golden hair falling like a shower down to her knees; and the huge white wolf standing up almost as tall as she, his yellow eyes glaring fiercely about, and his red tongue panting. Bridget laid her hand gently on the beast's head which was close to her shoulder, and bowed to the King. The King only sat and stared, he was so surprised at the sight; but Bridget took that as a permission to speak.
"You have lost your tame wolf, O King," she said. "But I have brought you a better. There is no other tame wolf in all the land, now yours is dead. But look at this one! There is no white wolf to be found anywhere, and he is both tame and white. I have tamed him, my King. I, a little maiden, have tamed him so that he is gentle as you see. Look, I can pull his big ears and he will not snarl. Look, I can put my little hand into his great red mouth, and he will not bite. Sire, I give him to you. Spare me then the life of the poor, silly man who unwittingly killed your beast. Give his stupid life to me in exchange for this dear, amiable wolf," and she smiled pleadingly.
The King sat staring first at the great white beast, wonderfully pleased with the look of him, then at the beautiful maiden whose blue eyes looked so wistfully at him. And he was wonderfully pleased with the look of them, too. Then he bade her tell him the whole story, how she had come by the creature, and when, and where. Now when she had finished he first whistled in surprise, then he laughed. That was a good sign,—he was wonderfully pleased with Saint Bridget's story, also. It was so strange a thing for the King to laugh in the morning that the Chamberlain nearly fainted from surprise; and Bridget felt sure that she had won her prayer. Never had the King been seen in such a good humor. For he was a vain man, and it pleased him mightily to think of owning all for himself this huge beast, whose like was not in all the land, and whose story was so marvelous.
And when Bridget looked at him so beseechingly, he could not refuse those sweet blue eyes the request which they made, for fear of seeing them fill with tears. So, as Bridget begged, he pardoned the countryman, and gave his life to Bridget, ordering his soldiers to set him free from prison. Then when she had thanked the King very sweetly, she bade the wolf lie down beside the red velvet throne, and thenceforth be faithful and kind to his new master. And with one last pat upon his shaggy head, she left the wolf and hurried out to take away the silly countryman in her chariot, before the King should have time to change his mind.
The man was very happy and grateful. But she gave him a stern lecture on the way home, advising him not to be so hasty and so wasty next time.
"Sirrah Stupid," she said as she set him down by his cottage gate, "better not kill at all than take the lives of poor tame creatures. I have saved your life this once, but next time you will have to suffer. Remember, it is better that two wicked wolves escape than that one kind beast be killed. We cannot afford to lose our friendly beasts, Master Stupid. We can better afford to lose a blundering fellow like you." And she drove away to her cell under the oak, leaving the silly man to think over what she had said, and to feel much ashamed.
But the King's new wolf lived happily ever after in the palace park; and Bridget came often to see him, so that he had no time to grow homesick or lonesome.
Source: The Book of Saints and Friendly Beasts by Abbie Farwell Brown (1900). Chapter One.
Image: Illustrated by Fanny Y. Cory
Found on The Baldwin Project site. This work is in the public domain.
Friday, April 13, 2018
|Stained glass window by George Walsh depicting the six founding Brigidine Sisters with Bishop Delany in the garden at their convent in Tullow|
|Formation||c. AD 1807; 211 years ago|
|Type||Catholic religious order|
|Headquarters||Coonamble New South Wales|
|Website||Brigidine Sisters, Australia.|
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Institute of the Brigidines". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
All snitched from the Wikipedia page. | <urn:uuid:369c029d-b121-47d9-a5e2-c0bbfba15b7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brigitssparklingflame.blogspot.com/2018/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.988598 | 2,690 | 1.882813 | 2 |
What does WWW mean in General?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand WWW in the Business field in general and in the General terminology in particular.
Find a translation for WWW in other languages:
Select another language:
What does WWW mean?
- World Wide Web, WWW, web(noun)
- computer network consisting of a collection of internet sites that offer text and graphics and sound and animation resources through the hypertext transfer protocol | <urn:uuid:7633b3e1-20bb-44af-9274-8dc47db79015> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.abbreviations.com/term/223286 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871137 | 106 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The Melbourne-based trial took place over four years and tested 116 patients. It was shown by researchers at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre that the drug Venetoclax can greatly reduce cancer blood cells.
Positive results were seen in 79 percent of cases involving patients suffering from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Some patients who had previously undergone treatment were left as good as new after agreeing to the new pill trials.
This is indeed historic news, as it marks the first trial of a medicine that is the result of three decades of research. “Here we are a bit under 30 years later in collaboration with WEHI and pharmaceutical companies here and in the US having proved that’s achievable,” head of haemotology, Professor John Seymour, told the Sydney Morning Herald.
“This is a completely new class of drugs and there is no other drug or medicine previously available that has had the ability to inhibit this BCL-2 protein,” he said, adding that the drug’s benefits also spread to other forms of cancer and leukemia than those tested.
Their results are published Thursday in the journal New England Journal of Medicine.
Success stories were heard from many chronically sick patients. One, Rodney Jacobs, 63, who owns a record shop in Melbourne, told the newspaper he was referred to the trial in 2012 after other therapies, including chemotherapy. Jacobs could not get a break.
“It was looking pretty bleak at that stage,” he told the paper. “The results have been nothing short of stunning… I’ve had little or no side effects and I slowly got myself back to work with my business and slowly but surely I have a relatively normal life.”
Roberts explained how the drug works, and it has to do with a specific protein called BCL-2, which helps cancer cells survive, making them simply “melt away.” It was first discovered in the 1980s, but scientists couldn’t find an inhibitor for it.
“I think this drug is going to be very significant and I think these results are significant in themselves because they show in real people exactly what the potential of this can be,” Roberts says. “Many of the people who achieved a complete remission are still in a complete remission more than a year later.” | <urn:uuid:0e047b84-6560-40c7-aaf5-e941196612ac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://worldtruth.tv/cancer-cells-simply-melt-away-miracle-drug-amazes-australian-researchers-after-lengthy-trials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00340-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981699 | 484 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Gordon Euryale is an annual aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae, the waterlily family. It looks just like an exaggerated waterlily, with floating leaves that may grow to 1-1.5 metres wide. The entire surface of the plant is covered with prickles. Newly emerged leaves are heavily wrinkled as if being rubbed, but will gradually unfold with growth. The flower is purple and looks like a miniature waterlily. The fruit is covered with prickles, and contains numerous rounded seeds which are harvested for making soups. | <urn:uuid:8f073fb7-5fa9-48bf-9be4-ca38db053d80> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wetlandpark.gov.hk/en/biodiversity/beauty-of-wetlands/wildlife/euryale-ferox | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.980617 | 117 | 1.859375 | 2 |
During the 68th annual meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, on March 4, 2010, dermatologist Adnan Nasir, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.A.D., gave a presentation on nanotechnology and how nanoparticles may eventually be used in cosmetic products. According to Dr. Nasir, the cosmetic industry leads all other industries in the number of patents for nanoparticles, which have the potential to enhance sunscreens, shampoos, conditioners, lipsticks, eye shadows, moisturizers, deodorants, after-shave products, and perfumes. Nanoparticles used in sunscreens increase protection and coverage on the skin, while being less visible than microparticles. In anti-aging products, nanotechnology may allow active ingredients to penetrate the top layer of the skin. Researchers are currently exploring nanoparticle treatments of conditions such as melanoma. Dr. Nasir noted, however, that dermatologists are concerned about the potential health risks posed by nanotechnology, and “anxiously await” the Food and Drug Administration’s review of the safety of nanoparticles. | <urn:uuid:cab577ac-c074-4721-8ec1-4301df6648c5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nanotech.lawbc.com/2010/03/american-academy-of-dermatology-annual-meeting-includes-presentation-on-nanotechnology-in-cosmetic-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00341-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920538 | 233 | 2.65625 | 3 |
He has lived there ever since. “I could never go back to Ethiopia, my life would be in danger,” he says, now aged 28. “I worry for my wife and my son. But here it’s dangerous now, too.”
Assefa is one of a group of 1700 Ethiopian political refugees living in Hargeisa. Initially, life here wasn’t all that bad. Most of the asylum seekers were living in ordinary houses. Others were housed at the Social Welfare Centre under the care of the NGO Save the Children.
They were all protected by international law, and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) gave a number of them a subsistence allowance. Early this year, however, UNHCR stopped providing cases with assistance, the idea being to stimulate people to integrate more in Somaliland society.
Some of the group found steady work upon arriving in Hargeisa, taking advantage of their good education in Ethiopia. They found jobs as teachers, construction workers, waiters or cooks. The most successful asylum seekers even managed to assume positions of power as businessmen or financial managers.
But many still were not suitable for employment, as they were poorly educated or not educated at all. Adding to the already strained relationship between Ethiopians and Somalis is a religious divide between the Orthodox Christian belief of the Oromos and the deep Islamic values that shape Somaliland's society.
Zubir Mohammed, a 36-year-old teacher, arrived in Hargeisa in 2007, after he was caught collecting money for the OLF. He says that there are many problems amongst the group:
“We have no clean water, no toilets, no food and no security. The police have started to arrest us because they want us to leave. But we have nowhere else to go.”
Hospital withholds treatment
Several weeks ago, local authorities passed a law banning undocumented foreign workers from being employed in the semi-autonomous republic. Mohammed says he was making good money working at a private school, but since the law has been passed he has stopped going to work.
“When I started three years ago, I was making 230 euros a month. But then there was a conflict between the Ethiopian and Somali owners of the school, and they began to see me only as Ethiopian. They cut my salary to 115 euros, but in fact they haven’t paid me at all.”
A few days ago, Mohammed’s daughter gave birth in the grounds of the Social Welfare Centre. The Hargeisa Group Hospital refused to admit her, despite her being sick with diarrhoea, and was forced to give birth at the centre. Two days ago, Mohammed’s granddaughter died from untreated sickness.
As hostilities from the general public increase, the group has accused the local authorities of refusing to protect them. Ahamed Mohammed says the police outside the Social Welfare Centre gave him a black eye because he tried to leave the compound to find food for his baby daughter. Other asylum seekers claim that such attempts to intimidate them are part of the wider society’s desire to force them out.
“I cannot return to Ethiopia, but every day I feel more unsafe in this country,” says Mohammed. “The only solution is that the world starts paying attention to us and our terrible situation. We urge Human Rights Watch and UNHCR to take action and protect us.”
Virtually all of the asylum seekers have given up hope of a future in Somaliland. As each day passes, more people in the group are planning to escape to a third country, whether through legal or illegal means.
By Mark Anderson, Hargeisa (RNW) | <urn:uuid:4fc54cf2-c87b-4f87-9566-caa5e9798766> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://waayeelnews.blogspot.com/2011/12/stuck-in-somaliland.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00487-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974108 | 763 | 2.1875 | 2 |
We were deeply saddened when UK lawyer Steven Sugar died in January of this year. Sugar had campaigned tirelessly in the courts to force the BBC to publicly release the Balen Report – the corporation’s own investigation into whether it held an anti-Israel bias.
The BBC has spent thousands of pounds of taxpayers’ money in the courts trying to prevent its publication. However, despite numerous legal setbacks and the death of Sugar, the Daily Telegraph reports that Sugar’s widow has taken upon herself to continue the legal challenge to the BBC:
Mr Sugar lost at the Information Tribunal, the High Court and the Court of Appeal, but his legal team – who have waived their fees – are hopeful of success in the Supreme Court.
Mrs Paveley said: “I used to tease Steven about his obsession with fighting this so I think he would have a wry smile that I’m carrying it on, but I couldn’t let it drop.”
Mr Sugar, a solicitor, first asked the BBC to publish the Balen Report in 2005 under the Freedom of Information Act and refused to accept the BBC’s argument that it was outside the Act’s scope.
The corporation successfully argued in the past that the report should not be released because it was held for “the purposes of journalism, art or literature” and, as such, was exempt. It was commissioned to analyse the BBC’s coverage of Middle East issues and make recommendations for improvement.
Mrs Paveley, a 48-year-old clinical psychologist, was approached by her husband’s lawyers after he died. They explained that the case could only continue if he was represented at court.
“I knew immediately that I wasn’t going to abandon it,” she says. “It would have almost felt like a betrayal to let all his hard work go to waste. He never gave up, so why should I?”
Mrs Paveley said that she and her late husband saw an anti-Israeli bias in the reporting of Orla Guerin, the BBC’s former Middle East correspondent, who was accused of anti-Semitism in 2004 by the Israeli government.
Mrs Paveley said: “Steven thought that reporting should be balanced. As a publicly-funded body, it seems wrong that the BBC is afraid and reluctant to be more transparent.”
HonestReporting has been calling for many years for the BBC to release the Balen Report after our own Freedom of Information request was rejected.
We wish Fiona Paveley every success in the continuation of this important battle. | <urn:uuid:90275486-89e5-48ee-838a-8417738004ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://honestreporting.com/bbc-balen-battle-to-continue/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00528-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981898 | 539 | 1.882813 | 2 |
An Informational Perspective on Administrative Procedures
A number of scholars have identified the important role administrative procedures have in 'structuring' the interest group environment of government agencies: determining who can participate and in what manner. Using a formal model, we analyze the incentives and outcomes that different procedural--and therefore interest group--environments generate. The model yields a number of important conclusions. First, because elected officials are concerned not only about distributional rents, but also informational ones, the use of procedures in some cases will result in worse outcomes for political principals on the policy dimension. Officials will be willing to bear the losses in exchange for informational gains. Second, under certain conditions, a politician is better off with a biased group monitoring the agency rather than a neutral one, since biased groups will subsidize a portion of the monitoring cost. Third, having multiple interest groups, including one in opposition to the politician, makes the political principal strictly better off than any other constellation of monitors, since competing interest groups will provide the greatest information at the lowest cost to the elected official. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.
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Volume (Year): 15 (1999)
Issue (Month): 1 (April)
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If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. | <urn:uuid:be3162bb-921e-4da7-b37d-b10c5a140c8e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://ideas.repec.org/a/oup/jleorg/v15y1999i1p283-305.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00133-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.85418 | 499 | 1.820313 | 2 |
UC San Diego Creates Center for Brain Activity Mapping
Responding to President Barack Obama’s “grand challenge” to chart the function of the human brain in unprecedented detail, the University of California, San Diego has established the Center for Brain Activity Mapping (CBAM). The new center, under the aegis of the interdisciplinary Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind at UC San Diego, will tackle the technological and biological challenge of developing a new generation of tools to enable recording of neuronal activity throughout the brain. It will also conduct brain-mapping experiments and analyze the collected data.
From left, Nick Spitzer, Ralph Greenspan, and Terry Sejnowski. Photos by Erik Jepsen/UC San Diego Publications
Ralph Greenspan–one of the original architects of a visionary proposal that eventually led to the national BRAIN Initiative launched by President Obama in April–has been named CBAM’s founding director.
UC San Diego Chancellor Pradeep K. Khosla, who attended Obama’s unveiling of the BRAIN Initiative, said: “I am pleased to announce the launch of the Center for Brain Activity Mapping. This new center will require the type of in-depth and impactful research that we are so good at producing at UC San Diego. We have strengths here on our campus and the Torrey Pines Mesa, both in breadth of talent and in the scientific openness to collaborate across disciplines, that few others can offer the project.”
Greenspan and Sejnowski will join Todd Hylton of the Brain Corporation and Anthony Lewis of Qualcomm in a discussion of the BRAIN Initiative and what it means to the future of science, innovation and patients.
Greenspan, who also serves as associate director of the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind at UC San Diego, said CBAM will focus on developing new technologies necessary for global brain-mapping at the resolution level of single cells and the timescale of a millisecond, participate in brain mapping experiments, and develop the necessary support mechanisms for handling and analyzing the enormous datasets that such efforts will produce.
Brain-mapping discoveries made by CBAM may shed light on such brain disorders as autism, traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer’s–and could potentially point the way to new treatments, Greenspan said. The technologies developed and advances in understanding brain networks will also likely have industrial applications outside of medicine, he said.
The new center will bring together researchers from neuroscience (including cognitive science, psychology, neurology and psychiatry), engineering, nanoscience, radiology, chemistry, physics, computer science and mathematics.
“An essential component of the center will be its close relationships with other San Diego research institutions and with industrial partners in the region’s hi-tech and biotech clusters,” said Nick Spitzer, distinguished professor of neurobiology and director of the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind at UC San Diego.
Beyond bringing researchers together, the center will seek the resources to support specific projects. Some of these projects will likely build on existing research at UC San Diego while others will be brand new, growing out of the novel collaborations that CBAM will encourage and nurture.
The center aims to compete for national grant funds but will also seek to pursue projects with the help of philanthropists and industry partners.
Administratively, CBAM will be part of the interdisciplinary Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind. Calit2's Qualcomm Institute at UC San Diego will support CBAM with some initial space for collaborative projects.
Greenspan will soon assemble a director’s council, to help guide the center’s scientific program, and an advisory board, to assist on general strategy and fundraising.
Greenspan authored the proposal for CBAM with Spitzer and Terry Sejnowski, director of UC San Diego’s Institute for Neural Computation, who holds joint appointments with UC San Diego and The Salk Institute.
The trio identified the center’s immediate goal as preparing CBAM to compete effectively for federal BRAIN initiative funding. Activities will include, for example, topic-oriented meetings and workshops to identify potential project areas.
Medium-term goals include providing seed-grant support for specific projects, building strong ties among scientists from the different relevant disciplines, and creating an outreach program. The center will also seek dedicated space on campus.
In the long term, CBAM hopes to create an endowment for stable support of the most promising projects and to facilitate the formation of new start-up companies.
“We have the capability and the atmosphere here to make some major advances on the BRAIN Initiative,” Greenspan said. “We are among the best-positioned places anywhere to make a significant contribution to the president’s challenge.
“We invite members of the scientific and philanthropic communities – here in San Diego and further afield,” he said, “to join with us on this vital quest.”
Read Kavli Foundation Q&A with Ralph Greenspan on the BRAIN Initiative and UC San Diego's CBAM. | <urn:uuid:065ac580-a6f7-42f0-9bb6-544b40003d51> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/feature/uc_san_diego_creates_center_for_brain_activity_mapping | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909208 | 1,061 | 2.25 | 2 |
Welcome to Ekalavya Foundation
One of the initiatives taken up by Ekalavya foundation in this project is identification of voluntary Village Volunteers or Grama Sahayaks. They are primarily local youth identified and allotted by the villagers through farmer clubs. Initially these volunteers will be empowered by trainings and skill development who would act as change agents in the village. They will monitor bookkeeping, strengthening of farmer clubs, supervision of Natural Resource Management works and package of practices of chemical free agriculture. This would empower the villages to sustain the development, carry forward the maintenance activities of the projects executed by Ekalavya Foundation and future convergence activities with the supporting agencies. Currently the program is implemented in 20 villages and will be extended all villages where Ekalavya implementing some project. | <urn:uuid:cf7e860a-d60f-477f-acdb-25eaacc94c81> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ekalavya.net/key-initiative/Village-Volunteer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.952494 | 156 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Expedition National Park - in the Central Queensland Sandstone Belt - is a park of rugged gorges, spectacular views, remote campsites, wildflowers, wildlife and a rich human history. It protects a wealth of Aboriginal cultural sites, locations named by explorer Ludwig Leichhardt in 1844 and remnants of pastoral heritage.
At Robinson Gorge section in the east, cabbage palms, bottlebrush and wattles line scenic Robinson Gorge as it winds 14 kilometres between sheer sandstone cliffs up to 100 metres high. From Starkvale camping area, follow walking tracks to Robinson Gorge lookout, Shepherd's Peak or to a natural lookout over the Cattle Dip - a spectacular permanent waterhole in the gorge. Watch Australian king-parrots and rainbow lorikeets feed in summer, and golden whistlers and grey fantails in winter.
Lonesome and Beilba sections in the west lie on the border of the Carnarvon Range. Panoramic views, brigalow and softwood scrubs are a feature while wildflowers provide splashes of colour through the Beilba section in late winter and spring. Squatter pigeons occur in open woodlands and wallaroos can be seen. No toilets are provided and facilities are limited.
Visitors to Expedition must be totally self-sufficient. Bring drinking water and sufficient fuel for your trip. | <urn:uuid:db0f1382-3876-45e4-96c6-a46c2517bdb9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.queensland.com/attraction/expedition-national-park?redirect=www.queenslandholidays.com.au/things-to-see-and-do/nature-and-wildlife/expedition-national-park/brochure.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00350-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.874568 | 276 | 2.765625 | 3 |
escape for children and not only
Escape Room is a new form of entertainment which allows to experience the emotions from movies and computer games in a real world. At present times full of computers and tablets, it is a great idea for spending 60minutes in one room, together with other players and solve a variety of riddles. Such games have a perfect influence on intellectual development of younger players. Facing different puzzles improves imagination, creativity and observing skills. Children learn how to cooperate, think logically and connect facts.
Our escape room has special storylines which match the level of difficulty and the age of players. Being children-friendly, Dom Zagadek was awarded by Grand Prix Warszawskiej Rodzinki as a great place for families and children. | <urn:uuid:50ca272f-bf16-471b-9a4d-3654359370b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://domzagadek.pl/en/escape-room/for-children-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.951657 | 156 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Ball Mills Steel Ball Mills Lined Ball Mills. Particle size reduction of materials in a ball mill with the presence of metallic balls or other media dates back to the late 1800’s. The basic construction of a ball mill is a cylindrical container with journals at its axis.The ball mill (also known as the ball grinding mill or the ball mill machine) is a key machine used to do further crushing of the crushed materials.Fote as a famous ball mills manufacturer in China has designed and made a type of small ball mill for sale with the most reasonable ball mill price in the domestic market.
Ball Mill Machine - Ball Mill for Sale. Ball mill machine is a kind of mining and cement milling equipment with the highest application ratio in the industrial field. Because internal ball mill grinding media are mostly spherical in different specifications and materials, so it.Ball mill machine can be used to grind various ores and other materials, and is widely used in mineral processing, building materials and chemical industry. Ball mill includes two types dry grinding ball and wet grinding ball. Besides, ball mill grinders can also be divided into tabular type and flowing type according to different discharging.
Ball Mills Manufacturers and Suppliers. eWorldTrade.com provides 149 products, Manufacturers and Suppliers from China. . You have multiple options to select like Steel, Ball Grinding Mill, Laboratory Ball Mills and Planetary Ball Mills. Process duration upto 15 Days. You can get Ball Mills in bulk quantity.China's most powerful ball mill equipment manufacturers - the auspicious light machinery, professional production of ball mill, ball mills, ball mill machine and other products, advanced technology, reasonable price, the details please consult 0086-371-68591228.
Retsch ball mills for sale. Find used ball mills for grinding iron ore and other materials on Machinio.Roller Mill Machinery and Equipment, Roller Jars. In addition to our milling media, we offer for sale milling and roller jars made specifically for use in planetary mills and roller mill machines. Roller milling is considered the most economical and common method of powder processing. Our jars are complete with gasket, lid and clamps.
Ball mill,ball mills,ball grinding mill,ball grinder,ball mill machine - hongxing crusher machinery. The ball mill is one of the most widely used super fine grinding machine in the industry and it is the key grinding equipment after materials have been crushed.Ball End Mills have a hemispherical tip used to machine rounded details, such as the metal bearing grooves found in machines. Also called Ball Nose End Mills, they are used extensively in manufacturing tools dies, and machining complex three dimensional contours with a smooth finish. Ball End Mills are very durable, and come with an array of surface coatings tailored for.
Baan Machines Ball Mills with protection and platform Published January 25, 2015 at 2484 2448 in Wet Ball Mill 100 – 20000 litres. ← Previous. Ball Mills in protected environment and with platform. Leave a Reply Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published.Anyang General International . (AGICO Group) is an enterprise specializing in manufacturing industrial milling equipment. Because the production capacity and process level of AGICO industrial milling equipment have reached the international leading level, our ball mill machine and vertical roller mill equipment are widely sold in Russia, Vietnam, Malaysia, USA,.
We are one of the popular industries for manufacturing of great consistence the batch type ball mills critical speed of ball mill calculation india. lecture 10-ball mill internals delhi india. laboratory size batch ball rod mills sme crusher for sale for ball mills and 50 to 90 of critical speed for rod mills. the batch ball mill quarry.Nov 26, 2019 Grinding mill machine is an essential part of many industrial processes, there are mainly five types of mills to cover than 90 materials size-reduction applications. Do you the difference between the ball mill, rod mills, SAG mill, tube mill, pebble mill In the previous article, I made a comparison of ball mill and rod mill. Today, we.
Jul 05, 2020 A ball mill also known as pebble mill or tumbling mill is a milling machine that consists of a hallow cylinder containing balls mounted on a metallic frame such that it can be rotated along its longitudinal axis. The balls which could be of different diameter occupy 30 – 50 of the mill volume and its size depends on the feed and mill size.1. According to the discharging method, the ball mills divided into grid type and overflow type. 2. According to the shape of the barrel, divided into short cylinder ball mill, long barrel ball mill, tube mill and cone mill. 3. According to the grinding media, divide into steel ball mill, rod mill. 4. | <urn:uuid:a03c06ed-16eb-4235-8302-44f8971f1d60> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.spezialschminker.de/ball-mill/1523.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.903137 | 995 | 2.15625 | 2 |
UN chemical weapons investigators are expected to return to Syria tomorrow to continue investigating allegations of chemical weapons use.
Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov said: "We are pleased that our persistent calls for the return of UN experts to Syria for the investigation of other episodes have borne fruit."
Mr Ryabkov was speaking in parliament, referring to alleged incidents of chemical weapons use other than the attack near Damascus on 21 August.
He also said talks with the US on Syria are going "not so smoothly" and that US officials "always mention" that plans to punish Damascus remain in force.
"We draw certain conclusions from that and assume that the threat of aggression in violation of international law is so far only delayed, not dismissed fully," he said.
A timetable for President Bashar al-Assad to hand over Syria's chemical weapons has been laid down by US Secretary of State John Kerry and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov.
Security experts say Syria has about 1,000 tonnes of mustard gas, VX and sarin, which is the nerve agent UN inspectors found after hundreds were killed by poison following missile strikes on rebel-held areas last month. | <urn:uuid:fb3ec50a-faf5-419d-8422-e848b4d3da80> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0924/476105-un-inspectors-expected-to-return-to-syria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00291-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965971 | 232 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Or must you fight them off like they're piranhas?
Because his students sit so close together, Erich Martel, an Advanced Placement high school teacher who has been teaching for 41 years, tried to prevent cheating in his class. He created two versions of a test by putting the pages in a different order (a standard anti-cheating tactic) and also created a quiz with a small font size to make it harder for students sitting nearby to see.
But his principal had a different view. He thought if the teacher tried to prevent cheating he was expecting the kids to cheat, and that the kids would lower themselves to that expectation, and be more likely to cheat. The principal, Peter Cahall, said:
“I have high expectations for my students in their academic performance, behavior, and morals. My educational philosophy is grounded in the honor code. I trust my students unless they give me reason not to, and in my experience this has been effective.”Hmm.
But there's more to the story. In the past, Mr. Martel had been critical and acted as a whistleblower to point out problems, such as fraudulent grading practices, within his high school. Soon after the cheating disagreement, he was involuntarily transferred to a different high school because of his “significant educational philosophy differences” with the principal.
So was the principal telling the truth about his "cheating philosophy," or was he lying to get rid of a teacher he didn't like?
- Principal, teacher clash on cheating by Jay Mathews, The Washington Post>>
- The real reason a whistleblowing teacher was transferred by Jay Mathews, The Washington Post>>
- Photo found at MensPulpMags>> | <urn:uuid:9be57606-abe7-4cf5-8bdb-d89da433839b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.deceptology.com/2011/04/is-it-dishonorable-to-fight-high-school.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00530-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984261 | 353 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Preparing for the adult world through the use of #PBL
I have an admission to make. I am living vicariously through my #Meliora students. A group of five teens has been crafting a documentary project for Chicago History Fair, with the goal of advancing the several steps that will take them to National History Day. This competition asks students in grades 6-12 to convincingly argue a thesis, a skill many students develop only in college.
The Meliora team’s self-chosen topic (a central #PBL tenet is to give students #voice and #choice in deciding what topics they #deepdive into) shines a spotlight on Colleen Moore, a larger-than-life, yet nearly-forgotten woman who was a top salary-earner in silent films; a significant influence on the evolution of American society’s views of women through her “safe” flapper lifestyle; and an investor maven, unheard of in her time.
Through a fortuitous series of events, the students located Moore’s grandson. I urged them to ask him for an interview, the goal being to have him provide them with additional evidence to include in their project. His initial reply to their email request was pretty abrupt, with edges of ice. He pointed them to a variety of existing sources that detail her life and influence, and said he would need to understand their “line of questioning” before granting an interview.
Fortunately, the students had already found and analyzed the sources he cited. I encouraged them to continue to pursue the interview, and suggested maybe his coldness was due to uncertainty around what questions they wanted to ask. I suggested they send him their interview questions, so that he would understand their “line of questioning.”
After receiving their list of questions, he agreed to a telephone interview, which was conducted by three of the five team members. When they actually got on the phone with him, he was friendly and forthcoming with information, and provided very intimate views of Colleen Moore from his viewpoint as her grandson.
It was apparent during the interview that the three student interviewers were feeling nervous. Notwithstanding, they did a stellar job, and obtained the information they were seeking. After they concluded the call, their relief was palpable, followed by laughter, and “That was great!’ They felt exhilaration related to the fact that this hard task they had never tried before had been a success.
This success led to increased confidence in reaching into the adult world. During a recent class session, the team made a series of phone calls to other potential sources in an effort to deepen their understanding and analysis of their topic. Some of the calls led nowhere, others bore fruit. As one of the students remarked, “This is fun, talking to all these people.”
This. Is. What. We. Want: Students. To. Learn. #RealWorld. #Skills.
The students’ project has advanced to the next level of competition), and they are currently in the process of improving it, based on judge feedback, readying themselves for the next level of competition. This iterative approach is integrated into #RealWorld design processes, another way #PBL helps prepare students for the adult world. | <urn:uuid:4ac2ee5d-241e-43c3-b494-26bda90a1668> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://inspirepassion.edublogs.org/2019/03/15/preparing-for-the-adult-world-through-the-use-of-pbl/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.985347 | 677 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Your pool is the ideal retreat from the hot sun. With the year-round enjoyment that this region provides, your pool is the natural gathering spot for friends, family, and loved ones. That’s why it’s wise to protect your investment with an automatic pool enclosure.
This structure prevents dirt, debris, and bugs from getting in your pool. It also adds an element of safety — keeping kids and pets from wandering or getting into risky situations. If you are looking for a retractable roof over pool, visit www.coversinplay.com/blog/retractable-roof-enclosure-over-your-swimming-pool/.
Still, there’s no one-size-fits-all option when it comes to pool enclosures. There are some factors to consider to ensure a structure that matches your budget, lifestyle, and personal preferences. Here’s how to get started:
1) Inspect the surroundings:
Before beginning any property enhancement, it’s wise to inspect the area around your home and consider how adding a pool enclosure will update and alter that appearance. In addition, you may wish to decide how adding a pool enclosure might affect neighbors.
2) Choose quality materials:
With top-notch materials, your pool enclosure can help provide outdoor enjoyment for years to come. High-quality aluminum is water and rust-resistant. It stands up well to the sometimes harsh elements. In addition, aluminum is chip and scratch-resistant. Pool time is for fun and relaxation. Why worry about a minor accident damaging your enclosure?
Along with protection and privacy, high-quality materials can also help with your pool’s climate control simply by using nature. This saves you time and money on pool heating and maintenance. | <urn:uuid:7575f4e1-0caa-4cbd-99c8-59180c0e0cc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bbh-plus.net/tag/pool-enclosures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.906905 | 365 | 1.5 | 2 |
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration states that the Reference Daily Intakes, or RDIs, have replaced the federal government's previous Recommended Daily Allowances, RDAs, for all nutrients. The Institute of Medicine bases nutrient RDIs on a 2,000-calorie daily diet. IOM sets guidelines for healthy adults, children, pregnant women and aging adults.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's recommended calcium intake for adult males and females between ages 19 and 50 is 1 g per day. The University of Illinois states that RDI for adult males and females is 1,200 mg after age 50, and it increases to 1,300 mg for pregnant and lactating women age 18 and younger. The RDI for babies up to 6 months is 210 mg, and 270 mg from 6 months to 1 year old. Children between ages 1 and 3 need 500 mg; ages 4 to 8: 800 mg; and 9 to 18: 1,300 mg.
The FDA's RDI for fats is 65 g or 30 percent of your daily calorie intake. These should be unsaturated fats, such as olive oil and fats such as nuts and seeds. Minimize your consumption of saturated fats such as butter, margarine, lard and other fats that are solid at room temperature.
The Institute of Medicine's fiber RDI for adult females between ages 18 and 50 is 25 g. Females older than 50 to 70 need 21 g of fiber. For males, ages 14 to 50, IOM suggests 38 g. Males from ages 9 to 13 need 31 g; after age 50, males should consume 30 g.
The IOM sets two recommended values for iron—adequate intake and upper limits. Males ages 9 to 13 and adult males between ages 19 to 70 need 8 mg of iron. Males ages 14 to 18 require 11 mg. IOM recommends 8 mg of iron daily for females ages 9 and 13, and those age 50 and older. Females between ages 14 and 18 should consume 15 mg, while those ages 19 through 50 need 18 mg. Babies need 0.27 mg up 6 months, then 11 mg daily up age 1 year. The RDI for children ages 1 to 3 is 7 mg and 10 mg from ages 4 to 8. IOM's upper limit for daily iron intake is 45 mg for adults and children over 14. The limit for ages 13 and younger is 40 mg.
For males and females between ages 9 and 50, IOM states that 1,500 mg of sodium is an adequate intake. After age 50, adequate intake is 1,300 mg and 1,200 at age 70. IOM sets the upper limit at 2,200 mg for males and females ages 9 to 13, and at 2,300 for all adults older than 13.
The adequate intake for babies is 120 mg, from birth to 6 months; from 7 months to age 1, it is 370 mg. From ages 1 to 3, children should consume 1,000 mg, and 1,200 mg from ages 4 to 8. The upper limit for ages 1 to 3 is 1,500 mg and 1,900 mg for ages 4 to 8.
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration: 'Daily Values' Encourage Healthy Diet
- University of Illinois: Calcium
- The Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes—Macronutrients
- The Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes—Electrolytes and Water
- The Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes—Elements | <urn:uuid:26ab167a-e390-4677-8c53-a5460e2ca88b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.livestrong.com/article/233749-daily-requirements-for-sodium-fiber-fat-iron-calcium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00539-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906926 | 719 | 2.75 | 3 |
Religious Zionist political leadership is not confined to the Jewish Home Party. Several of the more prominent Likud leaders are Religious Zionists and promote a Religious Zionist agenda. This identification has been reciprocated by the Religious Zionist voting public. In the last elections, held in March 2014, four parliamentary mandates moved from the Jewish Home Party to the Likud.
While the Likud always contained Orthodox members, in the last 20 or so years, self-conscious Religious Zionists started to join Likud with the explicit purpose of influencing (and even taking control of) its ideology and policy. The first, vanguard example of this was Moshe Faiglin, a far right settlement activist. Although Faiglin was elected as a Likud MK, his challenges to Netanyahu for the leadership of the party were successively defeated.
Despite Faiglin’s defeat and eventual departure, the idea of joining and influencing Likud began to take hold in the settlements, and substantial numbers of settlers joined the party. While many of these new members did not, at first, vote for Likud,9the increased Religious Zionist presence made itself felt among the leadership. Thus, one Likud minister, and an important member of its leadership, Ze’ev Elkin (Minister of Jerusalem and Heritage) is an avowed Religious Zionist and settler; the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tzipi Hotovely is also a Religious Zionist, as is the Knesset’s Speaker, Yuli Edelstein. Some of the people closest to Prime Minister Netanyahu are also Religious Zionists, namely Natan Eshel, Rami Sadan, and Shlomo Filber. The latter two hold important bureaucratic positions – Chairman of the News Corporation of Channel 10 and Director General of the Communications Ministry. In the last election, Filber and Hotovely were in charge of the Likud election headquarters in Judea and Samaria.
At the same time that Religious Zionists gained prominence in Likud, Likud leaders who were identified as secular and liberal were removed from leadership positions, and even from the party. These include the President of the State of Israel, Ruvi Rivlin (who was elected President against the will of Prime Minister Natanyahu), Dan Meridor, and Michael Eitan. The prominence of Religious Zionists in the current government, and in Likud, points to the fact that more than any previous government, the current government does not give pride of place to secular figures, but rather to those groups that did not fully accept the change in Jewish identity the Zionist revolution attempted to effect.10 These include Haredim, National Religious, and Masorati elements (such as Minister of Culture and Sport Miri Regev).11 | <urn:uuid:8eff6b89-a94d-402c-8b58-b6d3d15f4392> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jppi.org.il/en/article/aa2016/part2/identity/religious-zionism-in-israel/english-religious-zionists-in-the-likud/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.97254 | 571 | 1.695313 | 2 |
China's blocking of Twitter ahead of the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre last week didn't foil the country's computer-savvy youth for very long, the BBC reports. Users swiftly shared information about visiting the site through proxies or software applications, and the subsequent twittering made Tiananmen one of Twitter's most-discussed topics last week.
Twitter and other social networking sites remained blocked for days after the anniversary, annoying even users with no interest in politics. "Entrepreneurs and technical experts too need to exchange ideas with their peers on social networking sites," one Beijing businessman said." For example, because blogspot is blocked, one of my business blogs is not accessible in China. This is not helping China become a technology innovator." | <urn:uuid:096a7784-ba4d-4dcc-86bd-dfc14ae5e3cf> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.newser.com/story/61465/tiananmen-sweeps-twitter-as-chinese-thwart-ban.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719908.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00159-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942053 | 152 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Once I've read an ontology, how do I visualize an OWL file in RDFScape ?
Once you have read an ontology, this is available for querying. There are four query methods: SPARQL, RDQL, Classes and string based. Note that 'Classes' depends on the reasoner adopted and may not always be available (OWL classes). Once a query is performed, a set of results is shown below the query panel in a table. To visualize these results, select some row in this table and select "plot values". Note that only Resources will be plotted (no properties or literals). Now you can right click on a node and expand the network. More complex visualizations are achieved through the definition of visual queries or patterns.
How can I visualize an ontology with classes as nodes and properties as links between the m?
You need to define a pattern that capture the RDF construct for a property, with generic domain and range. If interested pleas email the author. Configuration files for RDFScape for specific tasks will be developed and release depending on feedback. | <urn:uuid:115e9e9b-97f7-4540-b1fe-a9c4a66cf5d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bioinformatics.org/rdfscape/wiki/Main/FAQs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00221-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865969 | 227 | 2.640625 | 3 |
People seek help for scars if they are painful or itchy, if they are unsightly, or if they restrict movement.
Although scars cannot be removed completely, they can often be made less visible. However, more research is required to assess the effectiveness of the different treatments.
Your GP may refer you to a dermatologist or a plastic surgeon for treatment.
Some treatments – such as laser therapy – are not widely available on the NHS, so you will need to pay for them privately.
Corticosteroid injections are used to treat some keloid and hypertrophic scars.
Multiple small injections are made into the scar to reduce any swelling (inflammation) and to flatten the scar. Depending on the type of scar, these may need to be repeated. Injections are usually given on three occasions, at four- to six-week intervals, to assess your body’s response. Treatment may sometimes continue for several months if the scar is improving.
This treatment cannot remove scars, but it can improve their appearance.
Silicone gels or sheets
Silicone gels or sheets are available from some pharmacies. They are used on healing skin (not open wounds) to reduce redness and to try to minimise hypertrophic or keloid scars.
To be effective, silicone gels or sheets should be placed over the scar for 12 hours a day, for at least three months.
You can ask your GP, dermatologist or pharmacist for more advice about a range of silicone-based scar treatments.
Surgery for scars
Surgery can sometimes improve the appearance of scars, as it can be used to:
- change the positioning of the scar
- change the width or shape of the scar
- release a tight scar that is close to a joint, to improve movement
Be aware that having surgery on your scar will leave a new scar that will take up to two years to improve in appearance. If surgery is used to treat a hypertrophic scar, there is a risk that the scarring may be worse after the surgery.
Surgery alone is not advised for keloids, as they tend to grow back larger. Surgery for keloids is often combined with corticosteroid injections at the site of the removed scar immediately after surgery. Some plastic surgeons also add other treatments, such as X-ray therapy and oral antibiotics, to try to minimise the recurrence of a keloid that has been surgically treated. You can talk to your surgeon about this treatment.
Pressure dressings for scars
The aim of pressure dressings is to flatten and soften scars. They are most often used for large burn scars or after skin grafts.
Pressure dressings are usually made from a stretchy, elastic material. They are worn over the scar 24 hours a day, for around 6 to 12 months. They can also be used in combination with silicone gel sheeting, to improve the appearance of scars over a long period of time.
Pressure dressings are usually used under specialist supervision.
Make-up for scars
Cosmetic camouflage (make-up) can help cover up scars and can be particularly useful for facial scars. Some are waterproof and can stay in place for two or three days.
Camouflage make-up that is specially designed for covering up scars is available over the counter at pharmacies. You can also ask your GP for advice.
Please note that camouflage colour testing (to get a good colour match for your skin type) can be a lengthy process, sometimes taking over an hour, and needs to be performed by someone who is qualified.
Laser or light therapy (pulses of light) can reduce the redness in a scar by targeting the blood vessels in the excess scar tissue. For some pitted scars, laser surgery (laser re-surfacing) is used to try to make the scar flatter. This involves using a laser to remove the top layers of skin, which stimulates collagen production in the deeper layers.
However, there are very few long-term studies to prove the effectiveness and safety of this therapy. If you have laser therapy, it's important to make sure that the person carrying it out is a fully trained medical practitioner with experience in improving scars.
Dermal fillers are injections (often of a man-made acid) used to "plump up" pitted scars. Treatments can be costly and the results are usually temporary. Repeat treatments are needed to maintain the effect.
Skin needling, which involves rolling a small device covered in hundreds of tiny needles across the skin, is also reported to be helpful, but repeat treatments are often needed to achieve an effect, and results vary considerably.
Low-dose, superficial radiotherapy may reduce the recurrence rate of hypertrophic and keloid scars after surgery. It is effective in about 70% of cases but, because of the possibility of long-term side effects, it is only reserved for the most serious cases.
Scars and skin creams
Although Vitamin E cream is sometimes recommended for the self-management of scars, there is no medical evidence to suggest that it has an effect.
However, the massaging of a moisturiser such as E45 into the scar will keep it from becoming dry and help make it supple.
Scars may be sensitive to the sun. Sunscreen can be used to protect them.
Scarring can affect a person both physically and psychologically. There are a number of support groups and organisations that provide help and advice to people who are living with scarring.
Support organisations include:
Page last reviewed: 04/09/2014
Next review due: 04/05/2017 | <urn:uuid:e5ecc933-1a47-4b94-be52-33235bf87a08> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Scars/Pages/Treatment.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00133-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955579 | 1,168 | 2.125 | 2 |
Comprehensive cloud computing platform Amazon Web Services (AWS) offers a broad set of global cloud-based products.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a comprehensive cloud computing platform provided by Amazon.com. To minimize the impact of outages and ensure robustness of the system, AWS is geographically diversified into regions with central hubs in the Eastern USA, Western USA (two locations), Brazil, Ireland, Singapore, Japan, and Australia.
Amazon Web Services offers a broad set of global cloud-based products including compute, storage, databases, analytics, networking, mobile, developer tools, management tools, IoT, security and enterprise applications. These services help organizations move faster, lower IT costs, and scale | <urn:uuid:3be477b1-e856-492d-af06-ce8a98965d5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://softline.az/en/solutions/cloud/oblachnye-platformy/amazon-web-services | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.868751 | 143 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Federal attorneys speak to irrigators in special meeting
ST. IGNATIUS — At a special Flathead Joint Board of Control meeting on June 19, Duane Mecham, senior attorney with the U. S. Department of the Interior, Portland, Ore., office, attorney Jennifer Frozema from the same office and Travis Teegarden, Bureau of Indian Affairs attorney, met with board members, irrigators and interested parties at the FJBC building in St. Ignatius. The meeting was so packed with people that many had to stand.
While the federal government does not have any specific position on the water rights issue, Mecham said federal courts have ruled that the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, by reserving in the 1855 Hellgate Treaty the exclusive right to hunt and fish on reservation, are entitled to on-reservation reserved water right for instream flows. At issue is how much water, so the quantity issue will have to be resolved.
Also bull trout need to be protected under the Endangered Species Act. While bull trout are primary species needing protection, the agency also considers other species, such as grizzly bears.
The meeting came on the heels of both Jocko and Mission Irrigation District representatives withdrawing from the FJBC. Chair Boone Cole said the FJBC is “fact finding,” asking irrigators for their concerns over the water compact, which was not ratified by the Montana State legislature.
The meeting lasted about three hours with people commenting and asking questions about the water compact. | <urn:uuid:be59eb87-4b81-401a-bf37-55473fce253b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.valleyjournal.net/Article/5736/Federal-attorneys-speak-to-irrigators-in-special-meeting | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00122-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959856 | 320 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Marine Electronic Highway Demonstration
The coastal marine and natural resources of south-east Asia's Straits of Malacca and Singapore are estimated to have a net economic value of over $5 billion, which make it one of the most valuable international sea lanes in the world. The Marine Electronic Highway (MEH) Demonstration Project is the first phase of a potential tow-phase MEH Development Program that is designed to help the littoral countries conserve sustainable use of resources. The Program's economic development goal is to improve the efficiency, safety and environmental sustainability of marine transport through the Straits. Its global environment goal is conservation of the Strait's biologically rich marine and coastal ecosystems. The MEH Program would achieve these goals by: a) reducing the frequency of ship collisions in the Strait's congested sea lanes; b) making marine navigation in the Straits safer and more cost effective; c) deterring illegal bilge water and other ship waste releases, and d) establishing a MEH-supported fund to co-finance both the MEH system and coastal and marine resource conservation in the Straits. If the Straits MEH Program achieves regional objectives and goals, it should stimulate extension of the MEH to the entire Persian Gulf to Far East shipping route and its replication on other major world shipping routes. The objective of the first phase of the MEH Program - the Marine Electronic Highway Demonstration Project - is to determine if a MEH system for the Straits of Malacca and Singapore is economically and environmentally justified and is financially sustainable.
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|Project Status||Project Completion|
Jun 12, 2006 10:00 PM
Dec 30, 2012 11:00 PM
|Focal Area||International Waters|
|GEF Allocation to project||8.37M US$|
|Total Cost of the project:||16.27M US$|
|Lead Implementing Agency||International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (WB)| | <urn:uuid:8f19e489-f845-4941-8ca6-6c8205b1f233> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/1270 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00467-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.831204 | 406 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The review will be a minimum of 900 words (double spaced, 12 point Times New Roman font, 1” margins and I will repaginate). Less than 900 words = a zero grade. If you do not care enough to do at least the minimum work then I do not need to read or grade your work. You do not need to include your name – just the journal article name that you are reviewing. I will delete and bibliographic information before I look at the length of the assignment. Do not, under any circumstances, use block quotes from the article. I have read the articles and students use this to take up space. It adds nothing of substance to the review. The review is your opinion of the journal article. Does it make sense? Does the author prove their point? Did they go about the research well? How can you apply the research? Things along that line should be in the review. This is not a Q&A list but rather a guide for a review assignment. Please do not aim for the minimum and expect a good grade. In school, just as in life, exceed minimal expectations. Shine and show me what you have learned! | <urn:uuid:4cfd4832-f568-430c-b382-211e083b8b50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thepasstutors.com/what-you-have-learned/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.939979 | 237 | 1.65625 | 2 |
December marks the beginning of the end of the U.S. war in Iraq.
The withdrawal has already begun as hundreds of U.S. troops are leaving Iraq every day; military vehicles, personnel and weapons are being shipped out of the country, and by Dec. 31, all U.S. troops will be gone after a conflict that started nearly a decade ago.
NPR is taking a look back at the last eight years of the war: the turning points, the costs and expectations about what comes next.
In April of 2003, many people watched the massive U.S. bombing campaign of Baghdad on TV. The "shock and awe" campaign, as it came to be known, marked the start of the war for all involved, including the journalists tasked with covering the conflict.
At the time, Anne Garrels was the senior correspondent for NPR in Baghdad. She told weekends on All Things Considered guest host Rachel Martin that Iraqis were terrified and that covering what was happening in the city was very difficult.
"They were living in a profound dictatorship so they didn't know themselves and they were terrified of talking to foreigners. So it was very hard to get information, not impossible, but the information was modest at best. So we walked into the bombing campaign pretty ignorant about the country."
Weeks later, when U.S. troops advanced into the city, the hotel Garrels was staying in was hit by a tank shell fired from across the Tigris River. Her driver, Amer, ran in and told her they had to leave.
Across the river, Col. David Perkins, now Lt. Gen. Perkins, was commanding the 2nd Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division attacking Baghdad. He told Martin that a tank commander mistook a shoulder-mounted camera held by a journalist at Garrel's hotel for a rocket-propelled grenade launcher, or RPG, and fired at it. Some of Garrel's colleagues were injured and killed in the blast.
It would prove to be one of the most confused moments of the advance on Baghdad: U.S. forces firing on what they thought was an enemy staging ground. Perkins was trying to get clarity on whether the building was filled with journalists. He turned to a reporter embedded with his brigade and told him to get on the phone.
"Call all your reporters at the Palestine [Hotel], and tell them to take bed sheets off their bed and hang them over the balcony so that we can confirm what hotel that this is. And eventually a couple of bed sheets started coming over the railings. ... I said, as of now, no more, direct fire [or] indirect fire across the river, until we get a good assessment of everybody who's over there so that we know what's going on."
Garrels and Perkins paint different pictures of the events in the days that followed. As she and the press corps made their way through Baghdad, she talked to Iraqis who weren't sure whether to celebrate and embrace the Americans or grieve and fight back.
"And it was that ambivalence, more than ecstasy at the Americans being there. They said, 'We should have done this. You shouldn't be here.' Again and again people said, 'We don't want you here but you have to be in control.' And the fact that over the coming weeks and months the U.S. was not in control, disappointed and disillusioned even those who had supported the invasion."
In contrast, Perkins recalled standing in the streets with a sergeant when an elderly Iraqi man and his grandson slowly approached the soldiers.
"The grandfather went to sergeant and said: 'Do you mind if my grandson touches you?' And the sergeant looked, a little leery, being in the combat zone, and [the grandfather] said: 'Well, you know, I've lived my whole life in a very oppressive regime and under the heavy hand of the dictator.' And he said, 'I just want my grandson to know that as he grows up and hopefully flourishes in a democracy I want him to be able to say that he touched the person that gave him that chance.' This was the legacy this grandfather wanted his grandson to have."
Though they had different views of those first days of the Iraq War, Garrels and Perkins both said no one seemed to know what was going to happen next — not the U.S. administration nor the Iraqis themselves.
Over the next four weeks, NPR will have more reflections and analysis of the war in Iraq as the drawdown continues and the last of the U.S. troops prepare to leave.
A few related stories from recent days:
-- "Camp Victory, Emptied Of U.S. Troops, Is Handed To Iraqi Government." (The Washington Post)
-- "NATO Running Out Of Time To Negotiate Troop Extension In Iraq." (Foreign Policy)
-- "Many Americans Regard The War In Iraq As Over. But Tell That To The Troops' Families." (Los Angeles Times)
[Steve Mullis is an NPR.org producer.]
Copyright 2011 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. | <urn:uuid:99f05e0b-229e-4808-a3d8-abeb6a475701> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://wamu.org/programs/all_things_considered/11/12/03/a_look_back_the_beginning_of_the_war_in_iraq | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720737.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00219-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979673 | 1,065 | 1.875 | 2 |
(OAKLAND, CA) May 8, 2013, Updated July 15, 2013—This July, the Oakland Museum of California (OMCA) premieres Peter Stackpole: Bridging the Bay, an exhibition of photographs from 1934 to ‘36 showcasing the original construction of the Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge. On view in OMCA’s Gallery of California Art from July 20, 2013 through January 26, 2014, the exhibition is the third in an ongoing series exploring California topics through photography. Organized by Curator of Photography & Visual Culture Drew Johnson, the exhibition complements OMCA’s major exhibition Above and Below: Stories From Our Changing Bay highlighting quirky and revealing stories of the ways in which people and natural forces shaped and reshaped the San Francisco Bay Area over time.
Featuring 23 black-and-white photographs from the OMCA collection, Bridging the Bay focuses on the early work of American photographer Peter Stackpole, and includes quotes from the late artist that illuminate the moments and people captured on his film. The selection includes awe-inducing vantage points from the tops of catwalks, beautiful shots that render the bridge’s components in abstraction, and humanizing portraits of the construction workers, who faced great personal risk on a daily basis. As a young photographer in his 20s, Stackpole’s technical expertise and experimentation with the 35 millimeter hand-held camera allowed him access to the construction of the two bridges that no other photographer at the time had. | <urn:uuid:a4431227-8a0a-4cf8-9779-e6f7f98d7a87> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://museumca.org/press/omca-photography-exhibition-chronicles-construction-original-bay-bridge-golden-gate-bridge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00022-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941792 | 306 | 1.640625 | 2 |
LEVEL CHECK AND FLUID RECOMMENDATIONS
Do not overfill the transmission. An electronic fluid level sensor, available on some vehicles, provides a convenient means of checking the transmission fluid level. allow the engine to idle and observe the transmission warning lamp for 30 seconds. If lamp remains OFF, it is not necessary to proceed further. If the lamp glows, the fluid level should be checked manually.
Check the automatic transmission fluid every 30,000 miles (48,000 km). The fluid level in these units is very sensitive to heat and must only be checked when the unit is at normal operating temperature. Drive the vehicle until a few miles after the engine has reached operating temperature. Then, with the engine idling, engage every gear selector position for a few seconds. Finally, put the gear selector in the Neutral position and securely engage the handbrake.
Remove the dipstick, wipe it, reinstall it all the way, and remove it again. Fluid level should be between the two marks on the stick. If the fluid level is at the lower mark, gradually add one pint to bring the level even with the upper mark on the dipstick. Do not overfill the transmission as this will cause foaming of the fluid and operating problems.
You should add Dexron®II automatic transmission fluid only. Turn the engine OFF and add the fluid with a small funnel through the transmission dipstick tube. Mitsubishi recommends against the use of any transmission additives whatsoever.
DRAIN, REFILL AND FILTER REPLACEMENT
See Figures 1 and 2
Most trucks do not have a torque converter drain plug. No attempt should be made to drain the torque converter. If the vehicle is equipped with an oil pan drain plug, remove the drain plug (replace the gasket, if so equipped, upon installation) and drain the fluid. Reinstall the drain plug and tighten to 13-17 ft. lbs. (18-23 Nm). Refer to the service procedure for reference only.
It's best to change the fluid with the transmission hot. Drive the vehicle until the transmission is warmed up; a few miles after the engine temperature gauge reaches normal levels. Then follow these steps:
- Support the vehicle securely on jackstands or ramps. It should be reasonably level.
- There is no drain plug on most Mitsubishi automatic transmission oil pans. To remove the pan, loosen all the pan bolts a few turns, but do not completely remove and then place a large container under the oil pan. Tap one corner of the pan with a soft hammer to break the seal.
- Once the pan seal is broken loose, support it, remove all the bolts, and then tilt it to one side to drain the fluid.
Check the fluid in the drain pan, it should always be a bright red color. It if is discolored (brown or black), or smells burnt, serious transmission troubles, probably due to overheating, should be suspected. The transmission should be inspected by a qualified service technician to locate the cause of the burnt fluid.
- Remove the attaching bolts and remove the filter assembly. This is located on the underside of the transmission in the area covered by the transmission pan. Most filters are held in place by four bolts, however the actual number of bolts may be different. Strainers may be cleaned in a safe solvent and air dried. Foam filters must be replaced.
- Install the filter or strainer and tighten the bolts alternately (diagonally) in several stages.
- Clean all the gasket surfaces thoroughly. Then, put the pan and new gasket in position with bolt holes aligned. Reinstall the bolts, tightening them only very gently with your fingers.
- Tighten the bolts, using a diagonal pattern, in several stages to 12 ft. lbs. (17 Nm). Pour fluid in cautiously until it reaches the lower mark on the dipstick. Refer to the Capacities Chart for the amount you will need. Start the engine, put the gear selector in each of the positions for several seconds, and then go back to Neutral. Check the fluid level again and make sure it's above the lower mark. Drive the vehicle until the transmission is hot, then add fluid gradually until it has reached the full mark.
PAN AND FILTER SERVICE
Refer to Drive Train for complete service procedures. | <urn:uuid:202d24e9-3af8-4ff5-a4d7-f7c037308816> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.autozone.com/repairguides/Mitsubishi-Pick-ups-and-Montero-1983-1995-Repair-Guide/FLUIDS-AND-LUBRICANTS/Automatic-Transmission/_/P-0900c1528005426c | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00313-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907758 | 894 | 1.703125 | 2 |
What is a typical memorial service?
Traditional Memorial Service Features Memorial services take place after the body has been buried or cremated, so there will be no body at the service (though cremated remains may be present). During the service, people may say prayers, deliver eulogies, read passages from scripture or literature, or sing songs.
How do you make a memorial service special?
Top 6 Memorial Service Ideas for Any Budget
- Find the perfect quotes.
- Display memories from time spent in the Armed Forces.
- Celebrate what they loved or were known for.
- Use candles to set the tone.
- Set up a stone station.
- Create a memory tree.
How do you plan a memorial service after cremation?
How to Plan a Memorial Service After Cremation
- Learn about your cremation service options.
- Engage your family in a discussion.
- Speak with a funeral professional.
- Document your cremation intentions in writing.
- Arrange for the transportation of your loved one’s physical remains.
What does a memorial service look like?
Memorial Service Features As with a traditional funeral, people may participate in the memorial service in many different ways, including delivering readings or prayers, singing songs or playing musical instruments, or sharing a memory of the person who died.
How is a memorial service different from a funeral?
Unlike a traditional funeral, a memorial service is a ceremony that memorializes and honors the deceased after the body has been cremated or buried. A memorial service has the same meaning of any other type of funeral service; honor and pay tribute to the deceased.
What is a funeral service program called?
Sometimes called an order of service, the funeral program is a simple brochure or pamphlet that you hand out to guests. This document outlines the process of the service (what will happen) and sometimes includes a brief overview of the life milestones and achievements of the deceased.
How do you write an obituary program?
- Step 1: Start with the Name and Age.
- Step 2: Include the Birth Date, Death Date, and Cause of Death.
- Step 3: Include the Name of the Deceased’s Parents.
- Step 4: Include Details About the Early Life of the Deceased.
- Step 5: Write About the Deceased’s Professional Life.
- Step 6: Include Community Engagement Information.
How do I make a simple memorial service at home?
- 1 Select a date for the memorial service. Select a date for the memorial service.
- 2 Invite guests to the memorial service. Invite guests to the memorial service.
- 3 Choose an area.
- 4 Decide refreshments and food.
- 5 Display a few photographs and memorabilia.
- 6 Select at least one person.
- 7 Play the person’s.
- 8 Give guests.
How do you plan a memorial celebration of life?
How to plan a celebration of life for your loved one
- Select a special location.
- Name a personalized theme.
- Choose memorable readings and music.
- Feature beloved activities.
- Serve favorite foods or refreshments.
- Feature items in memoriam.
- 4 steps to preplanning a funeral.
What is a funeral service program?
The funeral program (sometimes called a funeral brochure, pamphlet or funeral order of service) is the printed document that is given out funeral or memorial services that outlines the key points in the funeral or memorial service and summarizes the life achievements of your deceased loved one.
How to officiate a funeral?
Begin Planning. The first step to officiating a funeral service is to speak with the family of the deceased.
What is a memorial service?
A memorial service is a commemorative event without the body present. It provides a designated time and space for loved ones to grieve and support each other. The service can be held weeks or months after the death, allowing loved ones more time to plan and more flexibility with date and location. Jump ahead to these sections: | <urn:uuid:141f4872-08a3-407f-bb31-4660355e7901> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://penelopethemovie.com/what-is-a-typical-memorial-service/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.895488 | 853 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When Steven and Scott Parker rented out Watson Drugs, their 1950s-era drugstore and soda fountain, to the Hollywood film community, it was more than a favor. For this father-and-son team, permitting Tom Hanks and his crew to film the 1996 movie That Thing You Do! in their Orange, California, establishment was a way to keep their business alive.
No strangers to filming, Steven, 43, and Scott, 60, had allowed both TV and film to be shot within their vintage walls since Scott purchased the store in the 1970s. "When [Hanks' crew] filmed here, we were having a really hard time keeping our heads above water," says Scott. The rental fee paid by the production helped get Watson Drugs over the rough spot. More important, the film drummed up sustained interest in the store and the local community. Today, wide-eyed tourists regularly visit Watson Drugs to the tune of more than $4 million in annual sales.
Business owners may think filming means nothing but inconvenience-noise, bright lights and parking restrictions or street closures that drive customers away. But in reality, say experts, filming usually injects major funds into a local economy. When Planet of the Apes was filmed in the Ridgecrest, California, area, it contributed $3.4 million to the region.
To minimize inconvenience, businesses should communicate with film crews and local film commissions before filming starts, says Kathleen A. Milnes, senior vice president at the Entertainment Industry Development Corp. (EIDC) in Hollywood, California. When crews want to film in the Los Angeles area, they first go to the EIDC, which notifies the community and works to alleviate any concerns.
What if Hollywood knocks on your door wanting to film in your store? Do your homework, says Ray Arthur, director of the Ridgecrest Regional Film Commission. Work out a deal to secure specifics like times for crews to start and finish, with a payment schedule for overtime and other contingencies. Local film commissions can help you cover your bases and ensure the filming is a good experience. "Here's a group of 100 to 200 people who, drop money on the ground for a few days and leave," says Arthur. "You couldn't ask for a better industry to come to your town." | <urn:uuid:31e8a42d-1d33-4d57-add3-d0709a046d1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/65552 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00220-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954309 | 470 | 1.703125 | 2 |
MacEachern worked as a TV cameraman in Sydney, Nova Scotia, and Moncton, New Brunswick, and in 1962, moved to Saint John to work for CHSJ-TV. Soon after he began taking photographs in his spare time. Prompted by the many fires and impending urban renewal, his camera turned to documenting the changing face of the city in the mid 1960s. During this time, he also worked as a theatre photographer for the Rothesay Playhouse (Summer Stock 1963-1966).
In 1966 MacEachern moved to Toronto where he worked as a freelance photojournalist for various magazines. A year later he was hired as a studio cameraman for CBC Toronto. He then moved to London, Ontario in 1968 to continue freelance photography as a magazine and industrial photojournalist. He also taught photography at H. B. Beal Secondary School, Fanshawe Community College, and The University of Western Ontario.
Ian MacEachern's photographs have been published in artscanada, Canadian Magazine, Chatelaine, The Imperial Oil Review, London Magazine, Maclean's, Ontario Living, Quest, Saturday Night, Shell News, The Star Weekly Magazine, Site Sound,and Time Canada. He was the principal photographer for "Symbols of Aspiration; Victorian Architecture in London and Southwestern Ontario", an exhibition and book published by University of Toronto Press in 1986.
MacEachern has done various assignments for Canadian Cancer Society, CBC-TV, EMCO Limited, Ex-Cell-O Corporation, Kellogg's, London Life Insurance Company, The London Public Library and Art Museum (now Museum London), Northern Telecom, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, and Talbot Theatre (London, Ontario), and The University of Western Ontario Information Services.
Ian MacEachern has had several one-man shows in Canada and the United States, as well as various group exhibitions.
His photographs are in the permanent collection of Museum London, and the McIntosh Gallery at Western University in London, Ontario, and in several private collections. Recent exhibitions include Time & Tides Institute in Eastport, Maine, Handworks Gallery, and Saint John Arts Centre. He recently has had photographs of The Velvet Underground in The Museum of Modern Art, Paris, France, during their "Andy Warhol Unlimited" exhibition, and the Musee de Musique for their Velvet Underground exhibition. He has been in the London Artist's tour in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017.
"The Lost City, Ian MacEachern's Photographs of Saint John. (1963-1973)" is a travelling exhibition being circulated by the Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton, New Brunswick. The exhibition opened in Saint John, New Brunswick, in November, and will be in Fredericton in January 2019, and London, Ontario in September 2019.
Ian MacEachern lives in London, Ontario. | <urn:uuid:a45d7d70-eaaa-4e35-9215-2082d6d4eb7f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bulgergallery.com/artists/77-ian-maceachern/biography/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.961184 | 594 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Think about all the websites you’ve visited over the years. What was the worst one you’ve ever seen? Was it worse than this Norwegian website? I’m still not entirely sure what it’s for. We’ve all seen terrible websites in our time on the internet. Fortunately, none of those bad websites are our own — or are they? To prevent your website from looking like a pre-school fingerpainting project, check out some examples of what to do and what not to do in website design.
Website design is an ever-evolving art form that puts an emphasis on both function and form. Massive advancements in design have been made over the years. Websites have become more user-friendly and nicer to look at compared to a decade ago, or even a couple of years ago. The landscape is constantly changing, with new trends popping up every year, for better or for worse. Here’s a roundup of some of the worst mistakes and trends we’ve seen in web design recently and the best ways to avoid them.
If one thing reigns supreme in website design, it’s creating a positive user experience. In today’s online world, attention spans are shorter than ever, and people click away from things in an instant. Numerous studies show that a website has about seven to 10 seconds to grab a user’s attention before they move on. Any minor inconvenience will drive visitors away. Once that happens, the likelihood that they’ll ever come back is practically zero. Every company’s number one design goal should be to provide the smoothest, clearest and most user-friendly website experience possible. Here are some of the most important aspects of the user experience.
According to many studies, people consume more than half of their digital media on mobile devices, including most web traffic. Simply put, if your website is not mobile-friendly, it’s not user-friendly. This extends beyond phones to include tablets, electronic book readers, smart TVs, gaming consoles, smartwatches and everything in between. These devices have varying screen sizes, and a user-friendly website should resize properly on each one. Navigation, content and design should be coherent, consistent and clear regardless of size. A website should be instantly recognizable from device to device and size to size. If it’s not, users will be confused and leave.
Navigation can make or break any website. If a user doesn’t know where to go, they’re going to click away. These tips will help make your website easier to read and navigate:
- Text is easy to read, clear, concise and consistent on every page
- Navigation is easy to find
- User knows which page they are on at all times and how they got there
- Navigation is easy to use on mobile devices
- Buttons are large enough to see and press easily
- Footer has a second navigation menu
One of the worst trends to come out of the last few years is scroll-hijacking. Scrolling is the one thing every user should have control of on a website. When a website changes that, whether through horizontal scrolling, different scroll rates or something else, it surprises the user and takes control away from them. Even some high-profile websites like the Apple Airpods Pro page are guilty of this. The entire page is a continuous animation controlled by scrolling. Instead of feeling in control of how you’re receiving the information, the page forces you to scroll through an arduous animation to get all the information on the product. The best websites avoid this and ensure the user has complete control over their navigation.
Web design often neglects accessibility. No website is worth its salt if it’s not fully accessible to anyone who might visit. Your website should be accessible to anyone regardless of their disability, whether it is a visual, auditory, neurological or physical one. Consider adding design that enables screen readers to convey information to their users and navigation anyone can use easily. Avoiding excessive pop-ups and crazy colors helps, too.
Accessible web design has no disadvantages. It doesn’t hurt users without disabilities and only helps those with them, expanding a website’s audience. This makes the experience better for everyone. Web design that isn’t accessible, however, is going to drive away those that can’t use it, cutting off a large portion of the global web audience.
Overloading a website is an easy rabbit hole to fall into. All those fun bells and whistles may sound amazing on their own. Once they’re all added together, however, it can seem tacky at best. At worst, it turns a website user-hostile.
Pop-ups can be useful when done properly. The problem with pop-ups is websites tend to go overboard with them. Too many messages can cover up the content of a site. The last thing any website designer wants to do is make it more difficult for users to get to and absorb their content. It can only take a few pop-ups to push someone away.
The best use of pop-ups is to enable sign-ups, provide contact information or show upcoming events or promotions. It’s best to place pop-ups out of the way of any content and to make it easy for users to close those windows and continue browsing.
Avoid pop-ups that:
- Take over the entire screen
- Don’t provide clear and concise information
- Can’t be easily closed or require an action other than an X button to close
- Pop back up after being closed
The color palette of a website is core to its identity. The colors are the first and most obvious thing any user will see. These can either intrigue a user with complementary colors that are easy to look at or drive them away by assaulting their eyes. Your website should match your branding because consistency is important and leads to brand recognition.
With colors, it’s important to not go overboard. Too many colors will make a website hard to look at which will lead to people clicking away to save their retinas. An example of this is Ling’s Cars. This may be the worst website ever. It breaks just about every rule laid out in this article, save for minimalism, and surprisingly, pop-ups. Along with the many issues of the site, there are so many colors and patterns that it feels more like you’re experiencing a psychedelic hallucination than visiting a car leasing website. Avoid this at all costs.
One of the most popular recent trends, minimalism, has all but taken over web design. Minimalism is a sleek design language that aims to provide information with little to no clutter in a smooth, smart design. Usually, minimalism accomplishes this and provides a simple design. However, it has its fair share of problems, too. The biggest pitfall with minimalism is a lack of information. By trying to be minimalist, some websites leave out so much information that it becomes difficult for the user to understand what the website is about or how to navigate it. In that case, they’ll click away after a few seconds of frustration. Depending on the content of a site, a minimalist approach might not be possible.
As minimalism has become trendier and more websites use the aesthetic, it’s become harder to distinguish some sites from others. Minimalism limits the choices you can make within the framework of the design language. They end up all looking the same. Plenty of websites have a generic minimalist formula of a hero image, a sleek menu design, some bold headlines and colors that stand out but work well together. It wouldn’t take long to find a dozen minimalist websites that look the same.
When designing a website, it’s best to avoid the minimalist design right now. The last thing you want is for your website to look derivative and unoriginal. Still, there’s room to incorporate some minimalist design features here and there. If done tastefully, it could create a beautiful combination of design languages that is both visually pleasing and intriguing, and functional for the user.
Now that you’ve read these tips, look at a few websites, including your own, and make sure you’re not committing any of these website mistakes. | <urn:uuid:0ee401ea-92a9-4af5-9b3f-fd1fbea7e8f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lionessmagazine.com/website-design-what-not-to-do/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.939744 | 1,751 | 1.867188 | 2 |
The early history of Brunei and its ruling dynasty is clouded in mystery, due not only to the paucity of records but also to attempts to construct an official Islamic version of history which blots out anything else. The officially published Royal genealogies are often at variance with verifiable foreign sources at certain periods in history, as well as with the national epic poem, the Syair Awang Semaun. Although parts of the latter have come to light, publication of the full text remains prohibited because it does not always confirm the published official texts.
According to the official version of events, Brunei was founded by a band of fourteen saudara (brothers and first cousins), who eventually settled in the Brunei river near the present capital and chose one of their number as the first ruler. Some known versions of the Syair Awang Semaun state that they were all the sons of Dewa Amas of Kayangan, a part supernatural being who descended to earth at Ulu Limbang in an egg. Discovered by the Sang Aji, he was married to that ruler's daughter by whom he fathered one son. He travelled to thirteen settlements in the region in search of an auspicious ox. At each of the villages, he fathered thirteen (or twenty-two) other sons by thirteen different aboriginal wives, daughters of the local penghulu. Official accounts attempt to Islamise his origins but several elements of the story clearly emanate from the Hindu concept of the cosmic egg, hiranyagarbha. The Islamised Silsilah Raja-Raja Brunei also mentions a ruler named Sang Aji. However, it is clear from the histories of other states in the region that Sang Aji is actually the title used by Hindu rulers in the region, not necessarily the name of any particular ruler.
The first ruler chosen by the saudara to rule the newly founded state was Awang Alak Betatar, the son of Dewa Amas and the Sang Aji's daughter. He was not necessarily the eldest among them, but chosen to rule because of his fitness to do so. The official account states that he journeyed to Johor, embraced Islam, married the daughter of a Sultan "Bahkei" of Johor and received the title of Sultan Muhammad Shah from him. Alas, these events are dated to 1363 AD, some 150 years or so before the sultanate of Johor came into existence. Neither the Malay Annals, nor other records, show any connection between the Johor and Brunei dynasties, nor do they make mention of any Sultan "Bahkei". The earliest mention of any marriage connection with Brunei is in the sultanate of Pahang, an offshoot of the Malacca-Johor dynasty, much later in the sixteenth century.
Excavations unearthed near the capital suggest that the Chinese may have controlled, or at least traded in the area as early as 835 AD. Camphor and pepper seem to have been prized objects of trade. Brunei hard camphor had a wholesale value equivalent to its own weight in silver. The kingdom was undoubtedly a very wealthy and cultured one. Ming dynasty accounts give detailed information about visits and tribute missions by rulers of P'o-ni during the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century. Their names and titles suggest either Hindu or Buddhist influence, not Islamic. The texts confirm that the state was tributary to the Hindu Javanese Majapahit Empire, but sought and received Chinese protection in 1408. Modern Bruneian writers make valiant attempts at trying to reconcile the official Islamised version of history with Western and Chinese sources. The Sinosized Sanskrit names are transliterated in such a way as to accord with Islamic names. Any names that cannot be arranged, are simply omitted from the Malay versions altogether. However, as one historian has shown by detailed references to Imperial banquet records, the kings who visited the Chinese court ate pork. One Brunei historian, confronted with the difficulty of this evidence, simply turns the tables and says that the historian concerned found the very opposite.
Islamic tombs have been found and dated to 1264, 1432 and 1499, and a letter from the ruler of P'o-ni to the Emperor of China dates from 1371 and is written in Arabic script. However, none of them has any inscriptions, names or indications that they belonged to rulers or members of the Royal family. As late as 1514 the Captain-General of Malacca reported that although the merchants of Brunei were Muslim, their king remained a pagan. The Temenggong of Malacca at that time was a Brunei Muslim and seems to have confirmed this information. In the following year, the Portuguese Superintendent of the Spice Trade reported that it was "not long since" the King had become a Muslim. Thus dating the conversion to ca 1515 not 1363. Such a date would also tally with mention of the part played by the Johore sultanate, established after 1511, in the conversion of the ruler.
Pinafetta, the Italian chronicler of the Magellan mission, visited Brunei in July 1521. He reported that there were two large towns on either side of the Brunei River. Each town with its own king, one a Muslim ruler and the other pagan. Later, in April 1578, the Spanish invaders who entered the mosque found "a block of marble containing painted and gilded pictures of idols", which they then looted. The paucity of Royal tombs and engraved headstones is also remarkable, until one realises that as Hindus or Buddhists they would have been cremated, not buried. It is obvious from this that contemporary foreign records do not corroborate the official chronology. The ruler of Brunei probably did not convert to Islam until ca. 1515. For a considerable period thereafter, a significant portion of the population, perhaps including a rival branch of the Royal Family, may have adhered to the old religion.
Chinese, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish sources from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries frequently tell of the wealth and power of the sultanate. By at least the fifteenth century, the Brunei sultan controlled virtually the whole of the coastal regions along the northern coastline of Borneo, Sulu, parts of Mindanao and even Luzon, in the Philippines. This wealth and power naturally brought European traders, of whom the Portuguese were content to trade. The Spanish, however, established themselves in Luzon. Proximity, religious differences, and trading aims soon caused friction between Brunei and Spain. Skirmishes turned to hostility and eventually war.
The Spanish invaded Brunei in 1577 and again in 1578, when they occupied and annexed the capital and its outlying parts to the Spanish crown. However, they were compelled to withdraw within a year and Sultan 'Abdu'l Kahar resumed control of the kingdom. Not long afterwards, a fractious civil war of succession erupted, continuing for several years. A resolution only emerged once the sultan of Sulu, in the Philippines, intervened in support of one of the parties and tipped the balance of power in his favour. The fractious civil war had been bad enough, driving away trade and compelling people to emigrate elsewhere. However, the price of that help turned out to be enormously high. The victorious sultan also had to surrender a large slice of territory on the Northeast coast of Borneo to his saviour. Thereafter, the sultanate fell into a slow, long and steady decline.
By the middle of the nineteenth century, the chief means of income were piracy and cattle raiding. As income had declined, taxation had increased to the point of extortion. This in turn drove more people away and encouraged rebellion in the provinces of the empire. It was not long before the session of territory became the main legitimate means of earning income. The remaining coastal regions and inland tracts of North Borneo were ceded to European adventurers and commercial interests. In the vast eastern territories, Sir James Brooke became first a vassal then independent Rajah of Sarawak. He embarked on a long process of annexation or seizure of provinces until at last, his territories encroached almost to Brunei town itself, and he made himself master of most of the Northern coast. Britain, needing a convenient coaling station, annexed the island of Labuan and its dependencies. By the late nineteenth century, the sultanate had shrunk to little more than Brunei water-town and the immediate hinterland.
An agreement with the British on 17th September 1888 halted the process of the shrinking sultanate up to a point and established a degree of protection. Alas, not enough to prevent the Brookes from encouraging a rebellion and wresting yet another slice of the sultanate, cutting the remaining territory in two. A new agreement with the British on 3rd December 1905 established a full protectorate, and prevented any further encroachment. The UK became responsible for defence and external affairs and appointed a permanent local Resident to advise the Sultan. Although this advice extended to the finer points of modern administration, the raising of revenue and fiscal control, interference in the internal administration of the sultanate was forbidden. Thereafter, attempts were made to develop the country but progress was painfully slow. Extremely limited resources and meagre revenues, resulted in just a few Malay schools being established, the creation of a police force, and departments of customs, lands and posts.
Exploration for oil had begun as early as 1911 at Labi and Bukit Puan, then shifted to Tutong in 1923, until final success at Seria in 1929. The discovery of oil came like manna from heaven, assuring the sultanate with a future as the wealthiest country in the world, for its size. Gradually, government revenues began to rise, then escalate rapidly. For a decade or more, surpluses were being built because the speed of growth exceeded the ability to administer controlled spending. The once impoverished sultanate became a net lender to the government of the Straits Settlements in the 1930s.
Japan occupied Brunei during the Second World War, helping itself to all the resources of the country. By the end of the war, the sultanate was in near ruin. Heavy fighting for control over Brunei Town saw much of it bombed out of existence. Food, materials and equipment were scarce until the late 1940s. The resumption of civilian rule after Japan's defeat witnessed a gradual loosening of Imperial controls. An amendment to the protectorate agreement on 29th September 1959, introduced the first written Constitution, ended the residential system and established an elected legislature with modern ministerial government.
Although there had been hopes during the late 1950's and early 1960's that Brunei would join Malaysia, the Sultan consistently remained aloof from all overtures. The sultanate advanced rapidly as oil production expanded and revenues increased during the 1960's. This brought unwelcome interest from Indonesia, already engaged in "confrontation" with Malaysia with the aim of annexing the resource rich states of Sarawak and Sabah. President Sukarno supported a left wing inspired rural insurrection against the Brunei government. Although flying in police units from British North Borneo and Gurkhas from Malaya swiftly put this down, a hidden jungle campaign continued throughout Borneo for several subsequent years. British troops led by a Gurkha contingent together with the Brunei police and the new Royal Brunei Malay Regiment, saw-off these erstwhile "liberators". Unfortunately, the experience proved a watershed for democratic reform. The experiment with democracy was ended and the legislature dissolved.
Sultan Omar 'Ali Saif ud-din, the architect of the modern revival of Brunei's fortunes, abdicated in favour of his eldest son in 1967. However, as in the sultanate of old, the Begawan Sultan as he was known after his abdication, continued to wield considerable power and influence until his death. His son, Sultan Hassan al-Bolkiah, only gradually emerged from his father's guidance in the 1980's. Nevertheless, the two Sultans negotiated complete internal self-government on 23rd November 1971. The British would have preferred to see the sultanate join Malaysia or else become independent, but neither sultan were keen to see them go quite yet. The sultanate somewhat reluctantly agreed to full independence and became a full member of the Commonwealth on 1st January 1984. Since then, Sultan Hassan has led his nation into the forefront of regional and Islamic states. His people enjoy a standard of living, educational, health and other benefits, unrivalled almost anywhere on the planet. The former Brunei Town, renamed Bandar Seri Begawan in honour of his revered father, has changed out of all recognition from the sleepy water-town of old. It now boasts some magnificent buildings and monuments of world architectural merit. In recent years, the experiment in democracy that had been abandoned after the rebellion of 1960, has been revived. The Asian financial crisis of the 1990's has long passed, and the recent sharp rise in world oil prices has returned the sultanate to a period of economic boom.
STYLES & TITLES:
he Sovereign: Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Sri Baginda Sultan dan Yang di-Pertuan Negara Brunei Dar us-Salam, i.e. Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of the State of Brunei Dar us-Salam, with the style of His Majesty.
Royal Consort: Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Sri Baginda Raja Istri, i.e. Raja Istri, with the style of Her Majesty.
Junior Consort: Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Pangiran Istri, i.e. Princess with the style of Her Royal Highness.
Heir Apparent: DuliYangTeramatMulia DuliPaduka Sri PangiranMudaMahkota, i.e. Crown Prince with the style of His Royal Highness.
Younger sons and grandsons of the Sovereign, in the male line: Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Sri Duli Pangiran Muda, i.e. Prince with the style of His Royal Highness.
Daughters and granddaughters of the Sovereign, in the male line: Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Sri Duli Pangiran Anak Putri, i.e. Princess with the style of Her Royal Highness.
Grandsons of the Sovereign, being the sons of daughters: YangAmatMulia DuliPangiranAnak, unless their father's hold a senior Vizier title.
Granddaughters of the Sovereign, being the daughters of daughters: YangAmatMulia DuliPangiranAnak, unless their father's hold a senior Vizier title.
RULES OF SUCCESSION:
Male primogeniture amongst the legitimate heirs and successors of Sultan Hashim Jalal ul-Alam. The sons of Royal wives take precedence over the sons of commoners.
ORDERS & DECORATIONS:
Please see link below.
GLOSSARY: al-Haj: honorific used after the name for both males and females who have made the 'Haj', pilgrimage, to Mecca. al-Marhum: the honoured deceased, prefixed to the titles of sovereigns and people of very high rank. Astana (or istana): palace. Awang: style of address originally used for lesser nobles but now used as an equivalent for Mister (Mr). Awangawang (or awang2): aristocrats. Awangku: title of an unmarried son of a Pangiran. Berkat: blessed. Brunei: derived from Sanskrit Varunai meaning Sea people. Cheteria: the third rank of official, after Vizier. Dar us-Salam: 'Abode of Peace'. Dato (also Datu or Datuk): part of the title for non-nobles, now also used for certain higher classes of the Orders of Chivalry, equivalent to Knight Commander. Dayang: female of equivalent of Awang. Originally a title used for lesser nobles but now used as an equivalent for "Miss". Dayangku: female equivalent of Y.M. Awangku, title used for unmarried daughters of a Pangiran, retained after marriage if the husband is a commoner. Duli Paduka Sri Pangiran Muda Mahkota: Crown Prince. Duli Pangiran Bendahara Paduka Sri Maharaja Permaisuara: the full style for the highest Vizier title, usually held by a senior member of the Royal family. Duli Pangiran di-Gadong Sahib ul-Mal ul-Mulk ul-Adli: the full style for one of the senior Vizier titles, frequently held by members of the Royal family. Vacant 1900-1968. Duli Pangiran Pemancha Sahib ul-Rai' wa ul-Mushuarat: the full style for one of the senior Vizier titles, frequently held by members of the Royal family. Sometimes translated as Minister for Home Affairs. Duli Pangiran Shahbandar Sahib ul-Bandar Bait ul-Karib: the full style for one of the Vizier titles of the second rank, frequently held by members of the Royal family. Sometimes translated as minister for trade and commerce.
Haji: honorific used before the name for males who have made the pilgrimage, to Mecca. Hajjah: honorific used before the name for females who have made the pilgrimage, to Mecca. Hulun: slave. ibni (ibnu): son of, used for persons of high rank only. Istana: Palace Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Sri Maulana Sultan: the full style of the Sultan. Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Sri Raja Istri: the full style of the chief Royal wife of the Sultan. Mentri (or Menteri): Minister. Mentri Besar (or Menteri Besar): Chief Minister. Orang (or urang): person, man. Orang Kaya: literally "rich man", part of a title for non-nobles. Paduka Sri Pangiran Anak Putri: style used for the daughters of a Sultan born of Royal wives. Pehin: a non-noble official of high rank. Pangiran (or Pangiran): title of married male descendants in the male line of a Sultan or great nobleman, or for any female descendant in the male line who has married a man of that rank. Pangiran Anak: Prince or Princess, used for all daughters and all sons of Sultans by lesser wives, the sons of a Sultan's daughter, as well as the children of Viziers. Pangiran Anak Istri: Princess Consort, a title used for the senior and royal wives of a Pangiran Muda. Pangiran Muda: Prince, used for the (gahara) sons of the Sultan, Pangiran Bendahara, and the eldest gahara son of the Pangiran di-Gadong. Mentri (or Mantri): minister, ranking below vizier. Pangiran Laila Cheteria Sahib ul-Nabala: one of the Vizier titles of the third rank, frequently held by members of the Royal family. Pangiran Maharaja Adinda: the full style for one of the Vizier titles of the second rank, frequently held by members of the Royal family. Pangiran Maharaja Laila Sahib ul-Kahar: the full style for one of the Vizier titles of the second rank, frequently held by members of the Royal family. Sometimes translated as Admiral. Pangiran Paduka Tuan: the full style for one of the Vizier titles of the second rank, frequently held by members of the Royal family. Pangiran Perdana Cheteria Sahib ul-Nabala: one of the Vizier titles of the third rank, frequently held by members of the Royal family. Pangiranpangiran (or pangiran2): nobles. Persatuan Melayu Brunei: Brunei Malay Youth Association. Pingat: medal Puan Yang Terutama (P.Y.T.): Her Excellency. Raja Istri: 'royal wife' or 'the ruler's wife', the usual tile for the senior wife and consort of the Brunei sovereign. Raja Raja batas: high nobility. Sri Paduka Duli Pangiran Temenggong Sahib ul-Bahar: the full style for the second highest Vizier titles, usually held by a senior member of the Royal family. Sometimes translated as Commander-in-Chief. Vacant 1885-1967. Tuan Yang Terutama (T.Y.T.): His Excellency. Vizier (or Wazir): the four highest noble officials, ranking immediately after the Sultan. Yang di-Pertuan: (he) who is Lord, i.e. sovereign ruler. Yang Amat Mulia (Y.A.M.): the style used for the daughter of a Sultan by a senior wife, the children of a Sultan by his junior wives, the children of the Pangiran Shahbandar, Maharaja Laila, Paduka Tuan, Maharaja Adinda, Cheteria Besar, Cheteria Pengalasan and Cheteria Damit. Yang Teramat Mulia (Y.T.M.): the style used for the children of a Sultan by a Royal wife, the children of the Sri Paduka Duli Pangiran Bendahara, the di-Gadong, the Pemancha and the Temenggong.
Y.B. Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Sri Utama (Dr) Awang Haji Mohd. Jamil Al-Sufri bin Begawan Pehin Udana Khatib Dato Sri Paduka Awang Haji Umar. Syair Rakis, Karangan al-Marhum Pangiran Shahbandar Pangiran Md. Saleh ibnu Pangiran Sharmayuda. Pusat Sejarah, Brunei, 1983.
Bastin and Winks (comp.). "The early Malacca and Brunei Sultanates [selections]", Malaysia: Selected Historical Readings (1979).
Carrie C. Brown. "Two Ming texts concerning King Ma-na-je-chia-na of P'o-ni", The Brunei Museum Journal, 1974.
D.E. Brown. "Brunei: The Structure and History of a Bornean Malay Sultanate". Monograph of the Brunei Museum Journal, Volume 2, Number 2, The Brunei Museum, Brunei, 1970.
Simon Francis. Pictures of the Palace, travellers' accounts of the Brunei of Sultan 'Abdu'l Momin and Sultan Hashim between 1881 and 1906. Centre for South East-Asian Studies, University of Hull, Hull, 1993.
W.P. Groenveld. "Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca compiled from Chinese sources", Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, XXXIX (1880), p. 111.
A. V. M. Horton. Negara Brunei Darussalam: A Biographical Dictionary (1846-1998). Fourth Edition in two volumes. AVM Horton, Bordesley, Worcs. 1990.
Hasan Kulit and Awang Yahya bin Haji Mohamad. Daulat. Jabatan Pusat Sejarah Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Sukan Bandar Seri Begawan, 1992.
Hugh Low. "Selesilah (Book of Descent) of the Rajas of Brunei", Journal of the Malay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 5, June 1880, pp.1-36.
Matassim Haji Jibah. "Pangiran Indira Mahkota Shahbandar Muhammad Saleh and James Brooke in the History of Brunei", Brunei History Journal, 1979.
Allen R. Maxwell. "Accessing the Epic Status of the Brunei Malay Sya'ir Awang Simawn. Paper presented at Tenth International Conference on Linguistics. 17-20 January 2006. Puerto Princessa, Palawan, Philippines.
Allen R. Maxwell. "Who is Awang Simawn?"in From Buckfast to Borneo: Essays Presented to Father Robert Maxwll on the 85th Anniversary of his birth 27 March 1995. Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull, England, pp. 178-206.
Robert Nicholl. European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the Sixteenth Century. Brunei Museum, Brunei Town, 1975.
Robert Nicholl. "Notes on some controversial issue in Brunei History", Archipel, Etudes interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien. Centre National dela Recherche Scientifique, 1980, pp. 25-41.
Pehin Orang Kaya Amar Diraja Dato Sri Utama (Dr) Haji Awang Muhammad Jamil al-Sufri. Tarsilah Brunei, Sejarah Awal dan Perkembangan Islam. Jabatan Pusat Sejarah Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan, Bandar Seri Begawan, 1990
D. S. Ranjit Singh. Brunei 1839-1983: the problems of political survival. Singapore, Oxford University Press (1984).
D.S. Ranjit Singh and J.S. Sidhu. Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Md. (1997).
P.L. Amin Sweeney. "Silsilah Raja-Raja Brunei", ", Journal of the Malay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 41 (2), December 1998.
W. H. Treacher. "The Genealogy of the Royal Family of Brunei", Journal of the Malay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 15, June 1880.
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Бесплатный хостинг 4dw.net - это место и трафик для всех пользователей.
У нас размещаются множество сайтов фирм, домашних страниц и онлайн магазинов | <urn:uuid:e98b3a67-e34f-43fd-b060-09a185942f1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://4dw.net/royalark/brunei.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00121-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932142 | 5,740 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Annabelle, my almost four year old, has loved books practically from birth. She has never tired of being read to. I have never pushed language learning on her. In fact, if you’ve been reading along for awhile, you might know that I sort of deliberately left toys depicting letters out of our environment. Books were all around, of course, but there were no alphabet blocks or other such things. Of course, like any toddler, she reached a point where she wanted a name for everything in her environment, and around age two she began pointing at letters in the world around her. License plates were a big one. “What is this, mommy?” “What sound is that?” In Montessori fashion, I answered with the letter in question’s phonetic sound, rather than its alphabetical name. And I left it at that. Over time she learned to recognize a number of different letters on her own, and several months ago, she began tracing the Montessori Sandpaper Letters. We have had formal three period lessons when requested, and she has traced and practiced on her own to master all 26 sounds. Continue reading
I’ve been talking with a lot of Montessori families lately, and I’m finding that the question of how to provide for a Montessori work period for an older child, while also keeping an infant or toddler happy, is not an uncommon one. My youngest, one-and-a-half year old Elliot, has been in our Montessori preschool classroom since he was five months old, so I’ve had a bit of experience with this and thought I’d share what has worked for us.
First, some of the back story. If you’re not interested in all of that, you can scroll straight down to the big text for some tips for working with an infant or toddler in a Montessori Primary Classroom.
I set out to start our little, home-based Montessori school for two reasons: I wanted to continue to be my children’s primary caregiver, and I wanted my children to be able to attend Montessori at least from age 3-6. Financially, these two things just did not go together. If I wanted to pay for Montessori for my preschooler, I was going to have to go back to work outside the home, and this would mean regularly leaving my infant in someone else’s care. Being a trained Montessori teacher, I saw a simple solution: if there’s not a school that works for our family, why not make one myself? Continue reading
Have all of the ideas shared in the Montessori Holiday Hop gotten you inspired? There’s still a bit more time in this holiday season, and I have the ultimate source of holiday-themed, or specifically Christmas-themed Montessori goodness for you! If you haven’t heard, the wonderful Aubrey of Montessori Mischief has created an ebook, A Merry Montessori Christmas. I cannot say enough good things about this beautiful resource. Here’s the testimonial I shared with Aubrey for her site: Continue reading
In a Montessori blogging network I’m honored to be a part of, we were recently chatting about how much things have changed for Montessorians in the past decade or so. I remember scouring the web for Montessori discussions and ideas during my training and internship years ago, and coming up mostly empty-handed. The few Montessori focused blogs I found could not update often enough to please me. I lived for the next post on each of them!
Now, there are so many Montessori blogs that I doubt I even know about half of them. With a quick search on Pinterest, you can find specific ideas in any subject area and based on virtually any special theme. There is so much at our fingertips, and I get chills thinking about how much the Montessori internet’s collective creativity enriches lives. It’s truly awesome, and I’m honored to be a small part of it all. Continue reading
I spent much of our Thanksgiving break sprinkling our classroom with holiday cheer, and I thought I’d share a few scenes from our space, in case they should inspire you in any sprinkling you’re doing in your home or classroom.
I love decorating the classroom at least as much as I love decorating my home – in fact, the tree, however small, went up here before one went up in our living room. I love this little, live tree, which has temporarily replaced the Umbrella Tree that normally graces our reading corner. Between it and the wreath on the door, it smells of evergreen throughout the whole room. Originally, I thought I’d leave the decorations for this tree in a basket so that the children could decorate it themselves over and over, but I found that the process was not exactly pleasant, due to the very sharp little needles on this particular tree, so it stays decorated to make the classroom more beautiful, and another, smaller tree is available on the shelf for the children to decorate and redecorate as much as they’d like. | <urn:uuid:e63e35b5-f6f6-46cf-a0fe-d3fcdb4bf45f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://vibrantwanderings.com/page/3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00382-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971324 | 1,094 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Scientists have discovered a powerful approach to fragment-based drug discovery, a technique that could provide new drug leads.
Fragment-based drug discovery―identifying small chemical pieces that can then be developed into drug leads―has been very successful. However, the current approaches used to screen fragments are not 'high throughput', so only a small number of fragments can be tested for each drug target.
Online in Nature Chemical Biology this week, Yu Chen and Brian Shoichet wanted to know if computational docking?a method to predict how a chemical will interact with a protein―could be used to screen a large collection of chemical fragments at once. First they used computational docking to search for fragments that might bind to beta-lactamase, a challenging drug target. They then separately determined the enzyme's structure with the computationally identified fragments bound, which revealed that the computer predictions had been accurate. After chemical optimization, the fragments were converted into good beta-lactamase inhibitors.
Planetary science: Building blocks of DNA detected in meteoritesNature Communications
Health: Psilocybin use associated with lower risk of opioid addictionScientific Reports | <urn:uuid:7bbe4448-819e-4c00-b75e-ae12cd2d4f8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.natureasia.com/ko-kr/chemistry/research/326 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.910554 | 328 | 3.4375 | 3 |
He said he had five key messages on the issue, first, that “no deaths on our streets are acceptable”.Putting safety at the heart of our mobility systems is an urgent health, economic and moral imperative,” said Etienne Krug, WHO Director of the Department for Social Determinants of Health. Let’s work together to scale up what works, save lives and build streets for life”.
Enough is enough
It also acts to accelerate action on the Global Plan for the Decade of Action on Road Safety, which kicked off last year, he added.
“Today’s meeting…is a key opportunity and platform for us to make the changes needed: To strengthen political will, scale up investment, and draw on lessons learned,” said Abdulla Shahid.
The UN chief encouraged all Member States to accede to UN road safety conventions and implement “whole-of-society action plans,” with a “strong prevention approach”.
“Together, we can save lives, support development, and steer our world to safer roads ahead, leaving no one behind,” said the UN chief.
The UN chief underscored the goals of a political declaration adopted at the meeting, namely to halve road traffic deaths and injuries by 2030 and promote sustainable mobility “with safety at its core”.
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), reminded that road safety affects everyone.
“Safer roads promote sustainable development”.
Worldwide, road crashes currently kill more than two people every minute. And since the advent of the automobile, more than 50 million fatalities have occurred on the world’s roads – exceeding the number of deaths in the First World War or in some of the worst global epidemics, according to WHO.
“Road safety falls under the umbrella of the universal right to health,” for which “safety is paramount”.
Secondly the Assembly President said the Global Plan was “key to reducing deaths and boosting development,” adding that safe systems must be “front and centre” in organizing, designing and building good road systems.
Secretary-General António Guterres reminded that road fatalities are closely linked to poor infrastructure, unplanned urbanization, lax healthcare systems, and persistent inequalities both within and between countries.
“The time for action from governments, societies and communities is now”, he said.
“The future of mobility should promote health and well-being, protect the environment and benefit all.”
In welcoming the newly adopted political declaration, the UN health agency chief recapped that it would require “transformative leadership from the highest levels of government” to turn its vision into reality.
Stressing the significance of transformative leadership, his fourth point was to stress that road safety should be made a political priority “at the highest levels of government”.
From education, health, and transport to climate mitigation, land-use planning, and disaster response, road safety must be integrated in national policies.
At the same time, unsafe roads are a key obstacle to development.
After observing a moment of silence for those killed or seriously injured on roads around the world, Mr. Shahid spelled out that “daunting and disturbing” statistics on road safety “can…[and] must change,” describing the meeting as “one step” towards that end.
“We step from our homes every day onto roads that take us to our jobs, schools and to meet our vital daily needs. Yet our transport systems remain far too dangerous,” he said.
He also urged donors to scale up much-needed financial and technical contributions through the UN Road Safety Fund.
He said the High-Level Meeting itself on road safety, had the potential to “mark a critical juncture” in reducing deaths, and added that it was crucial for governments to implement the Global Plan’s recommendations, including by setting national and sub-national reduction targets; outlining detailed plans for action; and ensuring sustainable financing.
Making safe roads a reality
Finally, he said, “everyone has a role to play”.
“From urban planners, to engineers, and academia, to civil society,” each person must accept their responsibilities. And mechanisms should be put in place to support them, such as in designing and maintaining roads, manufacturing vehicles, and administering safety programmes. | <urn:uuid:e8130f2d-abb5-4286-afa0-3dd483b00be5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://foreignpolicywatchdog.com/united-nations/save-lives-support-development-and-steer-our-world-to-safer-roads-ahead-guterres | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.947605 | 964 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Summer is the MOST stressful time for a public librarian. BUT the secret they don't tell you is...it's also the most FUN.
(Miss P and me on the first day of Summer Reading!)
When people think of Summer, they still think of lazy days, lots of reading, vacations, and relaxing. When you become a public librarian your Summers become full of reading, programming, busy days, possibly working even more than you are scheduled to, and making it your mission (even more than usual) to get kids to read. This is can be tons of fun but it can also be stressful, exhausting, and incredibly rough.
I try to explain what it's like to my friends and family and even our regular patrons who wonder just why we're so busy. But it's hard to tell people what it's like unless they experience it from the front lines. To try and give you an idea, I looked up some stats to help tell the story.
- In January 2014 my library branch saw an average of 1,240 patrons walk through our doors each day.
- In June 2014 that number increased to an average of 1,552 patrons each day.
- Last year, my branch alone had 4,763 kids and teens participate in the Summer Reading Program (and remember, that's also kids and teens who are coming into our branch to check out books, pick up prizes, and attend programs-plus all the kids and parents who come & don't turn anything in for Summer Reading!)
- This Summer my staff is taking on 13 weekly programs in addition to lots of special and extra programming that is going on. This includes 7 weekly storytimes, 2 STEAM programs, 1 Tween program, 1 Fandom Jr program for preschoolers, and 2 outside performers (jugglers, musicians, etc that we bring in for special programs)
So we are exhausted by the end of an entire summer of this! It's so tiring and we end up answering a lot of the same questions which can sometimes make you feel like a librarian robot:
"how do you participate in the Summer Reading Program?"
"where is (enter popular series title)"
"when is storytime?"
"can you recommend any good books?"
"my child is learning to read, where are books for them?"
"why are there no (enter popular series title) on the shelf?"
There is hardly time to breathe because the lines are long, the questions are endless, you are constantly putting things on hold because nothing is ever on the shelf. We try but the shelves get wiped of anything anyone wants in the first week and there are hold lists all Summer long! If someone does find a popular book, I tell them it's their lucky day! Plus you have non-stop programming and you better have gotten it all planned before Summer Reading started because there is absolutely no time to get off desk to plan anything (remember that long line of patrons with questions/needing to turn in prizes/put books on hold?) And if you're the manager, good luck trying to make any meetings during the Summer and you'll most likely end up working on the schedule from home because it's the only time you have to work on anything!
Yet, as crazy as it is, as Angie mentioned, it's also our favorite time of year. It can also be incredibly rewarding. We get to share lots of success stories from families about their kids reading and learning about the fun and joys of reading. We get to see kids learn to read and read their first books on their own. We get to share in a families joy over discovering a great new family audiobook on their recent road trip. We get to show kids, teens and parents that they Library has amazing things to offer and has something for everyone. And we get to experience amazing stories like these (all of which I experienced in the last two weeks):
Just a couple of weeks ago I had a young boy come in looking for some books but the ones he wanted were checked out. He said he had to do Summer Reading because his mom was forcing him to. I told him that no one should be forced to read and asked him some questions about what he was interested in. After listening to his likes and dislikes, I found him a couple books I thought he might enjoy, pulled them off the shelf, gave him a short book talk (aka commercial for the book), and told him that if they didn't look good, it was OK-it didn't hurt my feelings and we'd try again. He took both books, read the first chapter of each, then excitedly came back to the desk to tell me he loved both of them and couldn't wait to read them!
We have a family that moved to France temporarily and this is their first Summer away. They decided they loved the Summer Reading Program so much they printed off their gameboards in France and are looking forward to turning them in when they visit home this Summer to get their free books!
I'm at a branch where we see a drop in program attendance once kids reach school age. They come to the Library but it's often to study or get homework materials and we don't see them as much during the school year. But once Summer comes they all come back and I get to see some of my favorite kids again. It's like a giant homecoming and I love it!
Summer is also the time we do the most Reader's Advisory (the suggesting of books) and it's a blast. It's the thing my staff tells me over and over that they love about Summer because we get to share books we're excited about, hear what our kids are excited about, and in general have a feel good time about reading.
So my fellow youth services librarians-let's cheer each other on. We know it's hard, we know it's exhausting, but we also know it's rewarding and fun. We're helping people find the joy of the library, we're helping them find the joy of reading, and we're helping them find the joy of having a place of their own. Rebecca at Hafuboti has a great idea for #libraryyes Let's send some positive thoughts and love to each other this Summer. Let's remember to stay happy and positive and remember why we love our jobs. And let's remember to breathe, not stress, not worry, and enjoy the moment-let's have fun!
So next time you visit your Public Library or see your librarian, give them a hug, a smile, and maybe even some chocolate. And give them a high five and tell them you know how exhausting it is but remind them it's for a good cause. And they are fighting the good fight of Summer Reading.
For more about what Summer Reading is like, check out Angie's Letter to a Young Librarian about Summer Reading Programs. | <urn:uuid:0aad344e-2246-4158-9bca-3b49d8b1a880> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.greenbeanteenqueen.com/2015/06/what-its-like-to-be-public-librarian-in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983489 | 1,411 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Never Mind the Bosses : Hastening the Death of Deference for Business Success
Over the last few decades, power, information and resources have moved from being concentrated in the hands of a few, to being disbursed across many. We need look no further than events on the world stage to see the heat signature of this – from the arrival of Wikileaks, the Arab Spring of 2011 and the Occupy movements, to the social media revolution and flashpoints such as the British Members of Parliament expenses scandal. All are examples of deep change occurring.
This book is about what this means for the workplace and for management. The proposition offered here is that our organisations need to catch up, and that the “death of deference” that we are seeing elsewhere in society needs to be accelerated in the workplace.
Systems of deference slow down organisational performance. Deference prevents organisations from learning. It stops them from being agile, innovative and ethical. Deference is the enemy of organisational success and it needs to be dismantled so that in its place we can build modern organisations with a new breed of managers and leaders. This book offers a solution to a problem that belongs in the last century, and a game plan for nothing short of a workplace revolution. | <urn:uuid:b818f451-b595-41ce-b815-29bbcf5c4ebe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pandora.com.tr/urun/never-mind-the-bosses-hastening-the-death-of-deference-for-business-success/334016 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00535-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952516 | 254 | 1.515625 | 2 |
The History of Oxford Waterside
An estate of houses which was only completed in 1999 does not have much of a history. Waterside does, however, sit in a context with a long history of its own which may be of interest to those live here now.
A map of 1887 shows an area of small fields lying between the Oxford Canal (finished in 1790) and the railway which pushed north from Oxford in 1846.
To the south lies Walton Well Road which was newly built on when this map was made. The Lucy Works (so called from 1873) spread northwards across Walton Well Road in the 19th century. Those from the City side of the canal who complain about the building of Waterside are presumably incomers who do not recall the noise of scrap metal being pushed around the concrete yard at the south end of what is now Waterside. The north end, by Aristotle Lane, was Lucy's playing field.
Aristotle Lane played its part in history on 3 June 1644 when Charles I came that way with (it was said) 5,000 men, making a strategic withdrawal across Port Meadow and the river from what had been his temporary capital.
T E Lawrence also passed this way from his boyhood home in Polstead Road on his way to dig in the mounds on Port Meadow.
As you reach the top of the slope to the railway footbridge, look down to your right. Until 1926 there was a railway stop there called Port Meadow Halt.
The site was bought from Lucy's by Berkeley Homes and developed between 1996 and 1999. | <urn:uuid:57834de2-071d-4b77-bcef-8a7fe2bd5af6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oxfordwaterside.co.uk/history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00054-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986508 | 323 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Watering plants on Chol Hamoed:
It is permitted to water plants on Chol Hamoed for purposes of damage prevention, such as to prevent the plants from withering if they were to not be watered. It is, however, forbidden to water plants if there will be no loss or damage involved with the plant if one were to refrain from watering it during Chol Hamoed. [Accordingly, each plant product that one has in his home, or garden, is to be individually assessed as to whether a lack of watering it during Chol Hamoed will cause it to wither, and only then is it allowed to be done. This applies whether to flowerpots, vegetable gardens, or fruit trees. Accordingly, if it suffices for the plant to be watered only once a week then it should be done prior to the start of the holiday and it will hence not be necessary to water it during the holiday.]
It is permitted to water plants on Chol Hamoed for the purpose of loss prevention, such as to prevent it from dying or withering.
May one spill water over grass or over a plant on Chol Hamoed, such as when washing hands or emptying his cup?
It is permitted for one to spill water over grass or over plants on Chol Hamoed if he is no intent to water the plant by doing so, such as while washing hands. Nevertheless, some Poskim are stringent not to spill water over plants during Chol Hamoed, even in the process of washing hands.
Michaber 537:1 “It is permitted on Chol Hamoed to perform Melacha in order to prevent loss, therefore a field in need of irrigation may be irrigated during the Moed, as otherwise it will cause loss to the field. However, a Sedei Habaal [which is watered by rainfall] may not be watered on Chol Hamoed, as it is only watered for purposes of fattening the produce not for loss prevention.”; Tur 537; Mishneh Moed Katan 2a “Mashkin Beis Hashlachin Bamoed”; Kitzur SHU”A 104:8; See Moed Katan 6b and Rishonim there; Shut Hamabit 2:64; Kaf Hachaim 537:13; Chazon Ish 134:14; Beir Moshe 7:107; Chol Hamoed Kehilchaso 11:9; Piskeiy Teshuvos 537:3; Shemiras Hamoed Kehilchaso 7
See Beir Moshe ibid; Chol Hamoed Kehilchaso ibid
Beir Moshe ibid; Piskeiy Teshuvos ibid
Michaber 537:8 regarding making a water pond in order to catch fish; Shemiras Hamoed Kehilchaso 7:9
Orchos Rabbeinu 2:121 that so was the custom of the Chazon Ish; See SSH”K 66 footnote 181 | <urn:uuid:a26c400d-845d-4f5f-9dcc-f1183f77788b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shulchanaruchharav.com/watering-plants-on-chol-hamoed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.919626 | 688 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Goodwill and community are the cornerstones of human society. Humans made the progress they made by helping each other grow and thus evolving as a race. The virtues of generosity, helpfulness, empathy, and love towards our fellow human beings have been passed down through generations. Furthering this legacy of goodwill as a species is the reason why philanthropy is essential even today and will always be. This is what Dr. Tyler Brady, a successful cosmetic dentist believes and lives life by.
Dr. Tyler Brady is in a noble profession. Over the years, he has seen great success in his field and prospered greatly. But the biggest win for him has been returning many people their smiles. “The happiness I get when their smile lights up their eyes is unparalleled,” Dr. Brady says. But healthcare, especially dental, is not always affordable or accessible to everyone. This is why Dr. Brady hosts smile giveaways every month where he treats patients for huge discounts or even for free, spreading smiles and goodwill. He also donates a veneer set every month. In a world that’s growing selfish by the day, what motivates Dr. Brady’s philanthropy?
“Acknowledgement and gratitude,” says Dr. Brady. He believes that humans are a product of their environment. So, given a chance to award others the opportunities that he gratefully received, Dr. Brady tries his best to pass the goodwill ahead. Be it through smile giveaways or monetary charity; he invariably endeavors to spread happiness.
“Philanthropy is not just a feel-good effort. It is an effort to pass on the generosity of our ancestors and a way to ensure that the human society moves forward in harmony,” shares Dr. Tyler Brady. If more people practice philanthropy, the world will be a better place to live in. Dr. Brady entrusts that philanthropy is a gift to both sides. While the receiver gets an opportunity, the giver receives unparalleled joy. It is this joy that connects people, and these connections are what the world needs today. | <urn:uuid:40310224-32fe-4ec1-adbc-cdc1efad8049> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://foxinterviewer.com/healthcare/dr-tyler-brady-why-philanthropy-is-essential-in-2022-and-beyond/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.957896 | 427 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Here's what it looks like to ride a Chinese robotaxi with no steering wheel
Baidu unveiled a new robotaxi vehicle on Thursday, which it said should free up space for "extra seating, vending machines, desktops, or gaming consoles."London (CNN Business)Baidu has unveiled plans for an electric self-driving car with a removable steering wheel, marking another step forward in the fast-moving robotaxi race in China.
The Chinese tech giant, the country's answer to Google (GOOGL), revealed the Apollo RT6, its sixth-generation autonomous vehicle, at its annual flagship conference on Thursday.Baidu's ride-hailing service, Apollo Go, currently operates in 10 Chinese cities. The new vehicle will roll out through that program sometime next year.An interior shot of Baidu's new robotaxi. The steering wheel is detachable, and will be removed once the company receives approval from authorities, according to a company executive.Once regulators give the green light, the Apollo RT6's detachable steering wheel will legally be able to come off, a company executive said Thursday.Baidu is hawking its new design as a way to free up space for things like "extra seating, vending machines, desktops, or gaming consoles."A promotional shot from Baidu showing passengers looking at screens in the backseat of its new robotaxi vehicle.Read MoreThe company said its new self-driving car has dramatically lowered the production costs from previous versions, by about half. Those cost savings will be passed on to passengers as the company prepares to introduce the cars to its existing fleet of robotaxis around the country, according to CEO Robin Li."We are moving towards a future where taking a robotaxi will be half the cost of taking a taxi today," he said in a statement. "This massive cost reduction will enable us to deploy tens of thousands of [autonomous vehicles] across China."Baidu (BIDU) made its name as a massive search engine provider, but it has also long invested in self-driving technology in the world's largest car market. People in Beijing can now book a taxi with no one at the wheelIn April, the company announced — along with another Chinese self-driving startup — that it would start letting people in certain areas book taxi rides without anyone behind the wheel.Other companies have showed off vehicles without steering wheels before, including GM and Honda, Google, and Mercedes-Benz. In April, Tesla (TSLA) CEO Elon Musk told analysts that the automaker was aiming to start mass production of its own robotaxi without steering wheels or pedals in 2024. Baidu said Thursday that its new model was ready for production, but did not disclose a manufacturing partner.Click Here To Get Funded! | <urn:uuid:01921f12-c77b-413a-80af-fe57cbd9edd1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://apextraderfunding.com/news/2022/07/21/tech/baidu-self-driving-car-intl-hnk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.955934 | 573 | 1.796875 | 2 |
XLPRA1 – X-Linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1
XLPRA1 stands for X-Linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1 and it is an eye disorder, which belongs in progressive retinal atrophy group of disorders. Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) uncludes autosomal inherited diseases that lead to degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells in dogs and other pets. General characteristics of PRA group of disorders are disturbance of dark vision, visual field defects, and abnormalities in the electroretinogram. All of this can progress into blindness. The age of onset and rate of retinal degeneration varies between the different forms of the conditions. Some forms of PRA are common to multiple dog breeds, while others are recognized in just a single breed. PRA appears in most dog breeds, but also in mixed breed dogs. Almost all PRA disorders are recessively inherited, with exceptions of dominant and X-linked PRA inheritance (XLPRA) in few breeds, such as Old English Mastiffs, Bullmastiffs, Siberian Husky and Samoyed.
Due to photorecteptors in the retina, day and night vision is enabled. Photoreceptors responsible for night vision are called rods. PRA with its rode degeneration leads to night blindness. In the researches, it is estimated that PRA causes death of around 95% of the dog’s photoreceptors. The disease is progressive, from initial stage of night blindness to advanced stage of PRA which causes secondary cataracts or full blindness in the dog. Since the appearance of the first symptoms, PRA usually progresses til advanced stage within one year.
After the death of rods, oxygen is still being delivered to the dead roads, which they cannot use. This excessive oxygen is toxic and it causes oxidative damage and consequently, cone death. The death of retinal tissue causes release of toxic products of cells. They are being absorbed by the lens, which causes lens damage and also cataract development.
Abbreviation XLPRA stands for X-linked progressive retinal atrophy. X-Linked Progressive Retinal Atrophy 1 (XLPRA1) has been identified in Siberian Huskies and Samoyeds. When first identified, it has been referred to as XLPRA, but now is renamed to XLPRA1, to be distinguishable from another disorder, known as XLPRA2. XLPRA1 can be characterized as a ”late-onset” form of PRA. The first symptoms occur not before dog’s three to five years of age
The disorder is caused by a deletion in RPGR gene. XLPRA is inherited as a X-linked recessive disorder, and as such, it differently affects males and females. Heterozygous female with one copy of mutated gene will not develop symptoms of the XLPRA and she is the carrier of the disorder. When mated with a healthy male, all female puppies will be healthy, but there are 50% chances they will be carriers for the disease. Among male puppies, chances are 50% that they will be healthy, and 50% that they will be affected and with time show the XLPRA1 symptoms.
There is no cure for XLPRA1, and only way to prevent it, is to breed dogs which are not carriers of the mutation. Defected genes for autosomal recessive disease can be passed for many generations without affected individuals occurring until two carriers are bred to one another. The only way to find out if there is a chance of getting an affected puppy is to do XLPRA1 genetic testing.
Zhang, Q., Acland, G.M., Wu, W.X., Johnson, J.L., Pearce-Kelling, S., Tulloch, B., Vervoort, R., Wright, A.F., and Aguirre, G.D. (2002). Different RPGR exon ORF15 mutations in Canids provide insights into photoreceptor cell degeneration. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 993–1003. | <urn:uuid:c8640904-8cf0-4810-b0ff-a6e58b5c84c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.animalabs.com/shop/dogs/x-linked-progressive-retinal-atrophy-1-xlpra1gres/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.940506 | 864 | 2.78125 | 3 |
I have a 1976 MTD 990 that had the smaller hubs in the front with the three lugs. They have of coarse small bearings in them. I bought some larger hubs that have larger bearings. What year did MTD use the larger hubs. I will be using the larger hubs but my manual only shows the smaller hubs. Both sizes have the 3/4" spindle. I know there is a rubber cup of sort that goes in the hub to keep dirt out. Does anyone have the part number for these...should be one on each side of the hub. Thanks
The one on the left came on the tractor & the one on the right is the larger. I ordered new bearings for these since they were worn out. | <urn:uuid:893e3861-e1e9-4016-9e95-cff5b43159cc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gardentractortalk.com/forums/topic/38240-mtd-990-spindle-hub-question/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00088-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981807 | 149 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Regional correspondent: Vacant
Negros Island Region (NIR / Region XVIII) includes all of Negros Island in the Visayas, Central Philippines. Hiking in Negros Island has three major areas: Mt. Mandalagan (Northern Negros National Park), Mt. Kanlaon (Mt. Kanlaon National Park) and Mt. Talinis.
PinoyMountaineer will try to document more of the mountains of Negros including traverses and alternate trail possibilities. | <urn:uuid:9425441b-b414-4c15-8e87-ccae46550499> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2015/11/hiking-in-negros-island-region-nirregion-xviii.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00345-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.837499 | 102 | 1.742188 | 2 |
December 15, 2006
According to TD Bank Financial Group Economists Drummond and Tulk (2006) wealth disparities will intensify. They paint a dismal picture for Canadians excluded from the top quintile. Prospects are bright for Canada’s 22 billionaires and others in that elusive group of Ultra High Net Worth (UHNW) ie c. .004% of Canadian families (Stenner et al., 2006 ), who hold more than $10,000,000 in assets. In sharp contrast to Canadians in the four lower quintiles, the UHNW benefited with large increases in wealth since 1984. Unlike real estate held by the lower quintile, these rare families saw their luxury homes, properties, businesses and collections rise in price. With these additional assets they were able to invest, many in tax-free RRSPs, so their net worth grew. “If investment returns rise the trend towards growing wealth disparities will likely intensify. This could be compounded by sluggish wage gains in the low end and the financial challenge of immigrants – the main source of growth in the younger, less affluent population (Drummond and Tulk, 2006).”
Considerable wealth was accumulated in Canada between 1999 and 2005. In 2005 net worth increased by 41.7% to nearly $1.5 trillion (US?). The most recent Statistics Canada report revealed today that the Canadian national net worth reached $4.8 trillion by the end of the third quarter. While in terms of an economist’s algorithm this translates into an average of $146,700 per person. In reality only the a tiny number of Canadian households benefited. “The gain in net worth resulted from an increase in national wealth (economy-wide non-financial assets) as well as a sharp drop in net foreign debt. National net worth grew 2.8% in the third quarter, the largest increase in more than two years (Statistics Canada 2006 )”.
Drummond and Turk are concerned that in spite of the dramatic growth in Net Worth, there is a significant portion of the population with little or negative Net Worth (debts/assets ratio) in 2005.
Although Drummond and Turk cite the World Institute for Development Economics Research as their source in regards to situating the seemingly overwhelming disparity between the 10% of households that are extremely wealthy and the lower quintiles. (I believe they refer to reports by Senior Researcher of the World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) of the United Nations University, Mark McGillvray (2005) whose research is available only of the deep Internet — an exclusive members-only club.)
For the first time however, 165 of the UNHW families accepted to be interviewed by the Stenner Group. The True Wealth Report (Stenner 2006 ) reveals that the most popular past-times of UNHW are traveling (particularly to London, Paris, Vienna, New York and Vancouver staying in ), playing golf and taking part in other sports, collecting art and antiques, drive BMW’s, Volvo’s or Porsches. They claim their philanthropy is tied to both their religious faith and strategic money management (Stenner et al., 2006 ).
(Morissette and Zhan, 2006)
According to Stats Can economists in their recent report who refer to research by Western University Economist James B. Davies and Shorrocks Economist with the United Nations World University, it is to measure the actual holdings of the uber-wealthy. Forty-eight percent of Canadian wealth might be held by less than 1% of the Canadian population; (Davies and Shorrocks, 2000, Davies, 2003).
Western University Economist and co-author of publications with Shorrocks, editor for the United Nations World University publications and Financial Post journalist (Chevreau, 2003) both cited Shillington’s C.D. Howe Insitute report (2003), revealing an unintended disincentive for the those who earn under $50,000/annual to save. “Shillington (2003) has used Statistics Canada’s 1999 Survey of Financial Security to illuminate what he calls the “futile saving” problem. He looks, first, at the savings of “near-seniors”, those households where the older spouse is aged 55 – 64. He finds that 21% of these households have no retirement saving, and in total 53% have retirement savings of less than $100,000. On the grounds that savings of $100,000 would not permit the purchase of an annuity of more than about $10,000 Shillington believes that the majority of these people will be GIS recipients in retirement. Their savings are thus “futile”, since they will be at least half confiscated by the GIS taxback.17 Turning to actual GIS recipients, Shillington reports that about 23 percent have an RRSP, with an average value of $43,000; 29 percent have an RPP, with an average value of $65,000; and about 40% have either an RRSP or RPP. In Shillington’s view this represents the result of a gigantic fraud, however unintentional. Governments and financial institutions have advertised the importance of saving for retirement very heavily, and the annual campaign to get RRSP contributions is a vigorous one. The voices warning low-income people that this is in no sense an “investment” are tiny ones.” (Davies, 2003) p. 28
Shillington concluded that
poor seniors dependent on the federal Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS) and its means-tested provincial and municipal counterparts should not bother with RRSPs. To do so means losing GIS benefits, rent subsidies, drug benefits, provincial aid programs like Ontario’s GAINs and similar welfare programs.” Once RRSPs create income from Registered Retirement Income Funds after 69, $1 in income reduces GIS benefits by 50¢. Since half of GIS recipients pay income tax, they face an effective marginal tax rate of 75% on extra income. In some cases involving dividend gross-ups, the effective top-rate savings may pass 100%, Mr. Shillington said. For them, “RRSPs are a terrible investment. They are victims of a fraud, however unintentional.” Saving $100,000 in RRSPs may be futile if that is your target. However, it does not mean younger people with $100,000 already saved should stop, as long as they are on the way to accumulating several hundred thousand dollars by the end of their working lives. “RRSPs can be dangerous to your financial health” is the subtitle of Free Parking, a self-published book by “reformed financial planner” Alan Dickson. “I totally agree with the report,” Mr. Dickson said. Citing 2001 Statistics Canada data, Mr. Shillington said of $1-trillion in retirement assets, $600-billion is in employer pensions, $340-billion in RRSPs and $70-billion in RRIFs. (Chevreau, 2003)
“National net worth reached $4.8 trillion by the end of the third quarter, or $146,700 per person. The gain in net worth resulted from an increase in national wealth (economy-wide non-financial assets) as well as a sharp drop in net foreign debt. National net worth grew 2.8% in the third quarter, the largest increase in more than two years (Statistics Canada 2006 )”.
Clever people like Derek Foster who know how to work the system trigger angry responses against publicly-financed assistance for the lowest quintile. (Heinzl, 2005) Foster (born c. 1961) began making astute investments while still in university. He learned from finance gurus Peter Lynch and Warren Buffett. In 2005 he continued to earn enough from his total investments (which total six digits) in Starbucks, Colgate-Palmolive, Rothmans Inc., Royal Bank of Canada, Corby Distilleries Ltd., Manulife Financial Corp., George Weston Ltd., Pembina Pipeline Income Fund, Canadian Oil Sands Trust and a dozen or so others, that he and his family of four can live modestly without ever having to work again. Their low income c. $30, 000/annual actually allows them to enjoy certain publicly-financial benefits designed for low-income earners with no assets (Heinzl, 2005). Others include Dianne Nahirny’s Stop Working, Start Living (http://www.smartmakeovers.com) and Alan Dickson’s Free Parking and Advance to Go (http://www.freemoneypress.com)
Unfortunately I cannot use this source. References have no weight: [1.4 million Canadian children — about one in five — living in poverty, an increase of more than 500,000 since 1995. [. . .]”Housing, health, education, labour rights and a healthy environment are all included in the covenant,” she said. “Wealthy nations like Canada are expected to take steps toward meeting the goals of the covenant, but since Canada last reported in 1993, it has taken many steps backward.” [. . .] But life may not be as rosy as the UN survey found. A recently released Indian Affairs study said off-reserve aboriginals came in about 35th and on-reserve natives rank about 63rd in the world, putting their standard of living in Canada at the same level as Mexico’s and Thailand’s. The Ottawa-based Centre for the Study of Living Standards recently said anyone who has tried to measure Canadians’ quality of life has found it’s worsened considerably during the 1990s, even though the economy has bounced back from the last recession. (McGran, 1998 )
With more than a billion people living on less than one dollar per day, some evidence of increasing gaps in living conditions within and between countries and the clear evidence of substantial declines in life expectancy or other health outcomes in some parts of the world, the related topics of inequality, poverty and well-being are core international issues. More is known about inequality, poverty and well-being than ever before as a result of conceptual and methodological advances and better data. Yet many debates persist and numerous important questions remain unanswered. This book examines inequality, poverty and well-being concepts and corresponding empirical measures. Attempting to push future research in new and important directions, the book has a strong analytical orientation, consisting of a mix of conceptual and empirical analysis that constitute new and innovative contributions to the research literature.Mark McGillivray is a senior researcher with the World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) of the United Nations University.
- Chevreau, Jonathan (2003) RRSPs a bad option for low-income earners Financial Post.
- Davies, James B. (2003) Social and Economic Risks to Seniors in Ontario. Ontario Panel on the Role of Government (OPRG). Toronto.
- Davies, James B. & Shorrocks, Anthony F. (2000) “The Distribution of Wealth.” In Atkinson, A.B. and Bourguignon, F. (Eds.) Handbook of Income Distribution.
- Drummond, Don & Tulk, David (2006 ) Lifestyles of the Rich and Unequal: an Investigation into Wealth Inequality in Canada. TD Bank Financial Group.
- Heinzl, John (2005) The ‘Youngest Retiree’ Tells How To Punch Out Of The Workplace. Globe and Mail.
- McGillivray, Mark (2005) Inequality, Poverty and Well-being, Helsinki, Finland, Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mcgran, Kevin (1998 ) Anti-poverty activists take case to the United Nations. The Canadian Press. Toronto, ON.
- Mcquaig, Linda (1995) Shooting the Hippo: Death by Deficit and Other Canadian Myths, Toronto, Viking
- Mcquaig, Linda (1998 ) The Cult of Impotence: Selling the Myth of Powerlessness in the Global Economy, Toronto, Penguin Books
- Morissette, René & Zhan, Xuelin (2006 ) Revisiting Wealth Inequality. Perspectives on Labour and Income. Ottawa, ON, Statistics Canada.
- Shillington, Richard (2003) New Poverty Traps: Means-Testing and Modest-Income Seniors. C. D. Howe Institute. Backgrounder. 65.
- Statistics Canada. (2006). “National balance sheet accounts: Third Quarter”. Press Release. Ottawa, ON. December 15, 2006.
- Stenner, Thane, Bower, Rod, Currie, John & O’connor, Rory (2006) True Wealth Report: Values and Views of Ultra-Affluent Individuals, Vancouver, BC, T. Stenner Group ™.
Sachs, Jeffrey D. 2011-03-04. “Need versus greed: The global economy is growing quickly, but too much wealth is siphoned off by well connected billionaires.”
This post is being written on line back and forth between articles, EndNote, zotero and the slow world. It is currently being updated.
Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen 2008. “Food Fertilizer Fuel.” >> papergirls.wordpress.com
Filed in Business & Finance, economic efficiency, Economy & Finance, Risk Society, Social Justice, wealth disparities will intensify
Tags: art collectors, C.D. Howe, Creative Commons, deep Internet, Drummond and Turk 2006, economic efficiency, economist's algorithm, economy-wide non-financial assets, EndNote 8, faith-based philanthropy, Financial Post, futile saving, Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), immigrants, lower quintile, National net worth, national wealth, negative Net Worth, philanthropy, philanthropy: strategic money management, RRSP as gigantic fraud, Shillington, social capital, Statistics Canada, Statistics Canada's 1999 Survey of Financial Security, Stenner 2006, strategic money management, strategic money management philanthropy, TD, True Wealth Report, uber-wealthy, UHNW, Ultra High Net Worth, unintended disincentive to save, United Nations World University, upper quintile, WIDER, World Institute for Development Economics Research | <urn:uuid:d0f268de-f8f2-45a5-9bae-0b7e98455634> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://oceanflynn.wordpress.com/tag/shillington/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922772 | 3,004 | 2.625 | 3 |
1. Author Info
The Author information is displayed underneath the article, the author information is updated in the Author profile in User Tab.
2. Article Rating
Article rating/review shows the star rating for a single article and allows a user to give a star rating. This basically enhances Joomla’s core voting functionality feature which displays a drop-down menu to rate the article, instead, it modifies it by allowing the star functionality and also displays the number of votes received.
3. Related Articles:
Allows you to display a list of related posts underneath the article post. The list is based on the meta keyword of the post which makes them more relevant and more likely to display. The settings also allow displaying the number of the related article you want to display.
4. Social Buttons Type:
You can also enable Social Share buttons under each article. You can use AddThis or ShareThis content sharing platform in order to add social buttons.
7. Open Graph
Open Graph allows you to identify which elements of your page you want to show when someone share’s your page. Here you don’t need to mess with scripts or tags. Simply add your Facebook App ID and Twitter Username. You can even set different OG Title, OG Description and OG Image for each article.
This option allows a comment system on each article post so that users will be able to leave comments under their own name. Choose between the platforms Facebook, Disqus, HyperComments or IntenseDebate. | <urn:uuid:d8fb56de-bd41-4006-a903-68d12e925c82> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://astroidframe.work/support/documentations/article-blog/single-article-options | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.843418 | 382 | 1.507813 | 2 |
For a brief time in the history of home-built gaming PCs, the "rounded cable" was a premium accessory. The wide, flat ribbon cables that connected hard disk and CD-ROM drives to the motherboard impeded air flow, making it difficult to achieve an ample breeze over your overclocked Athlon. Because they were a speciality part, rounded cables were expensive — especially considering standard IDE cables were usually bundled for free with motherboards — which forced many to put down the Mountain Dew and take up an X-Acto knife to make their own. Soon the market fixed the problem. Rounded cables are now inexpensive — and obviated, since SATA uses a small, thin cable by default.
But out there in the world of computing there are still folks who need to make ribbon cables of their own for custom installations. And as a failed sysadmin myself, I've lost most of my knowledge of Cisco router commands but retained a fetish for cabling tools, like this ribbon cable cutter from Knipex that can slice through the delicate bands without crushing the individual strands. I also like it because the picture has a rainbow.
Street prices are between $60 and $100, which can buy a whole crate of pre-made ribbon cables of various length.
Knipex Ribbon-Cable Cutter [Toolmonger] | <urn:uuid:866cea3e-6c8d-4ca5-8377-7b916a73c739> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://gadgets.boingboing.net/2008/05/22/knipex-ribbon-cable.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00013-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966984 | 270 | 1.679688 | 2 |
cut and paste but:-
"Any notion that the Germans were “embarrassed” because of victories by non-Whites at the Berlin Games is ridiculous. Jesse Owens is very prominently featured in Olympia, the official German documentary of the Games. Leni Riefenstahl's film masterwork also devotes great attention to many other non-Whites, including outstanding Japanese athletes. The same holds true in the deluxe, semi-official German picture book commemorating the Games, Die Olympischen Spiele 1936, released by the Cigaretten-Bilderdienst. Jesse Owens is pictured seven times in this book - more than any other athlete - and is admiringly referred to as "the fastest in the world.” A large picture in the book records the chiseling of the victors' names in granite at the stadium - and singled out in this picture is: “Owens U.S.A.”
Despite the remarkable achievements of Jesse Owens, and of other athletes of all races, Germany did capture more gold medals than any other nation, thus “winning” the Olympics - a fact usually ignored in discussions of the 1936 Games."
From The Journal of Historical Review, Spring 1984 (Vol. 5, No. 1), pages 123-125
It is really simple Boycott the games Russians ask "why are our games rubbish?" Putin looks like a fool . don't boycott the games and Putin looks like a strong leader and gets the message the world don't care about the civil rights of his citizens or indeed those of our own athletes and visitors to Russia. | <urn:uuid:6d1dd0b5-b361-404d-8448-2b130225b902> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://singletrackworld.com/forum/topic/stephen-fry-lets-rip-at-the-mail/page/5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00034-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94171 | 335 | 2.6875 | 3 |
SPUR Corporation, whose brands include Panarottis, John Dory’s and Captain DoRegos, will open outlets in Swaziland, Nigeria, Tanzania, Namibia and the Seychelles next year.
With Africa’s middle class expected to triple by 2031, consumer-facing industries are harnessing opportunities to cash in on the surge in spending.
In its annual report, released on Monday, the restaurant franchise group said its strategy was to grow in existing territories to allow for the development of improved logistics, pricing and raw material efficiencies.
“Countries in the rest of Africa offer a good opportunity to enter higher growth markets although each market brings its own particular challenges,” CE Pierre van Tonder said.
There are 25 restaurants in the group’s African division, outside South Africa. The company has nine outlets in Mauritius.
via Spur Corporation ventures out of South Africa | Retail & Consumer | BDlive.
Policymakers on both sides of the Atlantic have argued for years how to span the bridge between peaceful Europeans from Venus and realist Americans from Mars. The truth is, the debate on our diverging approaches to the challenges of global order has already been overtaken by events. Both Venus and Mars are, after all, part of the same solar system, and subject to the same Newtonian laws of physics. And these increasingly work against the North-Atlantic and Western world. China‘s 1.3 billion population dwarfs that of the EU and the U.S. Europe and America have seen their share of world trade fall to a combined total of below 30 percent in the face of tough competition from India, China, and other key trading nations set on converting their cheap labor industries into technologically sophisticated economies.
via Daniel Caspary: Mars and Venus Don’t Matter in International Trade. | <urn:uuid:fdd7da3a-57f3-4ba9-846f-b8ae4d77d27e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://offshore-companies.org/category/africa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00460-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926012 | 383 | 1.789063 | 2 |
: Using Teacher Evaluation Reform and Professional Development to Support Common Core Assessments
The Common Core State Standards initiative presents challenges to teacher evaluation systems across the country, many of which are in the early stages of development and implementation. The merging of the Common Core State Standards and teacher evaluation systems must be approached in innovative ways so that teachers and the systems under which they are evaluated are able to adapt to new expectations.
Please join the Center for American Progress for a discussion about ways to ensure that the Common Core State Standards initiative proves successful with the release of Peter Youngs’ paper, “Using Teacher Evaluation Reform and Professional Development to Support Common Core Assessments”. In light of the challenges, this report includes several recommendations for how observation protocols, student surveys, value-added models, and teacher performance assessments can be implemented and successfully utilized, along with comprehensive professional development for teachers and principals needed to support the Common Core initiative.
John Stewart, Program Manager, Project COACH, Hamilton County Department of Education, Tennessee
Thomas Toch, Senior Managing Partner, Public Policy Engagement, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
Rob Weil, Director, Field Programs, Educational Issues, American Federation of Teachers
Peter Youngs, Associate Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Michigan State University
Cynthia G. Brown, Vice President, Education Policy, Center for American Progress | <urn:uuid:20df5885-7241-493f-9448-1f624923c821> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.americanprogress.org/events/using-teacher-evaluation-reform-and-professional-development-to-support-common-core-assessments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.89914 | 296 | 2.46875 | 2 |
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The China Study - Sun 19 July 2009
Sunday, 19 July 2009, 2 - 6 pm
Specially for medical, health and education professionals,
For more than 40 years, Dr. T. Colin Campbell has been at the forefront of nutrition research. His crowning achievement, the China Project, has been called the most comprehensive study of health and nutrition
The culmination of a 20-year partnership of Cornell University, Oxford University and the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, the study examines more than 350 variables of health and nutrition with surveys from 6,500 adults in more than 2,500 counties across China and Taiwan. The results, summarized in Professor Campbell’s book, The China Study, suggest that:
- a strong link exists between nutrition and heart disease, diabetes, cancer and other life-threatening illnesses
- proper nutrition can have a dramatic effect on reducing and reversing these ailments as well as curbing obesity
- our current eating practices need urgent and dramatic change
Spend a life-changing afternoon with Professor Campbell and discover why
The China Study has been hailed as “one of the most important books about nutrition ever written (and how) reading it may save your life.1"
|3.00pm||Introduction by Vegetarian Society (Singapore)|
|3.15pm||Talk and Q&A session by Professor T. Colin Campbell|
||Food Fair (food for sale from some of Singapore’s best vegetarian restaurants)|
$40 (packaged with The China Study book worth $30.70)2
1. Dean Ornish, MD, author, Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease
2. Present your $40 ticket on the day of the event to collect your copy of The China Study.
Click here for Professor Campbell's bio.
Special thanks to our kind sponsors:
East West Learning Enterprises Pte Ltd - A Member of the IMC Group
|Packaged with The China Study book:||SG$40| | <urn:uuid:18c8605c-d81e-495e-8217-512ba4f55d99> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.vegetarian-society.org/chinastudy-smu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00194-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898947 | 431 | 1.523438 | 2 |
As I noted yesterday, I want to delve more in the adoration of Mary (a very Protestant term, although many Orthodox use it in the English world). Kimberly Hahn writes,
We carefully differentiate between veneration of Mary, which is good and right, and adoration of Mary, which the Catholic Church condemns as idolatry. For Protestants, worship consists of songs, prayer, and a sermon. On a Marian feast day, since Catholics have songs about Mary, prayers to Mary, and a homily about Mary, Protestants can feel offended that we have “worshipped” her. However, as Catholics, we define adoration as sacrifice and veneration as honoring those whom God honors. For example, we would never offer Mary’s body as a sacrifice nor do we sacrifice to her, though we do honor Mary and the saints as, we believe, God does.1
One of the things I’ve learned in moving West is that words mean different things. The Catholics do not worship Mary, but venerate her, or in the language I grew up with, adore. But, if we are to have a universal church, or at least a universal charity, then we should at least hope for a normative use of words. Hahn, and many others, note the differences, but it is Hahn that succinctly presents the difference. Veneration would not include sacrifice. I believe Epiphanius, a 4th century Bishop, condemned the sacrifice to Mary, reserving only sacrifice (and thus the Eucharist) through worship to the Holy Trinity.
- Kimberly Hahn, “Mary, Full of Grace,” in Catholic for a Reason II: Scripture and the Mystery of the Mother of God (ed. Scott Hahn and Leon J. Suprenant Jr.; Second Edition.; Steubenville, OH: Emmaus Road Publishing, 2004), 148. ↩ | <urn:uuid:89f643a3-8a09-4008-9fe3-02f726fff2ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://unsettledchristianity.com/kimberly-hahn-on-the-difference-between-veneration-and-adoration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718285.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00107-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954323 | 394 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Caring for Cats
How to Have a Happy and Healthy Cat
Cats depend on people for everything they need—food, fresh water, a clean litter box, veterinary care, and, most important, affection and love. Here are some essentials to keep your feline friend happy and safe.
Explore the Great Indoors
Cats may sometimes act cocky and independent, but they are as defenseless as toddlers in the concrete jungle. Cats allowed to roam outside unattended may be attacked by dogs, stolen by dogfighters to use as “bait” or by thieves who sell animals to labs, or shot or poisoned by neighbors who don’t like them digging in the flowerbeds or climbing on their cars. Cats who roam outside are also exposed to deadly diseases like feline AIDS and feline leukemia, for which there is no cure.
Cats can adapt nicely to life indoors if they get plenty of playtime and other ways to exercise their agile minds. From paper bags and rolled up balls of paper to motorized “mice” and laser pointers, toys perk up even the laziest feline. All-time favorites are Cat Dancer and Cat Charmer.
Windows are cat “TV”—a birdbath or feeder placed near a window can provide hours of entertainment.
If window sills aren’t wide enough, build or buy a cushioned perch (available from pet supply stores and catalogs) to attach to the sill. A screened-in porch or an enclosure accessible through a window is a great way for kitty to safely commune with nature. KittyWalk Systems makes enclosures in a variety of configurations that can stand alone or be attached to a cat door. If your yard is fenced, another option is Cat Fence-In, a netting kit that attaches to the top of the fence. No existing fence is necessary to install another escape-proof system, called Purrfect Fence, although it is advisable to supplement it with sturdy fencing of some kind to keep dogs and other predators out.
Cats can safely explore outdoors on a leash—just be sure to use an ultra-lightweight, retractable leash attached to a harness, not a collar. Let your cat get used to the harness for short periods indoors, then pick a safe outdoor area to explore. KittyWalk Systems also makes a “pet stroller” that allows for longer, brisker walks and provides a measure of safety from free-roaming dogs.
Five out of Five Cats Prefer a Clean Litter Box
Nobody likes to use a dirty bathroom, which is why it’s important to scoop out your cat’s litter box at least twice a day, preferably every time your cat uses the box, but especially after meal times. If you have more than one cat, a good rule of thumb is to have one box per cat. Avoid scented litters, since cats are sensitive to smells. Place the litter pan well away from the cat’s feeding area and in a place that is quiet and feels “safe” to your cat.
Any cat who is urinating outside the litter box should be taken to a veterinarian right away to rule out a urinary tract infection, which is very common and can be fatal, especially in male cats, who can become “blocked” and die from a build-up of toxins very quickly. If a urinary tract infection is ruled out, your cat may be unhappy with the cleanliness of the pan (or lack thereof), the type of litter used, the location, or with the box itself (some cats prefer covered boxes and vice versa).
Dinner Is Served
It sounds obvious, but you’d be surprised how easy it is to forget to check Fluffy’s water, clean her bowls, and feed her twice a day. Cats are finicky—they won’t drink dirty water—but if they eat kibble, they will need plenty of water to prevent urinary tract infections. Kibble shouldn’t be the cat’s sole food, and it doesn’t have to be in a cat’s diet at all. Canned or homemade food is more palatable and will help add moisture to the diet to help prevent a urinary tract infection. If you want to sever your last link with the slaughterhouse, it is possible to feed cats a vegetarian diet, but it must be done carefully to make sure that it is nutritionally balanced and that the cat is thriving on it.
Decline to Declaw
Cats love to scratch. It helps to remove broken claws, stretch muscles, and mark “territory.” Declawing is definitely NOT a good way to protect your furniture—in fact, it’s the most expensive and painful one: Declawing is actually 10 individual amputations, since it involves chopping off the last joint of each one of the cat’s toes. Declawing can make cats insecure, moody, and more prone to biting because they can’t use their claws to defend themselves. It can also lead to litter box problems, proving that there’s more than one way to ruin a carpet!
The best way to save your furniture is to provide lots of “approved” places to scratch. Sisal cat “trees” and posts, cardboard scratching boxes, and those ingenious “cat tracks” (a ball in a circular plastic tunnel surrounding a cardboard scratching pad) are big hits. Sprinkle catnip on them weekly to keep cats interested, and be sure to replace cardboard inserts when they get worn out.
Trim your cat’s claws once every two weeks—you just have to remove the sharp “hook” at the end—and put double-sided tape on places that you don’t want your cat to scratch—cats don’t like the sticky feeling on their paws.
Making Fleas Flee
Fleas don’t just make cats uncomfortable, they can also cause skin allergies and tapeworm infestations (when cats ingest fleas through grooming). Cats who stay indoors are less likely to get fleas, but they can still catch them from you if you accidentally bring fleas inside on your pants or shoes. Monthly treatments with flea killers aren’t necessary unless you see fleas on your cat, nor are baths with hazardous insecticidal shampoos (since soap and water alone kill fleas). A nontoxic alternative to flea poisons is to use a flea comb, which catches the fleas in its fine teeth, and then dunk the fleas into a container of soapy water or put them in a container in the freezer.
Get to the Vet!
Spaying and neutering doesn’t just prevent the births of unwanted kittens, it also prevents cancer of the reproductive organs and, if performed before the cat reaches sexual maturity (at about 5 to 6 months old), can also prevent other cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer.
Any cat who is acting lethargic or “grouchy,” has diarrhea or frequent vomiting, isn’t eating, or is having “accidents” outside the litter box should be taken to the vet right away. Even “minor” illnesses can turn fatal if not treated, and regular check-ups can prevent or catch diseases before they become serious. | <urn:uuid:50476691-982e-4e9b-85d7-a18f3b807874> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.peta.org/living/companion-animals/caring-animal-companions/caring-cats/?PageIndex=3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00319-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934936 | 1,546 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Kids need music.
Simple as that.
Why else do parents sing to comfort their infants, put on lullabies for their toddlers, or play sing-along DVDs for their elementary-aged kids?
I would argue that educating children in music can not only be beneficial in their day to day lives but also set them up for an incredible future.
March was Music in our Schools month – a nationwide effort to bring attention to the importance of school music!
I want to do my part by pointing out four incredible benefits your child will experience through a quality school music program. The things your child will learn last far beyond their childhood years. Here’s why –
1. School Music Teaches Students Reasoning and Logic.
As an adult, I think and reason every single day. We make decisions about work, our homes, our families and a million other things. But where does that skill come from? Was it through puzzles we solved as a child, or riddles our grandparents told us?
Children in school music education have a leg up in learning how to think logically.
Recent evidence has shown that training in music physically develops the left side a child’s brain – the side involved with processing language, analytic thought and logic.
When a child begins training in a school music class, they use the left side of their brain to process pitch, tempo and the emotion involved in music. Music education has the power to stimulate and rewire the brain’s circuits. A musically-trained child can use their left brain much earlier than children who aren’t in any form of music education.
Meanwhile, those school music lessons are also stimulating the right side of the brain, known for spatial awareness and creativity.
It’s also teaching your child the ability to combine different parts to create a whole. This means they could not only play a measure on the piano, but also be learning how to think through everything they need in their backpack for the next day.
School music classes also develop amazing motor skills and creativity – all things we need as adults.
Music in our Schools Tip: Expose your children to music from a young age. If they are pre-kindergarten, play music in your home. Encourage them to sing a song they learned in daycare or preschool. Take a few moments out of your day to play with them as they beat a drum or play on a toy xylophone.
As your children move into school, be intentional when asking about their music class, and ask them to share what they are learning!
New to Kincaid’s? Start here.
2. School Music Teaches Students to Strive for Excellence.
We all want our children to be the most successful people they can be. As our children grow, so do their responsibilities – between schoolwork, work at home, and social demands.
Children in school music develop a sense of craftsmanship while studying music, beginning to take pride in their work. This skill translates directly to the rest of their lives.
Students in school music will go from accepting good to striving for great.
One study shows that elementary students in great school music programs scored around 22 percent higher in English and 20 percent higher in math scores on standardized tests, when compared to students in low-quality music programs.
This shows how students in school music programs start practically transferring those skills over to other subjects like Math and English, among others.
When students learn music and take pride in it, the change is evident even in other subjects!
Children learn to take ownership of their music by practicing consistently, trying out new sounds, and even taking care of their instruments. This is a huge skill for a young child to learn.
Kids in school music education carry that skill over to the rest of their lives, taking greater ownership of their grades, chores and other tasks.
Music in our Schools Tip: Test it out – keep a record of your child’s grades before and after they enter a music class. Do you see any improvements? If so, celebrate with them!
Ask their teachers about any improvements they have seen outside of test scores, such as quality of classwork, interactions with classmates and attention span.
3. School Music Puts Students in Sync With Themselves and Others
As adults, we know that life is hard. I know I wasn’t prepared for the emotional toll some of my experiences would take on me. What if our kids could have a better grasp of their emotions as they grow?
A child in school music education will develop earlier socially and emotionally.
Music can be used to change our emotions: To soothe, relax, stimulate, excite, or make us happy or sad.
Exposing children to the emotional power of music at an early age is so beneficial! It can help them identify what they are feeling and relate to the feelings of others.
Research shows that even infants that are six months old show development of “prelinguistic communication” and social behavior after just months of musical experiences.
If an infant’s emotional and social behaviors can already be impacted through musical training, then imagine how ready that same kid will be for the real world after fifteen years of it!
There is also a side to music that involves working with others. Children form notes in harmony with one another. They join their voices to singing the same words, or move their bodies to the same rhythm.
The cooperation between students and teacher is so beneficial to social development. School music helps students to be more attentive, listen better and work in groups better than children who are not in it.
Here’s something else to consider: studying music by artists of different cultures can help our kids begin to understand people who are different than they are.
Because music from different social groups always reflects those groups, your child will probably like one kind of music than some other music. It also depends on what kind of music they are most exposed to in the home.
School music programs allow kids to study, and even recreate, music from another culture. It also teaches them to accept something different than what they’re used to.
Music in Our Schools Tip: Help your kids bring the social and emotional aspects from school music class into the rest of their lives by engaging with them each day. If you play music in the car, ask them how it makes them feel.
Try to make up a happy song together, and then a sad one. See how they respond and watch how they become more in touch with their own emotions – and even the emotions of others around them.
4. School Music Prepares Students for Success in the Future
What makes a person successful? Wealth, status, family? How about the simple ability to relate to others and perform skill(s) that they are passionate about?
School music prepares your child for their adult life. The lessons that your kids learn when actively engaging with music – from how to think, to spatial awareness, to paying attention, to interacting with classmates – it all translates into a well-rounded child becoming a well-rounded teen, becoming a well-rounded adult.
A study of children who were heavily involved in a music class were also the ones who had better attendance. They also paid attention in class and stayed on task during the lesson.
Our kids’ brains rewire through the process of music education, and the benefits are absolutely incredible.
When children grow up with a school music education, it pushes them toward success.
Without musical training, the skills we hope to see in our children may or may not actually develop. School music helps kids – even from the youngest time in their lives – learn the skills for a successful present and an even more successful future.
Music in Our Schools Tip: To support your child’s (and their peers’) musical education, become involved in the music program at their schools. Volunteer your time to help with programs and concerts. Ask their music teacher if you can help in or outside of class. Have them practice their school music in front of you.
And applaud them!
Each note brings your child one step closer to success!
So what can you do to make every month Music in our Schools Month?
The most important thing you can do for your child in music education is to start them young. Even while they are newborns, be intentional about playing music for, singing to, or dancing with them. This will begin engaging their brains.
Once they are school-aged, talk with your child about their school music class. Begin reinforcing from school to home by volunteering your time with the music class at school, and helping them practice their music at home.
Band Directors/Music Educators
Know that what you are giving the children you teach is much more than an hour’s worth of trying to make harmony out of cacophony. You are literally rewiring their brains. Encourage that!
When you see a child begin to develop better social skills, pay more attention, or improve grades outside of your class, get excited with them – and let those little victories encourage you to keep doing what you do.
You may not know it, but each day you play music your brain is changing and strengthening! Make sure that you work hard, pay attention, and offer help to others in your music classes.
Teamwork, after all, does make the dream work. (*groan* – I know, I know…)
Talk to your parents and teachers about the things they see you improving on as a result of school music class – whether it’s grades, social skills, or even your attention span. They’ll want to celebrate with you, so let them!
Have you seen firsthand how music enhances the development of your child? Are you interested in learning more about how to get your young child involved in school music education?
Parents of grown children, do you think your children are more successful because of school music programs in their younger years?
Let us know in the comments!
All photos used under CC0 license. | <urn:uuid:d0b380e2-5967-4fb0-9dbd-e7c133cfb89a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://blog.kincaidsmusic.com/school-music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.969064 | 2,081 | 3.140625 | 3 |
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