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Symptoms of Kawasaki disease include red and swollen feet, hands, lips and tongue, fever, red eyes, and a body rash, according to WebMD. Additional symptoms include a fever lasting longer than five days and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.Continue Reading
Any child experiencing symptoms of Kawasaki disease must get prompt medical attention, WebMD reports. Early detection and treatment can prevent damage to the heart.
Kawasaki disease usually occurs in children between 1 and 2 years of age, WebMD states. It is less likely to occur in children over 8. Although Kawasaki disease is not contagious, doctors have noticed that most cases occur in late winter and early spring.
The condition is a rare childhood disease, WebMD explains. Most children are sick for a few days and then fully recover. Because Kawasaki disease affects the blood vessels, it can damage the coronary arteries, the vessels that supply blood to the heart. Most children are monitored for several months after having Kawasaki disease to detect heart damage.
Treatment for Kawasaki disease usually starts with intravenous medication in the hospital, notes WebMD. Immunoglobulin medicine is used to treat inflammation in the blood vessels. Doctors also prescribe aspirin to lower the risk of blood clots and to alleviate fever and pain.Learn more about Conditions & Diseases | <urn:uuid:3a74914d-e086-4ad0-9333-b3ee1d7576cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/health/symptoms-kawasaki-disease-da7a030e68e0171 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00127-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929614 | 266 | 3.359375 | 3 |
President Serdar Berdimuhamedov forwarded from the name of the population and the Government of Turkmenistan a cordial congratulations to his Belarusian colleague on the occasion of celebrated today Independence Day of the Republic of Belarus, the informative program “Watan” of the Turkmen television reports.
In his message, the Turkmen leader emphasized that friendly relations based on the principles of mutual understanding, equality and trust will continue to develop dynamically for the sake of the bright future of the peoples of the two countries.
Taking advantage of this pleasant opportunity, the Head of Turkmenistan expressed to President Aleksandr Lukashenko sincere wishes of good health, happiness and great success in responsible state activities, and peace, prosperity and prosperity to the friendly people of the Republic of Belarus.
The Independence Day of the Republic of Belarus is the main holiday of the Belarusian nationhood, celebrated on July 3 every year in honor of the liberation of the capital – Minsk – from the Nazi invaders in 1944.
Since 1991, Independence Day has been celebrated on July 27, the day of the adoption of the Declaration of Sovereignty of Belarus.
The decision on celebration of the Independence Day on July 3, the day of liberation of Belarus from the Nazi invaders was adopted in 1996 during the Republican referendum.
Independence Day of Belarus is a non-working day. | <urn:uuid:d4747c47-185a-4291-9399-2121ca3d2cf5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://turkmenportal.com/en/blog/49028/serdar-berdimuhamedov-congratulated-aleksandr-lukashenko-with-the-belarus-independence-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.941155 | 276 | 1.84375 | 2 |
In Judaism, the New Moon ushers in a new month
|Texts in Jewish law relating to this article:|
|Babylonian Talmud:||Megillah 22b|
|* Not meant as a definitive ruling. Some observances may be rabbinical, customs or Torah based.|
Rosh Chodesh, (Hebrew: ראש חודש; trans. Beginning of the Month; lit. Head of the Month), is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the appearance of the New Moon. It is considered a minor holiday, akin to the intermediate days of Passover and Sukkot.
Origin of Rosh Chodesh
"And the LORD spoke unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying: 'This month shall mark for you the beginning of the months; it shall be the first of the months of the year for you.'" (12:1-2)In the Book of Numbers, God speaks of the celebration of the new moon to Moses:
"And on your joyous occasions - your fixed festivals and new moon days - you shall sound the trumpets over your burnt offerings and your sacrifices of well-being." (10:10)
The occurrence of Rosh Chodesh was originally based on the testimony of witnesses observing the new moon. When two reliable witnesses appeared before the Sanhedrin the day was declared as Rosh Chodesh, either making the month a full month or a defective, 29-day month. After declaring the new month, news of it would then be communicated throughout Israel and the diaspora.
Announcement of Rosh Chodesh
Despite the existence of a fixed calendar, the date of Rosh Chodesh is still announced in synagogues on the Shabbat (called Shabbat Mevarchim) prior to its observance. The announcement is made before returning the sefer torah back to its place in the aron kodesh with a modified version of the Yehi Ratzon ("May it be Your will"): "May it be Your will... that You inaugurate us for the month," followed by an announcement of the date and time of the new moon. This announcement is referred to as the molad, or "birth." If Rosh Chodesh occurs on Shabbat, the announcement is made on the preceding Shabbat. Although the molad marks the precise date and time of the new moon, Rosh Chodesh itself may not be observed until several days later to accommodate the observance of other holidays. Rosh Chodesh Tishrei (which is also Rosh HaShana) is never announced.
Observing Rosh Chodesh
During the evening service of Rosh Chodesh, a prayer Ya'a'le Ve-Yavo is added to the Avodah, the prayer for the restoration of the Temple and a segment of the Amidah. During the morning service, Ya'a' le Ve-Yavo is again recited and either a whole or half Hallel (Psalms 113-118) is recited. The Book of Numbers 28:1-15, which includes the offerings of Rosh Chodesh, is read. An additional prayer service, called Mussaf, is added to commemorate the original sacrifices in the Temple. After the service, many recite Psalm 104. The Ya'a'le Ve-Yavo prayer is also inserted in the Grace after Meals (Birkat Ha-Mazon). Many have a custom to make sure to eat a special meal in honor of Rosh Chodesh, as the Code of Jewish Law suggests. This gives on the opportunity to recite the Ya'a'le Ve-Yavo in the Grace after Meals. Some Hasidic Jews sing Psalm 104 during this meal.
If Rosh Chodesh falls on Shabbat, the regular Torah reading is supplemented with a reading of Numbers 28:9-15. The Mussaf prayer is also modified when Rosh Chodesh falls on Shabbat. The central benediction is replaced with an alternate version (Ata Yatzarta) that mentions both the Shabbat and Rosh Chodesh. If Rosh Chodesh falls on a Sunday, a different Haftarah, Mahar Hodesh (I Samuel 20:18-42) is read. The Kiddush Levanah (sanctification of the moon) is recited soon after Rosh Chodesh, typically on the first Saturday night after Rosh Chodesh.
Modern observances: Rosh Chodesh and women
According to the Talmud (tractate Megillah 22b), women are exempt from work on Rosh Chodesh, and Rashi, in commenting on this passage, delineates the activities from which they may refrain: spinning, weaving, and sewing — the skills that women contributed to the building of the Mishkan (Tabernacle). The midrash Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer explores this exemption in chapter 45:
"Aaron argued with himself, saying: If I say to Israel, Give ye to me gold and silver, they will bring it immediately; but behold I will say to them, Give ye to me the earrings of your wives and of your sons, and forthwith the matter will fail, as it is said, "And Aaron said to them, Break off the golden rings." The women heard (this), but they were unwilling to give their earrings to their husbands; but they said to them: Ye desire to make a graven image of a molten image without any power in it to deliver. The Holy One, blessed be He, gave the women their reward in this world and the world to come. What reward did He give them in this world? That they should observe the New Moons more stringently than the men, and what reward will He give them in the world to come? They are destined to be renewed like the New Moons, as it is said: Who satisfieth thy years with good things; so that thy youth is renewed like the eagle."
Female-centered Rosh Chodesh observances vary from group to group, but many are centered on small gatherings of women, called Rosh Chodesh groups. There is often a particular interest in the Shekinah, considered by the kabbalah to be a feminine aspect of God. These groups engage in a wide variety of activities that center around issues important to Jewish women, depending on the preference of the group's members. Many Rosh Chodesh groups explore spirituality, religious education, ritual, health issues, music, chanting, art, and/or cooking. Some groups also choose to educate young Jewish women in their community about sexuality, self-image, and other women's mental and physical health issues.
- Hebrew calendar
- Solar year
- Lunar cycle
- Jewish Feminism
- Yom Kippur Katan - Confessional ritual for the day preceding Rosh Chodesh
- ↑ Kosofsky, Scott-Martin. The Book of Customs: A Complete Handbook for the Jewish Year. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 2004. p.91
- ↑ All passages from the Torah are taken from The JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh, Second Edition. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2003.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kosofsky, p. 92
- ↑ Friedlander, Gerald, trans.Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer: The Chapters of Rabbi Eliezer the Great According to the Text of the Manuscript Belonging to Abraham Epstein of Vienna. New York: Hermon Press, 1965, p. 353-354.
- ↑ Gottlieb, Lynn. She Who Dwells Within: A Feminist Vision of a Renewed Judaism San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1995, see esp. Ch. 12: "The Initiation of the New Jewish Woman."
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Rosh Chodesh. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.| | <urn:uuid:38165ead-1707-41c7-a95a-35845828ffad> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://religion.wikia.com/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00053-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923563 | 1,703 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Honors Proposal Guidelines
Biology Honors Proposals should contain an overview of the proposed research with sufficient detail to allow assessment of the major ideas and approaches to be used, as well as the broader impacts of the proposed research. Proposals should be written with significant detail to allow readers to assess the merits and methodologies of the proposed work but should be general enough to be interpretable to a scientist with expertise outside the area of focus. Proposals are limited to 4 pages (this limit includes 1 - 3 in format below) and must follow the following format:
- Title of Proposed Project
- Project Summary/Abstract
- Project Description
- Conceptual framework
- Rationale and Significance or "Background"
- Hypothesis(es) or Research Question
- Research Design/Approach
- Broader Impacts
- References Cited
- Necessary Approvals
- Budget/Materials needed (if requested)
Some proposals may include a materials needed and/or budget depending on the situation of the principle investigator/advisor. You should speak with your research advisor about the need for a proposed budget.
Details of proposal sections:
- Title of Proposed Project: Title should be descriptive and concise. It should reflect the content of the proposed project.
- Project Summary: Project Summaries/Abstracts should synopsize the project so that the reader can get the point and clearly determine the general merit of the proposal. Summaries/Abstracts will be about 200 - 250 words and summarize the purpose of the study addressing its intellectual merit, the methods used, and the broader impacts. The summary should be written in the voice appropriate to the standard for the subdiscipline (e.g., first person-active; third person), informative to those working in the same or related field(s), and understandable to a scientifically or technically literate reader.
- Project Description. Containing the following sub-sections:
- "Conceptual Framework" or "Objectives" or "Specific Aims"
- "Rationale and Significance" or "Background"
- "Hypotheses" or "Research Question (s)"
- "Research Approach", "Research Design" or "Experimental Plan"
- "Broader Impacts" - What may be the benefits of the proposed activity/project to the laboratory, department, and society? How will this work be disseminated broadly to enhance scientific understanding (e.g., peer-reviewed publication, public presentation, web presence, blog)?
- References Cited (maximum 2 pages). This should follow standard.
- Necessary approvals:
- Work with vertebrate animals (IACUC - animal care and use committee)
- Work involving Human Subjects (IRB - internal review board)
- Budget (when appropriate) should be submitted. | <urn:uuid:86c385f6-0b11-41ac-a747-5f638391cc33> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dickinson.edu/info/20098/biology/386/honors_in_biology/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00098-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872584 | 592 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Sim fails certain scenarios in The Sims 3, they will become singed. This is a very common penalty throughout the game. Being singed consists of both a cosmetic penalty - Sims become sooty and black, with messy hair standing on its end and end up in just their underwear - and a negative moodlet. The cosmetic penalty will disappear when the Sim bathes, but the moodlet may not. If a Sim tries to repair an electrical item while singed, the chance of getting killed by electrocution is 100%. Also if a singed Sim is set on fire, they will die by fire immediately with no chance of being put out.
Being singed also prevents humans and vampires (and ghosts of humans or vampires) from changing clothes until they take a shower/bath or use a Shower in a Can[TS3:WA]. If the player tries to have them change clothes by using Change Outfit..., the message "Can't change clothes while singed!" will appear.
Sims such as a human and vampires that are caught in a Fire Trap and singed by it will cause a warning to appear. SimBots, being immune to fire, do not get the message. Ghosts can get the message from being singed by fire, but they cannot be killed by it.
How to cure being SingedEdit
- Taking a bath or shower
- Using the Shower in a Can[TS3:WA]
- Using the Good Times Karma power[TS3C]
- Removing the "Singed" moodlet then changing clothes by using the Moodlet Manager (pre-1.42 version) or testing cheats (CTRL+clicking the moodlet)
If Good Times[TS3C] or the Moodlet Manager are used to remove Singed, the Sim can change their clothes. However, the player will still not be allowed to change clothes through the dresser or use the Catalyst Chemistry Lab Station.[TS3:G]
Life States that can be singedEdit
Tasks That Can Get a Sim SingedEdit
- A Culinary career event
- A Science career event
- Failing to repair or upgrade an electronic object
- Being mauled by a bear and other outcomes while exploring the catacombs in a mausoleum
- Getting caught by a fire tomb trap[TS3:WA]
- Failed detonation[TS3:A]
- Exploring a drill hole[TS3:A]
- Being near a falling meteor[TS3:A]
- Failing to discover a potion with the chemistry table[TS3:G]
- Being cast with the fire spell[TS3:SN]
- Eating a jelly bean[TS3:SN]
- "Hot Head" fairy trick[TS3:SN]
- Instant Homework completion (child / teen witches only)[TS3:SN]
- Getting struck by lightning[TS3:S]
- Bad outcome from using the brain enhancing machine[TS3:UL]
- In the PC/Mac versions, Sims who are Singed have their hair messed up and are in their underwear. In the PS3/Xbox 360 versions, they retain their current outfit and hairstyle, though they still have black marks.
- ↑ SimBots and ghosts cannot be killed by electrocution.
- ↑ As of The Sims 3: Supernatural, the Moodlet Manager no longer removes Singed.
- ↑ Ghosts can be singed if the ghost is a Sim or vampire; they cannot if they are a Mummy or SimBot. Unlike Humans and Vampires, they will not be killed by Fire or Electrocution while the ghost has this moodlet. Ghosts singed by fire traps will still get a warning message. | <urn:uuid:f51d13fa-c180-491e-a047-4332a8963459> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sims.wikia.com/wiki/Singed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00057-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906191 | 787 | 1.6875 | 2 |
CONTACT THE HELP DESK at 216-268-6485
Safer Way to Write Down Passwords
By AJ Allen
I know, I know, you all have bazillion passwords and they all have to be different depending on the website or account password requirements. It still pains me when I walk in a classroom and see a teacher or administrator having a piece of paper or a sticky note with their log in credentials to all the websites they use on a regular basis. While it does bother me that people have to resort to this, I understand why this has to be done. Luckily, there are options out there for those that want to securely store their passwords in one easy-to-use file.
Believe it or not, a program we all use daily has a feature built in to secure documents. Microsoft Word has a document-protection feature to encrypt your password file. While this sounds great, there is an important drawback to this. I’m sure most of you have heard of a Trojan or spyware referred to as “key loggers”. A keystroke logger is a program that you may inadvertently download that monitors every keystroke you make. It is important that as you make your password file, you add extra characters to the end of your username/password field and then delete them after you type them. This will throw off any key logging program so a hacker does not get your credentials. Now, after you type all your websites, usernames and passwords into a file, we will need to add
1. Click on File > Info > Protect Document button > Encrypt with Password.
2. Type in a password and press ‘Enter’ on your keyboard.
3. Confirm the password and press ‘Enter’ on your keyboard again.
I know what you’re thinking – “So what about our Mac users AJ?”. Well I’m glad you asked. Mac 2011 is laid out a little bit differently.
1. Open/Create the document as you normally would.
2. Click Word > Preferences > Security.
3. Enter a password in the “Password to open” box.
4. You can adjust the “Privacy Options” as you see fit.
5. Click “OK” in the bottom right of this window.
Now the best way to go about entering your passwords into login sites would be to copy and paste
from your Word document that you just created. This will prevent key loggers from obtaining your
password because you are copying and pasting it. Some sites won’t let you paste into a password
field so you have to type it. Obviously, the best choice is to not document passwords on paper or
electronically but I hope this article will at least make you think about securing your passwords in the | <urn:uuid:dc467186-7234-4f5d-9106-3f9b6b3f36b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.east-cleveland.k12.oh.us/administrativeDepartment.aspx?aid=20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00072-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932438 | 590 | 2.453125 | 2 |
THE CHURCH OF PATROCINIO DE MARIA, BOLJOON
The more than 400 years old Church of Patrocinio de Maria in Boljoon is one of the historical treasure which Boljoon is really proud of. So upon checking in at The Cebu Club Portmed Resort where we stayed for 4 days, I immediately asked my companions to visit the famous historical church.
From the resort, we took the Tricycle going to the church. I took the back seat for me to take more photos while in transit.
When we arrived at the church I immediately start taking pictures. Visually the church looked really rustic. I seemed to feel that any repairs made in the past haven’t changed its original look. The Church of Patrocinio de Maria of Boljoon is said to be one which best gives one a sense of the Philippine colonial past.
The Church of Patrocinio de Maria in Boljoon is a genuine showcase of old and complicated carvings and adornments.
It was late when we first visited the church so we were not able to get inside, so on the 4th day of my Boljoon visit, I went back to the church to see the interior of the historical church.
On my second visit I had the opportunity to have a short discussion with the elders who were sitting at the entrance of the convent. They were part of those who maintain the church so they were able to give me substantial information.
Still standing great after more than 400 years, the Church of Patrocinio de Maria of Boljoon is the oldest remaining original church in Cebu and is relatively well-preserved. It was declared for conservation and restoration in 1998. The Church of Patrocinio de Maria has a pseudo-baroque rococo style and is made of coral stone. It was quite amazing upon entering the convent seeing that I was literally stepping on big blocks of corals.
I also had the opportunity to go up the convent. Even the convent’s ceiling is also painted and adorned by a glass chandelier. I was so disappointed because I don’t have a wide lense with me so I cannot really capture a relatively wide space.The intricate carving on wood as shown in the stairways in the convent showed creativity and craftsmanship of the natives way back then.
EL GRANDE BALUARTE
One of the most unusual tower and it looked more like a fortress. Its has a rectangular belfry and said to have been built in 1701 and is still present up to now. The tower has four windows where the cannons were shown to defend against Muslim pirates. It was said that the sound of its silver bells supposedly reached Oslob and Alcoy (southern most town of Cebu), but in 1802, they were stolen by Muslim pirates led by Datu Orendain. Because of their weight, the Moro vinta allegedly sunk. The bell was never recovered.
The tower now serves as a belfry for the church.
.Escuela Catolica was established in 1940, the structure has a rectangular plan with a formal symmetrical façade.
BOLJOON ESCUELA CATOLICA
Adjacent to the Church of Patrocinio de Maria in Boljoon is the Boljoon Escuela Catolica. As shown in the building, Escuela Catolica was established in 1940, the structure has a rectangular plan with a formal symmetrical façade. The concrete double grand staircase, Wood relief ornamentation and intricate callado works dominate the façade of the building.
It is said that the building was used to be a dormitory for children taking their first communion who were required to stay at the Escuela the night before taking the Holy Communion. It was used as a school for religious teachings and for a time was a primary school. It now serves as meeting place for the Parish’s various religious groups.
How To Get There:
From Cebu City: Go to the South Bus Terminal located at N. Bacalso St. near eMall and look for buses the ply the Oslob or Santander route. Tell the driver your destination, which is Boljoon. The fare is around P129 one way for an airconditioned bus. Travel time could take up to 2.5 hours. | <urn:uuid:c830541b-8dc1-4c3c-b7ad-5f1f08442252> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thehappytrip.com/2013/07/the-church-of-patrocinio-de-maria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.976744 | 922 | 1.859375 | 2 |
The new New
Republic has an elegant and precise statement
of the ironies and difficulties of the current stand-off between India and Pakistan, and our vexed efforts to serve as an honest broker between the two. More broadly, however, the editorial is a clear statement of the panoply of geo-strategic, political and cultural affinities which should make India our ally in the deepest sense. We share realpolitik
interests and values as well.
Oddly enough, one of the strongest bonds we have with the Indians is one the TNR editorial doesn't even mention, perhaps because it is so obvious or implicit: the fact that we, literally, speak the same language.
India isn't an English-speaking country of course. But the elite speak English, and it's the lingua franca Indians use to communicate across the multitude of languages that are spoken on the subcontinent.
We hear a great deal about the billion-plus Chinese and how they're a huge potential market, which of course they are. But the Indian population isn't that much smaller. And with them we share language, democratic values, a good bit of our legal system, and much more.
Of late I've been writing a lot about the importance of bolstering and supporting Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf. But up till now, and from a broader perspective, I'm thoroughly pro-India in my sentiments. The perplexity and irony of our current circumstance is that precisely at the moment when the depth of our friendship with the Indians is most clear, our need of good behavior from the Pakistanis is most acute. And the country is suddenly being run by a leader who seems willing and - hopefully - able make it into the sort of country with which America could be a true ally. | <urn:uuid:1aa85c03-07e9-4701-9758-e6d5da751632> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://talkingpointsmemo.com/edblog/--99907 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00380-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959011 | 368 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Patients treated in magnet hospitals (specially designated for their nursing excellence) had 14 percent lower odds of death than those in non-magnet hospitals in a four-state study of 564 hospitals led by the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. The magnet designation, determined by the American Nurses Credentialing Center, recognizes high-quality patient care, high levels of nurse education, and nursing innovation.
"Even controlling for differences in nursing, hospital, and patient characteristics, surgical patients fared better in magnet hospitals," said lead author Dr. Matthew D. McHugh, a public health policy expert at Penn Nursing. "The better outcomes can be attributed in large part to investments in highly qualified and highly educated nurses, and practice environments supportive of high-quality nursing care."
Starting in 1994 with Penn Nursing research, studies on magnet hospitals have shown they yield lower rates of patient death. Ongoing research points to magnet hospitals' having "higher levels of nurse satisfaction, less nurse burnout, lower patient fall rates, and lower mortality among very low birthweight infants," wrote Dr. McHugh and Penn Nursing co-authors in Medical Care. "Magnet hospitals have reputations for being good places for nurses to work. Our findings reinforce that better work environments for nurses are the distinguishing factor between magnet and non-magnet hospitals and are the key to better patient outcomes."
The number of magnet-recognized hospitals in the U.S. is at about 400—about 8 percent of hospitals nationally. This study took place in California, Florida, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey—four of the nation's largest states accounting for more than 20 percent of hospitalizations annually. Nearly 100,000 registered nurses took part in this study.
"The magnet recognition program is not the only means of improving the work environment, but it may provide a replicable blueprint for doing so, to the benefit of nurses and patients," said Dr. McHugh. "Hospitals that have earned magnet status have seen improvement in patient outcomes, suggesting that the process of applying for and retaining magnet recognition, and the networking opportunities that come with magnet recognition, may promote continuing quality improvement and organizational innovation."
Explore further: International research finds quality and safety problems in hospitals throughout 13 countries | <urn:uuid:93c352b6-3595-435d-8409-d7f15aa66cce> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-10-patient-deaths-surgery-hospitals-good.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960904 | 455 | 2.125 | 2 |
Life have a tendency to requires certain certification. Locate a driver’s license, you have to admission an examination. In order to residential property a particular jobs, you need to reveal that you’ve got the back ground deserving of that job.
In the place of anything else you really have found, a love that have Goodness cannot start with your filling out this new blank, “Deal with me personally given that. “
Whether you’re homosexual, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or has actually issues, God isn’t your own challenger. When you have perhaps not already begun that, God wants a romance along with you. He also provides it to people and everybody.
God checked comfortable up to folks, along with prostitutes and you may crooks. Although not, the religious professional agitated and saddened Goodness. The guy saw her or him just like the judgmental, arrogant, unloving, and you may hypocritical.
You could come across those words and you can immediately think of spiritual some body have been upsetting, rude otherwise judgmental on your. Does that depict Jesus’ center? Zero. Jesus said to like their neighbor while the your self. How could hurtful statements go with one to? Much less really.
This is Jesus’ center found. The guy said, “Started to me, you all that tired and you may bring big burdens, and i offers rest. Bring my personal yoke on you. Let me coach you on, since I’m very humble and soft planned, and you can see people for your souls.” 1
Have you ever got a way to seriously consider Jesus?
As opposed to every other individual that enjoys previously existed, God can be describe life to you. how-to feel lives, so much more abundantly. He or she is the new Copywriter of all of the that is obtainable, yet became one, so as that we could learn him, discover God.
John, one of Jesus’ friends, made which comment on the Goodness, “For from his richness all of us have obtained, sophistication abreast of grace. With the law gotten by way of Moses; sophistication and you may realities arrived as a consequence of Jesus Christ.” 2
“Grace” isn’t really a term we fool around with far. This means God’s kindness supplied to united states, without us getting it. God even offers all of us each other his kindness and you may truth, to aid all of us by this have a tendency to-complicated lifestyle.
We familiar with ponder what it takes getting recognized because of the Jesus. Possibly you will end up as surprised while i is actually. Right here it is:
LGBTQ and you will God’s Love
“For God very appreciated the world, he offered their just Man, you to anyone who thinks in the your must not pass away but i have eternal lifestyle. Having Goodness don’t publish his Boy with the community to condemn the country, however in buy that the industry will be conserved by way of your. Whoever believes in your isn’t doomed, but whoever does not faith is actually destined currently, because the he’s got maybe not believed about name of your only Child regarding God.” step three
Do you catch they? “Anybody who believes from inside the your.” Anybody who believes within the your has actually endless lifetime. Anybody who believes in your was saved owing to your. Whoever believes inside him isn’t condemned.
John said regarding Goodness, “The guy stumbled on his or her own, and his awesome own someone failed to discover your. However, to all the who did discovered your, which believed in his term, he provided the ability to be children from God. ” 4
He had hitwe account been besides good prophet or professor or religious leader. Goodness asserted that knowing him would be to know Goodness. To believe into the your were to have confidence in Goodness. Some tips about what led to their crucifixion. It recharged your having blasphemy. The individuals said that Goodness is “contacting Goodness his personal Father, making himself equivalent having Goodness.” 5
He provided evidence. Jesus got currently over what zero person you’ll carry out, instantaneously recovery people who was blind, decided not to stroll, otherwise just who battled which have disease. | <urn:uuid:1062d446-670f-4871-8440-63e2b1c0f1f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://spainculturenewyork.org/if-you-are-lgbtq-find-out-how-jesus-and-his-love/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.979179 | 924 | 1.5 | 2 |
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is the most comprehensive international instrument on the rights of indigenous peoples. It establishes a universal framework of minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world and it elaborates on existing human rights standards and fundamental freedoms as they apply to the specific situation of indigenous peoples.Read More
Paths to Explore
- Around the World
- Art & Music
- Cultural Understandings
- Current Events
- Facts & Figures
- Health & Wellness
- Politics & Leaders
- Reconciliation 101
- Residential Schools
- Safe Spaces
- Social Media
- This Land
- True History
- Youth Perspective
The US Department of Arts and Culture created a guide – Honor Native Land: A Guide and Call to Acknowledgement.
It calls on individuals and organizations to open events and gatherings with land acknowledgements and provides suggestions on how, and why, to do it.
Despite being one of the wealthiest countries in the world, impoverishment, food insecurity, unsafe drinking water and inadequate housing are merely few examples of the many epidemics happening to the Indigenous peoples of Canada. Learn from and become part of Amnesty International’s work for Indigenous rights.Read More
We all need education in Indigenous histories and cultures–and newcomers must be included in the initiative to foster relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. While we hope some resources in the ConnectR project will be accessible to newcomers, there are also local organizations like Saskatoon’s Open Door Society which hosts special training and events.Read More
Everyone, at some point in their journey of Reconciliation, needs to read the 94 Calls to Action recommended by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to “redress the legacy of residential schools and advance the process of Canadian reconciliation.” Or connect here to the Truth & Reconciliation Commission Final Report to read other sections and excerpts.
We have included this action in every category and every path on this website as a reminder of how important it is for us to understand the history and path of Reconciliation in our country.Read More
This news article highlights examples: “Several countries trying to move beyond the legacy of human-rights abuses involving native peoples have undertaken truth-seeking and reconciliation efforts.”Read More
“In this publication you will learn about an important international document called the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous which explains how the rights of Indigenous peoples – including Indigenous young people – are to be protected by governments around the world.”Read More | <urn:uuid:b421abd0-7854-448d-b4a2-985fff71648d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.beaconnectr.org/category/theme/around-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.909677 | 589 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Community and Tech Colleges
A 10-year report card
Delgado is designing a program that teaches the fine art of restoring historic homes. Above: Delgado graduates Christie Badinger and Leroy Williams discuss The Katrina Cottage Design Project alternatives with a study model.
PHOTOGRAPH COURTESY DELGADO COMMUNITY COLLEGE
The state’s once controversial community and technical college system celebrates its 10th year in operation this year, and by all accounts it’s keeping the promises made to voters when it was created.
When voters were being wooed to support changing the state constitution to create an additional governing board of higher education, officials claimed that the Louisiana Community and Technical College System would help Louisiana make better use of money spent on higher education and provide better job training for industries that don’t need graduates of four-year colleges.
Those goals are in the process of being fulfilled, officials say, and community and technical college enrollment is expanding so rapidly the state is struggling to provide adequate facilities and equipment.
“It’s been great seeing the progress made,” says LCTCS President Joe D. May. “Certainly, the last few years have been a straight up trajectory. Enrollment is 59,000 today and I’m anticipating that number to double in the next 10 years. I think what we are doing is improving access and bringing more people into the system.”
The state’s Occupational Forecasting Conference concluded that 95 percent of the jobs in the years 2006-’09 would require training above a high school degree, but only 28 percent would require a bachelor’s degree from a four-year university. This kind of training between high school and university is the purview of community and technical colleges, yet in 1999 when the new system was created, Louisiana had two universities for every community college, the latter of which were designed to train nurses, electricians and computer technicians. Moreover, the state’s 42 technical schools employed more janitors than faculty, says E. Edwards Barham, a member of the LCTCS Board of Supervisors. He says the technical schools were local fiefdoms, not effective job training programs.
“The overriding objective was to transfer the vocational-technical schools into a comprehensive post-secondary education model,” says Steve Perry, who coordinated the effort for former Gov. Foster. “I think it was one of the most historic things we did.”
The Board of Supervisors of Community and Technical Colleges now serves as the management board for 10 two-year institutions: Baton Rouge Community College; Bossier Parish Community College; Delgado Community College; L.E. Fletcher Technical Community College; Louisiana Delta Community College; Louisiana Technical College (with 40 campuses); Nunez Community College; River Parishes Community College; South Louisiana Community College and SOWELA Technical Community College.
Before the system was created, the state’s universities, colleges and technical schools were operated by various governing boards, none of which specialized in the type of education that community colleges and technical schools provide. Moreover, there was little coordination among institutions, and community college students were not assured that their general education credits would transfer to the universities.
Today, community colleges and universities have agreements that smooth the way for students to transfer from one to the other. Community colleges also offer a few associate’s degrees that transfer as blocks of 60 credits to universities to satisfy the first two years of requirements for specific bachelor degrees. Nunez and Delgado offer associate degrees in teaching grades K-5, for example. Delgado also offers five other “2+2” degrees that transfer to Tulane’s School of Continuing Studies.
The LCTCS works closely with workforce development officials to ensure that job programs match employment needs. Process technicians, for example, are trained at Nunez and a few other campuses around the state for positions in chemical plants and other processing fields. In addition, Delgado is designing a program that teaches the fine art of restoring historic homes. In addition to reviving craft skills such as plastering, students will learn how to work “green,” using environmentally friendly materials.
“At Delgado, we will be the national leader in restoration,” says Chancellor Ron Wright.
The state’s community colleges are also relieving the universities of the burden of teaching developmental courses. Ten years ago too many professors were teaching developmental courses because so many of Louisiana’s high school graduates were not prepared for the rigors of university level English and math. In 2000, Board of Regents figures show that 35 percent of incoming freshmen at four-year colleges were required to take developmental courses. Today, university entrance requirements are more stringent, which routes many of the less prepared students to community colleges. Only 18.7 percent of incoming freshmen at four-year colleges took developmental courses in fall 2007, figures show.
All of these changes have led to a flourishing community and technical college system. Seventeen of the system’s campuses, including three in the New Orleans metropolitan area, were listed as the fastest growing two-year public schools in the nation by Community College Week, a publication covering community and technical college news. Community College Week named the top 50 fastest growing schools using data collected between fall 2006 and ’07.
Nunez, Delgado and Louisiana Technical College in West Jefferson were among the 17 colleges listed, even though they were heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The publication listed Nunez, located in Chalmette, as the eighth fastest growing two-year public college in the “under 2,500” enrollment category and named Delgado as the sixth fastest growing two-year college in the 10,000 category.
Nunez’s enrollment increased 36 percent in 2007, the publication said, and Delgado’s increased 11 percent. Louisiana Technical College in West Jefferson was named the fastest-growing two-year college in the nation with an enrollment increase of 213 percent, from 180 students to 564. Thirteen other Louisiana technical schools also made the list.
Overall, the system increased its enrollment by 13 percent from 2006 to ’07. The system added another 7,000 students in the fall of 2008.
“That’s like adding half of a Delgado Community College,” May says.
In terms of effective governance, Barham says that in 1999 Louisiana was behind the rest of the nation. But in 2009, “There is no state quite like us.” | <urn:uuid:ac9fc8d1-45d8-4dcc-9269-b4c902360296> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.myneworleans.com/New-Orleans-Magazine/March-2009/Community-and-Tech-Colleges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00079-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969744 | 1,356 | 1.851563 | 2 |
The 5 WORST foods that cause pain
The food you eat can play a major role in how you feel – and that includes your physical aches and pains.
We're not talking about foods like beans that might make you uncomfortably gassy... What we're talking about here is pain from chronic inflammation – the kind linked to arthritis, other joint problems, muscle pain and more.
Certain foods are highly inflammatory, which makes sense because inflammation is part of your body’s immune response – and 70 percent of your immune system cells are in your gut.
While inflammation is beneficial in the short term (it helps your wounds and infections heal), when inflammation becomes chronic – as it can when you eat pro-inflammatory foods – it contributes to disease and exacerbates pain.
That being said, following are some of the worst foods for pain, which should be strategically avoided if you want to minimize your level of pain.
The 5 Worst Pain-Causing Foods (avoid and protect your joints)
#1. Vegetable Oils (Polyunsaturated)
Soybean oil, corn oil, canola, safflower and sunflower oils are examples of vegetable oils that are rich in omega-6 fats, which most Americans consume far too much of (pick up any processed food from the grocery store and you’ll probably see soybean oil or corn oil on the label). Excess refined omega-6 fats are highly inflammatory, which is why it’s important to limit the amount of vegetable oils you consume. Olive oil, coconut oil, macadamia oil, avocado oil, and grass-fed butter are all healthier choices. My article here describes the healthiest vs the WORST cooking oils.
#2. Blackened, Charred or Barbecued Foods
Any time a food is cooked at high temperature without water and browned (this includes foods that are broiled, fried, grilled, blackened, barbecued, etc.), toxic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed. These are different than endogenous AGEs formed from eating too much grains and sugar that keeps your blood sugar elevated. Instead, AGEs from browned or charred foods are called exogenous AGEs, and are readily absorbed by your body, where they wreak havoc, causing internal inflammation.
While grilling, frying and broiling your food is known to increases AGEs, other cooking methods that use water such as stewing, boiling, braising, crock pot or steaming will instead help minimize the amount of exogenous AGEs (and HCAs) formed in your food. I know it's not realistic for most people to eliminate grilled foods fully, so we'll show you below some herbs that help to counteract the toxic effects of grilled or charred foods.
#3. French Fries
These make the list because they’re a common source of synthetic trans fats, which come from foods that contain partially hydrogenated oil. Trans fats are strongly linked to systemic, chronic inflammation … and are so bad for you that the Institute of Medicine recommends you simply keep trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible or avoid fully.
French fries are by no means the only culprit; trans fats are also commonly found in savory snacks (like microwave popcorn), frozen pizzas, cake, cookies, pie, margarines and spreads, ready-to-use frosting, and coffee creamers.
This one is probably obvious by now as you know how bad sugar is for you. Cookies, candy, ice cream, brownies, doughnuts … all of these are loaded with sugar, which drives up your blood sugar and insulin, along with levels of inflammatory messengers called cytokines.
#5. Bagels, Muffins, Breads, and Pasta
Any member of the refined carbohydrate family – white bread, muffins, pasta, bagels, etc. – drives up inflammation due to the same reasons as sugar. In fact, there’s not much difference between refined carbs like a bagel or muffin, and a heaping serving of sugar, as far as your body is concerned.
In addition, almost all of these foods are wheat-based, which has another reason it can cause inflammation -- due to gluten and other anti-nutrients found in wheat that cause internal inflammation in your body. You can read here about 11 ways that "whole wheat" damages your body.
Herbs and nutrients that FIGHT inflammation and HALT pain:
Certain foods, herbs and teas are naturally anti-inflammatory and help to eliminate pain in your body. But there are some natural substances that you might not ordinarily eat, but which are among the most powerful on the planet for stopping inflammation – and related pain – in its tracks.
For instance... Turmeric, Devil’s Claw, Boswellia Extract, Bromelain … each of these is powerful in its own right, but when they’re combined together, and added to even more anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving ingredients like proteolytic enzymes (these work throughout your entire body to help it fight inflammation, dissolve scar tissue and more), the result is VERY powerful.
You can see 12 natural ingredients that STOP pain and fight inflammation here.
These 12 anti-inflammatory ingredients are some of the most powerful, safest, and most effective pain relievers in the world – and they’re a must if you’re currently suffering with pain (and especially if you eat any of the highly inflammatory foods mentioned above!).
I'd highly suggest trying this powerful combination of enzymes, spices, and herbs to control inflammation:
Eliminate pain with these 12 herbs, spices, and enzymes
PS -- if you liked today's article, please fwd this email on to any of your friends, family, or co-workers that would enjoy it.
Certified Nutrition Specialist
Certified Personal Trainer | <urn:uuid:337cf27e-39ce-43c0-aa8b-ee27d6b30386> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://truthaboutabs.blogspot.com/2013/01/the-5-worst-foods-that-cause-pain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00205-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947345 | 1,215 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Today consumers are’more torn than ever between ethics and price. There has never been a better time to educate?yourself on how to shop smart.
Fashion has become a moral dilemma; a tug-of-war between price point and ethics.
This week’s media expose on high-street fashion and child labour revealed horrible truths about cheap retail habits, and while it still comes as a shock, it’s nothing we haven’t heard before. Yes, it’s great water-cooler conversation, but will it entice us to change our shopping habits? Are we choosing to ignore these truths because the high street is our only option for cheap and fast fashion finds?
It was reported that as many as 14 children were found to be employed in Myanmar, Asia, to make clothes for brands such as H&M, New Look and Sports Direct for as little as 0.15c a day, six days a week.
But what should (and can) the average Niamh, Lucy, and Aisling to do when they want to buy affordable fashion? It’s a catch-22 situation: low levels of income?mean that our shopping choices are limited mainly to high-street favourites. However, I’m learning that a bit of looking outside the box can go a long way when it comes to discovering affordable and ethical fashion. Like many things in life, knowledge is key.?Many women shy away from ethical brands because they expect added costs and lack of availability, but this is not the case.?Here are some affordable, stylish, and sustainable brands that?are helping us to minimise our footprint.
Created in 2009 by Yael Aflalo, Reformation designs and manufactures (responsibly) the majority of its’stock in downtown LA using environmentally friendly fabrics. Its’signature style is an attractive blend of?Cos and Zara and is chic and modern. Shop the collections here.
This UK-based company has been producing fair-trade collections for over 25 years and is?top of the class when it comes to eco-manufacturing (it’s received some pretty amazing awards for its?hard efforts over the last 25 years). The ethos and brand’revolve around consumer trust; in other words, you can be sure?that your goods were made ethically and sustainably if you buy through People Tree. Stocking men’s, women’s, and children’s clothing, the brand’s?approach to fashion is relaxed and comfortable. Shop the collections here.
ASOS ECO EDIT
Our love for Asos is pretty limitless, and even more so now that it has?added an eco zone to its website. The selection is similar to that on the?Asos marketplace, and is quite bohemian. These pieces cost a little bit more, but not an unreasonable amount, plus you get the added feel-good factor of knowing you’re supporting ethical, sustainable production. Shop the Asos eco edit here.
Fj’llr’ven makes functional and long-lasting outdoor gear. The brand’s popularity has sky-rocketed recently and its?trendy designs are a favourite among young creatives. The brand’recently established its’recycle programme. A’selection of its?bags are’made entirely from polyester, recycled from eleven plastic bottles, and are then dyed with SpinDye technology which?radically reduces the amount of water, energy, and chemicals used (impressive). Shop the colourful collection here.
But shopping on the high street doesn’t mean you must’shop unethically. Did you know that Primark’s Ethical Trade Team?is in place to make sure its?workers are paid fairly and that they work in appropriate?conditions; this is intended to prevent?accidents like the factory collapse at?Rana Plaza.?Primark has?1,700 factories?worldwide and it is one of the first retail companies to sign a trade agreement that supports positive?and sustainable change?in Bangladesh. The majority of retailers today are also working towards sustainability, thankfully.
You can also shop’more ethically by looking out for organic fabrics, which do less harm to the environment, and textiles made from recycled materials (like the ones above).?ProjectJust is a helpful website that allows?consumers to check if clothes from the high street are ethically made.
Around 260 million children are employed around the world in garment factories, according to the International Labour Organisation, but by being conscious about what we buy and where we buy it, we can actively reduce this number.?We’re more conscious than ever about the clothes we choose to wear and the image of ourselves we present to the world. But fashion should be a creative outlet, not a moral dilemma! The moral predicament?begins?with me and you, though, and it’s worth remembering that we’re all?part of a?bigger picture of sustainability. | <urn:uuid:e4d8e3af-ae9a-4918-ab95-1268d3ec70ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.image.ie/style/fashion/how-to-shop-smart-when-fashion-becomes-a-moral-dilemma-78669 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.947581 | 1,073 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Compiled by Photonics Spectra staff
KARLSRUHE, Germany – The Karlsruhe invisibility cloak has been refined so that it is now effective in the visible spectral range. “Seeing something invisible with your own eyes is an exciting experience,” said Joachim Fischer and Tolga Ergin, physicists and members of professor Martin Wegener’s team at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology’s Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN).
In invisibility cloaks, light waves are guided by the material in such a way that they leave the invisibility cloak again as if they had never been in contact with the object being disguised; thus, the object appears invisible to the observer.
The invisibility cloak produced by Fischer and Ergin is smaller than the diameter of a human hair. The device makes the curvature of a metal mirror appear flat, causing objects hidden underneath to become invisible. The metamaterial placed on top of this curvature looks like a stack of wood but consists of plastic and air. These “logs” have precisely defined thicknesses in the range of 100 nm. Light waves normally deflected by the curvature are influenced and guided by these logs such that the reflected light corresponds to that of a flat mirror. “If we would succeed again in halving the log distance of the invisibility cloak, we would obtain cloaking for the complete visible light spectrum,” Fischer said.
An electron micrograph image of an invisibility cloak structure. The polymer-air metamaterial (“logs”) is colored blue; the gold-coated areas are in yellow. Courtesy of the Center for Functional Nanostructures.
Last year, Wegener’s team presented the first 3-D invisibility cloak and, up until that time, the only invisibility cloaks existed in waveguides and were of practically two-dimensional character. When the structure was looked at from a third dimension, however, the effect disappeared. By means of an accordingly filigree structuring, the Karlsruhe invisibility cloak could be produced for wavelengths from 1500 to 2600 nm.
This range is not visible to the human eye, but it plays an important role in telecommunications. The breakthrough was based on the use of the direct laser writing method developed by CFN. With the help of this method, it is possible to produce metamaterials – minute 3-D structures with optical properties that do not exist in nature.
Over the past year, the KIT scientists have continued to improve the already extremely fine direct laser writing method. They used methods that have significantly increased the resolution in microscopy. With this tool, they refined the metamaterial by a factor of two and produced the first 3-D invisibility cloak for nonpolarized visible light in the range of 700 nm. Findings appeared in the May 27, 2011, issue of Optics Letters (doi: 10.1364/OL.36.002059).
The group expects the work to influence dramatic improvements in transformation optics, metamaterials, lenses, solar cells, microscopes, objectives, chip production and data communication. | <urn:uuid:3a6f0f4b-201b-4c81-b700-8e948bdc3cac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=47892 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00440-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934998 | 658 | 3.296875 | 3 |
How robot armies will work
Date: October 18, 2007
By: Jonathan Strickland
"The Terminator" showed us a future where battalions of sentient, humanoid robots wage war on mankind. While that vision is still well within the realm of science fiction, many countries are looking into creating robot soldiers, including the United States.
In fact, in 2001, the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act set a goal for the U.S. Armed Forces -- create an unmanned combat vehicle force that would account for one third of all vehicles in operation. So far, the robot designs don't resemble the Terminator, but they can be just as lethal.
Introduction to How Robot Armies Will Work
The U.S. Army's Future Combat Systems (FCS) plan is a comprehensive strategy to upgrade the nation's military systems across all branches of the Armed Forces. The plan calls for an integrated battle system -- a fleet of different vehicles that will use up to 80 percent of the same parts, new unattended sensors designed to collect intelligence in the field, and unmanned launch systems that can fire missiles at enemies outside the line of sight and several robots.
The robots are divided into four categories:
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) designed for surveillance and reconnaissance missions
- Small Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV) that can enter hazardous areas and gather information without risking the lives of soldiers
- Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment (MULE) vehicles designed to provide combat support in conflict situations
- Armed Robotic Vehicles (ARV) that weigh 9.3 tons and can either carry powerful weapons platforms or sophisticated surveillance equipment
The MULE and ARV vehicles might mark the beginning of a new kind of warfare. There are three proposed versions of the MULE, all of which will roll around on wheels. Two of the variants, a transportation vehicle that could carry more than a ton of equipment and a vehicle designed to detect and disable anti-tank landmines, are similar to current military robots. The third variation is an Armed Robotic Vehicle-Assault-Light (ARV-A-L) device. It will have a reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA) package and integrated weapons. In other words, this robot is similar to a human soldier who can engage the enemy in combat.
Fun with Acronyms
The full name of the Army's robot project within FCS is quite a mouthful: Future Combat Systems (FCS), Brigade Combat Team (BCT), Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV), Integrated Product Team (IPT), or FCS (BCT) UGV IPT for short.
The ARV robots are less like soldiers and more like tanks. In fact, the Army's intention is to use the ARV-A robots as support for manned vehicle missions. The commander of a tank squadron, for example, could use ARV-A robots to extend his team's area of influence without the need for more soldiers. The robots could take the most dangerous positions and provide support whenever the manned vehicles enter a combat situation.
Due to budget cuts, many of the more expensive initiatives included in FCS may need to be postponed indefinitely. The MULE and ARV vehicles fall into this category. As a result, it may be several years before we see U.S. robots being used as combatants in war scenarios. Still, the U.S. military is determined to continue investing in robots with the hope that one day robots can take the place of human soldiers in dangerous situations.
In this article, we'll look at how these robots will work, and how robot soldiers might change the face of warfare forever.
Ideally, robot soldiers would be able to achieve the same military goals a human group could manage. They'll have to be autonomous and able to identify targets, distinguish between friendly and enemy forces, engage the enemy and interact with others in ways beyond simply firing a weapon. Right now, most robots are controlled remotely by a human being at a command station, though some robots have limited autonomy and can get from point A to point B with minimal supervision. For a robot army to be an effective fighting force, it would be best if individual robots could assess situations and make decisions without relying on human input.
The Army continues to work with government agencies like NASA, universities and corporations to push for more research into achieving this goal. Part of the Future Combat Systems Program is the Autonomous Navigation System (ANS) project. ANS's goal is to create a modular navigation system that technicians can install in all unmanned and manned ground vehicles. The system will include navigation sensors, global positioning systems (GPS), inertial navigation systems (INS), perception sensors and collision detection software.
One major concern for the military and engineers alike is the chance that a robot malfunctions. The possibility of a robot firing on friendly forces or innocent bystanders is often a part of discussions about using armed robots. It might seem paranoid, but malfunctioning robots have caused scares in the past. In 1993, a bomb squad robot in San Francisco malfunctioned while on a mission to disable a bomb. The robot began to spin uncontrollably just before it could grasp the explosive device. Fortunately, the robot didn't cause the device to detonate [source: The New York Times].
Military officials say that the goal of using unmanned vehicles and robots is to be able to engage in combat without risking human casualties, or at least human casualties on our side. Another benefit is that even though robots are expensive, they may actually be cheaper than fielding human soldiers -- robots require maintenance, but they don't need health or retirement benefits. They might also be able to serve longer terms than human soldiers could.
Many believe that robots will never completely replace human soldiers, but they will be used in particularly dangerous or tedious missions. A robot soldier will never be bored, so it's ideal for guard duty or long-term surveillance missions. South Korea plans to use robots to patrol its border with North Korea. The robots are called Intelligent Surveillance and Guard Robots, and they use regular and infrared cameras to detect intruders up to 2.5 miles away. The robots can pursue a target, demanding a coded access number once they're within 10 meters of the intruder. If the target can't give the correct code, the robot could sound an alarm or even fire a weapon at the intruder.
In the next section, we'll learn about the sort of equipment needed to make robot soldiers a reality.
Robot Tools and Weapons
Currently, there are robots on the market that can carry and fire weapons like shotguns, pepper spray, grenade launchers, or even Hellfire missiles. The MULE ARV-A-L robot can fire a line-of-sight gun and anti-tank weaponry. Remote controlled TALON robots can carry everything from an M240 machine gun to a .50 caliber rifle to grenades and rocket launchers. The South Korean patrol robot can either fire non-lethal rubber bullets at intruders, or carry a K-3 machine gun -- a light machine gun similar to the M249.
The U.S. Marine Corps' Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle (TUGV) will be able to carry an arsenal of lethal and non-lethal weapons, including:
- Shoulder-launched, Multi-purpose Assault Weapons (SMAW), designed to destroy bunkers, disable armored vehicles and break through fortifications
- M240 or M249 machine guns
- Light Vehicle Obscurant Smoke System (LVOSS), a device that launches smoke grenades
- Anti-personnel Obstacle Breaching System (APOBS), a rocket that tows a line connected to fragmentation grenades; it's designed to destroy obstacles like landmines
A large, heavy robot could handle weapons that are too cumbersome, heavy, dangerous or powerful for humans. The ARV-A could carry a medium-caliber cannon, a missile system and a heavy machine gun system. The Army intends to use robots like the ARV-A primarily as support for manned vehicles, so the armament has to be comparable to a tank's.
Other tools will include sensors and cameras to allow the robots to perceive and navigate through a variety of hazardous environments. Robots like the Gladiator will have thermal imaging cameras, devices that detect heat and produce images that humans can see. Most robots will also have normal video cameras as well.
A major goal of the FCS project is to create a universal platform that the Army and other forces can incorporate into military systems from now on. One of the challenges the military has faced over the years is that it relies on a mix of equipment, vehicles and software that aren't integrated with one another, making battle coordination and tactical discussions difficult. Ideally, all military robots will share a common platform, giving officers the option to rely on multiple robots in a complex mission. For example, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles could keep an area under surveillance, broadcasting information to Unmanned Ground Vehicles as they enter the area.
In the next section, we'll learn about why some people are concerned about the possibility of robot armies.
Effectiveness, Economics and Ethics
The first barrier to a fully functional robot army is technical -- no one has created a reliable, effective way to make robots truly autonomous. Scientists have made significant progress over the last several years, however. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), a research and development division of the Department of Defense (DoD), issued a $1 million challenge in 2004 to technicians and engineers across the United States to create a robotic vehicle that could navigate autonomously through a 200-mile course. Although 15 vehicles entered the race, none managed to cross the finish line.
The next year was more encouraging. A team of engineers from Stanford University won the grand prize of $2 million when their autonomous vehicle completed the 132-mile course in 6 hours, 53 minutes. Three other robots completed the course under the 10-hour time limit. The contest proved that it's possible to build a robot that can move across terrain on its own at speeds comparable to most military vehicles.
In 2007, DARPA issued a new challenge -- navigating through a complex, simulated, urban environment. Vehicles will have to simulate a military supply mission through a city, which means they will have to be able to merge with traffic, avoid obstacles and follow a planned route. The team with the fastest qualifying vehicle will win $2 million.
Navigation is one important hurdle to conquer in the pursuit of robotic autonomy, but when you want your robot to be able to locate, identify and fire upon enemy combatants, the stakes are higher. Discovering how to teach a robot to differentiate between enemies, allies and innocent bystanders could take a long time.
Apart from the technical aspect, the sheer cost of robotic research and production is a challenge. The DoD estimated in 2006 that the total investment in robotic research from 2006 to 2012 would be $1.7 billion [source: Development and Utilization of Robotics and Unmanned Ground Vehicles]. As war costs increase, budgets become tight and the Army is forced to sacrifice some of its plans. Many of the military's robotics projects are unfunded, and others are on hold indefinitely.
Then there are ethical considerations that arise in discussions about robotic soldiers. Would a country with an armed robotic force be more likely to invade another country, knowing the invasion would likely result in very few casualties? By removing the human element from war, do we make it even more inhumane? When a robot breaks down during a mission, do we risk sending humans in to retrieve and repair it? Can we be sure that robots will know when to stop attacking when an enemy surrenders?
While we may be years away from seeing an effective robotic fighting force, many feel we should try to answer these questions today. Scientists and engineers might be able to build better robots by factoring in these questions in their designs. Otherwise, those fictional battalions of Terminators might march a little closer to reality than we'd like.
To learn more about robots and related topics, check out the links on the next page.
- "Army readies robot soldier for Iraq." The Associated Press. January 24, 2005.
- Cho, Joohee. "Robo-Soldier to Patrol South Korean Border." ABC News. September 29, 2006.
- DARPA Grand Challenge.
- Garamone, Jim. "Future Combat Systems Proposed Cuts." TechNews. May 16, 2007.
- "Report to Congress: Development and Utilization of Robotics and Unmanned Ground Vehicles." (PDF) Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, Portfolio Systems Acquisition, Land Warfare and Munitions, Joint Ground Robotics Enterprise. October, 2006.
- Roque, Ashley. "Unmanned FCS Platforms May be Cut." InsideDefense.com. January 18, 2007.
- Tiron, Roxanne. "Lack of Autonomy Hampering Progress of Battlefield Robots." National Defense. May, 2003.
- Weiner, Tim. "New Model Army Soldier Rolls Closer to Battle." The New York Times. February 16, 2005.
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Actions of interest to the citizen
Brussels, 22 October 1999
SG.C.2/VJ/CD D(98) 1999
PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL REGULATION CONCERNING PUBLIC ACCESS TO DOCUMENTS OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, COUNCIL AND COMMISSION
- DRAFT -
THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,
having regard to the Treaties establishing the European Community, and notably to Article 255,
having regard to the Commission proposal,
having regard to the opinion of the Economic and Social Committee, (optional)
having regard to the Regional Committee, (optional)
Acting pursuant to the procedure referred to in Article 251 of the Treaty,
The Treaty of Amsterdam enshrines the concept of transparency in the new first Article of the Treaty on the European union, paragraph 2, which provides that "This Treaty marks a new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as openly as possible and as closely as possible to the citizen,"
Transparency allows greater participation by the citizen in the legislative process and guarantees greater legitimacy, effectiveness and accountability within the administration vis-à-vis the citizens in a democratic system, by reducing fraud, corruption and bad management,
Granting the citizen right of access to documents is a necessary condition for making this transparency real,
The Treaty on European Union, and the conclusions of the European Councils of Birmingham, Edinburgh and Copenhagen emphasised the need to ensure greater transparency in the workings of the institutions of the Union; and that following these conclusions, the institutions launched a whole series of initiatives aimed at improving transparency in the legislative process, in particular through the adoption of rules on public access to their documents, completing actions already taken in the area of information and communication,
This new regulation aims to optimise access to documents,
Pursuant to Articles 28(1) and 41(1) of the Treaty on European Union, the right of access is equally applicable to documents relating to foreign and security policy and police and judicial cooperation (Titles V and VI),
Following Declaration 41 on provisions relating to transparency, access to documents and the combating of fraud, the new legislation also covers documents existing under the CECA and EURATOM treaties,
Having regard to the Green Book on public sector information in the information society,
Having regard to the Aarhus Convention on access to information, public participation and access to justice in the domain of the environment,
Having regard to the regulation of the European Parliament and Council on protection of the natural person as concerns processing of personal data by the institutions and organs of the European Community, and the free circulation of this data.
Having regard to the report of the European Parliament on transparency within the European Union,
Having regard to the special report drawn up by the Mediator following his enquiry into the rules for public access to documents held by Community institutions and organs,
Considering it desirable that other Community institutions, [agencies] and organs should adhere to these principles and adopt in future comparable provisions governing access to their documents,
Emphasising that the principles set out below are a minimum, and can in no case be prejudicial to provisions applying to access to documents that directly concern persons with a specific interest in them,
Article 1: Scope and definitions
1.1 The present regulation shall be applicable to documents held by the institution, that is to say, produced by the institution or by third parties, including member states and other Community or non-Community organs.
1.2 "Document" is understood as any medium containing data (written on paper or stored in electronic form, and audio, visual or audiovisual recordings).
1.3 Only administrative documents, i.e. documents concerning matters relating to the policies, actions and decisions falling within the field of competence of the institution, are covered.
1.5 [sic]Partial access will be granted to a document of which a part is covered by one of the exceptions provided for under Article 3.
1.6 This regulation does not apply where there are specific provisions in respect of access to documents constituting the 'lex specialis'.
Article 2: General principle and beneficiaries
All citizens of the Union and all natural or legal persons resident or having their seat in a Member State have the right to the broadest possible access to the documents of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission, without having to justify an interest, subject to the exemptions specified under Article 3.
Article 3: Schedule of exemptions
The institutions shall refuse access to documents, the disclosure of which could jeopardise the protection of:
1. the public interest (public security, defence and international relations, relations between and/or with the Member States or Community and non-Community institutions and bodies, financial or economic interests, monetary stability, stability of the Community legal order, judicial proceedings, including any preparatory stages, and actions relating to inspections and inquiries, infringement procedures);
2. respect for the right to privacy and of the individual (personal files; information, opinions and assessments provided on a confidential basis in relation to appointments or nominations; personal information concerning a person or a document the disclosure of which could constitute or facilitate an invasion of privacy, such as data covered by medical confidentiality);(1)
3. the proper functioning of the processes of internal consultation, deliberation and decision-making;
4. commercial or industrial secrets (information, including business confidences, trade secrets or intellectual property, the unauthorised divulgence of which would prejudice a third party's competitiveness; industrial, financial, banking and commercial information, including that concerning business relations or contracts, information on costs and offers following the award of contracts);
5. the financial or economic interests of the Union (e.g., documents that could have an impact on the monetary situation);
6. exceptions specific to the following areas: 'Justice and internal affairs' (prevention, investigation and pursuit of criminal activities), 'Foreign policy and common security', the combat against fraud (in particular to protect those who expose fraud or to keep secret operational details of investigations in progress);
7. confidentiality requested by the natural or legal person, or required by the legislation of the Member State which supplied the document or information. In addition, if the document produced by a member state or another Community or non-Community institution or organ is classified, or if the document requested was written by the Community institution on the basis of classified information emanating from a member state or another Community or non-Community institution, the institution may only change this classification if the information as such is already widely available, and/or if the author authorises declassification.
Article 4: Treatment of initial requests
All requests for access to a document must be formulated in writing and be sent by mail, fax or electronic medium (e.g., e-mail) and must be sufficiently precise to allow the institution to identify the document.
Where that is not the case, the institution concerned shall ask the applicant to state his or her request in greater detail.
In cases of repeated requests and/or requests concerning long documents, the institution concerned shall seek an amicable solution with the applicant in order to come to an equitable arrangement.
The competent departments of the institution shall inform the applicant in writing within a month from the registration of the request of the decision taken regarding the request.
Where the competent departments of the institution have given a negative response to the applicant, based on one of the exemptions provided for under Article 3, they shall inform the applicant of the possibility open to him or her of making a renewed request to the institution within a month of receiving its reply, asking it to reconsider its position. Should the applicant fail to do so, then the original request shall be deemed to have been relinquished.
The absence of a response within the required time limit shall be deemed to be a negative response.
In exceptional cases, the one-month time limit may be extended by a month, on the basis of information previously supplied by the applicant, with a detailed justification for the extension. (For example, if a search for a document is in progress, or if it is necessary to consult third parties.)
Article 5: Mode of exercising the right of access
Access to documents may be granted either by allowing consultation in situ or by supplying a paper copy of the document or by electronic transmission over the Internet.
The cost of access will be borne by the applicant, without their exceeding a reasonable sum.
The documents shall be supplied in the language version available, taking account of any preference expressed by the applicant.
Article 6: Copyright
The applicant who has obtained a document shall not reproduce or publish it for commercial purposes without prior authorisation from the institution.
Article 7: Treatment of renewed requests and avenues of appeal
Where the applicant submits a renewed request, the institution concerned shall have a month from the date of registration of this request to reply to the applicant in writing. Should it decide to confirm its refusal to grant access to the document requested, the institution must duly justify this refusal on the basis of one of the exemptions provided for under Article 4 and inform the applicant of the avenues of appeal available, to whit initiating court proceedings and/or lodging a complaint with the Ombudsman, subject to the conditions laid down under Articles 230 and 195 of the EC Treaty.
In exceptional cases, this time limit may be extended by a month upon prior notification by the applicant, with a detailed justification for the extension.
Article 8: Registers
In order to make it easier for citizens to exercise their right of access, each institution shall make available to the public a register of documents.
The present regulation shall take effect the day after publication in the Official Journal. Right of access to documents emanating from third parties shall be limited to documents created after it comes into force.
The European Parliament, the Council and the Commission will each draw up, as far as it is concerned and within its internal regulatory regime, measures necessary for the implementation of these principles, before the [date]. In particular, they will inform the public of new provisions in force, and will organise staff training on the subject. They will also revise their methods of classifying, accessioning, filing and archiving their documents. In addition, they will, if necessary, revise specific provisions for access to documents forming the 'lex specialis', in order to ensure that they conform with the general principles of transparency.
The present regulation shall be reviewed after two years of application on the basis of a report drawn up by the Secretary General of each institution.
1. Directive 95/46 on the protection of the natural person regarding processing of personal data.
© Statewatch ISSN 1756-851X.Material may be used providing the source is acknowledged. Statewatch does not have a corporate view, nor does it seek to create one, the views expressed are those of the author. Statewatch is not responsible for the content of external websites and inclusion of a link does not constitute an endorsement. | <urn:uuid:54a06b98-f596-4a4c-8545-f2370a9869e4> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.statewatch.org/5comsw.HTM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720972.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00252-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913606 | 2,269 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Pedestrian Accident Attorney
When you are out walking, you may take your safety for granted. Sidewalks, crosswalks and crossing signals protect you from traffic. In truth, however, you always run a risk when you are walking near a roadway. Should you become involved in an accident with a motor vehicle, you are at substantial risk of serious injury or even death. If the unthinkable occurs and you are hurt in an accident — or a loved one is killed — contact a pedestrian accident attorney without delay.
As the miles Americans travel increases each year, so do pedestrian fatalities, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The number of U.S. pedestrian deaths climbed higher in 2015 than at any time during the previous two decades. If this trend continues, pedestrian injuries and wrongful deaths will, unfortunately, continue to rise.
Who Qualifies as a Pedestrian?
You do not have to be out for a walk to be considered a pedestrian. For the purposes of accident liability law, a pedestrian is an injury victim who was not in a motor vehicle at the time of an accident. As such, you qualify as a pedestrian if you were injured while:
- Changing a tire
- Cleaning the outside of the windshield
- Traveling on foot
- Riding in a wheelchair
Who Is at Fault?
Determining who is at fault in an accident is often difficult, but your pedestrian or car accident lawyer has the expertise to help. By law, drivers must show reasonable care in operating a vehicle. If they are negligent or willfully careless, they are likely to be liable for an accident that results. A negligent driver might:
- Be distracted by a passenger or a phone call
- Fail to notice a pedestrian “walk” signal
- Not see the crosswalk is occupied and stop
- Fail to signal a turn
- Miscalculate hazardous road or weather conditions
A willfully careless driver may:
- Text while driving
- Ignore crossing signals or school zone signs
- Choose to speed through an occupied crosswalk
- Choose to drive while impaired
If you and your attorney can clearly identify driver liability, you are well on your way to attaining compensation. However, California law allows for shared liability, so your actions just prior to the accident are also at issue.
As a pedestrian, you may be partially liable for the accident if you:
- Crossed the street against the signals
- Were jaywalking
- Darted into traffic
For example, the driver’s insurance adjuster might determine that you were 20 percent responsible for the accident due to your negligence, in which case any settlement would cover only 80 percent of your damages. Your pedestrian accident attorney can work with insurance adjusters to ensure you receive just compensation and take your case to court if the other party’s offer is unsatisfactory.
Calculating the Damages
Determining the damages you are due as an accident injury victim is another gray area where the advice of a pedestrian accident attorney is invaluable. A damage award should cover your current and future financial losses, including:
- Medical bills
- Loss of income
- Pain and suffering
- Ongoing physical or mental therapy
- Other foreseeable losses
If the accident caused a loved one’s death, your lawyer would also seek funeral expenses in addition to the above.
We Can Help
At Rizio Lipinsky, we have a proven track record for winning the full financial settlements our clients are due. We understand the challenges you face and make sure you do not have to face them alone. Call us today at 888-292-8888, or fill out our contact form to arrange a free consultation.
- This article should only be used for informational purposes. It does not constitute legal advice, and it does not create an attorney-client relationship with anyone. If you need legal advice, please consult an attorney in your community. | <urn:uuid:86f6ff31-74c1-4c97-8508-0513a6da63c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.riziolawfirm.com/car-accident-lawyer/pedestrian-accident-attorney/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.950854 | 811 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Autonomic neuropathy in Fabry disease: a prospective study using the Autonomic Symptom Profile and cardiovascular autonomic function tests
© Biegstraaten et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2010
Received: 26 November 2009
Accepted: 7 June 2010
Published: 7 June 2010
Fabry patients have symptoms and signs compatible with autonomic dysfunction. These symptoms and signs are considered to be due to impairment of the peripheral nervous system, but findings indicative of autonomic neuropathy in other diseases, such as orthostatic intolerance and male sexual dysfunction, are infrequently reported in Fabry disease. The aim of our study was to investigate autonomic symptoms and cardiovascular autonomic function in a large cohort of male and female Fabry patients.
Forty-eight Fabry patients (15 male, 30 treated with enzyme replacement therapy) and 48 sex- and age-matched controls completed a questionnaire on autonomic symptoms (the Autonomic Symptom Profile). Thirty-six Fabry patients underwent cardiovascular function tests.
The Autonomic Symptom Profile revealed a significantly higher sum score in Fabry patients than in healthy control subjects (22 versus 12), but a relatively low score compared to patients with proven autonomic neuropathy. Fabry patients scored worse than healthy controls in the orthostatic intolerance domain. Scores in the male sexual dysfunction domain were comparable between healthy controls and male Fabry patients. The cardiovascular autonomic function tests revealed only mild abnormalities in seven patients. None of these seven patients showed more than one abnormal test result. Enzyme replacement therapy was not associated with less severe disease, lower ASP scores or less frequent abnormal cardiovascular function test results.
Male sexual function and autonomic control of the cardiovascular system are nearly normal in Fabry patients, which cast doubt on the general accepted assumption that autonomic neuropathy is the main cause of symptoms and signs compatible with autonomic dysfunction in Fabry disease. Possibly, end-organ damage plays a key role in the development of symptoms and signs in Fabry patients. An exceptional kind of autonomic neuropathy is another but less likely explanation.
Fabry disease (OMIM 301500) is an X-linked glycolipid storage disease caused by deficient activity of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase-A leading to lysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and subsequently to severe multi-system disease. Male patients are usually severely affected, but symptoms and signs often appear also in female carriers. They consist of skin lesions (angiokeratomas), corneal opacities, cardiac hypertrophy and rhythm disturbances, renal failure, acroparesthesias, defective sweating (hypo- or anhidrosis), abdominal pain and diarrhoea.
Abnormalities of tears and saliva formation, cardiac rhythm disturbances, defective sweating and gastrointestinal complaints have frequently been explained by autonomic failure. As several studies have shown small fibre damage [1, 2] and accumulation of lipids in the autonomic ganglia in Fabry patients , symptoms and signs compatible with autonomic dysfunction have generally been attributed to autonomic neuropathy [4–6]. However, more recently, an- or hypohydrosis has been found to be due to sweat gland dysfunction rather than autonomic neuropathy .
Autonomic involvement occurs in a wide range of peripheral neuropathies, albeit with variable symptomatology. Orthostatic intolerance and male sexual dysfunction, however, are invariably found in autonomic neuropathies . Surprisingly, these symptoms are infrequently reported in Fabry disease. Symptom surveys that systematically investigated the presence of orthostasis and impotence in Fabry patients are lacking. Data obtained from the Fabry Outcome Survey (FOS), a European outcomes database of clinical manifestations in Fabry patients, revealed only a limited number of cases with orthostatic intolerance , while male sexual dysfunction was not recorded at all. Only few studies investigating cardiovascular autonomic function have been carried out in Fabry patients. Heart rate variability has been tested in small numbers of Fabry patients and showed abnormal results in two studies [10, 11] while others did not find decreased heart rate variability . None of the studied Fabry patients had orthostatic hypotension [6, 12].
Altogether, symptoms and signs compatible with autonomic dysfunction in Fabry disease are considered to be due to autonomic neuropathy, while studies focusing on typical symptoms and signs are scarce. The main objective of this study was to investigate the presence of autonomic neuropathy with emphasis on autonomic symptomatology and impaired cardiovascular autonomic control in Fabry patients.
The Academic Medical Center (AMC) is the single referral center for the treatment of Fabry patients in the Netherlands. All male and female Fabry patients aged 12 years and older who visit the outpatient pediatric or adult clinic for inherited metabolic diseases at the AMC were asked to participate. In all patients a diagnosis of Fabry disease was confirmed by enzymatic assay or DNA mutation. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee and all patients (and parents if applicable) provided written informed consent.
To measure the severity of Fabry disease in individual patients, the Mainz Severity Score Index (MSSI) was used . Patients with a total score of less than 20 are defined to be mildly affected, those with a score from 20-40 are moderately affected, and those with a score above 40 are severely affected . Pain intensity was assessed on an 11-point visual analogue scale (VAS), anchored no pain (0) and worst possible pain (10). Patients were asked to score their most severe pain in the last 4 weeks .
Presence and severity of autonomic symptoms were assessed using the Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) . This questionnaire consists of 73 items on different aspects of autonomic dysfunction and has 11 weighted subscale scores, including an orthostatic intolerance and a male sexual dysfunction subscale. The total score is the calculated sum of the 11 individual subscales, giving a maximum score of 200 for males and of 170 (200 minus 30 for the male sexual dysfunction scale) for females. A score of zero means no complaints. A higher score indicates more or worse symptoms. Originally this instrument was tested in three different groups: healthy controls, patients with all kinds of non-autonomic peripheral neuropathy and patients with proven autonomic neuropathy . Healthy controls had a mean sum score of 10, patients with non-autonomic peripheral neuropathy had a mean score of 26, and patients with proven autonomic neuropathy had on average a score of 52. The latter scored on average 21.6 (score more than zero: 90%) in the orthostatic intolerance domain and 9.5 (score more than zero: 71%) in the male sexual dysfunction domain. Scores obtained from our patients were compared with these scores and with scores obtained from a sample of 48 sex- and age-matched healthy hospital workers who were asked for their co-operation by one of the authors (MB).
Furthermore, patients underwent cardiovascular autonomic function tests that were based on the guidelines designed for the detection of diabetic autonomic dysfunction and formulated by diabetes specialists in 1992 at the San Antonio Conference on Diabetic Neuropathy . According to this conference an abnormality on more than one test is desirable to establish the presence of autonomic dysfunction.
In this study a forced breathing test and a standing up test from supine were performed. Changes in heart rate and blood pressure induced by forced breathing and standing up were assessed and compared to control values for these changes. Lower limits of normal (2.5 percentile) per age-group have been well-established in our laboratory . The forced breathing test was performed in supine position. After 5 minutes rest the patient was instructed to perform six consecutive maximal inspiration and expiration cycles at a rate of 6 breaths per minute. To quantify the test score, the difference between maximal and minimal heart rate for each of the six cycles was determined and averaged to obtain the Inspiratory-Expiratory (I-E) difference in beats per minute . After standing up, heart rate increases. The highest heart rate in the first 15 seconds from the onset of standing was determined and expressed as the increase from baseline (ΔHRmax). We used the highest and lowest heart rate in the first 30 seconds from the onset of standing to quantify the relative bradycardia (HRmax/HRmin ratio). Heart rate and finger blood pressure at 3 minutes after the change of posture were measured. A persistent fall of more than 20 mmHg in systolic pressure after 3 minutes standing and a fall of more than 10 mmHg in diastolic pressure after 3 minutes standing were considered to be abnormal.
All results are expressed by mean and standard deviation or median and range where appropriate. Differences between variables are calculated using the unpaired t-test or Mann Whitney test and differences in proportions are tested using the Fisher's exact test. Correlations between variables are described with the use of Spearman correlation coefficients (Spearman's rho). Significance is defined at a p-value of < 0.05.
A total of 70 Fabry patients are followed at regular intervals at the outpatient pediatric or adult clinic for inherited metabolic diseases at the AMC. All patients were asked to participate in the study. Two adult patients could not be reached by phone and 15 adult patients refused to participate. Travel distance was the most frequently mentioned reason. Another 5 children did not take part in the study, mostly as their parents considered participation as too demanding. Half of the 22 non-participating patients were male. The median age was significantly lower than that of the participating patients (29 years, p = 0.008) but the MSSI was not different (median sum score 12.5, p = 0.74) at the time the study started.
n = 48
n = 15
n = 2
n = 13
non-ERT versus ERT, p-value
n = 33
n = 16
n = 17
non-ERT versus ERT, p-value
Age, years median (range)
Enzyme activity, μmol/l/h median (range)
MSSI sum score median (range)
general score median (range)
neurological score median (range)
cardiovascular score median (range)
renal score median (range)
VAS most severe pain median (range)
n = 36
n = 10
n = 2
n = 8
n = 26
n = 9
n = 17
Systolic BP, mmHg mean (SD)
Diastolic BP, mmHg mean (SD)
Heart rate, bpm mean (SD)
The MSSI sum score revealed that on average male patients were moderately affected and females were mildly affected. Twenty-nine patients scored below 20 (mildly affected), 18 patients scored between 20-40 (moderately affected) and only 1 male patient had a sum score of more than 40 (severely affected) . The median score for most severe pain in the last 4 weeks was 3 (range 0-9). This score did not differ significantly between male and female patients.
Autonomic Symptom Profile scores, median (range).
n = 48
n = 18
n = 30
non-ERT versus ERT, p-value
n = 48
Patients versus controls, p-value
n = 15
n = 2
n = 13
n = 15
Male sexual failure
Autonomic Symptom Profile Scores, score > 0, n (%).
n = 48
n = 18
n = 30
non-ERT versus ERT, p-value
n = 48
Patients versus controls, p-value
n = 15
n = 2
n = 13
n = 15
Male sexual failure
Median scores in the orthostatic intolerance domain were 13 (range 0-35) for Fabry patients and 1.3 (range 0-25) for healthy controls (p = 0.004). Seventy-five percent of the Fabry patients scored more than zero points in this domain compared with 50% of the healthy controls (p = 0.02). Median scores in the male sexual failure domain were 0 (range 0-17) for Fabry patients and 0 (range 0-7.5) for healthy controls (p = 0.29). Forty percent of male Fabry patients scored more than zero points in this domain compared with 20% of healthy male controls (p = 0.43). Furthermore, unexpectedly low numbers of Fabry patients scored more than zero points in the secretomotor, gastroparesis, diarrhoea and constipation domains, being respectively 28, 15, 13 and 10.
Spearman correlation did not show a relationship between age and the ASP sum score (Spearman's rho = 0.14, p = 0.35) and a trend towards an association between the MSSI sum score and ASP sum score was found (Spearman's rho = 0.27, p = 0.06).
Autonomic function tests.
Number of patients with an abnormal test result (n)
Inspiratory-Expiratory (I-E) difference bpm
HRmax/HRmin ratio mmHg
ΔSyst 3 min after standing up mmHg
ΔDiast 3 min after standing up mmHg
ΔHR 3 min after standing up bpm
Three female patients aged 25, 50 and 53 years old and with MSSI sum scores of 13, 24 and 17 showed abnormal results of the forced breathing test. They scored respectively 12, 9 and 9 beats per minute indicating a decreased HRV. The ECG of the 50-year-old woman showed signs of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and the 53-year-old woman suffered from cardiomyopathy. Three males aged 25, 52 and 63 years old and with MSSI sum scores of 13, 27 and 47 had an abnormal initial heart rate response to standing up from supine position. The first was known with LVH and the latter with cardiomyopathy, while the 52-year-old male did not have cardiac pathology. They scored respectively 17, 11 and 11 beats per minute which are abnormally low scores in relation to their age. One 14-year-old girl with an MSSI sum score of 2 had a persistent fall of 11 mmHg in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after standing up.
Role of ERT
Two of the 15 male study patients were untreated. They were similar to ERT treated patients with respect to age and disease severity. Female patients who were treated with ERT were older and more severely affected compared with untreated females (see Table 1). No difference in ASP sum score was found between ERT treated and untreated patients (p = 0.30), while secretomotor problems and sleep disorder were more frequent and more severe in ERT treated than untreated patients (see Tables 2 and 3).
Twenty-five of the 36 patients (69%) who underwent autonomic cardiovascular function tests received ERT. Patients on ERT had lower heart rate variability than untreated patients. All three females and three males with an abnormal heart rate variability test result were treated with ERT. The 14-year-old girl was untreated. Altogether, ERT was not associated with less severe disease, lower ASP scores or less frequent cardiovascular autonomic function abnormalities.
In this study we found a low prevalence of orthostatic intolerance and male sexual dysfunction in a rather large cohort of Fabry patients. The cardiovascular autonomic function tests showed normal cardiovascular autonomic control in almost all of our Fabry patients.
This raises the important question whether autonomic neuropathy plays a prominent role in Fabry symptoms and signs. The disturbances that have been ascribed to autonomic neuropathy in Fabry disease include an- or hypohydrosis, decreased tears and saliva formation, abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity, cardiac rhythm disturbances as well as gastrointestinal complaints [4–6]. However, unlike the findings in other diseases that cause autonomic neuropathy and in patients with proven autonomic failure , orthostatic intolerance and male sexual dysfunction are less frequent and less severe manifestations in our Fabry patients. Furthermore, the low resting heart rate as found in our study patients is unusual in patients with an autonomic neuropathy.
Defective sweating has long been thought to originate from autonomic neuropathy. However, skin biopsies did not reveal a decrease in nerve fibre density of sweat gland innervation, but revealed storage of lipids in sweat glands. Also, the non-length dependent distribution of the an- or hypohydrosis and the rapid effect of single enzyme infusions, suggested a sweat gland dysfunction rather than an autonomic neuropathy . In line with defective sweating, end-organ failure might also account for the abnormal peripheral blood flow that has been found in several studies [19, 20]. A study on vascular hyperreactivity in Fabry disease supports this hypothesis; absence of a difference in plasma epinephrine or norepinephrine levels between patients and controls suggested that the altered vessel response in Fabry disease may be attributed to vasogenic and not to neurogenic factors . This is further supported by almost normal cardiovascular autonomic function, as has been confirmed in the current study as well as in previous studies [6, 12]. Studies on heart rate variability (HRV) in pediatric Fabry patients revealed significantly different results between boys and both girls and controls, with significant improvement of heart rate variability in boys upon ERT [10, 11]. However, it is likely that cardiac pathology (i.e. left ventricular hypertrophy and/or conduction system pathology) has influenced the abnormalities observed in these patients. In the current study, only 6 out of 36 Fabry patients showed an abnormal HRV on one test. As four of these six patients were known with LVH or cardiomyopathy, our findings could be partly explained by the underlying cardiac pathology.
Altogether, our results indicate that symptoms and signs compatible with autonomic dysfunction in Fabry patients are probably not due to autonomic neuropathy. More likely, these symptoms and signs are caused by end-organ failure which has been suggested before by others [22, 23] and is supported by findings from previous studies [7, 21]. An exceptional kind of autonomic neuropathy can, however, not be totally excluded.
It is surprising that, in spite of evidence of small fibre neuropathy in Fabry disease [1, 2], and autonomic functions being carried by these small nerve fibres, we did not find symptoms and signs that are generally found in patients with autonomic neuropathy due to other diseases. Diabetic neuropathy and other small fibre neuropathies (i.e. amyloidosis, leprosy and HIV) lead to equal damage of C and Aδ fibres or to more severe damage of C fibres than Aδ fibres [24–27]. In contrast, Fabry disease causes more severe impairment of Aδ fibres compared to C fibres, as shown by quantitative sensory testing [1, 12]. Preganglionic autonomic fibres consist of small myelinated B fibres and postganglionic autonomic fibres are small unmyelinated C fibres . The relatively selective damage to 'non-autonomic' small myelinated Aδ fibres in Fabry disease could therefore underlie the found preservation of autonomic function in Fabry disease. One other disease, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) type 5, is known to cause selective loss of small myelinated nerve fibres. Autonomic function is usually spared in HSAN type 5; none of the reported patients had orthostatic hypotension, although anhydrosis has been reported in some . Apparently, damage to C-fibres is required for the development of overt autonomic neuropathy.
In contrast to orthostatic intolerance and male sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal complaints are frequently reported in Fabry disease. These complaints have been attributed to dysfunction of enteric neurons . Data obtained from 342 Fabry patients enrolled in the Fabry Outcome Survey (FOS), revealed that 60.8% of children and 49.8% of adults experienced gastrointestinal complaints. The most frequently reported gastrointestinal symptoms were abdominal pain and diarrhoea . In this light, the high numbers of patients without gastrointestinal disturbances in the current cohort are unexpected. This difference between the FOS data and our results may be due to an overestimation in the FOS as these findings were based on self-reports by patients, and not on a validated questionnaire.
Furthermore, an unexpectedly low number of Fabry patients reported secretomotor problems. This may be attributed to a shortcoming in the questionnaire we used: the ASP assesses changes in sweating in the past five years, whereas Fabry patients usually suffer from sweat problems from childhood on.
Another limitation of the current study is that we included mainly mild to moderately affected patients. As we found a trend towards a correlation between the MSSI sum score and the ASP sum score and relatively high MSSI sum scores in 4 out of 6 patients with an abnormal heart rate variability test result, we cannot exclude that autonomic neuropathy is more prevalent in severely affected patients. Besides, the cross-sectional character of the study precludes definite conclusions on the long term effect of enzyme replacement therapy in individual patients. However, our results suggest that patients with relatively severe disease are more often on ERT and that the severity of autonomic dysfunction is not influenced by ERT. A final limitation is that we have restricted the function tests to those evaluating cardiovascular autonomic function. However, abnormalities in the autonomic control of other organ systems such as peripheral vascular reactivity is thought to reflect end-organ pathology and not real autonomic neuropathy as discussed above.
Male sexual function and autonomic control of the cardiovascular system are normal in Fabry patients, which cast doubt on the general accepted assumption that autonomic neuropathy is a major player in the pathophysiology of the disease.
The authors would like to acknowledge the cooperation of the many Fabry patients in the Netherlands. The help of Dr. S.M. Rombach and Mrs. E.E. Ormel is greatly acknowledged for collecting MSSI data and for logistical support.
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- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/10/38/prepub
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:fec4c4d7-dfed-4941-bbd5-d940ae72e0dc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bmcneurol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2377-10-38 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867999 | 6,825 | 1.867188 | 2 |
The UK’s reliance on variable rates amplifies instability and raises house prices.
The UK housing market has been called "volatile" for its obsession with variable rate mortgages by a study from Nottingham Trent University.
The research, conducted by Dr Alla Koblyakova at the university's School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, said three quarters of homeowners are on riskier variable or short-term fixed rate mortgages which amplifies instability and raises house prices.
Koblyakova said: “This study provides empirical evidence that the prevalence of variable-rate or short-term fixed rate mortgage debt amplifies fluctuations in house prices in the UK.
“The findings suggest that the structural features of the mortgage funding system, such as higher profit margins for lenders who provide variable rate contracts, is a major driver of this.
“The concern is that this leaves the UK, which holds 74% of its mortgage debt in variable or short-term fixed rate contracts, extremely vulnerable to financial shocks, such as changes in monetary policy, house prices fluctuations and cuts in people’s personal incomes.”
The research noted that lenders are more inclined to offer higher loan-to-value ratios on variable rate mortgages which pushes the most vulnerable into taking out a variable rate.
Koblyakova added: “The upturn of this is that the most vulnerable borrowers are put at the highest risk. And the more people can borrow, the more demand for property increases, which in turn drives prices up.
“But the data also shows that if there was more securitisation – the practice of investors buying pools of debt as secured assets – then lenders become more inclined to offer better long-term fixed rate contracts, which can have a stabilising effect on the market.
“Following the global financial crisis, there is little evidence of securitisation being practiced in the UK today. But if practiced properly it could help control house prices, make them less volatile and protect the most vulnerable borrowers from future financial shocks.”
The study was based on a sample of more than 2,000 mortgage holders between 2001 and 2014 and was taken from the Bank of England Data Archive, Nationwide House Price Index, European Mortgage Federation and Council of Mortgage Lenders. | <urn:uuid:bb036df4-1d56-4d2f-809d-dc1247b1edff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mpamag.com/uk/mortgage-types/bridging/university-study-brands-uk-housing-market-volatile/374709 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.952064 | 466 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Nobel prize to R. A. Millikan awarded in 1923 "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect''
Millikan, R.A.; On the Elementary Electrical Charge and the Avogadro Constant
Phys. Rev. 2 (1913) 109;
Reprinted in Great Experiments in Physics (Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1960) edited by M. H. Shamos.
The Physical Review - the First Hundred Years, AIP Press (1995) 23.
The experiments herewith reported were undertaken with the view of introducing certain improvements into the oil-drop method of determination e and N and thus obtaining a higher accuracy than had before been possible in the evaluation of these most fundamental constants... The results of this work may be summarized in the following table in which the numbers in the error column represent in the case of the first six numbers estimated limits of uncertainty rather than the so-called "probable
errors'' which would be much smaller... itemize Elementary electrical charge e = 4.774 ± 0.009 x 10-10 Number of molecules per gram molecule N = 6.062 ± 0.012 x 1023 Number of gas molecules per c.c. at 0° n = 2.705 ± 0.005 x 1019 Kinetic energy of a molecule at 0° E0 = 5.621 ± 0.010 x 10-4 Constant of molecular energy e = 2.058 ± 0.004 x
10-16 Constant of the entropy equation k = 1.372 ± 0.002 x 10-16 itemize (Extracted from the introductory part of the paper.).
Related references More (earlier) information appears in R. A. Millikan, Phys. Rev. XXXII (1911) 349;
First precise measurement of the charge of the electron and the Avogadro constant. | <urn:uuid:c66d196b-d5b3-432f-8100-dea9183ba527> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://web.ihep.su/owa/dbserv/hw.part2?s_c=MILLIKAN+1913 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.870959 | 422 | 2.625 | 3 |
Doctor insights on:
Alternative Treatments For Tuberculoid Leprosy
DIFFERENT treatments: Based on a skin smear test or by clinical criteria, one may have either PAUCIBACILLARY leprosy or MULTIBACILLARY leprosy. The former is treated with dapsone and rifampicin for 6 months, the latter with rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine for 12 months. A person with multibacillary leprosy must not be treated like a paucibaciillary leprosy pt with only two drugs for a shortened period. ...Read more
I was a patient of leprosy and after taking the treatment I am cured but it cause some damages can that be cured?
L have deformity in left hand due to leprosy some years ago.is any treatment to improve deformity?
I have a relationship with a woman who travel once a year to India for Ayurvedic treatments. Can she get leprosy and transmit It to me trough sex?
Not to worry: Leprosy is often called the least contagious of infectious diseases. One may carry these bacteria for five to 20 years before becoming symptomatic. About 95% of people have natural immunity to Leprosy. It is most likely that leprosy is transmitted by lenghty & close contact with nasal droplets from an infected person. Of interest - after 2 weeks of treatment many lepers are no longer infectious. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
None: None that i know of.Get a more detailed answer ›
Possibly: AD is an incurable degenerative disease of the brain. There have been some studies using medium chain triglycerides to 'feed' the brain(Axona). Recently a study supported the use of hi dose Vit E. Other supplements include Vinpocetine and phosphatidyl serine. Be careful even with supplements and 'natural' products- they maybe unsafe or have interactions with other products or medications. ...Read more | <urn:uuid:0b8ce75e-7cac-4b14-afc9-9f634de0dbe2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.healthtap.com/topics/alternative-treatments-for-tuberculoid-leprosy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00508-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932305 | 425 | 1.640625 | 2 |
In the 1950s, North Carolina was in economic decline.
Ranked 47th out of 48 in the nation in per capita income, the state was a Southern economy dependent on tobacco, textiles and furniture manufacturing. University graduates were leaving the state in droves in search of better jobs.
Governor Luther Hodges, working with leaders of government and industry, fashioned a bold solution.
In its first 25 years, RTP's growth and development was characterized almost entirely by large firms such as IBM and Burroughs-Wellcome locating R&D facilities within the Park. From this point on, the word was out—RTP was a great place for emerging research and technology companies.
There was untapped talent available at the local universities, and an intelligent culture and affordable cost of living that scientists and technologists loved.
By the 1990s, the entire Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill region had begun to be referred to as “The Research Triangle.”
Additionally, around this time, the region was impacted by a business shift toward the outsourcing of contract research and clinical trials. RTP's collaborative model once again figured prominently in CRO success: many drew heavily on the statistical and analytical expertise at the Triangle's university partners Duke, NC State and UNC, as well as North Carolina's home-grown firm, SAS.
Following the merger of Glaxo-Wellcome and SmithKlineBeecham into GlaxoSmithKline in 2000, 61% of entrepreneurial spinouts specialized in new drug discovery and medical device development.
The nation's first state-funded non-profit was established here to promote life sciences and microelectronics.
During this same period, the Triangle's collaborative model added two important components: the NC Biotech Center and the Microelectronics Center of North Carolina. These organizations were the nation's first state-funded non-profits that promoted small firm success in life sciences and microelectronics.
The state's hands-on policy of loans, grants, counseling and networking worked: North Carolina today ranks among the top three states in bioscience employment and has become a world leader in vaccine research and manufacturing. It is home to an $86 billion a year agricultural biotech industry that will play a major role in feeding a world population expected to reach nine billion by 2050. | <urn:uuid:43dcf749-4cfc-4c5b-b5e5-871568592f64> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rtp.org/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.963018 | 487 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Mysteries of India
THE TOUR AT THE GLANCE
In our Mysteries of India Tour, you shall feel and experience the true essence of India. India, known for its rich history, heritage and culture. The most conspicuous fact that deserves a special mention here is that everyone can easily relate to the great Indian heritage. From cultural heritage sites of Jaipur to exotic carvings of Khajuraho temples and from classy lifestyle of Delhi to the religious devotion in Varanasi everything seems so different yet closely related. Mysteries of India Tour bestows you with an opportunity to feel the magic of incredible India! You can witness various Hindu temples and Islamic monuments, Buddhist sites in Sarnath. The holy river Ganga is not merely a river but considered as a mother, a goddess and the soul of many Indians. The depiction of the Kama Sutra on the temples of Khajuraho always shows how to advance ancient India was in its knowledge of sex and the architecture of temples and palaces in Orchha is bound to leave you speechless. Our Historical Mysteries of India Tour runs traveler through the lifeline of Indian transportation, the railways shall assure you in providing an unforgettable journey and experience.
EXPERIENCES AND VISITS IN THIS TOUR JOURNEY
- Walk thru / Cycle Rickshaw Asia’s largest Spice Market and explore narrow lane in Old Delhi
- Explore a temple tour covering Jantar Mantar, Bharat Mata temple, Ramnagar Museum, Kashi Vishwanath temple and the Durga temple, at Varanasi
- Enjoy an evening Aarti performance on the banks of River Ganges
- Explore the Western Group and the Eastern Group of temple, at Khajuraho
- Game drives and tiger sighting tour of Ranthambore National park.
- Enjoy a guided tour of the 400-year-old deserted Moghul city of Fatehpur Sikri
- Visit of Magnificent Taj Mahal – The monument of Love
- Explore the magnificence of the Pink City and make the most of your elephant ride which takes you to the top of Amber Palace in Jaipur
- Uncover vibrant Rajasthan, from the royal history of Jaipur.
- Ride up to Amber Fort on a caparisoned, by elephant.
VIEW FULL ITINERARY
Arrive Delhi, After completing immigration and custom formalities, meet our representative at the arrival gate. After introductions, you will be transferred to the hotel.
DELHI, the capital of India, is home to 16 million people, making it the third largest city in India. The strategic location of the city made it an attractive location for invading armies, and it served as the capital for many great empires that ruled India. Many of these Empires built significant monuments, and whilst the Mughal and the British are the most visible, while driving through the city you will see ruins from previous capitals, the earliest dating back to the 12th century.
Morning your tour will begin with a visit to Raj Ghat, a simple memorial to Mahatma Gandhi. He is also famously known as the “father of the nation”. Continue your tour to Jama Masjid, one of Asia’s largest mosques. People stream in and out of the mosque continuously and the presence of a nearby bazaar means that the area is rarely quiet. Enjoy the rickshaw ride at Old Delhi peddling through the narrow by lanes of Chandani Chowk and visit spices market is one of the largest wholesale spice markets in Asia, It is well worth a visit for the intensity of its sights and smells alone. Along with fresh spices of all shapes, sizes, and colors, this market sells myriad nuts, herbs, dry fruits, and grains.
In the afternoon visit the Qutb Minar complex which dominates the historic site where Qutb-ud-Din-Aibak laid the foundation of Delhi Sultanate. Its sandstone minaret, 72.5 m high, has a staircase of 379 steps to reach the summit. It is the tallest stone tower in India and one of the most successful Muslim buildings. You will then discover the Humayun Mausoleum, the 2nd Mughal emperor. Built in the middle of the 16th century at the request of Hamida Banu Begum (the widow of Emperor Humayun), the mausoleum is a fine example of early Mughal architecture.
Drive past British Architect by Edward Lutyens, with the task of building the new capital in Delhi. Lutyen’s Delhi primarily consists of the administrative area of the capital, India Gate and the Viceroy’s House (which is now known as Rashtrapati Bhawan). A visit to Delhi is incomplete without going to Lutyen’s Delhi which one can say, is the place where the Central Government of India currently resides and works from.
Today, transferred to airport to board flight for Varanasi –holy city Varanasi is the most important city for Hindu Devotees. This eternal city has been a prime pilgrimage and learning center for over two hundred decades now. Upon arrival meet and transfer to hotel.
Afternoon explore the city walking and enjoy a rickshaw ride. Evening witness the religious ceremony on the Hindu holiest river – The Ganges.
Early morning experience Boat Ride on River Ganga. Check out of hotel by noon and day free to explore.
Morning visit the religious Hindu temple - Bharat Mata temple, Durga temple and the Tulsi Manas Temple. Later visit the Benares Hindu University.
Try Blue Lassi - Blue Lassi is a hole-in-the-wall cafe, A lassi is a yogurt drink but they are a little bit fancier at Blue Lassi than your average cup on the street. Handmade by a man sitting on the small porch that overlooks the lane, the lassi’s come in a range of flavors.
Afternoon proceed for an excursion to Sarnath, one of the top four Buddhist pilgrimage destinations in the world where the Buddha gave his first sermon. Buddhists look upon India as the land of Buddha which makes Sarnath a popular tourist attraction. The Emperor Ashoka, who spread the Buddha’s message of love and compassion throughout his vast empire, visited Sarnath around 234BC, and erected a stupa here. Several Buddhist structures were raised at Sarnath between the 3rd century BC and the 11th century AD. Visit the Archaeological museum (Closed on Friday’s), Asoka Pillar and the Chinese Buddhist Temple.
Optional: A Sunset Stroll along The Ghats
Strolling along the Ghats at sunset hours is an unrivalled experience. Exploring the Ghats is one of the best things to do in Varanasi. The city has almost a hundred Ghats, the steps of each leading to waters of River Ganges. These are bathing Ghats, praying Ghats and cremation sites for Hindus from all over the world.
Early morning Walk along the ghats, No matter where you stay it isn’t far to get to the ghats and once you are there, there is plenty to look at. You will likely lose track of time as your senses are overwhelmed.
Later you will be transferred by our representative to airport for flight to Khajurahoi . On arrival in Khajuraho, you will be received by our representative who will assist you till your pre booked hotel and check in.
In the afternoon proceed for the sightseeing tour of Khajuraho Temples. Inscribed in the list of world heritage sites by UNESCO, the whole complex is divided into eastern and western group of temples. Eastern group is constituted by Parsavanatha Temple - The largest in the group of three Jain temples, Ghantai Temple - This Jain temple has a fresco depicting the 16 dreams of Mahavira's mother, and a multi-armed Jain goddess perched on a winged Garuda, Adinatha Temple - The last of the Jain temples dedicated to the Jain saint, Adinatha. Later visit the Western group which is undoubtedly the best recognized, because the largest and most typical Khajuraho temple Kandariya Mahadev belongs to this group. Other temples of the western group are Vishwanath Temple - The temple enshrines a three-headed image of Lord Brahma, Lakshamana Temple - The lintel over the entrance of this temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu shows the holy trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva with Goddess Lakshmi, Vishnu's consort, Chaunsath Yogini - The oldest surviving temple in the group, Chitragupta Temple - Dedicated to the sun-god, Surya, Matangeshwara Temple - This temple, which happens to be outside the precincts of the western group, is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Today, drive to Jhansi Railway Station , Enroute visit Orchha: The Bundela chief Raja Rudra Pratap (1501-31) chose an easily defended and beautiful site for his capital. Set on the island on a bend in the Betwa River, it is elevated above the surrounding wooded countryside.. Orchha contains three palaces The Jehangir Mahal :The most admired palace of Orchha's,.It was built as a present to welcome Mughal emperor Jehangir when he paid a state visit in the 17th century. The Sheesh Mahal:Sheesh Mahal ("Palace of Mirrors") was built during the early 18th century, long after Orchha's demise, originally intended as an exclusive country retreat for the local Raja, Udait Singh.. Phool Bagh: The walled Phool Bagh or Flower Gardens is a cool summer spot. A sight you must not miss. Also visit Ram Raja Temple & Chaturbhuj Temple.
After visit transfer to Jhansi Railway station to board Train |Shatabdi Train) to Agra. On arrival in Agra, you will be received by our representative who will assist you till your pre booked hotel and check in.
Visit to Taj Mahal at sunrise. The Taj Mahal is one of the Seven Wonders of the World that symbolizes the love of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal’s final resting place. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage. The white marble building changes its hue with the variations in the daylight. In moonlight, particularly on the full moon night, the marble appears extraordinarily luminescent.
Rest of the day at leisre
In the afternoon visit The Agra Fort is one of the most important and robustly built strongholds of the Mughals, embellished with number of richly decorated buildings encompassing the imposing Mughal style of art and architecture.Also visit a marble-inlay workshop to see the intricate work and unique skill which goes into each finely detailed piece of marble inlay, using a number of beautiful semi-precious stones.
Itmad Ud Daulah’s tomb: Nicknamed as Baby Taj, this was the first Mughal structure built completely from marble. Built between 1622 and 1628, this is the tomb of Mirza Ghiyas Beg, chief minister of Emperor Jehangir and father of Nur Jahan.
Option: Mohabbat-e-Taj Show
Spend your evening watching the amazing Mohabbat-e-Taj Show depicting the romantic love story of Emperor Shah Jahan and his beloved wife Mumtaj Mahal. It is a live show in Hindi language and interpretation is available in English, French and German languages through headphones. Over 80 talented artists will perform this love story along with creative dance performances.
Today, travel by road to Ranthambore. Enroute visit Fatehpur Sikri-Built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the mid-16th century, Fatehpur Sikri was meant to be a new capital for his empire. It was also the emperor’s homage to Saint Sheikh Salim Chishti, who predicted the birth of the emperor’s much-desired son and heir. Built in almost uniform style, Sikri is a sprawling complex of palaces, mosques, temples, and other structures. It is a stunning amalgamation of the Persian and Indian styles of building.
Continue drive to Ranthambore, upon arrival check in at Hotel.
In the afternoon you will visit Dastkar Craft Centre-This workshop and outlet located beyond the park entrance, near Khem Villas, is well worth a visit. The organisation helps to empower low-caste village women, who gain regular income by selling their textile and embroidery work. Many attractive handicrafts are on sale, including saris, scarves, bags and bedspreads. Another outlet is located about 3km from the train station.
Today, you will have two game drives into the park to try to catch a glimpse of one of the elusive tigers. Wake up early in the morning - one of the best times to catch a glimpse of these secretive animals - and leave for your first safari into the National Park. Ranthambore has one of the largest populations of tigers in India, and your experienced guides know the best places to visit to see the tigers.
Return to the hotel, have breakfast and relax until lunch. In the afternoon, return to the park for your second safari. Also visit the Ranthambore Fort which lies within the park premises itself. The fort was built around 8th century by the Chauhans and has numerous attractions in store.
Today, drive to Jaipur, arrive and check in at Hotel
The Pink City-Jaipur is a vibrant amalgamation of the old and the new. Jaipur has been ruled by Rajput kingdoms for many centuries and developed as a planned city in the 17th century AD. Along with Delhi and Agra, Jaipur forms the Golden Triangle, one of the most famous tourist circuits of the country.
Morning proceed for the sightseeing tour of Jaipur visiting Amber Fort with Elephant Ride.
Visit the city of Amber and its fort. Erected on a vast hill, the citadel and its fort were intended to protect the ancient capital of the state of Jaipur. You will get there on the back of an elephant, then you will come back in a jeep. You will be able to visit the various rooms, the inner courtyards, the rooms of public hearings, the Mughal gardens with its star-shaped flower beds. In addition, Amber Fort offers panoramic views of Lake Maota. On the way back you will stop at the Hawa Mahal - the famous and magnificent Palace of the Winds.
Later, proceed to visit City Palace is one of the major landmarks in Jaipur. The beautiful palace was built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh during his reign. Among the various forts and palaces of Jaipur, City Palace stands apart, with its outstanding art and architecture. In the Palace complex visit Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum. Visit to Observatory or Jantar Mantar. It is an astronomical observation site built in the early 18th century.Whose passion for science, engineering, and astronomy prompted him to construct this complex of fourteen scientific instruments. It’s been over 200 years since they were first constructed, these fourteen structures can still accurately measure time; predict eclipses, and track stars and planets in their orbits.
Then embark on your Cycle Rickshaw ride- This tour is planned to offer you an insight on the socio economic aspects of the city. Every lane in the walled city has something interesting to offer and the relaxed Rickshaw ride is the best way to explore the city like the locals do.
Today, morning at leisure
Later drive to Delhi, upon arrive, you will meet and transfer to airport to board international flight back home
WHAT YOU WILL RECEIVE IN YOUR TOUR COST
- Accommodation for total 11 nights on Bed & Breakfast basis.
- Meals: full board basis at Ranthambore
- Transfers, sightseeing and excursions as per the program by air-conditioned Vehicle
- English speaking local guide for sightseeing as per program
- All entrance fees to the monuments as mentioned in the program.
- Boat ride on River Ganges in Varanasi
- Train journey from Jhansi to Agra by Shatabdi Train on Tourist class
- Elephant ride at Amber Fort, Jaipur.
- Cycle rickshaw ride in the local bazaar in Delhi & Jaipur.
- 02 Jungle Safari (by by Jeep) at Ranthambore National Park with Naturalist
- Our representative for assistance on arrival and departure at airport.
- All presently applicable taxes including the GST charges levied recently by the Government.
- Two bottles of mineral water each day during sightseeing.
TOUR COST WILL NOT INCLUDE FOLLOWING EXPENSES
- International / Domestic Airfare
- Any new admission fees / taxes / fuel surcharges/ Visa fees
- Meals not mentioned
- All personal expenses such as beverages, laundry, trip cancellation and personal insurance, gratuities, excess baggage fees
- Early check-in/late check-out (except as noted)
- Camera/video fees at monuments
- Communication costs
- Any additional expenses due to unforeseen problems like natural disaster, war or strikes, cancellation or misconnection of flights or last-minute change of timings etc.
- Any other service, which has not been specified as "included".
World Escapes India Pvt. Ltd. is a travel company launched in 2013 and run by passionate tourism professionals, committed to design innovative products which suits to the budget of all type of travelers. It is a dream of young professional having a collective experience of more than three decades in different areas of travel & airline Industry.
- Plot no 36, Mohit Nagar, Sector 15 (Near NSIT) Dwarka, New Delhi -110078 | <urn:uuid:ff7c1bcc-4b9f-4d50-a593-eb7fcf554f1d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.worldescape.co.in/tour-list-detail.php?id=84 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.931679 | 3,855 | 1.554688 | 2 |
In my last post I discussed “the red line chart” which sorts foods in accordance with their calorie density (calories per pound). Foods more to the left have been shown to be have more satiety so that people can eat more without taking in excess calories.
The chart has a red line, and it is recommended to try to focus on eating foods to the left of it. Chef AJ, who created the chart, explains in her book that she is a recovered food addict. For people with food addictions, certain foods like sugary treats can be binge-triggering foods that can have a similar effect to nicotine or alcohol, or drugs to people with addictions to those substances. People in twelve step programs commit to abstain from their addictions. But those in Overeaters Anonymous know that food addiction is tricky because you can’t abstain from eating. It is up to the individual to come up with a precise definition of what they are abstaining from. You can’t eat trigger foods in moderation. You have to abstain from them. For Chej AJ, and for others with food addiction, foods to the right of the red line can serve as the definition of foods to abstain from. This is what I had in mind when I wrote the last post.
But a valid concern was raised in a comment that this chart could be interpreted as a list of “good” and “bad” foods, which for other people can lead to disordered eating. If that might be you, please do not interpret the chart that way. Foods more to the left are just those that are healthier and can be eaten more liberally, while those to the right should be eaten more in moderation.
I personally don’t believe in good or bad foods. There are some, like fruits and veggies, which are healthy and recommended by pretty much all experts, which I try to eat more often. Others, like overly processed foods (candy, cookies, etc.), fall more in the “eat in moderation” category, which is what I strive for. Since I’m fortunate enough not to actually have a food addiction, I can get away with viewing it that way. But even for me, the problem with moderation is, as I mentioned in the last post, it can be a slippery slope, because it is “uncalibrated”, unless I actually keep a log of how many “special treats” I’m allowing myself. Next thing I know I get my bloodwork done and my triglycerides have crept back up. So the red line chart for me to helps to tighten up on this. | <urn:uuid:2c20cab5-d15c-431a-9278-aa4ddb2def94> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bionicoldguy.home.blog/2021/04/13/the-red-line-and-good-and-bad-foods/?like_comment=4594&_wpnonce=3fc157a298 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.973182 | 552 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Toyota, Long Eaton Natural History Society, Broxtowe Borough Council and supporters of Canal & River Trust have helped to fund a project in Derbyshire to improve and protect vital habitats for water voles.
Water voles are a protected species and although still found in and around the waterways, most vole colonies have become small and isolated. The UK water vole population has fallen by over 90% since the 1970s, largely as a result of habitat loss and predation by mink. However, with your support projects like this are helping to reverse the trend.
We believe that it's important to protect our waterway wildlife so that future generations can appreciate it and have a place to visit that's an escape from their every day lives. We're delighted that you've helped us to improve the natural habitat of these precious creatures.
Danny Brennan, chair of the East Midlands Waterway Partnership, said: “This is a vital project and it’s fantastic that others share the Trust’s beliefs and recognise the importance of passing on a thriving, healthy canal to future generations.”
The work on the canal was focussed on ‘greening’ the canal banks, providing ideal homes for voles to burrow into, as well as some of their favourite foods. In addition to protecting this rare species, this work benefits a wide range of other species, including water shrews, birds, dragonflies and damselflies. | <urn:uuid:ad36bfd6-c1a0-4c22-bc5f-13f1379935f7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/about-us/how-we-make-a-difference/a-wildlife-haven-on-the-erewash-canal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00123-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959125 | 297 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Among the disputes facing many homeowners are basement waterproof issues. If waterproofing isn’t done precisely, it may result in a domino consequence. Hence, understanding useful basement waterproofing data can prevent this crisis.
The ideal time for you to waterproof your basement is when the groundwork is first constructed. This will successfully assure that the outcome and benefits might keep on for an extended time. Also, here is the ideal time for waterproofing as it is going to be much simpler to achieve in to little gaps before they get shut off because of constrictions, like shapes and also locations where in fact the drainage process is usually to be collection up.
If you should be working with a vintage house, then you definitely have to study the basement having an exceptionally careful inspection just before picking how exactly to waterproof it. It could be clever to get hold of a professional who has the right basement waterproofing information. Using an specialist will help you prevent having to execute the job again due to having used incorrect methods.
You can find two procedures to make use of: the inside basement water-resistant methods, and the surface basement water-resistant methods. A standard means of outer waterproofing , referred to as tanking, is the technique where a bonding membrane or material is used on the additional walls of the basement. Be sure the method of tanking occurs when your house has been built, specially if the basemet is set underground.
Still another process to outside basement water-resistant technique is recognized as the outer drainage method. In this method, the basement will be built such fashion that their surfaces slope toward the sump pump of your house. Apply a synthetic honeycomb casing on the ground and surfaces to remove any wetness from the basement.
The French drain system is still another process of outer basement waterproofing , as well. That mode of waterproofing was generally collection up on properties that were built in regions in the united states which have heavy rainfall, and other kinds of humidity-based weather. Outdoor waterproofing techniques, are the sole people known by the International Creating Code, as sufficiently efficient, to keep water from performing significant architectural damages to a residence or even a building.
The crucial stage to notice is the very first one in the number above – that big opening in the ground. Once the walls of the basement are made, there is generally a distance left away from walls which must be filled. This void gets filled with free backfill. The issue listed here is that water seems for the trail of least resistance, and you’ve only trained with exactly that with an enormous pile of loose backfill, irrespective of how well it’s been compacted.
Water can constantly seep into this area. The standard Aquatech Basement Waterproofing provides some kind of drainage tube for this water to drain away, but the issue with this is that usually these pipes get silted up. It’s normal enough, the water is providing a number of suspension with it. When these pipes get stuffed the system overloads and plenty of water pressure gets applied to the outside surfaces of the basement. So whilst the surfaces of the basement may be waterproofed for some reason, water, as you most likely already know, will usually find a method through the littlest of gaps.
This kind of problem doesn’t generally disappear because the pipes which are likely to take away the extra water slowly worsen around time. Often times there is simply no use of these pipes which is really a big oversight. Basement waterproofing can be put on the external walls of the basement to use and keep the water out. That is usually known as a tanked system.
A better basement waterproofing system, like the exhausted cavity basement waterproofing system, works by eliminating the water stress on the walls. Water is managed, obtained and allowed to flow through concealed drainage channels sometimes to natural drainage or even to a sump pump where in actuality the water is removed from the property.
Meanwhile, inside basement waterproof techniques are employed to help keep water from working its way to the basement. In order to keep humidity and water from seeping through the basement , apply sealants on to the floor and walls. The sealant maintains mold and shapes from rising, as well. Inside sealants aren’t precisely materials for most readily useful results. Nevertheless, they could help you manage while you are however taking care of different waterproofing procedures. To reach the most effective benefits, try using equally the interior and external, waterproof methods.
According to useful basement waterproofing information, it is vital to be sure that you do the waterproofing , as your basement is the building blocks of your home. If the basement is not in their finest issue, it could endanger your whole home in due course. | <urn:uuid:5de0124e-3eb0-4e0d-8614-c5109d963add> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://multimedios106.com/reclaim-your-basement-with-basement-waterproofing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.957577 | 969 | 1.789063 | 2 |
10 Ways to Fix Philippine Basic Education
Philippine education is in crisis and we need not argue that point. What we need is a president with a basic education agenda, willing to make the hard decisions. This is what needs to be done.
12-Year Basic Education Cycle
We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay for up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding.
My education team has designed a way to go from our current 10 years (6 elementary, 4 high school) to a K-12 system in five years starting SY 2011-12. Kindergarten (K) to Grade 12 is what the rest of the world gives their children.
I will expand the basic education cycle in this country from a short 10-year cycle to a globally-comparable 12 years before the end of the next administration (2016)
Universal Pre-schooling For All
All over the world, pre-schooling is given to all young children as the first year of basic education. We don’t solve this deficiency by renaming day care centers as pre-schools. We need to build a proper pre-school system and make this available to all children regardless of income.
All public school children (and all public schools) will have pre-schooling as their introduction to formal schooling by 2016.
Madaris Education As A Sub-system Within The Education System
Our Muslim brothers and sisters ask for an education system that respects their culture while providing a technically sound curriculum in English, Filipino, science and math. Madaris education with subjects in Arabic Language and Islamic Values Education can be integrated in our public school curriculum as additional subjects with the view to keeping our Muslim Filipino children in school.
I want a full basic education for ALL Muslim Filipino children anywhere in the country.
Technical Vocational Education As An Alternative Stream In Senior High School
Half our high school graduates want to work upon graduation but do not have enough technical education. We need to provide an education alternative to better prepare students for the world of work. Technical, vocational education must be re-introduced in our public high schools with trade tests and skills rating (TESDA or other acceptable work standards) as the final examination for students looking at HS as their terminal course.
I will re-introduce technical-vocational education in our public high schools to better link schooling to local industry needs and employment.
“Every Child a Reader” by Grade 1
At the core of our children’s non-learning problems is the inability to read properly. By the end of the next administration (SY 2015-16), every child passing pre-school must be a reader by Grade 1.
Essential to this, we must build a library infrastructure in our schools, procure reading books (from our Philippine publishing industry to support local authors and publishers) and train our elementary teachers on how to teach reading.
By the end of the next administration, every child must be a reader by Grade 1.
Science And Math Proficiency
We need a strong science and math curriculum that starts as early as Grade 1 with instructional materials and properly trained elementary teachers. To build a culture for science and math, I will bring back the science and math clubs movement with elementary and high school science/math fairs.
I will rebuild the science and math infrastructure in schools so that we can produce more scientists, engineers, technicians, technologists and teachers in our universities so that this country can be more globally competitive in industry and manufacturing.
Assistance To Private Schools As Essential Partners In Basic Education
Private education must be a partner in producing quality education in the country. I intend to expand GASTPE (Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education) to a target of 1 million private HS students every year through education service contracting (ESC) while doing away with the wasteful education voucher system (EVS) of this administration.
I will expand government assistance to private education. A strong private school system will strengthen our public schools by providing parents an alternative and not adding to the overcrowding.
Medium Of Instruction Rationalized
UNESCO has proven that young children learn best in their mother tongue before moving on to English in higher grades. I fully support the UNESCO-tried and tested formula on mother tongue instruction. From pre-school to Grade 3, we will use the mother tongue as the medium of instruction while teaching English and Filipino as subjects.
From Grades 4-6 (7), we will increasingly use English as the medium of instruction for science & math and Filipino for Araling Panlipunan (social studies). For High School, English should be the medium of instruction for science, math & English; Filipino for AP, Filipino and tech-voc education.
My view: We should become tri-lingual as a country.
- Learn English well and connect to the World.
- Learn Filipino well and connect to our country.
- Retain your dialect and connect to your heritage.
Poor quality textbooks have no place in our schools.
I will not tolerate poor textbook quality in our schools. Textbooks will be judged by three criteria: quality, better quality, and more quality.
Covenant With Local Governments To Build More Schools
We need to address our continuing classroom shortages. And if we are successful keeping more kids in school, the demand for more classrooms will be even greater. Here, we need a covenant with LGUs not only to build more classrooms but to establish more schools on land provided by LGUs. We do not need more overcrowded schools; we need more schools with smaller populations so that teachers, students, and parents can form a real learning community.
I will build more schools in areas where there are no public or private schools in a covenant with LGUs so that we can realize genuine education for all.
If we fix these ten concerns, we will fix most of the problems in our education system.
If we fix basic education, we fix the long-term problems of the country.
And if we fix the country’s problems, we will build a truly strong society we can proudly call the Philippines.
[Archived from the official campaign web site of President Benigno S. “Noynoy” Aquino III] | <urn:uuid:bec59cc5-00d5-4c3c-a665-bbdb11b86223> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://propinoy.net/tag/authors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00098-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939657 | 1,324 | 2.140625 | 2 |
The security and privacy issues with APIs and third-party app developers are something that’s not just Facebook is dealing with.
A bug in Twitter’s API inadvertently exposed some users’ direct messages (DMs) and protected tweets to unauthorised third-party app developers who weren’t supposed to get them, Twitter disclosed in its Developer Blog on Friday.
The Twitter AAAPI bug was present for more than a year—from May 2017 until September 10—when the microblogging platform discovered the issue and patched it “within hours of discovering it.”
In other words, the bug was active on the platform for almost 16 months.
Twitter found a bug in its Account Activity API (AAAPI), which is used by registered developers to build tools to support business communications with their customers, and the bug could have exposed those customers’ interactions.
images from Hacker News | <urn:uuid:665e3da3-e947-4bea-8c4e-1500178a89b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.cyberfreakz.com/twitter-api-flaw-exposed-users-messages-to-wrong-developers-for-over-a-year/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571950.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813111851-20220813141851-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.95832 | 191 | 1.90625 | 2 |
The headset is a mechanism that connects the handlebar stem fork assembly to the main frame. The headset allows the handlebar stem fork assembly to be turned with respect to the frame in order to steer the bicycle. The headset is an important mechanism that requires checking and adjustment from time to time to ensure the proper and safe operation of the Gocycle.
Remove front wheel and carefully place Gocycle onto a non-slip surface. Grip the handlebars and rock forwards and backwards to check for any fore-aft movement between the handlebar stem fork assembly and the main frame as shown.
The connection of the handlebar stem fork assembly and the front frame should feel solid and only be free to rotate with respect to the main frame. The headset should not feel loose.
If the headset feels loose, do not ride the Gocycle until it has been adjusted properly. Please download the latest G2 owner’s manual (December 2015) Gocycle G2 - Product Manuals and see section 7.11 for how to adjust the headset properly. | <urn:uuid:4b419117-1389-495c-9d3e-9173896bd312> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gocycle.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360000165473-Technical-Bulletin-14-G2-Important-Safety-Notice-How-to-Check-and-Adjust-the-G2-Gocycle-Headset | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572286.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816090541-20220816120541-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.888698 | 217 | 2.34375 | 2 |
My friend Krista Marks (now at Disney – which acquired her first company – Kerpoof) sent me a copy of the graduation speech she gave at the University of South Carolina College of Engineering and Computing on May 8th. Krista graduated 21 years ago and her speech embodies the amazing wisdom she’d gained over the years. I asked her if I could reprint it here – it’s applicable to any engineer or future entrepreneur, not just recent college graduates. Enjoy and be inspired! *
Twenty-one years ago I sat exactly where you sit today. In 1989, I graduated with degree in Electrical Engineering from the USC. Since then, I am proud to share that I have accomplished some extraordinary things. I have helped develop a highly effective treatment for cancer – designing custom electronics for true 3D radiotherapy. I have helped further our understanding of the physical universe by developing state of art data acquisition systems for high-energy physics experiments. Most recently, I was the CEO and co-founder of an Internet Startup – called Kerpoof – an unrivalled platform for creative software for kids – a company that was bought after 2.5 years by The Walt Disney Company.
But here is the truth. If you had told me 21 years ago that – that this would be so – that I would have such a career and such and impact – I would not have believed you. At 22, I felt uncertain about what was next – what it would actually mean to work as an engineer.
Today I’m going to share with you three things that I wish someone had shared with me then – three things that I have learned to be true.
The first is to learn from your success.
There is a belief that failure is somehow good – somehow beneficial. You hear people say, failure builds character, or fail early fail often. This is not only wrong – it is dangerous. What you learn from failure is limited at best – you learn what didn’t work. It tells nothing of what will. In contrast, what you learn from success is how to succeed. This is infinitely more valuable.
A perfect example is the success you celebrate today. How many people do you know who started with you, but aren’t sitting next to you today? How often did you have a friend or roommate who would moan and whine at the one or two times during the semester that they actually had to work hard, long hours – knowing that as an Engineer this was your daily reality? This is significant.
In fact, you now know one thing for certain. You know that with talent and determination and hard work, you can accomplish what few others can. You succeeded. In the future, taking on truly hard things – things that seem impossible – you will not be in uncharted waters. On the contrary, you will build more success.
That’s key. Success breeds success. It is not a question of whether you will achieve more success. The question is what it will look like.
The second that I know to be true is build value.
There are many many ways to create value using an Engineering degree.
Let me just tell you a story about my Grandfather and how engineering helped to fix his knees. You would be forgiven if didn’t immediately make the connection, since what actually fixed his knees was an injection.
My Grandfather has always had a hunger to learn, a passion and zest for life. He is spry, vibrant, and alive, and makes others feel the same. At 88, he received what was for him was terrible news. His knees were failing, and he would probably in a short time be limping at best or needing a wheel chair at worse. When he exclaimed that this couldn’t be, his doctor was pretty unmoved. “He was 88, for goodness sake.” “What did he expect?” My Grandfather was frustrated and sad. He went home and started searching on the Internet. Maybe someone else knew something his doctor didn’t. And in probing around, he found a clinical trial that was showing promising results. It involved shooting an experimental drug in his knees, over a period of time. He immediately ran to his doctor and together they figured out how to get him in the trial. Today he is 93 and still walking.
I first thought about this connection when my Mother out of the blue said to me, “don’t you ever wish you made a difference in the world?” At the time, I was leading a team designing 10G interfaces for routers and switches – a technology that is enables what we today view as high-speed Internet. I thought about how only a short time ago, prior to the Internet, my Grandfather simply wouldn’t have had access to this information. That it was my work that at least partly what made his story possible – what made his life better.
That, in fact, more broadly it was entirely because of engineers – that in our life time we have seen the democratization of information – a revolution only rivaled in impact by the printing press.
I suddenly realized that I didn’t only make a difference; I was part of a profession that by its very nature makes a differences. A profession that at its core is about building value – from iPads, to Electric cars, Google, MRI machines – this list just goes on and on.
So my advice here is simple – keep being an engineer – keep building value. In doing so you will not only make a difference, but you will have the kind of satisfaction that can only come from doing truly valuable work. And you will find that this kind of satisfaction will far outweigh any of the other benefits that may come from your career.
The third thing I know to be true is to follow your heart.
Often this means doing what is hard. Choosing a path not because it is easy, but despite that the fact that it is very difficult.
I know this well. Since I was 22, I have dreamed of being an entrepreneur – of creating and leading my own company. This is what my father did, and probably to a degree some of my dream is linked to my admiration for him and what he has accomplished.
Regardless, for years it was no more than a dream. I was simply not brave enough to pursue it. I had good jobs that just kept getting better. I was building great value, being rewarded with promotions, and high pay. Why would I leave? Why would I risk failure, when I already had what most people viewed as success?
Well, when I was 37, three things happened. First, I read Guy Kawasaki’s, “Art of the Start” – an inspiring guide to becoming an entrepreneur. The thing that hit me the hardest was that he said the ideal time – the peak time – to be an entrepreneur was between age 28 and 38. I was about to turn 38. I was about to miss the optimal window.
Second, I met Jerry Fiddler on a ski trip with mutual friends. Jerry is an engineer and an uber entrepreneur – an entrepreneur who, among other things, grew a software start-up in his garage to a multi- billion business. But it wasn’t just meeting Jerry. It was that after getting to know me, he said, not just that I would be a great entrepreneur, but that I would be a great entrepreneur and CEO. And it seemed liked he believed it.
Third – and most significantly – I knew three extraordinary engineers who wanted to create a company too. And together we founded Kerpoof. We wanted to succeed, but we didn’t just want to succeed. We first wanted to build value – we believed if we did that the rest would come. We had a vision to transform the computer for kids – to ensure that it wasn’t just a dumb box and extension of the TV – but a powerful platform for creative expression and design.
I have never worked as hard as I did for Kerpoof. And I’ve never been happier.
Follow your heart. And like all great loves, you’ll know when you find it.
And don’t worry if you don’t find it right away. Because here’s another myth – the myth that life is short. Or maybe it is true for some people, but not for you. I don’t even have to know you, just the fact that you sit before me today, tells me with 100% certainty that you will do many things.
And if you are lucky, your life will sometimes be messy, confusing, and downright terrifying. It might lead you down surprising paths – paths that cause others to think you’re crazy. But I promise you this, if you keep learning from your success – if you always seek to build value – and if follow your heart, your life will not only be long, it will be rich, satisfying, and deeply rewarding.
* Krista asked me to include two additional acknowledgements. The first is that when she wrote the speech, she was reading “Rework”, and loved the idea that it is infinitely more powerful to succeed than fail. Second, she watched Steve Jobs give a commencement at Standford, and he said “follow your heart, and like all great loves you’ll know when you find it” which she thought was awesome. | <urn:uuid:e75efbe5-d71f-4322-8f45-c2803c628f96> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.feld.com/archives/2011/06/a-great-graduation-speech-for-engineers-and-entrepreneurs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00089-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985238 | 1,946 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Never judge a book by its cover.
Remember this analogy?
It's a way of saying don't judge others…
before you learn who they are on the inside.
And – I love that saying…
it's a great one to live by.
But the reality?
Human beings judge books by their covers…
And if you live in reality – you should know this.
Sure, you're a great guy once you get to sit down and chat… but the world is judgmental.
Business decisions, interviews, and introductions happen so fast…
It's not enough time to really get to know people's ins and outs.
Want more respect from your colleagues? Friends of friends? Strangers?
Then take note of these 5 ways in which people are likely to judge you (and fix any flaws that apply to you!)…
#1 – People Judge You By Your Wardrobe
This is the core principle of RMRS – the very reason this site exists. We've been told all our lives not to judge a book by its cover, but that's how life goes.
We have to display the kind of person we want to be treated like. And since we all want respect – we need to dress up respectably.
Let me tell you about this one man who spent over $160,000 on clothes – stylish pieces from Burberry, Tom Ford and Dolce & Gabbana. It's no joke – he simply did this so that potential clients would take him more seriously.
And guess what? The guy didn't lose money! He made over 4x his wardrobe “investment” through tons of lucrative deals – about $700,000 in total!
It's a great story of someone with a humble background who's made it big as an online marketer, as well as a Top 100 entrepreneur recognized by President Obama. Read about Neil Patel's experiment.
However, Neil's approach was pretty extreme – no one else needs to spend that much on clothing. The truth is money isn't even the dealbreaker – it's your knowledge of style and choosing the right clothes for your body type.
It's not a matter of picking out clothes you randomly see in the store because they look nice. Your goal is to buy quality items and build your own interchangeable wardrobe – for every single piece to be useful for different clothing combinations.
#2 – People Judge You By Your Time Management
Is there a way to actually tick people off before they even see your face? Yes – if you arrive late. And it's probably one of the hardest bad impressions to overcome (unless you have a good excuse).
Sigh. This is a habit that many of us struggle with. It does have something to do with how we perceive time – like “It's only 5 minutes past 8” or “Just a second” – even though we knowingly take longer than what we say.
Time just isn't valuable enough that we don't bother to manage it well. We end up wasting our minutes – and the minutes of those who wait for us.
Do you know that Germany was named one of the “most punctual countries” of 2015? Life there is pretty efficient – traffic is fine, people take reliable trains with few delays, rules are consistent, and you can do things according to plan without interferences.
This cultural pattern goes in line with the fact that Germany was one of the first countries to get heavily industrialized. Time was always money to factory workers, especially those in the German automotive industry.
If someone arrived at the factory a few minutes late, that guy's machine would end up starting late – and this equated to legitimate financial losses.
So if you want people to respect you more, you need to show you're in complete control of your time. You should practice punctuality at home, starting with a list of chores or bills to pay. That's how you train yourself to accomplish tasks quickly and meet “deadlines.”
The end time is just as important as the start time. If you're late meeting somebody – you shouldn't expect them to extend their stay. Assume that for every additional minute wasted, your boss/colleague/client (or anyone who's agreed to meet you at a specific time) will lose time for the other things they're busy with.
Also Learn To Make Time
Now it's not too bad if you're 5-10 minutes late for a family dinner or drinks with friends. But it's a different issue if you cancel at the last minute – or keep saying you can't make it.
This is about people in your personal life – the ones who will be there for you if you get fired or face some tough problems. Do you really have ZERO time to spare? Can they ever be priority #1 for a weekend instead of your work? Think about that carefully.
#3 – People Judge You By Your Preparation
As the wise Confucius said: “Success depends upon previous preparation, and without such preparation, there is sure to be failure.”
There's something about the most talented actors, musicians and athletes in the world that amaze people with how they make everything look easy. We see Tom Hiddleston pull off celebrity impressions… or Adele sing her songs live without a bad note… or Roger Federer use all these trick shots in a tennis match…
They make it look easy because they're simply well-prepared. All those effortless stunts came from years of hard work, patience, and commitment – which separates them from the other 99% in their fields.
But here's the thing – those are the same qualities that make you a rockstar at whatever skill you have. It sounds cliché – but as long as you're committed and patient, you'll be prepared to impress everybody someday. You just have to put in the hard work. No shortcuts.
#4 – People Judge You By Your Manners & Etiquette
You're not egotistical, right? Don't worry – I believe you. I'll go as far as saying most of us don't want to have a huge ego. But with the way technology has evolved, we're all tempted to.
It's sad how we've grown so accustomed to smartphones and gadgets – while basic, face-to-face communication takes the backseat.
We make more eye contact with our phones than with friends sitting across from us. We're compelled to “broadcast” a given moment instead of just enjoying it. We listen less, interrupt more and cut off conversations for a phone call.
Those are NOT the ways of a modern man with good manners. They're actions that continue feeding our egos – and we forget to show consideration for others. So if you want to come off as the opposite of self-centered, you need to refine your manners.
When it comes to etiquette – there is no universal set of rules, so you either learn it through research or a bit of trial-and-error. The difference between manners and etiquette is that manners pertain to how you treat people, while etiquette covers practices based on the culture or setting.
One area that's worth studying is fine dining etiquette – especially when you go to formal occasions. Your reputation can go way up if you've mastered how to use all the utensils on the table (for each of the courses).
#5 – People Judge You By Your Language
Words are powerful, whether they're said or written down. And since the English language offers countless adjectives, nouns, adverbs, and synonyms – we're judged by the words we choose (or don't choose).
Could you imagine an alternate world where everything was black or white? It would be so dull, with much fewer things that stand out from each other. So I'm glad we have 256 colors to see and appreciate.
It's the same deal with words – we don't have to describe everything as “good” and “bad” (and most of the time, we need more specific words based on the context).
That's why the most charming men out there have the best mastery of language – it shows their ability to describe life (and many other things) from a unique point of view.
The way you say something is crucial in professional environments – sometimes even more important than the message itself. It was said by Nick Corcidolos – a headhunter in Silicon Valley since the '70s – “The way you use language reveals who you are, how you think, and how you work.”
Some weak points of language that people may notice are:
- It's always good to proofread whatever you text or type (especially office emails) and check for misspellings or grammatical mistakes.
Vulgarities / Foul Words
- Based on a survey by Careerfinder, foul language may not only hurt your reputation but lower your chances for promotion. What's shocking is the fact that about half of those surveyed admitted they cursed in front of their workmates – while some even did it in front of their boss or supervisor!
- Unfortunately, not everyone finds a Southern or country accent charming. Some might even associate thick accents with ignorance or a lack of education. So record yourself talking and if your accent really pops out, you might want to consider accent reduction/speech coaching. | <urn:uuid:de378247-059e-4a23-803d-50b50c4d69c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.realmenrealstyle.com/how-people-judge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.965088 | 1,963 | 1.507813 | 2 |
The Supreme knowable truth defies all material conception. In the material world, every living being is bound under the laws of nature, which confine one within the dualities of material existence. But Krishna here explains, (break of audio) that He is both internal and external. He is within everything and without everything. He is in the moving and the non-moving. In other words He is beyond the powers of material senses to see or to know. Although far far away He is also near to all. | <urn:uuid:d779d83f-ba1c-4882-b5e6-702ad7c6f695> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.radhanathswami.net/tag/laxman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.970549 | 104 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Standing in my garden, camera in hand, I become aware of the diversity in just a few square yards. Leaving the plants to one side, as they remain a mystery to me, I feel relieved that my small patch is home to so many creatures.
After the hazels were coppiced and the branches chipped from the over-tall poplar we topped off we allowed the chippings to pile up or just cover the ground. The leaves from the red oak add to the carpet. Each step is a scrunch. I would never make a tracker. I become aware of the flies in all their varieties. I am looking for hoverflies and one cooperates. The others flee my lens. The breeze makes every shot tricky. Rarely a lull. Hence my position. Static. Alert. Hopeful. Frustrated. Then a surge of adrenaline. A damselfly. Red! Not what I normally see here. This is Large Red Damselfly, Pyrrhosoma nymphula. I become acutely aware of my shadow. I must let it sit and bask. Shade will cause it to move. Two or three times it shifts. I take a couple of distant record shots. I kneel. The under-carpet scrunches. I hold my breath. I raise my camera. I quietly press the shutter. I pivot as silently as I can. I edge closer. I press again. Gone.
Bees are everywhere. Never pausing. Nose in, body wriggle, reverse out. Next please. Large queens and tiny early bees. And nomad bees too. The ones I thought were small wasps. Oh no. Cleptoparasites. But today not one will let me take a single frame. They quarter the leaf litter and rotting wood like miniature harriers. They drop out of sight, emerge and dive under the foliage. Constantly moving. Gone.
From my position I can hear birds all around me. The blackcaps, the chiffchaffs, the rattle of a mistle thrush and if I walk a few paces to my left, the incessant demands of the nuthatch chicks. I watched the parents a day or so ago. They are returning to the nest every minute or so. Land, pause, in, feed, peek out. Clear. Away. Repeat.
The strong breezes have stopped the moths in their tracks. Nothing wants to fly in such conditions. The temperatures have risen but the moths need a calmer night to kick off the summer season. Will tonight be the night? Standing here I don’t really care. I am surrounded by bluebells and the garden is alive. Pyrrhosoma nymphula has made my day. | <urn:uuid:061a1943-1c1b-4176-a46f-b37a9abbd00f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ajh57.wordpress.com/2017/05/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.955542 | 568 | 1.625 | 2 |
- TOP PERU TOURS
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Nazca Lines - Ica
Just two hours from Ica, 50 square km of desert floor were covered centuries ago by vast drawings, figures of mammals, insects and deities.
The Nazca Lines, discovered in 1927, are the most extraordinary legacy left by a culture that flourished in 300 BC.
The lines are a series of complex designs, some up to 300 meters long which can only be seen in their true dimension from the sky, from an altitude of at least 1,500 feet.
The Nazca culture is not believed to have been capable of manned flight. But the question remains as to how they crafted the drawings, what technology they used and what purpose the lines served. Theories abound regarding these mysterious etchings, ranging from landing strips for aliens to a giant seismograph. The most probable theory is that of Maria Reiche, a German researcher who dedicated her life to studying the lines. Ms Reiche believed that the lines were part of a vast astronomic calendar whose figures marked different solar phases.
Ms Reiche, affectionately nicknamed the Angel of the Plains by the local inhabitants, was the first to discover the ancient technique of digging into the tough and dry desert floor and covering the track with stones brought from distant sites. The component of natural plaster existing in the area helped to preserve for thousands of years the drawings: the hummingbird, the spider, the condor and the monkey, among the more than 30 figures etched into the plain.
The Nazca Plains (there are four areas in total: Palpa, Ingenio, Nazca and Socos) lie in the department of Ica, some 460 km south of Lima. Like an embroidery of the gods, the lines that decorate the desert floor have been declared a Mankind Heritage Site by UNESCO, and the ancient mystery of the figures still waits to be unraveled.
Need more information about this program?
Want to make a reservation? Click Here | <urn:uuid:127d2cde-aa5f-4968-8945-1ab05ed3b315> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.perutravels.net/peru-travel-guide/ica-nazca-lines.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00128-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919565 | 474 | 2.75 | 3 |
Back in the olden days of, say, about five years ago, the idea of music in a book mainly consisted of board books with oversized sound chip buttons for toddlers, interactive stories on CD-ROM and proprietary systems like LeapPad products. But things have changed, haven’t they? Nowadays storybook apps and even ebooks can be greatly enhanced with the right soundtrack.
A good example of this is the brand-new storybook People Are Like Lollipops by Annie Fox. The music chosen for the read-aloud iBook version is both appropriate (Far East music to go with the wise shaman in the story) and unobtrusive, so it doesn’t detract from the book’s message. Nicely done!
How did you choose music for your electronic story? If you decided to leave it out, why? Let’s talk about the use of music in interactive storybook apps and ebooks during the next #storyappchat on Sunday, February 17 at 9:00 p.m. Eastern/6:00 p.m. Pacific. Bring along your favorite resources for royalty-free tracks, high-quality composers for custom work, and everything in between! | <urn:uuid:59b91b11-9ef7-49fc-9db3-4237d9d6136b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://storyappchat.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/topic-for-the-21713-storyappchat-music/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938601 | 249 | 1.59375 | 2 |
On weekday evenings, sisters Lesley Laine and Lisa Ingle stage online happy hours from the Southern California home they share. It’s something they’ve been enjoying with local and faraway friends during this period of social distancing and self-isolation. And on a recent evening, I shared a toast with them.
We laughed and had fun during our half-hour FaceTime meetup. But unlike our pre-pandemic visits, we now worried out loud about a lot of things — like our millennial-aged kids: their health and jobs. And what about the fragile elders, the economy? Will life ever return to ‘normal’?
“It feels like a free fall,” said Francis Weller, a Santa Rosa, California, psychotherapist. “What we once held as solid is no longer something we can rely upon.”
The coronavirus pandemic sweeping the globe has not only left many anxious about life-and-death issues, but it also has left people struggling with a host of less obvious, existential losses as they heed stay-home warnings and wonder how bad all this will get.
To weather these uncertain times, it’s important to acknowledge and grieve lost routines, social connections, family structures and our sense of security — and then create new ways to move forward — said interfaith chaplain and trauma counselor Terri Daniel.
“We need to recognize that mixed in with all the feelings we’re having of anger, disappointment, perhaps rage, blame and powerlessness is grief,” said Daniel, who works with the dying and bereaved.
Left unrecognized and unattended, grief can negatively affect “every aspect of our being — physically, cognitively, emotionally, spiritually,” said Sonya Lott, a Philadelphia psychologist specializing in grief counseling.
Yet with our national focus on the daily turn of events as the new coronavirus spreads and with the chaos it has brought, these underlying or secondary losses may escape us. People who are physically well may not feel entitled to their emotional upset over the disruption of normal life. Yet, Lott argued, it’s important to honor our own losses even if those losses seem small compared with others.
“We can’t heal what we don’t have an awareness of,” said Lott.
Recognize Our Losses
Whether we’ve named them or not, these are some of the communitywide losses many of us are grieving. Consider how you feel when you think of these.
Social connections. Perhaps the most impactful of the immediate losses as we hunker down at home is the separation from close friends and family. “Children aren’t able to play together. There’s no in-person social engagement, no hugging, no touching — which is disruptive to our emotional well-being,” said Daniel.
Separation from our colleagues and office mates also creates a significant loss. Said Lott: “Our work environment is like a second family. Even if we don’t love all the people we work with, we still depend on each other.”
Habits and habitat. With the world outside our homes no longer safe to inhabit the way we once did, Daniel said, we’ve lost our “habits and habitats.” We can no longer engage in our usual routines and rituals. And no matter how mundane they may have seemed — whether grabbing a morning coffee at the local cafe, driving to work or picking up the kids from school — routines help define your sense of self in the world. Losing them, Daniel said, “shocks your system.”
Assumptions and security. We go to sleep assuming that we’ll wake up the next morning, “that the sun will be there and your friends will all be alive and you’ll be healthy,” Weller said. But the spread of the coronavirus has shaken nearly every assumption we once counted on. “And so we’re losing our sense of safety in the world and our assumptions about ourselves,” he said.
Trust in our systems. When government leaders, government agencies, medical systems, religious bodies, the stock market and corporations fail to meet public expectations, citizens can feel betrayed and emotionally unmoored. “We are all grieving this loss,” Daniel said.
Sympathy for others’ losses. Even if you’re not directly affected by a particular loss, you may feel the grief of others, including that of displaced workers, of health care workers on the front lines, of people barred from visiting older relatives in nursing homes, of those who have already lost friends and family to the virus, and of those who will.
4 Ways To Honor Your Grief
Once you identify the losses you’re feeling, look for ways to honor the grief surrounding you, grief experts urge.
Bear witness and communicate. Sharing our stories is an essential step, Daniel said. “If you can’t talk about what’s happened to you and you can’t share it, you can’t really start working on it,” Daniel said. “So communicate with your friends and family about your experience.”
It can be as simple as picking up the phone and calling a friend or family member, said Weller. He suggests simply asking for and offering a space in which to share your feelings without either of you offering advice or trying to fix anything for the other.
“Grief is not a problem to be solved,” he said. “It’s a presence in the psyche awaiting, witnessing.”
For those with robust social networks, Daniel suggests gathering a group of friends virtually to share these losses together. Using apps like Zoom, Skype, FaceTime or Facebook Live, virtual meetups are easy to set up daily or weekly.
Write, create, express. Whether you’re an extrovert or introvert, keeping a written or recorded journal of these days offers another way to express, to identify and to acknowledge loss and grief.
And then there’s art therapy, which can be especially helpful for children unable to express themselves well with words, and also for teens and even many adults. “Make a sculpture, draw a picture or create a ceremonial object,” said Daniel, who often incorporates shamanic ceremonies into grief workshops she conducts.
Another exercise she often uses in grief workshops is a simple one in which participants use their breath to blow their sadness, fear and anger into a rock they then throw away.
“What this does is takes all that intense, painful energy out of your body and into an inanimate object that they symbolically throw far away from themselves,” Daniel said.
Meditate. Regular meditation or just taking time to slow down and take several deep, calming breaths throughout the day also works to lower stress — and is available to everyone, Lott said. For beginners who want guidance, she suggests downloading a meditation app onto your smartphone or computer.
Be open to joy. And finally, Lott urges, make sure to let joy and gratitude into your life during these challenging times. Whether it’s a virtual happy hour, teatime or dance party, reach out to others, she said.
“If we can find gratitude in the creative ways that we connect with each other and help somebody,” she said, “then we can hold our grief better and move through it with less difficulty and more grace.”
This story was produced in partnership with NPR and Kaiser Health News.
Stephanie O’Neill is the recipient of a journalism fellowship at the Natural Hazards Center at the University of Colorado-Boulder, supported by Direct Relief. | <urn:uuid:07cfe310-8879-4d6b-9bb9-ba402719019b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.directrelief.org/2020/04/coronavirus-has-upended-our-world-its-ok-to-grieve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.945135 | 1,637 | 1.835938 | 2 |
KABUL, Afghanistan, Jan. 1 (UPI) -- NATO forces in Afghanistan are awaiting details of the new U.S. strategy expected when Barack Obama takes office as president, an alliance spokesman said.
The multilateral military group, whose forces are coming under increasing attacks from the Taliban using more sophisticated weapons, has welcomed U.S. plans to add up to 30,000 additional troops in Afghanistan in the next six months to reinforce its 32,000-member contingent in the country, the Voice of America reported.
NATO spokesman James Appathurai told the VOA the alliance, meanwhile, is waiting to see where Obama steers U.S. strategy in Afghanistan so it can help achieve those goals.
"President-elect Obama has been very clear that he intends to look at the problems of Afghanistan through a much wider lens, not just Pakistan, very much India-Pakistan and its effect on security in Afghanistan," Appathurai was quoted as saying. "He has talked about bringing in other regional actors as well.
Appathurai also said Pakistan in recent months has increased its cooperation with NATO forces in Afghanistan. He said Pakistan realizes that militants crossing the Pakistan-Afghan border are a threat to both countries, the report said.
On reports that Afghan President Hamid Karzai wants to open talks with the Taliban, Appathurai said, "If the Afghan government chooses to engage in talks with the Taliban, elements of the Taliban, that is their decision. NATO will support it," he said. | <urn:uuid:41580aee-9257-4201-87c3-e1dce2ddb686> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/01/01/NATO-welcomes-additional-US-troops/UPI-30001230788541/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00070-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969003 | 310 | 1.578125 | 2 |
New study and news report add to vaping confusion
Posted on January 25, 2019
A recent study on vaping in young Australian women and a linked news report on news.com.au are misleading and exaggerating the risks and uptake of vaping. The effect of this scaremongering is to confuse and alarm the public about a potentially lifesaving alternative to smoking.
The study, published recently in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, examined vaping in 8,915 Australian women aged 19-26 years.
I submitted a Comment to correct some of the misleading information in the news.com.au article (twice) but it was not published, so I have written this blog. Following are my responses to 4 of the most misleading statements from the news.com.au article:
1. 'the popularity of vaping among young Australian women is a growing public health concern, with new data revealing how many are taking up the habit'
This comment greatly overstates the popularity of 'taking up the habit' and the risk to public health
The study actually found that vaping by young women who had never smoked was rare: only 1.7% of young women vaped once or more in the last year and had never smoked. We know from other studies that use by never-smokers is largely experimental and short lived, so most young women who had vaped in this study would have done so only once or several times and very few are 'taking up the habit', ie becoming regular users.
Regular vaping by young never-smokers is rare and most do not use nicotine. This represents a minimal risk to public health.
It is also quite possible that vaping may be diverting some non-smokers who would otherwise have gone on to smoke to a far less harmful alternative. Vaping is a more enjoyable and better tasting alternative.
Overall, only 6.4% of young women used an e-cigarette in the last 12 months and the great majority were already smokers. It is a good thing if smokers are switching to a much less harmful alternative, which may lead to quitting.
The only significant risk to public health would be if young women who have never smoked tried vaping, became regular vapers and then progressed to regular, long-term smoking. Evidence from other studies suggests that this is rare.
2. 'Many e-cigarettes contain addictive substances (primarily nicotine) that lead to long-term nicotine addiction, which can affect brain development in young people' and 'There are concerns about the harmful effects of nicotine'
This perpetuates the myth about the harmful effects of nicotine and its addictiveness
Nicotine is a relatively benign recreational stimulant without significant adverse effects.
The Royal Society of Public Health says nicotine, when separated from smoke 'is no more harmful than caffeine'. According to the Royal College of Physicians, 'Use of nicotine alone, in the doses used by smokers, represents little if any hazard to the user.'
Nicotine is also less addictive when delivered without smoke. Smoke contains other chemicals such as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors which enhance its addictiveness. Many studies have shown that vaping is less addictive than smoking.
There is also no evidence than nicotine can affect brain development in adolescent humans, although there is some evidence for this in rats and mice.
3. 'some research indicated that e-cigarette users were more likely to go on to smoke cigarettes'
This statement implies (but does not state) that vaping entices young people who would never have smoked to take up smoking long-term, the so-called 'gateway effect'
However, there is no credible evidence to support the theory that vaping causes smoking although this may occur in a very small number of cases.
In fact, it is likely that vaping is reducing smoking rates. Most young people who experiment with vaping are already regular smokers. Since vaping became popular in the US in 2014, the long-term decline in youth and young adult vaping has accelerated and is now three times faster then before. Adult smoking rates have also declined at historic rates.
A more plausible explanation for vapers being more likely to later taking up smoking is 'common liability' for substance use. Young people who are impulsive, rebellious and sensation-seeking are more likely to try both behaviours.
4. 'Fellow researcher Dr Catherine Chojenta said e-cigarettes were touted as being a healthier alternative to tobacco and a quit smoking aid but the scientific evidence was not there yet'
This statement falsely implies that harmful e-cigarettes are being incorrectly claimed to be less harmful than smoking.
While vaping is not risk-free, most scientists accept that it is far less harmful than smoking. Several independent health bodies have stated that the risk of vaping is no more than 5% of the risk of smoking (here, here and here).
Almost all of the harm from smoking is due to the tar, carbon monoxide and 7,000 toxic chemicals produced by burning tobacco. In contrast, the aerosol inhaled from vaping devices contains a fraction of the chemicals and those present are mostly at concentrations less than 1% of the levels in smoke.
The evidence to date is reassuring on safety, but ongoing monitoring and research is essential as unknown risks from vaping may appear with long-term use. However, based on what we know (which is a lot) vaping is certain to be far less harmful than smoking which kills up to 2 in 3 long-term users.
Posted by Colin Mendelsohn, firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:5c984872-22e6-43cf-9585-59ce56c354e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.athra.org.au/blog/2019/01/25/new-study-and-news-report-add-to-vaping-confusion/?replytocom=550 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.959936 | 1,128 | 2.203125 | 2 |
April 25 is celebrated as World DNA Day to honour a team of scientists, James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin and colleagues, who discovered helical structure of DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid in 1953 and also completion of Human Genome Project in 2003. Both the events are considered to be the game changer in the field of molecular biology and genetics. Let’s dive deeper in the timeline, starting from discovery of the DNA and how with each passing year, the importance of this molecule has significantly increased.
The advancements which have been achieved in the field till date by various scientists all around the world has been possible due to the understanding of this molecule, DNA which holds information that are used for the welfare of the mankind. Before the year 1953, multiple discoveries had been made starting from the Gregor Mendel’s experiment which created the understanding of inheritance, then isolation of DNA by Frederick Miescher, rediscovery of Mendel’s work by Botanists DeVries, Correns, and von Tschermak, proposal of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium model by G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg, coining of term ‘genetics’ and ‘genes’ by William Bateson & Wilhelm Johannsen respectively, and many more such discoveries which took place during mid to late 19th Century.
The first study which presented the evidence of DNA was published in the year of 1871 when Friedrich Miescher published his paper identifying the presence of ‘nuclein’ (now known as DNA) and associated proteins, in the cell nucleus. 30 years later in 1904, chromosome theory of hereditary was proposed by Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri which established that chromosomes are present in matched pairs, each inherited from the mother &father. In 1910, Albrecht Kossel won Nobel Prize for discovery of nucleotide bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine and uracil). In the year 1923, Frederick Griffith’s bacterial transformation experiment established that genetic information can be transferred and can cause pathogenicity. In the year 1941, Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle showed that genes code for proteins.
The year 1944 brought another evolution which marked as the starting of DNA era when through well-known Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment also called Transforming Principle, which proved that DNA is indeed a genetic material. This discovery was followed by Erwin Chargaff who explained the pairing of adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine almost after 40 years later after discovery of nucleotide bases. In the year 1952, Hershey–Chase experiment demonstrated that DNA, rather than protein, carries our genetic information. In same year 1952, Rosalind Franklin along with Raymond Gosling took an X-ray diffraction image of DNA which was followed by the discovery of helical structure of DNA by James Watson, Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin in the year 1953. Although, the work wouldn’t have been commendable without contribution of Rosalind Franklin, only Watson & Crick won Nobel Prize for this discovery. Following years established the DNA code along with different processes in which DNA is replicated, transcribed and translated. The DNA era was followed by The Genomics era in which genomic science started to emerge as a new field during late 20th Century & Early Days of 21st Century. Later the establishment of DNA sequencing technique by Sanger and Gilbert in 1970s paved the way for several studies and in 1990 The Human Genome project was launched.
Now we are living in the post-genomics era. After the completion of Human Genome project in 2003, our grasp in understanding genetic diseases has become significantly stronger than before but still so many things are yet to be understood. Along with the discoveries, developments in technologies have served a great purpose to mankind. Knowing that the technology is available to detect something unknown which can be genetic and help in making clinical decisions for the welfare of people who are suffering also raises hope that we are striving towards disease free world. | <urn:uuid:1619a826-9914-4c7d-a27b-d43ac5291643> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://genes2me.com/blog/2021/04/25/world-dna-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.957505 | 847 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Trump Signs Executive Orders To Facilitate Firing Of Federal Workers
On Friday, President Donald Trump signed multiple executive orders to facilitate the dismissal of government employees.
Trump Eases Dismissal Of Government Employees
This effectively rolls backs the rights of the unions that represent these federal workers.
Andrew Bremberg, the head of the White House Domestic Policy Council, stated Trump was “fulfilling his promise to promote more efficient government by reforming our Civil Service rules.”
Among the entities that would be affected by these new executive orders is the Department of Homeland Security, which oversees the Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
Several federal employee unions rapidly criticized the president’s decision. The American Federation of Government Employees — the country’s biggest such union that represents around 700,000 workers — called the orders an “assault on democracy,” according to the New York Times.
With this move, Trump could draw the ire of several lawmakers from both parties in Virginia and other Washington-area states, as many of the districts near the nation’s capital also include federal workers among their constituents.
Trump’s assault on workers’ rights in general first became apparent when he named Andrew Puzder — the former CEO of restaurant chains Hardee’s and Carl Jr.’s — as U.S. Labor Secretary shortly after taking office. Puzder withdrew from consideration from the position after he failed to obtain enough votes to confirm him for the role. Alexander Acosta is the current Secretary of Labor. | <urn:uuid:d47884f6-68ea-43e1-b813-5fd75a31e841> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://upolitics.com/news/trump-signs-executive-orders-to-facilitate-firing-of-federal-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.96244 | 316 | 1.820313 | 2 |
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of the many bones of contention between historians who believe the
Wright brothers were the first to make a controlled and sustained
powered flight and those who put forth other candidates is a
contract between the Smithsonian Institution and the Wright Estate.
Dated 23 November 1948, almost a year after Orville Wright's death,
the agreement was the direct result of the
long feud between Orville
Wright and the Smithsonian. The two disagreed whether the Wright
Samuel P. Langley, the former Secretary of the Smithsonian,
deserved the credit for having developed the first successful
resolution of this disagreement defined the meaning of a successful
Samuel Langley had been an active experimenter
with mechanical flight since the 1880s. In 1896, he flew two large
steam-powered aircraft he called "aerodromes" repeatedly for
sustained flights of up to 4000 feet (1219
meters). The aircraft were unmanned and uncontrolled, but the
flights attracted much attention. Two years later in 1898, the War
Department gave Langley $50,000 to create an aerodrome capable of
carrying a man. Langley attempted to fly his "Aerodrome A"
twice on 7 October 1903 and 8 December 1903 with
Charles Manly as a very brave pilot. On both occasions Aerodrome A
slid into the Potomac River after being catapulted from a houseboat.
These were extremely embarrassing moments for the Smithsonian and
the War Department, both of whom were ridiculed mercilessly in the
press. All this took place just before the Wright brothers succeeded
in flying on 17 December 1903.
In 1906, the Wright brothers were granted a patent for a control
system that could steer an aircraft in three axes – roll, pitch, and
yaw. It was not, as many people believe, a patent on the powered
airplane. The concept of the fixed-wing airplane had first been
proposed in 1799.
Alphonse Penaud created a rubber band-powered model which flew
successfully in 1871, possibly the first sustained powered airplane
flight. But like Langley's later flights, it too was uncontrolled.
The first experimenter to successfully control an aircraft was
Otto Lilienthal, who made glider flights between 1891 and 1896.
However, he controlled his craft by shifting his weight, effecting
roll and pitch only. Full three-axis control wasn't achieved until
1902 when the Wright brothers flew a glider with aerodynamic control
surfaces. This is what they patented. They married their control
system to a powered aircraft in 1903 to make the first controlled
and sustained powered flights.
It was this three-axis aerodynamic control system that other
experimenters copied. In 1909, the Wright brothers launched patent
suits to protect their intellectual property and their most
persistent opponent was Glenn Curtiss. The courts ruled against
Curtiss in 1913 and 1914, but he appealed on the grounds that other
aircraft could have flown before the Wright Flyer. At the same time
Charles Walcott, who had taken over the Smithsonian Institution when
Langley died, was helping the Smith to rebuild its reputation after
the Aerodrome fiasco. The two men realized that flying the Aerodrome
would solve both their problems, and the Smithsonian loaned Curtiss the
remains of Langley's Aerodrome A. He rebuilt the aircraft
making many changes to improve structural strength, lift, power, and
On 28 May 1914, Curtiss made a few hop-flights off
the surface of a lake. This ruse had no effect on the patent suit,
but it was balm for the bruised egos at the Smithsonian. Upon
getting the Aerodrome A back from Curtiss, they proudly
displayed the aircraft at the Arts and Industries Building with a plaque that claimed it
was the first airplane "capable" of manned flight.
Orville was livid and
thus began a feud that he eventually won in
the courts of public opinion. He sent the 1903 Wright Flyer –
considered a national treasure by many – to England to underscore
the ridiculous position of the Smithsonian. Even if the Aerodrome
A had been "capable" of flight (and later studies would show
that it wasn't), it simply hadn't flown in its original condition.
To bring the Flyer back, Orville demanded that the Smithsonian
apologize and admit the error of their ways.
This they finally did
in 1942, and in 1943 President Franklin D. Roosevelt, with Orville's
assent, announced the Flyer would be returning to America. Unfortunately there was a world war on at the time and no
one got around to packing up the airplane and sending it back to
America until Orville was deceased.
Harold Miller, the husband of Orville's niece and the executor of
his estate, thought that something should be done to prevent the
Smithsonian from backpedaling. The feud seemed to be over, but it
was still fresh in everyone's memory. A change of Secretaries at the
Smith and it might be back on. So Miller, on behalf of the Wright
Estate, insisted on an agreement with the Smithsonian. The Wright
Flyer would continue to be used as leverage on the side of the
angels. If the Smith ever identified another aircraft as the first
to make a controlled, powered manned flight, the Wright heirs could
reclaim this national treasure.
The full text of this agreement is included at the end of this
web page. It is a challenging piece of legalese, a source of more
obfuscation than clarification for those who don't speak the
language. But if you parse the sentences and paragraphs, the
Smithsonian and the Wright Estate agreed on these points:
- The Estate of Orville Wright agrees to sell the 1903 Wright
Flyer to the United States
(represented by the Smithsonian) for $1.
- In return, the United States guarantees the aircraft to be
displayed prominently in the nation’s capital and to be
identified as the first heavier-than-air flying machine in which
men made a controlled and powered flight.
- The airplane is to be valued at $1 for tax purposes.
- Should the United States not prominently display the
airplane, display it without the agreed-upon identification, or
identify another airplane as being capable of controlled and
powered manned flight before December 17, 1903, the ownership of
the airplane reverts to the Estate.
- Additionally, if the airplane is valued at more than $1 and
the Estate is assessed for taxes, the United States will pay those
taxes. If it does not, the title reverts.
- If the United States forfeits its title to the airplane for
any of these reasons, it has five years to comply with the
agreement to regain title.
This was not a clandestine conspiracy as some have claimed. It
was entered in the public record when the court of Montgomery County,
Ohio probated the Wright estate after Orville's death and it
remained public record from that point on. As far as the Smithsonian
was concerned, these sorts of agreements are common between museums and
donors. The folks who own the Hope Diamond certainly didn't lend it
to the Smithsonian with the understanding it might someday be
hidden away in the basement. It's a safe bet that the donors and the
Smith have an understanding that it will be prominently displayed,
it will be properly identified, and that the valuation of the gem
will not result in unwarranted taxes.
It's also a common policy to keep these agreements from public
eyes to protect the privacy of the donors, although this particular
agreement was always public record.
Still, the Smithsonian did not advertise it – not because of any
conspiracy, but because it was evidence that the Smithsonian had
behaved badly in trying to credit Langley and his Aerodrome A
with honors they did not deserve. But when Senator Lowell Weicker
requested a copy for Whitehead supporter William O'Dwyer, the
Smithsonian provided it. The agreement was showcased in O'Dwyer's
1978 book, History by Contract. There was no need for
O'Dwyer or Weicker to employ the Freedom of Information Act, as has
been erroneously reported. This is still the case – the Smith
released one to us just for the asking. This is in the
interest of the public, the Smithsonian, and the Wright brothers.
Those who take the time to read it fail to find evidence of a
conspiracy to hide the truth. Most of it is mundane. The clause that
seems to give the most offense to those who would challenge the
Wrights' primacy is Paragraph 2(d):
"Neither the Smithsonian Institution or its successors nor
any museum or other agency, bureau or facilities, administered
for the United States of America by the Smithsonian Institution
or its successors, shall publish or permit to be displayed a
statement or label in connection with or in respect of any
aircraft model or design of earlier date than the Wright
Aeroplane of 1903, claiming In effect that such aircraft was
capable of carrying a man under its own power in controlled
It seems ironclad, but it lacks clarity. The word "capable" of
course is a direct poke at the Smith's attempt to promote the
Aerodrome A. But the writer does not define "controlled flight"
as millions of pilots came to understand it – three-axis control.
And there is nothing here that clearly says the aircraft must have
sufficient power to sustain flight. Technically, a glider would
qualify using Wilbur's own argument that soaring machines have a
"gravity engine" for power. There are loopholes here you could fly
an airplane through – a poorly-controlled, underpowered airplane.
Furthermore, when read in context with the remainder of the
agreement, this does not prevent the Smithsonian from investigating
alternate versions of aviation history. It simply says that should
the Smithsonian take the position that someone other than the Wright
brothers made a controlled and powered flight before 17 December
1903, they should be prepared to forfeit the airplane.
It's also worth noting that this agreement was struck in 1948.
For the first half of the twentieth century, the Smithsonian was
free to endorse any inventor or any airplane they deemed first to
fly. There was certainly enough time to investigate other claims as
they came to light. For example, there were 13 years between the
time that Randolf and Phillips published the story of Gustave
Whitehead in the January 1935 edition of Popular Aviation and
the signing of the agreement, during which time the story was
investigated by Harvard University and found wanting.
Furthermore from 1929 on, the Guggenheim Chair (top dog in the
Aviation History section) of the Library of Congress was occupied by
Albert F. Zahm, a man who had been highly critical of the Wright
brothers since he testified against them in the patent suits of
1909-1913. Zahm actively sought information that would negate the
Wright brothers' accomplishments. During the end of his career, he
even offered a reward for photographic evidence that would prove the
Wrights weren't the first to fly. Had he found anything; it
certainly would have been passed to the Smithsonian before the
agreement was signed.
All this nitpicking aside, the agreement is a deterrent. Even if it
were someday proved that some earlier airplane made a sustained and
controlled flight before the Wright Flyer, the Flyer would remain a
national treasure. History has long established that the succession
of Wright experimental aircraft built between 1899 and 1905 gave
birth to aviation. And no one disputes that it was the Wrights who
developed the basic skill set needed to pilot an aircraft with
three-axis controls, and then taught these skills to others. If
other experimenters beat the Wrights to the punch, they did not
effectively communicate their accomplishments. Regardless of who
flew first, every successful aircraft in the air today traces its
lineage back to the 1903 Wright Flyer. That would be difficult for the
Smithsonian to forfeit, as Tom Crouch, Senior Curator of the Smithsonian's
Air & Space Museum, said in press release on 15 March 2013:
"The contract remains in force today, a
healthy reminder of a less than exemplary moment in Smithsonian
history. Over the years individuals who argue for other
claimants to the honor of having made the first flight have
claimed that the contract is secret. It is not. I have sent many
copies upon request. Critics have also charged that no
Smithsonian staff member would ever be willing to entertain such
a possibility and risk losing a national treasure. I can only
hope that, should persuasive evidence for a prior flight be
presented, my colleagues and I would have the courage and the
honesty to admit the new evidence and risk the loss of the
Wright Flyer. "
We hope so, too, and would applaud their grace under immense
However, perhaps it's time for a change. Langley-inspired politics are no
longer a threat to the Wright legacy. There has been no credible
challenge to the Wright's title as the first to make a controlled
and sustained powered flight for over a century, and there is none
now despite recent chest thumping about analysis of photos within
old photos. A joint statement from the Smithsonian and the Wright
heirs saying that they will consider amending the agreement should
someone present credible evidence of ante-Wright flight would affirm
public confidence in what most scholars know to be plain,
unvarnished aviation history. It would diffuse one of the most
often-used arguments against the Wrights' historic status and would
send the conspiracy theorists scrambling for another conspiracy.
Langley's Aerodrome A
mounted on a catapult atop a houseboat afloat in the Potomac River
near Quantico, VA.
Workmen assemble the Aerodrome A
on its catapult. The wings were considered so fragile, they couldn't
be put in place unless the wind was below 5 mph (8 kph).
The Aerodrome A drops into
the river just after it was launched on 8 December 1903. The rear
set of wings collapsed immediately after it left the catapult.
The Aerodrome A lies
crumpled on the river. Manly, who was wearing a cork life vest, was
trapped under the wreckage briefly but escaped unharmed.
Both of Langley's attempts to fly made the newspapers worldwide.
Glenn Curtiss in the newly rebuilt cockpit of the
Aerodrome A. Albert Zahm
(front left) and Charles Manly (front right) are seated on a
The modified Aerodrome A is
towed onto Lake Keuka near Hammondsport, NY. Read more about the
1914-1915 test flights
Among the many modifications made to the
Aerodrome A was the addition
of a Curtiss V-8 engine and a modern propeller. However, it did make
several flights with the original Manly-Balzer engine and Langley
Three separate pilots flew the modified
Aerodrome A – Glenn Curtiss,
Elwood Doherty, and Walter Johnson. The best flight was about 20
(32 kilometers) in a straight line, although with the Manly-Balzer
engine the aircraft could only make unsustained hop-flights of
150-200 feet (46-61 meters).
The cover of the 1915 Smithsonian report on Curtiss' test flights of
the Aerodrome A, written by
Alfred Zahm. Zahm mentioned the modifications, but gave the distinct
impression that these were made after the Aerodrome had first been
flown in its original configuration.
Aerodrome A was returned to
its original configuration (without modifications) and installed in
the Smithsonian in 1918. The plaque read: "Original Langley Flying
Machine, 1903. The first man-carrying airplane in the history of the
world capable of sustained free flight..."
Today, Aerodome A is on
display at the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum Annex at the Dulles
Airport in Virginia.
The full text of the contract between the Wright Estate and the
United States of America (as represented by the Smithsonian
THIS AGREEMENT made by and between
HAROLD S. MILLER and HAROLD W. STEEPER as Executors of the Last Will
and Testament of Orville Wright, deceased, hereinafter called the
Vendors, Parties of the First Part, and THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, hereinafter called the Vendee, Party of the Second Part,
WHEREAS there is included in the
residuary estate of Orville Wright the Wright Aeroplane of 1903,
invented and built by Wilbur and Orville Wright and flown by them at
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903, and
WHEREAS it is in the public interest that said plane be preserved
for all time and made available as a public exhibit in an
appropriate place and under proper auspices, and
WHEREAS the Probate Court of Montgomery
County, Ohio, having jurisdiction over the administration of said
estate, after full hearing in a proceeding to which all persons and
institutions having any interest under the will of Orville Wright
were parties and had submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of the
Court, has officially found that the known wishes of Orville Wright
will be carried out and the highest and best interest of the estate
will be served by recognizing the public interest and has
accordingly authorized and directed the Vendors to enter Into this
NOW, THEREFORE, THIS AGREEMENT
1. For the consideration hereinafter set
forth the Vendors agree to sell and do hereby sell to the United
States of America, and agree to deliver to the United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C., within the current fiscal year
ending June 30, 1949, and subject to the terms of this Agreement,
the original Wright Aeroplane of 1903.
2. In consideration thereof the Vendee agrees to pay to the
Vendors the sum of One ($1.00) Dollar in cash and to comply with the
(a) Said aeroplane is to be displayed
in a public museum exhibit in the Metropolitan Area of the United
States National Capitol only, and except as hereinafter provided in
paragraph (b) to be housed directly facing the main entrance in the
fore part of the North Hall of the Arts and Industries Building of
the United States National Museum. It shall never be removed from
such public exhibition except as may be required temporarily for
maintenance and protection.
(b) If the proper authorities of the
Smithsonian Institution or its successors (acting for the United
Status of America) at any time in the future desire to remove said
aeroplane to any other building in the Metropolitan Area of the
national capital, such removal shall be permitted on the following
(1) That the substituted building shall
have equal or better facilities for the protection, maintenance and
exhibition of the aeroplane.
(2) That the Wright Aeroplane Of 1903
be given a place of special honor and not intermingled with other
aeroplanes of later design.
(3) That such building be not a
military museum but be devoted to memorializing the development of
(c) There shall at all times be
prominently displayed with said aeroplane a label in the following
form and language:
“The Original Wright
The World's First Power-Driven Heavier-than-Air Machine
In Which Man made Free, Controlled, and
Invented and Built by Wilbur and Orville Wright
Flown by Them At Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
December 17. 1903
By Original Scientific Research the Wright Brothers discovered
the Principles of Human Flight
As Inventors, Builders and Flyers They Further Developed the
Taught Man to Fly and Opened the Era of Aviation.
Deposited by the Estate of Orville Wright.”
“’The first flight lasted only twelve
seconds, a flight very modest compared with that of birds, but it
was nevertheless the first in the history of the world in which a
machine carrying a man had raised Itself by its own power into the
air in free flight, had sailed forward on a level course without
reduction of speed, and had finally landed without being wrecked.
The second and third flights were a little longer, and the fourth
lasted 59 seconds covering a distance of 852 feet over the ground
against a 20 mile wind.’
And Orville Wright
(From Century Magazine, Vol. 76, September 1908, p. 649)”
(d) Neither the Smithsonian Institution
or its successors nor any museum or other agency, bureau or
facilities, administered for the United States of America by the
Smithsonian Institution or its successors, shall publish or permit
to be displayed a statement or label in connection with or in
respect of any aircraft model or design of earlier date than the
Wright Aeroplane of 1903, claiming In effect that such aircraft was
capable of carrying a. man under its own power in controlled flight.
3. The title and right of possession to be
transferred by the Vendors hereunder shall remain vested in the
United States of America only so long as there shall be no deviation
by the Vendee from the requirements in the foregoing paragraph, and
only so long as neither the Estate of Orville Wright nor any person
having an interest therein is required to pay and does bear without
indemnity an estate or inheritance tax, assessed by the State of
Ohio, the United States or any other taxing authority, based upon a
valuation of property of the Estate which includes said aeroplane
at a value in excess of One ($1.00) Dollar.
4. Upon the failure of the Vendee to remedy any
deviation from the requirements set forth in paragraph 2, within
twelve months after written specification thereof shall have been
given to the Smithsonian Institution on behalf of the United States
or upon (a) the final assessment of any state or federal
inheritance, succession or estate tax whereby the Estate of Orville
Wright or any person or persons having an interest therein shall be
required to pay a higher tax by reason of a valuation of said
aeroplane for tax purposes in excess of One ($1.00) Dollar, and (b)
the omission of the United States or others on behalf of the United
Slates within twelve months of written notice of the final
assessment by the person assessed to provide for the payment thereof
by appropriations or otherwise, title to and right of possession of
said aeroplane shall automatically revert to the Vendors, their
successors and assigns.
5. In the event of a termination of title in the
United States by reason of an omission on the part of the United
States to provide for that In the event of a termination of title in
the United States by reason of an omission on the part of the United
States to provide for the payment of a tax assessment a aforesaid,
the United States shave have the option to repurchase the plane at
any time with five years of the tax payment by reimbursing the
taxpayer in the amount paid with interest thereon at six per cent
from the date of payment. Upon the exercise of such option, this
Agreement, in all of its terms shall automatically again become of
full force and effect.
Witness the due execution thereof here in duplicate this 23rd
day of November, 1948.
Harold S. Miller
Harold W. Steeper
Executors of the Estate of Orville Wright, deceased;
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY A. Wetmore
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution
Page 1 of the original contract. | <urn:uuid:04db4175-ead3-4548-a811-82ab4d950c5e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wright-brothers.org/History_Wing/History_of_the_Airplane/Who_Was_First/Smithsonian_Contract/Smithsonian_Contract.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00299-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942831 | 5,170 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Building up a homestead is challenging under any circumstance, but when you work full-time and you have young children at home, “challenging” might just be the understatement of the year.
My husband and I purchased our homestead a short year ago, when our son was 5 and our daughter was 1. We both run nonprofits in our adopted state of Vermont, and though I get some time off in the summer, we do most of our homesteading chores after the kids go to bed. It is not unusual to do them by the light of our head lamps.
There are some days, however, when homesteading is a family affair and we get to share our love for this place with our kids.
In the year that we have owned the homestead, informed by the 5 years of suburban gardening with our son in tow that lead up to it, we have developed some tried-and-true philosophies when it comes to homesteading with kids.
5 Tips for Homesteading with Children
Reign in your romantic expectations for full-family homesteading. Kids are kids. We cannot expect our children to love every minute of working on a homestead, and it would be unreasonable to expect them to spend every minute doing so.
On most nights, we try to give our kids the attention they need after being away from us all day before attempting to accomplish chores. If we absolutely have to get something done, we will “divide and conquer,” making sure our kids have attention from one of us while the other mows or chops wood.
Choose exciting projects to involve the kids. While we don’t expect our kids to participate in every project on the homestead, we do try to find projects that will excite them and get them involved so that we can plant the seeds for future appreciation for our land.
We have learned that our 6-year-old loves to feel strong, so we involve him in projects that allow him to demonstrate his strength — like shoveling compost into his own wheelbarrow or moving logs. We comment frequently on how he is building his muscles and on how much he has accomplished — we’re certain our daughter will want to do the same when she is older since she tries to do everything big brother does and usually succeeds.
When your kids are helping, don’t aim for perfection. With all of our willpower, we resist the urge to tell the kids they are doing something wrong or should do it another way. We’re trying to let our kids develop their own love for the land, and lecturing them about proper watering techniques will probably build resentment instead.
Instead, we hand them the hose on a gentle setting and let them go wild, not bothering to worry about whether they will need to change their clothes or whether they are watering everything perfectly. We can always follow up to fill in the gaps.
If we’re worried they’ll cause harm, we restrict their watering to a certain area of the garden that is more resistant to their not-so-gentle touch.
Resist the temptation to spend money on “kids” equipment. You’ll find kids gardening tools and equipment in all sorts of places, from miniature shovels and rakes to miniature versions of farm equipment — there’s a cartooned version of almost everything. But let’s face it, most of it doesn’t work very well or breaks if a child tries to do real work with it.
Likewise, half of the pleasure that kids get in helping their parents is from using the same equipment that the adults are using (within certain safety guidelines, of course). Children will learn more and be more confident if we trust them to use adult tools to accomplish adult chores in reasonable, kids-sized chunks.
For example, buy a small but sturdy real-life wheelbarrow instead of the flimsy plastic ones that can’t actually carry dirt, and invite your child to move sawdust or light topsoil with it. They’ll feel more empowered and important, and you’ll get much more bang for your buck.
Find creative ways to engage kids while you are working. If we absolutely must get work done while our kids are around, we try to create a play space or activity that will keep them engaged while we are working.
Take a page from the research on outdoor play and develop a natural outdoor play space near your garden — natural “equipment” like logs, rocks, pieces of wood, or string can be made into magical creations by creative kids.
For more ideas, visit websites and social media spaces dedicated to outdoor play for kids. Some of my favorites include Wilder Child and Timbernook. Food can also be a great source of entertainment. We often pack a picnic lunch with our kids to take down to a blanket in a shady spot of the garden.
It may take some time and practice for your kids to develop the free play skills necessary to keep busy while you are working, so be grateful for even a few minutes as you start using this strategy.
One of the primary reasons we purchased our homestead was to create a place that would be better for our kids — a place where we could provide for them and also help them to develop a sense of connection to the play where they are growing up.
We don’t want them to view the homestead as something that takes their parents’ time and attention away from them instead. These strategies are helping us to find that balance, all while realizing that we have the rest of our lives to build our homestead but only a few precious years when our children are young.
Carrie Williams Howeis the Executive Director of an educational nonprofit by day, and parent and aspiring homesteader by night and on weekends. She lives in Williston, Vermont, with her husband, two young children, and a rambunctious border collie. Carrie has a PhD in educational leadership and is passionate about being an authentic, participatory leader in various settings. She is a contributing editor atParent Co Magazine. Connect with Carrie on The Happy Hive Facebook page.
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Philosophy | Thinking and Reasoning
P105 | 20273 | Han
Reasoning ability is fundamental to human life. People use
reasoning skills consciously or unconsciously everyday. You might
have applied them to decide whether you register for this course.
You might need them to make a decision to go on dating some person.
You will need them to decide your major if you have not decide yet.
Given that you use your reasoning skills consciously or
unconsciously, you might want to know how you can make a rigtht
decision and what constitutes good arguments. There are several
kinds of reasoing. This course will help you learn the basic forms
of different reasonings and identify logical fallcies, which will
make you have a better understanding of good arguments. | <urn:uuid:3bc41c51-9086-4211-84b9-08c7b27db851> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.indiana.edu/~deanfac/blfal06/phil/phil_p105_20273.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00478-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931517 | 165 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Editor's note: We'll be providing you with the latest information, the most interesting and compelling details and angles on Osama bin Laden's death as we get them here on this live blog. For the big picture that tells the story in full, click here. But stay with us for news as it continues to break.
[Updated 10:01 p.m. ET] CNN's Chris Lawrence explains, step by step, the raid that killed Osama bin Laden early Monday at a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan:
[Updated 9:30 p.m. ET] Addressing a group of congressional leaders at the White House this evening, President Barack Obama said that when Americans learned of Osama bin Laden's death, "I think we experienced the same sense of unity that prevailed on 9/11."
"We were reminded again that there is a pride in what this nation stands for and what we can achieve that runs far deeper than party, far deeper than politics," Obama said. "I want to again recognize the heroes who carried out this incredibly dangerous mission as well as all the military and counterterrorism professionals who made the mission possible.”
THE OPERATION: Attack details | Timeline | In plain sight | The compound
THE REACTION: U.S. | World | Middle East | Healing wounds | Your thoughts
THE MAN: Bin Laden, over the years | Face of terror | Ideology lives on| His life
THE SECURITY ISSUES: What's next for al Qaeda | A deathblow to al Qaeda?
THE POLITICS: A victory for Obama, U.S. | Re-election impact?
THE ANNOUNCEMENT: Obama: Justice done | Watch | Transcript
THE PAKISTANIS: What did Pakistan know? | Pakistan's role? Â
[Updated 9:10 p.m. ET] A senior U.S. official says that the woman who has killed during the raid on the compound where Osama bin Laden was found was not a wife of bin Laden, and that she may not have been used as a human shield as previously reported. A wife was there, according to an official, but not killed.
Earlier Monday, John Brennan, assistant to the president for homeland security and counterterrorism, told reporters that it was his understanding that the woman who was killed was one of bin Laden's wives. Other officials had said that the woman who died was used as a human shield in an attempt to protect bin Laden.
[Updated 8:48 p.m. ET] Time magazine contributor Omar Waraich says he spoke to Sohaib Athar, an Abbottabad resident and software engineer who unknowingly reported, on Twitter, details of Monday morning's raid that killed Osama bin Laden. Athar had written on Twitter that, among other things, he was hearing a helicopter hovering above Abbottabad.
"When he found out (the commotion was because of) Osama bin Laden, he said to me it was quite ironic," Waraich told CNN's John King. "He said he had left his native city of Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan, for the quiet of Abbottabad so he could escape suicide bombings and the sounds of explosions rattling his home and frightening himself and his wife. And he said the ultimate irony was that (in) this quiet place he'd moved to, he had found Osama bin Laden as a neighbor.”
[Updated 8:27 p.m. ET] A Time magazine contributor says people with whom he spoke in Abbottabad - the Pakistani city where Osama bin Laden was found and killed early Monday - seemed surprised at the news that the al Qaeda leader had been there.
"When they found out that it was Osama bin Laden in (the compound), expressions just ranged from varying degrees of incredulity," Time contributor Omar Waraich told CNN's John King.
Waraich said people he spoke to in Abbottabad seemed neither ecstatic nor saddened that United States forces had killed bin Laden.
"In fact, Osama bin Laden seemed a bit of a mystery to them throughout the time that they’ve heard of him. They had heard, they said, that he was in Pakistan, but they didn't imagine where, and certainly if they thought he would be in Pakistan, he would be in the tribal areas, some distance away from them," Waraich said.
[Updated 7:28 p.m. ET] More details about Monday morning's raid that killed Osama bin Laden at a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, according to a U.S. official: Four helicopters were involved in the operation, but not all were on the ground.
About two dozen commandos were involved in the operation on the ground, the U.S. official said.
Officials don't know how long bin Laden was at the compound, which was completed in 2005, but they believe it was built especially for him, the U.S. official said. The U.S. intelligence community never saw bin Laden in or around the compound before the raid, according to the official.
[Updated 7:15 p.m. ET] U.S. forces shot Osama bin Laden first in the chest, and then in the head during Monday morning's raid on a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a senior U.S. administration official said, according to CNN's Ed Henry. Previously, CNN had reported that bin Laden was shot only in the head.
[Updated 7:12 p.m. ET] President Barack Obama will travel to New York City on Thursday to visit the site of the former World Trade Center and meet with families of those who died in the September 11 attacks, a senior White House official said.
[Updated 6:02 p.m. ET] A U.S. official said multiple options were considered before settling on the assault that killed Osama bin Laden early Monday at a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
"A bombing would not have risked American lives but it might have left questions" as to whether bin Laden was killed, the official said. National security officials widely agreed "the best option is the one that gives proof," the official said.
A U.S. official says the United States' codename for bin Laden was "Geronimo." [Edit, 8:55 p.m. ET]: A senior administration official said later that "Geronimo" was code for the act of capturing or killing bin Laden, not the man himself.
[Updated 5:54 p.m. ET] The United Nations Security Council "welcomes the news on May 1, 2011, that Osama bin Laden will never again be able to perpetrate ... acts of terrorism, and reaffirms that terrorism cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality, civilization or group," the Security Council's current president, French ambassador Gerard Araud, said during a council session in New York on Monday.
"The Security Council recognizes this critical development and other accomplishments made in the fight against terrorism and urges all states to remain vigilant and intensify their efforts in the fight against terrorism," Araud said.
[Updated 5:35 p.m. ET] More from this afternoon's media briefing by John Brennan, President Barack Obama's adviser on homeland security and counterterrorism: When asked whether the U.S. forces who participated in the raid that killed Osama bin Laden picked up any documentation in the compound, Brennan said the Americans took time to "acquire whatever material we thought was appropriate and what was needed."
"We are in the process right now of looking at whatever might have been picked up," Brennan said. "But I'm not going to go into details about what might have been acquired. We feel as though this is a very important time to continue to prosecute this effort against al Qaeda, take advantage of the success of yesterday, and to continue to work to break the back of al Qaeda."
[Updated 4:38 p.m. ET] U.S. House Speaker John Boehner, R-Ohio, told reporters Monday afternoon that news of Osama bin Laden's death "unified our country in much the same way" that the September 11 attacks did.
"Our fight for freedom and liberty around the globe continues. We face a complex and dangerous threat even today. It’s important that we remain vigiliant in our efforts to defeat terrorist enemies and to protect the American people. This makes our engagements in Pakistan and Afghanistan more important, not less," Boehner said.
"I want to congratulate and thank the hard-working men and women of the United States armed services," Boehner added. "I want to thank all of those involved in the intelligence community for their tireless efforts and perseverance that led to this successful evening. I also want to commend President Obama and President Bush for all their efforts to bring Osama bin Laden to justice."
[Updated 4:10 p.m. ET] The United States expects that a recording from Osama bin Laden - made before he was killed, with the intention that his supporters would distribute it upon his death - will be released, a U.S. official has told CNN.
[Updated 3:34 p.m. ET] John Brennan, President Barack Obama's adviser on homeland security and counterterrorism, says it's his understanding that a woman who was used as a human shield in an attempt to protect Osama bin Laden was one of bin Laden's wives.
Officials have said that a woman who was used as a shield by a male combatant was one of four people besides bin Laden who were killed during U.S. forces' assault on a compound early Monday in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
Brennan said it is his understanding that the woman was one of bin Laden's wives, and that she "reportedly was used as a shield to shield bin Laden from the incoming fire."
[Updated 3:16 p.m. ET] Will anyone get the up to $25 million bounty that the United States had put on Osama bin Laden? CNNMoney's Ben Rooney looks into it.
[Updated 2:38 p.m. ET] President Barack Obama's top counterterrorism adviser said Monday that the elimination of Osama bin Laden is "a strategic blow" to al Qaeda.
"It is a necessary but not necessarily sufficient blow to lead to its demise," said John Brennan, Obama's adviser on homeland security and counterterrorism.
[Updated 2:33 p.m. ET] President Obama and his top intelligence and military officials were able to monitor in a "real-time basis" the progress of the operation on Osama bin Laden's compound, the president's top counterterrorism adviser said.
"It was probably one of the most anxiety filled periods of time I think in the lives of the people who were assembled here yesterday. The minutes passed like days and the president was very concerned about the security of our personnel," John Brennan said. "That is what was on his mind throughout and we wanted to make sure that we would get through this and accomplish the mission. But it was clearly very tense. A lot of people holding their breath."
Brennan said "there was a tremendous sigh of relief" when they believed bin Laden was in fact at the compound.
[Updated 2:30 p.m. ET] A woman shielded Osama bin Laden from gunfire during the assault by U.S. forces, President Barack Obama's top counterterrorism adviser said Monday.
"There was a female who was in fact in the line of fire that reportedly was used as a shield to shield bin Laden from the incoming fire," said John Brennan, Obama's adviser on homeland security and counterterrorism.
Brennan said it was his understanding that bin Laden picked up a weapon and was killed in the firefight with the U.S. forces carrying out the assault.
"He was engaged in a firefight," Brennan said of bin Laden. "Whether or not he got off any rounds, I don't know."
[Updated 2:21 p.m. ET] The decision by President Barack Obama to launch the assault that killed Osama bin Laden was one of the "gutsiest" calls by any president in recent memory, Obama's top counterterrorism adviser said Monday.
John Brennan, assistant to the president for homeland security and counterterrorism, said that despite intelligence indicating that bin Laden was in the compound in Pakistan, there was no certainty the al Qaeda leader was actually there.
Obama "made what I believe was one of the ... gutsiest calls of any president in recent memory," Brennan said.
[Updated 2:08 p.m. ET] President Barack Obama's top counterterrorism adviser said Monday that it was "inconceivable" that Osama bin Laden did not have some kind of support system in Pakistan that allowed him to live in hiding there.
John Brennan, the president's assistant on homeland security and counterterrorism, refused to speculate on what kind of support bin Laden might have received, or whether the Pakistani government or official Pakistani institutions had any role.
[Updated 1:39 p.m. ET] Officials compared DNA of the person killed at the Abbottabad compound with bin Laden "family DNA" to determine that the 9/11 mastermind had in fact been killed, a senior administration official said.
Four others in the compound also were killed. One of them was bin Laden's adult son, and another was a woman being used as a shield by a male combatant, officials said.
[Updated 12:39 p.m. ET] The compound where Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces is located a bit more than 1,000 yards from a Pakistan Military Academy, raising some questions about how much information the Pakistan military may have had about his whereabouts.
U.S. Sen. Carl Levin, Senate Armed Services Committee chairman, said during a press conference that the Pakistani army has "a lot of explaining to do."
[Updated 12:27 p.m. ET] Senior defense officials said that for a majority of the 40 minute operation at the Abbottobad compound, special forces were involved in a firefight - clearing their way through two other floors before they reached Osama bin Laden.
Bin Laden was not killed until the last five to ten minutes of the firefight, officials said.
Bin Laden and his family lived on the 2nd and 3rd floors of the 3-story building, and those floors were cleared last, the official said. The official says one of bin Laden’s own wives identified his body to U.S. forces, after the team made visual identification themselves.
U.S. forces also recovered what a senior Intelligence official is calling “quite a bit of material.”
“There’s a robust collection of materials we need to sift through, and we hope to find valuable intelligence that will lead us to other players in al Qaeda," a senior intelligence official said.
The official added a Task Force has been set up “because of the sheer volume of material collected. That material is currently being exploited and analyzed.”
[Updated 12:25 p.m. ET] A soldier in a special forces unit based in Georgia told CNN on Monday that while the news of Osama bin Laden’s death is cause for celebration, elite military units have sprang into high alert.
“A lot of guys got their security clearances elevated due to what happened last night,” said Lamont, who didn’t give his last name because of what he said were security reasons. “I lot of people got called back” overseas, he said, adding that his unit already was scheduled for deployment as early as two weeks ago.
[Updated 12:22 p.m. ET] Osama bin Laden's body was buried at sea according to Islamic law because no country was willing or able to take his body for burial on land, senior Defense officials said.
"When there is no land alternative, Islamic law dictates that the body be buried within 24 hours, and that was the basis," one official said. "
A second senior Defense official said there was no country willing or able to accept the body for burial, and U.S. forces "took pains to observe Muslim law."
"Today's religious rites were conducted on the deck of the USS Carl Vinson in the Arabian sea. The ceremony started at 1:10am and finished at 2:10am ET," the second official said. "Procedures for Islamic body were followed. The body was washed and placed in a white sheet. A military official read prepared remarks, which were then translated into Arabic by a native speaker. The body of Osama bin Laden was placed on a flat board, which was then tipped up, and allowed to slide into the sea."
[Updated 12:16 p.m. ET] President Barack Obama said Monday that he thinks "we can all agree this is a good day for America."
"Our country kept its commitment to see that justice is done," he said. The world, he said, is a better place because of the death of Osama bin Laden.
The successful operation to kill bin Laden reminds Americans that there is "nothing we can't do" when we work together, he said. That spirit, he said, is seen in the patriotic crowds that have gathered across the country.
"We're reminded that we're fortunate to have Americans who have dedicated their lives to protecting ours," he said. "As commander-in-chief, I could not be prouder."
[Updated 11:16 am. ET] A DNA match confirms Osama bin Laden was killed in a U.S. operation, a senior administration official told CNN Monday.
[Updated 11:09 am. ET] As the assault on bin Laden's compound commenced, the United States had a number of U.S. aircraft flying protective missions, according to a senior U.S. military official. None of the aircraft entered Pakistani airspace but they were prepared to do so if needed, the official told CNN.
These included fixed wing fighter jets that would have provided firepower if the team came under opposition fire it could not handle. There were also armed and unarmed Predator drones providing additional firepower as well as surveillance. The Air Force also had a full team of combat search and rescue helicopters including MH-53 Pave Low and HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopters flying.
[Updated at 11:07 a.m.] Pakistanis passed along raw phone-tap data to the United States that eventually led to Osama bin Laden's killing, but they failed to analyze or interpret the information themselves, a Pakistani intelligence official told CNN.
The details of what Pakistanis did or didn't know or do about the daring American operation to kill bin Laden - from intelligence gathering to the execution of the raid - remained unclear Monday.
But the intelligence official said that information about bin Laden and the people in the compound where he stayed "slipped from" Pakistan's "radar" over the months.
The intelligence official said Pakistan regularly passed along intelligence of interest to Americans.
The official did not say over what period the data was collected, but noted that from September the United States "was concentrating on this."
He added that much of the focus was on a courier coming and going to the compound. He did not give the courier's nationality or name.
Osama bin Laden was not in contact with other militant networks while he was there and maintained "an invisible footprint," the official said.
Of the raid, he said, "I think they came in undetected and went out the same day."
He added Pakistan officials do not think there were any U.S. intelligence personnel on the ground ahead of the special operations forces.
[Updated 10:55 a.m. ET] A U.S. official disputed reports that bin Laden had altered his appearance to avoid recognition.
The official said Bin Laden was recognizable on scene. He was "not transformed somehow."
A visual ID was made, there were photo comparisons and other facial recognition used to identify him, the official said. A second official said that in addition to DNA there was full biometric analysis of facial and body features.
[Updated 10:50 a.m. ET] There was no indication bin Laden was going to surrender when the U.S. launched its operation, a U.S. official said.
"There was no evidence they tried to surrender," the official told CNN. “The order going in was to get UBL (Osama bin Laden)”
“All of the contingency planning was that we would encounter heavy resistance," the U.S. official said. "That is what we expected and what happened. Obviously if everybody had put there hands up and surrendered we would have taken them but that did not happen and we did not expect it.”
That assumption bore itself out, the official said.
“We encountered resistance upon entering the compound," CNN was told.
A second U.S. official says the president's order was always to capture or kill bin Laden. The second official said the assumption all along was there would be no surrender by the al Qaeda leader.
The official said that the mission was originally supposed to happen on Saturday, but would not discuss why it was delayed until Sunday.
[Updated 9:56 a.m. ET] Posters to some of the radical websites that bin Laden's terrorist network used to speak to the world celebrated him as a martyr and vowed the group will continue despite its leader's death.
"Congratulations for dying as a martyr and a fighter in the sake of Allah," one poster wrote.
"We won't cry today, but we will revenge. Men and women in America will cry." another post read, echoing warnings from Western leaders that the terrorist network will almost certainly move to avenge bin Laden's death.
The sites, frequented by radical Islamists who subscribed to bin Laden's philosophies, have played a significant role in attracting and radicalizing potential terror recruits and the broader radical Islamist community and have been frequently used by al Qaeda and its affiliates to broadcast statements.
Many of the posters reacting to bin Laden's death referred to him as a "shaheed," or martyr. One was headlined "The Lion of Jihad was killed in a fierce battle."
[Updated 9:56 a.m. ET]Â U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Monday that the death of Osama bin Laden sends a message to the Taliban in Afghanistan that "you cannot wait us out. You cannot defeat us. But you can make the choice to abandon al Qaeda" and participate in a peaceful political process.
Bin Laden's death comes at a time of "great movements toward freedom and democracy" in the Middle East and elsewhere, she said.
"There is no better rebuke to al Qaeda and its heinous ideology," she said. "The fight continues and we will never waiver."
Some doubted bin Laden would ever be caught, she said, but "this is America. ... We persevere, and we get the job done."
[Updated 9:45 a.m. ET] U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said Monday that "Osama bin Laden is dead and justice has been done."
"I want to offer my thoughts and prayers" to families of those killed due to bin Laden's campaign of terror, she said.
His attacks showed "no value for human life or regard for human dignity," she said. But now "justice has been served."
Clinton offered thanks to military, diplomatic, and security officials who launched "broad, deep, very impressive effort" to hunt down bin Laden as part of the anti-terror campaign.
"We must take this opportunity to renew our resolve and redouble our effort" in Afghanistan and elsewhere, she said.
[Updated 9:19 a.m. ET] Terrorists "almost certainly will attempt to avenge" the death of Osama bin Laden, CIA Director Leon Panetta said in a message sent to agency employees.
[Updated 8:52 a.m. ET] The operation targeting Osama bin Laden was designed and executed as an operation to kill him, rather than to take him alive, a U.S. government official tells CNN.
[Updated 8:40 a.m. ET] Pakistan's ambassador to the United States said both countries "cooperated in making sure" that the operation leading to Osama bin Laden's death was "successful." Husain Haqqani told CNN's "American Morning" that President Barack Obama called Pakistan's president to thank him for Pakistan's cooperation.
[Updated, 8:12 a.m. ET] The operation that led to Osama bin Laden's death was American action, a Pakistani official told CNN. "We assisted only in terms of authorization of the helicopter flights in our airspace," said the official, who asked not to be named because he was not authorized to speak about the issue. "In any event, we did not want anything to do with such an operation in case something went wrong," the official said.
[Updated, 7:30 a.m. ET] A U.S. government official tells CNN that DNA matching is underway on the samples from the body of Osama bin Laden. The matching has not been completed, but there are photographs of the body with a gunshot wound to the side of the head that shows an individual that is not unrecognizable as bin Laden.
No decision has yet been made on whether to release the photographs and if so, when and how.
[Updated, 5:38 a.m. ET] For much of the world, Osama bin Laden was the face of al Qaeda. He was, after all, the man who oversaw the September 11, 2001, attacks.
With bin Laden gone, the question now becomes "What happens to al Qaeda?"
Within hours of bin Laden's death, questions began to emerge about who would take the helm of the organization and whether it would create an opportunity for other Islamic organizations to step up.
"Al Qaeda is weakened. But it doesn't mean that the United States has no challenges," Steven L. Spiegel, director for Middle East development at the University of California Los Angeles, said early Monday.
[Updated, 5:22 a.m. ET] Diana Massaroli, whose husband Michael was killed on September 11, 2001 when a jet plane slammed into the World Trade Center, said the death of bin Laden helped give her closure.
"I'm missing him, but I feel that justice has been done," she said at ground zero, the site where the World Trade Center once stood, holding a picture of Michael.
"I feel some overall calm that I haven't felt in 10 years. I never thought it would happen... never thought it would give me a feeling of closure," she said.
But, she added, "I feel better... like I can start a new chapter in my life."
[Updated, 3:36 a.m. ET] Afghan President Hamid Karzai said Monday he hopes the world believes that his country is "not the place of terrorism," hours after the United States announced that al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden was killed in neighboring Pakistan.
"If the international troops are the true allies of Afghans, now they should come up to say that killing of the Afghans, women, children and elders was not a good idea in the last many years as it was happening on a daily basis," Karzai said on RTA TV.
[Updated, 3:12 a.m. ET] A U.S. official said that Osama bin Laden has been buried at sea. The official said his body was handled in the Islamic tradition, but did not elaborate.
[Updated, 2:31 a.m. ET] U.S. officials said they used facial imaging and other methods to identify the body of Osama bin Laden.
One official said it was clear to the assault force that the body matched bin Laden's description, but they used "facial recognition work, amongst other things, to confirm the identity."
A senior national security official said that they had multiple confirmations that the body was bin Laden, saying they had the "ability to run images of the body and the face."
The national security official would not confirm if DNA testing was performed.
[Updated, 2:15 a.m. ET] The leader of an Afghanistan opposition party on Monday said the killing of al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden proves that Pakistan is a "haven" for terror groups.
U.S. forces killed bin Laden in a mansion outside the Pakistani capital of Islamabad.
"Killing of Osama bin Laden is pleasant news for Afghans, and now it's proven that al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations are not based in Afghanistan and Pakistan is a haven for them," said Abdullah Abdullah, the leader of the Hope and Change political party in Afghanistan.
[Updated, 1:56 a.m. ET] The United States' Department of Homeland Security did not immediately raise the terror-threat level in the aftermath of Osama bin Laden's death, a department official told CNN early Monday.
"We remain at a heightened state of vigilance. Secretary (Janet) Napolitano has been clear since announcing the NTAS (National Terrorism Advisory System) in January that we will only issue alerts when we have specific or credible information to convey to the American public," the official said.
[Updated, 1:42 a.m. ET]Â Former President George W. Bush said of the death of Osama bin Laden: Â "This momentous achievement marks a victory for America, for people who seek peace around the world, and for all those who lost loved ones on September 11, 2001. Â The fight against terror goes on, but tonight America has sent an unmistakable message: Â No matter how long it takes, justice will be done."
[Updated, 1:36 a.m. ET] As news of bin Laden's death reached people via cell phones late Sunday, thousands of fans at a Philadelphia Phillies baseball game chanted "USA! USA!" in the ninth inning of a Phillies-Mets game.
[Updated, 1:26 a.m. ET] A congressional source familiar with the operation that killed Osama bin Laden confirmed that the terror mastermind was shot in the head during the U.S. raid, according to a briefing the source received, CNN's Dana Bash reports.
The source would not go into details of others who were killed, except to say the operation was conducted carefully to avoid harming women and children.
Asked if there is any intelligence that shows whether bin Laden's death could trigger pre-planned attacks, the source said no, but added there is obvious concern about retaliation.
[Updated, 1:14 a.m. ET] Video from Pakistan's Geo TV is showing a fire at what apparently is the Abbottabad, Pakistan, compound where U.S. President Barack Obama said a "small team of Americans" launched a firefight Sunday that resulted in Osama bin Laden's death.
Here is the video:
[Updated, 1:08 a.m. ET] Crowds continue to celebrate Osama bin Laden's death at the site of the former World Trade Center in New York and outside the White House in Washington.
One of the celebrants in New York, retired New York City police officer Bob Gibson, said he knew people who died in the September 11 attacks.
"I never thought this night would come, where we would actually capture or kill bin Laden, and thank the lord, he's been eliminated, to put it politely," Gibson told CNN's Jason Carroll. "A lot of us .. gave up. But it did come, and a lot of us are overjoyed that it happened."
[Updated, 12:54 a.m. ET] CNN's Chris Lawrence, citing U.S. officials, reports that the compound where bin Laden was found - in Abbotabad, Pakistan, about 100 kilometers outside Pakistan's capital of Islamabad - was three stories tall, and about eight times larger than any of the buildings around it.
An official said a "small U.S. team" was involved in the operation at the compound - the official would not confirm any U.S. military involvement. An official said bin Laden resisted the assault - and was killed in the firefight.
Three other men were killed in the firefight, and a woman being used as a human shield was also killed, the officials said. There were no U.S. casualties, the officials said. The U.S. team was at the compound for about 40 minutes, officials said.
A U.S. helicopter crashed during the raid because of mechanical reasons, an official said. It was destroyed, the officials said.
[Updated, 12:54 a.m. ET] A senior administration official told reporters that U.S. President Barack Obama's administration did not share intelligence gathered before the attack on bin Laden in Pakistan with any other country - including Pakistan - for security reasons.
The official said that only a small group of people inside the U.S. government knew about this operation targeting Osama bin Laden in advance.
[Updated, 12:44 a.m. ET] Many hundreds of people have gathered at the former World Trade Center site in New York City, cheering news of Osama bin Laden's death.
Chants of "USA! USA!" are coming from the crowd.
"It's just the most out-of body experience to feel so involved in history, this such a historic moment for our country right now," a woman told CNN's Jason Carroll.
[Updated, 12:35 a.m. ET] The U.S. State Department warned Americans living abroad of "enhanced potential for anti-American violence" following the death of terrorist leader Osama bin Laden. Â The announcement was made in a worldwide travel alert issued early Monday.
[Updated, 12:24 a.m. ET] A team of U.S. Navy SEALs carried out the operation in Pakistan that ended in the death of al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, CNN's Chris Lawrence reported. Â The operation lasted about 40 minutes, and the team had practiced the raid a few times.
Earlier, CNN's Nick Paton Walsh, citing  a senior Pakistani intelligence official, reported that members of Pakistan's intelligence service - the ISI - were on site in Abbotabad, Pakistan, during the operation that killed  bin Laden. The official said he did not know who fired the shot that actually killed Bin Laden.
[Updated, 12:11 a.m. ET]Â Members of Pakistan's intelligence service - the ISI - were on site in Abbotabad, Pakistan, during the operation that killed Osama bin Laden, CNN's Nick Paton Walsh reports, citing a senior Pakistani intelligence official. The official said he did not know who fired the shot that actually killed Bin Laden.
[Updated, 12:06 a.m. ET] The crowd celebrating bin Laden's death outside the White House has grown significantly. Lots of cheering and waving of the U.S. flag.
Here is video of the crowd:
[Updated, 11:59 p.m. ET] More detail on where Osama bin Laden was killed: Forces killed him at a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, after a firefight, U.S. President Barack Obama said.
Cooperation with Pakistan helped lead U.S. forces to Osama bin Laden and the compound where he was hiding, President Barack Obama said.
Obama said he ordered the attack after he decided last week that the United States had actionable intelligence that bin Laden was in the compound.
[Updated, 11:56 p.m. ET] U.S. diplomatic facilities around the world were placed on high alert following the announcement of Osama bin Laden's death, a senior U.S. official said. The U.S. State Department should be sending out a new "worldwide caution" for Americans shortly.
[Updated, 11:44 p.m. ET] Bin Laden was killed in a military operation in Pakistan that U.S. President Barack Obama ordered today, Obama said.
Obama said he was told last August that the United States had developed a possible lead on bin Laden - intelligence on bin Laden hiding in a compound in Pakistan. Obama said he determined last week that the United States had actionable intelligence.
"Today at my direction, the United States directed a targeted operation against that compound," Obama said.
Bin Laden was killed after a firefight, and forces took custody of his body, the president said. No Americans were harmed, Obama said.
[Updated, 11:36 p.m. ET] U.S. President Barack Obama announced Sunday night that al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden is dead.
"Tonight I can report to the American people and to the world that the United States has conducted an operation that has killed Osama bin Laden, the leader of al Qaeda," Obama said.
[Updated, 11:33 p.m. ET] Â Osama bin Laden was killed by a "U.S. military asset," according to a senior U.S. official.
Earlier, a senior U.S. official says bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces in a mansion outside the Pakistani capital of Islamabad along with other family members.
U.S. President Barack Obama is expected to address the nation shortly.
[Updated, 11:20 p.m. ET] A crowd that has gathered outside the White House is singing the national anthem, within an hour after reports that al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden has been killed.
The group also chanted, "USA! USA!" and "Hey, hey, goodbye!" in reference to bin Laden.
A senior U.S. official says bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces in a mansion outside the Pakistani capital of Islamabad along with other family members.
U.S. President Barack Obama is expected to address the nation shortly.
[Updated, 11:15 p.m. ET] Al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces in a mansion outside the Pakistani capital of Islamabad along with other family members, a senior U.S. official tells CNN.
Congressional and administration sources say U.S. officials have the body of bin Laden. Further details around his death were not immediately available.
Bin Laden was the leader of al Qaeda, the terrorist network behind the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States.
U.S. President Barack Obama is expected to address the nation shortly.
[Updated, 10:55 p.m. ET] A woman whose mother was killed on American Airlines Flight 11 on September 11 expressed "relief" over reports that Osama bin Laden is dead.
In an e-mail to CNN, Carrie Lemack said: "Cannot express how this feels to my family, but relief is one word. We hope we can now focus on all that that madman took, namely nearly 3,000 + innocent victims, and not on him."
[Updated, 10:55 p.m. ET] Osama bin Laden is dead, sources told CNN Sunday night.
Congressional and administration sources say U.S. officials have the body of bin Laden, who was reportedly killed in Afghanistan. The details about his death were not immediately available.
U.S. President Barack Obama is expected to address the nation shortly.
[Updated, 10:45 p.m. ET]Â Osama bin Laden is dead, CNN's John King reported Sunday night, citing sources.
[Initial post, 10:09 p.m. ET] U.S. President Barack Obama is expected to make a statement Sunday night, tentatively at 10:30 p.m., the White House said. The subject of his address was not known.
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|Nickname(s): The co-capital,
The Nymph of the Thermaic Gulf
|Administrative region||Central Macedonia|
|Founded||315 BC (2331 years ago)|
|Incorporated||Oct. 1912 (103 years ago)|
|• Type||Mayor-council government|
|• Mayor||Yiannis Boutaris (Ind.)|
|• Municipality||19.307 km2 (7.454 sq mi)|
|• Urban||111.703 km2 (43.129 sq mi)|
|• Metro||1,455.62 km2 (562.02 sq mi)|
|Highest elevation||250 m (820 ft)|
|Lowest elevation||0 m (0 ft)|
|• Rank||2nd urban, 2nd metro in Greece|
|• Urban density||7,200/km2 (19,000/sq mi)|
|• Metro density||740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)|
|Time zone||EET (UTC+2)|
|• Summer (DST)||EEST (UTC+3)|
|Postal codes||53xxx, 54xxx, 55xxx, 56xxx|
|Vehicle registration||NAx-xxxx to NXx-xxxx|
|Patron saint||Saint Demetrius (26 October)|
|Gross metropolitan product (2009)||€19.9 billion|
|• Per capita||€17,200|
Thessaloniki (Greek: Θεσσαλονίκη [θesaloˈnici] ( listen)) is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Greek Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. Its nickname is η Συμπρωτεύουσα (Symprotévousa), literally "the co-capital", a reference to its historical status as the Συμβασιλεύουσα (Symvasilévousa) or "co-reigning" city of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, alongside Constantinople.
The municipality of Thessaloniki, the historical center, had a population of 385,406 in 2007, while the Thessaloniki Urban Area had a population of 800,764. and the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area had 1,104,460 inhabitants in 2011.
Thessaloniki is Greece's second major economic, industrial, commercial and political centre, and a major transportation hub for the rest of southeastern Europe; its commercial port is also of great importance for Greece and the southeastern European hinterland. The city is renowned for its festivals, events and vibrant cultural life in general, and is considered to be Greece's cultural capital. Events such as the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually, while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora. Thessaloniki was the 2014 European Youth Capital.
The city of Thessaloniki was founded in 315 BC by Cassander of Macedon. An important metropolis by the Roman period, Thessaloniki was the second largest and wealthiest city of the Byzantine Empire. It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1430, and passed from the Ottoman Empire to modern Greece on 8 November 1912.
Thessaloniki is home to numerous notable Byzantine monuments, including the Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as well as several Roman, Ottoman and Sephardic Jewish structures. The city's main university, Aristotle University, is the largest in Greece and the Balkans.
Thessaloniki is a popular tourist destination in Greece. For 2013, National Geographic Magazine included Thessaloniki in its top tourist destinations worldwide, while in 2014 Financial Times FDI magazine (Foreign Direct Investments) declared Thessaloniki as the best mid-sized European city of the future for human capital and lifestyle. Among street photographers, the center of Thessaloniki is also considered the most popular destination for street photography in Greece.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 History
- 3 Geography
- 4 Government
- 5 Cityscape
- 6 Economy
- 7 Demographics
- 8 Culture
- 9 Education
- 10 Transport
- 11 International relations
- 12 Gallery
- 13 See also
- 14 References
- 15 External links
All variations of the city's name derive from the original (and current) appellation in Ancient Greek, i.e. Θεσσαλονίκη (IPA: [tʰes.sa.lo.nǐː.kɛː]; from Θεσσαλός, Thessalos, and Νίκη, Nikē), literally translating to "Thessalian Victory". The name of the city came from the name of a princess, Thessalonike of Macedon, half sister of Alexander the Great, so named because of her birth on the day of the Macedonian victory at the Battle of Crocus Field (353/352 BCE).
The alternative name Salonica (also Thessalonica or Salonika) derives from the variant form Σαλονίκη (Saloníki) in colloquial Greek speech, and has given rise to the form of the city's name in several languages. Names in other languages prominent in the city's history include Солѹнь (Solun) in Old Church Slavonic, סלוניקה (Salonika) in Ladino, Selanik (also Selânik) in Turkish (سلانیك in Ottoman Turkish), Solun (also written as Солун) in the local and neighboring South Slavic languages, Салоники (Saloníki) in Russian, and Sãrunã in Aromanian. In local speech, the city's name is typically pronounced with a dark and deep L characteristic of Macedonian Greek accent.
The name often appears in writing in the abbreviated form Θεσ/νίκη.
From antiquity to the Roman Empire
The city was founded around 315 BC by the King Cassander of Macedon, on or near the site of the ancient town of Therma and 26 other local villages. He named it after his wife Thessalonike, a half-sister of Alexander the Great and princess of Macedon as daughter of Philip II. Under the kingdom of Macedon the city retained its own autonomy and parliament and evolved to become the most important city in Macedon.
After the fall of the kingdom of Macedon in 168 BC, Thessalonica became a free city of the Roman Republic under Mark Antony in 41 BC. It grew to be an important trade-hub located on the Via Egnatia, the road connecting Dyrrhachium with Byzantium, which facilitated trade between Thessaloniki and great centers of commerce such as Rome and Byzantium. Thessaloniki also lay at the southern end of the main north-south route through the Balkans along the valleys of the Morava and Axios river valleys, thereby linking the Balkans with the rest of Greece. The city later became the capital of one of the four Roman districts of Macedonia. Later it became the capital of all the Greek provinces of the Roman Empire because of the city's importance in the Balkan peninsula.
At the time of the Roman Empire, about 50 A.D., Thessaloniki was also an important center for the spread of Christianity; while on his second missionary journey, Paul the Apostle visited this city's chief synagogue on three Sabbaths and sowed the seeds for Thessaloniki's first Christian church. Later, Paul wrote two letters to the new church at Thessaloniki, preserved in the Bible canon as First and Second Thessalonians. Some scholars hold that the First Epistle to the Thessalonians is the first written book of the New Testament.
In 306 AD, Thessaloníki acquired a patron saint, St. Demetrius, a native of Thessalonica whom Galerius put to death. A basilical church was first built in the 5th century AD dedicated to St.Demetrius.
When the Roman Empire was divided into the tetrarchy, Thessaloniki became the administrative capital of one of the four portions of the Empire under Galerius Maximianus Caesar, where Galerius commissioned an imperial palace, a new hippodrome, a triumphal arch and a mausoleum among others.
In 379, when the Roman Prefecture of Illyricum was divided between the East and West Roman Empires, Thessaloniki became the capital of the new Prefecture of Illyricum. In 390, Gothic troops under the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, led a massacre against the inhabitants of Thessalonica, who had risen in revolt against the Gothic soldiers. With the Fall of Rome in 476, Thessaloniki became the second-largest city of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Byzantine era and Middle Ages
From the first years of the Byzantine Empire, Thessaloniki was considered the second city in the Empire after Constantinople, both in terms of wealth and size. with a population of 150,000 in the mid-12th century. The city held this status until it was transferred to Venice in 1423. In the 14th century, the city's population exceeded 100,000 to 150,000, making it larger than London at the time.
During the 6th and 7th centuries, the area around Thessaloniki was invaded by Avars and Slavs, who unsuccessfully laid siege to the city several times, as narrated in the Miracles of Saint Demetrius. Traditional historiography stipulates that many Slavs settled in the hinterland of Thessaloniki; however, this migration was allegedly on a much smaller scale than previously thought. In the 9th century, the Byzantine Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius, both natives of the city, created the first literary language of the Slavs, the Glagolic alphabet, most likely based on the Slavic dialect used in the hinterland of their hometown.
An Arab naval attack in 904 resulted in the sack of the city. The economic expansion of the city continued through the 12th century as the rule of the Komnenoi emperors expanded Byzantine control to the north. Thessaloniki passed out of Byzantine hands in 1204, when Constantinople was captured by the forces of the Fourth Crusade and incorporated the city and its surrounding territories in the Kingdom of Thessalonica — which then became the largest vassal of the Latin Empire. In 1224, the Kingdom of Thessalonica was overrun by the Despotate of Epirus, a remnant of the former Byzantine Empire, under Theodore Komnenos Doukas who crowned himself Emperor, and the city became the Despotate's capital. This era of the Despotate of Epirus is also known as the Empire of Thessalonica. Following his defeat at Klokotnitsa however in 1230, the Empire of Thessalonica became a vassal state of the Second Bulgarian Empire until it was recovered again in 1246, this time by the Nicaean Empire.
In 1330, on the emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos, founded in the city the "School of Thessaloniki" an institute of higher education, which operated for almost a century, since after the Ottoman conquest in 1430, served as "Greek school of Thessaloniki", as a secondary school to meet the needs of the new era. In the mid Ottoman period it upgraded as "Higher School" and to 1873 served as "Central Urban School of Thessaloniki". Then with the title "Gymnasium of Thessaloniki" functioned until the liberation in 1912. Since then, it operates as " 1st High School of Thessaloniki" and having a continuous operating history of nearly 700 years is one of the oldest educational institutions of Europe, and the oldest of Greek education. In 1342, the city saw the rise of the Commune of the Zealots, an anti-aristocratic party formed of sailors and the poor, which is nowadays described as social-revolutionary. The city was practically independent of the rest of the Empire, as it had its own government, a form of republic. The zealot movement was overthrown in 1350 and the city was reunited with the rest of the Empire.
In 1423, Despot Andronicus, who was in charge of the city, ceded it to the Republic of Venice with the hope that it could be protected from the Ottomans who were besieging the city (there is no evidence to support the oft-repeated story that he sold the city to them). The Venetians held Thessaloniki until it was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II on 29 March 1430.
When Sultan Murad II captured Thessaloniki and sacked it in 1430, contemporary reports estimated that about one-fifth of the city's population was enslaved. Upon the conquest of Thessaloniki, some of its inhabitants escaped, including intellectuals such as Theodorus Gaza "Thessalonicensis" and Andronicus Callistus. However, the change of sovereignty from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman one did not affect the city's prestige as a major imperial city and trading hub. Thessaloniki and Smyrna, although smaller in size than Constantinople, were the Ottoman Empire's most important trading hubs. Thessaloniki's importance was mostly in the field of shipping, but also in manufacturing, while most of the city's trade was controlled by ethnic Greeks.
During the Ottoman period, the city's population of mainly Greek Jews, then as now called Romaniotes, and Ottoman Muslims (including those of Turkish and Albanian origin, as well as Bulgarian Muslim and Greek Muslim convert origin) grew substantially. According to the 1478 census Selânik (سلانیك), as the city came to be known in Ottoman Turkish, had a population of 4,320 Muslims, 6,094 Greek Orthodox and some Catholics. No Jews were recorded in the census. Soon after the turn of the 15th to 16th century, however, nearly 20,000 Sephardic Jews immigrated to Greece from the Iberian Peninsula following their expulsion from Spain by the 1492 Alhambra Decree. By c. 1500, the numbers had grown to 7,986 Greeks, 8,575 Muslims, and 3,770 Jews. By 1519, Sephardic Jews numbered 15,715, 54% of the city's population. Some historians consider the Ottoman regime's invitation to Jewish settlement was a strategy to prevent the ethnic Greek population (Eastern Orthodox Christians) from dominating the city.
Thessaloniki was the capital of the Sanjak of Selanik within the wider Rumeli Eyalet (Balkans) until 1826, and subsequently the capital of Selanik Eyalet (after 1867, the Selanik Vilayet). This consisted of the sanjaks of Selanik, Serres and Drama between 1826 and 1912. Thessaloniki was also a Janissary stronghold where novice Janissaries were trained. In June 1826, regular Ottoman soldiers attacked and destroyed the Janissary base in Thessaloniki while also killing over 10,000 Janissaries, an event known as The Auspicious Incident in Ottoman history. From 1870, driven by economic growth, the city's population expanded by 70%, reaching 135,000 in 1917.
The last few decades of Ottoman control over the city were an era of revival, particularly in terms of the city's infrastructure. It was at that time that the Ottoman administration of the city acquired an "official" face with the creation of the Command Post while a number of new public buildings were built in the eclectic style in order to project the European face both of Thessaloniki and the Ottoman Empire. The city walls were torn down between 1869 and 1889, efforts for a planned expansion of the city are evident as early as 1879, the first tram service started in 1888 and the city streets were illuminated with electric lamp posts in 1908. In 1888 Thessaloniki was connected to Central Europe via rail through Belgrade, Monastir in 1893 and Constantinople in 1896.
20th century and since
In the early 20th century, Thessaloniki was in the center of radical activities by various groups; the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, founded in 1897, and the Greek Macedonian Committee, founded in 1903. In 1903 an anarchist group known as the Boatmen of Thessaloniki planted bombs in several buildings in Thessaloniki, including the Ottoman Bank, with some assistance from the IMRO. The Greek consulate in Ottoman Thessaloniki (now the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle) served as the center of operations for the Greek guerillas. In 1908 the Young Turks movement broke out in the city, sparking the Young Turk Revolution.
As the First Balkan War broke out, Greece declared war on the Ottoman Empire and expanded its borders. When Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister at the time, was asked if the Greek army should move towards Thessaloniki or Monastir (now Bitola, Republic of Macedonia), Venizelos replied "Θεσσαλονίκη με κάθε κόστος!" (Thessaloniki, at all costs!). As both Greece and Bulgaria wanted Thessaloniki, the Ottoman garrison of the city entered negotiations with both armies. On 8 November 1912 (26 October Old Style), the feast day of the city's patron saint, Saint Demetrius, the Greek Army accepted the surrender of the Ottoman garrison at Thessaloniki. The Bulgarian army arrived one day after the surrender of the city to Greece and Tahsin Pasha, ruler of the city, told the Bulgarian officials that "I have only one Thessaloniki, which I have surrendered". After the Second Balkan War, Thessaloniki and the rest of the Greek portion of Macedonia were officially annexed to Greece by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913. On 18 March 1913 George I of Greece was assassinated in the city by Alexandros Schinas.
In 1915, during World War I, a large Allied expeditionary force established a base at Thessaloniki for operations against pro-German Bulgaria. This culminated in the establishment of the Macedonian Front, also known as the Salonika Front. In 1916, pro-Venizelist Greek army officers and civilians, with the support of the Allies, launched an uprising, creating a pro-Allied temporary government by the name of the "Provisional Government of National Defence" that controlled the "New Lands" (lands that were gained by Greece in the Balkan Wars, most of Northern Greece including Greek Macedonia, the North Aegean as well as the island of Crete); the official government of the King in Athens, the "State of Athens", controlled "Old Greece" which were traditionally monarchist. The State of Thessaloniki was disestablished with the unification of the two opposing Greek governments under Venizelos, following the abdication of King Constantine in 1917.
On 30 December 1915 an Austrian air raid on Thessaloniki alarmed many town civilians and killed at least one person, and in response the Allied troops based there arrested the German and Austrian and Bulgarian and Turkish vice-consuls and their families and dependents and put them on a battleship, and billeted troops in their consulate buildings in Thessaloniki.
Most of the old center of the city was destroyed by the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, which was started accidentally by an unattended kitchen fire on 18 August 1917. The fire swept through the centre of the city, leaving 72,000 people homeless; according to the Pallis Report, most of them were Jewish (50,000). Many businesses were destroyed, as a result, 70% of the population were unemployed. Two churches and many synagogues and mosques were lost. Nearly one-quarter of the total population of approximately 271,157 became homeless. Following the fire the government prohibited quick rebuilding, so it could implement the new redesign of the city according to the European-style urban plan prepared by a group of architects, including the Briton Thomas Mawson, and headed by French architect Ernest Hébrard. Property values fell from 6.5 million Greek drachmas to 750,000.
After the defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War and during the break-up of the Ottoman Empire, a population exchange took place between Greece and Turkey. Over 160,000 ethnic Greeks deported from the former Ottoman Empire - particularly Greeks from western Asia Minor and Pontic Greeks as well as Caucasus Greeks from various parts of Eastern Anatolia and the South Caucasus - were resettled in the city, changing its demographics. Additionally many of the city's Muslims, including Ottoman Greek Muslims, were deported to Turkey, ranging at about 20,000 people.
During World War II Thessaloniki was heavily bombarded by Fascist Italy (with 232 people dead, 871 wounded and over 800 buildings damaged or destroyed in November 1940 alone), and, the Italians having failed in their invasion of Greece, it fell to the forces of Nazi Germany on 8 April 1941 and remained under German occupation until 30 October 1944 when it was liberated by the Greek People's Liberation Army. The Nazis soon forced the Jewish residents into a ghetto near the railroads and on 15 March 1943 began the deportation process of the city's 56,000 Jews to its Nazi concentration camps. They deported over 43,000 of the city's Jews in concentration camps, where most were killed in gas chambers. The Germans also deported 11,000 Jews to forced labor camps, where most perished. Only 1,200 Jews live in the city today.
The importance of Thessaloniki to Nazi Germany can be demonstrated by the fact that, initially, Hitler had planned to incorporate it directly in the Third Reich (that is, make it part of Germany) and not have it controlled by a puppet state such as the Hellenic State or an ally of Germany (Thessaloniki had been promised to Yugoslavia as a reward for joining the Axis on 25 March 1941). Having been the first major city in Greece to fall to the occupying forces just two days after the German invasion, it was in Thessaloniki that the first Greek resistance group was formed (under the name «Ελευθερία», Eleftheria, "Freedom") as well as the first anti-Nazi newspaper in an occupied territory anywhere in Europe, also by the name Eleftheria. Thessaloniki was also home to a military camp-converted-concentration camp, known in German as "Konzentrationslager Pavlo Mela" (Pavlos Melas Concentration Camp), where members of the resistance and other non-favourable people towards the German occupation from all over Greece were held either to be killed or sent to concentration camps elsewhere in Europe. In the 1946 monarchy referendum, the majority of the locals voted in favour of a republic, contrary to the rest of Greece.
After the war, Thessaloniki was rebuilt with large-scale development of new infrastructure and industry throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Many of its architectural treasures still remain, adding value to the city as a tourist destination, while several early Christian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1988. In 1997, Thessaloniki was celebrated as the European Capital of Culture, sponsoring events across the city and the region. Agency established to oversee the cultural activities of that year 1997 was still in existence by 2010. In 2004 the city hosted a number of the football events as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Today, Thessaloniki has become one of the most important trade and business hubs in Southeastern Europe, with its port, the Port of Thessaloniki being one of the largest in the Aegean and facilitating trade throughout the Balkan hinterland. On 26 October 2012 the city celebrated its centennial since its incorporation into Greece. The city also forms one of the largest student centres in Southeastern Europe, is host to the largest student population in Greece and was the European Youth Capital in 2014.
Thessaloniki lies on the northern fringe of the Thermaic Gulf on its eastern coast and is bound by Mount Chortiatis on its southeast. Its proximity to imposing mountain ranges, hills and fault lines, especially towards its southeast have historically made the city prone to geological changes.
Since medieval times, Thessaloniki was hit by strong earthquakes, notably in 1759, 1902, 1978 and 1995. On 19–20 June 1978, the city suffered a series of powerful earthquakes, registering 5.5 and 6.5 on the Richter scale. The tremors caused considerable damage to a number of buildings and ancient monuments, but the city withstood the catastrophe without any major problems. One apartment building in central Thessaloniki collapsed during the second earthquake, killing many, raising the final death toll to 51.
Thessaloniki's climate is directly affected by the sea it is situated on. The city lies in a transitional climatic zone, so its climate displays characteristics of several climates. According to the Köppen climate classification, it is a Mediterranean climate (Csa) that borders on a semi-arid climate (BSk), as well as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), observed on the periphery of the region. With annual average precipitation of 450 mm (17.7 inches) due to the Pindus rain shadow drying the westerly winds. However, the city has a summer precipitation between 20 to 30 mm (0.79 to 1.18 inches), which is high for the typical Mediterranean climate (Csa), and increases gradually towards the north and west, turning humid subtropical.
Winters are relatively dry, with common morning frost. Snowfalls are sporadic, but οccur more or less every winter, but the snow cover does not last for more than a few days. Fog is common, with an average of 193 foggy days in a year. During the coldest winters, temperatures can drop to −10 °C (14 °F). The record minimum temperature in Thessaloniki was −14 °C (7 °F). On average, Thessaloniki experiences frost (sub-zero temperature) 32 days a year. The coldest month of the year in the city is January, with an average 24-hour temperature of 6 °C (43 °F). Wind is also usual in the winter months, with December and January having an average wind speed of 26 km/h (16 mph).
Thessaloniki's summers are hot with rather humid nights. Maximum temperatures usually rise above 30 °C (86 °F), but rarely go over 40 °C (104 °F); the average number of days the temperature is above 32 °C (90 °F) is 32. The maximum recorded temperature in the city was 42 °C (108 °F). Rain seldom falls in summer, mainly during thunderstorms. In the summer months Thessaloniki also experiences strong heat waves. The hottest month of the year in the city is July, with an average 24-hour temperature of 26 °C (79 °F). The average wind speed for June and July in Thessaloniki is 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph).
|Climate data for Thessaloniki|
|Average high °C (°F)||9.3
|Daily mean °C (°F)||5.3
|Average low °C (°F)||1.3
|Average precipitation mm (inches)||36.8
|Average precipitation days||11.8||11.3||12.4||11.2||10.7||7.5||5.9||4.7||5.9||8.7||11.5||12.5||114.1|
|Mean monthly sunshine hours||98.7||102.6||147.2||202.6||252.7||296.4||325.7||295.8||229.9||165.5||117.8||102.6||2,337.5|
|Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN), NOAA for data of sunshine hours|
According to the Kallikratis reform, as of 1 January 2011 the Thessaloniki Urban Area (Greek: Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Θεσσαλονίκης) which makes up the "City of Thessaloniki", is made up of six self-governing municipalities (Greek: Δήμοι) and one municipal unit (Greek: Δημοτική ενότητα). The municipalities that are included in the Thessaloniki Urban Area are those of Thessaloniki (the city center and largest in population size), Kalamaria, Neapoli-Sykies, Pavlos Melas, Kordelio-Evosmos, Ampelokipoi-Menemeni, and the municipal unit of Pylaia, part of the municipality of Pylaia-Chortiatis. Prior to the Kallikratis reform, the Thessaloniki Urban Area was made up of twice as many municipalities, considerably smaller in size, which created bureaucratic problems.
The municipality of Thessaloniki (Greek: Δήμος Θεσαλονίκης) is the second most populous in Greece, after Athens, with a resident population of 325,182 (in 2011) and an area of 19.307 square kilometres (7.454 square miles), includes the municipal unit of Triandria. The municipality forms the core of the Thessaloniki Urban Area, with its central district (the city center), referred to as the Kentro, meaning 'center' or 'downtown'.
The institution of mayor of Thessaloniki was inaugurated under the Ottoman Empire, in 1912. The first mayor of Thessaloniki was Osman Sait Bey, while the current mayor of the municipality of Thessaloniki is Yiannis Boutaris. In 2011, the municipality of Thessaloniki had a budget of €464.33 million while the budget of 2012 stands at €409.00 million.
According to an article in The New York Times, the way in which the present mayor of Thessaloniki is treating the city's debt and oversized administration problems could be used as an example by Greece's central government for a successful strategy in dealing with these problems.
Thessaloniki is the second largest city in Greece. It is an influential city for the northern parts of the country and is the capital of the region of Central Macedonia and the Thessaloniki regional unit. The Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace is also based in Thessaloniki, being that the city is the de facto capital of the Greek region of Macedonia.
It is customary every year for the Prime Minister of Greece to announce his administration's policies on a number of issues, such as the economy, at the opening night of the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair. In 2010, during the first months of the 2010 Greek debt crisis, the entire cabinet of Greece met in Thessaloniki to discuss the country's future.
In the Hellenic Parliament, the Thessaloniki urban area constitutes a 16-seat constituency. As of the national elections of 20 September 2015 the largest party in Thessaloniki is the Coalition of the Radical Left with 35.8% of the vote, followed by New Democracy (25.3%) and Golden Dawn (7.3%). The table below summarizes the results of the latest elections.
|Party||Votes||%||Shift||Members of Parliament (16)||Change|
|Coalition of the Radical Left||108,293||35.82%||1.70%||6||1|
|Union of Centrists||20,483||6.77%||1.65%||1||1|
|Communist Party of Greece||16,046||5.31%||0.30%||1||0|
|The River (To Potami)||14,641||4.84%||2.16%||1||0|
|Other parties (unrepresented)||19,575||6.53%||0.14%||0||0|
Architecture in Thessaloniki is the direct result of the city's position at the centre of all historical developments in the Balkans. Aside from its commercial importance, Thessaloniki was also for many centuries the military and administrative hub of the region, and beyond this the transportation link between Europe and the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine). Merchants, traders and refugees from all over Europe settled in the city. The need for commercial and public buildings in this new era of prosperity led to the construction of large edifices in the city center. During this time, the city saw the building of banks, large hotels, theatres, warehouses, and factories. Architects who designed some of the most notable buildings of the city, in the late 19th and early 20th century, include Vitaliano Poselli, Pietro Arrigoni, Xenophon Paionidis, Eli Modiano, Moshé Jacques, Jean Joseph Pleyber, Frederic Charnot, Ernst Ziller, Roubens Max, Levi Ernst, Angelos Siagas and others, using mainly the styles of Eclecticism and Art Nouveau.
The city layout changed after 1870, when the seaside fortifications gave way to extensive piers, and many of the oldest walls of the city were demolished, including those surrounding the White Tower, which today stands as the main landmark of the city. As parts of the early Byzantine walls were demolished, this allowed the city to expand east and west along the coast.
The expansion of Eleftherias Square towards the sea completed the new commercial hub of the city and at the time was considered one of the most vibrant squares of the city. As the city grew, workers moved to the western districts, because of their proximity to factories and industrial activities; while the middle and upper classes gradually moved from the city-center to the eastern suburbs, leaving mainly businesses. In 1917, a devastating fire swept through the city and burned uncontrollably for 32 hours. It destroyed the city's historic center and a large part of its architectural heritage, but paved the way for modern development and allowed Thessaloniki the development of a proper European city center, featuring wider diagonal avenues and monumental squares; which the city initially lacked – much of what was considered to be 'essential' in European architecture.
After the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, a team of architects and urban planners including Thomas Mawson and Ernest Hebrard, a French architect, chose the Byzantine era as the basis of their (re)building designs for Thessaloniki's city centre. The new city plan included axes, diagonal streets and monumental squares, with a street grid that would channel traffic smoothly. The plan of 1917 included provisions for future population expansions and a street and road network that would be, and still is sufficient today. It contained sites for public buildings and provided for the restoration of Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques.
Today, the city center of Thessaloniki includes the features designed as part of the plan and forms the point in the city where most of the public buildings, historical sites, entertainment venues and stores are located. The center is characterized by its many historical buildings, arcades, laneways and distinct architectural styles such as Art Nouveau and Art Deco, which can be seen on many of its buildings.
Also called the historic centre, it is divided into several districts, of which include Ladadika (where many entertainment venues and tavernas are located), Kapani (were the city's central city market is located), Diagonios, Navarinou, Rotonta, Agia Sofia and Ippodromio, which are all located around Thessaloniki's most central point, Aristotelous Square.
The west point of the city centre is home to Thessaloniki's law courts, its central international railway station and the port, while on its eastern side stands the city's two universities, the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre, the city's main stadium, its archaeological and Byzantine museums, the new city hall and its central parklands and gardens, namely those of the ΧΑΝΘ/Palios Zoologikos Kipos and Pedio tou Areos. The central road arteries that pass through the city centre, designed in the Ernest Hebrard plan, include those of Tsimiski, Egnatia, Nikis, Mitropoleos, Venizelou and St Demetrius avenues.
Ano Poli (also called Old Town and literally the Upper Town) is the heritage listed district north of Thessaloniki's city center that was not engulfed by the great fire of 1917 and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site by ministerial actions of Melina Merkouri, during the 1980s. It consists of Thessaloniki's most traditional part of the city, still featuring small stone paved streets, old squares and homes featuring old Greek and Ottoman architecture.
Ano Poli also, is the highest point in Thessaloniki and as such, is the location of the city's acropolis, its Byzantine fort, the Heptapyrgion, a large portion of the city's remaining walls, and with many of its additional Ottoman and Byzantine structures still standing. The area provides access to the Seich Sou Forest National Park and features panoramic views of the whole city and the Thermaic Gulf. On clear days Mount Olympus, at about 100 km (62 mi) away across the gulf, can also be seen towering the horizon.
Southeastern Thessaloniki up until the 1920s was home to the city's most affluent residents and formed the outermost suburbs of the city at the time, with the area close to the Thermaic Gulf coast called Exoches, from the 19th century holiday villas which defined the area. Today southeastern Thessaloniki has in some way become a natural extension of the city center, with the avenues of Megalou Alexandrou, Georgiou Papandreou (Antheon), Vasilissis Olgas, Delfon, Konstantinou Karamanli (Nea Egnatia) and Papanastasiou passing through it, enclosing an area traditionally called Dépôt (Ντεπώ), from the name of the old tram station, owned by a French company. The area extends to Kalamaria and Pylaia, about 9 km (5.59 mi) from the White Tower in the city center.
Some of the most notable mansions and villas of the old-era of the city remain along Vasilissis Olgas Avenue. Built for the most wealthy residents and designed by well known architects they are used today as museums, art galleries or remain as private properties. Some of them include Villa Bianca, Villa Ahmet Kapanci, Villa Modiano, Villa Mordoch, Villa Mehmet Kapanci, Hatzilazarou Mansion, Château Mon Bonheur (often called red tower) and others.
Most of southeastern Thessaloniki is characterized by its modern architecture and apartment buildings, home to the middle-class and more than half of the municipality of Thessaloniki population. Today this area of the city is also home to 3 of the city's main football stadiums, the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, the Posidonio aquatic and athletic complex, the Naval Command post of Northern Greece and the old royal palace (called Palataki), located on the most westerly point of Karabournaki cape. The municipality of Kalamaria is also located in southeastern Thessaloniki and has become this part of the city's most sought after areas, with many open spaces and home to high end bars, cafés and entertainment venues, most notably on Plastira street, along the coast.
Northwestern Thessaloniki had always been associated with industry and the working class because as the city grew during the 1920s, many workers had moved there, because of its proximity near factories and industrial activities. Today many factories and industries have been moved further out west and the area is experiencing rapid growth as does the southeast. Many factories in this area have been converted to cultural centres, while past military grounds that are being surrounded by densely built neighborhoods are awaiting transformation into parklands.
Northwest Thessaloniki forms the main entry point into the city of Thessaloniki with the avenues of Monastiriou, Lagkada and 26is Octovriou passing through it, as well as the extension of the A1 motorway, feeding into Thessaloniki's city center. The area is home to the Macedonia InterCity Bus Terminal (KTEL), the Zeitenlik Allied memorial military cemetery and to large entertainment venues of the city, such as Milos, Fix, Vilka (which are housed in converted old factories). Northwestern Thessaloniki is also home to Moni Lazariston, located in Stavroupoli, which today forms one of the most important cultural centers for the city.
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments (UNESCO)
Because of Thessaloniki's importance during the early Christian and Byzantine periods, the city is host to several paleochristian monuments that have significantly contributed to the development of Byzantine art and architecture throughout the Byzantine Empire as well as Serbia. The evolution of Imperial Byzantine architecture and the prosperity of Thessaloniki go hand in hand, especially during the first years of the Empire, when the city continued to flourish. It was at that time that the Complex of Roman emperor Galerius was built, as well as the first church of Hagios Demetrios.
By the 8th century, the city had become an important administrative center of the Byzantine Empire, and handled much of the Empire's Balkan affairs. During that time, the city saw the creation of more notable Christian churches that are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as Hagia Sophia of Thessaloniki, the Church of the Acheiropoietos, the Church of Panagia Chalkeon. When the Ottoman Empire took control of Thessaloniki in 1430, most of the city's churches were converted into mosques, but have survived to this day. Travelers such as Paul Lucas and Abdul Mecid[disambiguation needed] document the city's wealth in Christian monuments during the years of the Ottoman control of the city.
The church of Hagios Demetrios was burnt down during the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, as did many other of the city's monuments, but it was rebuilt. During the Second World War, the city was extensively bombed and as such many of Thessaloniki's paleochristian and Byzantine monuments were heavily damaged. Some of the sites were not restored until the 1980s. Thessaloniki has more UNESCO World Heritage Sites listed than any other city in Greece, a total of 15 monuments. They have been listed since 1988.
Thessaloniki 2012 Program
With the 100th anniversary of the 1912 incorporation of Thessaloniki into Greece, the government announced a large-scale redevelopment program for the city of Thessaloniki, which aims in addressing the current environmental and spatial problems that the city faces. More specifically, the program will drastically change the physiognomy of the city by relocating the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Center and grounds of the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair outside the city centre and turning the current location into a large metropolitan park, redeveloping the coastal front of the city, relocating the city's numerous military camps and using the grounds and facilities to create large parklands and cultural centers; and the complete redevelopment of the harbor and the Lachanokipoi and Dendropotamos districts (behind and near the Port of Thessaloniki) into a commercial business district, with possible highrise developments.
The plan also envisions the creation of new wide avenues in the outskirts of the city and the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre. Furthermore, the program includes plans to expand the jurisdiction of Seich Sou Forest National Park and the improvement of accessibility to and from the Old Town. The ministry has said that the project will take an estimated 15 years to be completed, in 2025.
Part of the plan has been implemented with extensive pedestrianization's within the city center by the municipality of Thessaloniki and the revitalization the eastern urban waterfront/promenade, Nea Paralia (Greek: Νέα Παραλία, literally new beach), with a modern and vibrant design. Its first section opened in 2008, having been awarded as the best public project in Greece of the last five years by the Hellenic Institute of Architecture.
The municipality of Thessaloniki's budget for the reconstruction of important areas of the city and the completion of the waterfront, opened in January 2014, was estimated at around €28.2 million (US$39.9 million) for the year 2011 alone.
GDP of the Thessaloniki regional unit 2000–2011
|GDP||€19.851 billion (PPP, 2011)|
|GDP rank||2nd in Greece|
GDP per capita
|€17,200 (PPP, 2011)|
Thessaloniki rose to economic prominence as a major economic hub in the Balkans during the years of the Roman Empire. The Pax Romana and the city's strategic position allowed for the facilitation of trade between Rome and Byzantium (later Constantinople and now Istanbul) through Thessaloniki by means of the Via Egnatia. The Via Egnatia also functioned as an important line of communication between the Roman Empire and the nations of Asia, particularly in relation to the Silk Road. With the partition of the Roman Emp. into East (Byzantine) and West, Thessaloniki became the second-largest city of the Eastern Roman Empire after New Rome (Constantinople) in terms of economic might. Under the Empire, Thessaloniki was the largest port in the Balkans. As the city passed from Byzantium to the Republic of Venice in 1423, it was subsequently conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Under Ottoman rule the city retained its position as the most important trading hub in the Balkans. Manufacturing, shipping and trade were the most important components of the city's economy during the Ottoman period, and the majority of the city's trade at the time was controlled by ethnic Greeks.
Historically important industries for the economy of Thessaloniki included tobacco (in 1946 35% of all tobacco companies in Greece were headquartered in the city, and 44% in 1979) and banking (in Ottoman years Thessaloniki was a major center for investment from western Europe, with the Bank of Thessaloniki (French: Banque de Salonique) having a capital of 20 million French francs in 1909).
The service sector accounts for nearly two thirds of the total labour force of Thessaloniki. Of those working in services, 20% were employed in trade, 13% in education and healthcare, 7.1% in real estate, 6.3% in transport, communications & storing, 6.1% in the finance industry & service-providing organizations, 5.7% in public administration & insurance services and 5.4% in hotels & restaurants.
The city's port, the Port of Thessaloniki, is one of the largest ports in the Aegean and as a free port, it functions as a major gateway to the Balkan hinterland. In 2010, more than 15.8 million tons of products went through the city's port, making it the second-largest port in Greece after Aghioi Theodoroi, surpassing Piraeus. At 273,282 TEUs, it is also Greece's second-largest container port after Piraeus. As a result, the city is a major transportation hub for the whole of south-eastern Europe, carrying, among other things, trade to and from the neighbouring countries.
In recent years Thessaloniki has begun to turn into a major port for cruising in the eastern Mediterranean. The Greek ministry of tourism considers Thessaloniki to be Greece's second most important commercial port, and companies such as Royal Caribbean International have expressed interest in adding the Port of Thessaloniki to their destinations. A total of 30 cruise ships are expected to arrive at Thessaloniki in 2011.
In recent years a spate of factory shut downs has occurred as companies take advantage of cheaper labour markets and more lax regulations in other areas. Among the largest companies to shut down factories are Goodyear, AVEZ (the first industrial factory in northern Greece, built in 1926), and VIAMIL (ΒΙΑΜΥΛ). Nevertheless, Thessaloniki still remains a major business hub in the Balkans, with a number of important Greek companies headquartered in the city, such as the Hellenic Vehicle Industry, the Macedonian Milk Industry, Philkeram Johnson and MLS Multimedia, which introduced the first Greek-built smartphone in 2012.
In 2011, the regional unit of Thessaloniki had a Gross Domestic Product of €18.293 billion (ranked 2nd amongst the country's regional units), comparable to Bahrain or Cyprus, and a per capita of €15,900 (ranked 16th). In Purchasing Power Parity, the same indicators are €19,851 billion (2nd) and €17,200 (15th) respectively. In terms of comparison with the European Union average, Thessaloniki's GDP per capita indicator stands at 63% the EU average and 69% in PPP – this is comparable to the German state of Brandenburg. Overall, Thessaloniki accounts for 8.9% of the total economy of Greece. Between 1995 and 2008 Thessaloniki's GDP saw an average growth rate of 4.1% per annum (ranging from +14.5% in 1996 to -11.1% in 2005) while in 2011 the economy contracted by -7.8%.
Historical ethnic statistics
The tables below show the ethnic statistics of Thessaloniki during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
|Year||Total Population||Jewish||Turkish (Muslim)||Greek||Bulgarian||Roma||Other|
|From 2001 on, data on the city's urban area.
The municipality of Thessaloniki is the most populated municipality of all the municipalities that are part of the Thessaloniki Urban Area and make up the "City of Thessaloniki". Although the population of the municipality of Thessaloniki has declined in the latest census, the metropolitan area's population is still growing. The city forms the base of the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area, with latest census in 2011 giving it a population of 1,104,460.
|Year||Municipality||Urban area||Metropolitan area||rank|
Jews of Thessaloniki
The Jewish population in Greece is the oldest in mainland Europe (see Romaniotes). When Paul the Apostle came in Thessaloniki he taught in the area of what today is called Upper City. Later, during the Ottoman period, with the coming of Sephardic Jews from Spain, the community of Thessaloniki became mostly Sephardic. Thessaloniki became the largest center in Europe of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city la madre de Israel (Israel's mother) and "Jerusalem of the Balkans". It also included the historically significant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote community. During the Ottoman era, Thessaloniki's Sephardic community comprised more than half the city's population; Jewish merchants were prominent in commerce until the ethnic Greek population increased after independence in 1912. By the 1680s, about 300 families of Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had converted to Islam, becoming a sect known as the Dönmeh (convert), and migrated to Salonika, whose population was majority Jewish. They established an active community that thrived for about 250 years. Many of their descendants later became prominent in trade. Many Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Ladino, the Romance language of the Sephardic Jews.
From the second half of the 19th century with the Ottoman reforms, the Jewish community had a new revival. Many French and especially Italian Jews (from Livorno and other cities), influential in introducing new methods of education and developing new schools and intellectual environment for the Jewish population, were established in Thessaloniki. Such modernists introduced also new techniques and ideas from the industrialized Western Europe and from the 1880s the city began to industrialize. The Italian Jews Allatini brothers led Jewish entrepreneurship, establishing milling and other food industries, brickmaking and processing plants for tobacco. Several traders supported the introduction of a large textile-production industry, superseding the weaving of cloth in a system of artisanal production. Other notable names of the era include the Italian Jewish Modiano family and the Italians Poselli. With industrialization, many people of all faiths became factory workers, part of a new proletariat, which later led to the establishment of the Socialist Workers' Federation.
After the Balkan Wars, Thessaloniki was incorporated into the Greek Kingdom. At first the community feared that the annexation would lead to difficulties and during the first years its political stance was, in general, anti-Venizelist and pro-royalist/conservative. The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 during WWI burned much of the center of the city and left 50,000 Jews homeless of the total of 72,000 residents who were burned out. Having lost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated: to the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not wait for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which was eventually done.
After the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the expulsion of Greeks from Turkey, many refugees came to Greece. Nearly 100,000 ethnic Greeks resettled in Thessaloniki, reducing the proportion of Jews in the total community. After this, Jews made up about 20% of the city's population. During the interwar period, Greece granted Jewish citizens the same civil rights as other Greek citizens. In March 1926, Greece re-emphasized that all citizens of Greece enjoyed equal rights, and a considerable proportion of the city's Jews decided to stay. During the Metaxas regime the stance towards Jews became even better.
World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Resistance helped save some of the Jewish residents. By the 1940s, the great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmly identified as both Greek and Jewish. According to Misha Glenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered "anti-Semitism as in its North European form."
In 1943 the Nazis began brutal, inhumane actions against the historic Jewish population in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near the railroad lines and beginning deportation to concentration and labor camps where they dehumanized their captives. They deported and exterminated approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews of all ages during the Holocaust. The Thessaloniki Holocaust memorial in Eleftherias ("Freedom") Square was built in 1997 in memory of all the Jewish people from Thessaloniki, who died in the Holocaust. The site was chosen because it was the place where Jews residents were rounded up before embarking to trains for concentration camps. Today, a community of around 1200 remains in the city. Communities of descendants of Thessaloniki Jews – both Sephardic and Romaniote – live in other areas, mainly the United States and Israel. Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker recorded a song about the Jewish people of Thessaloniki, called "Wait for me, Thessaloniki". Not only did the Jewish-Greek population of Thessaloniki perish during the Holocaust, but a unique civilization filled with rich culture and beauty was lost.
|1842||70,000||36,000||51%||Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer|
|1870||90,000||50,000||56%||Greek schoolbook (G.K. Moraitopoulos, 1882)|
|1882/84||85,000||48,000||56%||Ottoman government census|
|1902||126,000||62,000||49%||Ottoman government census|
|1913||157,889||61,439||39%||Greek government census|
Since the late 19th century, many merchants from Western Europe (mainly from France and Italy) were established in the city. They had an important role in the social and economical life of the city and in many cases introduced new industrial techniques. Their main district was what is known today as the "Frankish district" (near Ladadika), where locates also the Catholic church designed by Vitaliano Poselli. Some of them left after the incorporation of the city into the Greek Kingdom, others, who were of Jewish faith, were exterminated by the Nazis, while others stayed and their descendants still live in the city.
Another group is the Armenian community which dates back to the Ottoman period. During the 20th century, after the Armenian Genocide and the defeat of the Greek army in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), many fled to Greece and a large part of them was established in Thessaloniki. There is also an Armenian church at the center of the city.
Leisure and entertainment
Thessaloniki is not only regarded as the cultural and entertainment capital of northern Greece but also the cultural capital of the country. The city's main theaters, run by the National Theatre of Northern Greece (Greek: Κρατικό Θέατρο Βορείου Ελλάδος) which was established in 1961, include the Theater of the Society of Macedonian Studies, where the National Theater is based, the Royal Theater (Vasiliko Theatro) -the first base of the National Theater-, Moni Lazariston, and the Earth Theater and Forest Theater, both amphitheatrical open-air theatres overlooking the city.
The title of the European Capital of Culture in 1997 saw the birth of the city's first opera and today forms an independent section of the National Theatre of Northern Greece. The opera is based at the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, one of the largest concert halls in Greece. Recently a second building was also constructed and designed by Japanese architect Arata Isozaki. Thessaloniki is also the seat of two symphony orchestras, the Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra and the Symphony Orchestra of the Municipality of Thessaloniki. Olympion Theater, the site of the Thessaloniki International Film Festival and the Plateia Assos Odeon multiplex are the two major cinemas in downtown Thessaloniki. The city also has a number of multiplex cinemas in major shopping malls in the suburbs, most notably in Mediterranean Cosmos, the largest retail and entertainment development in the Balkans.
Thessaloniki is renowned for its major shopping streets and lively laneways. Tsimiski Street and Proxenou Koromila avenue are the city's most famous shopping streets and are among Greece's most expensive and exclusive high streets. The city is also home to one of Greece's most famous and prestigious hotels, Makedonia Palace hotel, the Hyatt Regency Casino and hotel (the biggest casino in Greece and one of the biggest in Europe) and Waterland, the largest water park in southeastern Europe.
The city has long been known in Greece for its vibrant city culture, including having the most cafes and bars per capita of any city in Europe; and as having some of the best nightlife and entertainment in the country, thanks to its large young population and multicultural feel. Lonely Planet listed Thessaloniki among the world's "ultimate party cities".
Parks and recreation
Although Thessaloniki is not renowned for its parks and greenery throughout its urban area, where green spaces are few, it has several large open spaces around its waterfront, namely the central city gardens of Palios Zoologikos Kipos (which is recently being redeveloped to also include rock climbing facilities, a new skatepark and paintball range), the park of Pedio tou Areos, which also holds the city's annual floral expo; and the parks of the Nea Paralia (waterfront) that span for 3 km (2 mi) along the coast, from the White Tower to the concert hall.
The Nea Paralia parks are used throughout the year for a variety of events, while they open up to the Thessaloniki waterfront, which is lined up with several cafés and bars; and during summer is full of Thessalonians enjoying their long evening walks (referred to as "the volta" and is embedded into the culture of the city). Having undergone an extensive revitalization, the city's waterfront today features a total of 12 thematic gardens/parks.
Thessaloniki's proximity to places such as the national parks of Pieria and beaches of Chalkidiki often allow its residents to easily have access to some of the best outdoor recreation in Europe; however, the city is also right next to the Seich Sou forest national park, just 3.5 km (2 mi) away from Thessaloniki's city center; and offers residents and visitors alike, quiet viewpoints towards the city, mountain bike trails and landscaped hiking paths. The city's zoo, which is operated by the municipality of Thessaloniki, is also located nearby the national park.
Other recreation spaces throughout the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area include the Fragma Thermis, a landscaped parkland near Thermi and the Delta wetlands west of the city center; while urban beaches that have continuously been awarded the blue flags, are located along the 10 km (6 mi) coastline of Thessaloniki's southeastern suburbs of Thermaikos, about 20 km (12 mi) away from the city center.
Museums and galleries
Because of the city's rich and diverse history, Thessaloniki houses many museums dealing with many different eras in history. Two of the city's most famous museums include the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki and the Museum of Byzantine Culture.
The Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki was established in 1962 and houses some of the most important ancient Macedonian artifacts, including an extensive collection of golden artwork from the royal palaces of Aigai and Pella. It also houses exhibits from Macedon's prehistoric past, dating from the Neolithic to the Bronze age. The Prehistoric Antiquities Museum of Thessaloniki has exhibits from those periods as well.
The Museum of Byzantine Culture is one of the city's most famous museums, showcasing the city's glorious Byzantine past. The museum was also awarded Council of Europe's museum prize in 2005. The museum of the White Tower of Thessaloniki houses a series of galleries relating to the city's past, from the creation of the White Tower until recent years.
One of the most modern museums in the city is the Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum and is one of the most high-tech museums in Greece and southeastern Europe. It features the largest planetarium in Greece, a cosmotheater with the largest flat screen in Greece, an amphitheater, a motion simulator with 3D projection and 6-axis movement and exhibition spaces. Other industrial and technological museums in the city include the Railway Museum of Thessaloniki, which houses an original Orient Express train, the War Museum of Thessaloniki and others. The city also has a number of educational and sports museums, including the Thessaloniki Olympic Museum.
The Atatürk Museum in Thessaloniki is the historic house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of modern-day Turkey, was born. The house is now part of the Turkish consulate complex, but admission to the museum is free. The museum contains historic information about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his life, especially while he was in Thessaloniki. Other ethnological museums of the sort include the Historical Museum of the Balkan Wars, the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki and the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, containing information about the freedom fighters in Macedonia and their struggle to liberate the region from the Ottoman yoke.
The city also has a number of important art galleries. Such include the Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art, housing exhibitions from a number of well-known Greek and foreign artists. The Teloglion Foundation of Art is part of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and includes an extensive collection of works by important artists of the 19th and 20th centuries, including works by prominent Greeks and native Thessalonians. The Thessaloniki Museum of Photography also houses a number of important exhibitions, and is located within the old port of Thessaloniki.
Thessaloniki is home to a number of prominent archaeological sites. Apart from its recognized UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Thessaloniki features a large two-terraced Roman forum featuring two-storey stoas, dug up by accident in the 1960s. The forum complex also boasts two Roman baths, one of which has been excavated while the other is buried underneath the city. The forum also features a small theater, which was also used for gladiatorial games. Although the initial complex was not built in Roman times, it was largely refurbished in the 2nd century. It is believed that the forum and the theater continued to be used until at least the 6th century.
Another important archaeological site is the imperial palace complex which Roman emperor Galerius, located at Navarinou Square, commissioned when he made Thessaloniki the capital of his portion of the Roman Empire. The large octagonal portion of the complex, most of which survives to this day, is believed to have been an imperial throne room. Various mosaics from the palatial complex have also survived. Some historians believe that the complex must have been in use as an imperial residence until the 11th century.
Not far from the palace itself is the Arch of Galerius, known colloquially as the Kamara. The arch was built to commemorate the emperor's campaigns against the Persians. The original structure featured three arches; however, only two full arches and part of the third survive to this day. Many of the arches' marble parts survive as well, although it is mostly the brick interior that can be seen today.
Other monuments of the city's past, such as the Incantadas, a Caryatid portico from the ancient forum, have been removed or destroyed over the years. The Incantadas in particular are on display at the Louvre. Thanks to a private donation of €180,000, it was announced on 6 December 2011 that a replica of the Incantadas would be commissioned and later put on display in Thessaloniki.
Thessaloniki is home of a number of festivals and events. The Thessaloniki International Trade Fair is the most important event to be hosted in the city annually, by means of economic development. It was first established in 1926 and takes place every year at the 180,000 m2 (1,937,503.88 sq ft) Thessaloniki International Exhibition Center. The event attracts major political attention and it is customary for the Prime Minister of Greece to outline his administration's policies for the next year, during event. Over 250,000 visitors attended the exposition in 2010. The new Art Thessaloniki, is starting first time 29.10. - 1 November 2015 as an international contemporary art fair. The Thessaloniki International Film Festival is established as one of the most important film festivals in Southern Europe, with a number of notable film makers such as Francis Ford Coppola, Faye Dunaway, Catherine Deneuve, Irene Papas and Fatih Akın taking part, and was established in 1960. The Documentary Festival, founded in 1999, has focused on documentaries that explore global social and cultural developments, with many of the films presented being candidates for FIPRESCI and Audience Awards.
The Dimitria festival, founded in 1966 and named after the city's patron saint of St. Demetrius, has focused on a wide range of events including music, theatre, dance, local happenings, and exhibitions. The "DMC DJ Championship" has been hosted at the International Trade Fair of Thessaloniki, has become a worldwide event for aspiring DJs and turntablists. The "International Festival of Photography" has taken place every February to mid-April. Exhibitions for the event are sited in museums, heritage landmarks, galleries, bookshops and cafés. Thessaloniki also holds an annual International Book Fair.
In 2012, the city hosted its first gay parade, namely the Thessaloniki Pride which took place between 22 and 23 June. In 2013, the second Thessaloniki Pride was hosted between 14 and 15 June. However, in 2013, Transgender people in Thessaloniki became victims of police violence. The issue was soon settled by the government. The third Thessaloniki Pride took place in 2014, between 20 and 21 June, concentrating more people than any past year.
The main stadium of the city is the Kaftanzoglio Stadium (also home ground of Iraklis FC), while other main stadiums of the city include the football Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium and Toumba Stadium home grounds of Aris F.C. and PAOK F.C., respectively, all of whom are founding members of the Greek league.
Being the largest "multi-sport" stadium in the city, Kaftanzoglio Stadium regularly plays host to athletics events; such as the European Athletics Association event "Olympic Meeting Thessaloniki" every year; it has hosted the Greek national championships in 2009 and has been used for athletics at the Mediterranean Games and for the European Cup in athletics. In 2004 the stadium served as an official Athens 2004 venue, while in 2009 the city and the stadium hosted the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final.
Thessaloniki's major indoor arenas include the state-owned Alexandreio Melathron, PAOK Sports Arena and the YMCA indoor hall. Other sporting clubs in the city include Apollon FC based in Kalamaria, Agrotikos Asteras F.C. based in Evosmos and YMCA. Thessaloniki has a rich sporting history with its teams winning the first ever panhellenic football, basketball, and water polo tournaments.
The city played a major role in the development of basketball in Greece. The local YMCA was the first to introduce the sport to the country, while Iraklis BC won the first ever Greek championship. From 1982 to 1993 Aris BC dominated the league, regularly finishing in first place. In that period Aris won a total of 9 championships, 7 cups and one European Cup Winners' Cup. The city also hosted the 2003 FIBA Under-19 World Championship in which Greece came third. In volleyball, Iraklis has emerged since 2000 as one of the most successful teams in Greece and Europe - see 2005–06 CEV Champions League. In October 2007, Thessaloniki also played host to the first Southeastern European Games.
|Iraklis||1908||Kaftanzoglio National Stadium||27,770|
|Aris||1914||Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium||22,800|
|Alexandreio Melathron (Palais des Sports)||5,500|
|YMCA Thessaloniki (ΧΑΝΘ)||1921|
|PAOK Sports Arena||10,000|
|Agrotikos Asteras||1932||Evosmos Stadium|
Thessaloniki is home to the ERT3 TV-channel and Radio Macedonia, both services of Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) operating in the city and are broadcast all over Greece. The municipality of Thessaloniki also operates three radio stations, namely FM100, FM101 and FM100.6; and TV100, a television network which was also the first non-state-owned TV station in Greece and opened in 1988. Several private TV-networks also broadcast out from Thessaloniki, with Makedonia TV being the most popular.
The city's main newspapers and some of the most circulated in Greece, include Makedonia, which was also the first newspaper published in Thessaloniki in 1911 and Aggelioforos. A large number of radio stations also broadcast from Thessaloniki as the city is known for its music contributions.
Throughout its history, Thessaloniki has been home to a number of well-known figures like Nikolaos Polychronakos. It is also the birthplace of various Saints and other religious figures, such as Cyril and Methodius, creators of the first Slavic alphabet, Saint Mitre, Patriarch Philotheus I of Constantinople and Archbishop Demetrios of America. Many of Greece's most celebrated musicians and movie stars were born in Thessaloniki, such as Zoe Laskari, Costas Hajihristos, Antonis Remos, Paschalis Terzis, Natassa Theodoridou, Katia Zygouli, Kostas Voutsas, Marios Iliopoulos and Marinella. Additionally, there have been a number of political leaders born in the city Evangelos Venizelos, the former Minister of Finance of Greece, Haris Kastanidis, Christos Sartzetakis, fourth President of Greece, Kostas Zouraris and Ioannis Passalidis. Sports personalities from the city include Angelos Charisteas, Eleni Daniilidou, Dimitris Salpingidis, Traianos Dellas, Kleanthis Vikelidis and Ioannis Tamouridis. Ioannis Papafis and Elias Petropoulos were also born in Thessaloniki.
The city is also the birthplace of a number of important international personalities, which include Bulgarians (Atanas Dalchev), Jews (Moshe Levy, Daniel Zion, Samuel ben Joseph Uziel, Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz), Slav Macedonians (Dimo Todorovski) and Turks (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nâzım Hikmet, Afet İnan, Cahit Arf, Mehmet Cavit Bey, Salih Omurtak, Sabiha Sertel, Halil Rifat Pasha).
Because Thessaloniki remained under Ottoman rule for about 100 years more than southern Greece, it has retained a lot of its Eastern character, including its culinary tastes. Spices in particular play an important role in the cuisine of Thessaloniki, something which is not true to the same degree about Greece's southern regions. Thessaloniki's Ladadika borough is a particularly busy area in regards to Thessalonian cuisine, with most tavernas serving traditional meze and other such culinary delights.
Notable sweets of the city are Trigona, Roxakia and Armenovil. A stereotypical Thessalonian coffee drink is Frappé coffee. Frappé was invented in the Thessaloniki International Trade Fair in 1957 and has since spread throughout Greece and Cyprus to become a hallmark of the Greek coffee culture.
The city is viewed as a romantic one in Greece, and as such Thessaloniki is commonly featured in Greek songs. There are a number of famous songs that go by the name 'Thessaloniki' (rebetiko, laïko etc.) or include the name in their title.
During the 1930s and 40s the city became a center of the Rebetiko music, partly because of the Metaxas censorship, which was stricter in Athens. Vassilis Tsitsanis wrote some of his best songs in Thessaloniki.
The city is the birthplace of significant composers in the Greek music scene, such as Manolis Chiotis, Stavros Kouyioumtzis and Dionysis Savvopoulos. It is also notable for its rock music scene and its many rock groups; some became famous such as Xylina Spathia, Trypes or the pop rock Onirama.
Between 1962–1997 and 2005–2008 the city also hosted the Thessaloniki Song Festival. In the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Greece was represented by Koza Mostra and Agathonas Iakovidis, both from Thessaloniki.
Another important musical genre of the city's heritage is the Sephardic music of the Jewish community.
In popular culture
- On May 1936, a massive strike by tobacco workers led to general anarchy in the city and Ioannis Metaxas (future dictator, then PM) ordered its repression. The events and the deaths of the protesters inspired Yiannis Ritsos to write the Epitafios.
- On 22 May 1963, Grigoris Lambrakis, pacifist and MP, was assassinated by two far-right extremists driving a three-wheeled vehicle. The event led to political crisis. Costa Gavras directed Z (1969 film) based on it, two years after the military junta had ceized power in Greece.
- Notable films set in Thessaloniki among others include Mademoiselle Docteur (1937) by Georg Wilhelm Pabst, The Barefooted Battalion (1954) by Greg Tallas (Gregory Thalassinos), O Atsidas (1961) by Giannis Dalianidis, Parenthesis (1968) by Takis Kanellopoulos and Triumph of the Spirit (1989) by Robert M. Young.
Thessaloniki is a major center of education for Greece. Two of the country's largest universities are located in central Thessaloniki: Aristotle University and the University of Macedonia. Aristotle University was founded in 1926 and is currently the largest university in Greece by number of students, which number at more than 80,000 in 2010, and is a member of the Utrecht Network. For the academic year 2009–2010, Aristotle University was ranked as one of the 150 best universities in the world for arts and humanities and among the 250 best universities in the world overall by the Times QS World University Rankings, making it one of the top 2% of best universities worldwide. Leiden ranks Aristotle University as one of the top 100 European universities and the best university in Greece, at number 97. Since 2010, Thessaloniki is also home to the Open University of Thessaloniki, which is funded by Aristotle University, the University of Macedonia and the municipality of Thessaloniki.
Additionally, a TEI (Technological Educational Institute), namely the Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, is located in the western suburb of Sindos; home also to the industrial zone of the city. Numerous public and private vocational institutes (Greek: IEK) provide professional training to young students, while a large number of private colleges offer American and UK academic curriculum, via cooperation with foreign universities. In addition to Greek students, the city hence attracts many foreign students either via the Erasmus programme for public universities, or for a complete degree in public universities or in the city's private colleges. As of 2006[update] the city's total student population was estimated around 200,000.
Public transport in Thessaloniki is served by buses. The bus company operating in the city is the Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization (OASTH) and is the only public means of transport in Thessaloniki at the moment. It operates a fleet of 604 vehicles on 75 routes throughout the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area. International and regional bus links are provided by KTEL at its Macedonia InterCity Bus Terminal, located to the west of the city centre.
The construction of the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Railway began in 2006 and is scheduled for completion in 2018, where it is set to become the city's most vital public transport service. The line of Phase 1 is set to extend over 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi), include 13 stations and it is expected to eventually serve 250,000 passengers daily. Some stations of the Thessaloniki Metro will house a number of archaeological finds.
Discussions are already underway for future expansions, in order for the metro network to also serve major transport hubs of the city, notably the Macedonia InterCity Bus Terminal (KTEL) and Macedonia International Airport. For the expansion towards the airport, the Attiko Metro company is considering the construction of an overground network or a monorail. The expansion to Kalamaria, a southeast borough of Thessaloniki, has already become part of the initial construction phase, while future expansions are considered and planned for Efkarpia to the north and Evosmos to the west. The strategic plan for the construction of the Thessaloniki Metro envisions that the city will have a system of 3 lines by 2018 or 2020 at the latest.
Commuter/suburban rail (Proastiakos)
Commuter rail services have recently been established between Thessaloniki and the city of Larissa (the service is known in Greek as the "Proastiakos", meaning "Suburban Railway"). The service is operated using Siemens Desiro EMU trains on a modernised electrified double track and stops at 11 refurbished stations, covering the journey in 1 hour and 33 minutes. Furthermore, an additional line has also been established, although with the use of regional trains, between Thessaloniki and the city of Edessa.
Macedonia International Airport
Air traffic to and from the city is served by Macedonia International Airport for international and domestic flights. The short length of the airport's two runways means that it does not currently support intercontinental flights, although a major extension – lengthening one of its runways into the Thermaic Gulf – is under construction, despite considerable opposition from local environmental groups. Following the completion of the runway works, the airport will be able to serve intercontinental flights and cater for larger aircraft in the future. A master-plan, with designs for a new terminal building and apron has also been released, and is seeking for funding.
Railways and ferry connections
Because of the Greek economic crisis, all international train links from the city were suspended in February 2011. Until then, the city was a major railway hub for the Balkans, with direct connections to Sofia, Skopje, Belgrade, Moscow, Vienna, Budapest, Bucharest and Istanbul, alongside Athens and other destinations in Greece. Daily through trains to Sofia and Belgrade were restarted in May 2014. Thessaloniki remains one of Greece's most important railway hubs and has the biggest marshalling yard in the country.
Regional train services within Greece (operated by TrainOSE, the Hellenic Railways Organization's train operating company), link the city with other parts of the country, from its central railway passenger station, called the "New Railway Station" located at the western end of Thessaloniki's city center.
The Port of Thessaloniki connects the city with seasonal ferries to the Sporades and other north Aegean islands, with its passenger terminal, being one of the largest in the Aegean Sea basin; having handled around 162,731 passengers in 2007. Meanwhile, ongoing actions have been going on for more connections and the port is recently being upgraded, as Thessaloniki is also slowly turning into a major tourist port for cruising in the eastern Mediterranean.
The city itself is bypassed by the C-shaped Thessaloniki Inner Ring Road (Esoteriki Peripheriaki Odos, Greek: Εσωτερική Περιφεριακή Οδός), which all of the above motorways connect onto it. The western end of the route begins at the junction with the A1/A2 motorways in Lachanagora District. Clockwise it heads northeast around the city, passing through the northwestern suburbs, the forest of Seich Sou and through to the southeast suburb/borough of Kalamaria. The ring road ends at a large junction with the A25 motorway, which then continues south to Chalkidiki, passing through Thessaloniki's outer southeast suburbs.
The speed limit on this motorway is 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph), it currently has three traffic lanes for each direction and forms the city's most vital road link; handling more than 120,000 vehicles daily, instead of 30,000 as it was meant to handle when designed in 1975. An outer ring road known as Eksoteriki Peripheriaki Odos (Greek: Εξωτερική Περιφεριακή Οδός, outer ring road) carries all traffic that completely bypasses the city. It is Part of Motorway 2
Despite the large effort that was made in 2004 to improve the motorway features of the Thessaloniki ring road, the motorway is still insufficient to tackle Thessaloniki's increasing traffic and metropolitan population. To tackle this problem, the government has introduced large scale redevelopment plans throughout 2011 with tenders expected to be announced within early 2012; that include the total restructuring of the A16 in the western side of the city, with new junctions and new emergency lanes throughout the whole length of the motorway. In the eastern side an even larger scale project has been announced, for the construction of a new elevated motorway section above the existing, which would allow faster travel for drivers heading through to the airport and Chalkidiki that do not wish to exit into the city, and will decongest the existing motorway for city commuters. The plans also include adding one more lane in each direction on the existing A16 ring road and on the A25 passing through Thessaloniki's southeast suburbs, from its junction with the A16 in Kalamaria, up to the airport exit (ΕΟ67); which will make it an 8 lane highway.
Additional long term plans further include the extension of the planned outer ring road known as Eksoteriki Peripheriaki Odos (Greek: Εξωτερική Περιφεριακή Οδός, outer ring road) to circle around the entire Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area, crossing over the Thermaic Gulf from the east, to join with the A1/E75 motorway. Preliminary plans have been announced which include a 4.5 km (3 mi) bridge over the gulf, as part of the southern bypass of the city; to cater for the large number of commuters from Macedonia and the rest of Greece heading to the airport, and to the increasingly popular tourist region of Chalkidiki.
- National Roads:
Twin towns – sister cities
Statue of Alexander the Great on the city's waterfront
View of the Roman Odeon (Ancient Agora)
Relief of the Arch of Galerius
Street of Ladadika
Buildings of Aristotelous Square
Electra Palace Hotel in Aristotelous Square
The Faculty of Philosophy, the oldest building of Aristotle University (built in 1925)
Vergina Sun on a building
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- "CONCLUSION THESSALONIKI METRO & ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION". Attiko Metro S.A. www.ametro.gr. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.
- Attiko Metro A.E. (3 February 2011). "Το 2018 η Θεσσαλονίκη θα έχει Δίκτυο Γραμμών Μετρό". Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- "Επέκταση Προαστιακού στο τμήμα Λιτόχωρο - Λάρισα [Expansion of Proastiakos towards Litohoro - Larissa]" (in Greek). Naftemporiki. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- "Αναβαθμίζεται με 286 εκατ. το αεροδρόμιο "Μακεδονία" [The "Macedonia" Airport is being upgraded with 286 million Euros]" (in Greek). Express. 30 August 2011.
- Koutsabaris, Fotis (27 September 2009). "ΝΕΟ ΑΕΡΟΔΡΟΜΙΟ Ιδανική θέση 45 χλμ. δυτικά της Θεσσαλονίκης προτείνουν ειδικοί [Specialists suggest an ideal place for the airport 45 km (28 mi) west of Thessaloniki]". Makedonia. (Greek)
- "Αναστέλλονται όλα τα διεθνή δρομολόγια του ΟΣΕ [All international routes of OSE have been suspended]" (in Greek). Ta Nea. 13 February 2011.
- Port of Thessaloniki passenger terminal Archived 3 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- Koutsabaris, Fotis (19 June 2010). "Περιφερειακή οδός: Επικίνδυνη εάν δεν γίνουν παρεμβάσεις [Ring Road: Dangerous if measures are not taken]" (in Greek). Makedonia.
- "- Καρμανιόλα" η περιφερειακή οδός Θεσσαλονίκης που θεωρείται πλέον πεπερασμένη [The Ring Road is considered dangerous and outdated]" (in Greek). Athens News Agency. 25 April 2006.
- "Ηχορύπανση από τα αυτοκίνητα στο κέντρο της Θεσσαλονίκης [Noise pollution from cars at the center of Thessaloniki]" (in Greek). Kathimerini. 16 March 2011.
- Tasioulas, Tasos (12 November 2011). "Εργα - "ανάσα" στην περιφερειακή οδό ["Relief" works at the Ring Road]" (in Greek). Aggelioforos.
- Kanitsaki, Ntonia (6 November 2011). "Θεσσαλονίκη: Η περιφερειακή οδός... απογειώνεται![" the Ring Road]" (in Greek). Aggelioforos.
- "ΤΙ ΠΡΟΤΕΙΝΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΕΣ "Ματ" στο κυκλοφοριακό με δύο κινήσεις [What scientists are proposing to solve the "traffic problem" ]" (in Greek). Makedonia. 25 October 2009.
- "Αδελφοποιημένες Πόλεις". Municipality of Thessaloniki. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- "Hartford Sister Cities International". Harford Public Library. Archived from the original on 14 April 2005. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
- "Sister cities: Thessaloniki, Greece". City of Melbourne. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- "Twinnings" (PDF). Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- "Limassol Twinned Cities". Limassol (Lemesos) Municipality. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- "Partner (Twin) towns of Bratislava". Bratislava-City.sk. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013. (listed as 'Solun)
- "Fun Facts and Statistics". City and County of San Francisco. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2008.
- "Villes jumelées avec la Ville de Nice" (in French). Ville de Nice. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
- Mazumdar, Jaideep (17 November 2013). "A tale of two cities: Will Kolkata learn from her sister?". Times of India. New Delhi. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
- Apostolos Papagiannopoulos,Monuments of Thessaloniki, Rekos Ltd, date unknown.
- Apostolos P. Vacalopoulos, A History of Thessaloniki, Institute for Balkan Studies,1972.
- John R. Melville-Jones, 'Venice and Thessalonica 1423–1430 Vol I, The Venetian Accounts, Vol. II, the Greek Accounts, Unipress, Padova, 2002 and 2006 (the latter work contains English translations of accounts of the events of this period by St Symeon of Thessaloniki and John Anagnostes).
- Thessaloniki: Tourist guide and street map, A. Kessopoulos, Malliarēs-Paideia, 1988.
- Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430–1950, 2004, ISBN 0-375-41298-0.
- Thessaloniki City Guide, Axon Publications, 2002.
- Eugenia Russell, St Demetrius of Thessalonica; Cult and Devotion in the Middle Ages, Peter Lang, Oxford, 2010. ISBN 978-3-0343-0181-7
- James C. Skedros, Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki: Civic Patron and Divine Protector, 4th-7Th Centuries (Harvard Theological Studies), Trinity Press International (1999).
- Vilma Hastaoglou-Martinidis (ed.), Restructuring the City: International Urban Design Competitions for Thessaloniki, Andreas Papadakis, 1999.
- Matthieu Ghilardi, Dynamiques spatiales et reconstitutions paléogéographiques de la plaine de Thessalonique (Grèce) à l'Holocène récent, 2007. Thèse de Doctorat de l'Université de Paris 12 Val-de-Marne, 475 p.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thessaloniki.|
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Thessaloniki.|
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Thessaloniki|
- Municipality of Thessaloniki
- Thessaloniki Port Authority
- ΟΑΣΘ – Organisation of Urban Transport of Thessaloniki (Greek & English)
- on YouTube: Official promotional video for Thessaloniki by the Greek National Tourism Organization
- Thessaloniki The Official website of the Greek National Tourism Organisation
- Thessaloniki Concert Hall Organisation
- Thessaloniki Film Festival
- Thessaloniki Info & Links
- Thessaloniki360 Virtual City Guide
- Thessaloniki Tsimiski.gr street | <urn:uuid:aa132e4f-9aa3-4b8f-be3d-c4b2a6839053> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonica | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00528-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.884919 | 31,388 | 2.1875 | 2 |
They’re small, stubborn, and vicious, especially when cornered. In fact, despite the fact that they barely top 20 pounds, they have few if any predators in the wild; they’re just too big a hassle for too small a mouthful (in 2002, the Guinness Book of World Records went so far as to name the honey badger the “most fearless animal on Earth!”).
But one thing honey badgers—or ratels—are less well known for is their intelligence.
Maybe everyone was too busy trying to get out of their way to look for it.
Extremely dexterous with their long claws, ratels have been observed using the claws as built-in mountaineering tools when climbing slippery surfaces, to pry open manmade beehives (built with materials like woods and plastics), to dig complex burrows in a matter of minutes, and even to unlock bolted gates!
[youtube width=”853″ height=”480″]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c36UNSoJenI[/youtube] These honey badgers have figured out how to work slide bolts, even when they’ve been secured with heavy-gauge wire.
They’re also one of just a handful of animals that have been observed using tools in the wild. They’ve been filmed rolling nearby logs up to trees or fences, then positioning them to create rudimentary “bridges,” allowing the ratels to climb over an obstacle or reach a previously inaccessible food source.
[youtube width=”853″ height=”480″]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_gYU4cHA55E[/youtube] This honey badger also knows how to open windows, open the refrigerator, and pull out the drawers to create a “ladder” to the good stuff.
Though it’s by no means a direct correlation to intelligence, the honey badger has a large brain, especially compared to its small body mass.
But the most well-known “proof” of the honey badger’s intelligence is actually a red herring (or maybe we should say a yellow bird…).
Since the 18th century, it’s been accepted wisdom that the honey badger would follow the sound of the honeyguide bird’s cry in order to find beehives. While ratels are certainly more than capable of following a bird cry to food (in an early filmed instance of honey badger tool use, an animal hears the sounds of an out-of-reach kingfisher chick, and rolls a log over in order to be able to reach the bird…which IS the food), there’s no evidence of the oft-proclaimed symbiotic relationship between the badger and the bird.
But managing to maintain that kind of positive PR for over two centuries? That’s a feat of intelligence if we’ve ever seen one! | <urn:uuid:400fab3d-d344-4756-856a-109c9fd07295> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thomsonsafaris.com/blog/tag/birds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00010-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930614 | 632 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The Pentagon rolled out long-awaited revisions to U.S. military strategy on Tuesday, displaying a renewed focus on homeland protection by emphasizing the development of cybersecurity capabilities, missile defenses and the ability to respond to natural disasters.
The military strategy, which is updated every four years, was changed to reflect the growing call for military help during natural disasters, as well as the threat of either a cyber or physical attack on the U.S.
Russell Rumbaugh, a defense expert at the nonpartisan Stimson Center, said the strategy anticipates a robust role for the U.S. military even in the face of recent spending cuts. "When you have a half trillion dollars to spend, you can do a lot," he said. "The U.S. remains the dominant military power." | <urn:uuid:3a14b143-1ab5-4ece-b171-f98c4c0e456b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/pentagon-rolls-out-evolving-strategy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00044-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9618 | 160 | 1.929688 | 2 |
In a magnificent new book photographer Sigurgeir Sigurjónsson captures the dramatic progress of the two volcanic eruptions in Fimmvörðuháls and Eyjafjallajökull in 2010.
Here you will find unique photos from the sites and nearby landmarks and useful information about the eruptions in context with Iceland’s geological history written by Sigurður Steinþórsson professor of Geology. Sigurgeir took many trips to the sites while nature unfolded it magic and power but the book also includes several photos by other photographers.
Sigurgeir is no stranger to the land of fire, he has travelled extensively all over the island for the past three decades. He is the most popular nature photographer in Iceland, author of many bestsellers such as Lost in Iceland, The Little Big Book and Icelanders.
The book is 144 pages | <urn:uuid:ed461624-2ccb-4d5d-8ca0-a728a6e22221> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nordicstore.net/products/volcano-island | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00148-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928517 | 186 | 1.742188 | 2 |
February 13, 2009
Japan promises compact Summer Games
Tokyo has promised to put on environmentally-friendly and reasonably priced Olympic Games if it is picked to host the 2016 Summer Games, officials said.
The Yomiuri Shimbun reported that the Tokyo 2016 Candidature File released Friday says Tokyo promises that half of event tickets would cost less than $59 and 95 percent of venues would be located within a radius of about five miles.A city official said the proximity of events would make
many people feel they would want to go.
The newspaper said the Japanese bid committee claims Tokyo's plan is the most compact in Olympic history. | <urn:uuid:55ff81cc-1471-4ece-96df-88a10aed5913> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.redorbit.com/news/international/1639413/japan_promises_compact_summer_games/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00334-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977625 | 129 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Worried about the effect of the new Wisconsin Voter ID law requiring voters to show a photo ID, the La Crosse County (WI) League of Women Voters just started a 4-day education campaign to teach voters about the new law. The County Clerk noted: "We're doing these sessions to give people the information they need on how to obtain photo I.D. and what will be valid so they can go vote at the polls at the elections this year." The meetings began January 10 all across the county. Jane Klekamp, director of the La Crosse County League, said getting every eligible voter ready for voting under the new law is not easy: "We don't know who is unaware of law." It’s been noted that the elderly, who no longer drive, and voters without a Wisconsin identification (out-of-state IDs are not acceptable) are the target group. Media reports here and here. | <urn:uuid:8392c2b1-e1fc-4418-b593-0aa23b263051> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lwv.org/news/2012/01/wisconsin-league-works-limit-damage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00331-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961277 | 188 | 1.96875 | 2 |
by Debra Fiakas CFA
A bit of history…
|Schematic of a Lithium Ion Battery by Materialsgrp, via Wikimedia Commons|
Lithium ion batteries are a relatively recent innovation. Scientists and engineers first began working with lithium applications in the 1970s. A number of companies and laboratories worked through the next decade to perfect lithium ion batteries, using various materials for the business ends of a battery – the anode and the cathode. It was not until the mid 1980s that developers settled on cobalt as an electrode material, which ultimately enabled industrial-scale production of lithium ion rechargeable batteries. In 1996, Sony introduced the first commercial battery to the market. Fifteen years later lithium ion batteries accounted for 66% of all portable battery sales worldwide.
Cobalt is not the last word on lithium ion batteries. Known as LiCoO2 or LCO for short, lithium cobalt oxide is now only one of several solutions for battery cathodes. Cobalt offers high capacity for its cost. Manganese (LiMN2O4 or LMO) is used on its own or in combination with nickel and cobalt (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC). These materials afford the safest battery application as well as long life, but have lower capacity than cobalt alone.
Some battery producers have tried combining cobalt with nickel and aluminum (LiNiCoAlO2 or NCA). High specific energy and power densities and long life span have the attention of electric vehicle producers for powertrain applications. However, high cost and safety issues still need to be addressed.
A few developers have taken an entirely different approach, using lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12 or LTO) to replace the graphite in the battery anode. LTOs offer excellent low-temperature discharge, high capacity and lengthy lifespan.
The perfect paring…
Cobalt wins the capacity contest, but when it comes to thermal stability and power or load characteristics lithium iron phosphate chemistry (LiFePO4 or LFP) is heads above cobalt. For powertrain and electric grid applications, safety and cycle life are more important than capacity. Thus electric car manufacturers cozied up to LFP developers and the race to build the perfect automotive battery began.
A123 Systems, Inc.(NASD:AONE) tried to commercialize LFP and ended up in bankruptcy court. I estimate A123 spent more than $300.0 million on research, development and engineering activities since the company was founded in 2001. A123 did not begin spending heavily on production capacity until after the company’s first product launch in 2006. At the end of June 2012, A123 reported just over $145 million in property, plant and equipment net of accumulated depreciation and government grant off-sets. Gross property, plant and equipment on the balance sheet at the end of June 2012, was $425 million, matching closely the $419 million reported capital spending in the last six and a half years. The company claimed manufacturing capacity to produce 645 megawatts annually.
To its credit, A123 Systems had landed customers before filing for bankruptcy protection in September 2012 and agreeing to a buyout by Johnson Controls, Inc. (JCI: NYSE). In the transportation market A123 supplied batteries for Fisker Automotive’s Karma, BMW’s ActiveHybrid, General Motor’s (GM: NYSE) Chevrolet Spark and SAIC Motor’s Roewe 750, among others. AES Corporation (AES: NYSE) and Vestas Wind Systems (VWS: DE, VWDRY:OTC) had also purchased A123 System battery packs for grid applications.
In early 2012, production problems with A123 Systems’ prismatic battery innovation resulted in a recall and replacement of some batteries packs produced at the company’s Livonia, Michigan facility. The prismatic battery was being shipped to Fisker Automotive and four other undisclosed automotive producers. The company claims the problem was not related to its LFP battery technology, but was instead traced to sloppy work on battery cell packs.
Innovation on a budget…
The demise of A123 Systems, does not appear to have cast too dark a shadow on other LFP battery applications. However, that does not mean others pursuing phosphate chemistries for lithium ion batteries have had smooth sailing. Valence Technology, Inc. (VLNCQ: OTC/BB) has been at the development bench since 1989, several years longer than A123 Systems. Valence began with lithium iron phosphate and later added a vanadium wrinkle (LiVPO4F or LVPF).
Vanadium-enhanced batteries have greater charge capacity. Futhermore, LVPFs can recharged in less than an hour, compared to five to 10 hours for conventional lithium ion batteries. Vanadium is relatively cheap and abundant, but it is not as inexpensive as iron or magnesium. BYD Company in China and Subaru in Japan are also using vanadium in their EV battery applications.
Since inception, Valence has reported a total research and development spend of $96 million. Having spent far less on research and development than one of its nearest competitors, investors might think Valence would have no product on the market and no presence in the market. However, Valence launched its first battery in 2002 and has growing customer list. In fiscal year 2012, Segway was Valence’s largest customer, accounting for 21% of total sales. Smith Electric Vehicles, Rubbermaid Medical Solutions, Howard Technology Solutions and truck manufacturer PVI each contributed 12% of revenue.
What is more Valence has managed to turn out products with a significantly lower investment in plant and equipment. Instead of building to own, Valence leases approximately 173,000 square feet in production space in China. I estimate the company put a grand total of $148 million in capital investments since the get-go in 1989, to outfit production facilities with equipment and otherwise go into commercial operation.
Unfortunately, even a frugal budget has not spared Valence. The Company filed for bankruptcy protection in July 2012 and is now operating as a debtor-in-possession. In September 2012, Valence was able to arrange a $10 million credit facility for working capital.
Valence shares are trading at a penny a share. Some might consid
er this an option on management’s success in bringing the company back from the brink. As enticing as a cheap stock might seem, this one seems to carry a bit more risk than is palatable.
I would like to see management assume bit of that risk themselves with greater personal stakes in Valence. Valence reports that insiders own a total of 86.5 million or 51% of the company’s 170 million shares outstanding. After stripping away the options and convertible preferred stock from the calculation, insiders are found to own 42% of the common stock. Nearly all those shares are owned by Chairman of the Board Berg and his employer, West Coast Ventures. Less than 1% is owned by the other directors and senior officers.
When insiders buy VLNCQ, it will be a clear signal the stock offers return for the risk. Of course, given the present circumstances the window on insider transactions might be closed. A handy alternative is for Valence to use direct shares as a means of compensation rather than piling on more options.
Debra Fiakas is the Managing Director of Crystal Equity Research, an alternative research resource on small capitalization companies in selected industries.
Neither the author of the Small Cap Strategist web log, Crystal Equity Research nor its affiliates have a beneficial interest in the companies mentioned herein. | <urn:uuid:a14eed1a-d0b1-4eee-bc26-4c8e6557e370> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.altenergystocks.com/archives/2012/11/the_rocky_road_to_lithium_ion_battery_commercialization/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.949676 | 1,580 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Posted on April 28th, 2009 by
Class: Hormonal therapy
Generic Name: Flutamide (FLOO-ta-mide)
Trade Name: Eulexin®
For which conditions is this drug approved? Flutamide is approved for the treatment of stage D2 prostate cancer, where cancer has spread from its site of origin to different sites in the body. It is important for patients to remember that physicians have the ability to prescribe medication for conditions other than those for which the drug has been approved by the FDA. Patients who have received a prescription of this drug for a condition other than which it is approved may wish to discuss this issue with their physician.
What is the mechanism of action? Flutamide belongs to a group of drugs referred to as anti-androgens. Prostate cancer is stimulated to grow by the male hormone, testosterone. Anti-androgens inhibit the effects of testosterone on cancer cells, thereby removing the growth stimulus. Flutamide is often given in combination with another hormone agent, classified as a leuteinizing hormone – releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, which helps to block the production of testosterone in the body.
How is flutamide typically given (administered)? Flutamide is a capsule that is taken orally and the dose depends on several factors, including the condition being treated, the size of the patient, the particular regimen being used and the overall health of the patient. Dosing of flutamide should be spaced out evenly during the day if patients take more than one dose per day. The capsules can be opened and mixed with soft foods, but not liquids. Patients and their physicians will discuss optimal scheduling for flutamide.
How are patients typically monitored? Patients will usually have scheduled meetings with their healthcare provider while they are being treated with flutamide. Typically, blood will be drawn to monitor functions of some organ systems, especially the liver. Patients may also undergo physical examinations, scans or other measures to assess side effects and response to therapy. Patients should notify their physician if they notice their skin or eyes turn yellow, they experience loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, rash, or a general feeling of being tired, abdominal pain or flu-like symptoms as these symptoms may indicate damage to the liver.
What are the common (occur in 30% or more of patients) side effects of treatment with flutamide?
• Swelling or tenderness of the breasts
• Hot flashes
• Reduced sexual drive
• Erectile dysfunction
• Nipple discharge
What are the less common (occur in 10% to 29% of patients) side effects of treatment with flutamide?
• Abnormalities in liver function levels, as determined by blood tests
• Nausea and vomiting
• Appetite changes
• Discoloration of urine (yellow-greenish)
This is not a complete list of side effects. Some patients may experience other side effects that are not listed here. Patients may wish to discuss with their physician the other less common side effects of this drug, some of which may be serious.
Some side effects may require medical attention. Other side effects do not require medical attention and may go away during treatment. Patients should check with their physician about any side effects that continue or are bothersome.
What can patients do to help alleviate or prevent discomfort and side effects?
• Pay careful attention to the physician’s instructions and inform the physician of any side effects.
• Maintain adequate rest and nutrition.
• Wear sunscreen and protective clothing and try to minimize sun exposure.
• Drink plenty of fluids. (Patients should ask their physician about the amount of liquid to consume during a day.)
• Eat small meals frequently to help alleviate nausea.
• Patients who experience hot flashes may wish to wear light clothing, stay in a cool environment, and place cool cloths on their body or head to relieve their symptoms.
Are there any special precautions patients should be aware of before starting treatment?
• Patients should inform their physician if they are pregnant, breastfeeding or planning a family in the near future. This drug may cause birth defects. It is important to use some kind of birth control while undergoing treatment. Also, patients may want to talk to their physician if they are considering having children in the future, since some drugs may cause fertility problems.
• It is important that patients inform their physician of any pre-existing conditions (chicken pox, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, lung disease, etc.) as they may worsen with this drug.
• Patients should inform their physician if they have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, blood disorders, or are a smoker as patients with these conditions may be at increased risk of toxicity.
• Patients should inform their physician of any other medication they are taking (whether prescription or over-the-counter, including vitamins, herbs, etc.) as they may interfere with treatment.
• Patients should inform their physician if they are taking warfarin as they may require additional monitoring and dose adjustment to decrease the risk of bleeding.
• Patients should check with their physician before starting any new drug or nutritional supplement.
• Patients should inform their physician of any known drug or food allergies or any reactions to medications they have experienced in the past.
• If an oral dose is missed, do not double up on doses. Patients should contact their physician in this event.
• Keep tablets out of reach of children and return to the pharmacy for safe disposal if treatment is terminated.
When should patients notify their physician?
• Chest pain or fast heart beat
• Difficulty breathing
• Yellowing of the eyes or skin, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, rash, generalized fatigue, abdominal pain, or flu-like symptoms
• Persistent or severe nausea or vomiting
• Persistent or severe diarrhea
• Pain, numbness or tingling of arms or legs
• Swelling of arms or legs, or weight gain
• Depression or nervousness
What is a package insert? A package insert is required by the FDA and contains a summary of the essential scientific information needed for the safe and effective use of the drug for healthcare providers and consumers. A package insert typically includes information regarding specific indications, administration schedules, dosing, side effects, contraindications, results from some clinical trials, chemical structure, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the specific drug. By carefully reviewing the package insert, you will get the most complete and current information about how to safely use this drug. If you do not have the package insert for the drug you are using, your pharmacist or physician may be able to provide you with a copy.
Copyright © 2016 CancerConnect Last updated 07/10.
Important Limitations of Use
The information provided above on the drug you have selected is provided for your information only and is not a substitute for consultation with an appropriate medical doctor. We are providing this information solely as a courtesy and, as such, it is in no way a recommendation as to the safety, efficacy or appropriateness of any particular drug, regimen, dosing schedule for any particular cancer, condition or patient nor is it in any way to be considered medical advice. Patients should discuss the appropriateness of a particular drug or chemotherapy regimen with their physician.
As with any printed reference, the use of particular drugs, regimens and drug dosages may become out-of-date over time, since new information may have been published and become generally accepted after the latest update to this printed information. Please keep in mind that health care professionals are fully responsible for practicing within current standards, avoiding use of outdated regimens, employing good clinical judgment in selecting drugs and/or regimens, in calculating doses for individual patients, and verifying all dosage calculations.
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The prescribing physician is solely responsible for making all decisions relating to appropriate patient care including, but not limited to, drugs, regimens, dose, schedule, and any supportive care.
You must be logged-in to the site to post a comment. | <urn:uuid:3c80a176-db6f-4013-9bf5-b45b975e72f9> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://cancer.unm.edu/2009/04/28/eulexin-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00530-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935848 | 1,770 | 1.695313 | 2 |
A pediatric brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in the brain of a child. Children, from infants to teenagers, can develop brain tumors. In fact, brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children. Fortunately, they are rare. Unlike adult brain tumors, metastaic tumors that spread from a tumor elsewhere in the body are exceedingly rare in the pediatric population. Virtually all pediatric brain tumors are primary, meaning that they originate from cells that comprise the brain and its coverings. Primary brain tumors may be classified as benign or malignant. A benign tumor is one that is grows slowly and is non-invasive. A malignant tumor, rather, is rapidly growing and invades surrounding tissue.
Pediatric brain tumors most commonly occur in the posterior fossa or the rear compartment of the skull. Typical kinds of tumors in this location include medulloblastomas (also called primitive neuroectodermal tumors or PNETs), brain stem gliomas, pilocytic astrocytomas and ependymomas.
Pediatric primary brain tumors are classified into four grades established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Grade I tumors are benign and surgically curable while Grade IV tumors exhibit very aggressive behavior. A pilocytic astrocytoma is a type of tumor that is benign and surgically curable in many cases (WHO grade I). A medulloblasotma, or PNET, is a pediatric tumor that is malignant and highly invasive with a rapid rate of growth (WHO grade IV).
What Causes Pediatric Brain Tumors?
Many brain tumors have genetic abnormalities that alter their patterns of growth. Some genetic disorders are associated with an increased risk of brain tumor formation, such as neurofibromatosis, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, or retinoblastoma. Exposure to extremely high doses of radiation increases the risk of brain tumor formation.
How Are Pediatric Brain Tumors Diagnosed?
Symptoms caused by a brain tumor vary with the child’s age but can include enlarged head circumference, headaches, nausea and vomiting, seizures, new onset difficulty with previously acquired motor skills such as walking. Children will often come to medical attention later than adults because they may deny their symptoms and serious signs may go unrecognized. The diagnosis of a pediatric brain tumor is most commonly made with CT and/or MRI imaging of the brain.
How Are Pediatric Brain Tumors Treated?
Neurosurgeons have an important role to play in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors. Meduloblastomas are malignant tumors; however, a radical surgical resection along with radiation and chemotherapy can produce a lasting cure. Pilocytic astrocytomas, on the other hand, are benign tumors, in general, and can be cured via a gross total resection. Ependymomas are also typically benign tumors but can be very adherent to surrounding brain structures. A gross total resection can produce a lasting cure but residual tumor is often treated with chemotherapy and radiation. Pediatric brain tumors can occur in other locations besides the posterior fossa and the full complement of neurosurgical techniques and adjuvant therapy must be brought to bear. | <urn:uuid:854c4168-f6f7-4e29-adc4-b32b5679bfee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nyspine.com/blog/what-are-pediatric-brain-tumors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.932874 | 656 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Welcome to the Wharfedale Naturalists’ Society
NEW WINTER PROGRAMME!! Available HERE
UPDATED SUMMER PROGRAMME now available HERE
Available to watch now:
The Nature of Lockdown in Burley in Wharfedale (Part 3). Learn more about the wildlife of Burley in Wharfedale, West Yorkshire, observed during Lockdown. Presented by Wharfedale Naturalist, Anne Riley: https://youtu.be/kJaYwxJCnQM
Balancing the Needs of Food, Farming & Nature. Chris Clark and Brian Scanlon of Nethergill Associates talk to us about balancing the needs of food, farming & Nature: https://youtu.be/V9GusFHtBRg
British Mountain Plants. Emeritus Professor John Birks talks to us about British Mountain Plants, their history, status and future: https://youtu.be/FWUM2lVedAs
Wildfowl and Wader Migration: Exploiting the Freezer Niche: https://youtu.be/7Dq8XO-97JI
Climate Change: how serious it it and what can we do? https://youtu.be/Zbl5X_kx358
Swifts and Us: The Life of the Birds that Sleep in the Sky: https://youtu.be/DaicSRVN3-w
The Twelve Plants of Christmas with Ian Brand: https://youtu.be/_mivldZZRCI
The Return of the White-tailed Eagle. Dr Tim Mackrill, Ornithologist with the Roy Dennis Wildlife Foundation, tell us about the re-introduction of the White-tailed Eagle to England: https://youtu.be/oX4XsfzjMxo
If you go down to the woods today. Richard Greenwood introduces us to his photography in the boreal forest of Finland: https://youtu.be/339rgHSys5M
Wildlife of the Shetland Isles – Steve Race. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/OknQ1r1SCz4
Art, science & politics in nature conservation – Rachael Bice – Chief Executive Officer, Yorkshire Wildlife Trust. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/nYW0JKZ7ZzU
‘Ilkley Tree Trail’ – Sue Stevens. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/wlJU8L0XUG0
‘Aldo Leopold – His Life, Work and Legacy’ – Jim Butterfield. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/2C4PFRUR1IY
Ilkley Tree Trail
Ilkley Tree Trail starts in the Ilkley central car park and visits 34 trees in the centre of town. It is about a mile long and takes around an hour. It was developed with the help of WNS botany group and funded by Ilkley U3A. The illustrated booklet describing the trail is available free of charge in the Grove bookshop or you can download it from https://ilkleytrees.org.uk/
Past WNS Zoom Meetings 2020 – 2021
6th October – The first presentation will feature Graham Standring of Yorkshire Wildlife Trust who will be speaking about the management of YWT nature reserves in the Yorkshire Dales.
20th October – Sara King of Rewilding Britain “Biodiversity impacts of beaver and pine marten reintroductions” Now available to listen to at: https://www.yorkshirerewildingnetwork.org.uk/presentations/
3rd November – Stef Pearse – on the subject of spiders. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/9n3zEyLtYnA
17th November – Ian Brand “Botanical Medicine – from poisonous plants to today’s medicines”. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/dR0sO5rt85A
8th December – Joint event with Climate Action Ilkley and the Ilkley Clean River Group: “Water in the Dales: are we keeping up with climate change?” by Rick Battarbee, Addingham resident and Emeritus Professor at University College London. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/rxFMccpm4Cg and via the front page of climateactionilkley.org.uk
12th January – Anne Riley: ‘The Nature of Lockdown in Burley in Wharfedale’. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/AEASh4-QQTk
26th January – Linda Jenkinson: ‘Swifts‘. Now available to listen to at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGBhSnyQAM4
9th February: David White & Rob Jaques (BTO): 25 Years of Garden BirdWatch’ Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/B3Kico_xOXU
23rd February: George McGavin – ‘Bugs Britannica’
9th March: Recorders Evening – ‘Butterflies and Birds’. Available to watch at: https://youtu.be/jT5ss9Yn8mA
23rd March: AGM and ‘How to be an Effective Recorder’. Available to watch at: https://youtu.be/e9x4Rq6mmvo
6th April – Anne Riley: ‘The Nature of Lockdown in Burley in Wharfedale (Part Two)’. Now available to listen to at: https://youtu.be/dH5VG2zO_6s
20th April – Matt Whittle and Greg Slack (South Yorkshire Bat Group). Bats. Now available to watch at: https://youtu.be/EYG7YQokUC0
STATEMENT ON THE IMPACT OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC
As would be expected, all the Society’s normal activities are in abeyance at this time. The Summer Programme, with 25 planned activities/excursions, was ready to be rolled out when lockdown came into operation, and all planned activities were therefore suspended. It is likely that we will use this Programme for our 2021 events if things have returned to normal by then. UPDATE: The Winter Programme for 2021 can be viewed through the link at the top of this page.
In the meantime, we intend to continue with our work to promote and support local conservation initiatives making financial contributions where appropriate. The Society gave financial support to a total of 16 projects throughout Wharfedale in our last financial year and these included hedge planting in upper Wharfedale, tools for the Grass Wood and Ben Rhydding Gravel Pits Work Parties and a grant to support rewilding local initiatives.
Given the sadly depleted state of UK wildlife we are very keen to continue to promote this aspect of our activities notwithstanding the pandemic disruption. The majority of the money for these Grants comes from our annual membership fee which, for adults, is just £12-50. If you are not a member and would like to assist us in this work, please consider supporting us by joining Wharfedale Naturalists through the link on this website. This will be a boost to the Society and local conservation work at this difficult time and I am confident that, as and when things return to normal, you will come to even more value your membership with the opportunity it will provide for learning, entertainment and commitment to conservation.
In the meantime, stay safe and well and many thanks for your interest.
Peter Riley (President)
A Flower for Wharfedale
The search for our own floral emblem. For more info click HERE.
Funds for Conservation Projects available
Every year the Wharfedale Nats like to support a number of worthwhile conservation projects in and around the Wharfedale area. For example, the Society has helped towards the costs of servicing equipment used by the Hay Time Project. If you have a conservation project, that would benefit from a small contribution by the Society, please contact our Secretary.
Gallows Hill Latest
A message from a recent visitor:
I took a trip down there myself and the following were seen/heard in just over half an hour. Bullfinch, chaffinch, blue/great/ long tailed tits, blackbird, song thrush, mistle thrush, jackdaw, rook, crow, chiff chaff, greater spotted woody, wood pidgeon.
A nice spot. My first visit and I didn’t know where the car park was.
For other “first timers” take the pool road out of Otley. Go past the cemetery on the left. There’s an entrance to the new housing development after about another 200 yards. Turn left into this new development and there is a track on the right that leads down to the Gallows Hill car park. Enjoy!
More information about the site can be found here and, if you wish to become involved, Friends of Gallows Hill run a series of events and work parties throughout the year.
Details of events are available via the Gallows Hill Facebook group: Friends of Gallows Hill | <urn:uuid:e69220b9-162d-49bc-8692-f6e78e98f05e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wharfedale-nats.org.uk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.862415 | 1,965 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Pagans and witches celebrate Ostara (also known as Eostre) when the sun enters 0 degrees of Aries, which this year occurs on March 20. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Spring Equinox ushers in warmer weather, days that are longer than nights, and the advent of new life. Christianity adopted this joyful period of the year for the celebration of Easter (which usually falls near the Spring Equinox). Ostara gets its name from the German fertility goddess Ostare; the word Easter derives from the same root. Both holidays celebrate the triumph of life over death.
In an old German story, a rabbit laid some sacred eggs and decorated them as a gift for the fertility goddess Ostare. Ostare liked the beautiful eggs so much that she asked the rabbit to share the eggs with everyone throughout the world.
Some popular Easter customs have their roots in Ostara’s symbolism. Eggs represent the promise of new life, and painting them bright colors engages the creative aspect of the sabbat. You might enjoy decorating eggs with magickal symbols, such as pentagrams and spirals. And rabbits, of course, have long been linked with fertility.
The Holiday’s Significance
The Sun King’s chariot continues climbing higher in the sky, reaching the point at which day and night are of equal length on Ostara. Therefore, this sabbat is associated with balance, equality, and harmony.
The Spring Equinox marks the first day of spring and the start of the busy planting season in agrarian cultures. Farmers till their fields and sow seeds. Trees begin to bud, spring flowers blossom, and baby animals are born. Ostara, therefore, is one of the fertility holidays and a time for planting seeds—literally or figuratively.
Ways to Celebrate
On Ostara, sow seeds that you want to bear fruit in the coming months. This is an ideal time to launch new career ventures, move to a new home, or begin a new relationship. If you’re a gardener, you’ll start preparing the soil and planting flowers, herbs, and/or vegetables now. Consider the magickal properties of botanicals and choose plants that represent your intentions. Even if you aren’t a gardener, you could plant seeds in a flowerpot to symbolize wishes you hope will grow to fruition in the coming months.
Witches connect each plant—herb, flower, and tree—with specific magickal properties. Sage, for example, is used for purification rituals. Mint and parsley can be added to prosperity talismans to attract wealth. White snapdragons insure protection and roses play an important role in love magick.
Excerpted from my book The Everything Wicca and Witchcraft Book, published by Adams Media (see Skye’s Books). Copyrighted material. | <urn:uuid:96122d5b-ce45-47e6-a23a-a596322e22e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://skyealexander.blogspot.com/2010/03/welcome-spring-equinox-or-ostara.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00311-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916352 | 601 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Barack Obama’s AutoPen has signed another four-year extension of three Patriot Act powers, but one silver lining of this week’s lopsided battle over the law is that mainstream papers like The New York Times have finally started to take note of the growing number of senators who have raised an alarm over a “secret interpretation” of Patriot’s “business records” authority (aka Section 215). It would appear to be linked to a “sensitive collection program” referenced by a Justice Department official at hearings during the previous reauthorization debate—one that would be disrupted if 215 orders were restricted to the records of suspected terrorists, their associates, or their “activities” (e.g., large purchases of chemicals used to make bombs). Naturally, lots of people are starting to wonder just what this program, and the secret interpretation of the law that may be associated with it, are all about.
All we can do is speculate, of course: only a handful of legislators and people with top-secret clearances know for sure. But a few of us who closely monitor national security and surveillance issues have come to the same conclusion: it probably involves some form of cellular phone geolocation tracking, potentially on a large scale. The evidence for this is necessarily circumstantial, but I think it’s fairly persuasive when you add it all up.
First, a bit of background. The recent fiery floor speeches from Sens. Wyden and Udall are the first time widespread attention has been drawn to this issue—but it was actually first broached over a year ago, by Sen. Richard Durbin and then-Sen. Russ Feingold, as I point out in my new paper on Patriot surveillance. Back in 2005, language that would have required Section 215 business record orders to pertain to terror suspects, or their associates, or the “activities” of a terror group won the unanimous support of the Senate Judiciary Committee, though was not ultimately included in the final reauthorization bill. Four years later, however, the Justice Department was warning that such a requirement would interfere with that “sensitive collection program.” As Durbin complained at the time:
The real reason for resisting this obvious, common-sense modification of Section 215 is unfortunately cloaked in secrecy. Some day that cloak will be lifted, and future generations will ask whether our actions today meet the test of a democratic society: transparency, accountability, and fidelity to the rule of law and our Constitution.
Those are three pretty broad categories of information—and it should raise a few eyebrows to learn that the Justice Department believes it routinely needs to get information outside its scope for counterterror investigations. Currently, any record asserted to be “relevant” to an investigation (a standard so low it’s barely a standard) is subject to Section 215, and records falling within those three categories enjoy a “presumption of relevance.” That means the judges on the secret Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court lack discretion to evaluate for themselves whether such records are really relevant to an investigation; they must presume their relevance. With that in mind, consider that the most recent report to Congress on the use of these powers shows a record 96 uses of Section 215 in 2010, up from 22 the previous year. Perhaps most surprisingly though, the FISC saw fit to “modify” (which almost certainly means “narrow the scope of”) 42 of those orders. Since the court’s discretion is limited with respect to records of suspected terrorists and their associates, it seems probable that those “modifications” involved applications for orders that sweep more broadly. But why would such records be needed? Hold that thought.
Fast forward to this week. We hear Sen. Wyden warning that “When the American people find out how their government has secretly interpreted the Patriot Act, they will be stunned and they will be angry,” a warning echoed by Sen. Udall. We know that this surprising and disturbing interpretation concerns one of the three provisions that had been slated for sunset. Lone Wolf remains unused, so that’s out, leaving roving wiretaps and Section 215. In the context of remarks by Sens. Feingold and Durbin, and the emphasis recently placed on concerns about Section 215 by Sen. Udall, the business records provision seems like a safe bet. By its explicit terms, that authority is already quite broad: What strained secret interpretation of it could be surprising to both legislators and the general public, but also meet with the approval of the FISC and the Office of Legal Counsel?
For one possible answer, look to the criminal context, where the Department of Justice has developed a novel legal theory, known as the “hybrid theory,” according to which law enforcement may do some types of geolocation tracking of suspects’ cellular phones without obtaining a full-blown probable cause warrant. The “hybrid theory” involves fusing two very different types of surveillance authority. “Pen registers” allow the monitoring, in real time, of the communications “metadata” from phones or other communications devices (phone numbers dialed, IP addresses connected to). For cellular phones, that “metadata” would often make it possible to pinpoint at least approximately—and, increasingly, with a good deal of precision, especially in urban areas—the location of the user. Federal law, however, prohibits carriers from disclosing location information “solely” pursuant to a pen register order. Another type of authority, known as a 2703(d) order, is a bit like Patriot’s business records authority (though only for telecommunications providers), and is used to compel the production of historical (as opposed to real-time/prospective) records, without any exclusion on location information. The Justice Department’s novel theory—which I discussed at a recent Cato event with Sen. Wyden on geolocation tracking—is that by bundling these two authorities in a new kind of combination order, they can do real-time geolocation tracking without the need to obtain a full Fourth Amendment warrant based on probable cause. Many courts have been skeptical of this theory and rejected it—but at least some have gone along with this clever bit of legal origami. Using the broad business records power of Patriot’s Section 215 in a similar way, to enable physical tracking of anyone with a cellphone, would seem to fit the bill, then: certainly surprising and counterintuitive, not what most people think of when we talk about “obtaining business records,” but nevertheless a maneuver with a legal track record of convincing some courts.
Now, consider that Sen. Wyden has also recently developed a concern with the practice of mobile location tracking, which has become so popular that the U.S. Marshall Service, now the federal government’s most prolific (known) user of pen register orders, of which it issued over 6,000 last year, employs the “hybrid theory” to obtain location information by default with each such order. Wyden has introduced legislation that would establish standards for mobile location tracking, which has two surprising and notable feature. First, while the location tracking known to the public all involves criminal investigations subject to the Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA), that’s not where Wyden’s bill makes its primary modifications. Instead, the key amendments are made directly to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act—which language is then incorporated by reference into ECPA. Second, even though one section establishes the “exclusive means” for geolocation tracking, the proposal goes out of its way to additionally modify the FISA pen register provision and the Section 215 business records provision to explicitly prohibit their use to obtain geolocation information—as though there is some special reason to worry about those provisions being used that way, requiring any possible ambiguity to be removed.
Sen. Udall, meanwhile, always uses the same two examples when he talks about his concerns regarding Section 215: he warns about “unfettered” government access to “business records ranging from a cell phone company’s phone records to an individual’s library history,” even when the records relate to people with no connection to terrorism. The reference to libraries is no surprise, because the specter of Section 215 being used to probe people’s reading habits was raised so insistently by librarians that it became common to see it referenced as the “library provision.” The other example is awfully specific though: he singles out cell phone records, even though many types of sensitive phone records can already be obtained without judicial oversight using National Security Letters. But he doesn’t just say “phone records”—it’s cell phone records he’s especially concerned about. And where he talks about “an individual’s” library records, he doesn’t warn about access to “an individual’s” cell phone records, but rather the company’s records. As in, the lot of them.
Tracking the location of suspected terrorists, and perhaps their known associates, might not seem so objectionable—though one could argue whether Section 215’s “relevance” standard was sufficient, or whether a full FISA electronic surveillance warrant (requiring a showing of probable cause) would be a more appropriate tool. But that kind of targeted tracking would not require broad access to records of people unconnected to terror suspects and their known associates, which is hinted at by both Sen. Udall’s remarks and the high rate of modifications imposed on Section 215 orders by the FISA court. Why might that be needed in the course of a geolocation tracking program?
For a possible answer, turn to the “LocInt” or “Location Intelligence” services marketed to U.S. law enforcement and national security clients by the firm TruePosition. Among the capabilities the company boasts for its software (drawn from both its site and a 2008 white paper the company sponsored) are:
● the ability to analyze location intelligence to detect suspicious behavioral patterns,
● the ability to mine historical mobile phone data to detect relationships between people, locations, and events,
● TruePosition LOCINT can mine location data to find out if the geoprofile of a prepaid phone matches the geoprofile of a potential threat and identify it as such, and
● leveraging location intelligence, officials can identify mobile phones of interest that frequently communicate with each other, or are within close proximity, making it easier to identify criminals and their associates. [Emphasis added.]
Certainly one can see how these functions might be useful: terrorists trained in counterintelligence tactics might seek to avoid surveillance, or identification of co-conspirators, by communicating only in person. Calling records would be useless for revealing physical meetings—but location records are another story. What these functions have in common, however, is that like any kind of data mining, they require access to a large pool of data, not just the records of a known suspect. You can find out who your suspect is phoning by looking at his phone records. But if you want to know who he’s in close physical proximity to—with unusual frequency, and most likely alone—you need to sift through everyone’s phone location records, or at any rate a whole lot of them. The interesting thing is, it’s not obvious there’s any legal way to actually do all that: full-fledged electronic surveillance warrants would be a non-starter, since they require probable cause for each target. But clearly the company expects to be able to sell these capabilities to some government entity. The obvious candidate is the FBI, availing itself of the broad authority of Section 215—perhaps in combination with FISA pen registers when the tracking needs to happen in real time.
As a final note of interest, the Office of the Inspector Generals’ reports on National Security Letter contain numerous oblique references to “community of interest [REDACTED]” requests. Traditional “community of interest” analysis means looking at the pattern of communications of not just the primary suspect of an investigation, but their whole social circle—the people the suspect communicates with, and perhaps the people they in turn communicate with, and so on. Apparently the fact that the FBI does this sort of traditional CoI analysis is not considered secret, because that phrase remains unredacted. What, then, could that single omitted word be? One candidate that would fit in the available space is “location” or “geolocation”—meaning either location tracking of people called by the suspect or perhaps the use of location records to build a suspect’s “community of interest” by “identify[ing] mobile phones…within close proximity” to the suspects. The Inspector General reports cover the first few years following passage of the Patriot Act, before an opinion from the Office of Legal Counsel held that NSLs could not properly be used to obtain the full range of communications metadata the FBI had been getting under them. If NSLs had been used for location-tracking information prior to that 2008 opinion, it would likely have been necessary to rely on Section 215 past that point, which would fit the timeline.
Is all of that conclusive? Of course not; again, this is speculation. But a lot of data points fit, and it would be quite surprising if the geolocation capabilities increasingly being called upon for criminal investigations were not being used for intelligence purposes. If they are, Section 215 is the natural mechanism.
Even if I’m completely wrong, however, the larger point remains: while intelligence operations must remain secret, a free and democratic society is not supposed to be governed by secret laws—and substantive judicial interpretations are no less a part of “the law” than the text of statutes. Whatever power the government has arrogated to itself by an “innovative” interpretation of the Patriot Act, it should be up to a free citizenry to consider the case for it, determine whether it is so vital to security to justify the intrusion on privacy, and hold their representatives accountable accordingly. Instead, Congress has essential voted blind—reauthorizing powers that even legislators, let alone the public, do not truly understand. Whether it’s location tracking or something else, this is fundamentally incompatible with the preconditions of both democracy and a free society. | <urn:uuid:a50a97c8-fb43-454f-9826-63d0adcf1844> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.cato.org/blog/atlas-bugged-why-secret-law-patriot-act-probably-about-location-tracking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00044-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95255 | 2,993 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Definitions for to date
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word to date
up to now, to date(adverb)
prior to the present time
"no suspect has been found to date"
Until now; until the present time.
The numerical value of to date in Chaldean Numerology is: 7
The numerical value of to date in Pythagorean Numerology is: 2
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
Images & Illustrations of to date
Translations for to date
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for to date »
Find a translation for the to date definition in other languages:
Select another language: | <urn:uuid:a60e0391-adca-480a-801e-bfa99f91490e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.definitions.net/definition/to%20date | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00142-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.773578 | 145 | 1.96875 | 2 |
I was reading an old article in Rolling Stone magazine about Steve Jobs the other day and was surprised to find out that from an early age on Steve was convinced that he would die young. It was something he talked about as early as 17 years old and it gave his life an urgency that many people are missing.
Steve Jobs wanted to live now. He knew that life was fleeting.
The question I have for you today is this: Are you doing what you love today?
Are you living your best life now? If not, what is your plan to make it happen? Where do you want to go and what steps are you taking to get there?
A dream is a dream until you make it real. It doesn’t just happen. Your best life won’t just show up. You have to design it, believe in it and realize it.
If you are serious about living a full life, one that shakes you up, that makes you better and that brings you alive, you have to go after it. Otherwise, if you are waiting for nothing, nothing will show up.
So, tell me, what do you want in life? And what are you doing today and tomorrow to get it?
I’d love to find out – speaking your dream will start to make it real for you.
As always, thank you for reading.
“Make the most of yourself, for that is all there is to you.” –Ralph Waldo Emerson | <urn:uuid:5766737b-8935-4479-beca-d5cfed77904e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://karinlehmann.com/your-best-life-wont-just-happen-one-day | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.984224 | 312 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Sounds like a dumb question. But hold on. Last week an article from The Atlantic showed up in my Facebook newsfeed. It linked to a video by Paul Bloom from Yale called “Against Empathy.” Rather than empathy, Bloom argues for “effective altruism” – a rational assessment of the big picture.
He begins provocatively by saying that “empathy is fundamentally from a moral standpoint a bad thing. It makes the world worse.” Bloom claims that empathy blinds us to the long-term consequences of our actions. For example, many people care more about a baby stuck in a well than they do about global warming.
by Dave DuBay | <urn:uuid:d4e1d123-ec44-4444-853f-4d45dcaab4c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.restorative-communication.com/is-empathy-a-bad-thing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.909261 | 141 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Therma 1, 3 & Elite industrial thermometers with interchangeable thermocouple probes.
Warning: Last items in stock!
The Therma 1, 3 and Elite digital thermometers are rugged and easy to use instruments that operate through the range of -100 to 1370 °C with a 0.1 °C or 1 °C resolution (dependent on model - see specification table below). The thermometers are housed in a robust ABS case that contains 'Biomaster' additive that helps to reduce bacterial growth.
The Therma 1 and Therma 3 feature large, easy to read, LCD displays with open circuit 'Err' and low battery indication. Each thermometer is powered by three 1.5 volt AAA batteries that gives a minimum of five years battery life. The units will power off automatically after ten minutes, maximising battery life. This feature can be disabled by the user, if required.
ETI offers an extensive range of interchangeable thermocouple type K probes for a variety of different applications. The Therma 1 is priced excluding probe. For full details of the thermocouple type K probes available click here.
The Therma Elite incorporates all the features of a Therma 1 thermometer, but with the addition of a backlit display, max/min memory function and a mode button for the selection of 0.1/1 °C/°F. The thermometer also incorporates a calibration trim function (±2 °C) which allows users to compensate for thermocouple probe errors.
Add a probe:
The 830-251 protective silicone boot - the Therma series is splashproof to IP64 when used in conjunction with this protective boot. The 832-050 wall-mounted thermometer holder stores the thermometer safely when not in use (screws not supplied).
Biomaster antimicrobial technology is incorporated in the majority ETI products during the manufacturing process, ensuring lifelong protection against the risk of bacterial cross contamination. As well as being harmful to health, outbreaks of food poisoning can damage brands, and the reputation of stores, food producers and restaurants.
The risk of food-borne contamination is widespread, existing in restaurants, bars, hotels, supermarkets, hospitals, schools, aircraft, cruise ships and your home. Anywhere where food is made, prepared or eaten.
Biomaster treated products have been proven to reduce the growth of food borne bacteria such as E.Coli, Salmonella and Campylobacter by up to 99.99%, so by choosing an ETI product with Biomaster additive, you are protected 24 hours a day, every day.
Biomaster Antimicrobial Technology is the leading range of safe, effective and permanent additives for the control of harmful bacteria, making any surface cleaner and more hygienic for its entire lifetime.
Proven to quickly reduce bacteria by up to 99.99% Biomaster is an effective means of reducing the growth of MRSA, E.Coli, Salmonella Campylobacter, Legionella and over 50 other species.
Incorporated into the body material of your ETI product, Biomaster becomes an integral part of it, providing durable, lifelong protection against the threat of cross contamination.
The active ingredient in Biomaster is silver. Silver has been used in its pure form for many centuries to prevent the growth of bacteria.
Incredibly durable, long lasting and highly active, when Biomaster is added during manufacture it is dispersed throughout the product casing, will not wash off and will last for its entire lifetime. Biomaster provides antimicrobial protection without allowing bacteria to develop resistance.
Silver ions bind to the cell surface;
This disrupts the cell and prevents cell growth.
The silver ions are attracted to the Thiol groups in the cell enzymes;
This prevents the bacterium producing energy.
Silver ions interrupt the cell DNA;
This prevents DNA replication and new cell formation.
The Biomaster 3 stage mode of action does not allow bacteria cells to develop resistance, making Biomaster future proof and highly resistant against antibiotic resistant species such as MRSA. | <urn:uuid:69576978-52ad-4edc-b8ad-cec5c86854c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://thermometer.co.uk/industrial-thermometers/920-therma-industrial-thermometers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00309-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893884 | 844 | 1.570313 | 2 |
The men and women of our armed forces are required to be always ready for the threats this nation faces. In the north of Alaska at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, the US Army is preparing our forces for winter warfare.
The reason is that the likelihood of an arctic conflict is increasing.
The base is also moving to bring in a flexible winter fighting component which they believe will be more suited to future winter wars than the current Stryker Brigade.
Secretary of the Army Christine Wormuth said it’s all about being able to operate in “extreme” low temperatures and be ready to fight in the coldest parts of Europe or the “Indo-Pacific.”
Here’s why this matters…
Building ‘Arctic-Capable’ Soldiers
As Wormuth emphasized, bases like Elmendorf want soldiers who are fully “Arctic-capable” and can stand up to increasing threats in the region from Russia and China.
There continues to be the chance of serious naval incursions from Moscow and Beijing. The problem is America doesn’t have as many troops who are fully trained up in winter warfare and ready for this kind of threat.
We also need troops who are ready for deployment in very cold areas, including in eastern Europe or Asia.
Russia has been building its troop presence in northern regions and areas it controls. China is also training up troops for winter combat.
With the war in Ukraine still raging, Finland and Sweden are also planning to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Russian leader Vladimir Putin said this will result in Russia dropping nuclear bombs on Europe.
The point is this: serious winter war could be coming in the very near future.
A U.S. Army soldier died after sustaining injuries in a bear attack Tuesday at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson in Alaska. https://t.co/oKb8Uf6PID
— World News Tonight (@ABCWorldNews) May 11, 2022
Meet the 11th Airborne
The replacement of the Stryker units and Elmendorf’s 4th Infantry Brigade will form together to form the 11th Airborne.
They will be based in Alaska; the unit will include new and more mobile vehicles than Strykers which can navigate winter landscapes more quickly.
There will also be more and more training going on to get troops specialized in winter warfare and ready for future conflicts that could arise.
Currently, Exercise Red Flag Alaska 22-1 is also going on from Elmendorf, as well.
Personnel from No. 47 Squadron, have been training with coalition partners on Exercise Red Flag Alaska 22-1.
Four crews with a single C-130J Hercules have deployed from RAF Brize Norton to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Anchorage.
— RAF Brize Norton (@RAFBrizeNorton) May 12, 2022
Owning the Arctic
The threats America faces are very real. It’s important for our geostrategic security that we have a firm grasp on the Arctic and security there.
It is good our troops at Elmendorf and other northern bases are focusing on the threats of the future and getting ready for any situation or deployment that could arise. The more versatile we are, the better.
Weak countries like Canada are not going to do much to protect their pieces of the far north. This is why America needs to step in and be the strong leader in these regions. | <urn:uuid:ce84e89c-f895-4009-a258-179e06159a2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mainstpress.com/us-army-preps-troops-for-arctic-warfare/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.943477 | 728 | 1.75 | 2 |
On September 7, a major new front opened up in the campaign for Proposition 19, the ballot measure to tax and regulate marijuana in California. On that day, the California Beer and Beverage Distributors made a $10,000 contribution to a committee opposing Proposition 19.
In response, MPP issued the following statement by Steve Fox, director of government relations for the MPP and co-author of Marijuana is Safer: So why are we driving people to drink?:
“Unless the beer distributors in California have suddenly developed a philosophical opposition to the use of intoxicating substances, the motivation behind this contribution is clear,” Fox said. “Plain and simple, the alcohol industry is trying to kill the competition. They know that marijuana is less addictive, less toxic and less likely to be associated with violent behavior than alcohol. So they don’t want adults to have the option of using marijuana legally instead of alcohol. Their mission is to drive people to drink.”
The alcohol industry is now working hand-in-hand with the law enforcement community to keep marijuana illegal. For example, the California Police Chiefs Association has given at least $30,000 to the “No on Proposition 19” campaign, while the California Narcotics Officers’ Association has chipped in $20,500 of its own. This partnership underscores the hypocrisy among law enforcement officials opposed to Prop. 19.
“Members of law enforcement have argued against Proposition 19 by asserting, ‘We have enough problems with alcohol, we don’t need to add another intoxicating substance to the mix,’ implying that marijuana is just as bad as alcohol,” Fox continued. “But the truth is that a legal marijuana market would not add another dangerous intoxicant to the mix; rather it would provide adults with a less harmful legal alternative to alcohol.”
“In their campaign to defeat Proposition 19, members of law enforcement and the alcohol industry have joined together under an umbrella group calling themselves ‘Public Safety First.’ Sadly, by fighting to keep marijuana illegal and steering adults toward alcohol instead, they are putting public safety last,” said Fox. | <urn:uuid:8e1d5dd3-669d-437f-9dde-9d0cfe3faedd> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://blog.mpp.org/tag/steve-fox/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00489-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958096 | 446 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Micro ultrasonic machining (micro-USM) is an unconventional micromachining technology that has capability to fabricate high aspect ratio micro-holes, intricate shapes and features on various hard and brittle materials. The material removal in USM is based on brittle fracture of work materials. The mechanical properties and fracture behaviour are different for varied hard and brittle materials, which would make a big difference in the processing capability of micro-USM. To study the processing capability of USM and exploit its potential, the material removal of work materials, wear of abrasive particles and wear of machining tools in USM of three typical hard and brittle materials including float glass, alumina, and silicon carbide were investigated in this work. Both smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations and verification experiments were conducted. The material removal rate is found to decrease in the order of glass, alumina, and silicon carbide, which can be well explained by the simulation results that cracking of glass is faster and larger compared to the other materials. Correspondingly, the tool wear rate also dropped significantly thanks to the faster material removal, and a formation of concavity on the tool tip center due to intensive wear was prevented. The SPH model is proved useful for studying USM of different hard and brittle materials, and capable of predicting the machining performance.
|Number of pages||11|
|Publication status||Published - 2020 May|
- Hard and brittle materials
- Processing capability
- Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH)
- Ultrasonic machining (USM)
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:5ea2ece1-1e52-4c59-b6f3-614acebd714c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tohoku.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/processing-capabilities-of-micro-ultrasonic-machining-for-hard-an | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.919179 | 390 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Jinkang Disinfectant Powder
White powder, with SDIC as its main active component. It can eliminate Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coll, Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, and can kill the hepatitis virus.
Jinkang Disinfectant Fizzy Tablet
White tablet, with TCCA as its main active component .It is usually used to disinfect the surface ,nonmetal tatleware, white clothes and drinking water.
Non-Phosphorus Chlorinated Bleach Powder
It is made of high-efficience bleacher, and can bleach the fabric, in the meantime of sterilization and deodorization. | <urn:uuid:d332daf7-0dfe-467f-9ffe-53a84c61d298> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.hellotrade.com/hebei-jiheng-chemical-company/product.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00433-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.858005 | 143 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Scrabble word: COMMENTATOR
In which Scrabble dictionary does COMMENTATOR exist?
Definitions of COMMENTATOR in dictionaries:
- noun - an expert who observes and comments on something
- noun - a writer who reports and analyzes events of the day
- A broadcaster or writer who reports and analyzes events in the news.
- One who writes or delivers a commentary or commentaries.
There are 11 letters in COMMENTATOR: A C E M M N O O R T T
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to COMMENTATOR
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word COMMENTATOR plus a wildcard: COMMENTATOR?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word COMMENTATOR
11 letter words
8 letter words
7 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for COMMENTATOR
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players. | <urn:uuid:ae8a3db6-6403-4a1c-8b05-8db31f9a25ca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.anagrammer.com/scrabble/commentator | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00057-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.889612 | 325 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Ever wanted to make an FPS? Well with 3drad you can make an awesome FPS easily. This tutorial will show you the basics of making an FPS.
Before i start make sure you have the latest version of 3drad. you can download it at: 3drad.com
In this tutorial i'm going to show you how to get your map set up and how to add a player and skybox.you can either read or Download the prodject.
Here are the steps in words.
1. Goto Object then add and add a GForce object
2. Goto Object then add and add a Floor (use RigidBody or Terrain)
3. Add some elements (Skybox, Trees, rocks ect)
4. Add your Player (Object\Add\Cam1stPerson)
5. Check your Player to the G-force object and the floor object
6. Test your game by pressing space.
Here is the Project: | <urn:uuid:1275df7c-f450-4c42-a41e-32380d4b13d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.moddb.com/engines/3d-rad/tutorials/3drad-fps-basics-tutorial-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00047-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.792225 | 202 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Pizza retailer Domino's has partnered with drone delivery company Flirtey to bring its products to New Zealand customers via remote-piloted aircraft.
The retailer today said it had today conducted a demonstration of its proposed drone delivery service in Auckland under the watchful eye of the country's Civil Aviation Authority and its transport minister Simon Bridges.
New Zealand's unmanned aircraft regulations allow operators to fly approved drones weighing between 15kg and 25kg in daylight, within line of sight and under 120 metres in height, among other restrictions.
Domino's said today's demonstration marked the final step in Flirtey's CAA approval process, allowing the pair to proceed to a trial of drone deliveries from one selected store to customers' doors after daylight savings commences in the country from September 25.
“With the increased number of deliveries we make each year, we were faced with the challenge of ensuring our delivery times continue to decrease and that we strive to offer our customers new and progressive ways of ordering from us," Domino's CEO Don Meij said in a statement.
“What drones allow us to do is to extend that delivery area by removing barriers such as traffic and access, as well as offering a much faster, safer delivery option, which means we can deliver further afield than we currently do to our rural customers while reaching our urban customers in a much more efficient time.”
It plans to extend the "dimensions, weight and distance" of the drone-based deliveries based on customer feedback from the trial.
Domino's said it was looking at how it could also bring drone deliveries to markets including Australia, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Japan, and Germany.
In Australia, drone operators are only allowed to fly aircraft weighing under 2kg commercially without a licence after new rules - which will come into effect on September 29 - were introduced by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority earlier this year.
Domino's is also working through regulatory hurdles in Australia to bring its DRU delivery robot into production. | <urn:uuid:18cc7b56-e58e-4c2b-8d4a-8b00338d5630> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.itnews.com.au/news/dominos-to-use-drones-to-deliver-pizzas-434987 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00183-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970447 | 413 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Google today launched Chrome 47 for Windows, Mac, and Linux with cooperative multitasking, automatic dismissal of desktop notifications, security improvements, and new developer features. It also removes the desktop notification center. You can update to the latest version now using the browser’s built-in silent updater or download it directly from google.com/chrome.
Chrome is arguably more than a browser: With over 1 billion users, it’s a major platform that web developers have to consider. In fact, with its regular additions and changes, developers have to keep up to ensure they are taking advantage of everything available.
First up, Google has removed the desktop notification center from Chrome. The company announced these plans last month.
The notification center started showing up in 2013, largely with the goal of supporting Google Now for the desktop. It even worked when Chrome was closed, because Google wanted to help users keep track of notifications, especially so they could catch up on information that apps and extensions had sent while they were away. But many Chrome users (myself included) made a point of disabling the notification center immediately. Having the browser bother you outside the browser was simply annoying.
If you’re a developer, you’ll want to read the new notifications documentation, which reflects changes that affect Chrome apps and extensions. In short, notifications sent solely to the notification center will now result in an error, and API events tied to the notification center will no longer work. All other notifications will continue to function, no changes required.
In fact, Chrome now allows developers to configure automatic dismissal of desktop notifications. Sites can set NotificationOptions.requireInteraction to indicate that the notification should remain onscreen until the user dismisses it. Google added push notifications in Chrome 42, and now, for sites that generate a large number of push notifications and take over your screen, it’s cleaning up the experience.
Developers can now also explicitly set work to run during idle time using requestIdleCallback(). Functions registered with requestIdleCallback() are given a deadline and can return before that limit is reached, registering for another requestIdleCallback() to continue work during the next idle period.
In other words, developers no longer have to guess when performance-critical tasks like rendering will finish and use timers to schedule around them. Such estimates, of course, are never guaranteed, given that the time necessary to complete some events (like scrolling) simply cannot be predicted.
As always, Google Developers explains the latest browser features in a nerdy video with code examples:
Other developer features in this release include:
- Array.prototype.includes() simplifies the syntax for checking array membership.
- The rest parameters syntax allows functions with an indefinite number of arguments to be called using arrays.
- Cache.matchAll() simplifies bulk searching of the cache and removes the need for polyfills.
- RequestInit.referrer allows requests captured by service workers to match the original referrer.
- The new Navigator.MediaDevices interface allows developers to enumerate connected media devices such as audio output.
- Updated values for request properties in navigation FetchEvents offer improved spec compliance.
- MouseEvent.getModifierState() makes input processing more powerful and consistent across MouseEvent and KeyboardEvent.
- Developers can now more accurately detect input device capabilities using UIEvent.sourceCapabilities and InputDeviceCapabilities.firesTouchEvents.
- Several SVG methods have been removed, including pixel conversions and hasExtension() methods on several elements.
- Prefixed encrypted media extensions are now disabled in favor of unprefixed EMEs, which have more capabilities and conform to the spec.
- Chrome no longer highlights the gaps between content when painting selections.
Chrome 47 also includes 41 security fixes, of which Google chose to highlight the following:
- [$10000] Critical CVE-2015-6765: Use-after-free in AppCache. Credit to anonymous.
- [$11337] High CVE-2015-6766: Use-after-free in AppCache. Credit to anonymous.
- [$10000] High CVE-2015-6767: Use-after-free in AppCache. Credit to anonymous.
- [$8000] High CVE-2015-6768: Cross-origin bypass in DOM. Credit to Mariusz Mlynski.
- [$7500] High CVE-2015-6769: Cross-origin bypass in core. Credit to Mariusz Mlynski.
- [$7500] High CVE-2015-6770: Cross-origin bypass in DOM. Credit to Mariusz Mlynski.
- [$7500] High CVE-2015-6771: Out of bounds access in v8. Credit to anonymous.
- [$7500] High CVE-2015-6772: Cross-origin bypass in DOM. Credit to Mariusz Mlynski.
- [$7500] High CVE-2015-6764: Out of bounds access in v8. Credit to Guang Gong of Qihoo 360 via pwn2own.
- [$5000] High CVE-2015-6773: Out of bounds access in Skia. Credit to cloudfuzzer.
- [$5000] High CVE-2015-6774: Use-after-free in Extensions. Credit to anonymous.
- [$3500] High CVE-2015-6775: Type confusion in PDFium. Credit to Atte Kettunen of OUSPG.
- [$3000] High CVE-2015-6776: Out of bounds access in PDFium. Credit to Hanno Böck.
- [$3000] High CVE-2015-6777: Use-after-free in DOM. Credit to Long Liu of Qihoo 360Vulcan Team.
- [$2000] Medium CVE-2015-6778: Out of bounds access in PDFium. Credit to Karl Skomski.
- [$2000] Medium CVE-2015-6779: Scheme bypass in PDFium. Credit to Ullrich Tiljasper.
- [$1000] Medium CVE-2015-6780: Use-after-free in Infobars. Credit to Khalil Zhani.
- [$1000] Medium CVE-2015-6781: Integer overflow in Sfntly. Credit to miaubiz.
- [$1000] Medium CVE-2015-6782: Content spoofing in Omnibox. Credit to Luan Herrera.
- [$1000] Medium CVE-2015-6783: Signature validation issue in Android Crazy Linker. Credit to Michal Bednarski.
- [$500] Low CVE-2015-6784: Escaping issue in saved pages. Credit to Inti De Ceukelaire.
- [$500] Low CVE-2015-6785: Wildcard matching issue in CSP. Credit to email@example.com.
- [$500] Low CVE-2015-6786: Scheme bypass in CSP. Credit to firstname.lastname@example.org.
- CVE-2015-6787: Various fixes from internal audits, fuzzing and other initiatives.
- Multiple vulnerabilities in V8 fixed at the tip of the 4.7 branch (currently 18.104.22.168).
If you add all those up, you’ll see Google spent a massive $105,837 in bug bounties for this release (and there are additional bounties that still don’t have a reward amount set). The security improvements alone should be enough incentive for you to upgrade to Chrome 47.
Chrome 47 for Android is also coming soon, featuring splash screens, and we’ll update you when it’s live.
The biggest change is the addition of splash screens. When not abused, they can allow apps to show something meaningful to users as the app loads, which in turn improves perceived performance.
Chrome for Android brings splash screens to web apps when a site is launched from the Android home screen. The splash screen is shown immediately, even while Chrome itself is loading, and developers can customize it by setting a name, icon, background color, and notification bar color in the web app manifest. Once the web app begins to draw to the screen, the splash screen disappears. | <urn:uuid:8ea3c84d-c1cd-4284-81fb-f9cac50d375f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/01/chrome-47-brings-new-developer-features-over-100000-in-security-fixes-and-removes-the-notification-center/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721278.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00147-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842041 | 1,755 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Patients that have received terminal diagnoses, such as cancer, frequently worry about end-of-life care and options. An option that is becoming permitted in states such as Oregon, Washington, Vermont, Colorado, California, Hawaii, Maine and New Jersey is physician assisted suicide or Medical Aid in Dying (MAID). Physicians and patients in Massachusetts are challenging their right to be able to use this practice as an option of end-of-life care in Kliger v. Healey.
What are current options that terminally ill patients currently have?
The most common option the terminally ill have are to be administered strong narcotics that are provided to help with pain and suffering, but have side effects of deceased mental alertness, and are not always strong enough.
When relieving the pain with narcotics is not effective, there is a process available called “terminal sedation,” or “palliative sedation,” where the patient is sedated to unconsciousness and the physician withholds hydration and nutrition to hasten their death. This practice is legal and accepted in the state of Massachusetts.
The withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment is not considered “suicide” under current Massachusetts law and physicians who offer this treatment cannot be charged with manslaughter. The petitioners in the case draw comparisons to this practice and MAID, arguing that MAID should be protected as well.
How does MAID work?
The first step in MAID would be describing MAID as an end-of-life care option to the patient by the physician. The Massachusetts appeals court ruled that barring a physician to discuss these options with their patients would violate the right to freedom of speech under the First Amendment because it impedes a doctor’s ability to discuss medically appropriate end-of-life treatment options.
The next step in MAID would be for a doctor to write the prescription for the patient who elects to have MAID as an option for their care. The patient must have been given a timeline of 6 months or less to be eligible. The doctor has the ability to refuse writing the prescription of the patient if they believe the patient had “suicidal tendencies,” because the patient would, therefore, not apply for MAID. A patient must be competent to qualify for MAID, and this includes mental health evaluation. In Colorado, the law requires the physician refers the patient to another doctor for a second opinion before prescribing the medication.
The final step in MAID would be the patient filling and self-administering the prescription. The physician does not administer the medication, and the patient must do it themselves. Many patients chose not to fill the prescription, but have the peace of mind knowing that is an option for themselves.
So, can a physician be charged with manslaughter for writing a prescription for a terminally ill patient under MAID?
As of right now, no physicians have been charged with manslaughter for prescribing a medication under MAID, but the Massachusetts Appeals Court ruled that a physician could be. The petitioners in the case going up to the SJC are arguing that physicians should be protected from these charges. Hopefully the Supreme Judicial Court finds for the petitioner and expands on end-of-life options for terminally ill patients. | <urn:uuid:6e2a4f37-7565-463e-8cb1-dd3f9cc1f3eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.delsignoredefense.com/blog/massachusetts-sjc-to-decide-assisted-suicide-case-of-kliger-v-healey/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.953686 | 668 | 2.015625 | 2 |
The Sound Of Success
How artist-entrepreneurs keep Georgia’s $3.8-billion music industry going
Multi-talented: David Barbe, singer, musician and director of UGA’s music business certificate program
There are blessed ancestral notes swimming in J Wunder’s blood, and they fly out in a blazing sonic frenzy, out through his fingers, through his steel guitar, diving into fortunate ears, into the hearts and souls of the people, spreading like a communicable cure, a sacramental journey at the speed of sound under the Harvest Moon.
“This is what it must have felt like to see Jimi Hendrix for the first time, before he got famous,” she says, a woman in the crowd, her hands cupped around my ear for clarity. I didn’t know her, but she was being sincere.
Several things occur to me as she blends back into her group. She definitely was born long after Hendrix died, her analogy was appropriate, and I’ll probably steal her line to describe what it was like that late September night at the Sautee Jamboree. Like seeing Hendrix.
The first people to see Hendrix, as we remember him, witnessed the big bang of the electric guitar universe, something unseen before; and those of us who have seen J Wunder (Aubrey Ghent Jr., who mostly goes by AJ Ghent) know that he is exploring uncharted places with his eight-string instrument.
Ghent is the modern version of something old, heir apparent in the first family of sacred steel, descended from the inventors of a genre he is now redefining. He’s a recent addition to Georgia’s rich, wide-ranging musical heritage, an artist-entrepreneur – an active participant in the state’s multi-billion-dollar music industry.
Georgia’s music industry has a total economic impact of about $3.8 billion, according to a study released last year by Georgia Music Partners (GMP), a nonprofit coalition that promotes the industry’s growth and interests. The study, based on 2009 figures, estimates there are tax and other revenues of about $314 million for state and local governments.
Some 20,000 people connected in some way to the music industry earn about $900 million, most of them people you’ve never heard of, artists and dreamers looking to make a living even as the global music industry struggles through an atonal chaos.
“Smart, creative people are always going to have something to do, and there are a zillion entrepreneurial opportunities out there,” says David Barbe, director of the University of Georgia’s Music Business Certificate Program.
“For example, there is a tremendous surge in music festivals. You can’t find a weekend on the calendar where there isn’t a music festival somewhere. And when you look at how much work, how many different jobs, go into putting one together, you see opportunities everywhere. Merchandising has taken off.
“Patterson Hood [of the Athens-based Drive-By Truckers] was quoted, ‘I’m not in the record business. I’m in the T-shirt business.’ It’s an overstatement and funny, but his point was, there’s a tremendous uptick in these ancillary music streams in music, even if the money isn’t primarily being made in selling plastic disks in plastic boxes any more.”
According to the economic study, revenues from recorded music (CDs, records) peaked at about $45 billion in 1997. The digital wave – music available by the click of a mouse – has helped pull the figure down sharply (it was $25 billion and sinking by 2007).
The technology is constantly evolving, creating a roving definition of what the music industry is. Old business models that dominated the 20th century, in which the labels, the publishers, the producers and the promoters held sway, are decomposing.
It’s A Living
The center of the emerging music model, according to the GMP report, is the artist.
That may still be news to practicing artists, most of them balancing their creative idealism with road-weary realism, striving for a measure of success in the business, however they describe success.
“Yeah, every year I tell myself, ‘Another year down, and you’re still not working at McDonald’s,’” says DeDe Vogt, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist who earned a gold record playing bass for the Indigo Girls. She stays busy playing club gigs, working as a booking manager for Roxie Watson, an Atlanta-based all-female string band, and giving music lessons, “teaching 13-year-old boys the evils of rock and roll.”
She’s making a living doing what she loves, without having to schlep burgers, so it smells like success. Then again, it’s not as if she, or many of her fellow artists, has a real choice.
“It’s like there’s a gun at my back. I can’t escape it. I’ve got to do this. It isn’t a choice,” says Col. Bruce Hampton, who has been doing this for about 50 years and is the major influence in the improvisation-laced jam rock genre, a bandleader who has a decades-old reputation for showcasing world-class – often up-and-coming – artists who thrive in his surreal, free-form musical boot-camp. Then they move onto bigger gigs. Artists like Ghent, who is fronting Hampton’s current band project, Pharaoh’s Kitchen.
Hampton, the subject of a film documentary, Basically Frightened: The Musical Madness of Col. Bruce Hampton, hires great artists willing to take chances, musicians for whom playing is more of an addiction than a career choice.
“My dad has been in music since 1942,” UGA’s Barbe says. “And he has a saying: ‘Music is not a calling, it’s an affliction.’ There are so many great artists who have to find something other than being the next Mick Jagger to make a living. So they work in music stores, give lessons, stay involved in music any way they can, and it isn’t easy. It takes a lot of work and devotion.
“But it’s a tremendous feeling to realize your creative passion is paying your freight.”
Barbe has been paying his freight through creative work for decades, and in recent years has been teaching a new generation how to find work in the tunes business.
“We’re expanding in all directions, in the number of students and the breadth of our course offerings,” says Barbe, a songwriter, musician, producer and engineer who came to Athens in 1981 to study journalism, then got sucked into the Athens music scene.
“When I started with the music business program two years ago, we had about 125 seats filled in two classes. This semester, we’re at about 340 in six classes,” he says. “The program is thriving, the students are exciting, creative, interesting, and it’s my privilege to teach them.”
Barbe, a singer, guitarist and bassist, still performs and has paid dues as a solo artist and in a number of bands, including Sugar, Mercyland and Buzz Hungry. Early on, he got interested in the recording side and landed a job at John Keane’s studio, assisting on a number of projects, with bands like R.E.M. and Widespread Panic.
He opened his recording studio, Chase Park Transduction, with partners in 1997 and has recorded almost every Drive-By Truckers album and serves a Who’s Who client list. So Barbe brings deep real-world knowledge and experience to the teaching job, and he expects to keep rolling on both tracks.
“I will have a double-pronged career for a long time going forward,” he says. His fellow instructors in the UGA program – David Lowery and Tom Lewis – also work at Chase Park, which Barbe describes as “a grim-looking place from the outside, and we like it that way.”
They built it themselves, a bunch of artist entrepreneurs, in an innocuous warehouse by a water tower, “and the last thing we wanted was to make it look like we’re doing something interesting inside. The great studios of the world aren’t flashy. All the important stuff goes on inside, just like a human being.”
The UGA program offers well-rounded exposure to music business fundamentals, the economics and finance of music, entertainment law, marketing, production. Last summer, they placed 32 students in internships all over the country.
The program isn’t designed to make new artists, but anyone who wants to be an artist, says Barbe, “should understand how the money works.”
Hampton believes that any artist committed enough or crazy enough should be prepared for a potentially rough fiscal ride. “It’s a ruthless business, and most musicians I know will say, ‘Give me $40 and a taco, and I’ll do it.’ At some point, you’ve got to learn to say no.”
On the other hand, Hampton, Barbe and pretty much anyone who has paid their way with a guitar or a horn or a drum kit or their voice knows that sometimes you’ve got to take the taco and make the gig on time if you want to last.
“There’s a lot to be said for having a true desire to pursue your art, your life’s work, a lot to be said for who wants it the worst,” Barbe says. “If an artist doesn’t want to play on a Tuesday night in Columbus, don’t worry, somebody else will do it. The people that survive at this stuff are the people that have to do it.”
In other words, the people with guns at their backs.
Setting The Table
Terry Reeves Martin grew up in a musical family, singing the Gospel, her father a minister of music. She went to every concert she could – “when I saw The Allman Brothers for the first time, my eyes were opened, my heart was opened, my soul was opened,” she says.
She started booking gigs for a friend’s band, did some marketing and promotional work, and eventually left her job at the law firm of King and Spalding to start her own booking agency, Music Matters Entertainment. On a cool September evening, Martin was backstage at Chastain Park watching her latest project – the Capricorn Experience – take shape.
Classic Southern rockers like Wet Willie, Cowboy, Chuck Leavell and Randall Bramblett – stars from the old Capricorn Records’ lineup – were joined by Bruce Hampton and maybe 1,500 fans, not a great turnout.
“People don’t come out to the shows like they used to,” Martin says. “But as a fan, I stood back and thought, ‘Damn, I’d buy a $30 ticket to that show all day long.’”
The importance of touring and live shows has increased with the decline in revenues from recordings, and as Barbe observes, the number of festivals seems to keep growing. Poor economic conditions haven’t helped ticket sales, but the true disciples still work the landscape.
A few weeks after the Capricorn Experience, Martin was stage-side in Sautee, watching one of her clients, Tommy Talton, a brilliant guitarist with a soaring singing voice, who fronted Cowboy and has stayed busy recording and hitting the road for decades.
The Sautee Jamboree is seven years old and has become something of a mini music model – a small and diverse sampling of Southern sounds, featuring through the years artists like the Indigo Girls, Michelle Malone, Wet Willie, Hampton (in several incarnations), etc., on an outdoor stage in a Northeast Georgia mountain valley.
“This is absolutely one of the best events I go to every year – the second best music festival in Georgia,” says Martin, who insists that her event, the Hoopee Jam (May 3-4 in Norristown) is the best.
Sautee’s is a two-day festival with camping, an antidote to the mega-festivals that draw tens of thousands, nose to nose. A typical crowd in Sautee is under 500. Yet it manages to be communal without being overly commercial – the shakedown is pretty small, a few artists selling their wares, some T-shirts, CDs and band merchandise, beer, coffee, grilled food. There are probably hundreds like it across the country.
The 2012 Jamboree had its typical mix of regional and national touring artists, like Yarn, an alt-bluegrass band out of Brooklyn with a loyal following called the Yarmy; The Corduroy Road, an Athens-based Americana outfit, and AJ Ghent, plus some well-travelled musicians with deep roots in American music, like Talton, Caroline Aiken, The Mosiers Brothers, Hamp-ton and the headliner, Grammy-winner Peter Rowan. Most of them are paying their freight through creative work, but some still have to hold down other jobs.
“We’ve been in and out of music full time or part time for a number of years,” says Drew Carman, lead singer, banjo and guitar player for The Corduroy Road. He designs cemeteries in his spare time as owner of a landscape architect company. Lead guitarist Matt Dyson is a welder. Bass player Elijah NeeSmith and fiddler Russell McCumber work at a Montessori school, and drummer Garrett Chism works in an outdoor center.
“The goal is always to play full time,” Carman says. “It’s a huge challenge to be working in a band while also working 40 hours a week at a day job.”
The band is getting plenty of gigs lately, good airplay on roots music radio, losing a lot of sleep. Carman isn’t sure how long they can keep up the pace.
Meanwhile, AJ Ghent seems to be finding his. But he was born into a music life.
His great uncle, Willie Eason, bas-ically invented the sacred steel style in the Pentecostal church, blowing away congregants and audiences 70 years ago when he took a Hawaiian-music staple, the steel guitar, and made it sound like a woman’s unearthly voice singing praise to heaven. Ghent’s grandfather, Henry Nelson, took the art form a step beyond, spreading the word for 50 years, teaching or inspiring some of the greatest virtuosos, like Robert Randolph (the most famous steel player today).
Nelson’s son, Aubrey Ghent (AJ’s father) has preserved the Gospel tradition for a wide audience. And now there’s AJ, who moved to Atlanta earlier this year from his family’s Florida home.
“I felt like it was my turn, to take what my great uncle and grandfather and father have done and develop my own style, to stretch it a little bit,” says Ghent. “This all comes down from my family’s influence – my playing and my singing. But I guess it’s only natural for me to do my own thing. I don’t want to be like everyone else.”
He isn’t. Ghent is part Gospel, rap, rock, rhythm and blues, and some forms without a name. He’s still only 26, but he’s also got ageless chops, and plays his steel guitar not on his lap, but hanging from his neck.
“No one else is doing what he does. He has to be seen to be believed,” says Hampton.
Last spring, after the world premiere of Basically Frightened at the Atlanta Film Festival, Hampton brought father and son, Aubrey and AJ, to the same stage for the first time, at Smith’s Olde Bar in Atlanta.
Hampton is revered by other musicians, who consider him a guru, Obi-Wan Kenobi with a guitar and a booming voice. He’s fostered some great players in his bands (like Aquarium Rescue Unit, a seminal fusion of rock, jazz, bluegrass and something else that had its heyday 20 years ago), musicians who have gone on to join the Allman Brothers or Widespread Panic or embarked on successful solo careers.
This year, he won a Governor’s Award for the Arts and Humanities, thanks to the support of other musicians like Jeff Mosier (singer, banjo player, formerly with the Aquarium Rescue Unit), and industry advocates like Lisa Love, director of music marketing and development for the state, who served on the selection committee.
“Bruce is one of the most influential musicians in Georgia,” says Love. “You can see it in the documentary, all of those artists, how he freed their minds, gave them permission. He’s impacted a lot of people.”
And scared a few. The point is, Hampton has played with almost everyone, but he’s never seen anything like the Ghents.
“They’re the best in the world,” he says, always trusting the hyperbole of the moment over mere cold, dead facts. “I know a lot of great players who don’t play with empathy. They don’t bring anything to the table. It’s not that they’re empty, but you know, give me a loaf of bread on the table.
“The Ghents bring the table, the whole table. And AJ – good God. Yeah, he is gonna be the next Hendrix.” | <urn:uuid:98b0cead-aa18-4f6e-a286-354a54305f9e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.georgiatrend.com/March-2013/The-Sound-Of-Success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00536-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962122 | 3,865 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Crystal blue water, white homes with blue painted doors and shutters…
Doing a quick google images search, it’s hard to believe there is more to Greece than picturesque Islands like Mykonos or Santorini.
Beautiful they may be. But, they are only one side of Greece.
There is yet more to this ancient country than the well known Mediterranean Islands and the Acropolis in Athens. We journeyed through less touristy, unexplored Greece to discover spectacular areas of the mainland.
What we found far exceeded our expectations…
Unexplored Greece: It’s not all about the Islands…
We were recently invited by “Visit Greece”, to discover a different side of Greece. A region that you may not realise is ideal to visit almost all year round. An area that will impress the hikers, photography buffs, nature lovers, history enthusiasts, food & wine lovers and adventure seekers alike. Even skiers can get their boots snowy.
This is the areas of Epirus and Thessaly, Greece.
Rather than tell you about it, let me start with a bit of visual enticement, so you can see straight off what I’m talking about.
The spectacular monasteries of Meteora (Pictured Top), are a spectacular feat of human ingenuity. Constructed on lonely peaks across the valley.
Meteroa literally translates as ‘Middle of the Sky” or ‘In the Heavens Above”. These monasteries were built by Greek Orthodox monks back in the 14th century. There are six in total still standing. It’s believed there were more than 20 at one time. Access roads are only a modern feature, these monks originally had to scale the cliff face with their bare hands to get materials to the top – seriously impressive stuff.
Throughout most of the 20th century, the only access to the monasteries was to be winched up in a cargo net.
Meteora is a UNESCO site and entry to the monastery we visited (The Holy Monastery of Great Meteoron) only costs 3 euros, about $4. If you want to visit all of the monasteries it is 3 euros each time. Staying in the region on a budget, there is the Hostel Meteora in town for about 12.50 euros per night for a dorm bed.
Mountains of Epirus: Unexplored Greece
Our next stop was the area of Epirus. This mountainous region boasts many activities for lovers of the great outdoors.
You can enjoy long hikes through the mountains, where you can rest in the surrounding villages along the way. However, it is advised that you take a guide with you due to the mountain bears that live in the area, and mud slides that can occur.
You can visit the ancient archaeological sites, such as “Dodoni” which was a very important spiritual place for the greeks of ancient times. In fact, there are six archaeological sites to explore which date back to as early as the 3rd and 4th centuries BC. If you prefer modern history, this whole area was an important fighting ground between the Greeks and Italians during WWII and there are memorials throughout the mountains.
For those seeking adventure there’s white water rafting and kayaking through the enchanting rivers of the Epirus region. Canyoning and bike tours are also available.
For lovers of architecture – has Epirus got some stone bridges for you! Many of these bridges are evidence of the local peoples craftsmanship and engineering. Using what ever resources they had to build bridges that remain standing regardless of time, or natural difficulties such as earthquakes.
It is also a photographer’s wonderland. This picturesque area will keep you enthralled with its beautiful little villages, historic bridges and breathtaking gorges like the Vikos Gorge, which is listed in the Guinness Book Of World Records as being one of the deepest gorges in the world.
This area certainly has something to offer everyone.
One thing we really loved during our trip was that in every single town and village we stopped at, we were met by many of the locals, where they offered incredibly warm welcomes to us all. Because it’s the Greek way, and because they were so happy that we were visiting.
There is an Ancient Greek word for hospitality – it’s “Xenia”.
Xenia literally means guest hospitality. And it’s a practice of showing generosity and courtesy to those who are far from home. This practice has been a part of Greek culture since the times of greek mythology and Zeus, who is the ancient protector of the travellers.
This hospitality is still very much alive in Greek culture to this day.
Sadly, Greece hasn’t had much of a good rap in the media lately. The country has been suffering though a lengthy economic crisis, which has led to wide spread hardships, riots and mass unemployment.
But has this affected the Greek spirit? Not that we can see!
Greece is one of those countries that has a heartbeat of it’s own, a vibrancy in the air – and you can’t help but feel it’s presence in every aspect of everyday Greek life.
The Greeks, as a united country, are here welcoming you to come and experience this vast country for yourself. A country that they, and their ancestors before them, are so dearly proud of.
The Food Will Rock Your World
Everywhere we went we were treated to traditional local foods including Saganaki (fried cheese), Spanakoptia (spinach filo pie), Triopita (cheese pie), Mousakka and more. And the desserts – WOW! Take a look at some more food porn from our time in Greece.
The amazing thing about Greece is if you ask someone where ‘the best’ place to get local food is, they will often answer “Go anywhere – it’s all good”. There are few bad restaurants in Greece! And it’s because they have a long tradition of using fresh, local ingredients to their fullest potential.
And don’t forget the booze…
Food and booze go hand in hand in Greece. You must sample some of the locally made wines. In particular, we paid a visit to the fabulous Katogi Averoff Winery. This modern winery offers a fascinating audio-visual tour of it’s cellars before you get to sample their products, accompanied with local cheeses, noms.
On our Journey we also had quite a few samplings of the local moonshine – Ouzo. Ouzo is the name most foreigners would know this liquor by, and is certainly not for the feint hearted – it really packs some punch.
But calling it Ouzo is generalising. Ouzo is only one type of alcoholic beverage in Greece. There is also Tsipouro, Raki and a few other variations that are available. Much of it has derived from the alcohol that the Greek Orthodox Monks used to make in the 14th centuries and the variations are what is still being drunk today.
Also, it’s quite interesting to note that there is no legal drinking age in Greece. Drinking alcohol is an accepted part of society. However, drunkenness is not. The way the Greeks keep their drinking in check, is by always eating when they are drinking. But remember, they are also generous hosts so expect your glass to magically keep filling up when you’re not looking.
As the tourism slogan suggests, the people of Greece want you to Visit Greece. But not just the islands in the south – there is a whole country to explore and they are waiting for you with open arms.
The landscape of mainland Greece is truly stunning. From the sparkling blue waters of the Ionian coast, to the snow topped mountains of the Pindus Ranges. The local food is definitely sitting in the OMG category. And the people are happy, smiling, friendly and enjoying life to the fullest – in true greek style. OPA!
What’s truly amazing, is that no matter who you meet, they are always proud to tell you about their country and it’s incredible history and traditions. Rather than bash it because of their own personal hardships.
It’s this pride and love for their country that struck us most about the Greeks. Everyone seems to know so much about their background, even back to ancient times. And they want to share this fascinating history (both ancient and modern) with anyone willing to listen and learn.
And, they don’t just want Tommo and I to learn. They want to tell the whole world.
The hospitality that we were shown during our time in Epirus and other parts of Greece has been truly heartwarming. This is a country that has so much to offer every traveller that enters its borders.
I have to admit we are already plotting our next adventure in Greece – we can’t wait to come back again, and again.
Have you visited the more unexplored Greece? Tell us your story in the comments below.
DISCLAIMER: We would like to thank Visit Greece and all of the local restaurants and hotel owners for their hospitality during our stay. As always, all opinions expressed are our own. | <urn:uuid:0a071638-56c0-4a16-b4e5-70b84ff83abe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://foodfuntravel.com/unexplored-greece-epirus-meteora/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.966148 | 1,968 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Signing: The sign for excuse me is also the sign for pardon me, or forgive me. You set up the sign by taking your non-dominant hand palm facing the sky, then brush along your palm with the fingertips of the dominant hand.
We remember this sign by thinking of a small child, brushing your leg with their hand to get your attention and saying excuse me.
Usage: Manners signs like please, thank you and excuse me are good signs for older children that have a larger vocabulary and have a more developed understanding of the world. These signs are a good introduction to the ideas of gratitude and courtesy.
Teach your child to sign excuse me to get your attention instead of interrupting, yelling, or throwing a tantrum. When they try and get your attention in an impolite way, do not give them attention, instead remind them “say excuse me when you want mommy’s attention.” or “Remember to say excuse me.” And be sure when they do it the right way, to reward them with your attention, or if that is not possible at least some acknowledgement. | <urn:uuid:2d96321a-a57e-4b8b-b115-e8f714ee3ce2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.babysignlanguage.com/dictionary/e/excuse_me/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00015-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943591 | 233 | 2.296875 | 2 |
SOME people sponsor a tree, others pull up weeds but when Chris Turnbull and Len Gervay wanted to do something for endangered plants they decided to run 900 kilometres.
The two men set off from Sydney a week ago, following the Hume Highway to Melbourne, raising thousands of dollars for the NSW Seedbank on the way.
The seedbank is part of the Millennium Seed Bank, a global effort to protect the world's plants from extinction by collecting and studying their seeds.
Mr Turnbull, 27, and Mr Gervay, 30, are both engineers who are passionate about the environment. It costs about $2000 to save one species and they have already raised more than $4000 .
That is enough to save the Wee Jasper Grevillea, also known as Grevillea iaspicula, a flowering shrub found near Lake Burrinjuck.
The plant has become critically endangered through grazing and blackberry invasion, the acting executive director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney, Brett Summerell, said.
''It is particularly important for the local honey-eater birds because it is one of the few winter flowering plants in the area,'' he said.
Other endangered plants along the route include the Crimson Spider Orchid, Caladenia concolor, which bears large flowers said to smell like a hot motor; the Yass Daisy, Ammobium craspedioides, which puts out small bright yellow flowers on a tall stem; and the Button Wrinklewort, a shrub which grows in NSW and Victoria.
All the species the men are helping to save grow close to the route they will take down the Hume Highway.
Speaking from Gundagai last Thursday, Mr Turnbull, of Paddington, said they had encountered strong head winds, sleet and the constant roar of big rigs.
Mr Gervay, of Surry Hills, agreed the conditions had been more challenging than they expected.
''I've been struggling a bit, to tell you the truth,'' he said. ''I'm very sore and fatigued.''
The men have been running day and night, sleeping in tents on the way. They expect to reach Melbourne by Thursday.
Supporters can follow their progress online with the help of a GPS tracking device. ''If we stop for too long people can give us a call and tell us to get moving, or if we're doing 110 [km/h] we're probably on the front of a truck,'' Mr Turnbull said.
About 10 per cent of NSW's 6000 plant species are now considered endangered or vulnerable. Land clearing and invasive weeds are threatening many species, and climate change could play a big role in future, said Peter Cuneo, the manager of natural heritage at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney.
The seedbank provides insurance if the plants ever go extinct in the wild and gives scientists the chance to do research into the best conditions for germinating the seed and estimating just how long they will last in storage.
To follow the runners' progress or to make a donation see sydney2melbourne.blogspot.com | <urn:uuid:1f59b672-a1b9-4c6e-b51d-06d853343dc2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/marathon-men-sow-seeds-of-history-20110625-1gkgs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00254-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944288 | 635 | 2.515625 | 3 |
King Drasna Bluemantle, also known as Drasna the Fortunate was a human paladin of Torm and the ruler of the kingdom of Ulgarth in southeast Faerûn in the mid-to-late 14th century DR. He ruled from the city of Orvyltar.
Although he was the son of the king, Drasna spent his early years as an adventurer. Thanks to his luckblade and stone of good luck, he was able to win against odds that should have felled him, and slew many monsters. For this, he earned the moniker "the Fortunate".
Once he'd become king, Drasna was very serious about his role and dedicated to being a good king. He was a firm believer in no one being denied the king's justice, and was merciful in making judgements.
King Drasna toured the realm regularly, visiting each city once a year at least. He also officiated at grand ceremonies where he knighted the worthy. He would give his judgment to any who asked for it. He wished to keep his subjects satisfied with the kingdom's justice system and had no plans to change it.
Drasna was highly popular with his subjects, who as a result believed completely in the kingdom's feudal system.
Drasna was apparently good friends with a mage of Halruaa, who enchanted the ballistae that defended Orvyltar's harbor. The mage expected to receive a gift of several jars of mingari from Drasna on a later visit.
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Tom Prusa (1993). The Shining South. (TSR, Inc), p. 80. ISBN 1-56076-595-X.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Thomas Reid (October 2004). Shining South. (Wizards of the Coast), pp. 179, 180. ISBN 0-7869-3492-1.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tom Prusa (1993). The Shining South. (TSR, Inc), p. 74. ISBN 1-56076-595-X.
- ↑ Tom Prusa (1993). The Shining South. (TSR, Inc), p. 73. ISBN 1-56076-595-X.
- ↑ Tom Prusa (1993). The Shining South. (TSR, Inc), p. 2. ISBN 1-56076-595-X. | <urn:uuid:53eddf2b-911f-4ed7-b6ee-ed05a0e80790> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://forgottenrealms.wikia.com/wiki/Drasna_Bluemantle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00528-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949098 | 546 | 1.664063 | 2 |
In-House Computer Training Available!
Have a large group that needs this training? We can bring this course to you!
For more information, call Suzanne Hills at 848-932-7234 or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org.
We also Offer Other Excel Training Classes!
Please visit our Computer Classes page for all upcoming course offerings.
This workshop is designed for students looking to build on the advanced features learned in Excel – Level 3 of Microsoft Office Excel worksheets.
By attending this class, attendees will gain a functional knowledge of Excel and how to use it in conjunction with the other Microsoft sister products.
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
- Create a template
- Write visual basic programming script
- Use complex spreadsheet functions including Goal Seek and PMT
- Create macros
- Add notes and comments on cells
- Use Word Art as an object
- Add hyperlinks and attach spreadsheets to email
- Use MS Website to download additional features
- Use web toolbar and the form toolbar
Students will learn some timesaving tips and shortcuts to work more quickly and efficiently, and the instructor will set aside time to answer specific questions.
Computers will be provided for hands-on learning. Students will complete instructor-led practice exercises to reinforce new skills.
Note: While Microsoft Office Excel 2016 will be used for in-class demonstrations and hands-on practice, most of the skills taught in this class are also applicable to older versions of Excel. Windows operating system is used for instruction in all Microsoft Office workshops.
Prerequisite: Microsoft Office Excel Level 3 required
Want to read more about what you'll learn in Excel Level 4? View a detailed agenda.
- Creating a Template
- Using the Microsoft Website to Download Additional Features
- Creating Advanced Calculations
- Breakeven analysis
- Working with complex functions (using PMT)
- Learning how to understand additional functions
- Creating "adjusting" tables
- Enhancing Worksheets with Active X Controls
- Creating control objects in worksheets
- Creating a Macro
- Using Macros
- Protecting a worksheet
- Adding Notes and Comments on Cells of Worksheets | <urn:uuid:0447b3c8-6e76-424f-ad8a-177e2877de01> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cpe.rutgers.edu/courses/current/cs0204cc.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00131-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.857255 | 464 | 2.265625 | 2 |
In response to activist calls for a statewide energy shutdown, dozens of Central Valley leaders signed a full page Sacramento Bee ad highlighting their concerns about the potential impacts of such a radical policy.
The ad argues: “Proposals to shutdown existing California oil and gas production would force our state to import more foreign oil to meet our needs.”
The data on this point is alarming. Not only does California already import more than 70% of the oil it consumes to power homes, fuel transportation, and drive its economy, but the state also outpaces its neighbors in oil imports. While California makes up just 13% of the population of the United States, it consumes more than 40% of the country’s oil imports, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
But beyond the concern about a shutdown futher exacerbating California’s heavy reliance on energy imports, Central Valley leaders also noted the negative impacts any shutdown would have on working families.
Francisco J. Chavez, a Coalinga-Huron Unified School District Boardmember, pointed out that “75% of the oil and gas California produces comes from the Central Valley, where it generates vitally needed revenues for schools and public safety.” Notably, activists have zero answers for how to replace the $1.7 billion in state and local tax revenues generated by the oil and gas industry every year should their dream of an energy shutdown become reality.
Lyle Martin, Bakersfield Chief of Police, noted similar concerns, stating that an energy shutdown would, “adversely impact the safety of Central Valley families by reducing employment, reducing needed dollars for public safety and adding to our state’s affordability and homelessness crisis.”
As Martin notes, jobs are obviously a top concern of Central Valley leaders and residents alike, especially as Gov. Gavin Newsom continues to focus on economic development in the region. An energy shutdown would result in huge employment losses – sending over 32,000 Central Valley oil and gas jobs overseas.
Job losses, affordability challenges, fewer tax revenues for essential services, and increasing oil imports – these are the costs of pursuing radical policies like a statewide energy shutdown. Dozens of Central Valley leaders hope Sacramento got that message loud and clear in the Bee. | <urn:uuid:141d4c6e-05c1-4f24-a4ed-0a096ca9fbbb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.extractingfact.com/news/central-valley/central-valley-leaders-highlight-support-for-oil-and-gas-in-sacramento-bee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.944442 | 461 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Individual and Event-specific Considerations for Optimisation of Performance in Track Sprint Cycling
One or more files will be made publicly available from 2018-02-17.
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The track sprint cyclist is a unique athlete, and uncharacteristic of any other sprint athlete, they perform a portion of submaximal work prior to sprinting in most events. The nature and implications of this submaximal work are not well understood and there has been little investigation in elite athlete populations. An inertial load ergometer was constructed to investigate this prior work and also to track the responses and progression of training and fatigue. This ergometer was shown to be both reliable (CV elite participants: peak power = 0.7% (90% CI, 0.5-1.0), optimal cadence = 1.6% (90% CI 1.2-2.7) and valid (CV elite male participants, peak power = 4.6%, 90% CI 4.0-5.4%, r = 0.81). Smallest worthwhile changes in peak power (53 Watts) and optimal cadence (1.4RPM) were determined for this ergometer test. An opportunity to track and monitor a group of internationally successful track sprint cyclists through two pinnacle events allowed for a better understanding of the structure and consequence of their training. Application of a novel training stimulus using a counterweighted single legged modality at two contrasting cadences, in an attempt to confer a greater resistance to fatigue, also provided some interesting and unexpected results. It was found that the impact of the simulated prior work in the keirin on peak power was approximately 54% of that in the sprint (keirin -5.68%, ES = 0.23, sprint -10.52%, ES = 0.44) while optimal cadence only dropped 60% as much in the keirin (ES = 0.61) compared to the sprint (ES = 0.86). The duration and intensity of this prior work was determined to be responsible for the magnitude of degradation in peak power and optimal cadence. Importantly it can be interpreted that the change in optimal cadence reflects the net result of intrinsic muscle changes and optimisation to output the highest power capable. Single legged ergometer training at contrasting training cadences (70 and 130rpm) appeared to have positive impacts on T0 (maximal torque) identified during inertial testing and on mean crank torque during longer duration testing (30s), but not resistance to fatigue. The effect likely related to changes in muscle coordination as a result of the training stimulus. The improvements in T0 appear to be greater in elite male athletes following the higher training cadence. It is likely this improvement in crank torque through these race specific ranges will enhance the athlete?s ability to accelerate. In summary, inertial ergometry is a reliable, valid and useful tool for assessing change over time in the track sprint cyclist. Understanding and management of acute and chronic fatigue and determining the appropriateness of the training stimulus are important in achieving the greatest impact on performance. Improving resistance to fatigue will potentially have a concomitant (negative) impact on optimal cadence which is contradictory to what has been hypothesised in the literature with respect to optimising performance. The nature of the relationship that optimal cadence has to performance is questioned as it would appear that optimal cadence is the net result of intrinsic optimisation of muscle properties to achieve a maximal power output (either peak or for a given duration). | <urn:uuid:0ff85c78-26bb-4534-8cde-5fe2ed90c0bb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/10052 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00057-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933594 | 713 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Small businesses uplift communities and anchor local economies, while creating opportunities for themselves, their families, their employees, and our neighborhoods. Yet entrepreneurs who are people of color, women, and immigrants often struggle to secure capital and resources, as they are systematically shut out from traditional financing.
Accion Opportunity Fund is an unparalleled financial support system that provides these small business owners with access to capital, networks, and coaching. We work to build inclusive and accessible options for these determined business owners. For over 25 years we have served a client base that is nearly 90% women, people of color, or immigrants.
In addition to providing resources and loans to small businesses, we also conduct original research, advocate for policy changes, and finance community facility construction projects, such as community health centers, homeless services facilities and youth recreational facilities in low-income neighborhoods through our New Markets Tax Credit program.
Together, we are building a diverse, vibrant community where opportunity, knowledge, and access to capital are within reach.
For more information about us, visit https://aofund.org/
Reporting to the Director, New Markets Tax Credits, the Manager, New Markets Tax Credits is responsible for identifying and deploying New Markets Tax Credit financing to non-profits who will utilize the funding to construct or renovate community facilities (health centers, Boys and Girls Clubs, homeless services facilities, for example). The position will also be responsible for overseeing asset management and compliance of a portfolio of New Markets Tax Credits investments and loans, work closely with the NMTC Finance Manager and supervise the Program Assistant, who will assist in monitoring borrower compliance and reporting and in the social impact reporting process.
Since 2004, our NMTC program has deployed $388 million to 32 community facility projects across the western United States. These community facilities provide critically needed services such as health care, education, homeless services, and providing healthy food to over 450,000 low-income individuals annually and have created thousands of quality jobs in economically distressed communities.
Duties include but are not limited to: developing the project pipeline, lead and assist on closing of NMTC financing transactions, evaluating borrower due diligence and compliance reporting, reviewing and analyzing financial reports, overseeing the program’s social impact reporting, and assisting in the preparation of the program’s annual application for tax credit allocation.
Key Responsibilities/ Accountabilities
Lending | 30%
- Take lead and assist on NMTC loan closings including sourcing, evaluation, performing corporate, real estate and financial due diligence, and managing negotiations between multiple transaction parties (borrower, attorneys, accounting firms, consultants, other lenders).
- Provide analysis of borrower financial statements, project financial model, and real estate and NMTC tax structure.
- Review draft legal documents and structuring of loan terms to minimize risk and ensure compliance with NMTC and investor requirements.
- Cultivate relationships with investors, NMTC consultants, and community-based organizations to build project pipeline.
- Position will involve travel at least once or twice a month, assuming that it can be done safely given COVID prevalence.
Asset Management | 55%
- Ensure borrower compliance with loan covenants, including borrower financial and compliance reporting.
- Review and evaluate financial reports from borrowers to proactively identify potential areas of vulnerability and risks; develop and implement measures to address potential non-compliance and workout situations.
- Supervise Program Assistant who will assist with monitoring borrower loan covenants and compliance with reporting requirements.
- Review and approve of loan construction draw requests. Oversee construction consultant, who will assist in on-site and desk reviews.
- Manage the community impact reporting process, which includes collection, analysis, and reporting of all borrower and tenant community impact data. Assemble and submit reports to the U.S. Treasury’s C.D.F.I. Fund.
Application | 10%
- Assist in the preparation and submission of the NMTC Application for tax credit allocation.
- Develop and submit other relevant applications: e.g., CDE certification for new legal entities etc.
Other | 5%
- Work with NMTC Director to implement NMTC communications, marketing materials, and initiatives.
- Team meetings and other internal meetings, as necessary.
Highly qualified candidates will share Accion Opportunity Fund’s commitment to its mission and will embody the organization’s core values bringing a broad range of skills and experience including, but not limited to:
- You have a passion for Accion Opportunity Fund’s mission of advancing the economic well-being of low-income, BIPOC, and otherwise underserved communities.
- You have a successful track record in the responsibilities listed or have demonstrated experience that is related or easily translatable to these responsibilities.
- Bachelor's degree from an accredited college or university. Experience may be substituted for education.
- You are adept at reading and analyzing financial statements.
- You understand the structure and terms of typical commercial or multi-family residential real estate financing transactions.
- You have strong proficiency with MS Office (Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint).
- You have strong project management skills and are able to organize, plan, and carry out activities independently to meet specific, competing timelines and goals under pressure.
- You take initiative to identify challenges and opportunities, can multi-task efficiently, and set work assignment priorities.
- You have a high attention to detail that you have applied not just to analyze and ensure accuracy of financial statements, models, or forecasts, and in in reviewing legal contracts or similar documents to spot potential liabilities or risks, but also in day-to-day activities such as ensuring other departments’ accurate use of our key performance metrics and in updating project details in our database.
- You have strong interpersonal, written, and verbal communications skills and are comfortable and adept at collaborating and negotiating with a variety of financing partners and professionals (for example, other CDFIs, senior staff at non-profit organizations, banks, real estate developers, as well as with their attorneys).
- You are a strong contributor within a team environment with a positive and productive attitude and know how to set an example and provide leadership through challenging times involving significant organizational growth and change.
- At least three years of experience in the NMTC (or other tax credit) industry, community economic development, commercial real estate lending, or real estate asset management.
- Educational background in finance, accounting, or community development.
- Experience in applying a racial justice lens to economic development. | <urn:uuid:553af406-aeaf-4351-af65-b9e4e720fdaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://app.trinethire.com/companies/33689-accion-opportunity-fund/jobs/44525-manager-new-markets-tax-credits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.934479 | 1,347 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Home and away: A return to the south
Dates & times
Thu 26 May — Sun 3 July 2011
Image: Patrick Betaudier 1928-2008
Pour une poignee de billes
1981-2 (detail), oil on canvas, 123 x 122 cm. UWC Robben Island Museum - Mayibuye Archives
During the apartheid years in South Africa and despite the difficulties, many artists expressed their feelings about their adversity in vigorous, powerful artworks. However, there were no markets or venues where this art could be seen and this resulted in much of the work leaving South Africa. The Ifa Lethu (“Our Heritage”) Foundation‘s mission has been to repatriate this otherwise lost artistic testament by building a collection of apartheid era South African art. A second collection, Art Against Apartheid, founded in France in 1980 was a rallying point for international artists to create works in solidarity with oppressed South Africans. With this exhibition, Home and away: A Return to the South, works from both collections are juxtaposed to explore the similarities and differences between art created by an oppressed population and work made by outsiders expressing support for those people.
Download the education resource sheet here (1.3MB)
Curated by Carol Brown and toured by the Ifa Lethu Foundation.
Image: Patrick Betaudier 1928-2008, ‘Pour une poignee de billes’ (detail), 1981-2, oil on canvas, 123 x 122 cm. UWC Robben Island Museum – Mayibuye Archives | <urn:uuid:b352cba7-fc95-44a8-8a11-fa59d98e92c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dhg.anu.edu.au/events/home-and-away-a-return-to-the-south/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00411-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930848 | 321 | 2.125 | 2 |
Week 1: Guarding a heritage
From the mountainous spine of the Zamboanga Peninsula in the Philippines you can see two coasts where the land rolls down to the sea. The Subanen tribal people say the land was given to them by God and they have a responsibility to guard this heritage for future generations. It is not that they are unwilling to share it; they have accepted various waves of settlers over the centuries and moved into the mountains. Yet now they are threatened by large-scale mining and this will mean displacement, loss of livelihood and the end forever of their way of life. And what would the future hold for them if large-scale mining took place in their mountains? They would be casualties of “progress” and “development”.
Of course, large companies provide a service to the industrial world which demands cheap and plentiful mineral supplies. A part of the challenge must be to our consumer society to recycle minerals already extracted. The Subaanen offer us a sustainable model of living with the natural world that may teach our society valuable lessons.
Frank Nally, Ireland, Philippines, Britain
Reflect: Consider the minerals you make use of daily and reflect on the communities paying social and environmental costs associated with their extraction.
Week 2: International solidarity
I watch volunteers from the parish here in the Philippines being busy preparing “pinuso” (rice wrapped in leaves) to feed the many poor who will be coming from the barrios for the fiesta of San Jose (Saint Joseph). The people are worried because six different mining companies have made applications covering a large area of their land in Midsalip on Mindanao island.
We take heart from the life of San Jose, poor and humble and upright, who in his silent acceptance and wonder at the mystery of the Incarnation gained courage and wisdom to care for the vulnerable sacred life placed in his charge. The people here take heart too from the realisation that they are not alone in their struggle to care for their lands entrusted to them by God. As they face threats, harassment, lies and hardship they are encouraged by international support, concern and prayer.
Sr Kathleen Melia, Philippines
Reflect: How can we show solidarity to poor communities in the Philippines and elsewhere who feel their way of life is under threat?
Week 3: Friendship
Look at the relationship between Jesus and his friends Lazarus, Martha and Mary. It must have been close and intimate because John says four times in Chapter 11 of his gospel that Jesus loved them. This is what relationship is about in a missionary commitment. It finds its roots in the depths of the Trinity itself, the divine community of persons loving each other. The missionary is sent out amongst the scattered to be friend, companion, guide: salt and light and leaven. The missionary is there for the life of the world.
Every time you cross a boundary to reach out to bring life, solidarity, new humanity, warmth and fraternity, be it at home, in the neighbourhood, in the school, at work, in your contacts with people of other faiths and cultures, with refugees, with the homeless, with the abused, you are responding to the Lord’s invitation to go out and make friends (disciples) of all peoples. Mission in this renewed understanding is about reaching out to others, wanting to call them friends.
Frank Regan, Peru, Britain
Reflect: How much effort do you make to establish new contacts and friends as part of your mission?
Week 4: Challenging patenting of life
Many people are sceptical about the motivation of the corporations that are promoting genetic engineering of food. They feel that it is driven not by a desire to help the poor but rather to increase the company’s profits. They worry particularly about the scramble to patent seeds, animals and living organisms. They believe that over a short period of time patenting will remove many life forms from the public commons where they have served humans and other creatures for millennia.
The possibility that a small number of multinational companies will control the seeds of the world’s staple crops, such as wheat, rice, corn and potatoes, is truly frightening. The food security of Third World countries could very easily be compromised if farmers have to buy patented seeds each year from agri-business companies. It would be the death knell for the 1,500 million subsistence farmers around the world if they were forced to buy patented seeds each year.
Sean McDonagh, Philippines, Ireland | <urn:uuid:035c2387-e981-41cd-b5ca-e7d3bda04695> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://columbans.co.uk/reflection/10594/reflections-on-mission-for-july-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.960287 | 920 | 2.765625 | 3 |
UNPARALLELED LEGACY | UNCOMMON COMMITMENT
- Play Video -
ABOUT SHIGERU KAWAI
UNPARALLELED LEGACY | UNCOMMON COMMITMENT
LIFELONG COMMITMENT TO BUILDING THE FINEST PIANOS IN THE WORLD
Shigeru Kawai was born on July 28, 1922 in the Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan. He entered the piano business as a young man in 1946. Although he was a member of the Kawai family, Shigeru spent his early years learning the piano building process as a regular worker. He put in long hours laboring diligently in the manufacturing area, sometimes sleeping overnight in the factory as an expression of his dedication to the craft. He loved the work so much that, in later life, he would often remark, “Creating pianos was the greatest job I ever had!”
After three years of training in all areas of the piano building process, Shigeru began the next important phase of his apprenticeship—studying the art of piano design from his father, Koichi Kawai. Koichi was known as “Hatsumei Koichi” (Koichi the Inventor), an innovative genius who was revered as the first person in Japan to design and build a complete piano action. In later life, Koichi would receive the coveted “Blue Ribbon Medal” from the Emperor of Japan for his accomplishments.
Koichi taught Shigeru the “methods of origin” by which pianos are built entirely by hand. He would often say, “As long as you are building pianos, you should strive to build the finest ones in the world.” Shigeru listened attentively to Koichi’s every word.
It was with great sadness and resolve that Shigeru Kawai assumed leadership of the company upon the passing of Koichi Kawai in 1955. Although Shigeru was only 33 years old, he proved to be a visionary.
He soon launched the Kawai Concert Series to introduce western music to the Japanese people. Later, he built scores of Kawai Music Schools across Japan and founded an educational institute to train the teachers who would staff those schools.
Concurrently, he established the Kawai Technical Institute to provide the technicians needed to care for pianos at home and abroad. By the 1970s, he had taken Kawai pianos to over 80 countries around the globe.
In 1980, Shigeru completed one of his greatest achievements—the Ryuyo Grand Piano Factory, one of the most advanced piano building facilities ever created.
Today, Ryuyo is not only a place for manufacturing but also a place for innovation. The Shigeru Kawai Research and Development Laboratory at Ryuyo stands as a tribute to the founder’s vision of continual excellence and is staffed by Master Piano Artisans dedicated to the never-ending advancement of the piano art form.
After over 50 years of intense striving, Shigeru desired to leave a personal legacy to the piano world.
In the year 2000, he introduced a unique line of instruments that would bear his name. While the use of one’s first and last name is extremely rare in Japan because of the incredible burden of responsibility it places upon the individual, Shigeru inaugurated these instruments as the Shigeru Kawai Grand Pianos – enduring symbols of his fervent passion for the piano and his lifelong commitment to building the finest pianos in the world.
PRESTIGIOUS CERTIFICATION FOR EXCELLENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Caring for the planet comes naturally to those who create the Shigeru Kawai pianos. In 1997, our Ryuyo Grand Piano Factory became the first in the piano industry to receive ISO14001, the world’s most prestigious certification for excellence in environmental management. Work groups continuously monitor and improve emissions and waste control, green procurement, and a host of other energy conservation and environmental protection measures. The Kawai Forest Project has already planted over 350,000 seedlings with a goal to have over 500,000 new trees planted by the end of the decade. These vital efforts will continue to be a part of every piano we build. That is our promise to you—and to our world.
PIANOS MADE TO
SHIGERU KAWAI MODELS
Explore SK Grand Pianos
A Shigeru Kawai piano is much more than the intelligent application of material, labor and design. It is an art form born not from the head, but from the heart. Thus, the craftsman does far more than simply “build” it—he brings it to life.
The sensitive nurturing of every part, every joint, every subtle nuance vests each piano with an intangible quality—a soul—that lives on from generation to generation. And those who own a Shigeru piano know that they possess not merely an instrument, but a partner in the musical pursuit of dreams. | <urn:uuid:6e1fbab4-78ec-499b-b23f-394d77dd183f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shigerukawai.com/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.957894 | 1,074 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Questions - Free Commuity College - January 9-10, 2015
National Presidential Tracking Survey
Conducted January 9-10, 2015
Survey of 800 Likely Voters
1* How closely have you followed recent news reports about a new college-related proposal by President Obama?
2* The president has proposed a new government program that would make community college tuition-free for millions of students. Do you favor or oppose such a program?
3* The Obama administration has yet to say how much the program will cost or how it will be funded. Are you willing to pay more in taxes so that millions of Americans can attend community college tuition-free?
4* Does the federal government have a responsibility to make sure that more Americans go to college?
5* Should the government make college tuition-free for every student in America who wants to go?
NOTE: Margin of Sampling Error, +/- 3.5 percentage points with a 95% level of confidence | <urn:uuid:3f8be282-a2f8-4f37-ae6f-f3939105a4cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/questions/questions/january_2015/questions_free_commuity_college_january_9_10_2015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.956883 | 198 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Bob Davids stated in his talk on leadership without ego that as a leader “You need to be in touch with the people you lead, and you need to be in their shoes.”
Essentially what Davids was getting at in his talk is that good leaders will climb down down off their perch and get their hands dirty in the trenches when needed. For a leader to have the humility to work alongside those they lead is very powerful message to send when establishing expectations and setting the example for others to follow.
Getting into the trenches and not seeing oneself above the work that we expect others to do on a daily basis can be viewed positive by others in that the leader either knows the job(s) that needs to get done, or they are prepared to lend a hand to move everyone forward. Even if you are not an expert, a willingness to seek to understand is enough to get people on board in terms of where leaders want them to go. This is what leadership without ego is.
The statement from Davids at the end of the talk is, perhaps, more powerful than message given in the first 12 minutes, which is why it is worth drawing attention to it.
Leaders needing to step into the shoes of those they lead, suggests more than getting alongside workers at all levels of the organisation, it suggests trying to see things from the perspective of others. For school leaders, the ability to lead with empathy can make all the difference to improving school culture. When school leaders make decisions or requests, in most cases, time is given to considering and communicating the rationale , which often comes from the leader’s, or leadership team’s perspective. Less time, however, may be given to considering how different stakeholders will be affected by the decision, or instruction, and leader(s) are often surprised when the reaction from those on the receiving end of the decision is less than positive.
By getting in touch with people in all areas of the school, we get a better sense of how people are traveling in terms of what is on everyone’s plate not just from a professional point of view but also a personal one. Being able to sense how people are going to react to a decision, a new policy, or a new initiative, is crucial to successful leadership but it cannot be done without being in touch with the people we lead. Though, successful leadership, is more than than just a conversation with others. To really connect with the people we lead, leaders need to seek to understand them. The more leaders invest in their teachers and support staff by spending time with them, the more in tune they will be when it comes to being able to move our schools forward, knowing exactly when to push and when to hold back. | <urn:uuid:5f52c81b-7b0c-4cde-94ef-8a3c607a0a6a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://richardbruford.com/2017/10/08/you-need-to-be-in-touch-with-the-people-you-lead/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.980718 | 558 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Polywood Recycled Plastic Cardinal Platform Bird FeederProvide your favorite backyard birds seed and a sheltered feeding spot with this Brown and Gray Polywood Recycled Plastic Cardinal Platform Bird Feeder. Blending the convenience of a platform feeder with the protection and capacity of a hopper, this innovative piece is a fantastic addition to any bird sanctuary. Durable, recycled plastic lumber forms the base, sides, and pitched roof of this piece, for a wonderful, environmentally sound station. A clear plastic panel beneath the roof creates the reservoir, accommodating 4.75 quarts of mixed seed or peanut splits with ease. Feed empties onto the metal base for birds to reach it, and the perforations here help it remain dry and fresh. A plastic slat and extended rails beneath the screen enable you to post mount the feeder, and the significant roof swings upward for straightforward refilling. The front panel also removes for thorough cleaning, and the recycled plastic frame ensures longevity. Its brown and gray hues enhance the natural tones in your backyard, while the fun design offers versatility in the feed it can hold. Identify a wealth of different songbirds and provide them a variety of feed in this Brown and Gray Polywood Recycled Plastic Cardinal Platform Bird Feeder. Made in the USA.
Birds that use this feeder:
Seed or Feed Options: cracked corn, fruit, mixed seed, peanut chunks, peanuts in the shell, safflower seed, suet, sunflower kernels, and sunflower seed
- cardinals, chickadees, doves, finches, flickers, goldfinches, grackles, grosbeaks, jays, juncos, kinglets, nuthatches, sparrows, starlings, titmice, towhees, and woodpeckers
Capacity: 4.75 qts., 7.125 lbs.
Dimensions: 13.75"L x 13.625"W x 13.125"H
Mounting: post mount
Construction: recycled plastic lumber, plastic, metal
Item Number: GRM-50CBF-TB-LG
Availability: 3 in Stock. Ships from OH
Shipping Weight: 11 lbs
Shipping Cost: To see the shipping cost for an item, click "order item" to add it to your cart. For expedited shipping costs, you must begin checkout and enter address information. | <urn:uuid:580702d1-1b47-4778-b07c-bcb1a882c5ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bestnest.com/bestnest/RTProduct.asp?SKU=GRM-50CBF-TB-LG | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.859734 | 515 | 1.5 | 2 |
May 16, 2020 (LifeSiteNews) – A team of Australian scientists has produced new evidence that the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is optimized for penetration into human cells rather than animal cells, undermining the theory that the virus randomly evolved in an animal subject before passing into human beings, and suggesting instead that it was developed in a laboratory.
The study, which has not yet been peer reviewed, provides new but not yet conclusive evidence favoring the theory that the novel coronavirus originated not in a food market as has been claimed, but rather in a laboratory, presumably one operated by the Wuhan Institute of Virology in Wuhan, China, the city in which the first outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in December of 2019.
The lead researcher on the team says that the results represent either “a remarkable coincidence or a sign of human intervention” in the creation of the virus.
The authors of the study, led by vaccine researcher Nikolai Petrovsky of Flinders University in Australia, used a version of the novel coronavirus collected in the earliest days of the outbreak and applied computer models to test its capacity to bind to certain cell receptor enzymes, called “ACE2,” that allow the virus to infect human and animal cells to varying degrees of efficacy.
They tested the propensity of the COVID-19 virus’s spike protein, which it uses to enter cells, to bind to the human type of ACE2 as well as to many different animal versions of ACE2, and found that the novel coronavirus most powerfully binds with human ACE2, and with variously lesser degrees of effectiveness with animal versions of the receptor.
According to the study’s authors, this implies that the virus that causes COVID-19 did not come from an animal intermediary, but became specialized for human cell penetration by living previously in human cells, quite possibly in a laboratory.
The authors write that “this finding is particularly surprising as, typically, a virus would be expected to have highest affinity for the receptor in its original host species, e.g. bat, with a lower initial binding affinity for the receptor of any new host, e.g. humans. However, in this case, the affinity of SARS-CoV-2 is higher for humans than for the putative original host species, bats, or for any potential intermediary host species.”
As a consequence, they add, a “possibility which still cannot be excluded is that SARSCoV-2 was created by a recombination event that occurred inadvertently or consciously in a laboratory handling coronaviruses, with the new virus then accidentally released into the local human population.”
In a separate public statement about the research made by Prof. Petrovsky on April 17, the researcher notes that the results of his study are either “a remarkable coincidence or a sign of human intervention,” and adds that it is “entirely plausible that the virus was created in the biosecurity facility in Wuhan by selection on cells expressing human ACE2, a laboratory that was known to be cultivating exotic bat coronaviruses at the time.”
“If so the cultured virus could have escaped the facility either through accidental infection of a staff member who then visited the fish market several blocks away and there infected others, or by inappropriate disposal of waste from the facility that either infected humans outside the facility directly or via a susceptible vector such as a stray cat that then frequented the market and resulted in transmission there to humans,” he added.
The researchers recognize that other possibilities exist, but regard them as improbable. They found that the novel coronavirus has a strong, but lesser binding effect on the ACE2 receptor of Pangolins, which are mammals eaten in China as a delicacy which has often been proposed as the intermediary of the novel coronavirus between bats and humans. However, they note that the Pangolin doesn’t offer a reasonable candidate for an intermediate species for human transmission, because “given the higher affinity of [the novel coronavirus] SARS-CoV-2 for human ACE2 than for bat ACE2, SARS-CoV-2 would have to have circulated in pangolins for a long period of time for this evolution and selection to occur and to date there is no evidence of a SARS-CoV-2 like virus circulating in pangolins.”
A preliminary form of the study, which is currently entitled, “In silico comparison of spike protein-ACE2 binding affinities across species; significance for the possible origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus,” has been published on a repository site maintained by Cornell University, which warns that studies published prior to peer review should not be considered “established information” unless multiple experts in a given field are first consulted.
According to his university webpage, in addition to his work as a university professor, Professor Petrovsky is currently Director of Endocrinology at Flinders Medical Centre of Flinders University, and Vice President and Secretary-General of the International Immunomics Society. He is also the founder of Vaxine Pty Ltd., which is funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and is currently working on a COVID-19 vaccine.
In addition to Professor Petrovsky, the research team that produced the study includes Prof. Sakshi Piplani, also of Flinders University, Puneet Kumar Singh, who works with Petrovsky and Piplani at Vaxine Pty Ltd., and Prof. David A. Winkler, who teaches at the University of Nottingham in the U.K and Monash University in Australia.
Study contradicts scientists who claim “zero evidence” for lab origin of virus
The results of the study tend to contradict virologists who have claimed that the novel coronavirus shows no signs of having been produced in a laboratory, some of whom have gone so far as to dismiss such theories as “conspiracy theories.” The “conspiracy theory” claim has been uncritically echoed in much, but not all, of the international media. The staff of the Wuhan Institute of Virology have repeatedly denied the virus came from their lab.
Their position has been supported by a widely-referenced letter from several scientists published in Nature Medicine on March 17, which argues against the likelihood of a laboratory generating the virus in a human cell lab culture.
The argument made by the researchers in the letter is mostly based on the claim that no genetically-close progenitor to the novel coronavirus that could be a candidate for such a process has been described in any scientific study. They also assert that “repeated passage” of coronaviruses in cell cultures have not been mentioned in scientific literature.
However, the letter’s authors do not address the possibility that the Wuhan Institute of Virology researchers simply did not report all of their research to the public, a possibility that seems to have been reinforced in recent months by secrecy and cover-ups regarding COVID-19 research in China, and the repeated refusal of the Chinese government to participate in an international probe of the origins of the novel coronavirus.
Unless an animal version of virus is found, evidence points to “human intervention”
Professor Petrovsky told LifeSite in an email interview that his study indicates that “there are some highly unusual features, including optimal human adaptation, that in the absence of identification of a close to identical virus in an animal population from which COVID19 could have arisen, would point in the direction of human intervention at some point in the evolution of COVID19.”
He noted that, so far, researchers in China and elsewhere have not produced evidence of the presence in animals of a virus closely similar to the one that causes COVID-19 in humans, which would give credence to their theory of natural development in an intermediary between bats, which presumably originated the virus, and humans.
“If an animal vector and virus could be found then of course this would resolve the matter completely,” Petrovksy told LifeSite. “One would have thought that the Chinese would be intensively sampling all conceivable animals trying to find such a virus to exonerate their labs. If no such intense search is going on (which I don’t know one way or the other) then the inference could be that they are not looking because they already know what they might find.”
Richard Ebright, a molecular biologist at Rutgers University who has been critical of laboratory studies that might produce new pathogens dangerous to humans, told LifeSite that Petrovsky’s results “are plausible,” but cautioned that the results of the pre-print of the study “are from computational modelling, not from experiments, and therefore must be considered as provisional at best.”
Ebright noted that an earlier study on ACE2 receptor binding found that a bat coronavirus similar to the COVID-19 virus had strong binding power with the ACE2 of tree shrews and ferrets, making them possible animal intermediary candidates. However, the study did not compare the binding power of the virus’ animal species’ ACE2 receptors with the binding power with humans, as does Petrovsky’s study. Moreover, it did not use a gene sequence from an early version of the novel coronavirus itself, as does Petrovsky’s study, but rather used the gene sequence of a similar bat coronavirus reported by the Wuhan Institute of Virology, called RaTG13.
Ebright told LifeSite that he believes that multiple physical experiments that will ultimately determine if the novel coronavirus is optimized for binding with human cells are “probably underway in multiple locations,” although he did not cite any specific studies.
What is needed, according to Prof. Petrovsky, is a thorough international investigation into the true cause of the COVID-19 outbreak, something the Chinese government has repeatedly refused.
“Whilst the facts cannot be known at this time, the nature of this event and its proximity to a high-risk biosecurity facility at the epicentre of the outbreak demands a full and independent international enquiry to ascertain whether a virus of this kind of COVID-19 was being cultured in the facility and might have been accidentally released,” wrote Petrovsky on April 17. (Click to Source) | <urn:uuid:dcc9206d-c6b2-4ee5-89a8-77f547b3018d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://theblogginghounds.com/2020/05/31/exclusive-virus-researchers-uncover-new-evidence-implying-covid-19-was-created-in-a-lab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.967213 | 2,182 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Enterprise Storage Comes Home
Fibre Channel in the home? Automatic storage provisioning for the family iTunes library? It may sound ridiculous, but it's not as outlandish as it seems at first glance.
That's because enterprise storage technology is rapidly moving down to the consumer marketplace, and there are a few reasons for this.
- Home users are looking for ways to handle the vast amounts of data that the digital media lifestyle produces; it's not unusual for families to have several terabytes of data they need to store, back up, and retrieve rapidly. Until a few years ago, these quantities of data were the preserve of businesses.
- Many of these technologies can be simplified to the extent that consumers can just "plug 'n' play" them.
- Rapidly falling prices mean that the cutting-edge technology of yesterday is now affordable in the home.
A good example of this trend is RAID, an enterprise storage technology designed to offer either increased performance or data redundancy. The most common use for RAID has been to provide redundancy and fault tolerance in corporate servers. But hardware RAID is now as cheap as chips, and desktop manufacturers such as Dell have begun including RAID in their consumer product lines.
Most recently, CRU-DataPort, a Washington-based company, announced a handheld portable storage device for the consumer market containing two SATA drives that can be used in either RAID 0 or RAID1 configurations (as well as without RAID). Just as many home users now know all about routers, DHCP servers and other terminology that was until recently the preserve of the corporate network admin, it doesn't look like it will be long before soccer moms will be discussing mirroring, striping and the different levels of RAID while waiting for their kids' games to finish.
One product that has already taken off in the consumer marketplace is the network-attached storage (NAS) device, with inexpensive offerings from consumer brands including Maxtor, Iomega, Netgear and many others. These devices are becoming increasingly sophisticated, with the inclusion of various levels of RAID, and ever more "consumerized" with ultra-simple interfaces such as a traffic light indicator panel to warn users when a disk is becoming full or is failing and needs replacing. Buffalo Technology has just announced its LinkStation Mini, a palmtop consumer NAS device that contains two 500Gb laptop drives providing either 1Tb of storage or 500Gb of RAID 1 protected storage, with a Gigabit Ethernet connection.
Improving Home Backup
Moving on from NAS, another enterprise concept that is making rapid inroads into the consumer marketplace is full snapshot-based backup. While all (responsible) businesses have an effective backup regime in place, home backups tend to be ad-hoc affairs that involve dragging important files to a memory stick or external USB drive, and which take place irregularly and very infrequently.
Businesses generally automate their backup procedures, as this is the only way that they get done with the necessary frequency and reliability, and recognizing this, Apple has released the Time Capsule a wireless 500Gb or 1Tb consumer device that backs up multiple Mac machines over the network at a regularly scheduled time using the Leopard OS Time Machine feature.
Not to be outdone, Microsoft has taken this a step further with its Home Server software (available as a standalone product or supplied with hardware like the HP MediaSmart server), which has a similar backup function as the Time Capsule, for up to 10 home PCs. Windows Home Server also offers shared storage and folder mirroring, which enables multiple copies of specified folders to be kept on separate drives (if they are available) for redundancy.
Online, off-site backup is another rapidly expanding area that is taking its lead from the enterprise marketplace, according to Bob Laliberte, an analyst at Enterprise Strategy Group.
"In the enterprise, we see backup data held locally so that it can be accessed quickly, and also held off-site," said Laliberte. "We are already seeing services like Mozy and Carbonite offer the same thing for consumers."
Mozy, owned by storage giant EMC (NYSE: EMC), offers MozyEnterprise as an online backup service for large organizations, as well as MozyHome, a service targeted squarely at the consumer market. Until recently both services were only available to PC users, but recognizing the importance of Macs in the home market, Mozy recently introduced its online backup client software for OS X.
"Everyone in the enterprise is saying that tape is dead, and that disk-based backup is the way to go. The consumer is now doing that too, and it is proving to be quite affordable," said Laliberte.
Carbonite charges $49.95 per PC per year for online backup, while Mozy offers a free service for up to 2Gb, or charges $4.95 for unlimited data. And Symantec (NASDAQ: SYMC) bought into the home PC backup market just this week with the acquisition of SwapDrive, complementing its business service.
Moving forward, which enterprise technologies will become much cheaper and move down to the consumer space in the near future? Technology that provides high-speed data transfer for storage, according to Shinya Matsuzaki from Buffalo Technologies.
"In our opinion, the next technology to become of interest to consumers will be iSCSI, which delivers high-speed data transfer and is an excellent backup solution," he said. "Data size is ever increasing due to high-quality photos, audio and HD videos becoming standard for mass consumers, and the iSCSI high speed interface will be indispensable when dealing with the sheer amount of data in everyday life."
Buffalo is planning on launching an iSCSI-based storage device in the near future, Matsuzaki said, aimed at "tech-savvy consumers" as well as the SME/SOHO market.
The distinction between enterprise and home storage technology is becoming increasingly blurred, as technologies developed for the enterprise work their way into the home. A storage infrastructure that includes many terabytes of RAID-protected network-attached storage or a backup regime which includes regular array snapshots automatically backed up to disk both locally and to a secure remote site is likely to be found as much in an enterprise as the family den these days. So who's to say that that your neighbor won't be implementing a storage area network using Fibre Channel and automated provisioning before your businesses does? | <urn:uuid:de331cd8-001e-4387-a4f1-05edfabb1e21> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.enterprisestorageforum.com/ipstorage/features/article.php/3752606/Enterprise-Storage-Comes-Home.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00333-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958673 | 1,316 | 1.726563 | 2 |
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Scholastic – BookFlix via PowerLibrary (PA)
An online literacy resource that pairs classic fictional video storybooks from Weston Woods with related nonfiction eBooks from Scholastic. BookFlix reinforces core reading skills and introduces children to a world of knowledge and exploration.
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Project Gutenberg (F)
Offers over 36,000 free ebooks to download to your PC, Kindle, Android, iOS or other portable device. Choose between ePub, Kindle, HTML and simple text formats ebooks, | <urn:uuid:4d0d9905-daac-4482-8451-05f39528a5f5> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.uppermorelandlibrary.org/library-databases-online-resources/ebooks-downloadable-media/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00209-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886402 | 516 | 1.671875 | 2 |
−−⏑−¦−⏑⏑¦−⏑−−¦¦−−⏑−¦−⏑⏑¦−⏑−− Upajāti (Bālā)tasyātmajā vibhrama-harṣa-darpās tisro rati-prīti-tṣaś ca kanyāḥ |
−−⏑−¦−⏑⏑¦−⏑−−¦¦⏑−⏑−¦−⏑⏑¦−⏑−−papracchur enaṁ manaso vikāraṁ sa tāṁś ca tāś caiva vaco 'bhyuvāca || 13.3
His own sons, Hurry, Thrill and Pride,
And his three girls, Fun, Pleasure and Thirst,
Asked him what was troubling his mind;
And he said this to those boys and girls:
In his first assault on the bodhisattva, as the bodhisattva sits in the natural state of plus-minus zero, Māra will test the bodhisattva with positive emotions. So for this purpose he will deploy the six family members cited in today's verse. Later on in the Canto Māra will try to cause the bodhisattva to wobble via negative emotions.
EHJ changed rati, Fun, to arati, Discontent, reading the 2nd pāda tisro 'rati-prīti-tṛṣaś ca kanyāḥ, and translating “his three daughters, Discontent, Delight and Thirst.” EHJ noted, however, that the old Nepalese manuscript, along with the Tibetan translation and also apparently the Chinese translation, all omitted the avagraha mark.
According to the MW dictionary, rati and pritī are the two wives of Māra, while tṛṣ is his daughter. It is hard to see, then, why EHJ saw fit to change the emotionally positive rati (Fun) into the negative arati (Discontent).
I would rather see all three of the women as representing positive emotions, but not all of them being Māra's daughters – two of the three being related to him by marriage. There may be a danger of reading too much into this, but ātmajāh can be read as describing Māra's three sons, in particular, as being regular chips off the old block. The suggestion might be that there is something particulaly male, or testosterone-based, about Māra.
What was causing Māra's mind to be troubled? The obvious answer is that the bodhisattva was sitting in full lotus, and it has been said since ancient times that the mere sight of somebody sitting in full lotus is enough to make Māra quake in his boots.
But the bodhisattva has been sitting in lotus for the past six years of his ascetic practice, and there was no mention of Māra being worried then.
So really to understand why Māra was so worried I think we need to go back and really understand what Aśvaghoṣa told us in BC12.93-94, and then in BC12.101-106:
He was greatly honoured by those five humble followers. While, being obedient, because of training, they deferred to him, / Abiding as disciples under his dominion, like the restless senses deferring to the mind, //12.93 // He intuited that here might be a means to end death and birth – on which grounds, then, /He undertook harsh austerities, going without food. //12.94 //...
“This dharma is good neither for detachment, nor for awakening, nor for liberation./ What I realized back then, at the foot of the rose-apple tree – that is a sure method. //12.101// But that cannot be realized by one who is weak.” Thus did he reflect. / Still more, with a view to increasing his bodily strength, on this did he meditate further: //12.102// "Worn out by hunger, thirst and fatigue, with a mind that, from fatigue, is not well in itself, / How can one obtain the result which is to be realized by the mind – when one is not contented? //12.103// Contentment is properly obtained through keeping the senses constantly appeased; / By full appeasement of the senses, wellness of the mind is realized. //12.104// In one whose mind is well and tranquil, samādhi, balanced stillness, sets in. / In one whose mind is possessed of samādhi, dhyāna, meditative practice, progresses. //12.105// Through meditation's progress are obtained dharmas, timeless teachings, by which is realized the deathless – / That hard-won, quieted, unaging, ultimate immortal step.” //12.106//
Six years ago, then, already, the bodhisattva had recognized that the means to the end he sought involved establishing a hierarchy in which the mind prevails over the senses.
But the truth is that the mind cannot exercise direct control over feelings, any more than a surfer can control the sea. The truth is rather that feelings – whether positive or negative emotions or more neutral sensory feedback – control the mind. (Hence Marjory Barlow: "We cannot control our feelings. Our feelings control us!")
Six years on, then, the bodhisattva has now adopted a new approach to the senses so that instead of trying to defeat the senses directly by ascetic denial, he has decided fully to appease the senses.
As much as his sitting in lotus under the bodhi tree, I think it is the bodhisattva's arrival at this more indirect, more moderate, and more reasonable approach, and his confidence that here is a means that is going to take him towards his end of conscious awakening, that has caused Māra to break out into a cold sweat.
Because Māra's realm is unconscious end-gaining.
We who are not yet truly awake sometimes can't help suffering from the delusion that we might be enlightened already. At those kind of ironies, Māra rubs his hands in glee, knowing we are stuck deeper than ever in his realm.
At the root of unconscious end-gaining is ignorance. I think the aim of sitting practice is to stop this ignorance, in which case sitting can be like a great bodhi tree – pure, pristine, free of doing.
If a Zen master's sitting in lotus is full of doings, even if he thinks he is a wise one, on the basis of seeing reality (tattva-darśanāt), he is not yet truly wise, on the basis of reality making itself known (tattva-darśanāt), or on the basis of the right thing doing itself.
That's why I criticize my own Zen teacher so severely. Even if in his own sitting he was relatively free of doing, he in his ignorance entrusted his students firmly into Māra's grip by instructions to do this, that, and the other. And he wasn't the only one. His approach seems to me, still, to be pretty much the norm among Japanese Zen teachers. Based on the ignorant false conception of “correct posture” people are encouraged to sit upright primarily by pulling themselves down.
Thus, even if the Buddha succeeded in defeating Māra around 2500 years ago, that was only one human being winning one battle. The war was not won once and for all. And so these days, in general, Māra seems to be pretty much back in the driving seat.
Today, incidentally, is the anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour on 7th December 1941. And as the years go by and the truth emerges of what really happened, we gradually realize that the Japanese flew into Roosevelt's trap, giving him the excuse -- which Hitler had taken pains not to give -- to take America into the war. Afterwards the powers that be in Washington took the necessary steps to cover up what had really happened, making scapegoats of the admirals in Hawaii who Roosevelt had kept out of the loop.
As a Brit, I suppose I should not complain that FDR caused America to come to the aid of his distant British cousins. But just listen to FDR in this speech that FDR gave on 30th October 1940, while secretly he was already trying his damndest to get America into the war:
The plain fact is that construction on Army housing is far ahead of schedule to meet all needs, and that by January fifth, next, there will be complete and adequate housing in this Nation for nine hundred and thirty thousand soldiers.
And so I feel that, very simply and very honestly, I can give assurance to the mothers and fathers of America that each and every one of their boys in training will be well housed and well fed.
Throughout that year of training, there will be constant promotion of their health and their well-being.
And while I am talking to you mothers and fathers, I give you one more assurance.
I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again:
Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.
They are going into training to form a force so strong that, by its very existence, it will keep the threat of war far away from our shores.
The purpose of our defense is defense.
The Republican campaign orators who moan and groan (laughter) about our Army and Navy are even more mournful about our strength in the air. But only last year, 1939, the Republicans in the Congress were voting in favor of reducing appropriations for the Army Air Corps.
What kind of political shenanigans are these?
Some might say that FDR was using a skillful means, an expedient. Or some might say he was flat out lying to the American public. Either way, I think Aśvaghoṣa, for one, would have appreciated the irony.
tasya (gen. sg.): his
ātmajāḥ (nom. pl. m.): “born of himself”; son
vibhrama-harṣa-darpāḥ (nom. pl. m.): Caprice, Gaiety and Wantonness [EHJ]
vibhrama: m. moving to and fro , rolling or whirling about , restlessness , unsteadiness ; violence , excess , intensity , high degree ; hurry , rapture , agitation , disturbance , perturbation , confusion , flurry
harṣa: m. bristling , erection (esp. of the hair in a thrill of rapture or delight) ; joy , pleasure , happiness ; erection of the sexual organ , sexual excitement , lustfulness ; ardent desire
darpa: m. pride , arrogance , haughtiness , insolence , conceit
tisras (nom. pl.): three
rati-prīti-tṛṣaḥ (nom. pl. f.): Lust, Delight and Thirst [EBC]
arati-prīti-tṛṣaḥ (nom. pl. f.): Discontent，Delight and Thirst [EHJ]
rati: f. rest , repose ; pleasure , enjoyment , delight in , fondness for ; the pleasure of love , sexual passion or union , amorous enjoyment (often personified as one of the two wives of kāma-deva , together with prīti q.v.)
arati: f. dissatisfaction , discontent , dulness , languor ; anxiety , distress , regret
prīti: f. any pleasurable sensation , pleasure , joy , gladness , satisfaction ; joy or gratification personified (esp. as a daughter of dakṣa or as one of the two wives of kāma-deva)
tṛṣ: f. thirst ; Desire as daughter of Love
kanyāḥ (nom. pl.): f. girl, virgin, daughter
papracchur = 3rd pers. pl. perf. prach: to question, interrogate
enam (acc. sg. m.): him
manasaḥ (gen. sg.): n. mind
vikāram (acc. sg.): m. change of form or nature , alteration or deviation from any natural state , transformation , modification , change (esp. for the worse) of bodily or mental condition , disease , sickness , hurt , injury , (or) perturbation , emotion , agitation , passion
sa (nom. sg. m.): he
tān (acc. pl. m.): them
tāḥ (acc. pl. f.): them
vacaḥ (acc. sg.): n. words, saying
babhāṣe = 3rd pers. sg. perf. bhāṣ: to speak , talk , say , tell
abhyuvāca [EBC] = 3rd pers. sg. perf. abhi- √ vac: to say to, to tell | <urn:uuid:888b0f3f-f535-413a-be5e-d1dce8bb170c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://nothingbutthelifeblood.blogspot.com/2014/12/buddhacarita-133-why-mara-was-worried.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00317-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948833 | 2,856 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The price has been in lives. The capture and killing of Osama bin Laden occurred without loss of any U.S. military lives. It was hailed as a hugely successful special forces and intelligence operation. Still to believe that the operation was accomplished without the loss of life is both incorrect and naive. The lives lost have been those of polio vaccination workers murdered in the backlash against the use of CIA operatives masquerading as immunization workers to gather intelligence in Pakistan. Other lives changed forever are those of children who have been and will be paralyzed by polio who will not receive vaccination against polio in the aftermath of this intelligence gathering deception.
Since it became known that the CIA used a Pakistani physician to obtain DNA from a child while administering a hepatitis vaccine to children in the compound where bin Laden was hiding, the Muslim violence against polio vaccine workers has intensified and far more children are not receiving polio vaccine. More than 20 vaccination workers have been killed by Taliban and other fundamentalist Muslim factions since then.
This is a big change in the level of danger of this already difficult mission. Many more areas of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria have become unreachable to vaccination workers. The cost of the fight on polio is over $1 billion annually, and in the last 25 years has been incredibly successful.
Prior to the start of the global push to eradicate polio over 350,000 children annually were paralyzed. The Rotary International-led PolioPlus campaign, working with governments and the Gates Foundation has been extraordinarily successful. Last year only 250 cases of paralytic polio were diagnosed, and only in 3 nations, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. India was the last country declared to have gone a full year without a case of wild strain polio, joining most of the rest of the world as polio free.
Now reaching these remaining areas, all in Muslim controlled regions, is increasingly difficult and dangerous.
I’m not a military analyst, and I consider myself very pro-American, but I am very skeptical that the decision to use a CIA operative posing as an immunization worker in the hunt for Osama bin Laden was worth the relatively easy to anticipate consequences on the war on polio. What do you think? Was getting bin Laden worth it? Was the information gathered so valuable as to endanger this effort to eradicate polio, put vaccination workers at risk for their lives, and prevent children from getting vaccinated?
Edward Pullen is a family physician who blogs at DrPullen.com. | <urn:uuid:f9ae91aa-f20e-4b02-8fd4-5219263dc38a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2013/08/immunization-workers-murdered-price-killing-osama-bin-laden.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00241-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968149 | 493 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Most people think sports when they think about Title IX. However, Title IX’s scope is much broader than that, and the Energy Department actively works to help ensure that there is no discrimination on the basis of gender in educational programs at institutions that receive Federal financial assistance from the Department.
Today, on the 38th anniversary of the creation of Title IX, we wanted to let you know more about the work we do to protect and support Title IX. At the Energy Department, our Office of Economic Impact and Diversity is responsible for monitoring and enforcing compliance with Title IX, investigating Title IX related complaints, and providing technical assistance related to Title IX to recipients of Energy Department financial assistance.
In terms of enforcement, each year the Department is required by the America COMPETES Act to select two recipients of the Department’s financial assistance for additional review. During these Title IX reviews, staff from our Office of Civil Rights meet with students, faculty, recruiters and advisors at institutions, and follow up to help ensure that the recruitment, retention, training and education practices at the school are inclusive for both men and women.
Ensuring equality under Title IX is the law, but it’s also important to closing the gap between the number of men and women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields – fields which are critical to securing our clean energy future. That’s why we do reviews, and that’s why the compliance standards for being awarded financial assistance from the Energy Department include things like ensuring that the institution will provide flyers and information about rights under Title IX on their campuses and labs. Anyone can report discrimination to the Department’s Office of Civil Rights, and a confidential and efficient complaint process will take place to investigate.
With Title IX, we strive to eradicate discrimination on the basis of sex throughout all institutions which receive Federal financial assistance. We hope that these efforts will support STEM education, and open up more opportunities in STEM research, work and educational pursuits. | <urn:uuid:373390eb-89c8-4bd4-8885-e8c4e514c394> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://energy.gov/articles/title-ix-more-just-sports | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719646.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00126-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953201 | 402 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Lilies (Lilium spp.) adorn the garden with blooms from the spring until late summer. Several classes of lilies exist -- trumpet, Oriental, Asiatic and more, with the most common being Orientals and Asiatic. Lilies bloom on a single stem several times and have green, grasslike foliage. It thrives in full sun, as long as the bulb stays cool when the temperature is high, in well-drained soil. To keep a tidy garden bed and healthy lilies, you must cut back lilies in the fall after they finishing flowering.
Cut off spent flowers at the base of the head with scissors when they start to lose color or wilt. Trim back leaves and sections of the stem when they begin to turn brown, cutting them just above a healthy leaf on the stem to encourage new growth. Dispose of any leaves, stalks or flowers removed from the plant in a plastic trash bag.
Cut the stalk to soil level with scissors when it turns brown or yellow in the fall. Pull the stalk off completely when it is dry.
Apply a 2- to 3-inch layer of straw, wood shavings, hay or partially composted leaves over the bulbs for the winter.
Things You Will Need
- Plastic trash bag
- Divide clumps after a few years by digging up the bulbs in the fall, separating them, then replanting them.
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:400d8283-1fc7-48da-8c4d-54d0bb1573fb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://homeguides.sfgate.com/cut-back-lily-plants-autumn-74727.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00033-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924486 | 305 | 3.125 | 3 |
Carter Presidential Library Upgrading
Former President Jimmy Carter smiled more broadly than usual Thursday, announcing plans for a $10 million renovation of his presidential museum in Atlanta.
Carter told a crowd gathered at the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum, including dozens of schoolchildren on a visit, that he hoped the new, interactive exhibits would encourage visitors to get involved in public service or the type of work the Carter Center is known for —- relieving poverty, working for democracy and eradicating disease.
“I hope that Atlanta will become much more attuned through the presidential library to what’s going on in the world,” Carter said.
Patrick Gallagher & Associates of Maryland is the designer. Gallagaher also is designing the proposed Center for Civil and Human Rights in Atlanta, and his work can be seen in the Smithsonian Institution, the D-Day museum in France, and the Wuxi Science Center in China.
The museum will close April 27 and reopen Oct. 1, Carter’s 85th birthday. | <urn:uuid:c36b44f8-ec0a-47c6-b920-711822f44639> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lisnews.org/carter_presidential_library_upgrading | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00455-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952877 | 208 | 1.53125 | 2 |
It’s a peculiar sort of problem when your economy grows at 8.1% in the first quarter and yet talk abounds of a “hard landing.” American and Europeans haven’t seen that kind of growth in decades—and they could desperately use it today. Yet such is life in China; after years of growing at a blistering pace, growth of “only” 8.1% represents a slowdown. The 8% mark is considered by many to be the minimum growth rate that China needs to maintain high employment and to keep living standards rising. And by the government’s own calculations, Chinese growth will likely slip below that level for the full year 2012. Citing weakness in China’s European export markets and lower construction spending, the Chinese government lowered their full-year target to 7.5%.
The Chinese government doesn’t take its own GDP numbers seriously (they know the numbers are baked), and neither should we. But other statistics are even more sobering.
Consider the tepid growth in imports. China’s imports grew by a pitiful 0.3% in April, compared to an average growth rate of 25% throughout 2011. It is no shock that this has coincided with a general sell-off in commodities prices. More on that shortly.
Let’s take a look at what China’s leaders themselves find important. Li Keqiang, China’s heir apparent as premier, let on that he watches three indicators to gauge the direction of the Chinese economy (see his comments): electricity consumption, rail cargo, and bank lending. None tells a particularly optimistic story.
Electricity consumption grew by just 0.7% last month vs. 7.2% the month before. Growth in rail cargo volume has been cut in half. And bank lending? With the government actively trying to deflate a housing and construction bubble, it has slowed dramatically.
Now that I’ve bombarded you with scare statistics, how should we react as investors?
First, step back and try to keep perspective. Yes, there is a steady stream of bad news coming out of China that signals slow growth ahead. But “slow growth” is clearly a relative term when your economy is growing at a 7-8% clip.
China’s leadership are not fools, and they realize that the model that has served them so well in recent decades—manufacturing cheaply and exporting to the West—is broken. It’s hard to find success as an export-driven economy when the buyers of your products are grappling with a crippling debt crisis.
Realizing this, China’s leadership indicated earlier this year that “the key to solving the problems of imbalanced, uncoordinated, unsustainable development [in China] is to accelerate the transformation of the pattern of economic development. This is both a long-term task and our most pressing task at present.”
In other words, it is the stated objective of the Chinese government to deemphasize investment and instead boost domestic consumption.
Investors wanting to profit from the reorientation of China can follow two trends:
- Avoid commodities and the firms that produce them or even look for opportunities to go short. China has been the overwhelming force behind the commodities bull market of the past decade, and without aggressive Chinese buying there is no bull market.
- Buy the companies that stand to profit from a Chinese consumer shopping spree. My preferred “fishing pond” is the luxury goods sector, defined here as everything from flashy handbags to performance automobiles.
More than half of this year’s growth in luxury goods will come from China, where sales are set to soar by 24% in 2012. The country is already the largest market for jewellery after America, and for gold after India, and is gaining fast on both leaders. Prada and Gucci owe a third of their global sales to the rich in China. CTF saw same-store sales on the mainland shoot up by 45% from April to September last year. See “Riding the Gilded Tiger”
According to the Financial Times, emerging markets account for 40% of all luxury sales (up from 27% as recently as 2007), and this does not include wealthy emerging market tourists who buy in the shops of New York or London. Again, according to the Financial Times, as much as half of the luxury sales in Europe are to emerging-market tourists, many of whom hail from China.
This week Richemont, owner of the Cartier brand (among many others) and the world’s second largest luxury retailer by sales, announced that sales and profits rose 29% and 43%, respectively, largely on strong demand from China. Perhaps surprisingly, demand in Europe was robust, with sales up 20%. Crisis or not, it would appear that well-heeled consumers are spending freely on life’s frivolities.
The crisis in Europe has make the luxury goods sector all the more interesting. Most of the biggest names in high-end luxury goods are European firms, and with the Eurozone mired in crisis we’re getting buying opportunities we might not see again for a long time.
One of my favorites is French luxury conglomerate LVMH (LVMUY), the maker of Louis Vuitton handbags, Dom Perignon champagne, and many other delightful goodies. Mercedes-Benz manufacturer Daimler AG (DDAIF) is also an excellent play on Chinese growth. China is the biggest market for the Mercedes S-class and the biggest engine of the company’s growth.
Investors wanting to stay closer to home could consider Beam, Inc. (BEAM), the distiller or Jim Beam Maker’s Mark bourbon whiskies and Skinnygirl cocktails among others. Beam is a smaller rival to international spirits juggernaut Diageo (NYSE:DEO), and its brands lack some of Diageo’s cachet. Still, Beam is attractive as a recent spinoff from Fortune Brands, and it stands to grow at a significantly faster pace in the years ahead. I consider both excellent holdings for the next 12-24 months.
Disclosures: LVMUY, DDAIF, DEO and BEAM are held by Sizemore Capital clients.
About the author:
Mr. Sizemore has been a repeat guest on Fox Business News, quoted in Barron’s Magazine and the Wall Street Journal, and published in many respected financial websites, including MarketWatch, TheStreet.com, InvestorPlace, MSN Money, Seeking Alpha, Stocks, Futures and Options Magazine, and The Daily Reckoning. | <urn:uuid:292e2476-717d-4bd0-a2ba-f0757c612f51> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gurufocus.com/news/177469/how-to-invest-in-china-as-china-boosts-domestic-consumption | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00271-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951336 | 1,381 | 1.734375 | 2 |
The Muscular System
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Describe the criteria used to name skeletal muscles
- Explain how understanding the muscle names helps describe shapes, location, and actions of various muscles
The Greeks and Romans conducted the first studies done on the human body in Western culture. The educated class of subsequent societies studied Latin and Greek, and therefore the early pioneers of anatomy continued to apply Latin and Greek terminology or roots when they named the skeletal muscles. The large number of muscles in the body and unfamiliar words can make learning the names of the muscles in the body seem daunting, but understanding the etymology can help. Etymology is the study of how the root of a particular word entered a language and how the use of the word evolved over time. Taking the time to learn the root of the words is crucial to understanding the vocabulary of anatomy and physiology. When you understand the names of muscles it will help you remember where the muscles are located and what they do ([link], [link], and [link]). Pronunciation of words and terms will take a bit of time to master, but after you have some basic information; the correct names and pronunciations will become easier.
|Mnemonic Device for Latin Roots|
|Example||Latin or Greek Translation||Mnemonic Device|
|ad||to; toward||ADvance toward your goal|
|sub||under||SUBmarines move under water.|
|ductor||something that moves||A conDUCTOR makes a train move.|
|anti||against||If you are antisocial, you are against engaging in social activities.|
|epi||on top of||n/a|
|apo||to the side of||n/a|
|longissimus||longest||“Longissimus” is longer than the word “long.”|
|medius||medium||“Medius” and “medium” both begin with “med.”|
|rectus||straight||To RECTify a situation is to straighten it out.|
|multi||many||If something is MULTIcolored, it has many colors.|
|uni||one||A UNIcorn has one horn.|
|bi/di||two||If a ring is DIcast, it is made of two metals.|
|tri||three||TRIple the amount of money is three times as much.|
|quad||four||QUADruplets are four children born at one birth.|
Anatomists name the skeletal muscles according to a number of criteria, each of which describes the muscle in some way. These include naming the muscle after its shape, its size compared to other muscles in the area, its location in the body or the location of its attachments to the skeleton, how many origins it has, or its action.
The skeletal muscle’s anatomical location or its relationship to a particular bone often determines its name. For example, the frontalis muscle is located on top of the frontal bone of the skull. Similarly, the shapes of some muscles are very distinctive and the names, such as orbicularis, reflect the shape. For the buttocks, the size of the muscles influences the names: gluteus maximus (largest), gluteus medius (medium), and the gluteus minimus (smallest). Names were given to indicate length—brevis (short), longus (long)—and to identify position relative to the midline: lateralis (to the outside away from the midline), and medialis (toward the midline). The direction of the muscle fibers and fascicles are used to describe muscles relative to the midline, such as the rectus (straight) abdominis, or the oblique (at an angle) muscles of the abdomen.
Some muscle names indicate the number of muscles in a group. One example of this is the quadriceps, a group of four muscles located on the anterior (front) thigh. Other muscle names can provide information as to how many origins a particular muscle has, such as the biceps brachii. The prefix bi indicates that the muscle has two origins and tri indicates three origins.
The location of a muscle’s attachment can also appear in its name. When the name of a muscle is based on the attachments, the origin is always named first. For instance, the sternocleidomastoid muscle of the neck has a dual origin on the sternum (sterno) and clavicle (cleido), and it inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The last feature by which to name a muscle is its action. When muscles are named for the movement they produce, one can find action words in their name. Some examples are flexor (decreases the angle at the joint), extensor (increases the angle at the joint), abductor (moves the bone away from the midline), or adductor (moves the bone toward the midline).
Muscle names are based on many characteristics. The location of a muscle in the body is important. Some muscles are named based on their size and location, such as the gluteal muscles of the buttocks. Other muscle names can indicate the location in the body or bones with which the muscle is associated, such as the tibialis anterior. The shapes of some muscles are distinctive; for example, the direction of the muscle fibers is used to describe muscles of the body midline. The origin and/or insertion can also be features used to name a muscle; examples are the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and the pectoralis major.
The location of a muscle’s insertion and origin can determine ________.
- the force of contraction
- muscle name
- the load a muscle can carry
Where is the temporalis muscle located?
- on the forehead
- in the neck
- on the side of the head
- on the chin
Which muscle name does not make sense?
- extensor digitorum
- gluteus minimus
- biceps femoris
- extensor minimus longus
Which of the following terms would be used in the name of a muscle that moves the leg away from the body?
Critical Thinking Questions
Describe the different criteria that contribute to how skeletal muscles are named.
In anatomy and physiology, many word roots are Latin or Greek. Portions, or roots, of the word give us clues about the function, shape, action, or location of a muscle.
- moves the bone away from the midline
- moves the bone toward the midline
- muscle that increases the angle at the joint
- muscle that decreases the angle at the joint
- to the outside
- to the inside
- at an angle | <urn:uuid:df70b62f-093f-4f4c-ae1f-a8ee38ba9277> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/naming-skeletal-muscles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00064.warc.gz | en | 0.899173 | 1,631 | 4.375 | 4 |
NPEC is among the essay contest scholarships that’s certainly available to senior high school pupils. One scholarship especially is an essay contest. Should you be seeking scholarship essay contests are confident you go through every thing which is provided about the competition, for instance, qualification criteria along with the needed output. Evaluation criteria are employed the http://essayvictory.biz/ same way be it the initial or the thousandth article designated on the exact same prompt. If you’re interested in SEO copywriting, appear into quite a few these sources to learn more. Good search engine marketing copywriting concentrates on several variables like the excellent content and keyword optimization. This can provide you with a very good idea what you’ll have to turn into a search engine advertising copywriter or provide you with some criteria on when to hire one. Customers also can use for paid job as an electronic reporter. Scholarships are won based on particular standards which are unique to you personally professionally, including actually being an one mother, having good grades, participating in community support, pursuing a specific job route, etc. Students striving to find scholarships with essays have different alternatives.
Utilize Dieschlange To Move Your Entire Research Paper Publishing Confusions To Rest
Should you be unable to fulfill the standards then you are going to drop your scholarship and you must search for an alternative program. College writing, about the opposite palm, necessitates the program of scholarly sources. | <urn:uuid:a4295f5d-9ef3-49df-a584-aad77e03ba91> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mobilefitnesslondon.co.uk/writing-prompts-nonfiction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.942682 | 295 | 1.578125 | 2 |
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© 2016 Autodesk, Inc. | <urn:uuid:0dfd2013-137a-4401-b8a6-da82b0e15d74> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.instructables.com/member/JeulianneL/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00426-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92528 | 142 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Left-wing firms cut borrowing options, lock minorities out of banking – InsideSources
Before the COVID pandemic hit, America was experiencing robust economic growth. Some of the biggest beneficiaries were minorities who saw wages rise and unemployment drop to historically low levels. Opportunity is a big part of the American dream, and more and more Americans are living that dream.
But once the pandemic struck and lockdowns hit head-on, the once robust economy began to contract rapidly. It meant record unemployment, job losses and financial hardship that emerged almost overnight. Now that the economy is in a slump, most Americans are facing economic uncertainty, with minorities and the working class among the hardest hit.
Progressives see the current situation as the perfect time to deploy their untested ideas and present them in terms of benefit to minorities and others who have been “left behind”. For example, the National Consumer Law Center website says it is fighting for economic justice and against predatory installment loans. It may sound good if the facts and results don’t matter. But the truth is, this George Soros-backed group seems more focused on denying options to consumers and small businesses than promoting anything that could be called fairness and opportunity.
Limiting options rarely benefits the proverbial little guy. The rich can afford to operate in a world filled with big government mandates and limitations, because they have the resources to find workarounds and lobby for exclusions to benefit them. But the little guy does not have these advantages. What the little guy needs are opportunities, although government regulations rarely extend freedom or opportunity.
So if you are struggling because of the pandemic and have decided to start your own small business or even rebuild it after it was destroyed by the lockdowns, you may need to access funds to realize your goals. dreams. But if you’ve been unemployed for 18 months due to big government shutdowns, have bad credit, or don’t have collateral to secure the loan, how do you borrow money from traditional sources? If you are rich, you have thousands of options for getting financing. But if you’re a working-class, inner-city minority entrepreneur, you have far fewer practical options.
If the extremist left and groups like the National Consumer Law Center are successful, those struggling to rebuild themselves after their jobs or businesses are destroyed by the pandemic will have even fewer options. On a very practical level, narrowing the options to those who are trying to build a better future comes close to telling them that they cannot have a better future.
Obviously, going to a loan shark is not a good idea. But there are banking options that will give new entrepreneurs a chance. The extremist left, however, wants to shut them down, in fact forcing the desperate to turn to a loan shark. The reality is that they claim to protect consumers from what they call high interest loans and that they are using a mathematical trick to advance their state nanny policies that close options.
For example, if I borrowed $ 5,000 from an online lender, then paid off the loan two weeks later and paid a fee of $ 500 for the unsecured loan, the “annual percentage rate” would be 300 %. A 300 percent rate sounds horrible and if it was a 30 year mortgage secured by your home, it would. But for a modern day Henry Ford, such an unsecured loan – for which you provide no collateral – could be a dream come true.
If the extremists have what they want and are able to cap the APR at 24% or less, the lender will have to agree to loan you $ 5,000 for a fee of no more than $ 46. So effectively these extremists say you can’t borrow money because who in their right mind is going to lend you $ 5,000 unsecured for only $ 46?
The truth is, if your situation allows you to borrow money at a lower rate, you would. But if your situation doesn’t allow for better terms and you have a dream that you would like to fund to get things started, paying a $ 500 fee isn’t a bad option.
That’s the problem with busy left-wing extremists – they always think they should make choices for you and you can’t be trusted to make wise choices. Ultimately, poor and minority communities pay the price. | <urn:uuid:620c819d-1268-43e5-a0aa-5e2ab09ca884> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://murkyslough.com/left-wing-firms-cut-borrowing-options-lock-minorities-out-of-banking-insidesources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.957884 | 892 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Skilled People Education Requirements
Skilled people have specialization in their field of work. They are educated, organized and have the ability to take up various white collared jobs as well as blue collared jobs. They are unlike unskilled labor. Skilled people are required for specific job requirements and thus they must possess the specific education and experience in order to outshine competition. Skilled people are required in various fields of work.
The various kinds of skilled jobs include that of the consultants, trainers, volunteers, counselors, so on and so forth. They have the special skills to manage, teach, train and develop the new ones in an organization. They are hired in order to hone the skills of the newbies in any organization. Skilled people are required in every sector of job. They are required to maintain the organized way of working in any provided industry. The educational requirements would be:
- Candidate must be a graduate and must have a specialization in his field of work
- Candidate should be a Masters in Public Administration
- Candidate should have a certification in his field of work
- Candidate should have practical qualification for the skilled jobs
The requirements are however different for different skilled jobs.
Category: Skilled People Education Requirements | <urn:uuid:312ab2bc-42c3-4f53-8542-2cac835ec599> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.educationrequirements.org/skilled-people-education-requirements.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00528-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976483 | 249 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Islamic Shariah laws are the rules and regulations, the moral and ethical codes by which all Muslims are asked to lead their lives. The question whether Islamic Shariah law is above democracy or not has been the subject of heated arguments for many years. However, today many Islamic countries and analysts show how the two can go hand in hand. While many people, including Muslims, believe that democracy is the way to go, the Islamic Shariah still controls the legal code of majority of the Muslim states. Even though extreme strictness and cruel punishments such as stoning and amputation exist in this law, the idea of the Shariah existing parallel to democracy, secularism and modernity is a growing one.
Various analysts throughout the world agree that democracy has its foundation in Islam and the Koran, as the Koran clearly states that mutual discussion is required among the people. The implementation of complete Shariah law, for many Muslims, is the last hope left for them to be united under one banner, to be free of autocratic corruption and to be treated with Justice and the rule of the law. On the other hand many favor the democratic or secular system in which the Muslims will be able to follow their religion out of their own spiritual needs and not due to the pressure put on them by the law obligating them to perform their religious duties.
Due to the mixed opinions of the Muslims all around the globe, the democratic law and the Islamic law have been incorporated together in three different ways, all in the hope of creating a balance between the two. The first system is known as the Dual Legal System which is practiced in majority of the Muslim countries. In this system Shariah courts are allowed to exist under a secular government and the citizens are permitted to take their family and financial issues to the Shariah courts. Many western democracies are considering the establishment of small level Shariah courts to tackle disputes regarding marriage, divorce, inheritance etc among the Muslims of their country.
The second system is known as the Government under God. This system is practiced in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Bahrain, Kuwait etc. Under this system, Islam is considered the religion of the state and the laws and constitution is derived from the Shariah Law. The third system is the completely secular one, in which Islamist groups influence the local traditions however in the constitution there is no influence from the Shariah. Such a system is practiced in countries like Azerbaijan, Chad, and Somalia etc.
Even in secular Islamic states, the Islamist political parties affect the way of life reducing the crack between the state and the religion. Hence there is no denying that the Shariah Law makes it way up the system and has a control over the way the Islamic countries are run. | <urn:uuid:ad8e86a4-d0d0-41ef-8e87-a8586c1a9986> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://muslimblog.co.in/islamic-belief/philosophy-of-religion-vs-the-philosophy-of-democratic-politics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.967241 | 550 | 3.296875 | 3 |
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