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If you speak Cantonese or Mandarin, you will definitely find a comment on Sunday Star's Education pullout rather hilarious. A reader commented on the accuracy of a History book on Let's Hear It: Books should give accurate facts
"The book seems to assume that people with the surname Ma were all Muslims and that the surname Ma derived from Muslim names such as Muhammad."
If you are a Chinese you know what it means. If we do not want Malays know that we are talking about them, we refer them as "sing Ma" (which the word sing means surname) instead of calling them "Malay yan" (Malay people). Those with surname Ma might not be necessarily Muslims in China but in Malaysia, "sing Ma" are definitely Muslims.
If you still do not understand, please don't misunderstand. This is not a joke on the Malays or their religion.
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Happy Halloween Ribbon Wreath Do It Yourself
If you are like Cara of The Picky Apple, then you watch your neighbors go all out with their Halloween lawn decorations at their homes. She was inspired to decorate her door for Halloween in a happy, cute, fun way with this brightly colored Happy Halloween Ribbon Wreath. Happy Halloween Ribbon Wreath do it yourself. Halloween crafts.
1. A wreath form (size depends on you)
2. Black ribbon – to wrap around your wreath form, about 15 feet should do it.
4. One inch blocks or beads
5. Styrofoam letters or numbers
7. Hot glue gun
8. Gorilla glue
9. Decoupage Glue (Mod Podge)
1. Wrap a 12” foam wreath form in wide ribbon. Cara used black, pinning it at first and gluing it down with Gorilla Glue as she went.
2. Now, let the ribbon cutting begin! “You’re going to need lots and lots of ribbon,” cautions Cara. “How much will depend on how
thick you bunch the ribbons together and whether you completely cover the inside and outside of the wreath instead of just the front.”4. Create loops with the ribbons by folding in half and hot gluing each one closed.3. Cut ribbons of your pattern and color choice into lengths about four to five inches in length. Helpful Tip: use varying widths of ribbon.
“I wish I had used more wide ribbon.”
5. Fold each ribbon in half and sew each one closed. If you don’t have a sewing machine, you can hot glue each one closed.
Helpful Tip: avoid sheer ribbon. “Unless you enjoy getting hot glue all over your fingers.”
6. Once all of your ribbons have dried, it’s time to start gluing your ribbon loops to the wreath form. Separate the part of the ribbon below the “seam” you created.
7. Keep adding more loops to your wreath, placing them at random angles. By placing them close together your wreath will look niceand full. Optional Add On: Add letters with pizzazz!
8. Use a coat of mod podge to Styrofoam letters and cover in glitter.
9. Combine letters to spell out word of your choice. For Halloween try, spooky, boo, or treat.
10. Take your one inch blocks or beads and hot glue them to the wreath. This will give your letters dimension off of the wreath and ribbon. Glue the glittery letters to the blocks to spell out your word. Do it for Halloween and you will enjoy.
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• The individual searching the literature of ophthalmology should not find this a time-consuming or frustrating activity. The basic guides to the literature are described, and methods for obtaining information are outlined. The value of orienting oneself to each guide before using it is stressed. Special attention in this communication is given to locating current material; however, guides for searching the older literature are presented also. Since several computerized searching services can be helpful, their programs are briefly described; addresses are given for current prices and additional information. Some of the on-line services may be accessible in your local or regional medical library. When you become conversant with these guides and methods you will be able to find more information than before, and you will be able to find it more quickly.
Beatty WK. Searching the Literature and Computerized Services in Ophthalmology. Arch Ophthalmol. 1976;94(6):909-913. doi:10.1001/archopht.1976.03910030449001
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Monday, April 25, 2005
Unilateral Disengagement Plan and Settlers - some basics
What is Sharon’s “Unilateral Disengagement”?
Father Alphonse de Valk, c.s.b., priest of the Congregation of St. Basil and editor Catholic Insight
The plan for Unilateral Disengagement from Gaza (from here on called “U.D.”) envisages the removal of 7500 Jewish settlers in Gaza to be finished by the end of 2005. They are to be resettled on the West Bank. Any violence from Gaza thereafter will be punished by the cutting off of telephones, water, and electricity (April 29). Israel will complete the encirclement of Gaza with a wall. It will maintain a patrol road along the border of Egypt, as well as three settlements in the north of the strip to act as a barrier against attacks on Israel proper. It will continue to control all land, sea and air entrances.
After the completion of the wall around the West Bank, Israel will expel all Palestinians living “illegally” in Israel—tens of thousands of them, according to Sharon. And Israel will also maintain the “right to selfdefence,” i.e., to “hunt terrorists” in both Gaza and the West Bank (Sharon, April 2).
As the title “Unilateral” indicates, there is no question of Israeli dialogue with the Palestinians or, for that matter, with anyone else. Under this plan there is no place for Palestinian sovereignty of any kind other than the administration of a series of semi-destroyed, rundown slums.
Observation: If Sharon’s Unilateral Disengagement is a step forward on the road to a peace settlement and reconciliation, one wonders what a step backwards would mean.
Maia Carter Hallward writes in What does it mean to disengage?
"Disengagement sends a signal. It says we do not want to talk to you or interact with you in any way. This sentiment is echoed in the separation barrier and in the legal restrictions on (non-settler) Israelis entering the Occupied Territories or Palestinian-controlled areas. In Hebrew, the Gaza plan is not called disengagement, but rather “withdrawal” which is another mis-nomenclature. According to the plan, Israel remains in control of the borders, the coast, and airspace. It reserves the right to destroy existing settlement infrastructure and to re-enter Gaza at any time deemed necessary for security reasons. In exchange, it rids itself of the governance headache of 1.5 million restless, poverty-stricken, caged-up Palestinians and receives accolades (and lots of money!) from the international community for the “hard work” of removing a small number of Gaza settlers, most of whom are quality of life (not ideological) settlers and willing to leave for compensation."
Her article is particularly interesting because she expresses deep empathy with the emotional aspects of the settlers who will have to leave. On the one hand, I felt, "Hey, they are getting paid to leave land that was not even their property." But, I must admit that even if my own personal view is that these people are given far too much as it is, and should thank their lucky stars that they were not expelled the way Palestinians have been, and still are being, the matter is of importance in the Israeli view, and has to be at least understood.
In Bitterlemons Roundtable Discussion, dealing with the issue of the settlers who may stay behind, Yossi Alpher says:
"On the other hand, the experiment the settlers are volunteering for (those who would remain ed note) has important potential implications for the future of Israeli-Palestinian relations. Today we are preparing to remove 8,000 settlers in what is liable to be a violent and highly traumatic operation. Yet tomorrow, in order for any sort of Palestinian state to emerge, we will have to remove at least another 50,000. Today, the settlement blocs and East Jerusalem Jewish neighborhoods continue to expand. Tomorrow, the prospect of locating territory with which to compensate a Palestinian state for settlement bloc annexation by Israel becomes increasingly daunting."
Hassan Asfour says:"Despite the fact that the world considers all settlements illegal and illegitimate, there is no doubt that the subject of settlements will be the source of much complication in final status negotiations. Among the different ideas for solving this thorny issue there is one that surfaces from time to time: can settlers be accepted as Palestinian citizens in a future state of Palestine?
The question seems intriguing on the surface, and some may immediately respond in the positive. My answer is an unequivocal no.
My objection is not to individuals or a people; we would not reject any Jew who rejects Israel's aggressive nature and becomes a Palestinian citizen. The objection is to consolidating facts that were established by force and aggression. Accepting any settler to stay in his present abode would be tantamount to a whitewash of this immoral and shameful enterprise.
But in addition to the theoretical and moral considerations there are practical ones. Israel operates on the premise that it has the right to intervene to protect any Jew wherever he may be and whatever his citizenship. Imagine the Israeli interference in a Palestinian state next to Israel, on land Israelis, deep down, consider is rightfully theirs.
We must also consider the reality that if a number of Jewish settlers remain, they must live among their Palestinian neighbors. In theory, despite different religious and educational practices, this ought not be a problem had the presence of these settlers come about in a framework of coexistence. But it didn't. The settlers are present as a result of Israeli aggression. Let me be clear: my objection is not to the idea of coexistence with Israel or Israelis. My objection is to the idea of rewarding the aggressor. The settler and the racist dimensions of the settlement movement, more than almost anything else in this conflict, epitomize aggression."
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TYPE: Five-seat lightplane/turboprop.
PROGRAMME: Introduced 1984 as M-7-235 Super Rocket (prototype N5656A; based on M-6-235 but with extended cabin and additional windows). In May 2000, Maule received first of an initial batch of 10 SMA SR305 turbocharged diesel engines, rated at 169 kW (227 hp), for installation in MX-9s.
CURRENT VERSIONS: Produced with short (M-5), mid-length (M-6) or long (A Model) wing span and engine/landing gear options as detailed below; short option deleted on 1999 versions, while piston-engined and turboprop/nosewheel aircraft have only M-6 wing from that year, the turboprop/tailwheel variants employing A Model wings. Designation prefixes are T = tricycle and X = short span.
MX-7-160 Sportplane: Four-seater, 119 kW (160 hp) Textron Lycoming O-320-B2D engine, Sensenich two-blade fixed-pitch metal propeller, and four-position flaps. One delivered in 1999, since when no further deliveries reported.
MXT-7-160 Comet: As MX-7-160, but tricycle landing gear; two seats standard, four seats optional. Previously known as Maule Trainer. No recent deliveries reported.
MX-7-160C Sportplane: As M-7-160, but spring aluminium landing gear. Available from 2000, but no reported deliveries by 30 June 2002.
MX-7-180A Sportplane: As MX-7-160, but 134 kW (180 hp) Textron Lycoming O-360-C4F engine. Two delivered in 2002 and one in the first nine months of 2003.
MX-7-180AC Sportplane: As MX-7-180A, but spring aluminium landing gear. Two delivered in first nine months of 2003.
MXT-7-180A Comet: As MX-7-180, but tricycle landing gear and four seats standard. Introduced and first production aircraft (N1002N) flown 1996; optimised for flight training schools. Total of 18 delivered in 1999, six in 2000, one in 2001 and three in 2002, and three in the first nine months of 2003.
MX-7-180B Star Rocket: 134 kW (180 hp) Textron Lycoming O-360-C1F engine, Hartzell two-blade constant-speed metal propeller and five-position flaps. Two delivered in 2002.
MX-7-180C: As MX-7-180B, but with spring aluminium main landing gear. Two delivered in 1999, two in 2000, one in 2001, two in 2002, and three in the first nine months of 2003.
MXT-7-180 Star Rocket: As MX-7-180B, but with tricycle landing gear. Previously known as Star Craft. One delivered in 1999, ceven in 2000, and two in 2001; no reported deliveries in first six months of 2002.
MX-7 Rocket: 153 kW (205 hp) PZL-Franklin 6A-350-C1R engine, McCauley two-blade propeller. Prototype was being test flown by second quarter of 1999. Engine may be offered as an option on Textron Lycoming O-360-powered models. No reported deliveries by October 2003.
M-7-235B Super Rocket: Five-seater; choice of 175 kW (235 hp) carburetted Textron Lycoming O-540-J1A5, low-compression Mogas approved O-540-B4B5 or fuel-injected IO-540-W1A5 engines; McCauley constant-speed propeller, five-position flaps; fuselage raised 7.6 cm (3 in) at trailing-edge of wing and baggage area moved aft 12.7 cm (5 in) to accommodate fifth seat; recommended for high gross weight short-field operation, and for floatplane operation. Eight delivered in 1999, seven in 2000, five in 2001, six in 2002, and three in the first nine months of 2003.
M-7-235C Orion: As for M-7-235B but with spring aluminium main landing gear. Sixteen delivered in 1999, 18 in 2000, 14 in 2001, 15 in 2002, and six in the first nine months of 2003.
MT-7-235 Super Rocket: As M-7-235B, but tricycle landing gear, four-position flaps and IO-540-W1A5 engine only. Four delivered in 1999, five in 2000, 16 in 2001 and 12 in 2002, and six in the first nine months of 2003. Civil Air Patrol approved purchase of 15 in glider towing configuration mid-2000.
M-7-260 Super Rocket: As M-7-235B, but 194 kW (260 hp) Textron Lycoming IO-540-V4A5 engine; McCauley two-blade constant-speed propeller standard, Hartzell and MT propellers optional. Seven delivered in 1999, one in 2000, four in 2001, one in 2002, and one in the first nine months of 2003.
M-7-260C Orion: As M-7-235C, but 194 kW (260 hp) Textron Lycoming IO-540-V4A5 engine; McCauley two-blade constant speed propeller standard, Hartzell and MT propellers optional. Eight delivered in 1999, seven each in 2000 and 2001, two in 2002, and three in the first nine months of 2003.
MT-7-260 Super Rocket: As MT-7-235, but 194 kW (260 hp) Textron Lycoming IO-540-V4A5 engine; McCauley two-blade constant-speed propeller standard, Hartzell and MT propellers optional. Three delivered in 1999, two in 2000, four in 2001, and one in 2002.
M-7-420AC: M-7 fuselage with long-span wings, 313 kW (420 shp) Rolls-Royce 250-B17C turboprop, spring aluminium tailwheel landing gear. One delivered in 1999, none in 2000, one each in 2001 and 2002, and one in the first nine months of 2003.
MT-7-420: As MT-7-260 but with 313 kW (420 shp) Rolls-Royce 250-B17C turboprop; FAA certification granted 6 January 2003.
MX-9: M-7 with 169 kW (227 hp) SMA SR305-230 Diesel engine and LoPresti cowling; max take-off weight 1,270 kg (2,800 lb). Fuel capacity 322 litres (85.0 US gallons; 70.8 Imp gallons); estimated range more than 869 n miles (1,609 km; 1,000 miles). Prototype (N305SR) first flown on 18 July 2003; public debut at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 29 July 2003 at which time it had completed 18 hours' flying time. Estimated cost US$200,000 (2003).
CUSTOMERS: Total of 970 produced by mid-2003, plus 908 of earlier M-5 and M-6 series. At 17 April 2001 Maule's order's backlog stood at 100 aircraft, of which 10 were for SMA SR305-powered MX-9s.
COSTS: MX-7-160 US$105,000; MX-7-160C US$110,400; MX-7-180A US$110,850; MXT-7-160 US$114,600; MX-7-180AC US$116,150; MXT-7-180A US$120,400; MX-7-180B US$123,500; MX-7-180C US$128,800; MXT-7-180 US$134,600; M-7-235B (O-540) US$139,600 (IO-540) US$147,750; M-7-235C (O-540) US$145,800 (IO-540) US$153,950; M-7-260 US$158,400; MT-7-235 US$160,200; M-7-260C US$165,200; MT-7-260 US$170,850; M-7-420AC US$450,000; MT-7-420 US$470,000. (All 2003; standard equipment)
DESIGN FEATURES: Rugged, STOL utility aircraft. High constant chord, wing braced by V-struts; mid-mounted tailplane; large sweptback fin.
USA 35B (modified) wing section; dihedral 1°; incidence 0° 30'; cambered wingtips standard.
FLYING CONTROLS: Conventional and manual. Ailerons linked to rudder servo tab to reduce adverse yaw; trim tab in port elevator; rudder trim by spring to starboard rudder pedal; flap deflection 40° down for slow flight (further setting of 48° down on all except -420), 24° down, o and 7° up for improved cruise performance; underfin on floatplane and amphibious versions.
STRUCTURE: All-metal two-spar wing with dual struts and glass fibre tips; fuselage frame of welded 4130 steel tube with Ceconite covering aft of cabin and metal doors and skin forward of cabin; glass fibre engine cowling.
LANDING GEAR: Non-retractable tailwheel or nosewheel type. Maule oleo-pneumatic shock-absorbers in narrow track main units on MX-7-160, MX-7-180A, MX-7-180B, M-7-235B and M-7-260 models; wide chord main units standard. Maule steerable tailwheel. Cleveland mainwheels with Goodyear or McCreary tyres size 7.00-6, pressure 1.79 bar (26 lb/sq in). Tailwheel tyre size 8x3.5-4, pressure 1.03 to 1.38 bar (15 to 20 lb/sq in). Cleveland hydraulic disc brakes. Parking brake. Oversize tyres, size 20x8.5-6 (pressure 1.24 bar; 18 lb/sq in) optional.
Provisions for fitting optional Aqua 2200 and 2400, Baumann 2720 or Wipline 2350 and 3000 floats, or Baumann 2750A or Wipline 2350A and 3000A amphibious floats (also available on some tricycle models). Float option available for MX-7-160, MX-7-180A/B/C, M-7-235B/C, M-7-260 and M-7-420AC. Ski option available for M-7-235B.
POWER PLANT: One flat-four or flat-six engine as described under Current Versions, driving a Sensenich two-blade fixed-pitch or Hartzell two-blade constant-speed propeller (three-blade McCauley propeller optional on 175 kW; 235 hp and 194 kW; 260 hp models); or Rolls-Royce 250-B17C turboprop with three-blade, Hartzell HC-B3TF-7A/T10173F-21R constant-speed feathering and reversing propeller in -420 models. Piston versions have two fuel tanks in wings with total usable capacity of 163 litres (43.0 US gallons; 35.8 Imp gallons). Auxiliary fuel tanks in outer wings (standard on all 1999 models), to provide total capacity of 276 litres (73.0 US gallons; 60.8 Imp gallons). Turboprop versions have total fuel capacity of 322 litres (85.0 US gallons; 70.8 Imp gallons). Refuelling points on wing upper surface.
ACCOMMODATION: Four or five seats according to model, as described under Current Versions; individual, adjustable front seats; non-adjustable, rear seats. Dual controls and three-point shoulder harnesses standard. Baggage compartment, capacity 113 kg (250 lb), aft of seats; cargo capacity with passenger seats removed 349 kg (770 lb). One front-hinged door on port side; three doors on starboard side, forward and centre doors hinged at front edge, rear baggage door hinged at rear edge to form double cargo door providing an opening 1.30 m (4 ft 3 in) wide to facilitate loading of bulky cargo; aircraft may be flown with doors removed. Accommodation heated and ventilated.
SYSTEMS: Hydraulic system for brakes only; electrical system powered by 60 A engine-driven alternator; 12 V battery (24 V battery on turboprops).
AVIONICS: Standard SP-3 VFR package comprises Garmin GNC 250XL GPS/com (GNC 420 upgrade optional), GTX 327 digital transponder, PS Engineering PM 1000II four-place intercom. IFR-4 package comprises GNS 430 GPS/nav/com, GNC 250XL GPS/com, GI-106A CDI with GS, GTX 327 digital transponder, PS Engineering PMA 7000B stereo audio panel. IFR-4KX package deletes GNC 250XL and adds Bendix/King KX-155-42 nav/com/GS and KI-209-01 VPR/GS indicator. IFR-5 package adds second GNS 430 to IFR-4 package. GNS 530 replacing one GNS 430 optional in IFR packages. Optional avionics upgrades include 28 V system for IFR packages, Century NSD 360A-15 or 360A-26 non-slaved/slaved HSIs replacing one GI-106A in IFR packages; S-TEC System 20, System 30 or System 50 autopilots and heading bug directional gyro; Insight Strikefinder SF-2000; Bose Headset X; Light Speed Technologies Twenty 3G ANR headset; and fifth-seat microphone and headset jack. All avionics packages include Narco AR-850 remote altitude encoder, Bendix/King KA 33-00 cooling blower (KA 33-01 optional), ELT, pilot and co-pilot PTT switches, radio master switch, and broadband antenna; IFR packages also include second broadband antenna, marker antenna and triplexer.
Instrumentation: Standard equipment includes full gyro panel/vacuum system comprising attitude and directional gyros, electric turn co-ordinator, VSI, OAT gauge and suction gauge; ASI; altimeter; compass; audio/visual stall warning indicator; CHT gauge; tachometer; electric fuel gauge, manifold pressure gauge (constant-speed propeller models only); fuel pressure gauge; oil pressure and temperature gauges; ammeter, and clock. Options include TAS indicator, carburettor air temperature gauge, hour meter, and KS Mix-Mizer EGT probe.
EQUIPMENT: Standard equipment includes instrument and dome lights, auxiliary cabin heater, auxiliary fuel pump, auxiliary power plug, heated pitot tube, vinyl seats with velor inserts, vinyl cabin side panels, cloth velour cabin headliner, cabin soundproofing, cabin overhead speaker, window vents, cabin steps, cargo tiedowns, smoke-tinted windscreen, windscreen defroster, landing light in port wing, navigation lights, wingtip strobe lights, seven fuel drains, tiedown rings, airframe powder coating, wing corrosion proofing, and standard external paint scheme in Glacier White or Dune White base colour with single-colour trim. Options include dual-caliper brakes, dynamically balanced propeller, engine heater, leather seats and interior trim, four-point shoulder harnesses for pilot and co-pilot, Oregon Aero seat cushion system for pilot and co-pilot, two-position middle seat, colour co-ordinated instrument panel, landing light in starboard wing, Precise Flight pulselight, Micro Dynamics Inc vortex generators, dual tailplane struts (for glider towing), ground service plug, fuselage grab handles, Halon fire extinguisher, Schweizer or Tost glider tow/release kit, aircraft towbar, observation door, camera port, observation window, skylight, co-pilot's swing-out window, smoke-tinted cabin windows, and additional external trim colours.
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Her stories were always in furtherance of community—the community in which the powerful take care of and protect the marginal and the powerless. She would use illustrations from everyday life and incidents that were not so common to make this fundamental point. For instance, she would often link graciousness and kindness under pressure when a baby was ‘wanted’ to what pro-lifers do for women in crisis pregnancies when the woman is, at best, ambivalent around the fate of the child she is carrying.
I heard Jean speak on many occasions -- some formal opportunities to restate the position pro-life and others in casual conversation. Her classic white hair and special voice gave the demeanor of a grandmother (which she was) but this was a grandma with a dynamic personality for a special cause.
Jean did not come to the cause of life quickly. She was not hesitate to speak of the evolution of her position.
My involvement in the abortion battle began on the “choice” side back in 1968 when I found myself pregnant at 40. We already had three children and number four was definitely not on my agenda. “Every child a wanted child” claims the pro-choice slogan, and this child wasn’t.
The “practical solution” was an abortion. However, where I lived the state law prohibited abortion so I joined an abortion-rights group to help change the law.
What changed, however, was me. That “unwanted pregnancy” became a very wanted child.
I eventually became a convert to the pro-life position and, in 1973, found myself speaking at a U.S. Senate hearing because, as the old line says, “Once you see, you can’t unsee.”Jean was one of the most profound voices within the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod on behalf of life, the unborn, and the child and she was one of those who transformed our church body into the most pro-life church body in America. She would never admit that she was a force to be reckoned with but everyone who knew her, knew not to discount the little white haired lady with the lilting voice.
Lutherans For Life exists in part because of Dr. Jean Garton and she served instrumentally in its formation in 1978 and was its first president. She served on many boards within the LCMS -- not in the least the Board of Directors of our Synod. Only recently led an energetic presentation at our Lutherans For Life National Conference in October -- on the theme “Here We Stand.” There she received the Dominus Vitae award in honor of her lifelong, Gospel-motivated labors to affirm God’s gift of life. Her acclaimed and influential book Who Broke the Baby? is entering its third edition of publication. This past summer Jean spoke at the NRLC Convention’s Prayer Breakfast and you can read her address here—“Where there is Life, There is Hope.” Read her own words in First Things.
Jean is an example of what we can do if we wish to do it -- it is due to people like Jean that abortion is a national issue, that the pro-life cause continues to increase, and the cause of death was transformed into a force for life. God bless you, Jean. May you rest in peace. Now joined with the saints, with your beloved husband Chic, and with the thanks of those whose lives you have touched and enriched beyond measure.
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SHIRLEY -- Established by the estate of Grace Winslow to assist elderly nursing home residents, the Winslow Trust Fund sat idle for more than 60 years. Untouchable, in fact. There were no such facilities in Shirley and that didn't change over the years.
Last year, the cash-strapped town sought to free up the fund. Selectmen asked Treasurer Kevin Johnston to look into it. He filed the necessary paperwork, asking the state to waive regulations so that the trust fund could be repurposed to fund assistance programs for elderly town residents and others in need.
At first, the request was rejected. But Johnston, at the selectmen's urging, persisted and eventually succeeded.
The Attorney General's office issued a "pro se" ruling that set new rules for use of the Winslow Trust Fund. Reluctant to become fund administrators, selectmen turned to the Shirley Charitable Foundation for help.
At Monday night's meeting, SCF member Ron Marchetti and Johnston presented their plan.
The group can't take over the fund, which would not fit the criteria called for in the ruling, they told the selectmen. But SCF can provide management services, such as keeping track of the fund balance and filing state required reports each year.
Short of doing it for them, Marchetti suggested a protocol for selectmen to easily and consistently dole out Winslow trust fund money.
He brought a draft of the proposed setup, with application forms for organizations seeking Winslow Trust Fund grants. But it's still selectmen's decision, he said.
To make the fund "sustainable," grants will tap only the interest, leaving the principal intact.
Chairman Andy Deveau asked if the SCF would vet the requests.
Not exactly. But SCF will act as a "pass through" for funds the selectmen decided to grant in February each year, based on applications submitted in January.
The form tells applicants "exactly what they have to do," and selectmen will know "exactly how much money is available," Marchetti said, sketching SCF's part of the process.
The first request for a Winslow Trust Fund grant came from the Community Assistance Collaborative, a small group whose mission began with assisting the town's frail, homebound or needy elderly and expanded to include families and individuals of any age with fuel grants, food and other needs.
Marchetti explained the procedural map, with every dollar accounted for, but Selectman Kendra Dumont asked if there was a mechanism for emergencies" and money set aside to fund them.
Johnston explained that the state ruling called for the selectmen to meet "at least annually" and in the meantime, the fund continues to accrue interest. For the last three quarters, for example, the fund earned $4,000, he said.
The selectmen can convene at other times during the year to consider emergency requests, Marchetti said.
"This is only our recommendation," he continued. But in the scenario presented, Johnston would know by the end of each fiscal year how much money is available for awarding grants.
Like the $5,000 grant they gave the CAC, which has snowballed into matching funds and other grants from the SCF and the Greater Lowell Foundation that help the community's needy. The Winslow Fund grant helped them further their mission, Marchetti said.
"We can manage their funds," he said of the CAC, which continues to seek out the "truly needy" through other community organizations such as the Council on Aging.
"This is a great use of this (Winslow Trust Fund) money," and other grant funds the CAC has brought in, he said.
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|Home / Platform / Seeking Knowledge -- Our National Imperative|
Seeking Knowledge -- Our National Imperative
"History before Islam was a jumble of conjectures, myths and rumors."
Abu Rayhan al-Biruni was a great scientist, physicist, astronomer, sociologist, linguist, historian and mathematician whose true worth may never be known. He is considered the father of unified field theory by Nobel Laureate - late Professor Abdus Salam. He lived nearly a thousand years ago and was a contemporary of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Sultan Mahmoud of Ghazni.
When he was on his deathbed, Biruni was visited by a jurisprudent neighbor of his. Abu Rayhan was still conscious, and on seeing the jurisprudent, he asked him a question on inheritance law or some other related issue. The jurisprudent was quite amazed that a dying man should show interest in such matters.
Abu Rayhan said, “I should like to ask you: which is better, to die with knowledge or to die without it?”
The man said, “Of course, it is better to know and then die.”
Abu Rayhan said, “That is why I asked my first question.”
Shortly after the jurisprudent had reached his home, the cries of lamentation told him that Abu Rayhan had died. (Murtaza Motahari: Spiritual Discourses)
That was then, nearly a millennium ago, when Muslims were the torchbearers of knowledge in a very dark world. They created an Islamic civilization, driven by inquiry and invention, which was the envy of the rest of the world for many centuries. In the words of Carli Fiorina, former (highly talented and visionary) CEO of Hewlett Packard, “Its architects designed buildings that defied gravity. Its mathematicians created the algebra and algorithms that would enable the building of computers, and the creation of encryption. Its doctors examined the human body, and found new cures for disease. Its astronomers looked into the heavens, named the stars, and paved the way for space travel and exploration. Its writers created thousands of stories; stories of courage, romance and magic. When other nations were afraid of ideas, this civilization thrived on them, and kept them alive. When censors threatened to wipe out knowledge from past civilizations, this civilization kept the knowledge alive, and passed it on to others. While modern Western civilization shares many of these traits, the civilization I'm talking about was the Islamic world from the year 800 to 1600, which included the Ottoman Empire and the courts of Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo, and enlightened rulers like Suleiman the Magnificent. Although we are often unaware of our indebtedness to this other civilization, its gifts are very much a part of our heritage. The technology industry would not exist without the contributions of Arab mathematicians.”
Truly, there is a hardly a field that is not indebted to these pioneering children of Islam. Here below is a short list (by no means a comprehensive one) of Muslim scientists from the 8th to the 14th century CE:
- 701 (died) C.E. - Khalid Ibn Yazeed - Alchemy
- 721-803 - Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber) - Alchemy (Great Muslim Alchemist)
- 740 - Al-Asma’i - Zoology, Botany, Animal Husbandry
- 780 - Al-Khwarizmi (Algorizm) – Mathematics (Algebra, Calculus) - Astronomy
- 776-868 - ‘Amr ibn Bahr al-Jajiz – Zoology
- 787 - Al Balkhi, Ja'far Ibn Muhammas (Albumasar) - Astronomy
- 796 (died) - Al-Fazari, Ibrahim Ibn Habib - Astronomy
- 800 - Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi - (Alkindus) – Medicine, Philosophy, Physics, Optics
- 815 - Al-Dinawari, Abu-Hanifa Ahmed Ibn Dawood - Mathematics, Linguistics
- 816 - Al Balkhi – Geography (World Map)
- 836 - Thabit Ibn Qurrah (Thebit) - Astronomy, Mechanics, Geometry, Anatomy
- 838-870 - Ali Ibn Rabban Al-Tabari - Medicine, Mathematics
- 852 - Al Battani Abu Abdillah - Mathematics, Astronomy, Engineering
- 857 - Ibn Masawaih You'hanna-Medicine
- 858-929 - Abu Abdullah Al-Battani (Albategnius) - Astronomy, Mathematics
- 860 - Al-Farghani, Abu al-`Abbas (Al-Fraganus) - Astronomy, Civil Engineering
- 864-930 - Al-Razi (Rhazes) - Medicine, Ophthalmology, Chemistry
- 873 (died) - Al-Kindi – Physics, Optics, Metallurgy, Oceanography, Philosophy
- 888 (died) – ‘Abbas ibn Firnas – Mechanics, Planetarium, Artificial Crystals
- 900 (died) - Abu Hamed Al-ustrulabi - Astronomy
- 903-986 - Al-Sufi (Azophi) - Astronomy
- 908 - Thabit Ibn Qurrah-Medicine, Engineering
- 912 (died) - Al-Tamimi Muhammad Ibn Amyal (Attmimi) - Alchemy
- 923 (died) - Al-Nirizi, AlFadl Ibn Ahmed (Altibrizi) - Mathematics, Astronomy
- 930 - Ibn Miskawayh, Ahmed Abu-Ali-Medicine, Alchemy
- 932 - Ahmed Al-Tabari - Medicine
- 934 - al Istakhr II – Geography (World Map)
- 936-1013 - Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahravi (Albucasis) - Surgery, Medicine
- 940-997 – Abu Wafa Muhammad Al-Buzjani - Mathematics, Astronomy, Geometry
- 943 - Ibn Hawqal – Geography (World Map)
- 950 - Al Majrett'ti Abu-al Qasim - Astronomy, Alchemy, Mathematics
- 958 (died) – Abul Hasan Ali al-Mas’udi – Geography, History
- 960 (died) - Ibn Wahshiyh, Abu Baker - Alchemy, Botany
- 965-1040 - Ibn Al-Haitham (Alhazen) - Physics, Optics, Mathematics
- 973-1048 - Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni - Astronomy, Mathematics, History, Linguistics
- 976 - Ibn Abil Ashath - Medicine
- 980-1037 - Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy
- 983 - Ikhwan A-Safa (Assafa) - (Group of Muslim Scientists)
- 1001 - Ibn Wardi – Geography (World Map)
- 1008 (died) - Ibn Yunus - Astronomy, Mathematics
- 1019 - Al-Hasib Alkarji - Mathematics
- 1029-1087 - Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) - Astronomy (Invented Astrolabe)
- 1044 - Omar Al-Khayyam - Mathematics, Astronomy, Poetry
- 1060 (died) - Ali Ibn Ridwan Abu'Hassan Ali - Medicine
- 1077 - Ibn Abi-Sadia Abul Qasim - Medicine
- 1090-1161 - Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - Surgery, Medicine
- 1095 - Ibn Bajah, Mohammed Ibn Yahya (Avenpace) - Astronomy, Medicine
- 1097 - Ibn Al-Baitar Diauddin (Bitar) - Botany, Medicine, Pharmacology
- 1099 - Al-Idrisi (Dreses) - Geography, Zoology, World Map (First Globe)
- 1110-1185 - Ibn Tufayl, Abubacer Al-Qaysi - Philosophy, Medicine
- 1120 (died) -Al-Tuhra-ee, Al-Husain Ibn Ali - Alchemy, Poem
- 1128 - Ibn Rushd (Averroe's) - Philosophy, Medicine, Astronomy
- 1135 - Ibn Maymun, Musa (Maimonides) - Medicine, Philosophy
- 1140 - Al-Badee Al-Ustralabi - Astronomy, Mathematics
- 1155 (died) - Abdel-al Rahman Al Khazin-Astronomy
- 1162 - Al Baghdadi, Abdel-Lateef Muwaffaq - Medicine, Geography
- 1165 - Ibn A-Rumiyyah Abul'Abbas (Annabati) - Botany
- 1173 - Rasheed Al-Deen Al-Suri - Botany
- 1180 - Al-Samawal - Algebra
- 1184 - Al-Tifashi, Shihabud-Deen (Attifashi) - Metallurgy, Stones
- 1201-1274 - Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi - Astronomy, Non-Euclidean Geometry
- 1203 - Ibn Abi-Usaibi'ah, Muwaffaq Al-Din - Medicine
- 1204 (died) - Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius) - Astronomy
- 1213-1288 - Ibn Al-Nafis Damishqui - Anatomy
- 1236 - Kutb Aldeen Al-Shirazi - Astronomy, Geography
- 1248 (died) - Ibn Al-Baitar - Pharmacy, Botany
- 1258 - Ibn Al-Banna (Al Murrakishi), Azdi - Medicine, Mathematics
- 1262 (died) - Al-Hassan Al-Murarakishi - Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography
- 1270 - Abu al-Fath Abd al-Rahman al-Khazini – Physics, Astronomy
- 1273-1331 - Al-Fida (Abdulfeda) - Astronomy, Geography
- 1306 - Ibn Al-Shater Al Dimashqi - Astronomy, Mathematics
- 1320 (died)-Al Farisi Kamalud-deen Abul-Hassan - Astronomy, Physics
- 1341 (died) - Al-Jildaki, Muhammad Ibn Aidamer - Alchemy
- 1351 - Ibn Al-Majdi, Abu Abbas Ibn Tanbugha - Mathematics, Astronomy
- 1359 - Ibn Al-Magdi, Shihab-Udden Ibn Tanbugha - Mathematic, Astronomy
- 1375 (died) - Ibn Shatir – Astronomy
- 1393-1449 – Ulugh Beg – Astronomy
- 1424 - Ghiyath al-Din al Kashani – Numerical Analysis, Computation
(References: Hamed Abdel-Reheem Ead, Professor of Chemistry at Faculty of Science-University of Cairo Giza-Egypt and director of Science Heritage Center, http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/shc/index.htm; See also the books: 100 Muslim Scientists by Abdur Rahman Sharif, Al-Khoui Pub., N.Y; Muslim Contribution to Science by Muhammad R. Mirza and Muhammad Iqbal Siddiqi, Chicago: Kazi Publications, 1986.)
With such a train of Muslim scholars, it is not difficult to understand why George Sarton said, "The main task of mankind was accomplished by Muslims. The greatest philosopher, Al-Farabi was a Muslim; the greatest mathematicians Abul Kamil and Ibrahim Ibn Sinan were Muslims; the greatest geographer and encyclopaedist Al-Masudi was a Muslim; the greatest historian, Al-Tabari was still a Muslim."
History before Islam was a jumble of conjectures, myths and rumors. It was left to the Muslim historians who introduced for the first time the method of matn and sanad tracing the authenticity and integrity of the transmitted reports back to eyewitness accounts. According to the historian Buckla “this practice was not adopted in Europe before 1597 AD.” Another method: that of historical research and criticism - originated with the celebrated historian Ibn Khaldun. The author of Kashfuz Zunun gives a list of 1300 history books written in Arabic during the first few centuries of Islam. That is no small contribution!
Now look at today’s Muslim world. When’s the last time you have heard of a Muslim winning the Nobel Prize in science or medicine? How about scientific publications? Unfortunately, you won’t find too many Muslim names in scientific and engineering journals either. Why such a paucity? What excuses do we have?
A recently published UN report on Arab development noted that the Arab world comprising of 22 countries translated about 330 books annually. That is a pitiful number, only a fifth of the number of the books that (tiny) Greece (alone) translates in a year! (Spain translates an average of 100,000 books annually.) Why such an allergy or aversion from those whose forefathers did not mind translating older works successfully to regain the heritage of antiquity, analyzing, collating, correcting and supplementing substantially the material that was beneficial to mankind?
Why is the literacy rate low among Muslims when the first revealed message in the Qur’an is ‘Iqra (meaning: Read)? Are they oblivious of the celebrated hadith of their Prophet (S): “The search of knowledge is an obligation laid on every Muslim”? How about the following Prophetic hadith?
“A learned person is superior to a worshipper as the full moon is superior to all the stars. The scholars are heirs of the prophets and the prophets do not leave any inheritance in the shape of dirhams and dinars, but they do leave knowledge as their legacy. As such a person who acquires knowledge acquires his full share.” [Abu Dawud and Tirmizi]
Muslims today seek wealth more than they know how to even spend it. Such a mentality is silly, if not risky. Ali (RA) was once asked what was better: wealth or knowledge. He said, “Knowledge is superior to wealth for ten reasons:
- (i). Knowledge is the legacy of the prophets. Wealth is the inheritance of the Pharaohs. Therefore, knowledge is better than wealth.
- (ii). You are to guard your wealth but knowledge guards you. So knowledge is better.
- (iii). A man of wealth has many enemies while a man of knowledge has many friends. Hence knowledge is better.
- (iv). Knowledge is better because it increases with distribution, while wealth decreases by that act.
- (v). Knowledge is better because a learned man is apt to be generous while a wealthy person is apt to be miserly.
- (vi). Knowledge is better because it cannot be stolen while wealth can be stolen.
- (vii). Knowledge is better because time cannot harm knowledge, but wealth rusts in course of time and wears away.
- (viii). Knowledge is better because it is boundless while wealth is limited and you can keep account of it.
- (ix). Knowledge is better because it illuminates the mind while wealth is apt to blacken it.
- (x). Knowledge is better because knowledge induced the humanity in our Prophet to say to Allah, "We worship Thee as we are Your servant," while wealth engendered in Pharaoh and Nimrod the vanity which made them claim Godhead.”
What wisdom! Yet today our people are dispassionate about seeking knowledge. Why? Do they know what Imam Ibn Hazm (R) - the great Spanish Muslim theologian, jurist and poet - said? He said, “If knowledge had no other merit than to make the ignorant fear and respect you, and scholars love and honor you, this would be good enough reason to seek after it… If ignorance had no other fault than to make the ignorant man jealous of knowledgeable men and jubilant at seeing more people like himself, this by itself would be reason enough to oblige us to feel it… If knowledge and the action of devoting oneself to it had no purpose except to free the man who seeks it from the exhausting anxieties and many worries which afflict the mind, that alone would certainly be enough to drive us to seek knowledge.” I only wish that his remarks would wake our people to seeking and mastering knowledge.
Solutions to our present-day predicament:
While there are many solutions that I can point out to get us out of our current predicament, I choose to discuss three major ones below, of which the first two relates to personal and community/social obligations.
1). Seeking knowledge:
The main reason behind the success of early Muslims rested in their seeking knowledge where it was evident and also from places where it was hidden. As true sons of Islam, they understood the meaning of the Prophetic Traditions: “A Muslim is never satiated in his quest for good (knowledge) till it ends in paradise.” [Tirmizi: narrated by Abu Sa'eed al-Khudri (RA)] “A person who goes (out of his house) in search of knowledge, he is on Allah's way and he remains so till he returns.” [Tirmizi: Anas (RA)] “One who treads a path in search of knowledge has his path to Paradise made easy by Allah thereby.” [Muslim: Abu Hurayrah (RA)] “To seek knowledge for one hour at night is better than keeping it (night) awake.” [Darimi: Abdullah ibn Abbas (RA)]
They did not shy away from translating and learning from others in the best of the Prophetic Traditions: “The word of wisdom is [like] the lost property of a wise man. So wherever he finds it, he is entitled to it.” [Tirmizi: Abu Hurayrah (RA)]
When others were hesitant to do experiments to check their hypotheses, they courageously filled the vacuum. In that they were true to the Prophetic dictate: “Knowledge is a treasure house whose keys are queries.” [Mishkat and Abu Na’im: Ali (RA)]
Muslims should also ponder over the statement made by Mu’adh ibn Jabal (RA): “Acquire knowledge for the pleasure of Allah, for learning engenders piety, reverence for one’s Lord and fear of wrongdoing. Seeking knowledge for Allah’s pleasure is an act of worship, studying it is a celebration of God’s glory (lit. Zikr), searching for it is a rewarding struggle (lit. Jihad), teaching it to someone who realizes its worth is a charity (lit. Sadaqa), and applying it in one’s home strengthens family unity and kinship. … Knowledge is a comforting friend in times of loneliness. It is the best companion to a traveler. It is the innermost friend who speaks to you in your privacy. Knowledge is your most effective sword against your foe, and finally, it is your most dignifying raiment in the company of your close comrades.” [Hilyat’ul Awliya Wa Tabaqat’ul Asfiya]
Similarly, Sharafuddin Maneri (R) said, “Knowledge is the fountainhead of all happiness, just as ignorance is the starting point of all wretchedness. Salvation comes from knowledge, destruction from ignorance.” [Maktubat-i Sadi]
2). Quality of leadership and Government patronage:
In the early days of Islam, Muslim rulers were not only the great patrons of learning they were great scholars themselves. They surrounded themselves with learned men: philosophers, legal experts, traditionalists, theologians, lexicographers, annalists, poets, mathematicians, scientists, engineers, architects and doctors. Scholars held high ranks in their courts. They built libraries, academies, universities, research centers, observatories and astrolabes. They invited scholars of all races and religions to flock to their capitals. Thus the cities they built became intellectual metropolises in every sense of the term. Like today’s MIT, Stanford, Harvard, Yale and Princeton, their universities were then the most sought after academies.
And what do we have today? Most of the rulers in Muslim countries are half-educated individuals, who are surrounded (with very few exceptions) by cronies whose most important qualification is not competence or education but “connections” with the ruler or his/her family.
Our rulers (with very few exceptions) are utterly corrupt and self-serving. Not surprisingly, they are surrounded by equally corrupt people who have been put into positions of authority to fatten the coffer of their patrons and peers. Thus, while the number of palaces and mansions increase exponentially, not a single university has been built by most of these rulers. Only a token fraction of the state budget is spent today on education and research. So, it is all too natural to witness the dismal record of invention from Muslim countries. Not a single university in the Muslim world ranks within the top 100 universities of the world. The brightest minds naturally are draining out of their respective countries, only to settle (with very few exceptions) in more prosperous western countries, where they can apply their talents and skills appositely.
Our society remains so much entrenched in a system of patronage and clientage that government contracts are almost always doled out on the basis of personal and professional relationships rather than what is good for our people. So a new breed of half-literate billionaires has emerged who sees no value in education or its patronizing.
Why this behavior, when Islam teaches that anyone who is seeking after virtue should keep company with the virtuous and should take no companion with him on his way except the noblest friend - one of those people who is learned, sympathetic, charitable, truthful, sociable, patient, trustworthy, magnanimous, pure in conscience and a true friend?
So if Muslim countries want to regain their lost heritage in knowledge, they must retrace their path that once made them successful and discard the current aberrant methodology that only leads to doom and gloom.
Let me again quote here from Carli Fiorina, who said, “Leaders like Suleiman contributed to our notions of tolerance and civic leadership. And perhaps we can learn a lesson from his example: It was leadership based on meritocracy, not inheritance. It was leadership that harnessed the full capabilities of a very diverse population-that included Christianity, Islamic, and Jewish traditions. This kind of enlightened leadership - leadership that nurtured culture, sustainability, diversity and courage - led to 800 years of invention and prosperity.”
Would our leaders take heed and amend their actions?
3). Going beyond the expected:
As I hinted above, Muslims are far behind in every field of learning. Simply going with the flow or doing just the bare minimum is simply not sufficient to close this widening gap. Our strategy ought to be - going beyond the normal call of duty, doing extra things. To elucidate this point, let me here close with a story from our Prophet’s time.
Talha bin 'Ubaidullah narrated that a man from Najd with unkempt hair came to Allah's Apostle and we heard his loud voice but could not understand what he was saying, till he came near and then we came to know that he was asking about Islam. Allah's Apostle said, "You have to offer prayers perfectly five times in a day and night (24 hours)." The man asked, "Is there any more (praying)?" Allah's Apostle replied, "No, but if you want to offer the Nawafil prayers (you can)." Allah's Apostle further said to him: "You have to observe fasts during the month of Ramad, an." The man asked, "Is there any more fasting?" Allah's Apostle replied, "No, but if you want to observe the Nawafil fasts (you can.)" Then Allah's Apostle further said to him, "You have to pay the Zakat (obligatory charity)." The man asked, "Is there any thing other than the Zakat for me to pay?" Allah's Apostle replied, "No, unless you want to give alms of your own." And then that man retreated saying, "By Allah! I will neither do less nor more than this." Allah's Apostle said, "If what he said is true, then he will be successful (i.e. he will be granted Paradise)."
Here in this hadith lies the formula for rejuvenating the Muslim nation. May we be guided to reclaim our lost heritage!
]1]. See hadith collections by Imams Ibn Majah and Baihaqi.
. Consult this author’s book – Islamic Wisdom – for many such hadiths and sayings of learned men of Islam.
. Hilyat’ul Awliya wa Tabaqatul Asfiya by Imam Abu Na’im al-Asfahani (R).
. See Imam Ibn Hajm’s writing: “Al-Akhlaq wa’l Siyar" – Morality and Behaviour, published in "In Pursuit of Virtue" by M. Abu Laylah, Ta-Ha Publishers 1990.
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While only recently introduced to the United States' 5-HTP has been widely used in Europe since the 1970's. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, also known as 5-HTP, is an amino acid that converts into a chemical called serotonin - an important brain chemical that is useful for multiple functions*, such as:
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PROJECT: Forecast-based humanitarian decisions: designing tools and processes to link knowledge with action
Project Reference: RSGL-0019G
People often suffer and die because of natural hazards even when the hazard is predictable. The remarkable progress in science and technology over recent decades allows us to anticipate future conditions, communicate early warnings and take early action to avoid losses, yet many recent disasters are evidence of a dreadful gap between science and the humanitarian sector. Forecasters and risk managers must build common ground, designing smart forecast-based decisions as well as simple decision-based forecasts. To do so, the humanitarian sector needs to restructure its relationship to predictable climate-related threats, particularly given climate change.
Research demonstrates that participatory approaches to risk management improve the benefits of climate information. This requires treating the end users of information not merely as a target audience but as partners in co-learning through processes and products that reflect their own contributions. At present, most stakeholders are not aware of the range of decisions they can make in response to plausible forecasts at different timescales. Lacking tools to evaluate options, they are not investing in plans, assets and institutional mechanisms to reduce climate risk building on the opportunities provided by science and participatory dialogue processes. The project aimed to address this challenge by bringing together stakeholders to turn knowledge into action.
This project embedded science into humanitarian work, designing participatory games and other innovative tools for smart forecast-based decisions. The goal was to manage climate risks and promote effective responses for development and adaptation in Africa across various sectors, time scales, and spatial scales of decision. Specifically, the project has:
1) Developed, tested and applied an analytical framework to link knowledge and action, combining the “forecast-based decisions” approach with climate risk management responses (mobility, storage, diversification, pooling and market exchange).
2) Built the capacity of decision makers from different sectors and operating at different geographic scales to link climate knowledge with humanitarian and development action.
3) Supported stakeholders to access, understand, trust and use science-based predictions at different time scales, turning knowledge into action.
4) Promoted policy dialogues and new partnerships to manage climate risks through collaboration between research, government, civil society, international organizations and the private sector.
5) Nurtured a new generation of scholars and practitioners at the interface between climate science and humanitarian and development work.
Research sites primarily comprised African states with an emphasis on East Africa.
Through this project on participatory learning and dialogue, The Red Cross / Red Crescent Climate Centre and partners have seen remarkable growth in the demand for interactive sessions addressing climate risks. To date, over 80 game sessions have been held across 23 countries, reaching 2,700 participants. Participants have been humanitarian workers, scientists, donors, government officials and other policymakers, private sector, international civil servants, students, and members of communities at risk. For instance, in September 2012, Pablo Suarez was invited to the White House to lead a participatory gaming session as a part of the Champions of Change series on September, where attendees played the role of vulnerable community members in the path of a potential hurricane with the choice to evacuate or stay. The game-based approach to teaching climate risk developed in this project has also been adopted by professors teaching climate-related courses, from University of Bahir Dar in northern Ethiopia to Harvard University, among others.
The team has designed 7 new games on climate risk management on different aspects of disaster risk management including on the value of early warnings, disaster preparedness, upstream-downstream risk at watershed level, games which introduce new types and levels of risk. In addition, games have been designed for the World Food Programme, on regional insurance pools, and the World Bank, on safety nets.
The game-based approach to communicating climate risk has been covered by in the media including Reuters’ AlertNet and the New York Times, in blogs, the Inter-American Development Bank, UNDP and AusAID newsletters, among other avenues. Two NGOs, CARE and WWF, have used the games in their work.
On the back of these successes, the team has established links with the Africa Climate Change Resilience Alliance (ACCRA) In addition, games have been designed and Boston University to support them in integrating participatory learning and dialogue approaches, including games, in their work.
Project outputs and resources:
- Working paper: Can games help people manage the climate risks they face? The participatory design of educational games
- Working paper: Social strategy games in communicating trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation in cities
- Practical game design: Iterative Game-Design in Field: Humans Vs. Mosquitoes, testing and adaptation in Kenya
In addition, an academic article looking at bridging the gap between forecasts and humanitarian decision making has been submitted to a journal for publication, a policy brief drafted on participatory game design as a tool for learning, dialogue and decision making, and a book manuscript written on the use of games and experimental learning as a mechanism for scaling up community based adaptation. These will become available when they are formally published. For more information please visit the Red Cross/ Red Crescent Climate Centre website or download the research project case study.
CDKN Blog Promoting extreme event learning through serious fun
CDKN Blog The climate and gender game
Oxfam Blog Playing games with the climate – a great way to explore difficult choices in complex systems
What Works? Blog Serious Games: How to make climate science entertaining
iied blog by Suzanna Fisher Knowledge is power in this game of chance
Reuters article (repeated in New York Times & elsewhere) Games Wake People Up to Climate Change
Reuters Alertnet Climate Conversations – Can a game combat malaria?
Climate Centre News 2012: A Year of Games
Video: Games for a New Climate at Boston University
Video: Upper Basin, Lower Basin Game session in Nicaragua (in Spanish)
Video: Training of Trainers in Nicaragua (in Spanish)
Video: Game Session on micro-insurance at COP17 Side Event, Durban
Lead: Pablo Suarez (Red Cross / Red Crescent Climate Centre)
Project partners: Hassan Virji (START); Youcef Ait-Chellouche (UNISDR, Regional Office for Africa); Maarten van Aalst and Arame Tall (Red Cross / Red Crescent Climate Centre); Arun Agrawal (University of Michigan).
CDKN funding: £120,000
Project contact: Phil Lewis
Image credit: CIFOR
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Davidson Fellows Scholarship
Apply for the Davidson Fellows Scholarship.
July 27, 2011
The Davidson Fellows Scholarship is open to students age 18 and younger as of October 4, 2012. The competition awards students with scholarships in the amount of $50,000, $25,000 and $10,000.
Each applicant for the Davidson Fellows Scholarship is asked to submit a “significant piece of work” that improves lives through science, technology, mathematics, music, literature, philosophy, and outside the box. A “significant piece of work” is defined as an exceptionally creative application of existing knowledge; a new idea with high impact; an innovative solution with broad- range implications; an important advancement that can be replicated and built upon; an interdisciplinary discovery; an exemplary performance; and/ or another demonstration of extraordinary accomplishment.
Website: Davidson Fellows Scholarship
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By Usha S Sri-Skanda-Rajah
It is hard for a man to keep a straight face and tell a lie but President Rajapakse manages to do it every time he has to face the Indians and the International community about devolving power to the Tamil NorthEast. He just did it again when he had breakfast with Sushma Swaraj on the last day of the Indian delegation’s visit to Sri Lanka.
There is now a huge confusion as to who said what. Sushma says Rajapakse talked about devolution and mentioned 13th +Amendment and Rajapakse through the Island denies he said that: “The Sri Lankan government on Monday strongly denied a statement attributed to Indian Opposition Leader Sushma Swaraj, that her delegation had received an assurance from Mr. Rajapaksa on his commitment to the 13th Amendment, and his readiness to go even beyond it.”
Raising the matter of the continuing saga of Rajapakse saying one thing to Indian officials and then totally denying the statement when they have gone, under the headline “No assurance from Rajapaksa, says Sri Lankan daily,” R. K Radhakrishnan of the The Hindu, opines on Rajapakse’s promises “This is an exact replay of what happened with External Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna in January 2012. Soon after Mr. Krishna met the President, the Indian side released to the press, a statement, which said the President had agreed to the implementation of the 13th Amendment (which grants some powers to the provinces) as a means to cater to the hopes and aspirations of Tamils in the Northern Province. Then, too, there was no briefing from the government side. A day later, the government’s preferred newspaper, The Island, quoting the President, said he had not discussed 13-plus with Mr. Krishna.”
This clearly illustrates the sad spectacle, the tale of “Broken Promises” that Tamils have experienced under successive Sri Lankan governments and in this case under the Rajapakse regime.
When is India going to Re-Assess?
Rajapakse talks about a home-grown solution to the question of power-sharing but nothing will ever grow on parched earth; when there is a lack of will, nothing will come to fruition. This is a profound reality that India must begin to recognize. How much longer is India going to wait for Sri Lanka to deliver on its promises?
It has a been a history of “Broken Promises” will show how utterly disingenuous Rajapakse is when he told Sushma that “he can’t force” the TNA to join the Parliamentary Select Committee for “talks”, as though this time round he has under his belt a magic formula that’s going to work wonders.
It is surprising that Sushma and the Centre still believe Rajapakse’s statements and continue on the path of no return, with Sushma calling on the TNA and (the UNP) to join the “talks” emphasizing to all that “until and unless the Parliamentary Select Committee works, the deadlock will remain.”
It blows the mind that Sushma is still placing her faith in Rajapakse and wants him to “persuade the TNA to join the talks,” believing that Rajapakse is ready not only to concede the 13th amendment but would go beyond, meaning, granting “more than devolution” (that’s a new one – I have heard of “maximum devolution” once mentioned by Rajapakse), and that he is convening a Parliamentary Select Committee to “discuss” it.
Sushma hasn’t studied Rajapakse when she commented that he must be persuasive with the TNA. Rajapakse doesn’t lack powers of persuasion, only that he is, on the contrary, not short in that department. It may seem that Sushma, like everyone before her, has succumbed to Rajapakse’s powers of persuasion.
Believing Sri Lankan governments has been India’s folly.
This is Déjà Vu over and over and over again. How many Indian leaders and ministers has Sri Lanka fooled?
This was a worry for most Tamils when news came of the Indian delegation’s visit to Sri Lanka which was reflected in the withdrawal of AIDMK nominee by TN Chief Minister Jayalalithaa. (The DMK nominee also withdrew at the 11th hour), the concern being that Rajapakse would manipulate events in his favour and it will be “an eye wash” and she was right.
“Talks” are good – but when promises are broken time and time again, there inevitably comes a stage when certain ultimatums should be given. It’s time that India gave that ultimatum to Rajapakse.
The TNA leader R. Sampanthan in his response to the position of the government of Sri Lanka at the 19th session of the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) armed with facts, figures, events and quotes uttered by Rajapakse and his emissaries, examines the history of “Broken Promises”, amounting to a virtual dossier of facts, illustrating in no uncertain terms how hypocritical Rajapakse is and how his assurances to Sushma Swaraj ring hollow down to the very core.
Let alone the history of “Broken Promises” since independence, the TNA leader goes on further to examine the course Rajapakse has taken in hoodwinking the world before and indeed after the war and to fob off such irritants like India and the international community who keep insisting that action be taken towards genuine reconciliation that’s based on a lasting political settlement.
Just three years ago, when under Rajapakse’s command the Mullivaikkal massacre took place when forty thousand, possibly much more, perished and the UN appointed panel later found credible evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity which many believe amounted to genocide, Rajapakse issued a “Joint Statement with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon which Sampanthan reminds, “explicitly contained a number of assurances relating to a promised political solution.”
Since that carnage, such assurances have been repeatedly made by Minister Mahinda Samarasinghe, Rajapakse’s emissary at the UNHRC for the benefit of the international community. In the 11th session Samarasinghe glorified the virtues of a home-grown solution: “We have always said that the only durable and lasting solution is a political process which addresses the socio-economic and political grievances and expectations of our citizens through a home grown process acceptable to all sections of our multicultural society. The efforts in this direction Mr. President have already commenced.”
Similarly Sri Lankan External Affairs Minister, GL Peiris and his Indian counterpart have from time to time issued joint statements “on the on-going dialogue between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil parties,” and more recently, in his dossier of “Broken Promises”, Sampanthan quotes Indian External Affairs Minister S. M. Krishna who at a joint press conference with G L Peiris, on 17, January 2012, subsequent to meeting with Rajapakse, had expressed faith in the so called “dialogue process”: The Government of Sri Lanka has on many occasions conveyed to us its commitment to move towards a political settlement based on the full implementation of the 13th Amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution, and building on it, so as to achieve meaningful devolution of powers. We look forward to an expeditious and constructive approach to the dialogue process.”
The harsh reality of this high drama played out by Rajapakse and his emissaries is contained in Sampanthan’s expose of the truth of what really happened at these 8 rounds of futile chatter where the Sri Lankan government “reneged” on its promise to respond to TNA’s proposals: the reality is that bilateral discussions commenced between the government and the TNA in January 2011 and continued for over a year without progress, consequent to the government reneging on its own commitment to respond to the TNA proposals made in February/March 2011.
But the futility of the whole “dialogue process” was beginning to emerge when the Sri Lankan government broke its promise for the umpteenth time when the government delegation at the bilateral talks went back on the agreement that “consensus” reached by both parties at this level would be then presented to the Parliamentary Select Committed (PSC) instead went on to “introducing a precondition that the TNA nominate its members to the PSC for the continuation of the bilateral talks.”
It is relevant and important that Sampanthan’s account of events of what was agreed upon at the bilateral talks be studied for a clearer understanding of how Rajapakse has steamrolled the process by withdrawing his delegation in violation of the agreements made and why the TNA finds itself portrayed as the villain, the reluctant participant of the reconciliation process when the contrary is true.
Agreements made at the bilateral talks between the government delegation and the TNA including events there after and how the government delegation withdrew are explained chronologically by Sampanthan:
- •It was agreed that a number of past proposals for constitutional reform, including the Mangala Moonesinghe Select Committee Report, the 1995, 1997 and 2000 Proposals for constitutional reform and the majority Report of the multi-ethnic APRC experts committee appointed by the President, be brought into the negotiation process
- •It was also agreed that the consensus reached between the TNA and the government delegation at the bilateral talks would be presented to the Parliamentary Select Committee [PSC] as the position of the government or as the joint position of the government and the TNA; and that the TNA would participate at the PSC on substantial consensus being reached at such bilateral talks.
- •The said agreement was recorded in the minutes of the bilateral talks of 16 September 2011, stating: “once agreement was reached with the government delegation at these talks, which can be placed before the PSC as suggested, they [TNA] would join the PSC process.” These minutes were confirmed at the meeting held on 20 October 2011.
- •However, in January 2012, in direct violation of the said agreement, the government unilaterally withdrew from discussions with the TNA, introducing a precondition that the TNA nominate its members to the PSC for the continuation of the bilateral talks. This was not only in violation of the agreement arrived at, but would also have nullified the opportunity of arriving at a measure of consensus at the bilateral talks.
This is nothing new. If there are any doubts lurking in the minds of the Indian people, Sampanthan’s dossier of “Broken Promises” would serve as a testament that there is little hope of a satisfactory “home grown solution” ever materializing.
To say, finding consensus and for that matter finding a “Southern Consensus” at the Parliamentary Select Committee is a near impossible task, is an understatement, and the world is again going to bear witness to a charade. There are substantive issues that need addressing, serious issues that have proved elusive thus far: the vexed question of the extent of the political settlement; whether it would be at par with what the state governments in India enjoy; whether police and land powers are “in” or “out” and what then is meant by 13A+ (that’s been rejected by Rajapakse time and again but has been resurrected according to assurances given to Sushma and again been now denied by him). But the TNA as Sampanthan has always said is ready for the long haul if only a measure of consensus was reached at the bilateral talks. It’s a shame that it didn’t happen.
India did assist Sri Lanka in the war. When concerns were raised by Vaikho and conveyed to Manmohan Singh in 2006 and by Karunanidhi to Sonia Gandhi in 2007, both (Vaikho and Karunanidhi) were given undertakings that they were “defensive weapons” and would not be used against civilians. Rajapakse did break India’s trust entirely; allegations are that Indian hardware including chemical weapons were used in the massacre of the Tamil civilian population.
Having prodded India to dilute the US sponsored UNHRC resolution by securing the clause that any advice from the UN to implement the conditions in the resolution could only be given at the consent of Sri Lanka, Rajapakse must be now secretly contemplating the prospect of escaping a war-crimes prosecution in lieu of an undertaking to India that he would reach a political settlement with the Tamils which India wants; a political settlement that he can continue to fudge. Rajapakse must be chuckling at his ability to out maneuver the Indians albeit with a little help from his brother Gotabaya. .
Then there is the “China factor”, Rajapakse it seems has had both China and India competing for his affections and time will tell at what cost to India.
This then is the sad truth and will be the sad fate of the Tamils if India does not change its policy of mollycoddling Rajapakse. Hopefully a new chapter will begin where India will begin to be less trusting and more demanding of Rajapakse.
India’s trust that the PSC would work is misplaced in the backdrop of the history of “Broken Promises”. I can imagine how the PSC process would work. Sri Lanka will be going round in circles, when a repeat of the shenanigans in the All Party Representative Committee (APRC) deliberations will be acted out again. The APRC met 128 times for three years minus the UNP which refused to attend and minus the TNA which wasn’t invited and therefore not party to deliberations, the formal report of which never saw the light of day although was later leaked to the public by some members.
How much longer is India going to wait for Sri Lanka to deliver on its promises?
The Sri Lankan government’s procrastination serves well its political agenda and that of Rajapakse’s. Sampanthan articulates his fears well in his address to parliament: “Moreover, the trajectory of the government’s conduct indicates that, if given time and space, that time and space will be utilized to pursue the agenda that the government has brazenly undertaken despite assurances to the contrary. That agenda entails the silencing of the democratic voice of the Tamil people, the entrenching of power at the centre and the transformation of the linguistic, cultural and religious composition of the North and East so as to negate the need for a political solution.”
It’s time India understood Rajapakse. It’s time India reviewed its position.
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I would have to say none of the above are CIs. A CI is hardware, software, or documentation that is kept in a controlled state using the Change Management process. Would you use the Change Management process to approve changes to:
I believe that ITIL (in paticular a trainers view) can casue some confusuin here. I have sat in a class where a trainer has stated that all of the below are CI's in the CMDB. I argued the people thing and was told from an exam point of view this is correct.
I argued that these coul dbe items in a Service Management tool but the argument kept coming back to the CMDB being made up of many dofferent data sources and the data in the SM tool (similar to the below)was considered CI's.
While I hold a differing view in the real world, I had to take this view for exams. Apologies if I have confused the issue for you.
3.An Incident Ticket No/
4.Offshore Management Centre.
5.Building. _________________ Mark O'Loughlin
ITSM / ITIL Consultant
I agee with Mark's trainer that all of the below are CI's.
We all understand the importance of CMDB and while designing the scope of CI's, attributes and relations, we keep in mind the utility of the data.
All the below mentioned CI's relate to each other in various ways which might be helpfull in generating reports and analyze IT service performance.
We can easily recollect various IT problems that arise due to environmental changes, so building and offshore centre have a valid relation with ticket, call and staff.
Don't forget, ITIL is a public framework i.e pre-validated in diverse environments and situations. It upto to us to broaden the perspective and then review.
You cannot post new topics in this forum You cannot reply to topics in this forum You cannot edit your posts in this forum You cannot delete your posts in this forum You cannot vote in polls in this forum
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Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 365
On the eve of the rebellion in Ireland in the year 1824, Fergus Kilpatrick, a patriot, is assassinated. One hundred years later, his great-grandson, Ryan, who is compiling a biography of the hero’s life, tries to discover the identity of the assassin. His search entails the examination of historical records that prove to be enigmatic rather than illuminating. The contents of these documents recall episodes and characters from literature. For example, an unopened letter found on the cadaver forewarned of the assassination attempt in the same way that Calpurnia’s warning did not reach Caesar in time to save him.
Ryan wonders about the possibility of a secret form of time, a drawing of lines that are repeated, like the systems proposed by the Marquis de Condorcet, George William Friedrich Hegel, Oswald Spengler, and Giambattista Vico, and like Hesiod’s degeneration of humankind. However, Ryan notices that history has copied not only history but also literature because certain words recorded from a conversation between Kilpatrick and a beggar are originally from William Shakespeare’s Macbeth (1606). Another discordant element in the investigation is a death sentence, signed by the usually merciful Kilpatrick, from which the name has been erased.
Finally, Ryan is able to piece together the clues. At Kilpatrick’s request, Nolan, Kilpatrick’s oldest companion, had learned the identity of the traitor to the cause: Kilpatrick himself. Because of the latter’s popularity among the Irish people, Nolan conceived a strange project in order not to compromise the rebellion. It was arranged for Kilpatrick to be assassinated under deliberately dramatic circumstances that would endure throughout history. To this end, Nolan, who at one time had translated the principal works of Shakespeare and written about the Festspiele (vast theatrical representations with thousands of actors, which reiterate historical episodes in the cities and mountains where they occurred), wrote a script for the assassination. The play was performed, although not without a certain amount of improvisation by Kilpatrick, who, getting carried away with his part, would often speak lines more dramatic than those of Nolan, who had, in turn, plagiarized material from Shakespeare. Ryan suspects that Nolan intended those scenes to be clues for a future investigator.
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The Death of John 14 1At about this time, Herod, the regional ruler, heard what was being said about Jesus. 2He said to his servants, “This has to be John the Baptizer come back from the dead. That’s why he’s able to work miracles!” 3Herod had arrested John, put him in chains, and sent him to prison to placate Herodias, his brother Philip’s wife. 4John had provoked Herod by naming his relationship with Herodias “adultery.” 5Herod wanted to kill him, but he was afraid because so many people revered John as a prophet of God. 6But at his birthday celebration, he got his chance. Herodias’s daughter provided the entertainment, dancing for the guests. She swept Herod away. 7In his drunken enthusiasm, he promised her on oath anything she wanted. 8Already coached by her mother, she was ready: “Give me, served up on a platter, the head of John the Baptizer.” 9That sobered the king up fast. Unwilling to lose face with his guests, he did it 10—ordered John’s head cut off 11and presented to the girl on a platter. She in turn gave it to her mother. 12Later, John’s disciples got the body, gave it a reverent burial, and reported to Jesus. Supper for Five Thousand 13When Jesus got the news, he slipped away by boat to an out–of–the–way place by himself. But unsuccessfully—someone saw him and the word got around. Soon a lot of people from the nearby villages walked around the lake to where he was. 14When he saw them coming, he was overcome with pity and healed their sick. 15Toward evening the disciples approached him. “We’re out in the country and it’s getting late. Dismiss the people so they can go to the villages and get some supper.” 16But Jesus said, “There is no need to dismiss them. You give them supper.” 17“All we have are five loaves of bread and two fish,” they said. 18Jesus said, “Bring them here.” 19Then he had the people sit on the grass. He took the five loaves and two fish, lifted his face to heaven in prayer, blessed, broke, and gave the bread to the disciples. The disciples then gave the food to the congregation. 20They all ate their fill. They gathered twelve baskets of leftovers. 21About five thousand were fed. Walking on the Water 22As soon as the meal was finished, he insisted that the disciples get in the boat and go on ahead to the other side while he dismissed the people. 23With the crowd dispersed, he climbed the mountain so he could be by himself and pray. He stayed there alone, late into the night. 24Meanwhile, the boat was far out to sea when the wind came up against them and they were battered by the waves. 25At about four o’clock in the morning, Jesus came toward them walking on the water. 26They were scared out of their wits. “A ghost!” they said, crying out in terror. 27But Jesus was quick to comfort them. “Courage, it’s me. Don’t be afraid.” 28Peter, suddenly bold, said, “Master, if it’s really you, call me to come to you on the water.” 29He said, “Come ahead.” Jumping out of the boat, Peter walked on the water to Jesus. 30But when he looked down at the waves churning beneath his feet, he lost his nerve and started to sink. He cried, “Master, save me!” 31Jesus didn’t hesitate. He reached down and grabbed his hand. Then he said, “Faint–heart, what got into you?” 32The two of them climbed into the boat, and the wind died down. 33The disciples in the boat, having watched the whole thing, worshiped Jesus, saying, “This is it! You are God’s Son for sure!” 34On return, they beached the boat at Gennesaret. 35When the people got wind that he was back, they sent out word through the neighborhood and rounded up all the sick, 36who asked for permission to touch the edge of his coat. And whoever touched him was healed.
The Message® / © 2002 Eugene H. Peterson About
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Largo, FL -- (SBWIRE) -- 05/09/2014 -- As children come of age, they are required to call on their tenacity, decision-making and morals when they least expect it. From times of peer pressure to unexpected adversity and even danger, lessons from the past can become abundantly valuable within a split-second. In her empowering new children’s book, author JJ Schousboe uses a lovable bear to help kids recognize the important of everything others are teaching them.
‘Beenie’s Search’ fuses its fun and adventure-laden narrative with a series of potentially life-changing lessons.
Join Beenie, the friendly bear, as he searches for his family after hibernating for the long winter. Spring arrives and Beenie discovers that he is all alone. In search of food, friends and his family, Beenie gets side tracked and lost.
When he remembers what he was taught by his parents, he overcomes his fears and sets off in the right direction.
Beenie's Search teaches young readers the importance of listening and following directions as they join Beenie in his adventure.
“Young people need more choices and also the ability to recall life-lessons and information given to them, at times of need. This is a subject seldom focused on in fiction, but something so important to their happiness and livelihood,” says Schousboe, a Trinidad native now excelling as a pre-school teacher in Florida.
Continuing, “Everything they have learned from teachers, guardians and parents can suddenly be required in order to make a positive decision. Beenie and his story teach children to not only value the wisdom imparted by others, but to retain it for future use.”
To date, the book has garnered a string of rave reviews.
For example, Elisabeth O’Grady comments, “I would recommend this book for younger children who are new to reading. The text and beautiful pictures work together to create an adventure that is never scary or silly. Beenie learns to rely on himself as he searches for his family - a good lesson for all.”
With the book’s popularity set to increase, interested readers are urged to purchase their copies as soon as possible.
‘Beenie’s Search’, published by FriesenPress, is available now: http://amzn.to/1otoGfh.
About the Author
JJ Schousboe migrated from the lovely island of Trinidad in the Caribbean. She has been writing poems as a teenager and began writing stories for her children. A pre-school teacher since 2007, JJ currently lives in Largo, Florida.
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Suspected IRA terrorist John Downey linked to the 1982 Hyde Park bombing walked free today because of blunders which threatened the entire Northern Ireland peace process.
The collapse of the case has raised serious questions about the role of the police, Government officials and the Crown Prosecution Service.
It has also dismayed members of the families of the dead and injured in the Hyde Park blast.
But in a devastating judgment Mr Justice Sweeney condemned the way “executive misconduct” had struck at “justice and propriety.”
For more than 30 years Downey, now 62, has been a suspect over the murder of four members of the Blues and Royals, part of the Household Cavalry riding from their Knightsbridge barracks to Buckingham Palace.
Soldiers Roy Bright, Denis Daly, Simon Tipper and Geoffrey Young died in one of the IRA’s most notorious mainland atrocities which also wounded 50 people and killed seven horses.
One of the horses, Sefton who was struck by 38 pieces of shrapnel, recovered to become a symbol of the nation’s resistance to the terrorists
Two hours after the nail bomb carnage a second device planted by the bandstand in Regent’s Park killed seven Royal Green Jackets bandsmen.
Downey was linked to the car carrying the Hyde Park bomb by alleged fingerprint and ID evidence, allegations he has always denied.
But in July 2007, on the 25th anniversary of the attack, he was sent a letter from the Northern Ireland Office assuring him that he was no longer under threat of arrest.
It was one of 187 so-called “comfort letters” sent to suspected IRA terrorists - known as “on the runs” or OTRs - after the Good Friday Agreement.
In fact Downey was still listed on the Police National Computer as wanted in relation to murder by Scotland Yard.
The error was spotted a year later in 2008 when the Police Service of Northern Ireland considered reinvestigating Downey’s alleged involvement in another car bomb attack in Enniskillen in 1972.
No action was taken and Downey, an oyster farmer who has in recent years worked on community projects for Sinn Fein, freely moved between Northern Ireland, England and Canada.
But in May last year he was eventually arrested at Gatwick airport as he made his way to a family holiday in Greece.
Downey was charged - causing outrage in Sinn Fein – because prosecutors believed his NIO letter did not amount to immunity or a promise not to prosecute historic offences.
At Old Bailey prosecutor Brian Altman QC said the letter had been sent out “in error” and blamed the PSNI.
It has now emerged that when the letter was written the PSNI were aware at the time that Downey was wanted by the Met.
Downey's lawyers argued that the decision to charge him was an “abuse of executive power” which threatened the Good Friday Agreement because the issue of OTRs was a key part of negotiations with Sinn Fein over IRA decommissioning.
Henry Blaxland QC said: “It not only brings the administration of criminal justice into disrepute it calls into question the state's commitment to the peace process.
“The breach of trust runs the very real risk of putting in jeopardy the years of painstaking confidence building which is intended to bring about the normalisation of society after many years of conflict.”
Today Mr Justice Sweeney acknowledged the distress of the Hyde Park victims and their families and the public interest in putting murder suspects on trial.
But he stressed that was “very significantly outweighed” by the public interest in “ensuring that executive misconduct dos not undermine public confidence in the criminal justice system and holding official so of the state to promises they have made in the full understanding of what is involved in the bargain.
“This is one of the rare cases which offends the court’s sense of justice and propriety to be asked to try the defendant.”
He formally entered not guilty verdicts on four counts of murder and a charge of conspiracy to cause explosions.
Even if Downey had been convicted under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement of April 1998 he would be likely to have been sentenced to a maximum of only two years imprisonment.
Gilbert “Danny” McNamee was convicted In 1987 of making the Hyde Park bomb and jailed for 25 years.
But he served 12 years before being released under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement and the conviction was later quashed as “unsafe”.Reuse content
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In 2017, Paul Hawken edited and released Drawdown: The most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming, which outlined the top-ranking solutions based on the total amount of greenhouse gases they could potentially avoid or remove from the atmosphere. His latest book, Regeneration: Ending the climate crisis in one generation, is a companion to Drawdown, offering actions and solutions for every level of society aimed at reversing global warming in one generation. Fundamental to this is achieving a transformation in farming.
“True regenerative farming improves plant and human nutrition without trying for a simple reason: it does not fight nature — it aligns with nature,” Hawken writes in Regeneration.
“Regenerative agriculture is at the heart of a regenerated society since it is the source of our food, nutrition, and well-being. A third of our total climate impact comes from our food and agricultural systems, as does a majority of human disease. The first principle of regeneration is to create more life. This is where we must start.”
Basic Principles of Regenerative Agriculture
In Regeneration, Paul Hawken outlines in detail the basic principles and techniques of regenerative agriculture. Here they are, along with his description of the first – ‘recarbonise’.
- Recarbonise the soil.
- Limit disturbance.
- Cover the soil.
- Hydrate the soil.
- Put creatures on the soil.
- Recognise that soil health is plant health
- is human health.
Recarbonise the soil
The top six to seven inches of soil contain what is known as labile carbon, a type of carbon that cycles in and out with the seasons. Occluded carbon lies farther below and does not escape so readily into the atmosphere. Root sugars called exudates, packed with carbon, are released into the soil and devoured by microorganisms. The bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, mites, nematodes, worms, ants, grubs, insects, beetles, and voles in the soil eat one another, reproduce, metabolise waste, and solubilise minerals, making nutrients available to the plants above. Soil is a community, not a commodity. The average amount of carbon in depleted farmland and grassland averages 1 per cent. How high can we build up carbon in the soil? We don’t know. David Brandt’s farm in Carroll, Ohio, started out at less than a 0.5 per cent in 1978; today his regenerative farm is running at 8.5 per cent carbon, greater than the 6 per cent levels found in an adjoining woodlot.
You can read the full excerpt from Paul Hawken's book in OG Issue 131.
Regeneration: Ending the climate crisis in one generation by Paul Hawken (Penguin, $39.99). Discover more about the Regeneration movement at: regeneration.org/home.
First published: March 2022
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Whew! Looks like Spring has finally arrived! What a great time of the year to get outside and Get Moving!
Whether you like to hop, jump, skip, kick a ball, ride a bike, or do some yoga, there are a lot of ways to exercise for fun - and we have a lot of books with great tips on how to keep your body fit and strong. Did you know that in addition to keeping your heart and muscles strong physical activity can also keep your brain strong?
Find out more about how staying physically active can give your brain a boost at our new Get Reading, Get Moving website. Watch for more information coming soon about how we're going to Get Reading and Get Moving as part of our Summer Reading Program.
In the meantime, see if you can stand on one leg and hold your arms together over your head in a "tree pose." The book My Daddy is a Pretzel: Yoga for Parents and Kids, can show you how this and other empowering yoga poses are done. This book is recommended for children in preschool through grade 2, but kids and adults of all ages may enjoy trying out the yoga poses. Have fun!
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There are large numbers of Christians in the world today who are suffering badly for their faith.
In many countries they are routinely forced into low-paying jobs and denied places in higher education.
It is common too for them to be imprisoned for what they believe. And being in prison is often a far more difficult experience than it is in Western countries. There is frequently severe overcrowding, terrible heat or cold, poor sanitation, and a lack of food and water. And it is not unusual for there to be physical and mental torture as well.
Worst of all, there are some countries where Christians are often murdered for Jesus, sometimes in horrific ways.
Those of us who live in the relative safety of the West should try to imagine what it would be like to live in a place where Christians have recently been murdered. It must be very difficult, even taking into account the power of God to help. Yet this is the reality for thousands upon thousands of Christians today.
Biblical instructions to help persecuted Christians
The Bible teaches us in a number of places to help Christians who are suffering persecution.
In Matthew 25:31-46 Jesus refers to various good deeds that are typically performed by those who will experience final salvation. And one of these is visiting people in prison (v. 36).
Jesus is surely referring, in large part at least, to visiting those who are prisoners because they are Christians.
The author of the letter to the Hebrews also teaches along these lines.
In Hebrews 10:32-34 he writes:
“But remember the earlier days, when, after you had been enlightened, you endured a hard and painful struggle. At times you were publicly exposed to insults and sufferings, and at other times you associated with those who experienced these things. You suffered with those in prison, and you joyfully accepted the seizure of your property, knowing that you have a better and lasting possession.”
The author is clearly encouraging his readers to get back into the habit of associating with and suffering with persecuted Christians.
Later in his letter, in Hebrews 13:3, he tells his readers:
“Remember the prisoners as if you were in prison with them, and those who are badly treated as people who are also in a body.”
Again, the author is instructing his readers to sympathise with and help persecuted fellow Christians.
We find the same theme in Paul’s letters too.
In 2 Timothy 4:16 he writes:
“At my first defence no one stood by me, but everyone abandoned me.”
Paul is referring to what happened on one of the occasions when he was on trial for being a Christian. Imagine how he would have felt, being let down by fellow believers in this way.
One of God’s purposes in making these words Scripture is surely to encourage us not to treat other Christians in the way Paul was treated on this occasion.
Another relevant verse in Paul’s letters is Colossians 4:18. Here, at the end of his letter to the church in Colossae, he makes a plea to his readers:
“Remember my chains.”
I think there are many thousands of Christians today who would say something similar to us if they could.
The obligation we are under
These passages, and others, show us how important it is for us to support our fellow Christians who are suffering persecution.
If we are in Christ, the ties that bind us to each other are strong. We are all part of one spiritual family (Mark 3:31-35), and if family members are badly treated, the others should rally round to help. We are all parts of one body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:12-27), and if one part suffers, all parts suffer with it (v. 26).
Importantly, we should never think that the persecution of Christians who live in distant countries is not our concern. The Bible makes it clear that believers in the first century took a close interest in what was going on with churches all over the known world. And we should certainly do the same today.
In fact, in a real sense the world today is a much smaller place than it was in the first century. It is possible to fly to the opposite side of the globe in 24 hours, and to communicate with someone there in a matter of seconds. We are therefore much more able to find out what is happening to Christians in various parts of the world than was possible in the first century.
Given that getting information is relatively easy, and given the emphasis in Scripture on Christians taking a close interest in each other, there is really no excuse for us not to take an interest in what is going on with our brothers and sisters in other parts of the world. We should be finding out what is happening to Christians in various places and helping some of those who are in need. And a large part of the help we give should typically be for those who are suffering persecution.
Too often in Western countries there seems to be a self-centred attitude among Christians that only rarely looks beyond the borders of the country in which they live. This is surely displeasing to God, and is strikingly different from the attitude of believers we read about in the Bible.
Steps we can take
So what can we do to help? How exactly do we go about helping persecuted Christians in other parts of the world?
First of all, we can find out information about suffering believers in various places, and then pray fervently and persistently for them.
In this respect, I would like to specifically mention Open Doors (https://www.opendoors.org) and Barnabasfund (https://barnabasfund.org). These are Christian organisations which help the persecuted church, and they are excellent places to get up-to-date information on how to pray for Christians suffering persecution.
Second, we can put pressure on politicians who represent us.
It is a fact that some Western countries, especially the United States, have a lot of influence in world politics. If we pressurise politicians, sometimes this can result in influence being successfully brought to bear on the governments of countries where persecution of Christians is severe.
Again, I would recommend doing this through Open Doors and Barnabas. They often have online petitions and letters to sign, and they know exactly which politicians to contact about any particular issue. Pressurising politicians through these organisations is not a difficult thing to do.
Third, we can help financially.
Once again, I would recommend doing this through Open Doors and Barnabas. A major part of their work is to give practical aid to Christians who are in financial difficulties because of persecution. There is a great need for help of this kind, and these organisations are well able to distribute funds wisely.
Not making excuses
It is, of course, true that not everyone who professes Christian faith is genuinely born again. So it makes sense to think that some of those who experience persecution for the name of Christ will not be genuine believers.
Yet to use this as a reason not to give financial help would be a big mistake.
First, just because someone is not a real Christian would hardly be a good reason for not helping them. We are under obligation to love everyone, including those who are believers in name only. In fact, practically loving those whose faith is not real is likely to lead some to a genuine faith and relationship with God.
Second, we need to recognise that we are usually not in a position to say if professing Christians we don’t know personally are really born again or not. And it would be a terrible error to guess wrongly that someone is not a genuine Christian, and therefore to decide not to help them because of that bad guess.
Third, there are undoubtedly very many genuine Christians among those who are persecuted for professing Christian faith. Any Christian who is in contact with churches in places where persecution is strong will testify to the fact that many of those who say that they are believers really are, and clearly know God in a deep way.
Fourth, it is often precisely because Christians are genuine that they are persecuted. They have dared to stand up for Christ against all the odds humanly speaking, when if they had just stayed quiet they could have avoided persecution.
Refusing to give financial help to the persecuted church, then, because there will be some non-genuine believers among their number, makes no sense.
Asking God what we should do
In view of all that I have said, I would encourage everyone who reads this article to prayerfully consider what they are doing to help persecuted Christians. If you are a Christian, it is not someone else’s job to help them. It is all of ours.
At the very least keep them regularly in your prayers. And ask the Lord if He wants you to help in other ways too.
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VENUS & APHRODITE: HISTORY OF A GODDESS
Through ancient art, evocative myth, exciting archaeological revelations and philosophical explorations Bettany Hughes shows why this immortal goddess endures through to the twenty-first century, and what her journey through time reveals about what matters to us as humans.
Charting Venus's origins in powerful ancient deities, Bettany demonstrates that Venus is far more complex than first meets the eye. Beginning in Cyprus, the goddess's mythical birthplace, Bettany decodes Venus's relationship to the Greek goddess Aphrodite, and, in turn, Aphrodite's mixed-up origins both as a Cypriot spirit of fertility and procreation - but also, as a descendant of the prehistoric war goddesses of the Near and Middle East, Ishtar, Inanna and Astarte. On a voyage of discovery to reveal the truth behind Venus, Hughes reveals how this mythological figure is so much more than nudity, romance and sex. It is the both the remarkable story of one of antiquity's most potent forces, and the story of human desire - how it transforms who we are and how we behave.
'a lively work recommended for both researchers and casual readers'
'thoroughly enjoyable history of Venus the Goddess of love and her many manifestations through history...extensively documented...entertaining..Fun and fascinating history.'
'this informative and entertaining history deserves a wide readership' 'a brisk and incisive cultural history of the mythological goddess of sexual love'
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Engineering's Elder in Residence offers courses and counselling grounded in his Indigenous background
Passionate about sharing his Indigenous heritage, an adjunct architecture professor named a new course after the ceremony his ancestors have used for thousands of years to welcome visitors to their homeland — At the Woods Edge.
This semester, William Woodworth, also known as Elder Bill, started teaching the course focused on the relationships between Indigenous peoples and settlers from the 16th century to today, and how those associations have affected both engineering and architecture.
Woodworth’s offering draws, in part, on his background as a member of the Lower Mohawk Kanien'kehá:ka Nation of Six Nations of the Grand River in the Bear Clan.
In the mid-1990s, he had the opportunity to apprentice with Cayuga Chief Jacob Ezra Thomas Deyohonwedah of the Six Nations of the Grand River Territory where he was immersed in the Haudenosaunee practices and culture.
Born in the United States, Woodworth completed an architecture degree at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Building on his architectural education, he launched William Woodworth Architect in Toronto in 1980 and practiced as a member of the Ontario Association of Architects, and the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada.
In 1993, he took a sabbatical to teach at the Lawrence Technological University outside of Detroit. From there, he began doctoral studies at the California Institute of Integral Studies in the program Recovery of the Indigenous mind and graduated in 2001.
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Oklahoma City Rep. Richard Morrissette has stepped up his fight against the plague of Red Cedar trees taking over the state’s landscape. Now he suggests some of the flu cases in Oklahoma are due to Cedar Fever, an allergy that causes flu-like symptoms. And he has doctors on his side.
“I’ve heard from three or four doctors who say the Red Cedar trees are one of the highest instigators of allergies,” Morrissette said as he professed to continue waging efforts to get a law passed to attack the trees. And he’s using the Cedar Fever to help him with the fight, pointing out the cedar pollen can cause headaches, nausea, swelling, muscle aches, sore throat, sneezing, runny nose and watery eyes.
He’s been carrying out the fight against Red Cedars for several years but can’t get support in the legislature. “I don’t believe there’s a commitment here at the capitol. All I get is a lot of talk around here—all talky, talky.”
His bill last year failed in the legislature.
“I’ve been rolled under the bus on past efforts.”
This year, he has HB 1515 which again targets Red Cedars, trees he says are taking over the state to the tune of 700 acres a day, each tree consuming 30 to 40 gallons of water daily.
And with that growth, Morrissette predicts greater health problems such as Cedar Fever.
Part of his effort to clear the land of the pesky cedar trees is another bill, HB 1656, the cedar biomass bill. It calls for the creation of a program to use cedar trees and underbrush as an alternative energy resource. But he admits he’s already getting resistance in the legislature.
Among those not quite ready to support Morrissette are farm groups.
“They’re like cats—you can’t herd them.” And rural and city fire departments are faced with funding shortages. “They walk like they’re on egg shells.”
Morrissette knows that another massive wildfire, like the one last spring that destroyed dozens of homes in eastern Oklahoma County might give him support. But it might be only temporary support, unless lives are lost.
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I think I'm needing a little help getting started in networking. I know having computers work together is what Linux is designed for. It shouldn't be hard at all. I've found a lot of very comprehensible information out there to help people like me. There's just one thing. It's not really giving me the picture I need to understand what is going on inside this machine o' mine. And therefor I can't get it to work
One new lappy with ethernet cable
One old lappy gone wireless
One cable modem
One wired/wireless router
One network capable external drive (wired ethernet connection)
To hook them up, so I can ssh from one machine in the other and vice versa. I also want to be able to access my external drive through the router. And do this securely, so that no one else can access my files.
Now, I can ping my router from both machines. I can access Internet from both machines. But I can't see one machine from the other. I've got the ssh deamons running, I've build authentication keys and copied them to both machines. Ehm. But I can't even seem to ping one machine from the other.
Reading up on these things, I felt I wandered into a maze. I lost track of where I'd already been, switched strategies (ssh, shared folders, ftp) and to top it all, I broke internet access on both machines. Of course I didn't let this compromise my main install, but my test installs are broken atm. One of the mistakes I made was to skip steps that later on seemed necessary. For example, I can't seem to log in to my router.
This let me to the following idea. I'll make a fresh default install of 5.9 on both machines. I'll add or enable the necessary services and applications.
Now I'll probably am overlooking very obvious information or sources. But if someone can put me on the right track, I'll be very grateful
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Present this delightful tart-sweet spread in a glass jar that has been encircled with a ribbon. For a nice touch, tie a spoon into the bow. If you want to omit the canning process, go ahead. The preserves can be stored in the refrigerator up to one month.
- Makes about 4 generous cups
- 2 pink or ruby red grapefruit, halved
- 1 1/2 cups sugar
- 6 cups frozen unsweetened boysenberries (about 1 1/2 pounds), unthawed
- 1 12-ounce bag fresh or frozen cranberries
- Canning jars
- Squeeze juice from grapefruit. Measure 1 cup juice, discarding seeds; place juice in heavy large saucepan. Add sugar to juice. Mix in 4 cups boysenberries and all cranberries. Spoon 2 cups boysenberries into medium bowl; let thaw at room temperature. Let berry mixture stand until berries thaw and sugar dissolves, stirring occasionally, about 1 hour.
- Bring mixture to boil over high heat. Reduce heat to medium. Boil gently until mixture thickens and liquid drops thickly off end of spoon, stirring often, about 25 minutes. Mix in 2 cups thawed boysenberries with any juices; bring to boil. Spoon preserves into hot canning jar, filling only to 1/4 inch from top. Immediately wipe rim, using towel dipped into hot water. Place lid on jar; seal tightly. Repeat with remaining jars and preserves.
- Place jars on rack in large pot. Add boiling water to pot so that at least 1 inch of water covers tops of jars. Cover pot; boil rapidly 15 minutes. Remove jars. Cool completely. Press center of each lid. If lid stays down, jar is sealed. (If lid pops up, store preserves in refrigerator.) Store in cool dry place up to 1 year. Chill after opening.
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/boysenberry-cranberry-and-pink-grapefruit-preserves-952
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| 2
|
Grab your new clip and face the triangular part (or tongue) of the clip towards the number plate. The 'number plate side' goes behind the number plate.
Clip a corner on to the number plate then push the rest of the clip 'home'. Have a look to see that there isn't a gap between the backbone of the clip (the live hinge) and the number plate.
Now push your L plate or P plate onto the clip. Start by pushing a corner of your L or P plate into the clip and then slide the rest of the plate in.
Once again, make sure it is pushed 'home'. Have another look to see that there aren't any gaps between the live hinge and the edge of the L or P plate.
If you're an L plater or if you're using someone else's car, then you can simply remove your plates from the car and leave the clip there for your next drive. Simply clip on the L or P plate.
Tip: When the clips are new they are quite stiff. You can make them more malleable by bending or manipulating the different faces of the clip.
Be patient. It can be done without scratching your paintwork any more than it already has.
Anywhere on the license plate. Top, bottom, left or right. Front and back for a car or truck and only on the back for a bike. Some States require that the attached plate doesn't bend out more than 45°.
On some cars the number plate cavity doesn't allow enough room to position a P or L plate properly without the clip.
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ANNAPOLIS — Annapolis housing officials and the American Civil Liberties Union say they have settled a suit over a policy banning family and friends of residents if they were deemed to be detrimental to residents’ quality of life.
Residents who had faced eviction for allowing banned individuals onto the premises will now be able to designate those individuals as “invited guests” who will be issued renewable passes.
The ACLU sued in August 2009 claiming the policy violated the right of free association.
Carl Snowden, chairman of the Housing Authority of the City of Annapolis, said the compromise maintains the safety of residents and visitors. ACLU attorney Deborah Jeon commended the housing authority for working to ensure safety while protecting civil rights.
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Interview with Betty Brown, January 31, 2007 | UNCW Archives and Special Collections Online Database
Interviewee: Brown, Betty Interviewer: Hayes, Sherman / Jones, Carroll Date of Interview: 1/31/2007 Series: Arts Length 120 minutes
Jones: Okay. Today is January 31st, 2007, and I'm Carroll Jones with Sherman Hayes with the Randall Library Special Collections Oral History Program. Today we're with artist Betty Brown in her home in historic downtown Wilmington. Good afternoon Betty.
Jones: I'm so glad to be here with you.
Brown: Good to be here.
Jones: And especially in your work space here which is very-- your whole house is interesting, but this is a treat.
Jones: I want you to talk to us about your early years, where you were raised, something about your family, anything that would shed light on your evolvement and how you became interested in art.
Brown: Okay. You know I'm a very old artist and so this might take a little while for me to tell.
Jones: Not really.
Brown: My granddaughter had to do an oral history at school and she picked me. I said, "Well, how long can it be, because it takes a long time to tell my history." But I was raised in Greenville, South Carolina and born there and raised there until I went off to school and got married, but.
Jones: Where'd you go to school?
Brown: I went to Queens College in Charlotte.
Hayes: Would you be bold enough to tell us your birth date?
Brown: Oh, sure. August the 6th, 1936. That makes me 70.
Jones: You don't look it.
Brown: Well, I appreciate that. But no, I grew up in a fairly artistic family. My aunt was a professional artist and she actually worked for a photographer in Greenville, and that was my dad's sister. And my brother was sort of natural. So instead of this encouraging me it probably intimidated me because I was not terribly secure or, you know, aware that I could do things like that too. And so it sort of took me a while to develop into understanding that I could do some of these things as well.
Jones: But were you always as a youngster involved and interested?
Brown: Interested, yes, yeah, of course. (telephone rings) Now, I had turned that off.
Jones: Don't worry about it.
Brown: Okay. I have always been interested as a little child even, you know. I didn't mind getting sick, and back in those days we were quarantined, do you remember? And so color books were my favorite things. And I just loved color books, and pieces of paper and blank pieces of paper. I loved it when my mom opened up a new pair of hose and it had the little blank piece of white paper in there. That was sort of a deal for me. In fact I have a hard time throwing those away now, so it's a-- and but anyway, we-- my cousin drew very well too. She was on the Bell side as well. And she was a year or two older than me and so I watched her a lot, and I felt like I learned a lot from her. And we would just draw anything we could get our hands on. So it was sort of in there. But like I say, I don't think I had the confidence or the savvy to understand what was going on with it, you know. It took a while to develop. I was always interested in, you know, these people that took art in school, and once we got into electives in high school, but I never felt like that I could do that, so.
Jones: So you didn't take it in high school?
Brown: I didn't do it in high school or college. And in college I was just trying to get out and earn some money. I just wasn't really there to do anything but get through with it. So I majored in business in college and...
Jones: Now that was unusual for that generation you'd think.
Brown: Well, I became a secretary for Blythe Brother's Construction Company in Charlotte, wore hat and gloves to my interview, the whole deal, and so I worked there. I was the secretary for the secretary treasurer of Blythe Brother's Construction Company at that time. And so then Charles graduated, my husband graduated in '57 from Davidson. We were one of those Queens-Davidson connections. And so we were married in June of '57 right after he graduated. And then he had to go down to Fort Jackson and do some active duty, and I stayed in Charlotte and worked. And then we moved to his home which is just 40 miles from here, Ivanhoe, up in the ________________.
Jones: Sure. I know where that is.
Brown: And I always, to get back to the art thing, I always drew my children, kept a sketch book. I had another cousin out in California that always had these beautiful sketch books. And again, I was sort of psyched out by it because theirs were so good it seemed like it came so easily with them and it didn't come that easily to me. I sort of had to teach myself how to draw and pick it up by getting _________________.
Jones: So you were untrained.
Brown: At that time, yes, uh-huh. So, but I always read a lot about painting and just sort of did things on my own. I did a lot of crafts in those days when the children were small. We had four children. And so there was this span of time where I was at home with them and that was when I did tole painting and that sort of thing. And I think that's really what gave me some confidence was the tole painting because I was better than anybody else in the class.
Hayes: Well, what was it?
Brown: It's derived from Pennsylvania Dutch. It was a craft type way of painting, Pennsylvania Dutch.
Jones: Very popular.
Hayes: How is that spelled?
Brown: T-o-l-e painting. It's a form of painting and it's considered more of a craft than it is...
Hayes: Was that a prescribed you had to do it a certain way?
Brown: Yeah. You practice brush strokes and that sort of thing, and it was in oils. And back in those days there were lots of crafts like that like hand painted pocketbooks, little wooden pocketbooks and things like that. And in fact, I remember when I did start taking some art classes and jumping into that, my oldest boy said, "Now, how long is this going to last," like the other crafty projects that I had done all those years, and it's lasted for-- well, I started taking classes with Alex Powers in 1975, and because I had reached the point where...
Jones: And where was that?
Brown: That was, well, I took a workshop from him here in Wilmington. He was at St. John's Museum with an exhibition.
Jones: I'm going to interrupt you a second.
Brown: Okay, uh-huh.
Jones: When did you come to Wilmington?
Brown: Okay, we moved to Wilmington in 1965. We lived up in Ivanhoe for about eight years and we moved to Wilmington in 1965. We moved on Christmas Eve I think it was, and that's when we moved to Pine Valley. So all this time I was doing it on my own and I kept sketch books. I let my children watch TV so they'd be still and I could draw them, that sort of thing. And just did, you know, lots and lots of things, decoupage. I can remember a little toddler putting her hand in after I'd put 20 coats of varnish on a piece of wood, that sort of thing. But in fact I, you know, I don't know why I tried to do so much of that while the children were little because I had my hands full. I was kind of a glutton for punishment I guess. But it got to the point where I realized I needed to-- some education along these lines. I didn't know about mixing paints or the properties of paints and that sort of thing, the technical things. So and Alex came to do this workshop at the museum. I wanted to do it, but he was going to teach a class in the morning and a class in the afternoon, and my youngest, Doug, was in kindergarten so I had to pick him up at noon, and so I took the class in the morning. Well, it was full. It had like about 30 people in there and it was really hard to, you know, find a place and I didn't know what I was doing. My brushes had never been wet. They just-- it was a watercolor class. I'd never done anything. Had all these new materials and didn't know what to do with them. And so, but afternoon class only had about four or five people in there. It was Ed Hay that was the minister down at the First Presbyterian, Pinky Gauge [ph?] who-- well, you know Pinky, and Ann Brennan was just a teenager.
Jones: Oh, really?
Hayes: You're kidding.
Jones: Is she from here?
Brown: Yeah. She lived right down the street from us in...
Hayes: Now, when you say-- can you tell us a little about this instructor. You say he came in. Was he really-- he lived somewhere else?
Brown: He lives in, and still does, in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
Brown: Yes. And he was here just to have this exhibition. And he's taught just about everybody on this eastern seaboard because he was a very popular teacher.
Hayes: What's his name again?
Brown: Alex Powers. And I actually continued by going down there. For about three or four years I commuted down there to his studio and took the classes out of his studio for once a week.
Hayes: What was his particular medium?
Hayes: He was a watercolorist.
Jones: That's supposed to be the hardest medium to work with.
Brown: Well, that's what people say, but that's kind of what I jumped into, so right now it's the easiest for me because I've been doing it for so long.
Hayes: And where was St. John's at that point?
Brown: Right down in the Lodge there on Orange Street.
Hayes: It's still at that-- I knew-- I didn't know who had switched them there.
Brown: Yeah, it was right there on Orange Street, and I can't remember, I don't think they had the Cowan House at that time. I'm trying to think where we actually had the classes conducted. Maybe they did have the Cowan House. I can't remember for sure. But anyway, I was telling my neighbor that I was sort of distressed because I didn't feel like I could get much out of that class with that many people in there and I wished I could go to the afternoon class, but I had to pick up Doug. She said, "Don't worry I'll get Doug and I'll keep him in the afternoon and you to the afternoon class.
Jones: She became your best friend.
Brown: She was, yeah. She still is one of my best friends, and. Betty Tinsley, and her husband's a surgeon here in town.
Jones: I know who he is.
Brown: Yes, and they are very good, close friends. And so I can remember after it was-- it went for a week and when the week was up I came home and I found this Hallmark card that had little sand fence and sand dunes on there a little seagull flying in the air and I copied that for her in watercolor and gave it to her as a thank you for keeping Doug through that week. So that was my beginning. And she still has that little painting that I had done for her. It's very trite and cliché, I'm sure, but that was my very first watercolor that she...
Jones: Betty, during this time was Charles and the children very supportive of you, or did they kind of think, "Oh, this is mom's thing let her alone."
Brown: Well, I think they've always seen me, you know, dabble and do things so that they didn't, you know, it was not new news for them.
Jones: Your newest project.
Brown: Yes, it was just what she's into now. And Charles has always been very supportive, but I sort of made it my-- I took on the idea that I didn't want to ask for lessons and that sort of thing, so I've always used my own money. And so I have never asked for lessons, or paint, or brushes or anything. I've always done it on my own, and...
Jones: He's a lucky man.
Brown: Well, he puts a roof over my head and puts food on the table, but I've always supported my own interest in art, and I just kind of wanted to do it that way. So that was pretty much the beginning of that. And like I say, I went on down to Myrtle Beach and worked with Alex down there. He would have classes in his studio, and I did that probably three or four years once a week.
Hayes: Were there other choices of people that you could have done that or was he the only game in town at that time?
Brown: Well, after that, or maybe in between the workshop and doing that, I went out-- Gladys Faris was teaching out at the Y, the YMCA, YWCA, and I went out there and took her classes. She didn't come until sometime in the '70s where we came in '65. But she sort of-- we became friends because I was taking her classes too. And I also studied with Jack Berkman.
Jones: Oh, did you?
Brown: He was having classes down on Orange Street in that building.
Hayes: Tell us a little bit about Jack, because we have a lot of information, but I never got to meet him. I don't think you did either, Carroll.
Brown: Oh, really.
Jones: Well no, but I feel like I know him because I accessed his, or indexed his collection and all the notes and diaries and so forth and, but anyway.
Brown: Well, you know, he had been in New Mexico and I think this was when he had just come from there and he had his daughter Connie and his wife. And of course Jack was trained as an architect. He went to the Corcoran and so forth, but he was the most interesting enthusiastic teacher, and he didn't teach on a regular basis, but once in a while he would do something and I always, you know, availed myself of those classes, and I learned a lot from him. Probably one of the things that sticks with me that he did was to-- he would go to the library and checkout books, art appreciation books and so forth, and he would bring those into class and he would show us the tricks that the famous masters used. And I-- a lot of that has stuck with me. I use it today when I'm teaching my students things that he's taught me about how Winslow Homer did such and such or...
Jones: He did a-- I know he did a series of takeoffs on Picasso.
Brown: Right. Right. He used to complain that he was trained so academically in the academy so that they were trained then to, you know, they had to draw the busts and the statuary and that sort of thing, and it was very rigid academic training. And he complained about that because he said that he didn't find his own handwriting he called it, his-- meaning his own style and his way of interpreting things and, you know, putting things out there that...
Jones: Drawing people for the first time because he did buildings.
Brown: Uh-huh. Yeah. So he was-- this rigid academic background he felt stifled him until he was able to get out on his own and do something. So he encouraged us to find our own handwriting he would call it.
Jones: And did you?
Brown: I think I have, uh-huh.
Jones: Was there any particular artist that you really, not necessarily living at this time or that you met, but anyone whose style that you really respected or enjoyed more?
Brown: Well, it changes. It goes through, you know, sort of an evolutionary process. And so I think when I first started out I just admired anybody that could make things look like they really were. Realism, you know, I thought, "Wow, how do they do that?" But then I'd sort of gotten away from that. I think you become a little more discriminating as you paint and as you exposure yourself to it, and you become such that you start looking for things that are unique, more unique than anything else. One of my favorite artists to this day is, he's not living now, is Richard Diebenkorn out of California. He's an abstractionist. He did the Ocean Park series and so forth. He started out doing figures at the California School. But he-- when you go into a museum and you walk through a gallery, and if he has a piece hanging there it always turns your head. And I think it's something about the composition. The poster that's behind you is the Diebenkorn abstract and he-- it's kind of faded. It's just a poster, but anyway he has this real mastery of composing and, you know, taking the picture plane and designing it so that it's eye catching and pleasing. And he's one that I talk to a lot about to my students and so forth. But, you know, I started out liking Turner because of the color and the real, you know, boldness of his coloring. I tell the story about how Turner was out painting one day and someone walked up behind him and said, "I don't see those colors over there," and Turner turns to the viewer and says, "What a pity."
Jones: I attended a seminar at the National Gallery in Washington one time, and there was a series of artists that were speaking, and I was only able to catch two, but this one said many things, but the one thing that really stuck in my mind he said, "You all have heard that saying that beauty's in the eye of the beholder." He said, "It is," and he then put out some pictures that he had done and others had done and he said, "This is ugly, but it's beautiful to somebody." So I guess it's the artistic feeling what you feel and what you see just the story he just told.
Brown: It's like a language to me and I think it is to all artists. It's an unspoken language. It's just a visual language that we speak to each other and some people respond well to some things that are said and then some people don't, you know, they turn a deaf ear. And I think that the biggest slam that you could give to an artist is not to care what they're saying, you know, an indifference because they're trying to put themselves out there and, you know, we go to all sorts of lengths to make fools of ourselves by putting our work out there, and if somebody just...
Jones: I never heard that one before.
Brown: It is true. Did you ever-- do you know Virginia Wright-Frierson?
Jones: I do. I do.
Brown: She got straddled with us before, and she had an exhibition down at...
Jones: Fairlane [ph?]?
Brown: Well, I think it was-- this was years ago.
Jones: Oh, okay.
Brown: It was down-- I think it was at the old New Elements when they were down at Stemmermans, down in that block. And she had an exhibition and show down there. And one of the pieces on the wall in the show was just a small little watercolor like this, and there was a crowd of people surrounding her and she was right there in the middle of these people surrounding her, and there were paintings on the walls where she was stark naked. Do you get it?
Jones: I do. I do. Well, sure she's bearing herself.
Brown: She's put herself out there.
Jones: She has, certainly.
Brown: And that's what we do.
Brown: Every time we paint or do something it...
Jones: Well, she told me the story one time when she was doing the bottle house, and she said at one point her husband came out and said, "What are you doing with this junk," and she said, "To some people it's trash to others it's treasure."
Brown: That's right. Well, I've never seen Ginny any more excited than one time we were down at-- it was either Holden Beach or Ocean Isle or somewhere. We were headed to Litchfield, I believe, we were going to spend the week down there painting. And on the way we were taking pictures and stopping and seeing the sites. And we came across an outsider artist lady that had just junk all over her yard. And there was things that she had made out of the junk similar to a like Ginny's bottle houses and so forth, and Ginny just came to life. Well, we all did because it was so cleaver and wonderful, but I can remember how excited Ginny was about looking at all these things. This lady even had egg cartons hanging from trees and, you know, just the whole yard was just full of clutter. Her name was Mary. I don't know who she is. Had a little chapel, a little playhouse chapel and there were pictures in there of weddings that had taken place in this little chapel. And there was this man that looked like he was about seven feet tall, crouching down to get inside this chapel for his wedding and all sorts of funny things.
Jones: She had a sense of humor.
Brown: Oh, it was great. It was great.
Hayes: A question for you. It sounded like when you took art that the professor didn't just teach you, you know, pretty colors and brush strokes and so forth, so there was a philosophy from most of the teachers? I mean, I think, I know that people who don't take art lessons think that that's what happens. They think, you know, here's how colors go and so forth. So you got a philosophy from them?
Brown: Well, I think most-- see I sort of got the horse before the cart or the cart before the horse, whatever the thing is. And I took lots and lots of workshop type things, like week long things with some nationally known people. That was sort of my beginning. Then I realized that I had not had this academic training that I probably-- I didn't have to have, but I just sort of yearned for that. So I went back to UNCW and I would take courses out there, oh, starting in the '80s I think. I'd take one thing at a time just for the heck of it. And my daughter-in-law pointed out to me, she said, "You know, are you going to work on your degree," because I thought it would be nice to have an art degree. And I said, "Well, I think I would like to eventually get it." And she said, "Well, I figured it up. You're going to be about 115 by the time you finish because you're taking just one thing at a time." And sure enough they sent me a letter from the Dean's office saying, "So let's put your money where your mouth is. Are you going to do this or not?" You know, they wanted me to go ahead and enroll full term or not, you know, so I did. No, no, I know what it was. I went to admissions and talked to-- what was that lady's name? She became friends. Ann Collins [ph?] was there at the time, and I said, "Ann, they want me to go full time, and my daughter-in-law said I'm going to be 115, I better do this." So she sent for my transcript from Queens. Well of course I didn't have any art things and I didn't have their required things, so they counted just about everything from Queens as electives. So I had electives coming out of my ears, but I didn't have some of the things that UNCW required, so one of the things was math. Well, math was never my day, and it scared me to death. And all my children were good in math, but by then they were gone off to school so they weren't there to coach me or help me or anything, that anytime I had a math question I would ask them. And so she said, "Well, I'll tell you--" so, well when they did that, she told me that, I waited for about four years and I saw her somewhere else and she said, "You never did come back and sign up." And I said, "Well, honey I'm going to have to take that math." And so she said, "Well, they've come out with a new textbook for people that are non-math majors and it's very visual and it's this and that and I think you'll like it. And if you ask for this certain professor, who is Jeff Brown, then and they have like a lab where you can go be coached and so forth." So she talked me in to do it. So I got Jeff Brown, sweetest dearest man I've ever laid eyes on. He was so wonderful. And the kids got to the place in the classroom where they knew that I would ask the questions so they would just sit back. And his habit was to walk into the room, "Any questions from last night's homework," you know. And they'd just sit there. And I knew that if we didn't ask him the things we didn't understand we would go onto the next thing and then we'd all be lost. So I would have to ask him the questions.
Jones: They were waiting for you to do it. Well, that's funny. That's funny.
Brown: So I got through that math and I put all my credits together with the things from Queens, and my electives, and got through, and finally graduated with honors in art from UNCW.
Jones: Good for you. Good for you. That's terrific.
Hayes: Let's come back to that later. I want to go back to the workshop idea. It seems like there's different ways...
Brown: Oh, yeah. Oh yeah, you-- I really got ________.
Hayes: Well, that's what we want to do here...
Brown: Well, I think to answer your question more specifically, the workshops do probably go more on or, you know, talk more about what individual teachers think and do. But when you go back to UNCW or to any art school and get the academic training, one of the first things I took was 2D design and 3D design and then you get more into how to mix colors and, you know, the technical things that you're talking about and asking about.
Hayes: Well, what were some of the other workshops? Do you remember any of the others and who was giving them?
Brown: Oh, gosh. I've taken bunches of them. The first one I took, Gladys Faris and I we became friends after I was in the class. Found out we were both from the same hometown so it was like old home week. She got me involved in the watercolor society on the state level. But anyway, she and I took Zolton Szabo, who's now deceased. It's funny, when I'm teaching I tell them about my old teachers and they're all dead now. It's like the Dead Poet's Society or something. And, but anyway he was very famous as a technician in watercolor at the time and he came down to Wrightsville Beach and conducted a class. You want to hear a funny story that happened?
Brown: He was-- they say that he was, I don't know if I should say this or not, but I've heard that he was like a Nazi officer in World War II. He was from Hungary, you know. And he was very, you know, he didn't laugh or, you know, have fun or anything.
Jones: He was strict.
Brown: Very stoic. He was straight and he was stoic and he had rules. And so he set up his table. We were down in the Pullen House next to the _________ down there, and had rented a room there. And so he set up his table just so, you know. He had everything in the right place and we were told not to touch anything on his table. And so one day he went to lunch with the lady who had organized the workshop, and the rest of us had brought sandwiches so we sat behind and ate our sandwiches, and we finished before they got back because they had gone to a restaurant somewhere. And we said, "Well we've got all this time why don't we sit somebody up and draw and paint them while we're waiting on him?" So Margaret McGinn [ph?] lived up at Topsail, she had come down and she said, "Well, I'll sit and you all do it." So she sat herself over on the stool, or something, and we were going to paint her while we were waiting. Well, this girl that was in the class couldn't get a very good vantage point from where her station was so she came over there and it was right next to me, and she moved Szabo's things all to one side and set up her station there on the end of his table that we were told not to touch. Well, as you would have it the water spilt and there that water got turned over all over that table and we were mopping that stuff up just as fast as we could. And here he comes walking back in, and just as we got things back, you know, but I think realized. He didn't say anything, but we were scared to death because he had made quite a point that we were not to mess with his stuff.
Jones: So you got saved from the guillotines.
Brown: Yeah, but it was pretty scary. He was something else. But he taught all over the country. He is from Sault Ste Marie in Michigan, up in that Canadian area, you know, and he taught all over the place and had lots of books. So I studied with people like that, mostly people that had...
Hayes: So why do you think they ended up here, because it seems at the...
Brown: They were out for hire and people would, you know, mostly things-- I think a lot of the things that we did back then were done through the watercolor society.
Hayes: Tell us about that.
Brown: The North Carolina Watercolor Society.
Hayes: That's a ________ organization?
Brown: Yes it is. It's on the state level and it's-- they have two meetings a year, one an exhibition and one that's just sort of a just a-- maybe they have two exhibitions, two exhibitions now I think it is. Anyway, you can enter it. It's a juried show and they bring in a juror from the American Watercolor Society or wherever, you know, to judge the show. And then they'll usually have them stay a week and teach for a week.
Hayes: So there were that many people right here in Wilmington who were willing to invest?
Brown: Oh, they come from all over. Like this Margaret McGinn, she was actually from Charlotte, but she had a place at Ocean Isle so she would come and commuted back and forth, I mean Topsail. And people would come from all over.
Jones: One of the questions I was going to ask you is Wilmington as an art center, I know it's gone through several cleansing periods, I guess, there at one time they had the arts council and it was dissolved and then started over again. And not counting the natives here, like I guess you could say Eloise Bethel for example and such, but what do you feel? You're not quite a native, but you're a North Carolinian. You've lived here a long time. What do you feel is the draw here in Wilmington for the arts in general and for artists?
Brown: Well, Claude Howell used to say it was the light, and that we were painters of the light, and that the light was different in Wilmington than anywhere else in the world. And I think, you know, the water, we have the water and that probably contributes to the light in Wilmington, and it's-- I painted in the Greek Isles, and it was very similar, you know, you're surrounded by the water.
Jones: They had a lot of white buildings, the reflection out there in the Greek Islands.
Brown: Right. I've painted Santorini and it was just gorgeous, but I think a lot of the coastal area just is a draw. People in Raleigh paint coastal scenes all the time, you know, you just-- it's just a draw, I think, it's the subject matter down here.
Jones: Do you think it has anything to do with the type of life that was here and is continuing to be here in some respects where-- I can't find a word for it, sort of a laissez-faire type thing are very tolerant of this sort of-- of artists of all kinds? I've noticed musicians are here too. It's just not...
Brown: Yeah, the arts are very big in Wilmington and always have been, I think. But I don't know, if I didn't live here I think I could be drawn to a place like this, but I've always enjoyed the beach. You know, I lived in the Piedmont part of South Carolina so I, you know, had access to the mountains. I could go up there on a Sunday afternoon, but there's always a draw to the beach for me. And so I just think that that's part of it.
Jones: Do you think too, Betty, that possibly artists being here will draw other artists to come here?
Brown: Oh, sure, I think so because they hear about it and read about it, you know, I think the man downtown that's just come here that's, oh, down on Front Street. I can't call his name right now, but anyway I think that he heard about it through some magazines or something like that and came and established his gallery here. And I think a lot of people are trying to, you know, make it be a place to come. And certainly, you know, we've never-- when we have had workshops, you know, it's never a problem getting people to come down here for a workshop because, you know, they'll do that. I had to do one, one year for the North Carolina Watercolor Society. They met in Wilmington and I chaired that. And they-- we got this man that was from the Boston area. And he brought in, you know, people came from all over the state to come to his workshops.
Hayes: I don't think people realize that. So the artists will travel for that kind of intense experience.
Brown: Oh, yeah, absolutely, uh-huh.
Hayes: Tell us about what would be a typical workshop pattern. I mean, what do you do when you go to a workshop?
Brown: Well, Southport brings in a lot of workshops there at Franklin Square, and I have been to several down there. I'm trying to think of who all I've studied with and where I went. A lot of the workshops that I've done have been at Myrtle Beach. They have this, it's sponsored by Springs Mills the Leroy Springs Mills, you know, that makes the Springmaid sheets and that sort of thing.
Jones: Are they still doing that?
Brown: They still do that. They have a complex down in South Myrtle Beach that is for their employees. So in the off season usually in March and October they sponsor workshops down there and that's been going on for probably about 20 years now. And I've been to a lot of those. And a lot of people go every year. And Alex Powers, that was my teacher, he's taught there the whole time. And so I have been down there and I was his gopher, his monitor type person that sets things up and all. And then I have been to study with some other people down there too, but I'm trying to think where else I've been. I went-- one of the workshops I did was in Greece. That's when Jodi Rippy and I went to the Greek Islands.
Jones: I was going to ask you about Jodi Rippy.
Brown: Yeah. She and I went to the Greek Islands. At the time we had a little drawing group that met in the Cowan House down at the St. Johns that we just paid them rent money in the Cowan House and we all pitched in and paid models and drew. And we were doing that. And Jodi was just getting back into it because she had been an art major, an art history major and but she had not really-- raising her children she hadn't had a chance to get back into. So she was sort of getting back into it then. And I can remember I walked in one day and I said-- actually Zolton Szabo's son, Steve Szabo who lives in Canada, he was sending Alex Powers to the Greek Islands for a workshop and I heard about it. And I told Jodi, I said, "I wish I could go and, but it would be somewhat hard to afford. If we had double occupancy we could probably afford it better." And so she thought about it and she-- next week she came in and she said, "Let's do it," so we did. That was really fun, but that was really my first trip to go abroad like that. I had been wanting to do that, but I was sort of chicken to do it by myself.
Hayes: What year was that?
Brown: That was '92, I believe.
Jones: Oh, well, you were overdue.
Brown: Yeah. Yeah.
Jones: When was your first exhibit, Betty? When did you have your first exhibit and how did that come about?
Brown: Yeah, my first one person exhibit was immediately after that Greek Island trip. And I worked for a year after I got back plus the things that I did there, and I came up with about 30 pieces. And St. Johns showed about, oh let's see, they showed 20 some pieces there and then I think Merrimon Kennedy at New Elements had about nine pieces there.
Hayes: And New Elements is a gallery?
Brown: Yeah, it's a commercial gallery down on Front Street where I've been affiliated with them ever since they opened, even before she was a-- had bought them out. And anyway, I had this show. Ann Brennan was the curator down at the museum and I've known her for ages. And so she asked me if I wanted to do that and I did. So that was really my first one person show. It was that Greek work and it turned out to be very successful. And that's when I decided to go back to the university because after that show I had worked so hard for like two years to get that stuff together and I-- and it had been very well received and I thought, "What am I going to do now?" So like performance things I do or whatever, you know, I had thought I had blown my wad and I don't know what I can do to match this.
Jones: Commercially was that a good thing for you?
Brown: It was and I don't know why people want paintings of the Greek Islands, but they did. That show sold out. I think I eventually sold every piece I ever did from the Greek Island except for a couple of pieces I kept. And so that was very successful. And that was really what forced me into going to UNCW because I thought I've got to go and get something else under my belt so I can measure up. I don't know. It just kind of psyched me out.
Hayes: So tell us about the UNCW experience, some of the teachers that you had there because many of them are still here, but some are gone. Did you have Claude Howell as a...?
Brown: No, Claude-- I was always afraid to take from Claude because I heard that he would break pencils and throw things.
Jones: You know, people said that he would do these things for effect, but that he was really sort of a pussycat.
Brown: Oh, I know, he really was. And probably was afraid of him, but I got to know him later, you know, but...
Jones: Did you ever go up and down the street when he was having 5:00 cocktails on the porch?
Brown: I've been up to his, you know, apartment a couple of times but, you know, we weren't fast and bonded, but we were acquaintances and good friends, and he-- but that was after he had retired is when I really got to know him better, because I really was chicken to do that. I was sort of, you know, afraid of it. So by the time I went I took from Constance Thoreson [ph?], Constance _______ Thoreson.
Hayes: Well, could you tell us some things about her because we have two of her pieces at the university and I talked to her on the phone, but she's now, I think, in Florida or somewhere.
Brown: When went to New York from UNCW and I didn't know what became of her after she married and everything.
Hayes: Yeah, she's not married, but I _________________.
Brown: Oh, really? Okay.
Hayes: Well, I thought her work was wonderful. Wasn't she before Don Furst, right, she was...
Brown: Yes, Don came and took her place.
Hayes: But tell us a little because that'll help the archives, you know, because we don't have much about her.
Brown: Well, she had in-laws that were living in Wilmington. I don't know whether they're still around or not.
Hayes: Right, the Thoresons.
Brown: I don't know whether they're still around or not, the Thoresons, yeah. I don't know. But anyway, she-- I had 2D design under her. Melanie Connor was in there, Melanie ________ Conner that's the-- she does weavings and fabric designs. She's here in town. And she was in my class as just a kid then, and she-- let's see, I'm trying to think, see anybody else that was in there when I was in there. But anyway, it was basic 2D design and like you say, taught theory, you know, composition and, you know, the whole thing with 2D design. And she was really-- she was much younger than I because, you know, I had been painting for 20 years by the time I started going out there. I think I had her earlier though. I had her when I started in the '80s. She was one of the ones I took one thing at a time. And she was always-- I think she was-- it was a little awkward for her to have someone older than she was, you know.
Jones: As a student.
Brown: As a student. In fact she ask me one time, she says, "Does it both you, you know, that I'm so much younger?" And I said, "No, I don't really think about it, you know, I'm just here to get what I can and if you're the one to give it to me that's what I'm here for," you know, so. But I think it made her a little self conscious. And that was probably before we had a lot of non-traditional students.
Hayes: I wondered were you ________ first ________?
Brown: I probably was because there were no other adults in that class that I can recall and then, you know, they more and more began to come as time went on. And a lot of my friends would go out there. When I-- when Don came and took and started teaching print making I took...
Hayes: Don Furst?
Brown: Don Furst, yes. And I took from him, and several of my friends came out and took from him just because they, you know, you're always having fun. They came too. Gladys came out and took print making, and Gladys Faris and Martha Grove Williams came out, and who else? Several of us adults were in there and then later Kay Ballard [ph?], that's one of my traveling buddies, she took from him. I think she took a pastels course from him after that. And so people were, you know, starting to take more and more of his classes. But anyway, he came when Connie left. And I also had life drawing under her. Oh, I'll tell you somebody else that was in her, the life drawing class was Donna Moore.
Hayes: Donna Moore, yeah.
Brown: She was in some of my classes out there, and she's become, you know, quite the artist. And she used to actually model for this life drawing class sometimes to earn money.
Jones: What do you like to paint best? What forms, buildings, scenery, children?
Brown: Well, when I started out I think because I had been drawing my children so much it was mostly drawing people, and I really enjoyed that. And Alex sort of that's his thing. He does a lot of people and not so much formal portraiture, but just people in their own setting. And so any commissions that I do today are simply...
Hayes: Let's see, bear with me here. We'll go up.
Jones: Just keep talking.
Hayes: Is this your piece up here?
Jones: No, that was one of my students did that, and she gave me that reproduction of it. It's me teaching out on the shore some ________________. That's a story in itself. My granddaughters and I went down to Southport to see this particular show where she had won a prize with that painting and I didn't know it was in there. And I was just walking through the show with my two little granddaughters from Raleigh. We'd just gone down there for the afternoon. And I looked at that thing, and I looked a little harder and that was me. It was so funny because I had no idea. And I called Olivia, my little granddaughter, I said, "Olivia, do you recognize who this is?" And she said, "That's you grandma," and sure enough it was. So I called the girl that had been in my class at ________ the year before and told her that I had seen it or wrote her a note or something. And so she called me back and she said, "Well, I'm having some giclée reproductions made of it." This was when giclées first came out. So she said, "I want you to have one," so I think we made a trade or something and I stuck it up there. It's not really for public viewing. It's for me to see.
Jones: Do you do a lot of work on commission?
Brown: Not a lot, but usually around Christmas time I'll get one or two. And I do try to keep it very informal, you know, I like to get people in sort of a snapshot pose and, you know, do it _______________.
Jones: Do you work from photos or do you work with people?
Brown: I like to take the photographs myself. I don't always. I have had people from out of town, you know, that will send me photographs and it's harder for me to do it that way. I don't know. I like to have a session with the person.
Jones: To get a sense of their personality etcetera? Yeah.
Brown: Yeah, just kind of to be there. It's like being on site plein air, you know, it's so much-- you get to know the subject so much better than from just a photograph.
Jones: Well, I know you've done some things; I don't know whether you could say it's on commission or not, probably not, for fund raisers, I think, for St. Andrews Covenant as an example, have you not and others?
Brown: Right. The things-- most of the things I've done at the church, the paintings that are hanging in the church are things I've either given them or they've bought very inexpensively, paid for the frame or something. But I have done the church itself, you know, a portrait of the church that people have commissioned me to do for people that were leaving, or like ministers that were leaving and that sort of thing, and they've taken it with them. So the last-- I've done so many of those that the last time when Ryan Casten [ph?] left, that was our choir director, and they commissioned me to-- the choir commissioned me to do one for him, I said I'm going to have this scanned and do a giclée reproduction for people so that, you know, if they want something just inexpensive to give instead...
Jones: Well, have you not done some other buildings for fund raisers?
Brown: I did, let's see, I don't know whether for fund-- oh, one fund raiser I did was for the Wilmington Symphony.
Jones: Maybe that's what I'm thinking of.
Brown: And that's-- I did a poster and they sold that for a fund raiser.
Hayes: Can I come back to kind of a sensitive question?
Hayes: You evolved from an amateur, correct?
Hayes: Who ________, and then got better in workshops and then took the academic, and then you still stay as a strong point with watercolor, and yet watercolor in art history is-- has a very mixed feeling when you talk to artists. Is that a true statement? In other words because it seems like it's been colored by the amateur out on the beach watercolorist and yet there's a whole other group of people that are, you know, famous as watercolorists. What happened with watercolors?
Jones: And I've heard too that watercolor, for some artists, is the hardest medium to work in.
Brown: Right. Well, a lot of artists say that because there's so little room for correction and, you know, without getting to, you know, you can abrade the paper and, you know, it takes the paint funny and that sort of thing. My joke that I tell my students is they say it's the hardest because the teacher gets real angry if you spill water, but that's not really true. People, I think, are afraid of it because of not being able to paint over it and, you know, but there are amazing things that you can do to save a watercolor. But going back what to you were asking, Sherman, is that I think watercolor has sort of taken on a bad connotation in some respects in the art world because it's sort of equated with the Sunday painters and that sort of thing. And I was just drawn to watercolor originally because the people that I was admiring like Alex Powers and Gladys Faris were oil painters, I mean were watercolor painters, and I just was attracted to what they were doing. And actually when I studied with Gladys she made me do an oil painting first because she thought that I should know how to paint in oils first. Well, I did that. It was kind of like, okay, here it is. It looked like a tole painting. This is red, this is yellow, this is green, so I got the fruit in there and I got the flowers.
Jones: Yeah, the flowers and curlicues.
Brown: Yeah so it, you know, but I have studied oils as well and I worked in oils when I was at the university as well, and so I do that too it's just that I think I've done watercolor for so much longer than oils that it has become second nature to me. In fact right now I'm in a place where when I am painting in oils I have this sort of ominous feeling that, gee, this would be so much easier in water color simply because I'm more experienced in it. And I'm trying to get over that feeling. So I have been doing more oils lately to try to get over that feeling. There's a guy that comes to town from Oklahoma that FountainSide Gallery sponsors, Rick McClure, and he comes about once a year every other year, and I've taken his workshops a couple of times. We paint outside and I do it mainly because I like to paint outside and it gives me somebody to paint with. But I do it to try to get a little more proficient in oils too and I'm going to do that coming up at the end of March. I'm not above, you know, learning from somebody else at this point. I don't take any more watercolor workshops. I've pretty much done...
Jones: Don't need to do that.
Brown: Know what they're going to say, but I-- I'm always open to new things and I don't ever cut things off and-- because I think that if I do I quit growing and so I want to continue to grow and that's why I'm sort of looking in this direction of oils right now trying to...
Hayes: I think one of the things with watercolor is that it's approachable as you get started, right? You can do some things that are interesting, but then it may be very difficult as you move as a professional artist to now break away from that. Do you...
Brown: Well, it's-- there's so many techniques, little tricky techniques in watercolor. And well, back in the early '80s Gladys Faris, Ann Brennan, and Doris Rudolph and I had a little co-op gallery down at the landing at Wrightsville Beach. Well, just a short period of time, and so we burned out real quickly. So it-- we spent too much time down there and not enough time painting in the studios. But anyway, you could tell if another watercolor artist came into our little shop, our little gallery because they'd stick their face right up in the painting and say, "How did she do that?" And that's what they do. And so that I think the little techniqueie thing that, you know, watercolorists get caught up in is what has sort of been a detriment to its reputation. So when I...
Hayes: You mean the technique becomes more important than the...
Jones: Than the subject.
Brown: Exactly. The first thing I tell my students when I teach is, "If you want to become a watercolorist I can teach you the techniques, and I will teach you the techniques, but I want you to put them aside just as fast as you possibly can because I want you to develop your own style, and I want you to make art and not make watercolors."
Hayes: That's a good way to put it because watercolors-- and of course I think commercially there's been so many wonderful reproductions so we become to think that the watercolor is the beach scene or...
Jones: I want to get to that too. I've seen-- I saw for the first time, oh, it must have been just before Thanksgiving I was down at the Cotton Exchange in that little stationary store and looking for something, and here I saw some of your note cards. And I asked the young lady there, she's really nice, I don't know what her name is.
Jones: Yeah. I said, "Do you have prints?" And she said, "No." She said, "I'd like to." So she said, "Are you interested in that artist?" I said, "I'm interested in learning more about her." So I bought a couple of the cards, you know, and that was that. So that was one of the things that I wanted to ask you about. This is another side of commercialism, I suppose, but do you limit your work or as far as being sold outside of the gallery or?
Brown: Well, yeah. First of all the, you know, a lot of people have gotten into what they call limited edition reproductions and that was like this lithographic process that...
Hayes: Could we maybe just take a break?
Jones: We've got about two minutes left and then change the tape.
Hayes: This is a good subject. Why don't we stop? That's a great...
Jones: ...where we were.
Hayes: Talking about commercialism.
Brown: Okay, and water coloring commercially and reproductions, limited edition reproductions. That was very, very big for a while. Remember Bob Timble [ph?]that got into trouble with it.
Jones: Yes. Yes he did.
Brown: Claude Hart [ph?] done it a lot. Claude Howell did it. I think they went to court over some stuff like that. So that sort of turned me off of getting into reproductions. Plus, just like the Diebenkorn poster that I have up there, they would fade. You know, it was a lithographic, photographic process that you did and you look at any Hardy's at some of the reproductions there, they're faded. So I was totally against ever doing that. Now they've come out with these giclée, they call it, reproductions. Giclée in French, I think, means little squirt or spray and it means it's an ink jet process, but with archival inks.
Hayes: Computer ink.
Brown: Yeah, they have these high resolution scanners and they can do...
Jones: Ann Newbold Perkins does a lot of this.
Brown: Oh yeah? Well, I have done a couple of them and just mostly for friends and family that wanted something I painted. My granddaughter and my daughter wanted to give it to her mother-in-law, you know, a copy of it, and a couple of things like that that I've done for personal reasons, but not so much for commercial reasons. And mainly because New Element sells my original work and I don't think they-- well, I know they don't like it if you get into reproductions like that because it sort of takes away from the original work. And it suits me fine. I just don't particularly care about that.
Jones: So the only way to get a Betty Brown painting is to buy an original.
Brown: Right, unless you can find one of the little things that I've done. I teach at Pawleys Island every year for an inn down there, and I did a painting for them that they have put on a little thing just for their customers that want to take home a souvenir.
Jones: But they have to get permission from you, obviously.
Brown: Well, I do it for them and I sell it to them. When they want some more I print some more up. It's not endeavoring, and I sell it to them, and then they mark them up little bit and sell them to the...
Hayes: Well, do you think that the giclée is going to change the industry, because they're amazingly good quality.
Brown: Right, they are, and they're supposed to last about 100 years with the archival inks that they use. And so, yeah, I think it's already made some inroads into, you know, the commercial thing.
Jones: I see more and more of it.
Hayes: I know Ivy Hayes into that intermediate size and the one that Ann Newbold Perkins, right, gave us was a Claude Howell.
Jones: Of Number One Church, way back.
Hayes: And we could not tell the difference, and...
Brown: Well, Claude's were mostly serigraphs, I think.
Hayes: Well, this was actually a watercolor and ink kind of done for the family of the...
Jones: And he just did it on a whim.
Hayes: Actually about 1941. That was the World War II time. And then we saw a, I'm trying to think. Oh, I know, the-- I don't know if you remember this when we interviewed Ruth Hodges.
Jones: She had several.
Hayes: Do you know Ruth?
Brown: Yeah, I do. Un-huh.
Hayes: Well, she gave us a-- just an early drawing she did of Isaac Bear as a study for Claude. So we were excited at the library, thanks to Carroll getting it for us, because we don't have any images of that early building for the university. But we knew if we put it out, as you were talking about, that paper and watercolor was just going to fade, so we automatically gicléed that, and the original's in the archives. And we can't tell the difference.
Brown: They're pretty amazing. I've even done-- I came across some paper at Office Depot the other day, it's not paper it was like canvas. I don't know whether it's paper or cloth. I have to look at it more closely, but it came in 8 1/2 x 11 and it's like a little piece of canvas. And I ran that through my ink jet. I have a pretty nice ink jet because I do those note cards on there. And I ran that through, and did a little oil painting on that and it looked great, you know, it's just amazing.
Jones: I believe-- have you been to the exhibit at the new Cultural Arts Building on campus? There is a Claude Howell exhibit out there.
Hayes: I haven't seen it yet, no.
Jones: Well, we went to the opening, and it's very well done. I think there are 20 pictures and one is a giclée.
Hayes: Oh, is that right?
Hayes: So you may want to think about that, that's all I'm saying is that one of the dilemmas, I think, for the artist is that when you can only have access to an original there are so many people that can't get to that.
Brown: Yeah, that's true. That's pretty much the argument is to make them available to the general public, you know, to make your work available to the general public. But my work's not that expensive and I do keep records. I have scanned copies of just about everything I've ever done.
Jones: To keep for yourself.
Jones: That was going to be my next question.
Brown: And so if I did ever want to do one I could probably do it from the scan that I've done, but they may not be as high resolution as they would in these fancy places that do them, but it would be a record of, you know, something.
Hayes: You're using more copier...
Jones: Well, this way you have more exclusivity too.
Brown: Yeah and, you know, the commercial aspect of it just doesn't really grab me. I guess the note card is probably the most commercial thing that I do, and I just do those because I think New Elements asked for some because they had some of other artists. And I had done them for my own friends and things like that and it just kind of mushroomed. People started wanting them. So Tiffany has, probably, the most of those and then New Elements has some. John Jordon out at Protocol has a few, so. They have them out at the-- they were at the Museum Shop. With the new director I'm not sure they're going to continue. She sort of calls the shots of what's going on.
Hayes: Well, let's talk about, you know, I hate to make it in a listing sense, but you've given us so many different names. Let's make sure we get some of the various artists that you think have, you know, made a difference in this community or, you know, trying to help build what is art over the years. We've talked already about Claude, but Renn Brown, who was the administrator you might tell us your relationship with him over...
Brown: Yeah. Renn was a very good friend. We had-- he came to the museum and replaced Alan Ages [ph?], and I had known Alan somewhat but not well because that was sort of in my earlier years. And so at the time that-- when Renn came they had this program at St. Johns where you could submit your work to become what they called an exhibiting artist, and so you could submit like, I think we actually took, you know, eight or ten pieces down there for that, for a board to jury and see if you could become an exhibiting artist, is what they called them. And a lot of times that person was Claude, a lot of times, you know, or somebody else, but there were people-- probably Renn had a say so in it and so forth. You never really knew who that-- the jury board was. Anyway, we did that. And so while Renn was here, when Renn came I did submit my work and became an exhibiting artist. And then later I served on some boards that juried. I served once with Claude and Tom Spleth, that's the sculptor from up at Raleigh.
Jones: Uh-huh. I know who he is.
Brown: And we-- at that time they were doing it by slide and we looked at slides and decided, you know, who. But then they gave up that program. But that's really my first recollection of Renn is when I became an exhibiting artist. And then through the years, you know, we became friends because I was down there a lot, and especially after I moved here it was just right down the street. So I was teaching there and I always had classes going on there, either drawing groups or something. But when we did move here Renn was right next door. So he was my neighbor. In fact I called him before I moved down and said, "How do you like your neighborhood," and this house was up for sale. And so we moved in and Renn lives next door. Well, we just became fast and fine friends then because every afternoon we'd get a glass of wine and go sit out on my porch and his porch and we just had nice little artsy conversations.
Brown: Renn was very good, and I would pick his brain, and he would tell me stories and he'd just, you know, we just had the best time. So he was a very good friend. In fact one-- a piece from his private collection is hanging in my dinning room now because I was keeping it for him until he could get moved when he moved to Landfall. But anyway he, I thought, was very good for the museum and worked hard for it. And I was on the board for a while, and on acquisitions for a while and that sort of thing, and just enjoyed working with him. But when they built the new museum-- well, let me back up. When I had my Greek show down there it was called the color and shape of Greece. And he picked one of my pieces for the permanent collection. So they bought a piece for that. And so when they built the new museum I was out there helping with flower arranging or something. I was on a committee to help doing something for the opening. And he came in there and got me. He said, "Come with me." And I said, "Well, sure what is it," you know. And so he took me in there to the new space that's now called the Renn Brown Gallery and he said, "I have something to show you." And he took me in there and they had hung the private collection and my piece. He said, "I wanted to be the first one to show it to you," or "Be with you when you saw it the first time," and I thought that was very considerate and kind, and I appreciated it.
Jones: That's nice.
Hayes: That is nice. That's very nice.
Brown: Yeah, that's very nice. I enjoyed Renn. I really miss him. He was a nice guy, very knowledgeable about art. If I wanted to know something about anything he had it right on the tip of his tongue. And he knew so many people, I mean, he had met Georgia O'Keefe.
Jones: Oh, my gosh.
Brown: I mean, you know, he just had been all over the world, and so he could tell you tales about, just about anybody in the art world that he knew first hand because, you know, he lived in New York for a while and he just had traveled so much that-- and he had so many connections that he knew a lot of people in the art world, and I thought that was valuable.
Hayes: Who are some of your other watercolor group? I mean, you mentioned Eloise Bethel earlier. She came-- she was before your time and then came back for her mother, wasn't it that was ill, or?
Brown: Yeah. I was here when she came back for her mother, and I knew Eloise pretty well.
Hayes: Did she teach as well, or?
Brown: I can't remember. I don't think she did. I mean, I think she had, but and then I remember she and Mary Ellen Golden had got together with a little video thing.
Jones: A video on teaching, yeah.
Hayes: She had a video. That's...
Jones: I think Eloise seemed to have gone through various transformations in her work too. And she also lived out, I guess, in Taos or somewhere at one point.
Brown: Yeah, she did.
Jones: Plus living in Europe, plus being in New York.
Hayes: New Mexico.
Jones: Well, that was-- yeah, New Mexico. That is a huge art center out there, but it's a different kind, you know, and architecture too.
Brown: Yeah. I knew Eloise, went out there, I remember sitting in her living room, but I can't remember what the occasion was but, you know, I knew her pretty well, but I don't really-- I didn't really know her, you know, extremely well.
Hayes: You mentioned Virginia Wright-Frierson and who else in that group that you considered kind of colleagues?
Brown: Okay, well, you know, since the trip to Greece with Jodi Rippy, well, I had-- Kay Ballard was in one of my classes I was teaching down at the museum at St. Johns and she was living in Paris half the time and living in Wilmington half the time. Her husband's an engineer and he was based in Paris, but then they would come to the states for six months and be back and forth. And so they settled in Wilmington because she had a daughter here. And she was taking my watercolor class and she said, "I wish you would come visit me in Paris and we could paint, you know. And I said, "Gee, that sounds wonderful I would really love that," but, you know, she would be over there and I'd have to fly over there by myself. I'm sort of a fraidy-cat, you know, and I've not been very world traveled that much and especially alone. So it happened that down at New Elements, Merrimon was having an exhibition of some of us that painted outside together, and that was Virginia Wright-Frierson, Gladys Faris, Jodi Rippy and myself and another lady from Chapel Hill, I think, was in that show, but she wasn't a part of our group, but she was in that show, but anyway, the four of us. And so Kay came to that show at New Elements and I said, "Tell my buddies about wanting me to come to Paris," and so she started talking about it to everybody and we said, "Well, let's just all go," and so we did.
Hayes: All four of you went?
Brown: Ginny, Gladys, Jodi, myself and then we joined Kay over there and she went with us. We stayed in Paris for a week.
Jones: Did they have the Monet museum or the impressionist museum up and going at that time?
Brown: They did. We-- the Musée d'Orsay?
Brown: Yes. And but, I have to-- I was sick that week and I missed a lot, because I had had some surgery and my doctor didn't want me to go with them as soon as I did. He wanted me to wait and join them and I wouldn't do it. So I spent about a week in the little hotel there except for getting out once in a while. So I really didn't see everything. I did go to the Musée d'Orsay, but I sat on the little bench for a lot of that time, but the rest, they all enjoyed it. We went there and we went to the Louvre. And, oh, this is funny. When we went to the Louvre, because I was so sick and I was so weak and everything from my surgery and, you know, I had just become very weak. I was living off of yogurt practically. And so when we got to the Louvre, you know, you have to cover a lot of ground.
Jones: It's a lot, days, days, yes.
Brown: And so I was sitting over on the bench while they got the tickets and here comes Jodi and she had a wheelchair, and so she put me in the wheelchair, so she wheel chaired me all over the Louvre.
Jones: A pretty good friend.
Brown: Tell me. And then we got into one section that said that the handicapped people had to get on this little platform to go down the levels instead of steps, you know, and you have to get the guard, and get the key to let you go down and everything and it got to be too much. And I said, "This is a big pain." And I said-- she said, "Well, maybe we just, you know, leave the wheelchair here and you just get on up." Then people would think that I've been healed or something like that.
Brown: So we thought we better not do that. And Jodi, she's so funny, she's just very impatient and she drives, she's always our driver because she's not afraid to drive in foreign countries like that. And so here she was wheeling me all around and we got to the Mona Lisa and...
Jones: What did you think of it?
Brown: Well, it was way over there and it was like 20 rows of people between us and she said, "I cannot believe these people. Don't they know we have a handicapped person?" She was bumping heels and everything, so we just had a terrible time getting around but it was, you know, a fun time and we said, "Well, I can't get up because they'll think I've been healed because they've seen me in this wheelchair all afternoon." But we had a good time. But we went there, we went to Paris and spent-- we did go to the Rodan. We went to-- they went to the Picasso. I didn't make it to that one. And we painted some there too.
Hayes: I wondered if you painted.
Brown: Yeah, we did. We went down on the Seine and pained right across from the Notre Dame. And Kay had a friend that lived just behind Notre Dame.
Jones: On the Left Bank?
Brown: Yeah, I think so.
Brown: And it was just really a nice area. And it was an artist friend of hers. And so we visited with her one afternoon. Her mother had been a famous fluxist artist.
Jones: Now, what is that?
Brown: Fluxist, f-l-u-x-i-s-t. It's-- it was something that was very popular in the '60s and it, I think it might have originated in Paris. I'm not sure. But it was mostly sculptors or assemblage people that put things together, but they would do it such that they invited the viewer to move the things around themselves, that sort of thing. That was one of the things that they did. So she had a catalog of her mother's work. And I can't-- I think her name was Alice Hutchins, I believe. She was American, but she lived in France. And this young lady had married a Frenchman. That was her daughter. And so that was just really fascinating to see that and have that nice visit with her in her little Paris apartment. We trouped all over that place. And we went to the Musée d'Orangerie and so we did just about all the museums there and then painted some, like I said. Then we got the TGV down to Cannes and rented a car and we went to-- it was near Grasse and...
Jones: That's a beautiful area. But most people go to Grasse to buy the perfumes, but still there's such wonderful art there.
Brown: Well this was like a little village right out from there called Magagnosc and then Gourdon was near there. And we went to all these places.
Hayes: Did you paint there then?
Brown: Oh, yeah. We paint-- when we were out there we'd paint every day.
Jones: That is such a wonderful place.
Hayes: We have this strong tradition of artists going together and going out and doing it. I think it isn't recreation, right? It's really...
Brown: Well, it's hard work, and that's why we go, you know.
Jones: You have to cart your stuff around. Did you go to Germenay?
Brown: Oh yeah, we did. And actually we paid our-- a hundred francs to paint there so we spent all-- on Mondays the photographs and the painters can pay to stay there.
Hayes: And there's a whole bunch of people there, there wasn't just you?
Brown: Just the photographers and artists.
Hayes: Well, then there was a crowd of people?
Brown: Not a crowd just, you know, people scattered about. I mean, it's not open to the public on Mondays so they just let us do that, but you have to pay. And so we did that on that Monday. We stayed-- Kay had another friend who had a B&B in ________ which is the little town that you get the cab from, and so we stayed with her. And then we went over and painted there. We toured it one day and then we came back and painted.
Jones: That's a wonderful trip.
Brown: And the American Museum there too, it's ________. So we did-- we painted for that week in Magagnosc and we painted for a week down near Aix in that area. And then we painted in, you know, all of the little villages around there like ________ and all of those. We hit all of them, ________, ________, and so and then we went back to Paris to get the-- and then did our Giverny little trip. And then back to Paris to fly out. So we were there for three weeks.
Jones: That's a good trip.
Brown: We usually stay for three weeks.
Hayes: There's a model, you know, the No Boundaries folks bring people in formally. I don't know if you've done any of those at all?
Brown: They invited me to come over a couple of times and so I have been over. The one time that I came it was just local people. It wasn't the people from out of the country, and...
Jones: This year they've got somebody from England which is different and somebody from Hungary. And I think they've got somebody from Japan and China.
Hayes: It was the sister cities. That's how they did it.
Jones: I know they did it, but some couldn't, one couldn't and they were working on it, but they're going to expand and make it larger, you know.
Hayes: They seem to have-- I'm just saying going as a group somewhere seems to be a very European tradition. So you were really in a kind of European method.
Brown: I guess so.
Hayes: Or maybe that's for watercolorists. Is there more of that ________, or it was more of a friendship than...
Brown: Well, it's just that we wanted to go paint.
Jones: You all know each other so I think that's why they got together.
Brown: We had been painting together around here for years, you know, so it was just sort of an adventure. And most of the time I just, you know, painted in watercolors simply because it's easier to paint on a ________ watercolors when you're traveling that far, but Jodi takes her oils. She prefers oils so she takes her oils. She took them to Italy and to other places. And I think I'm going to do that more. I did go out this summer. I went out to British Columbia. My family was-- my husband, and my son and his family were kayaking off of Quadra Island and I stayed behind and painted, and I took my oils.
Jones: Where were you up there?
Brown: Well, it was on Quadra Island. It's off Campbell River. And you get the ferry from Campbell River to Quadra. And so I just stayed behind while they went on their kayaking trip. They were like two hours away from where I was. And I was on my own then. I just painted. And I took my oils this time just for the practice. Like I said, I was trying to get more into oils and so I did do that. Got home and had one day to wash my clothes and went to Maine with a bunch of girls.
Jones: Good for you.
Hayes: Let's end with something about teaching. You keep mentioning teaching. You started very early with that. Is there a reason you think? Are you...
Brown: I've been teach-- well, I started teaching down at St. Johns when they had their classes in the Cowan House. Gladys Faris was doing it at the time and I just though it might be a good thing to do, and so I did. And she would teach on Tuesdays and I would teach on Thursdays or whatever. And I taught everything from watercolor to life drawing to, you know, I taught several things down there, and I taught another drawing course down there. So I taught down there probably about 15 years. And then people would get me to come and teach in nearby towns. I've been up to Jacksonville several times, over to Pinehurst. People that just might know that I do this and will call me to come to places like that, mostly just regional places. And then I got started-- I used to go to Pawleys Island. I've gone there all my life as a child and everything, so I just love it down there. And Alex Powers had a workshop that he taught at Sea View Inn for many years and I would go down and take his workshop down there, a week long thing where you stay there and you go paint plein air. And so when he gave it up, when he started getting busier he gave it to Neal Gillespie [ph?] that was an artist out of Raleigh that had been a student of Alex's. He taught it for about three years and then moved to California. And I had taken my own workshop down there of students that I teach in this area and/or anybody that-- those girls from-- the girl that did the little print up there is from Fayetteville and she had brought some of her friends and stuff, so. I had, oh, about a dozen people that went down with me one year. We stayed at Litchfield. And I said, "I want you to go to Sea View and we'll have lunch there because it's so nice. They have wonderful meals. And so while I was there I got to talking to the manger and, you know, told her that we were here on the workshop that I was doing. And so that following December, Page Overland [ph?], who is the owner at the time, called to see, because Neal was going to California, to see if I was interested in taking that workshop for them at the Inn. And so I went down and talked to her about it and we worked it all out. And so I've been doing that for them ever since. And so this is about my sixth year, I believe it is.
Jones: Do you take them in the home too? Did you indicate to me that you taught students here?
Brown: I do have some private students that come, yes, a couple of them.
Jones: What age group, all ages?
Brown: Most of my students are adults, but I do have a little 13-year-old young man that I teach. He comes after school on Tuesdays, but he's taking a leave right now because he's in a theatrical production and he can't do everything. And he's delightful. And then I have a couple of other people that I have. And then I have-- I have some of my regular students from my teaching that will come for critiques about once a month.
Hayes: Oh, interesting. So you offer them...
Brown: Yeah, we just work on things that they're working on, you know, I talk to them about things, and...
Jones: You got some that you think are going to be really terrific?
Brown: Oh, yeah. I have some, you know, some really good people. And, you know, I can look around this town and I've taught a lot of these people. And I don't take full credit for it, but I've had-- just about everybody that's doing watercolor I've had them in my class and it's...
Hayes: It's a different tradition, I mean, it seems like there's two traditions here, the academic that you talked about, which is very different, and then this more almost self development training approach that people don't realize is going on. This isn't people just doing it as a hobby, right? This is people who are serious about...
Brown: It's sort of a love, yeah, it's both. Anybody that's going to spend a lot of money by traveling and going they're pretty serious about it. But, you know, the people that-- there are a lot of, you know, Sunday painters that only paint when they come to class. So it's a big, you know, variety of reasons for them being there.
Hayes: Different scales.
Brown: Yeah. But, well, this man that I have now privately, he was trained academically because he was a designer, an interior designer, so he knows all about the color wheel and, you know, reasons for doing things, but he had not really painted that much since he'd been in school, and so he's just started with me fairly recently.
Jones: Do you feel-- obviously art is a continuing and growing contribution to our culture here. Is there a need for further buildings for exhibits of different types? I mean, the galleries can't do it all, and obviously the one art museum that we have is pretty set in their ways, so to speak, in what they will show. I guess I'm meaning for people to display their works that are coming up. I'm thinking about Castle Street as being a new area. Yvonne Jones was going to be one of my interviews and she had to take December and part of January off just to move into a new building there and hang things with others.
Brown: Right. Right. Yeah, they moved. I'm under contract with New Elements that I cannot show for 25 miles so I'm not-- in a commercial situation. I did show with them for a while, but it was not-- it was, you know, more trouble than it was worth to me. And so-- and I didn't want to get into anything with New Elements either, but so they-- but they, they're doing a good job with their little co-op gallery down there and over on Castle Street. Hopefully that area will develop and, you know, they've got some nice condos planned for that block. And so I think they have lots of good things going there.
Jones: There's room for everybody.
Brown: Uh-huh. And when I was waiting on them to build the museum I taught out at Racine Center for a while. And then when the building, when the Panco [ph?] Center was built I went back there, but now they've taken that over for 3-D and Hiroshi Sueyoshi's work, so I don't have that spot any more. I happen to be privy to some knowledge that I can't really say who yet, but there is another center going to be opening up.
Jones: Okay, this is-- I've heard stories about it. I was kind of hoping that...
Brown: I can't talk about it quite yet, but I think that will be. And so, you know, I have people a lot of times asking me, you know, when are you going to do some more classes. So there's a need for me to have space. And I don't like to teach more than just about once a week because I don't want to take away from what I'm able to produce myself and the work that I need to do. But I do, you know, enjoy it and getting out and doing with people.
Hayes: Have you seen a difference in the last ten years with the major influx of retirees, New York New Jersey area, who have different traditions or different expectations? Has that kind of element come into the art movement here, or?
Brown: I mean you get a lot of those people in your classes, but I don't know that they're any different than anybody else, you know? You know, I have just a big variety of people in my classes. I also teach-- I didn't mention this. I should mention this. I also teach once a year at John C. Campbell Folk School up in Brasstown North Carolina. It's up in the mountains and that's-- it's very much like Penland, but different too. It's based on Danish folk schools where there's no competition, share your knowledge, that sort of thing. So I go up there once a year and then part of my pay is to get to take a free course and get free room and board, so I usually go back. So I'm up there twice a year because I go back and take my free course. And I usually take writing. I write some poetry and I've been doing some writing, so I usually take something along those lines just to keep me.
Hayes: It may be that you came to formal art late, but it seems like you keep trying to grow yourself. I mean many teachers get to the end of their, you know, the teacher, but you're still always a student. Isn't that...
Brown: Well, that's sort of true. And I think that you learn from your students too. I mean, you know, I know that I do. I mean, just to be out there in that arena and doing it and being around other creative people I think, you know...
Jones: And there are new methods coming along. You were talking about giclée, which did not exist a while back.
Brown: Yeah, that's true. Yeah, that's, you know, there are new things always coming. And I try to stay abreast of things. I've pretty much settled into a style of the way I paint.
Jones: Betty, when you look at things for the first time do you look at them through the eyes of Betty Brown I like that I don't like it or do you look at these things, it could be a building, it could be a park, it could be anything, through the eyes of an artist?
Brown: Like for subject matter?
Brown: Potential subject matter?
Brown: Oh, when I'm painting...
Jones: A sunset on the river, I mean, that's old, but I'm just talking about various things that we all might see from day to day or just occasionally.
Brown: Well, I think you've sort of hit on why I paint. I paint because I like for people to see things in a way that they haven't seen them before. And I also like for people to notice things that they wouldn't notice or barely.
Jones: Stop and take a look.
Brown: So a lot of it is the ordinary, trying to make the ordinary out of the ordinary.
Brown: And I think that's really behind, you know, my motivation for being a painter is to look for ways to interpret things to make people stop and look at things.
Jones: To paint, yeah. It's a good artist.
Brown: Yeah, that's what I do. But at the same time I'm always looking at, you know, I look a lot at things. I tell my students that if they stay at this very long it'll almost drive you crazy because you start seeing so many things that you wouldn't normally see.
Brown: And one of the things that I teach them, and it goes back to Alex, is how-- the reason we see things is because it's either light against dark or it's dark against light, and I have a little diagram that I drew. It just like a little diagram he drew, but I sort of adapted it and I do it like if you see a power line going across foliage it's going to look light against dark foliage and then when it comes out across the sky it's going to be dark against a light sky. And so when you start learning these things you can't drive down the highway without...
Jones: That's my point that I was getting at as an artist, how you look at things.
Brown: Yeah, you just, you know, it just starts coming. And, I mean, I just drove from Charlotte for the weekend and, I mean, it's just-- you just see so much that as an-- if I weren't an artist I wouldn't notice these. As a child-- you're talking about how I started out. As a child we had had this big picture window in the living room and it had panes in there. So the panes were about that big. I used to change my position and compose the pine tress through those panes. Is that not silly?
Jones: No, it's very-- see I could ask...
Hayes: See the propensity of interest. Not everybody would think that way.
Brown: Well, I can remember sitting there doing that and changing my position to see how that pine tree would compose in that little rectangle and how the pine tree would compose in that little rectangle.
Jones: Photographers do the same thing. I can guarantee you that. I grew up with one who would get me up in the middle of the night and do backdrops and color and lighting and shadows and such.
Brown: Yeah. It just becomes the way you are, but that they're...
Jones: _________ and say that's-- and frame things in the old days they did that, you know.
Brown: One of the first things I do when I go to a foreign country is I take my camera and go out and look through my lens and take pictures. And that kind of gets me to know the area. Before I ever start painting I will do a little photo session to try to get used to where I am, and see where I am, and compose things and that sort of thing.
Hayes: Do you consider yourself a realist, maybe, then or?
Brown: Representational, I think. And because I look for the abstract underneath there, but I try to-- like I've heard Elizabeth Darrow [ph?] speak about how she takes realism and abstracts it with her photo collages out of Maxine clippings. She'll take something real and then bring it down to where it's abstract. I sort of go in the opposite direction. I see the abstract composition, but I then try to bring it up to realistic.
Hayes: But you're not trying to copy it.
Brown: But I'm not trying to be photorealistic because I have a camera for that. I'm trying to put myself into it. I might, you know, explore the color and I might, you know, define shapes in space in a way that you wouldn't have thought to and that sort of thing. So I set up problems for myself that I solve.
Hayes: You're not worried when the person says that doesn't look exactly like that. You're not a copyist.
Brown: No. No, because if I were I wouldn't even need my camera, you know, I've got my camera to do realism and that's as close as I want to get to realism.
Jones: Do you have any favorite type subject, sceneries, people, down the road, old tobacco barns, whatever?
Brown: Well, Don Furst had tobacco barns on his list of clichés, so I stay away from that along with the tear drop coming out of somebody's eye.
Jones: Oh, yeah, okay.
Brown: He had a whole list he would bring in.
Jones: Or a sweating glass.
Brown: Because I've done a few tobacco barns in my life, but not for him.
Jones: I just-- I threw that out, you know.
Brown: No, I like just about anything. I enjoy florals, you know, I've always loved flowers and been the garden club lady and all that. So I enjoy florals. I started out loving people and I still enjoy doing people, but when I'm working plein air it's usually just the landscape, and things that I'm looking for, and just the way things fit together in the landscape and the way the light hits things.
Jones: You see it through your mind.
Brown: Yeah. Yeah, so.
Jones: You're a viewfinder wherever you are.
Brown: Yeah. Yeah, and I use a viewfinder, you know, when I'm out painting. It's probably one sitting right over there, but I'll cut them out, you know, according to the size of my picture plane and I look through the view finders and try to bring things down.
Hayes: That's good.
Jones: Well, Betty, this has been wonderful.
Brown: Well, I've enjoyed it.
Jones: Have you enjoyed it?
Hayes: There a lot of history here.
Brown: Well, I feel like I just scratched the surface. I-- like I told my granddaughter, "I'm so old I know a lot of stories."
Jones: Oh, stop it. Stop it.
Hayes: Well, thank you ________.
Brown: Oh, thank you for doing it. You know...
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Can magnets repel sharks?
When you’re enjoying yourself in (or on) the water, the last thing you want to worry about is an ominous fin swimming your way. Shark attacks rank among one of the top fears all over the world, no thanks to the film Jaws. If you’re a person who loves to surf, swim, snorkel, scuba, or paddle in the ocean, the thought of a shark attack has most likely gone through your mind. If there was a way to protect yourself with a shark repellent bracelet, would you do it for the peace of mind?
In today’s innovative shark repellent market, there are so many choices to protect yourself with. Shark repellent technology is a booming market with a variety of options from magnets to electricity to products scented with shark corpses to repel sharks. The debate about which technology works best is still up for discussion. Would you believe that a magnet could work as a shark repellent?
Many people believe that magnets can work as a shark repellent, but the introduction of the electronic shark repellent band is changing the market. Let’s dive in to see how magnets work to repel sharks and you can decide which protection you would want in the wide-open ocean—magnetized or electronic.
How do magnetic shark repellents work?
Sharks have a “sixth sense”, a way to feel electrical currents with sensory pores on the front of their heads, called the ampullae of Lorenzini. When prey tries to escape a shark, it darts away quickly, and these sporadic muscle contractions give off an electrical current that the sharks can sense so they can find their next meal. When humans swim, surf, paddle, snorkel, or scuba, they’re constantly using their muscles and sending out these attractive electrical currents. Logically, if you can find a way to disrupt the shark’s sensory pores, the sharks won’t sense an object or will be repelled from the unfamiliar sensation of that interruption.
With magnets, a small electrical field is created when touching saltwater. The ocean is filled with saltwater, an ionic solution, that can act as an electrical conductor due to particles with electrons that are unpaired. When a charged metal—a magnet—interacts with saltwater, it creates a weak electrical field. It is believed that this electrical field can act as a shark repellent by disrupting the normal electric field, which would confuse a shark and take away its sixth sense. The hope is that when a shark senses the electric field, it will get spooked and swim quickly in the other direction. In summary, magnets are thought to create an electrical field that will spook sharks and keep them swimming in the opposite direction.
The results of magnetic shark repellents
The smaller, wearable magnets that come in a shark repellent band are not strong enough to create a large electromagnetic field. In an article in Wired, a founder of SharkDefense “cautions that the magnets appear to have an effective range of only 10 inches…once you had the necessary 10 to 20 pounds of magnets all over your body, you’d sink. So, at a cost of about $5 a magnet, you could theoretically turn yourself into a $400 shark-safe anchor at the bottom of the sea.” Sounds like you would need to have multiple strong magnets all over your body to create a significant enough electrical field to keep sharks away. That doesn’t sound like a relaxing time in the ocean.
In the study published by PeerJ and the National Institute of Health, Effectiveness of five personal shark-bite deterrents for surfers, the authors compared 2 magnetic shark repellent bands, 2 electrical shark repellent bracelets, and one scent-based shark repellent. The study put out some bait and paired that with each technology one at a time, taking meticulous notes for accurate results. The study showed that the magnetic options had little to no effect on sharks taking the bait that was set up for testing (from 96% to 94%). The only option that showed a significant difference was an electronic shark repellent band, taking the percentage of bites on the bait from 96% to an astounding 40%. This shows that magnets are really not the best choice for staying safe from sharks in the ocean. Electronic shark repellent devices are tested and proven to be incredibly effective at keeping sharks away.
There’s very little evidence to show that magnetic shark repellents are effective. In fact, a young surfer from Florida, Zack Davis, was attacked and bitten by a five-foot-long blacktip shark the first day he was trying out his new Christmas gift—a magnetic shark repellent bracelet. The shark bit and held on for 2-3 seconds before letting go. After 42 stitches, his mother rightfully requested a refund from the company who made the magnetic shark repellent band.
Magnets may not be the best choice for keeping sharks at bay while recreating in the ocean, but it could have promising effects on the global shark population—20% of which are on the endangered list due to accidental bycatch of millions of sharks a year by commercial fisherman. It has been found that when commercial fisherman use large magnets on the bottom of their boats, they can attract and catch up to 30% less sharks, which is a huge improvement. When it comes to magnetic shark repellent bracelet technology though, the results aren’t as convincing.
Why electronic shark repellents are more effective
While magnets might not provide the security and safety you’re looking for, there are other successful shark repellent band options on the market today. Instead of relying on weak electrical fields created through the interaction of magnets and saltwater, some companies have figured out a way to jump straight to creating a larger, safer electrical field that are proven to send sharks swimming. These shark repellent devices emit electricity and show promising results as an effective shark repellent.
The establisher of E-Shark Force spent more than 12 years innovating the E-Shark Force shark repellent, one of the most ground-breaking electronic shark repellent bands. As stated above, electronic shark repellent technology is tested and proven to be effective at keeping sharks away.
How does the E-Shark Force electronic shark repellent device work? When the unit (either a shark repellent band, surf leash, or shark repellent bracelet) hits the saltwater, it automatically turns on. When the unit is on, it releases an electrical current which keeps sharks from the “bump and bite” behavior they’re known for. When in the water, many people have noticed a decrease in shark activity around them and have found that the peace of mind is priceless. After using the shark repellent device and rinsing, it’s easily rechargeable. The electrical current doesn’t do any damage to sea life – just keeps sharks at a safe distance. A sleek design doesn’t hurt, either. E-Shark Force is widely becoming known as the best shark repellent band on the market and is already keeping people safe from sharks in the big blue ocean.
With options like the E-Shark Force shark repellent bracelet, it’s hard to justify investing money in another technology, like shark repelling magnets. If you want to feel the security of enjoying worry-free ocean activities, invest in an E-Shark Force shark repellent band today for you or as a great gift for any ocean lover you know.
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- Val d'Isere in the French Alps plays host to Alpine Skiing's premier competitions
- The tiny mountain village has produced four Olympic champions, all of them characters
- Henri Oreiller won first ever skiing golds at 1948 Winter Olympics and went on to race cars
- Jean-Claude Killy also took three gold medals and went on to compete in Paris-Dakar Rally
Buried deep in the French Alps, the tiny 11th-century mountain village of Val d'Isere has an unmistakable "je ne sais quoi" that has produced some of the most successful -- and wild-spirited -- skiers in racing history.
Henri Oreiller, the "madman of downhill," and Jean-Claude Killy -- his speed-driven successor -- both spent their formative years on its slopes.
From its humble beginnings as a ski resort in the 1930s, it has become one of the world's top alpine destinations, hosting more top competitions than any other European venue. Local farmers mix with the moneyed elite who stay in its five-star hotels.
"I don't think Val d'Isere would be the place it is today without Henri Oreiller and Jean Claude Killy," writer Yves Perret told CNN.
"To be the resort of champions is what makes you different from a lot of other places. One of the downhill tracks here is called the Oreiller Killy track. They both remain here. They will always be a part of Val d'Isere."
Oreiller was its resident snow showman in the 1940s -- a fearless adrenalin junkie who lived up to his nickname, and claimed skiing's first Olympic gold medals when the sport was introduced at the 1948 Winter Games.
He was famous for tearing recklessly over bumps in the slopes, balancing himself in mid-air. When the thrill of skiing wasn't enough, he moved on to motor racing -- and was killed behind the wheel of a Ferrari in 1962, aged just 36.
Born in Paris, Oreiller has a shrine in the village that he called home, next to his wife.
"Oreiller is the man who inspired a lot of kids in Val d'Isere to try to become ski champions in the post-war period," said Perret, author of a book about one of Val d'Isere's most famous events.
"He was a funny guy who loved to play accordion and loved speed. He had a risky way of skiing, he took all the risks, everyone who saw him said he was an amazing skier."
Killy took his lead from Oreiller, and was part of a group of children who desperately tried to keep pace with Val d'Isere's "madman" while he trained on the slopes.
He went on to emulate Oreiller's golden hat-trick, at the Grenoble Winter Olympics in 1968, and his pursuit of speed and glory once saw him complete a trial race on one leg, legend has it, having broken the other one en route to the finish line.
"Killy was different. He was the guy that was always thinking of being the best and doing more training than anyone," Perret said. "He was, and he still is, always thinking of what can be done to improve things."
Having secured five major titles, Killy quit skiing aged 24. He also turned to motor racing, competing in the Paris to Dakar car rally, before he came out of retirement for one season only, winning the 1973 U.S. pro ski tour.
Now 69, he is still inextricably linked with Val d'Isere and was part of the committee that helped to organize the 2009 Alpine World Ski Championships.
Val d'Isere's village people weren't restricted to male stars -- the Goitschel sisters, Marielle and Christine, were also big names during the 1960s.
Both took home a gold medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics at Innsbruck, while Marielle won a further seven titles at various world championship events.
For a time, they were considered the best female skiers in the world and further enhanced the reputation of their village.
Allied to Val d'Isere's personalities is a world-famous race which takes advantage of the resort's altitude of 1,850 meters and plentiful early-season snow. It proved a masterstroke of timing.
Val d'Isere launched the "Criterium de la 1ere Neige" ("Races of the first snow") in December of 1955 -- a full month before the regular ski season began. This year's event, featuring men's and women's races from December 7-15, was the 57th installment. Heavy snow on Saturday meant the women's Super G race was canceled.
The 2013 World Cup season officially began in Austria in October before moving to North America, but the main European leg traditionally kicks off at Val d'Isere before climaxing in Switzerland in March.
"The great advantage of the Criterium is to be the first event in Europe," said Perret, who wrote a book marking its 50th anniversary.
"It is a different pressure for the athletes who come from North America. There are 20 or 30 races in the season but Val d'Isere, like Itteville or Wengen, are special.
"It is a little different than winning in other places. Like in tennis if you win Wimbledon or Roland Garros, it's much more important than winning in any other regular tournament. All the great skiers from the last 50 years have won in Val d'Isere."
The special aura that distinguishes Val d'Isere from its many competitors relates directly to its humble roots.
A single, perilous path was all that used to connect the village, tucked away near the border with Italy, to the nearest town 19 miles away where its inhabitants used to trek to sell their molded blue cheeses.
"The village plus the ski resort combines to create that special atmosphere," says Val d'Isere tourism official Jane Jacquemod, whose daughter Ingrid competed in the 2002 and 2006 Winter Olympics.
"We have families who have been here for generations; you get the farmer who has his stable of cows more or less in the middle of the village, rubbing noses with the five-star hotels."
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Have you ever experienced the incident of having insufficient numbers of bird flocks or no feathered visitors at all in your gardens even after installing the best quality bird feeder?
If you do, you aren’t alone; many bird watchers have gone through this scenario. And in most cases, the reason for this unwanted situation is because of filling the bird feeder with either low-quality or wrong bird seeds.
Although seeds are birds’ favorite food, all birds aren’t attracted to every seed type. That means you can’t expect to attract a wide variety of birds to your yard just by serving them only one seed kind like the sunflower seed.
Now you may be wondering what you should do:
Well, you can follow the avian experts who always use the best bird seed blend in their feeder to lure various birdies. Once you serve this bird food, your backyard will always be a hotspot for birds.
Related Review: 7 Best Bird Netting For Garden | Read Here
Which Bird Seed Blend Is Ideal to Attract Most Birds?
Before answering which seed blend is good to go with, we recommend you know all the seed types thoroughly to understand which combination will be perfect for your backyard birds.
Bird Seed Types:
Sunflower: Sunflower seed is the most loved meal by backyard birds. Thus, most birders opt for using this seed type when it is about feeding various wild birds in their yards.
This seed usually comes in two variants: striped sunflower seed and black oil sunflower seed. Striped sunflower seed features a comparatively thicker shell, but it is high in protein and nutrients than the black oil sunflower seed.
Safflower: Safflower seeds fall into the high-energy food category, and thus, they are proven to be the best bird food for birds who metabolize oils and fats efficiently.
But these seeds contain thick shells, which some birdies find challenging to crack. Anyhow, this seed type remains a favorite among birds like cardinals, doves, chickadees, and grosbeaks.
Nyjer or Thistle: Nyjer, also known as thistle seed, is rich in oil and incredibly nutritious. These seeds provide birds with the required calories to store fat and keep them warm during winter.
They are ideal for various wild birds, including small finches, redpolls, pine siskins, buntings, and more.
White Proso Millet: White proso millet is one of the healthiest bird foods you can serve to your feathery friends. It’s full of carbohydrates, potassium, magnesium, sodium, vitamin A and B complex. Thus, this is healthy for both humans and birds.
However, birds like juncos, cardinals, sparrows, quails, and other songbirds love to eat this bird food. You can easily draw the attention of these wild birdies just by serving them white proso millet.
Canary Seed and Rapeseed: Canary seed is rich in carbohydrates but has less protein, and birds like sparrows and cowbirds love to gobble up this seed kind. So, we recommend not to use the canary seed in your seed blend.
Instead, you can mix rapeseed in your seed blend, which will indeed lure juncos, finches, doves, and quails to your yard.
Peanuts: The nutritious values and health benefits of eating peanuts are countless. This bird food contains copper and magnesium, which will facilitate your birdies’ bone growth and prevent bone-related diseases.
Besides, by pouring peanuts in a bird feeder, you can raise a high chance of luring woodpeckers, titmice, chickadees, blue jays, and other hard-to-attract birds to your garden.
Corn: Corn contains both protein and fiber, which are beneficial for birds’ health. With the help of this bird food, you can attract doves, ravens, jays, grosbeaks, cardinals, pheasants, grouse, and many more wild birds to your backyard.
But before serving corn to birds, you need to know that this food is also a favorite among raccoons, and corn is often witnessed to be contaminated with aflatoxins.
How To Pick the Right Bird Seed Blend?
When choosing the right seed blend, make sure your desired package is of high quality no matter which brand you opt for or which seed type you decide to go with. The following factors you should consider before buying one.
As we have said already, the product’s quality matters a lot. So, you need to be extra cautious while selecting a blend of different seeds. You need to ensure that all seeds contain all the nutritious values present.
Plus, these seeds should feature thin shells and have no fillers as birds can toss them aside instead of eating, making the ground dirty.
When picking a seed blend, check the food ingredients first. Make sure your chosen seed blend is free from insecticides, pesticides, or any other unwanted, harmful chemicals. Don’t buy any seed containing aflatoxins and preservatives.
Indeed, a large quantity of bird feed will provide plenty of benefits. But if your area doesn’t have plenty of bird flocks flying around, you shouldn’t choose a large pack of birdseed blends. Otherwise, the feed may get spoiled over time.
Make sure that the seed blend should be free of dust, empty hulls, and debris. Those seeds shouldn’t have any mildew, insect infestation, or mold. Finally, check out whether the seed blend contains an odor or not.
Comparison Table: Best Seed Blends for Birds
|01. Wagner’s Greatest Variety Blend Seed Wild Bird Food||11 Types of Bird Food Ingredients||16 lbs.||Check Price|
|02. Wagner’s Deluxe Treat Blend Seed Wild Bird Food||Sunflower & Safflower Seeds||4 lbs.||Check Price|
|03. Kaytee Wild Bird Food Nut & Fruit Blend Seed||Seeds with Grains and Nuts & Fruit Pieces||5 lbs.||Check Price|
|04. Kaytee Ultra Waste Free Nut & Fruit Blend Seed||Sunflower Seeds, Shelled Nuts, Cranberries, Cherries, Blueberries, and Dehydrated Apples||5.5 lbs.||Check Price|
|05. Kaytee Ultimate No-Mess Blend Seed Wild Bird Food||Hulled Sunflower Seeds and Shelled Peanuts||2 lbs.||Check Price|
|06. Lyric Fine Tunes No Waste Bird Seed Mix||6 Nutritional Ingredients, Including Nuts & Kernel||15 lbs.||Check Price|
|07. 62042 Songbird Supreme Blend Seed Wild Bird Food||Sunflower & Other Premium Food Ingredients||7.96 lbs.||Check Price|
|08. Audubon Park Songbird Blend Seed Wild Bird Food||White Proso Millet, Black Oil Sunflower Seeds, Cracked Corn, Safflower Seeds, Chipped Sunflower Seeds, Peanuts and Striped Sunflower Seeds||14 lbs.||Check Price|
|09. Audubon Park Cardinal Blend Wild Bird Food||Black Oil Sunflower Seeds & Safflower Seeds||4 lbs.||Check Price|
|10. BH20 Blazing Hot Blend Bird Seed||Black Oil Sunflower Seeds, Sunflower Meats, White Proso Millet, Cracked Corn, and Enhanced with Super-Hot Food-Grade, Liquid Habanero Chili Peppers||20 lbs.||Check Price|
01. Best Finch Bird Seed Blend
- Thin Seed Shell
- 11 Bird Food Ingredients
- 16 lbs. Of Weight
The Wagner’s Greatest Variety Seed Blend comes with 16 pounds of bird seeds, containing 11 carefully selected bird food ingredients, such as white millet, cracked corn, red milo, red millet, etc. for juncos, sparrows, chickadees, and more.
Not only that, but you can also attract birds like titmice, jays, finches, and woodpeckers with the help of this seed blend as it comes with nyjer, canary seed, safflower, and peanut kernels.
In short, this seed blend represents 40% of the mix that remains the top food choice for most wild birdies. To get it, check this website.
02. Best Deluxe Blend Wild Bird Seed
- Sunflower & Safflower Seeds
- 4 lbs. Of Weight
Attract various types of songbirds to your yard with the help of this Wagner’s Deluxe Treat Blend Seed Wild Bird Food. It’s a package of high-quality seeds that can quench the hunger of all ground-feeding birds.
It contains four pounds of a myriad of bird seeds, including black oil sunflower and safflower seeds. As a result, you can invite numerous songbirds, including titmice, nuthatches, jays, cardinals, and chickadees, to your backyard.
In order to give them a treat with deluxe bird food, grab this seed pack at a reasonable price from here.
03. Best Fruit And Nut Blend Bird Seed
- Artificial Cherry Flavor
- Seeds with Grains and Nuts & Fruit Pieces
- 5 lbs. Of Weight
If you’re one such birder who cares about their feathery friends’ health, you might not feed them any unhealthy food. This Kaytee Wild Bird Food Nut & Fruit Seed Blend is specially manufactured for those who care about the birdies most.
Equipped with five pounds of various seeds with grains and nut and fruit pieces, this seed blend will attract birds like cardinals, nuthatches, woodpeckers, and other colorful songbirds to your yards all year round.
These seeds can create a pleasant cherry aroma to attract diverse types of birds to your yards. Once you fill your desired bird feeder with the blend, your backyard will soon be filled with lots of wild birds. You may check this out from here.
Anyway, we have listed another similar birdseed blend on this best fruit and nut blend bird seed category, titled the Kaytee Ultra Waste Free Nut & Fruit Blend Seed, which you can find here.
04. Best No Mess Bird Seed Blend
- Zero Sunflower Hull
- 9.75 lbs. Of Weight
Enjoy watching birds dining on seeds without creating any mess or going through any trouble when you serve them this Kaytee Ultimate No-Mess Seed Blend Wild Bird Food in your backyard.
This seed blend is a mix of premium quality hulled sunflower seeds and shelled peanuts. Besides, this package also contains added calcium and flavorful ingredients to allure a wide variety of birds to your yard.
Its specialty is it will always keep your yard neat and clean as there is no sunflower hull; plus, it guarantees that every bite is 100% consumable, and any bird can easily crack the seeds. It’s available at a low price on this website.
We have also included this Lyric Fine Tunes No Waste Bird Seed Mix in the no-mess seed blend category. You may check the price here.
05. Best Songbird Seed Blend
- 50% Sunflower & Other Premium Bird Food Ingredients
- 7.96 lbs. Of Weight
The Wagner’s Songbird Supreme Blend Seed Wild Bird Food includes black oil sunflower seeds, striped sunflower, sunflower chips, peanut kernels, and white millet. And thus, it can attract a wide variety of songbirds to your outdoor space all year round.
Lastly, this seed blend can be used in a tube, hopper, or platform feeder, and it will draw the bird’s attention regardless of where you install the feeder. However, you may visit here to know more about this birdseed blend.
Here is another song birdseed blend that comes at a reasonable price yet boasts premium-quality, nutrient-rich bird food, named the Audubon Park Songbird Seed Blend Wild Bird Food.
06. Best Cardinal Bird Seed Blend
- 60% Black Oil Sunflower Seeds
- 40% Safflower Seeds
- 4 lbs. Of Weight
Feed wild birdies the highest quality, nutritious bird food, and keep them coming back to your garden for more with this Audubon Park Cardinal Seed Blend Wild Bird Food.
It’s a four-pound pack containing 60% black oil sunflower seeds and 40% safflower seeds. Consequently, it can enchant cardinals, chickadees, grosbeaks, mourning doves, purple finches, and many more birds to your backyards.
All seeds have a thin shell, helping birds crack and eat seeds comfortably. And thanks to the seed’s compact size, you can fill these seeds in a hopper or platform bird feeder. You can check this out here.
07. Best Woodpecker Bird Seed Blend
- Natural & Chemical Free Ingredients
- 20 lbs. Of Weight
Are you tired of seeing traditional birdseed blends that come in small quantities and looking for something unique and innovative? Meet Cole’s Blazing Hot Blend Bird Seed, a pack of highly desired seeds that can attract plenty of wild birds.
In essence, it’s a twenty-pound pack, equipped with black oil sunflower seeds, sunflower meats, white proso millet, cracked corn, and enhanced with super-hot food-grade, liquid habanero chili peppers.
So, you have a high chance of attracting wild birds like woodpeckers, grosbeaks, buntings, bluebirds, goldfinches, chickadees, cardinals, and many more to your garden. This package can be bought at a low price on this website.
Birdseed blends come in a fancy package with lots of variants. So, you can easily get deceived by purchasing faulty stuff. If you choose one of the recommended items, we hope you won’t be disappointed.
Hopefully, this article has helped you a lot get the right birdseed blend for your backyard birds. If you have any further queries regarding seed blends and backyard birds, you can comment down below.
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Testosterone supplements and boosters1, found the grip in the market after the discovery of androgenic and anabolic effects of this hormone.
Of which one of the most amazing properties of testosterone is its ability to induce lipolysis or fat burning of adipose tissue.
This is usually the type of fat found under the belly, arms, thighs, love handles, etc.
Though there are several other functions for testosterone, fat trimming is very important, especially for bodybuilders because of this one property of the testosterone that contributes mainly towards the formation of cuttings.
Testosterone2, in general, promotes muscle growth in both genders and developmental of sexual characters in male.
However, a deeper understanding of this wonder hormone and its interaction with fat will help us fine-tune our diet, workout strategy, and other factors to boost the levels of testosterone.
In this article, we will exclusively discover the testosterone, its fat burning capability, the science behind it, and methods to promote it.
So, let’s jump into the topic.
Recommended Testosterone Boosters
Want a better sex life, or that chiselled body you deserve? Sky-rocket your testosterone levels with either of these 3 products.
What is testosterone?
First of all, know what testosterone is and what it does.
Testosterone or ‘t-hormone’ is a male sex hormone produced by the testicles that take care of all sex characteristics and some metabolic functions.
It is also present in women, in smaller quantities, produced by the ovary.
Testosterone is usually secreted into the bloodstream and carried towards the target tissue, where cell surface hosts receptors specific to testosterone.
When the hormone binds to the receptor, a cascade of events is unchained, resulting in the production of various metabolites.
Testosterone is the reason why men develop muscular physique, facial & body hair, stronger bones, and overall ‘aggression.’
For males to stay fertile, a minimum level of testosterone is always required to be maintained, which also helps in maturation of sperm cells.
In both men and women, testosterone helps in muscle development and bone growth; however, the higher quantity in men might explain why males are more physically built than women.
Several studies have shown the effect of testosterone in weight loss, RBC production, and enhancing cognitive abilities.
Low testosterone = weight gain, why?
The fat-busting capabilities of testosterone are very popular and made it the center of attraction for supplement manufacturers.
A 2003 study published on endocrinology journal clearly showed the ability of testosterone in suppressing the fat formation.
At the same time, a 2010 study showed that men with low testosterone had gained weight more easily compared to controls who had healthy levels.
One reason why fat gets accumulated is because of the ‘sequence of macronutrient use’ according to which the body uses macronutrients in the following order: carbohydrate- fat -protein.
Carbs fall before fat, and the ratio of carbohydrate is generally high in our daily diet, are two other reasons why fat is stored while carbs are burned for instant energy requirements.
Also, muscle tissues have a higher need for calories such that people with muscles tend to burn extra calories thus storing less fat, while those who lack proper muscles would end up storing extra calories as fat.
How obvious is obesity for low T-hormone?
Weight gain over time can result in obesity, and reaching this far is bad news for obese men.
Studies have confirmed that obese men have 30% less testosterone than their normal weighted counterpart.
Statistics show that more than 70% of males with obesity has male hypogonadism at varying degree of severity.
But the good news is that regular exercise along with other weight loss steps can reverse male hypogonadism naturally provided the person doesn’t have any issues with testicles.
While the science hasn’t entirely debunked the obesity testosterone relation, the mechanism has been elucidated long back in 2002, according to which the belly fat secretes an enzyme called aromatase which can convert testosterone into estrogen (which is a female sex hormone).
When the levels of estrogen along with aromatase is higher, it suppresses the activity of ‘gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH).’
GRH is very crucial for pituitary glands to synthesize ‘luteinizing hormone,’ which helps in testosterone secretion.
So, in a nutshell, being obese suppress your testosterone activity.
Can boosting testosterone help you lose fat?
There are three ways to boost your testosterone, and they are:
Androgenic and anabolic steroids (AAS)
Androgenic means they help in the development of male sex characteristics, reproduction, and other effects invoked by testosterone.
Anabolic effects are those that help in the building of muscles, RBC production, fat trimming, etc.
Steroids are the common choice for bodybuilders because of superior anabolic activity.
Sometimes doctors also prescribe certain steroids for their androgenic properties.
However, from a long-term perspective, steroids are harmful to health and can cause many side effects upon persistent usage.
Keeping the illicit use aside, steroids are therapeutically prescribed by doctors to raise the testosterone levels in deficient men, which can restore several functions, including fat burning.
Though steroids can indirectly help in fat burning by raising testosterone, they are not a viable long-term solution.
Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)
This might be the most preferred choice due to fewer side effects compared to that of steroids.
However, the cost might be a barrier for many.
TRT3 can be administered in various ways on a long-term perspective as an injection, patches, gel, cream, or even an implant.
There are many scientific shreds of evidence which suggests the relation between TRT and weight loss.
In a study with 100 obese men who received TRT and controlled diet were found to lose weight by 3 kg’s more compared to controls who didn’t receive any therapy but was on a controlled diet.
In the first group who received therapy had weight loss assisted by muscle growth while the second group had slight weight loss due to calorie burning but not significant as former.
However, studies are still ongoing to explore the relationship between weight loss and TRT on normal men.
Organic testosterone boosters
These are an emerging class of nutraceutical products that supplements testosterone by promoting natural biosynthesis.
They are mostly made up of herbal products and possess no threats to the user.
Some of the common ingredients in the list include ashwagandha, aspartate, Bioperine, horny goat weed, etc.
These herbal products or their mixture, raise the level of testosterone in the body, thus initiating muscle growth, fat burning, etc.
It’s established science that testosterone can reduce fat build-up, and with varying efficiency in testosterone biosynthesis, these natural supplements do help in fat burning but are yet to be conclusively proved.
Natural remedies to increase T-hormone
Boosting testosterone level is the most preferred strategy to get things back on track before you could think of TRT.
If you have time to spare, then going with some these natural remedies will ensure a safe restoration of the dwindling t-levels.
- Exercise: Undoubtedly, exercise is the first and foremost physical stimuli needed for the body to fix any ailment.
- Diet change: There are a bunch of foods like legumes, beans, oyster, tuna, red meat, etc. than can be distributed throughout your diet for increasing t-hormone.
- Supplementation: If food has proven to be insufficient to fuel your need, try natural supplements, especially for vitamin D, zinc, magnesium, etc.
- Proper sleep: Getting at least 6 ~9 hours sleep has proven to improve testosterone production.
- Meditation: Mind has to work in perfect harmony with the body to fix any issue, and that’s why meditation is very important.
Studies support the finding that healthy levels of testosterone could aid the fat burning process.
People suffering from hypogonadism, after receiving ‘testosterone replacement therapy’ showed muscle growth assisted fat reduction.
So, there some pieces of evidence that elucidates the contribution of testosterone in the fat reduction process.
Bodybuilders use steroids for fat trimming in order to improve the appeal of their muscles.
Decreasing testosterone can be combated by TRT, steroids, or using natural supplements.
Physical activities and stress-relieving activities like meditation also boost testosterone production.
- Gruenewald, David A., and Alvin M. Matsumoto. “Testosterone supplementation therapy for older men: potential benefits and risks.” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51.1 (2003): 101-115. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1601-5215.2002.51018.x
- Mauras, Nelly, et al. “Testosterone deficiency in young men: marked alterations in whole body protein kinetics, strength, and adiposity.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 83.6 (1998): 1886-1892. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/83/6/1886/2865200
- Rhoden, Ernani Luis, and Abraham Morgentaler. “Risks of testosterone-replacement therapy and recommendations for monitoring.” New England Journal of Medicine 350.5 (2004): 482-492. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmra022251
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Digital/web-based technologies and purchasing and supply management: A UK Study|
|Keywords:||Purchasing; Supply chain management; Communication technologies; Buyers; Suppliers; United Kingdom.|
|Citation:||Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. 19(3): 346-360|
|Abstract:||The digital revolution on the web/internet is believed to be having a major impact on the performance of firms’ purchasing and supply functions. Beyond anecdotal evidence however, little is known about the actual level of utilisation of web-based interaction technologies in purchasing and supply management (P&SM). This paper addresses this gap through an empirical survey of 156 UK-based organisations. Findings indicate that only six in every ten organisations use digital/web-based technology (DWBT) in P&SM, and that the usage level is particularly low in SMEs. Current uses, and the importance of DWBT in P&SM in the future are reported. The paper also investigates the perceived benefits of DWBT in this area, and the link between uses, benefits and P&SM relationship orientation. The evidence suggests that at present DWBT is not a key driver of closer (collaborative) buyer-supplier relationship development. Implications are put forward.|
|Appears in Collections:||Business and Management|
Brunel Business School Research Papers
Items in BURA are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
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LANG SON, VIETNAM
IN this remote, impoverished area of northern Vietnam, enterprising villagers are conducting a spirited, cross-border trade with China that has changed their lives and become a symbol of warming relations between two ancient adversaries. When widespread trading appeared unexpectedly two years ago, Vietnamese and Chinese officials gave a knowing wink but did not formally endorse it. Now Hanoi and Beijing have pragmatically decided to keep politics and economics separate.
Each day regardless of weather, scores of Vietnamese tribespeople and farmers hike several miles into China's Guangxi province from the Vietnamese border town of Dong Dang.
``Everybody wants to be rich,'' says Luong Hong Duc, one of many middlemen.
These Vietnamese trade rice, crab, maize, animals, crops, Chinese yuan, and dollars for Chinese cassette players, bicycles, electric fans, housewares, toys, and fruit. At the border, Chinese and Vietnamese customs officers inspect cargo and levy taxes. Most products entering Vietnam carry a 25 percent duty, although bicycles are taxed at 40 percent.
On their return, most traders walk another few miles to the crowded markets of Lang Son, the provincial capital. There merchants will buy from the traders and resell to Vietnamese who make regular pilgrimages from Hanoi, Hue, and as far south as Da Nang. Demand is heavy. Stores in Hanoi are stocked with Chinese products, which Vietnamese prefer to lesser-quality domestic goods.
Authorities downplay it, but what fuels much of the trade, and what the Chinese covet, is smuggled gold and copper. Reports of telephone wires being vandalized for their copper content are common.
For many in Lang Son province, the chance to become an entrepreneur is a great draw. The value of last year's trading reached an estimated $12 million. Officials expect volume this year to exceed $16.5 million. Some tax revenue goes to Hanoi and Beijing, but much remains in the province. In the past 20 months, local officials say, the average annual income in Lang Son province has more than tripled to $86 from $26. That is still far below the $200 a year a typical Vietnamese makes.
The border trade has spawned a hierarchy of runners who carry goods and organizers who pay their salaries, supply them with tradeable products, cover taxes, and ease customs. A busy runner can make $500 a year. Mr. Duc, the middleman, says he earned $3,500 last year - 18 times Vietnam's per capita average.
Profit margins for Chinese goods are thin by Western standards. Pham Lan, a Lang Son stereo dealer, asks $69 for a brand-name Chinese dual cassette player with short-wave radio. He paid $62 for the machine, which he will sell for $66. The spread may not seem big, but it is nearly 10 days' salary for most Vietnamese.
Mr. Lan, a 42-year-old former government employee, opened his store last year. Now, he explains, ``I can get profit for myself.'' In his first year of business, Lan says, stereo sales earned him $6,500 after taxes.
Vietnamese officials have showcased the trade to illustrate Hanoi's liberalized economic and social policies, but contact has in fact gone on for years among the Tay and Nung hilltribes, who share language and culture on either side of the border. They care little for politics, though historically politics has affected them dramatically, often adversely.
Just 11 years ago, Vietnamese and Chinese were trading heavy artillery fire across this rugged, mountainous territory. Chinese troops attacked to ``teach Vietnam a lesson'' for invading Cambodia. The Chinese occupied Lang Son city for two weeks and virtually destroyed Dong Dang.
Road and rail service between Vietnam and China has been suspended since then, but growing trade and diplomacy has helped bring the two sides closer. Both countries recently withdrew troops from tense border positions. Vietnamese officials say overland links between Hanoi and the Guangxi capital of Nanning may be re-established within a year.
Says Pham Van Boi, a Lang Son provincial leader, ``Then we can exchange goods by car and by train, not by shoulders.''
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Henry Gray (18211865). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
4b. 4. The Ulnar Artery
The ulnar artery(Fig. 528), the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches.
Relations.(a) In the forearm.In its upper half, it is deeply seated, being covered by the Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, and Flexor digitorum sublimis; it lies upon the Brachialis and Flexor digitorum profundus. The median nerve is in relation with the medial side of the artery for about 2.5 cm. and then crosses the vessel, being separated from it by the ulnar head of the Pronator teres. In the lower half of the forearm it lies upon the Flexor digitorum profundus, being covered by the integument and the superficial and deep fasciæ, and placed between the Flexor carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum sublimis. It is accompanied by two venæ comitantes, and is overlapped in its middle third by the Flexor carpi ulnaris; the ulnar nerve lies on the medial side of the lower two-thirds of the artery, and the palmar cutaneous branch of the nerve descends on the lower part of the vessel to the palm of the hand.
(b) At the wrist(Fig. 527) the ulnar artery is covered by the integument and the volar carpal ligament, and lies upon the transverse carpal ligament. On its medial side is the pisiform bone, and, somewhat behind the artery, the ulnar nerve.
Peculiarities.The ulnar artery varies in its origin in the proportion of about one in thirteen cases; it may arise about 5 to 7 cm. below the elbow, but more frequently higher, the brachial being more often the source of origin than the axillary. Variations in the position of this vessel are more common than in the radial. When its origin is normal, the course of the vessel is rarely changed. When it arises high up, it is almost invariably superficial to the Flexor muscles in the forearm, lying commonly beneath the fascia, more rarely between the fascia and integument. In a few cases, its position was subcutaneous in the upper part of the forearm, and subaponeurotic in the lower part.
The anterior ulnar recurrent artery (a. recurrentes ulnaris anterior) arises immediately below the elbow-joint, runs upward between the Brachialis and Pronator teres, supplies twigs to those muscles, and, in front of the medial epicondyle, anastomoses with the superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries.
The posterior ulnar recurrent artery (a. recurrentes ulnaris posterior) is much larger, and arises somewhat lower than the preceding. It passes backward and medialward on the Flexor digitorum profundus, behind the Flexor digitorum sublimis, and ascends behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus. In the interval between this process and the olecranon, it lies beneath the Flexor carpi ulnaris, and ascending between the heads of that muscle, in relation with the ulnar nerve, it supplies the neighboring muscles and the elbow-joint, and anastomoses with the superior and inferior ulnar collateral and the interosseous recurrent arteries (Fig. 529).
The common interosseous artery (a. interossea communis) (Fig. 528), about 1 cm. in length, arises immediately below the tuberosity of the radius, and, passing backward to the upper border of the interosseous membrane, divides into two branches, the volar and dorsal interosseous arteries.
The Volar Interosseous Artery (a. interossea volaris; anterior interosseous artery) (Fig. 528), passes down the forearm on the volar surface of the interosseous membrane. It is accompanied by the volar interosseous branch of the median nerve, and overlapped by the contiguous margins of the Flexor digitorum profundus and Flexor pollicis longus, giving off in this situation muscular branches, and the nutrient arteries of the radius and ulna. At the upper border of the Pronator quadratus it pierces the interosseous membrane and reaches the back of the forearm, where it anastomoses with the dorsal interosseous artery (Fig. 529). It then descends, in company with the terminal portion of the dorsal interosseous nerve, to the back of the wrist to join the dorsal carpal net-work. The volar interosseous artery gives off a slender branch, the arteria mediana, which accompanies the median nerve, and gives offsets to its substance; this artery is sometimes much enlarged, and runs with the nerve into the palm of the hand. Before it pierces the interosseous membrane the volar interosseous sends a branch downward behind the Pronator quadratus to join the volar carpal network.
The Dorsal Interosseous Artery (a. interossea dorsalis; posterior interosseous artery) (Fig. 529) passes backward between the oblique cord and the upper border of the interosseous membrane. It appears between the contiguous borders of the Supinator and the Abductor pollicis longus, and runs down the back of the forearm between the superficial and deep layers of muscles, to both of which it distributes branches. Where it lies upon the Abductor pollicis longus and the Extensor pollicis brevis, it is accompanied by the dorsal interosseous nerve. At the lower part of the forearm it anastomoses with the termination of the volar interosseous artery, and with the dorsal carpal network. It gives off, near its origin, the interosseous recurrent artery, which ascends to the interval between the lateral epicondyle and olecranon, on or through the fibers of the Supinator, but beneath the Anconæus, and anastomoses with the radial collateral branch of the profunda brachii, the posterior ulnar recurrent and the inferior ulnar collateral.
The volar carpal branch (ramus carpeus volares; anterior ulnar carpal artery) is a small vessel which crosses the front of the carpus beneath the tendons of the Flexor digitorum profundus, and anastomoses with the corresponding branch of the radial artery.
The dorsal carpal branch (ramus carpeus dorsalis; posterior ulnar carpal artery) arises immediately above the pisiform bone, and winds backward beneath the tendon of the Flexor carpi ulnaris; it passes across the dorsal surface of the carpus beneath the Extensor tendons, to anastomose with a corresponding branch of the radial artery. Immediately after its origin, it gives off a small branch, which runs along the ulnar side of the fifth metacarpal bone, and supplies the ulnar side of the dorsal surface of the little finger.
The deep volar branch (ramus volaris profundus; profunda branch) (Fig. 528) passes between the Abductor digiti quinti and Flexor digiti quinti brevis and through the origin of the Opponens digiti quinti; it anastomoses with the radial artery, and completes the deep volar arch.
The superficial volar arch (arcus volaris superficialis; superficial palmar arch) (Fig. 527) is formed by the ulnar artery, and is usually completed by a branch from the a. volaris indicis radialis, but sometimes by the superficial volar or by a branch from the a. princeps pollicis of the radial artery. The arch passes across the palm, describing a curve, with its convexity downward.
Relations.The superficial volar arch is covered by the skin, the Palmaris brevis, and the palmar aponeurosis. It lies upon the transverse carpal ligament, the Flexor digiti quinti brevis and Opponens digiti quinti, the tendons of the Flexor digitorum sublimis, the Lumbricales, and the divisions of the median and ulnar nerves.
Three Common Volar Digital Arteries (aa. digitales volares communes; palmar digital arteries) (Fig. 527)arise from the convexity of the arch and proceed downward on the second, third, and fourth Lumbricales. Each receives the corresponding volar metacarpal artery and then divides into a pair of proper volar digital arteries (aa. digitales volares propriæ; collateral digital arteries) which run along the contiguous sides of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers, behind the corresponding digital nerves; they anastomose freely in the subcutaneous tissue of the finger tips and by smaller branches near the interphalangeal joints. Each gives off a couple of dorsal branches which anastomose with the dorsal digital arteries, and supply the soft parts on the back of the second and third phalanges, including the matrix of the finger-nail. The proper volar digital artery for medial side of the little finger springs from the ulnar artery under cover of the Palmaris brevis.
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Subpart 7.4 - Equipment Acquisition
7.400 Scope of subpart.
(a)Implements section 555 of the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) Reauthorization Act of 2018 ( Pub. L. 115-254);
(b)Provides guidance when acquiring equipment and more than one method of acquisition is available for use; and
(c)Applies to both the initial acquisition of equipment and the renewal or extension of existing equipment leases or rental agreements.
7.401 Acquisition considerations.
(1)Agencies shall acquire equipment using the method of acquisition most advantageous to the Government based on a case-by-case analysis of comparative costs and other factors in accordance with this subpart and agency procedures.
(2)The methods of acquisition to be compared in the analysis shall include, at a minimum—
(ii)Short-term rental or lease;
(iii)Long-term rental or lease;
(iv)Interagency acquisition (see 2.101); and
(v)Agency acquisition agreements, if applicable, with a State or local government.
(1)The factors to be compared in the analysis shall include, at a minimum:
(i)Estimated length of the period the equipment is to be used and the extent of use within that period;
(ii)Financial and operating advantages of alternative types and makes of equipment;
(iii)Cumulative rent, lease, or other periodic payments, however described, for the estimated period of use;
(iv)Net purchase price;
(v)Transportation, installation, and storage costs;
(vi)Maintenance, repair, and other service costs; and
(vii)Potential obsolescence of the equipment because of imminent technological improvements.
(2)The following additional factors should be considered, as appropriate, depending on the type, cost, complexity, and estimated period of use of the equipment:
(i)Availability of purchase options.
(ii)Cancellation, extension, and early return conditions and fees.
(iii)Ability to swap out or exchange equipment.
(v)Insurance, environmental, or licensing requirements.
(vi)Potential for use of the equipment by other agencies after its use by the acquiring agency is ended.
(vii)Trade-in or salvage value.
(ix)Availability of a servicing capability, especially for highly complex equipment; e.g., can the equipment be serviced by the Government or other sources if it is purchased?
(c)The analysis in paragraph (a) is not required—
(1)When the President has issued an emergency declaration or a major disaster declaration pursuant to the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act ( 42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.);
(2)In other emergency situations if the agency head makes a determination that obtaining such equipment is necessary in order to protect human life or property; or
(3)When otherwise authorized by law.
7.402 Acquisition methods.
(a) Purchase method.
(1) Generally, the purchase method is appropriate if the equipment will be used beyond the point in time when cumulative rental or leasing costs exceed the purchase costs.
(2) Agencies should not rule out the purchase method of equipment acquisition in favor of renting or leasing merely because of the possibility that future technological advances might make the selected equipment less desirable.
(b) Rent or lease method.
(1) The rent or lease method is appropriate if it is to the Government's advantage under the circumstances. The rent or lease method may also serve as a short-term measure when the circumstances—
(i) Require immediate use of equipment to meet program or system goals; but
(ii) Do not currently support acquisition by purchase.
(2) If a rent or lease method is justified, a rental or lease agreement with option to purchase is preferable.
(3) Generally, a long term rental or lease agreement should be avoided, but may be appropriate if an option to purchase or other favorable terms are included.
(4) If a rental or lease agreement with option to purchase is used, the contract shall state the purchase price or provide a formula which shows how the purchase price will be established at the time of purchase.
7.403 General Services Administration assistance and OMB guidance.
(a) When requested by an agency, the General Services Administration (GSA) will assist in rent, lease, or purchase decisions by providing information such as-
(1) Pending price adjustments to Federal Supply Schedule contracts;
(2) Recent or imminent technological developments;
(3) New techniques; and
(4) Industry or market trends.
(b) For additional GSA assistance and guidance, agencies may—
(1)Request information from the GSA FAS National Customer Service Center by phone at 1-800-488-3111 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.org; and
(2)See GSA website, Schedule 51 V Hardware Superstore-Equipment Rental, ( https://www.gsa.gov/buying-selling/products-services/industrial-products-services/rental-of-industrial-equipment).
(c) For additional OMB guidance, see—
(1)Section 13, Special Guidance for Lease-Purchase Analysis, and paragraph 8.c.(2), Lease-Purchase Analysis, of OMB Circular A-94, Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Federal Programs, ( https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/circulars/A94/a094.pdf); and
(2)Appendix B, Budgetary Treatment of Lease-Purchases and Leases of Capital Assets, of OMB Circular A-11, Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget, ( https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/app_b.pdf).
7.404 Contract clause.
The contracting officer shall insert a clause substantially the same as the clause in 52.207-5, Option to Purchase Equipment, in solicitations and contracts involving a rental or lease agreement with option to purchase.
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Massage therapy is widely used in all cultures to evoke feelings of deep relaxation and reduced anxiety. The anxiety-reducing and mood enhancing benefits of massage are probably related to changes in EEG activity, decreased levels of cortisol, and increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, which acts automatically to calm the body and brain during stress. Numerous studies show that moderate pressure massage is more effective than light pressure massage for reducing pain associated with different medical problems including fibromyalgia and rheumatoid arthritis. Moderate pressure massage also improves attention and enhances the body’s immune response by increasing the activity of natural killer cells. Functional brain imaging studies show that changes take place in many areas of the brain involved in regulating emotions and stress response including the amygdala and the hypothalamus. For an excellent review of the research evidence for massage therapy, see “Massage Therapy Research Review” by Field (Field 2014).
What are Mental Health Benefits of Massage Therapy?
Depression and Anxiety
Two of the most common mental health issues are depression and anxiety. Studies show the massage therapy has great impact in reducing symptoms, by activating the patients sympathetic nervous system helping reduce symptoms and improving their mood.
Hormone and Neurotransmitter Balance
Studies have shown that massage therapy can reduce stress hormone levels such as cortisol and activate neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine levels. In other words, massage therapy increases your feeling good in a mood and decreases your stress.
Blood Pressure and Circulation
Massage therapy helps with the reduction of your heart rate, improving blood circulation and high blood pressure.
- Relieve stress
- Relieve postoperative pain
- Reduce anxiety
- Manage low-back pain
- Help fibromyalgia pain
- Reduce muscle tension
- Enhance exercise performance
- Relieve tension headaches
- Sleep better
- Ease symptoms of depression
- Improve cardiovascular health
- Reduce pain of osteoarthritis
- Decrease stress in cancer patients
- Improve balance in older adults
- Decrease rheumatoid arthritis pain
- Temper effects of dementia
- Promote relaxation
- Lower blood pressure
- Decrease symptoms of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Help chronic neck pain
- Lower joint replacement pain
- Increase range of motion
- Decrease migraine frequency
- Improve quality of life in hospice care
- Reduce chemotherapy-related nausea
Massage Therapy Rates:
- 60 min $95
- 90 min $125
- Package of 4 – 60 min 5% discount
- Package of 6 – 60 min 10% discount
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In short its a curse on humanity and liberty. And to explain its a system which renders human rights, liberty and land owners worthless and useless. Communism is infact not a bad idea, in theory its one of the best system, but it fails badly when it is applied and practiced.
Communism is a system which indirectly tries to bring back monarchy or dictatorship while pretending to boost equality and eradicate poverty. The fact is communism either fails a nation and gets it collapsed(Soviet Union) or it improves the production and enables mass production of low quality and worthless goods(China).
On the whole Communism is exactly the opposite of democracy, liberty and modern societies.
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The connection between visions of utopia and reformers may not be apparent to everyone. Utopians are often thought of as quaint characters who lived and wrote sometime in the past, somewhat impractical but harmless fellows. If they were literary figures in their own right, or if they had a pleasing style, excerpts from their works crop up in anthologies of literature, and whole books are sometimes reprinted. But they are not generally credited with having had much to do with what has happened. The matter is quite otherwise, in fact.
Hardly a reform proposal has been made in the twentieth century which did not have antecedents in the utopian literature of the nineteenth century or earlier. As one writer points out, in the earlier period "utopists were anticipating the ‘welfare state,’ the nationalization of industries, ‘socialized’ medicine and health programs, unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, and numerous other such proposals…."
More specifically, one historian points out that Robert Owen, an early nineteenth-century utopian, had a considerable impact upon historical development. "Owen… was influential in bringing to pass the first labor legislation, the British Factory Acts in 1819…. The co-operative buying societies among the poorer folk… are also the direct outgrowth of Owen’s experiments of New Lanark.Utopians are articulated visions of a perfect society. He was one of the pioneers of the trade union movement, and laid down the first plans for labor bureaus on the national scale." This writer goes on to give similar examples for many other utopians.
Utopias are articulated visions of a perfect society. They are products of the imagination of their authors, neither existing anywhere at the time they are described nor ever having existed anywhere. They are futuristic in orientation, though there is often an admixture of a return to felicity which man once enjoyed before corruption. Even so, their realization is to come at some future time, or at least that is the implication and hope. Even so, the "role of utopias in social thought… is not analogous to that of blueprint to house. Such a misconception makes them of little importance, for as such they have hardly entered the stream of human history at all. Instead, utopias more nearly play the part of the idealized picture of the completed house which precedes the drawing of the blueprint. Utopias are the best societies which their authors can imagine, distant goals toward which their creators would have us move, unhampered in their conception by gross obstacles and difficulties."
The Vision and the Means
The construction of a utopia, then, is an elemental flight from reality. The author who does so must, by the nature of his task, withdraw from concrete reality, must envision something which does not exist. Insofar as he neglects to take into account the nature of man and the universe, as most modern utopians have, he is engaged in a full-fledged flight from reality. The role of utopian thought in the development of meliorist reform is this: Utopians provided the vision of the perfect society toward which meliorist reform is supposed to move. Quite often, they also described the means which might be used to achieve utopia and ways of doing things in the perfect society. Utopia is the end; meliorist reform is the means. Utopias have served as the visionary and imaginary flight which has preceded the actual flight.
The fact that twentieth-century reformers have usually disavowed any particular utopian hopes must not be permitted to obscure the actual connection. The vagueness of the goals of contemporary reformers is not even to be pitted against any particularized version of utopia. This would tend to discipline reformers to some limited extent, though this may not be the reason for the avoidance of embracing a utopia. Nonetheless, a vague generalized vision of utopia does impel reformers to their exertions.
As I have pointed out elsewhere, this vision is a utopia that "is altogether pleasant and enticing. It is a place and time where suffering and privation have been banished, where the inhabitants are secure from the ravages of disease and unemployment, where all men have enough of the good things of life…, where education and environment have banished the baser things and men have willingly and gladly turned to the finer things of life, where one may speed in a carefree manner down the highway of life with no fear of a collision along the way." 5
Sir Thomas More and Company
The content for a vision which has become progressively more vague was provided in luxuriant detail by nineteenth-century utopians.
Before utopian thought could enter the life stream of that social thought which is believed to have relevance to actuality, a transformation had to take place. Such a transformation had taken place for many of those in intellectual circles by the early nineteenth century. It has already been described as the cutting loose from reality. Uninhibited rationalism became abstract rationalism; the imagination was cut loose from the fetters of reason; men turned their eyes away from the nature of things, from an enduring reality, from metaphysical or eternal realms, to focus their attention on change and development. In these circumstances, they could not only envision utopias with the utmost freedom but also actually begin to believe in them as possibilities.
The literary genera which we refer to as utopias were not new to the nineteenth century, of course. The name itself adorned a work of Sir Thomas More, a book which was published in the early sixteenth century. But More’s book was modeled upon one of much more ancient vintage, Plato’s
Republic. It should be noted, though, that Plato’s good society differed significantly from most modern utopias. Plato did not envision the transformation of human nature; he took men as they are and proposed to build a good society for them. This would involve, as he saw, a rather rigorous regimentation, and he did not shrink from these implications. Hence, the meaning of Plato’s Republic for those who prefer liberty (whether he could be numbered among them or not) is clear; it is a cautionary tale, showing the consequences of trying to institute the good society. There were other utopias written in the classical period, but the genera disappeared for the Middle Ages and did not reappear until More’s work.
Following More, there were a good many utopian writers from the sixteenth into the eighteenth centuries—what historians are likely to call the early modern period. They include Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis, Tommaso Campanella’s The City of the Sun, James Harrington’s Oceana, Fenelon’s Telemachus, Andrae Valenti’s Christianopolis, and Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha. These utopias have mainly an academic interest. That is, they constitute an historical background for the utopianism which came to inform meliorist reform but they entered into the stream of social thought at the time, little, if at all. They did contain many of the ideas which went into later utopias.
Indeed, More’s work contained what can now be recognized as most of the staple ingredients of utopian literature. Utopias almost invariably have two sorts of materials: a critique of conditions contemporary with the work being written, and a vision of the perfect society. More’s book has both. Moreover, the good society is pictured as a communistic one. Private property is an evil to be rooted out, a theme which runs the gamut of utopian literature from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. More said,
I am persuaded, that till property is taken away there can be no equitable or just distribution of things, nor can the world be happily governed: for as long as that is maintained, the greatest and the far best part of mankind will be still oppressed with a load of cares and anxieties.
The great change that will be wrought by the abolition of property is described:
In all places it is visible, that while people talk of a commonwealth, every man seeks his own wealth; but there, where no man has any property, all men zealously pursue the good of the public: and, indeed, it is no wonder to see men act so differently; for in other commonwealths every man knows that unless he provides for himself, how flourishing so ever the commonwealth may be, he must die of hunger; so that he sees the necessity of preferring his own concerns to the public; but in Utopia, where every man has a right to everything, they all know that if care is taken to keep the public stores full, no private man can want anything; for among them there is no unequal distribution, so that no man is poor, none in necessity; and though no man has anything, yet they are all rich; for what can make a man so rich as to lead a serene and cheerful life, free from anxieties….
The chances are good that More was engaging in superb irony throughout much of this work, that at most it is only an exercise of the fancy. In any event, later writers have presented such fancies with deadly, and deadening, seriousness.
Most of the utopian ideas appear to have been suggested during this early period, but we had best not stop to explore them. A considerable change had come over utopian literature by the nineteenth century. Indeed, this century was the century of utopians, par excellence. Many intellectuals turned their attention to describing perfect societies and offering programs for realizing them. There were utopian socialists, communitarians, anarchists, "scientific" socialists, syndicalists, and perfectionists. There was a great deal of enthusiasm for utopian projects, and men began actually to try to put them into effect.
The first considerable effort along this line was the communitarian movement. In general, the idea in founding communities was for a group to separate itself from the corrupting influence of the "world" and arrive at perfection in isolation from contaminating influences. There were a great many such communities attempted. Some were religious in orientation, for there was a great deal of religious enthusiasm in the first half of the nineteenth century. Others were secular in origin and aims. But whether religious or secular they were usually communistic, that is, they proposed to labor for the common good and share equally, or at least according to need, in the goods produced. America was a popular place to locate such experiments since they needed physical isolation and considerable tolerance from political authorities. Some of the more famous of the American communities were Brook Farm, New Harmony, North American Phalanx, Amana, Oneida, Nashoba, Fruit-lands, Icaria, and the religious communities of the Shakers and Rappites.
Two examples of such communities will suffice. One of the most famous was the one located on the banks of the Wabash river in Indiana; it was called New Harmony. New Harmony was the brainchild, and purse child, of Robert Owen, a wealthy Scottish manufacturer. Owen’s idea was to found self-sufficient villages. As one writer describes his utopia:
He saw the world made up of villages, rid of the capitalist and free from that private property which was completely incompatible with social well-being, producing solely for the collective good…. Briefly stated, he recommended… that colonies of workers should be formed on the co-operative principle. These colonies or villages of co-operation with a population varying from 500 to 2000 souls… were to be engaged in both agriculture and manufacturing; they were to be housed in great quadrangles located in the midst of each colony, containing the common dormitories, common kitchen, and dining rooms, common schools, library, reading rooms, guest rooms, etc…. All were to work at suitable tasks according to their ability….
These villages were to be joined together in a great federation which would replace the old world of the "capitalistic system with its poverty and misery, its injustice and inequality, its falsehood and deception; and all were to be united in brotherly co-operative effort."
In Owen’s most ambitious attempt to put his ideas into effect, the community of New Harmony, he was confronted by continual difficulties for the short time that he continued the effort. Splinter groups of dissenters were continually forming and moving off elsewhere. There were complaints about those who ate but did not work. Since decisions were to be made democratically, all work and other activity was frequently stopped for discussions and votes. Some complained that Owen was profiteering from the sale of land, though he sold the land on credit or gave leases for ten thousand years. "Money had been officially abolished but in every lane and alley the Harmonists privately traded and bargained and bickered over cash."9 "There was trouble over liquor. Prohibition was decreed, but everywhere people were drunk, supplied by sly bootlegging members."¹º In short, before its hasty demise New Harmony had witnessed some of the classic ills accompanying efforts to make over men.
The Oneida Community, founded and watched over for many years by John Humphrey Noyes, carried communal sharing to what most would probably consider its logical extreme. To be specific, in this community they practiced what was called complex marriage. That is, each adult who was a full-fledged member of the community might be considered married to every other such adult of the opposite sex. Noyes was a religious leader, and the strange beliefs of the community were a part of the religion he taught. He believed in the possibility of perfection here and now, and those who had arrived at perfection no longer lived under the old dispensation. In anticipation of the Kingdom of Heaven—which was the name bestowed upon the first establishment begun by Noyes—he wrote:
When the will of God is done.. there will be no marriage. The marriage supper of the lamb is a feast at which every dish is free to every guest. Exclusiveness, jealousy, quarreling, have no place there, for the same reason as that which forbids the guests at a thanksgiving dinner to claim each his separate dish, and quarrel with the rest for his rights. In a holy community, there is no more reason why sexual intercourse should be restrained by law, than why eating and drinking should be….
Though the community lasted for a longer period than most such undertakings, it did eventually break up. One writer points out that young people went away to college and came more and more "to desire the marriage customs of the world where people were allowed to fall in love and not required to cultivate a specious enjoyment at seeing their loved ones bandied through a wide circle of holy hands."
A second, and related, development in utopian thought in the first half of the nineteenth century was the setting forth of what has been called utopian socialism. The theory of modern socialism was developed in this period by those whom Marx scornfully dubbed utopians. They were mostly French and included Morelly, Babeuf, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Ca-bet, and Blanc.
Fourier and Cabet developed theories and attempted to apply them in communities. Fourier’s dream may serve as an example of these, though they differed considerably one from another. "In brief, Fourier proposed to eliminate wasteful competition, and oppressive government, by organizing self-sufficient and mainly agricultural units of production." These units he called Phalanstéres. They would, he thought, solve the problems of production, and each person would be guaranteed a basic standard of living. "Along with this expanding production, will go an educational revolution…. It will raise mankind to perfection in body and mind…. Our present teachers—slaves to abstractions—know how to produce Neros; we know how to turn potential Neros into men like Gods."
Mankind was made for perfection and harmony, according to Fourier, not discord and competition. His system would achieve the true end of man. "This economic and educational revolution, by housing the population in self-supporting, autonomous and self-conducted luxury hotels, in which all the occupants would work and play in industrious harmony, would solve the problems of poverty, war, and wickedness."15 All that he needed to get this plan underway, he believed, was to find a wealthy patron who would finance it, and he waited expectantly through his later years for such a benefactor.
Several important changes in utopian literature occurred in the latter part of the nineteenth century. For one thing, there was apparently a great increase in the number of such works produced. One book lists the better-known ones, mainly in English or English translation, for the period 1850-1950. This indicates a great concentration of production of such literature from about 1883 to 1912. Only six works are listed from 1850 to 1883; whereas, there are seventy-four works from 1883 to 1912, seven for 1894 alone."16
The Shift from Local Groups to a Worldwide Organization
Another development was the shift from the conception of utopian communities to dreams of a world-wide organization. As one account has it, "it was to become rapidly and increasingly apparent that the utopian community was so unrealistic that it could provide no more than a setting for fantasy or satire. Modern utopia must be a state, and indeed it was already beginning to be evident that modern utopia must be the world." By some kind of metamorphosis, "the economic ideal of utopia, through a kind of economic necessity, becomes the ideal of the world."17
A third development was the organization of movements to act not in isolated communities but within societies at large, the attempt to make utopia scientific (as in Comte and Marx), and the development of programs and plans for the realization of the good society, no longer cast in the guise of utopia. In short, men were preparing to achieve utopia in society at large. Steps were being taken to translate utopian visions into reformist measures in the latter part of the nineteenth century.
The Ingredients of Utopia
It may be well, at this point, to sum up, and indicate the main strains which went into utopian thought. Utopia was concocted out of a compound of some of man’s deepest longings, longings for felicity, harmony, order, peace, security, and repose. Utopian visions have had appeal because they embraced remnants of mythology, relics of religious hopes (quite often transposed), immemorial prejudices, along with notions borrowed from scientific theories. Some of the ingredients of this compound are worth dwelling upon.
The "Golden Age" Myth
One of the strains that have frequently been woven into the fabric of utopia, or at least evoked by it, is the myth of the Golden Age. This myth appears to have had virtually universal appeal, and even extensive and intensive indoctrination in progressivism in contemporary society does not appear to have completely succeeded in exorcising it. The Golden Age myth locates the time of felicity and harmony in the past. The variations on the particular locale range from the recent past to the Garden of Eden.
At its deepest, the Golden Age myth is of a time before man had lost harmony with nature, or with God. In theological terms, it could refer to the time before man became a moral being, a time before all the travail, tension, and unpalatable choices entailed in being moral. In pagan terms, it could refer to the time when man was simply an animal, guided and living by instinct rather than thought. There have, of course, been many efforts to account for the appeal of the Golden Age myth. Some see it simply as a result of the tendency to romanticize that which lives only in memory, others as the effort to return to the womb, and so forth.
At any rate, elements from the Golden Age myth crop up in much of utopian literature. Utopias quite often have strenuous criticisms of recent social and economic trends, criticisms of everything from the enclosure movement of an earlier time to industrialism in the nineteenth century. It is easy to see that the communitarian ideas owe much to a romanticizing of the medieval manor. Robert Owen even wanted to abolish the plow and return to the spade. "The spade," he said, "wherever there is sufficient soil, opens it to a depth that allows the water to pass freely below the bed of the seed or plant…." Whereas the plow is a "mere surface implement and extremely defective in principle." 18 Utopians quite often want to be rid of money—the source of the hated cash nexus—and return to primitive barter and exchange. The appeal of many of their plans is the appeal of the return to primeval simplicity and felicity.
Heaven on Earth
The second ingredient in utopia, quite often sublimated and transposed in it is millennialism. Christian eschatology places the Golden Age at the end of time rather than at the beginning (or in addition to placing it at the beginning).For some of them, the Kingdom of God became a kingdom to be made here on earth. Whether this Golden Age is to be for eternity in a transcendental Heaven or for a thousand years upon a transformed earth (or that both shall be) has long been a matter for controversy. Of course, utopians have used only the conception of a heaven on earth. For some of them, the Kingdom of God became a kingdom to be made here on earth.
In utopian thought, however, millennialism was divorced largely from its religious content, humanized, and the vision of heaven quite often became the vision of a materialistic earthly paradise. The dictatorship of the proletariat of Marx and Engels does not appear to share much in common with the Kingdom which John saw descending to earth in his vision recorded in the Book of Revelations, but Marx turned more than Hegel upside down (or right-side up, as he claimed), and his is indeed an apocalyptic vision of the ushering in of the Golden Age.
In short, millennialism was quite often subsumed into utopian thought, placing the Golden Age in the future, and subtly appealing to deep religious hopes.
By the latter part of the nineteenth century, however, millennialism was being domesticated and secularized as progressivism. Progressivism was the third ingredient of utopianism. This statement needs modifying; progressivism was a late comer to the scene. Earlier utopias could not have used it. Thus, its major function became a mode for the achievement of utopia. Progressivism, as it is relevant to utopianism, was born out of technological progress by historical inevitability, evolution being the midwife. The flight from reality owes much of its believability both to evolutionary theories and technological progress. These, in turn, made the realization of utopia appear possible. It is not strange that anyone viewing the course of invention and industrial development in the modern era should be struck by the great possibilities of human ingenuity.
At any rate, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels described a state of earthly bliss and devised a theory to make its coming historically inevitable. The tools they worked with were technological change, the theory of evolution, and a theory of historical change. By so doing, they associated progress with the realization of utopia, and, for those who have sought utopia by way of reform, unwittingly associated progress with reform—a wholly gratuitous connection, one might add. Reformers in the twentieth century have got maximum mileage out of the supposed connection between reform and progress.
The Static Society
The fourth strain in utopianism is the implied vision of life without tension. To put it another way, though not the way a utopian would describe it, utopia is a land where stasis or absolute stability has been achieved. In the real world development, even progress, are the products of tension.This does not appear to be compatible with progressivism, any more than progressivism is compatible with a Golden Age in the past. But these are logical objections to nonlogical flights of fancy. Consistency is a requirement of dialectical reason, and it must be remembered that Kant had already cut the ground from under such reason.
In the real world, one may believe that change, development, even progress, are the products of tension. But in utopia one can have the products of capital without capitalism, the products of invention without the incentives to the invention, the advantages of freedom without the corollary disadvantages of responsibility, and so on. Why raise difficult questions about the mode of progress without tensions, without frustrations, without incentives? At any rate, utopia will be a land without tensions, without that which produces crime, war, and other disorders. There will be no jealousy, no selfishness, no competition, and no abrasiveness in relationships.
Perhaps this is an overstatement of the case. Some utopians did envisage the continued presence of some dissidents. Let us take a look at what one utopian—Chauncey Thomas in The Crystal Button—proposed to do with such people. They are to be kept in hospitals, of course. Why hospitals? Because they are morally deranged. The explanation continues:
"Yes, I believe you used to apply the term ‘prison’ to the institution used for the confinement of moral patients."
"They are convicts, then? But why are these associated with your hospitals?"
"Why not? They constitute a part, though happily a small part of the patients that come under the same management and treatment. We simply treat them as persons who are morally deformed or ailing."
Judging by this insight into what utopia will be like, we may be nearer to it than some have thought!
Environmentalism and Anarchism
The fifth ingredient of utopia has usually been environmentalism.
This has provided utopia an explanation of sorts for the imperfections which they readily observed and vigorously denounced. If man is perfect or perfectible if there is no ingrained obstacle within him that would prevent the perfect society, why, one might ask, does perfection not prevail? One historian explains the utopian view, particularly the utopian socialist view, in the following manner:
One and all believed that with proper environment man would be actually perfect. He was naturally good, but the existing environment with its overwhelming imperfections and maladjustments destined him to evil and woe."
The correction of the environment and the education of men would remove these obstacles to perfection. The Rubicon for such explanations, of course, is how to make an account of why things have not always been perfect.
A heady strain in much of nineteenth century utopian thought, particularly that of socialists, was anarchism. Marx proclaimed that the state would wither away. Marx was in a line extending from Godwin and Proudhon through Kropotkin and Sorel. Those utopian socialists who abominated the state and governments apparently arrived at their position through some such reasoning, or unreasoning, as this: Private property is the root of all social evil, and its existence the cause of man’s "fall." (Rousseau thought as much.) Private property, it has been claimed, sets one man against another, leads men to pursue their own interest to the harm of others, promotes selfishness, and so on. The state, as they saw it, was the prime bulwark of property. The vast paraphernalia of government—the courts, the police, the bulk of laws—had to do with the protection of property. Abolish property, and government would lose its reason for being. Or, as revolutionary anarchists were apt to believe, abolish government and things would revert to their natural, and perfect, condition. As one writer says:
A strong line of thinking thus became absolutely hostile to the State; it considered this most important of all political phenomena either as infinitely elastic and compressible ( J. S. Mill), altogether dispensable (Marx and Engels), or the supreme obstacle to total happiness.
The flight from political reality has had horrible consequences in our century. Anarchists did not succeed in abolishing the state, but they did turn thought away from the very practical problems of how to contain the state. Eventually, most socialists reconciled themselves to the state, used it to their ends, but it tended to become the uninhibited state of totalitarianism. It is worth pointing out that some contemporary libertarians have similar views toward government to those of nineteenth-century utopians. Socialists saw the state as the bulwark of property; these libertarians witness the state as a violator of liberty and property at the hands of social reformers. Both fail to realize that government is an instrument, not a cause, of men’s behavior and beliefs.
There were many other strains in utopian thought. Equality and distributive justice were prominent in many utopias. However, in the nineteenth century, some thinkers expected utopias to be controlled by scientific elites. Such arrangements have been called technocracies. Scientism crops up quite often in these visions of the future. Rationalism and education were linked by thinkers as assumption and method for arriving at utopia. The above comprise the major assumptions and beliefs of utopians.
The Urge to Reform
Utopia, then, contained the vision of earthly bliss which has drawn us into the crucible of melioristic reform.
It must be made clear, though, that there is a great gulf between Robert Owen’s utopian vision of a world without poverty and President Johnson’s War on Poverty. To most of his contemporaries, even as for us, Owen was an impractical visionary, one to be taken advantage of by cynical joiners of his communities or to be avoided by more upstanding people. President Johnson, on the other hand, would certainly be reckoned to be a "practical" politician. But the difference between Owen and Johnson is not in the vision they hold forth; it is in the means to be employed. The gulf has been bridged. What was once clearly visionary is now being pursued with all the instruments of power of centralized states, is even the stock in trade of the most corrupt politicians. We are no nearer to utopia in our day, I think, but we are cheek by jowl with a whole panorama of compulsive devices that are billed as instruments for ushering in utopia (though the word itself is not employed).
Most of the remainder of this story will have to do with how the gulf was bridged. It was a tremendous undertaking. It must be kept in mind that thus far we have pursued mainly the development of some ideas among some intellectuals. Though utopian novels were becoming more popular in the late nineteenth century, as indicated by sales, utopian thought had even then hardly entered the mainstream of political thought. Apparently, it was as clear to most of our ancestors as it may be to some of us that utopian visions are flights from reality. Intellectuals had not yet come into the circle of power, certainly not utopistic intellectuals. The position of these people, and their kind, in the nineteenth century, is described by one writer:
These people belonged to no great disciplined order; they are backed by no European authority…. When they rebel, they become outcasts and refugees, as were Marx and Lenin, appealing away from the bourgeoisie to which they belong to the masses without.
In short, such people were largely loners and outcasts. We must trace them in their move to the seats of power. Such a movement has been made, and it is rather clear that such intellectuals would be in line for a Freedom Medal from some President today.
It is not practical, however, to follow the movement from utopia to reform, from visionary to a presidential adviser, from lonely dreamer to practical politician, on an international scale. The perspective will now be shifted to the national scale, to the United States, so that the story can be told of how one nation was drawn into the web of those engaged in a flight from reality.
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As a way to better help the investment community standardize the environmental, social, and governance strategies, MSCI Inc. launched a tool to help investors assess exposure and their alignment to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
The MSCI SDG Alignment Tool provides a complete view of a company’s net contribution – both positive and negative – towards addressing each of the 17 UN SDGs, according to a press release. The tool brings includes MSCI’s framework covering over 8,600 equity and fixed income issuers, with analysis of the full range of a company’s operations, products, services, policies, and practices, to evaluate net contribution to addressing the global challenges the UN SDGs try to address.
“Five years on from the adoption of the UN SDGs, we are at a critical juncture. There is increasing demand from investors to channel capital to help deliver on these goals, but the fragmented data around the extent to which a company’s products and operations are aligned to a particular SDG remains an obstacle. Through this new tool, we are seeking to provide an additional layer of transparency for investors to better assess the merits of claims put forth by their portfolio companies. With the target deadline for achieving the SDGs only a decade away, the standardization of that assessment is critical,” Remy Briand, Head of ESG at MSCI, said in the note.
Global investors are taking a greater interest in ESG-related investment strategies, but observers have warned that the industry lacks a unified standard for categorizing or ranking ESG criteria. Critics have even warned that some “ESG” strategies are only adopting the ESG appellation without clearly defining the selection process and the potential for abuse from companies that self-report their ESG characteristics.
The framework behind the MSCI SDG Alignment tool takes from publicly available information, instead of solely relying on companies self-declared alignment with the goals, to provide a holistic view of alignment.
“We have found that companies can both overstate and understate their commitments to particular SDGs, which could undermine efforts by institutional investors to advance sustainable development. Investors pursuing an impact investing approach could find that portfolio companies claim to support an SDG while being implicated in conduct that may belie that support. Conversely, some companies that fail to publicly commit to any SDG but may align with at least one of the goals may fall below the radar of impact investors seeking to target positive impact companies,” Brand added.
For more market trends, visit ETF Trends.
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Physicians can monitor fetal position with an ultrasound. When a baby is discovered to be breech or transverse, the doctor may offer a “version,” or manually flip the baby by turning the baby with their hands. Posterior babies are not manipulated in this manner because it is not likely to succeed. It doesn’t seem that it would be easy on the posterior baby either.
An attempt to externally turn the baby, External Cephalic Version (ECV), is safer to do after the baby’s lungs are matured. The concern with doing one earlier is that the force of manipulating the baby can (though rarely) pull the placenta from its warm nest in the uterine lining. An emergency cesarean would be done to try and save the baby in this case.
To help with the success of the ECV, a doctor keeps close watch on the baby with an ultrasound and may want to use Tributaline, a drug used to relax the uterine wall. This drug can make moms edgy and jittery for a short time. The idea, though, is to make the uterine wall less resistant to turning the baby. It is also a drug used to stop premature labor contractions.
To prepare for an ECV, I suggest doing a week of daily Fantastic Four body balancing techniques and pelvic alignment activities with self-care and a professional before the External Cephalic Version, when time allows.
Midwives must have a chance to develop their skills to feel a baby’s position with their hands. This takes both time and experience. In clinical settings where appointments are short, midwives may not have the time (or the training) to tell a breech from a head-down baby in a mother who has a tight broad ligament or firm abs. But with enough experience, midwives can pick up the subtle details of fetal positioning.
Midwives are more likely than physicians to have palpation skills because with a faster-paced clinic day, providers have less time for actually feeling the baby. Nevertheless, sometimes it’s hard to tell exactly how a baby is lying in the womb.
Even when a midwife knows that the baby is in a posterior, breech, or transverse position, their opinion of when to do something about it can vary. Some midwives feel that we should just trust nature and wait and see what happens. This attitude will result in about a 3-4% breech occurrence at the time of birth, and an even higher rate of posterior presentation.
Some midwives will work with the mothers to use good maternal positioning in pregnancy. They will refer pregnant people to alternative practitioners who can help achieve a better fetal position if the baby doesn’t seem to be able to do so by 34-36 weeks. A few midwives also work with mothers to help the baby get head down by 30-32 weeks.
Midwife Anne Frye is the author of Holistic Midwifery as well as many other midwifery textbooks. She promotes the use of a gentle method of version at 30 weeks gestation.
A word on manual versions
The doctor or midwife tries to move the breech or transverse baby head down by pushing through the mother’s abdomen against the baby’s body. Version carries a risk and so should never be done by an inexperienced person, no matter their title (sometimes a student, new caregiver, or bold bodyworker might be tempted to overstep their experience to try to do what they assume is a good deed).
Monitoring the heartbeat is so important because a slowing heartbeat will be the first sign that the baby shouldn’t go further in that direction. Manual external version has risk of tearing the placenta from the womb, tightening a wrapped cord, and turning the head and body without bringing the arm along, so that the arm is left in an awkward angle. Most often the version goes fine, but it has risks with letting the baby stay breech and either having a vaginal birth or a cesarean (though hopefully not until labor begins on its own).
Penny Simkin recommends a doula or other supportive person be with the mother through the version. The trained doula often has experience with eye-to-eye contact and a type of verbal coaching that is very helpful through potentially difficult procedures such as this.
A 2003 study, “External cephalic version beginning at 34 weeks’ gestation versus 37 weeks’ gestation: A randomized multicenter trial,” shows higher rates of vaginal birth for people who had external cephalic version at 34 weeks rather than at 37 weeks, which is currently the accepted time in pregnancy to do so.
Physical therapy can help mothers cope with many pregnancy discomforts. Some pregnant people find that a physical therapist may be covered on their insurance, whereas a chiropractor may not be. There are lots of different kinds of physical therapists, so it’s important to understand the differences between them.
Prenatal massage therapists
Prenatal massage can be relaxing and beneficial for hormonal function and the relief of pregnancy discomforts. As a result, it can also help one to get better sleep. That being said, “prenatal massage” is not specific for improving fetal position whatsoever.
Therapeutic massage in pregnancy and labor
Here is a massage that does get into making room for the baby, although the therapists and their offerings can vary. Seek the “go-to” person for pregnancy and birth in your area.
Chiropractic spinal and pelvic adjustments can reduce or resolve pregnancy discomforts such as back pain, hip pain, sciatica, and heartburn. Chiropractors help with optimal fetal positioning by helping the pelvis to be symmetrical. This in turn helps the uterus to be more symmetrical.
Adjustments can help the baby to fit the brim better to engage in time and help stimulate cervical ripening. Adjustments also make the pelvis more flexible so that pelvic joints move more easily in labor.
Ask your chiropractor about adjustments of:
- The sacrum, both vertically (SI joints) and horizontally (for a buckled sacrum)
- The symphysis pubis (pevlis)
- The neck
Neck adjustments do improve pelvic alignment, especially if accompanied by myofascial release. Not all chiropractors are trained in myofascial release though.
Dr. Carol Phillips, DC, recommends addressing the skeletal system through adjustments, but equally addressing the fascia (with myofascial release) and the cranial rhythm (with gentle craniosacral therapy). She teaches everyone who works with pregnant and birthing people techniques that have been effective in her experience (and now in mine).
If you’d like to learn more about chiropractic care, you can watch Dr. Jeanne Ohm speaking about natural birth and fetal rotation. You can also watch two videos on chiropractic care in pregnancy to help a breech baby spontaneously flip head down.
Craniosacral therapy is gentle and can be a dramatically effective technique that helps pregnant people as well as newborns. Newborn techniques are a little different than adult techniques (such as how the temporal bone is worked with) so special training is highly recommended.
Dynamic body balancing
Check out the Dynamic Body Balancing techniques of chiropractor Carol Phillips, DC. She takes chiropractic knowledge, myofascial release, and craniosacral therapy with an energy approach.
Dr. Phillips’ Dynamic Body Balancing workshops give the necessary information for broad application by any bodyworker. Beginners are welcome, and chiropractors who attend will get additional instructions for when to apply particular adjustments. This series can be taken by anyone dedicated to serving pregnant people in this way.
This is a fascinating video to learn about her work with pregnancy. Listen to her talk about her daughter Angel’s difficult infancy and childhood symptoms. Today, Angel is one of the Twin Cities’ favorite craniosacral and Dynamic Body Balancing practitioners!
Acupuncture uses extremely thin needles. Sometimes you feel them and many times you don’t. Acupuncture is well studied and quite effective for helping a breech to flip. Acupuncture has been shown to be more effective for flipping a breech compared to waiting to see if a baby will turn head down on their own.
Traditional Chinese acupuncture is also used for all pregnant people in the 6th and 7th month for the “Bright Baby” treatment. Needles may be placed in the ears, hands, feet, or limbs. There are inexpensive community acupuncture clinics in many cities.
Moxibustion uses a tightly rolled stick of mugwort herb, much like a stick of incense. The coal at the end of the moxibustion stick is held over an acupuncture point to heat it up. Repeated 2-3 times a day for 2.5 minutes per side of the body has given success to some mothers in flipping breech babies. The highest rates of success often came in the 34-35th weeks of pregnancy.
Unlike pregnancy massage, Maya massage is not for relaxation specifically, but rather for treatment. Regular sessions are a big part of Yucatan midwifery. It is tricky to find a practitioner outside of the Mexican Yucatan, however. This is highly recommended for fetal positioning if you can find a practitioner. It’s also great for menstrual and perimenopausal symptoms, and for retroverted uteri.
Myo means muscle and fascia is the leathery coating covering the muscles and bones of our body. This technique helps relax parts of our body that we cannot relax with deep breathing or rest alone. The uterine ligaments have an amount of muscle tissue in them, and this allows the ligaments to grow with the uterus.
Craniosacral therapy utilizes myofascial release and some chiropractors know this technique as well. A chiropractor can adjust our joints, but if the fascia is constricted or bunched up, it will pull the bones back out of place. Pregnancy hormones tend to allow more movement though, meaning adjustments made won’t last as long.
All of us can move with more balance and relaxation. The British Medical Journal did a study on the Alexander Technique. It does not discuss pregnancy, but does show how the Alexander Technique has been proven to reduce chronic back pain in six lessons without the use of drugs or contraptions. Consult an instructor on how to use this in pregnancy.
Herbs can be for seasoning, nutrition, or for healing. Nutritive herbs are like a special food for a specific purpose. Red Raspberry Leaf, for instance, helps tone the pelvic floor and uterus. It is high in calcium and reduces leg cramps and nausea while being safely (and widely) used in pregnancy. Just make sure the Red Raspberry Leaf tea you buy is not simply flavored black tea.
A few drops of Mitchella can be used nightly in late pregnancy if uterine contractions seem to keep you awake without bringing labor on. A dropper full of Motherwort tincture can calm the mind to help a tired woman fall asleep, but should not be used longer than three consecutive weeks.
I rarely recommend Blue Cohosh to start labor, for instance, because I’ve noticed that it is hard for mothers to dose themselves effectively by following the recipe. In my opinion, there are other ways that are more manageable and successful without requiring the necessary experience to get a labor going without causing contractions that can last too long or give the mother huge contractions after the birth.
There are a handful of homeopathic remedies that actually help babies get into improved fetal positions. Pulsatilla (wind flower) is known to help a breech flip head down, and I find it helps many posterior babies too. Side effects can occur though, so please consult a trained homeopath first.
Over-the-counter doses should only be taken for three days at a time before stopping the remedy. A typical suggestion is to take five pellets under the tongue, once at night for three nights. Take a homeopathic remedy when the mouth is clean of food or toothpaste flavors, and without touching the tablets, which are too sensitive to withstand skin oils.
Some suggest you stop taking Pulsatilla for three days and then take it once a night again for three days. Then stop for a couple weeks, but continue trying maternal positions and getting body work. If the baby is moving more freely after taking a dose, you know it’s working. If the baby doesn’t flip after moving more freely, a more “deep” dose is indicated, but consultation here is highly recommended. If no reaction occurs, consult a homeopath.
If you have only days to flip a baby, or are in labor with a posterior baby who is having trouble rotating, you may need a “deeper dose.” You need a professional homeopath to make sure you get the right dose.
Pulsatilla is also associated with mucous production, including in the lungs. When a deeper dose is taken, there can be some associated congestion. One mom with a history of chronic asthma had an asthma attack while her baby flipped head down. Other moms have had no congestion. Consult a professional homeopath, please.
Brian, an osteopath in Southern California, wrote:
A D.O. who practices manipulation would fill many of your categories: doctor, chiropractor, craniosacral therapist, and myofascial release practitioner. I would encourage you to visit the AAO and Cranial Academy pages for further information.
From Caroline Stone, author of Visceral and Obstetric Osteopathy:
The osteopathic interpretation of optimal fetal positioning would concur with [Jean Sutton], but would also consider that biomechanical factors in and around the mother’s spine, pelvis, and hips, tighter with mechanical tensions acting on and around the uterus, would also influence the position of the fetus in late pregnancy and leading up to birth. Releasing tensions in the pelvis, hips, back and tissues surrounding the uterus is thought to relieve physical stress around the uterus, making its mechanical environment as accommodating as possible, thereby allowing the fetus to align itself in the most optimal position… It should be stressed that the osteopathic approach is not to perform “external cephalic version.”
Copyright Elsevier (2006). Permission was given to include this quote on the Spinning Babies® Website.
You can see that the listing here allows pregnant people and their babies to move into position to help themselves in a gentle, non-invasive manner. I’m not always against interventions, and sometimes invasive interventions become necessary. But when we help ourselves become symmetrical and relax involuntary muscles, then the baby and body can do what they are well designed to do—and often the intervention is no longer needed.
Once again, if you are looking for a Spinning Babies® Aware Practitioner, you can find one here on our practitioner directory.
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When talking about China’s caution in the Russia-Ukraine war, the Chinese BBC said that the Chinese regime has benefited in the short term from this war.
The BBC says the reason why China has taken such a cautious stance has to do with its strategic game with the U.S. and Europe diplomatically and economically.
Alexander Korolev, a Senior Lecturer at the University of New South Wales, said that China has benefited from the Ukraine crisis in the short term because it has directed U.S. attention from China to Russia. But China is Washington’s main rival, not Russia.
Relations between China and the United States have deteriorated in recent years. The U.S.-China trade war broke out in 2018, leading to a diplomatic conflict between the two sides. After that, the relationship between the two countries fell into a frozen period. A factor that worsened relations between the two sides is that Washington’s diplomatic boycott on the grounds of human rights concerns in Xinjiang cast a dark shadow on China’s international image right before the 2022 Olympics.
Korolev argues that China-American competition is the most prominent structural feature in the contemporary international system and a long-term trend.
Recently the United States has been consolidating its power in the Indo-Pacific region to contain China. With all U.S. attention currently focused on Russia and its Ukraine policy, no one is talking about Xinjiang for the time being.
Korolev said, “This exhausts the U.S. and buys time for China to compete with the U.S. for geopolitical influence in the Asia-Pacific region.”
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• Balance • Immunity • Digestion
Our bodies are vessels for billions of good and bad bacteria. The bulk of which are found in our intestines. The good bacteria help us digest food and synthesize important vitamins, nutrients, and essential fatty acids. These good bacteria are known to support good digestion, hormonal balance, a healthy metabolism, detoxification, and may also help improve the immune system's responsiveness by fighting off the bad bacteria. It is important to help the good bacteria in your system maintain the upper hand by supplementing with probiotics.
With PURE you're essentially adding 10 billion tiny warriors to the cause and proactively fighting the depletion of beneficial bacteria that can leave you susceptible to infection. Rain Nutrition's probiotic, PURE, uses patented BIO-tract® technology which protects our product from the harmful effects of stomach acids so that the good flora and beneficial organisms will survive until they reach the GI tract where they will go to work on cleansing and strengthening.
Did you know that MOST SEEDS make up a very small percentage of the total weight of a berry or flower, but they often contain the most potent health benefits in their tiny packages. The foundation of all of our products at Rain Nutrition, are the seeds.
We have all heard of the amazing antioxidant power in berries and herbs, but what no one has ever explained properly are the best parts of those berries... the seeds.
Cranberry seed flour has been added to our powerful probiotic blend to ensure adequate cleansing and purification. Cranberries contain powerful nutrients called proanthocyanidins, which have been shown, through research, to help keep certain bacteria from sticking to the inside of the body. Cranberries also contain high levels of antioxidants, which help combat oxidative stress caused by free-radicals and are thought to help strengthen the immune system. Combine PURE with SOUL and you have the perfect combination of antioxidants, important omegas, and good flora to keep you balanced and healthy all the time.
- Reduces free-radicals
- 10,000,000,000 good bacteria per serving
- Supports the synthesis of important vitamins, nutrients, and EFAs
- Supports good digestion
- Helps to obtain hormonal balance
- Helps to maintain a healthy metabolism
- Improves the immune system's responsiveness to diseases
- Contains technology that ensures the release of the nutrients in the GI tract
- Strengthens immune system
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This year’s BRIght Futures Prize finalists are pursuing forward-thinking and inventive research to improve patient care. Each of the three finalists hopes to receive the $100,000 BRIght Futures Prize, which will be awarded at Discover Brigham on Oct. 7. Read about their work below, and vote for your choice.
William Savage, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology
Thousands of patients with cancer, sickle cell disease or autoimmune disease, as well as organ transplant recipients require specialized blood treatments, called apheresis. During apheresis, blood is taken out of the body using large, specialized medical devices, and the part of the blood that is causing disease is selectively removed. The rest of the healthy blood is returned to the patient. The current process, which uses a large, complicated centrifuge-based machine, can require donor blood transfusions and a big catheter placed into a large vein near the patient’s heart. Our project will make apheresis easier for both patients and the people who operate the devices.
What is a compelling aspect of your research project?
In collaboration with engineers at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, our team has invented a technology that uses ultrasound waves to separate blood into its components for apheresis. We call this “acoustic apheresis,” and it represents a completely new way to perform the procedure.
Also, we use materials that make the technology scalable for pediatric to adult-sized patients.
How will your research project benefit people?
First, our device is smaller, simpler, mounted on an IV pole, and will require less training to use and maintain, reducing health care costs.
Second, because it is a small device, acoustic apheresis reduces the need for large catheters and eliminates the need for donor blood to fill up the large volume of current devices, a huge improvement for people who may receive up to 100 treatments annually. Moreover, for critically ill patients, removing less blood means a safer procedure.
Third, because of its simplicity, our device can be used continuously for days, like an IV infusion. Many apheresis treatments for hospitalized patients are staggered three times a week because of the staffing complexity and large blood volumes involved. With a smaller, simpler device that can be operated continuously, patients won’t have to wait between treatments, and we can remove more disease-causing antibodies and blood cells than is currently feasible.
Tiny Drones to Target Cancer
AIMSpire: Outsmarting Asthma
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Dying Man Shares Previously Unseen Amateur Video of Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster
Optometrist Dr. Jack Moss, however, was playing with his new Betamax camcorder that chilly January morning, and recorded the sad event from his front yard in Winter Haven, Florida, about 70 miles southwest of Cape Canaveral.
Moss had never shared the tape with the media or NASA, but a week before he died this past December, he fished it out of his attic and handed it over to the Space Exploration Archive, a non-profit organization in Louisville, Kentucky. The Archive transferred the video to digital formats and released it to the public domain in time for the 24th anniversary of the disaster this past week.
“That’s trouble of some kind, George,” says Moss, as the shuttle’s single smoke plume suddenly expands and then splits into a Y-shape. As Moss and other onlookers spend several moments contemplating if something had gone wrong, a neighbor checks the news inside his house, only to return and confirm “It exploded!”
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New security guidance for public sector IT professionals on how to safely deploy the latest mobile devices has been released.
CESG, the information security arm of GCHQ, today released new online guidance for using remote devices in an official capacity, covering a host of new operating systems such as Android, BlackBerry 10, Windows Phone, Chrome OS and Ubuntu.
Building on the Cabinet Office's End User Device Security Framework, a security policy for those working with official information, the guidance provides details on how particular platforms can be configured to achieve the key security recommendations contained in the Framework.
The guidance also contains good practice advice on system architectures for remote and mobile working; details of particular configuration choices for each platform; and notes particular security risks and issues that organisations need to be aware of.
Jonathan Hoyle, director general for Government and Industry Cyber Security at GCHQ, said: “Finding the right balance between security and usability is critical for all organisations and we have put this principle at the heart of our work.
“This guidance is the result of close collaboration between CESG’s cyber security experts, our partners in industry and the public sector. It provides an excellent set of recommendations for anyone trying to enable secure business using the latest technologies in a cost-effective way.”
The organisation was keen to stress that publication of the new guidance did not signify “approval" of these platforms by CESG, but instead hoped its guidance would help government and public sector organisations manage their risks when deploying these devices.
The guidance seeks to take a balanced approach between security and usability, helping to reduce common risks to an organisation's information while still providing the flexibility and ease of use required.
Liam Maxwell, the UK government’s Chief Technology Officer, said: "This is precisely the sort of approach to security we need; simple, pragmatic, understandable."
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Instructor: Marek J. Druzdzel
"An apprentice carpenter may want only a hammer and a saw, but a master craftsman employs many precision tools. Computer programming likewise requires sophisticated tools to cope with the complexity of real applications, and only practice with these tools will build skill in their use." --- Robert L. Kruse, Bruce P. Leung & Clovis L. Tondo
Even though superficial knowledge of a programming language may get you far in your professional endeavors, being an information science professional requires much more. Like in the analogy between an apprentice and a craftsman, it is possible to write programs with minimal knowledge of programming, but you can accomplish more and in a more efficient way by mastering the available variety of programming tools.
The purpose of this course is to make you familiar with programming design and software tools, using the C programming language. The course is about structuring computing problems and choosing data structures and algorithms that are appropriate for them. Upon a successful completion of this course you will have acquired basic knowledge of the C programming language and programming tools that should prove useful in your future endeavors.
As you might have already experienced by now, being an engineer or a scientist requires intelligence, independent, creative thinking, and most of all commitment to hard working. In this course, most of your effort will be concentrated on programming assignments. If you have little programming experience, these assignments will make your workload heavy, but I still believe that you will find the course satisfying. In fact, most successful students in my past programming courses were not those who came into the course with rich programming experience, but those who worked hard. The workload in this course will be moderately heavy, but I believe that you will find it interesting and important. I require your commitment, keeping up with the readings and the assignments, coming to classes, and being their active participant. In return, I will do my best to ensure that you have fun and learn useful skills.
Marek Druzdzel's teaching page
Marek Druzdzel's home page
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LONDON -- As the buzz begins to build ahead of Pakistan's parliamentary elections, expected sometime in May, politicians in that country's restive Balochistan Province are a divided bunch.
What to do when faced with warnings from one side to boycott the polls in a sign of solidarity with the Baluch independence movement, and pressure from the other side to take the opportunity to rejoin the provincial and central governments after a five-year absence?
Hasil Bizenjo, vice president of the moderate National Party, is ready to begin campaigning for the elections. He believes the polls will successfully be held province-wide despite threats from hard-core separatists to target Baluch leaders who participate.
"When they threaten to sabotage the elections, that is an undemocratic process in itself," Bizenjo says. "If you want the people of Balochistan to boycott the elections, you should convince them through peaceful means. If you are threatening them with violence and murder, it means the people are not with you. Even if the separatists try very hard, they can only stop the elections in a couple of constituencies."
Baluchis make up a majority in the southwestern province of 9 million, which has seen sustained violence between government troops and Baluch separatists over the last decade.
For many involved in Baluchistan's political scene, however, threats by hard-line separatists are not the main consideration. For them, the military's harsh crackdown on residents of the province is their main reason for boycotting the polls.
Naseer Dashti, an exiled Balochi author affiliated with the pro-autonomy Balochistan National Party, says that his party is still debating whether to participate in the elections and that a key question is whether the military will allow free elections or manipulate the vote. The party boycotted the last general elections, in 2008.
Many members of the Balochistan National Party have been assassinated since the onset of the current insurgency in 2004. Many more members of the party and hundreds of suspected separatists have disappeared. Human rights watchdogs have alleged that the missing are the victims of "enforced disappearances" carried out by the military and its intelligence services.
Dashti says his party could be swayed to participate in the polls if Islamabad withdrew its security forces from main population centers, freed disappeared persons, and offered guarantees of free and fair elections.
"The parliament can be a tool for the Baluch people to express their opinions and grievances. But it always depends on the military whether they will allow our people to participate in the elections or whether they are allowed to be successful," Dashti says. "It is a war zone, and the military is entrenched in every fabric of our society. So it is not up to us, it is up to the military establishment."
There are those, however, who see no role for Baluchis in Pakistani politics.
"I believe parliamentary politics is a failed practice. We have done it in the 1970s, '80s and '90s, and parliamentary politics proved to be a failed practice," says Hamal Haider Baloch, spokesman for the separatist Baluch National Movement. "In Balochistan, if you [contest] elections and go to their institutions, still you will not get anything from the state because the state has adopted the policy to exploit and not to give."
The election campaign will formally begin and a date will be set for the polls set after the government and opposition agree on a caretaker government, a process that is expected to culminate in mid-March.
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This document was added 11/12/2010.
CHANGES IN ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION OF WINE
The article 'Per capita alcohol consumption in Australia: will the real trend please step forward?' published on 1 November 2010 in the Medical Journal of Australia has generated interest in ABS alcohol statistics and the ways of measuring alcohol consumption in Australia over time. Accurate statistics are essential in measuring the effect of alcohol on the health of Australians and formulating health policies.
ABS has been publishing annual estimates of alcohol consumption since 1944–45. In preparing the 2008–09 issue of Apparent Consumption of Alcohol, Australia (cat. no. 4307.0.55.001) released in May 2010, ABS undertook a comprehensive review of the alcohol content of wine in recognition of the effect that changing environmental conditions, industry practices and consumer preferences have had on wine. The review resulted in an increase of 1.9 percentage points for the average alcohol content of table wine, from 10.8% to 12.7% (12.2% and 13.4% for white and red table wines, respectively). The alcohol strength of sparkling and carbonated wine also increased while the alcohol content of vermouth decreased.
The new averages were applied to the total volume of wine consumed in Australia in 2008-09 to obtain total alcohol consumed (in litres of pure alcohol), which form a component of the overall yearly consumption of alcohol in Australia. Estimates of total alcohol consumption for 2004-05 to 2007-08 were also revised using the new averages.
While data for earlier years are available, ABS has cautioned against comparisons over time due to changes in methods. However, with the implementation of the new averages and subsequent discussions with alcohol data users, the desirability of a long-term consolidated time series of alcohol consumption has been identified. To meet this need, ABS has scheduled, for late 2010, the release of an extended time series of alcohol consumption in Apparent Consumption of Alcohol: Extended Time Series (cat. no. 4307.0.55.002).
Interested users are able to subscribe to this release by clicking on the Subscribe link on the ABS home page <www.abs.gov.au>, choosing the Advanced tab, selecting the Health sub-topic and selecting 4307.0.55.002 - Apparent Consumption of Alcohol: Extended Time Series.
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Abstract Effect of the hot-pressing temperature (1750–1950 °C) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot-pressed ZrB 2–SiC–ZrO 2f ceramics was investigated in detail. It was indicated that when the hot-pressing temperature was above 1900 °C, ZrO 2 fibers were instable in ZrB 2–SiC matrix which would degenerate into particles and the grain size of ZrO 2 particles was bigger than the upper critical grain size so that the phase transformation of tetragonal to monoclinic phase would occur spontaneously during cooling process. The optimal hot-pressing temperature for this material system should be 1850 °C to obtain high performance of the ZrB 2–SiC–ZrO 2f ceramics. The flexural strength and fracture toughness were enhanced to 1086 ± 79 MPa and 6.9 ± 0.4 MPa m 1/2, respectively. The toughness mechanism was mainly attributed to densification, phase transformation toughening, crack deflection, fibers fracture, fibers pull-out and fibers debonding.
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Now that Congress is back in session, members are getting down to the business of health care reform.
After 16 years in the House, Sanders has worked his way up to a seat on the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee.
Welch, on the other hand, landed a key position on the powerful House Energy and Commerce Committee, in the first half of his second term. Chaired by Rep. Henry Waxman (D-CA), one of the most influential Democrats in Congress, it is ground zero for health care reform.
“Over the decades I’ve seen many skillful members of Congress, but I have to say he has a great combination of experience, temperament and interpersonal skills — as well as substantive knowledge — that allow him to be particularly effective,” Waxman told Seven Days.
Welch also served under Waxman when the California Democrat chaired the feisty House Government Operations and Reform Committee. That committee frequently looked into allegations of fraud and abuse of power during the final years of the Bush administration.
Welch’s proximity to power has also meant getting some national exposure. Matt Bai wrote a recent cover story for the New York Times Sunday Magazine about Pres. Barack Obama’s congressional outreach. It was illustrated by a big picture of Welch meeting with Obama and a handful of other Congress critters.
Weeks later, Pres. Obama lauded the introduction of the federal “pay-as-you-go” legislation — which theoretically means Congress must pay for any new program with cuts or new revenue rather than adding to the current federal deficit. As a key sponsor, Welch joined Pres. Obama on the podium during a press conference.
But Welch’s rise to power isn’t about photo ops. He’s already amending key pieces of legislation.
The climate legislation approved this past summer includes a provision that will invest billions of dollars in energy efficiency across the country. The federal program was modeled in large part on the success of Vermont’s weatherization programs as well as Efficiency Vermont, which helps homeowners find ways to cut energy consumption.
Welch’s D.C. success is a major turnabout for a Vermont politician who 20 years ago was on the verge of becoming a political footnote after he lost two high-profile bids for statewide office.
In 1988, then State Sen. Welch was defeated in a four-way Democratic primary for the U.S. House by Rep. Paul Poirier, followed by Secretary of State Jim Guest and Dolores Sandoval. Poirier went on to lose the general election to incumbent Republican Peter Smith, finishing behind Independent Bernie Sanders. Sanders went on to defeat Smith in 1990.
In 1990, Welch ran for governor and lost to Republican Richard Snelling. Welch didn’t hold public office again until 2001, when he was appointed by Gov. Howard Dean to fill a vacant Senate seat. Welch then ran for office on his own and won. He was also elected president pro tem, the Senate chamber’s leader.
In 2006, Welch won a hard-fought battle for the U.S. House seat vacated by Sanders. He defeated a popular Republican — former Adjutant General Martha Rainville. He faced only nominal opposition in 2008 from Progressive Thomas Hermann.
Welch’s training as a legislative leader is helping him rise through the Democratic ranks in Congress, notes longtime Vermont political observer and University of Vermont professor Garrison Nelson, coauthor of several books on the inner workings of Congress.
“Peter’s great skill is his knowledge of parliamentary procedure,” said Nelson. That’s not true for many of his colleagues, Nelson adds.
Today’s House members sit on several committees, as opposed to just one, as in years past. In other words, more people serve on key panels, said Nelson, which tends to make committee assignments less prestigious.
“Today it’s more ‘every man for himself,’ and someone who understands parliamentary procedure, and in an institution as difficult to navigate as today’s contemporary House, is worth his weight in gold. That is really where Peter has been able to step in,” adds Nelson. “He is in the perfect position to be a key player in the House to a degree that Bernie never was.”
Welch’s success is also partly due to the company he keeps. He was one of Waxman’s chief vote counters when the California congressman unseated Rep. John Dingell (D-MI) as chair of the House Energy and Commerce Committee. With his close ties to Detroit’s automakers, Dingell could not be counted on to help pass climate change legislation — a key issue for the incoming president.
“I wanted him to come on the energy and commerce committee so we could continue to work together,” noted Waxman, who previously chaired the House Government Oversight and Reform Committee, where Welch still retains a seat.
At first, Welch wasn’t able to get onto the Energy and Commerce Committee because any open slots had been promised to more senior members. But when Rep. Hilda Solis (D-CA) was appointed Labor Secretary, it created a vacancy: Waxman made sure Welch took her place.
Serving on three high-profile committees — he also serves on the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct — seems to suit Welch.
“The biggest surprise for me was how relevant the work in Montpelier was to doing the work in Washington,” said Welch. “The budget has more zeros and there are more people in the building, but the process is the same when it comes to listening to your constituents and listening to your colleagues and trying to find a constructive way to solve problems.”
Also, Vermont has some experience navigating the shoals of climate change and health care reform. Earlier this year Welch put that experience and his “interpersonal skills” to work by inviting the so-called “Blue Dog” Democrats over for dinner, wine and discussion during the debate on the climate-change bill.
The series of soirées got some ink in the all-important D.C. rag The Hill under the headline: “Red wine, Blue Dogs, green agenda.” The meetings took place in the apartment Welch shares with Rep. Jim Cooper (D-TN), one of the so-called “Blue Dog” Dems.
During those discussions — over home-cooked meals or a tray of warmed-up lasagna from Costco — Welch was able to convince Democrats from coal-rich states that the energy-efficiency provisions in the climate change bill he introduced would help to lower electricity costs for consumers. That meant the transition away from a dirtier, albeit cheaper, source of fuel — like coal — would be less traumatic for residents in coal country, Welch said.
Welch hopes to broker similar alliances during the upcoming health care debate. “Peter is right there playing a very active role and has championed the cause of holding down the cost of the bill and bringing about essential reforms in the health care system that curb wasteful spending,” said Waxman.
Those reforms include paying doctors and hospitals for healthy outcomes, not simply the number of procedures they perform on their patients. Lowering costs across the health care system, as well as making public coverage available to those who need it, are crucial elements of true reform, notes Waxman.
Welch hopes his proposal to control costs while transforming an antiquated system will appeal to conservative members of the Democratic caucus. It worked during the climate change debate.
However, like those so-called “Blue Dog” Democrats, Welch — who cosponsored the public-option provision in the House bill — won’t say whether he’ll fight to keep it in the final bill.
Welch’s high profile has also brought him some negative attention. Earlier this year, he was appointed to serve on the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct. One of the first orders of business for the panel was to probe charges against the powerful Rep. Charles Rangel (D-NY). Rangel had previously given Welch $19,000. Welch returned the money just four days after being appointed — the only “ethics” committee member to do so.
Welch’s congressional standing has also made him the focus of Vermont’s antiwar movement. He was a vocal critic of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan when he ran, and won, in 2006. And while in Congress, he has voted several times to stop funding the military conflicts unless troops are withdrawn by specific dates. Still, he’s been the focus of antiwar protestors who have challenged him in town-hall-style meetings — even occupied his office.
Their hope: He’ll push harder to stop the wars and bring the troops home.
Welch, too, said he would like to see troops home sooner rather than later, and has sponsored legislation to accomplish that goal.
“There are some, like me, who believe we never should have been there in the first place,” said Welch. “The major thing in electing Barack Obama was to bring our troops home.”
After health care reform, the U.S. role in Afghanistan could shape up to be the next big battle in Congress: whether to withdraw troops or step up operations.
Welch remains skeptical of Obama’s plans in Afghanistan.
“The current policy of military engagement is one that I have some serious reservations about,” he said.
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KARACHI: Concerns over contamination in groundwater in Pakistan are real and the problem needs immediate attention, but a recent report about risk of arsenic poisoning seems to be suffering from “gross overestimation”, according to experts Dawn spoke to on Friday.
They were talking to this reporter against the backdrop of the report which suggested that about 50 million Pakistanis were at risk of falling victim to arsenic poisoning.
The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology had carried out the study whose findings were published recently in the Science Advances journal.
Some researchers feel that country’s surface water is also unsafe for drinking
According to Prof Zafar Fatmi of the Aga Khan University’s (AKU) department of community health sciences, the report was “a gross overestimate” and that there were “methodological concerns” associated with it.
“No previous report corroborates its findings, according to which about half the samples (49.8 per cent) had more than 10ppb of arsenic,” he said.
“Secondly, if half of our wells are contaminated then we should have proportionate adverse health effects [among the population]. I would assume that there is gross sampling bias.
“Most samples have been taken [from areas] along the Indus, which are supposed to have contamination. However, the data has been extrapolated for the overall population of Pakistan.”
The methodology, he pointed out, suggested that the researchers had carried out geographical sampling by dividing the country into areas of “1km by 1km”. But their mapping showed that only those areas were chosen which existed along the river.
Citing the work carried out by his team to study arsenic contamination in Khairpur, Prof Fatmi said the district was situated along the Indus river. “Of the total 2,500 samples collected, we found contamination more in samples taken from places along the river. Only one to two of the samples taken further away were found to be contaminated.”
According to him, the risk assessment based on GIS mapping showed that about 13m people were likely to have arsenic exposure in Pakistan.
“Geological distribution of arsenic in underground water is interesting. You would find safe wells close to contaminated wells within the same geographical areas. Therefore, it is unfair to label the whole 1km by 1km area as exposed, based on one to two samples,” he argued.
He said that only one study was conducted by AKU on the adverse effects of arsenic contamination on the people’s health, in which “we looked at the frequency of skin lesions typically associated with arsenic”.
“We found arsenic skin lesions at higher concentrations i.e. about 100ppb and above and the population exposed at those high levels was small,” he said.
Dr Ghulam Murtaza of the Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) said he couldn’t agree completely with the report because he didn’t know how sampling was done. “There is no doubt that there are many areas in both Punjab and Sindh with high levels of arsenic contamination. If the study has focused on the affected areas, then naturally results would show high levels of arsenic contamination,” he said.
About arsenic contamination in Punjab, Zamir Ahmed Soomro of PCRWR, Lahore, said the government had started a ‘clean water project’ which aimed to address this problem as well.
“Districts like Lahore, Kasur, Bahawalpur, Sahiwal, Rahim Yar Khan and Muzaffargarh, situated along the river course, have water with high arsenic contamination.”
Arsenic in surface water?
Researchers like Dr Mohammad Uzair Khan and Dr Fahim Siddiqui believe that the country’s surface water is also not safe for drinking.
To prove the point, Dr Khan, who is currently associated with Karachi University, refers to a study he carried out with his team recently, which indicates that the Indus bodies, from the northernmost territory of Gilgit-Baltistan to the lower parts of Sindh, are getting contaminated with high levels of lead and arsenic.
Published in Dawn, August 26th, 2017
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The instructions on the bottle read, Take 1 tablet every 4-6 hours as needed for breakthrough pain.
Exactly what does that mean? Some may interpret these instructions as permission to use a medication round-the-clock every four hours. Some may interpret that phrase as the bottle should only be opened come "hell or high water." And what exactly is "breakthrough pain?"
For those whose pain never ceases, it is hard to know when pain is "breaking through." Doctors write these instructions as if there is supposed to be some magical ceiling that pain burst through before the medication should be used. The problem with this confusion is that many people ultimately do take the pain medication on a routine schedule. So, if the instructions allow for four pills per day, a person locked into a routine might take Vicodin, Percocet, Dilaudid, or Norco at morning, noon, late afternoon and bedtime, everyday. With this type of schedule, the body becomes conditioned to "salivate" for pills.
Years ago, a famous scientist named Ivan Pavlov, studied physical conditioning in dogs. (Note: Conditioning is a learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment) The infamous Pavlov's dogs where fed at certain times of day and the food was associated with some specific stimuli like bells. Every time a bell rung, or every day at five o'clock, a dog was fed. Soon the dog began to salivate with anticipation upon the sound of the bell or at a certain time of day. The dog was conditioned to the routine of the reward. Conditioned learning has since become one of the most powerful ways to train any animal, even humans.
Knowing this science, is it possible to understand that once someone is taking a pain pill on a routine schedule that the brain may start to trigger a pain signal in anticipation of the pill, in order to get the reward? Instead of salivating, pain becomes the physical anticipatory behavior. At morning, noon, late afternoon and bedtime, pain levels might rise in order to signal that it is time for a pill. Why else would the pain increase? Without a change in activity, sudden incident, or sudden worsening of the painful condition, "breakthrough pain" may just be a conditioned "salivation" response for a pill in some people, especially those who take breakthrough pain medications routinely, round-the-clock.
If the instructions on a bottle read, Take one pill every 4-6 hours as needed for breakthrough pain, one should interpret those instructions as meaning that the pill should only be taken in the event that the pain is beyond tolerable levels. One operative phrase in this interpretation is "in the event." Something needs to happen like a trip to the grocery store, playing with the grandchildren, or a long car ride. The other operative phrase is "beyond tolerance levels." The pain may always be there; the question is how much can one tolerate? Everyone is different. What one can tolerate, another cannot. But, if one finds that the pain is intolerable all the time and has to take pills every four hours, then that trap can doom the person to an endless cycle of conditioned pain signals. In such a case, increasing or starting a more stable long-acting (sustained release) medication may a more appropriate pain solution in order to avoid salivating for pills.
Care must be taken in order to avoid unwanted conditioned responses. No one wants to train the body to want pills. No one wants pain as an automatic, reflex signal when it is time to take a pill because that can lead to an endless cycle of pain. The onset of a pain reflex may be one way that chemical dependency on pain medications grows into a nasty monster that chokes the life out of a person. And Pavlovian conditioning may be the force creating that life-squeezing grip on people's lives.
Even though someone is hoping that these same pain relieving medications will give life back by taking the pain away, in some people, the pain pills may have the potential of taking life away by causing more pain, reflex pain, depending on how the medication is used. But in particular, the habitual routine of taking pills every four to six hours could create an endless cycle of pain behaviors that are dependent on an internal clock or other conditioned stimuli. At five o'clock, the pain alarm goes off and it is time to take a pill. The same thing happens at 11 o'clock and three o'clock. At this point when pain becomes a conditioned, physical anticipatory reflex, the purpose of pain pills seems to be defeated.
To avoid this problem in the future, maybe doctors should change the instructions on the bottle to read: "Open bottle and take one pill, only in the event of an emergency." These instructions would leave less up for interpretation and less chance for patients to become Pavlov's patients, salivating for pills.
Published On: August 16, 2010
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A weight reduction program excessive in fruit and greens may additionally help defend you against most cancers, diabetes and coronary heart sickness. Whether or not or not you prepare dinner dinner at residence or eat out, try these simple ways to sneak extra vibrant, nutritious and scrumptious greens and fruits into your snacks and meals (even breakfast). Including grapes (about 1-2 cups per day) to your weight loss program might help to guard your physique’s tissues and cut back markers of irritation. Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective look at of intake of fruits, greens, vitamins, and carotenoidsand threat of age-related maculopathy.
Rejoice the brand new season with plenty of of those 25 sweet treats that revenue from spring fruit and up to date flavors. Though many Australians are recognized for consuming the prawns and Vegemite on Barbie, nevertheless there are moreover numerous forms of scrumptious Australian desserts and sweets to be liked. There’s nothing additional refreshing on a scorching summer season’s day than chilled fruit served over a scoop of ice cream. Utilizing further virgin olive oil in these muffins presents them an earthier taste that is freshened up by the tangy lemon glaze. Strawberries comprise many healthful nutritional vitamins and minerals. Within the creamy sweet, which blends the flavorful tang of cheesecake with the loft of a sponge cake, the richness of lightly cultured cheese is offset by a light-weight and ethereal texture.
Everyone must be eating more fruit and greens.
Avocados are an excellent source of essential fat (the nice ones) – one of many few fruits or greens that include fat. In fact, there are additionally a lot of pink velvet recipes, including a layered pink velvet ganache trifle, in addition to a fluffy cake for two that you possibly can make in a half hour. This analysis focuses on the importance of fruits and greens in addition to the advantages and progress of vitamin training in bettering consumption. To make a extra indulgent dessert dip, use cream cheese, powdered sugar, and Oreos in its place.
Nonetheless, not all fruits are created equal.
From lightened-up cheesecake and brownies to tempting fruit desserts, we have got a healthy candy finish for any meal. Suppose up new strategies to serve fruits and greens. These completely portioned cheesecakes are topped with grated orange zest for a lift of sensible taste. All fruits comprise sugar, however additionally they include healthful nutrients, fiber, and minerals, which make them a much better alternative to snacks that contain processed sugars. Even for those who do not have the world’s biggest candy tooth, you will benefit from these barely sour desserts. The guava fruit incorporates numerous beta-carotene (which sorts vitamin A within the physique) and vitamin C. The flesh could make an awesome snack or dessert chopped up, or scooped straight from the pores and skin.
Have a good time the new season with a number of of those 25 sweet treats that revenue from spring fruit and contemporary flavors. Full fruits like apples and grapes embrace further fiber than fruit juices and sauces, like applesauce and grape juice. Cheesecake is likely one of many hottest desserts on the planet and likewise one with the oldest recipes. B-nutritional vitamins, together with thiamin and folate, which help protect the nervous and reproductive strategies wholesome and assist create crimson blood cells.
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The podcast version of my weekly newsletter
Where did the time go?
On Thursday this week we went out for a Chinese meal to celebrate my son’s 30th birthday. It prompted all the usual clichés such as “where did the time go?” As you can imagine, my post on Facebook regarding the birthday garnered many comments. Some flattering, some scary and some rather cute. “Thank you” for all of them.
Our son doesn’t like cake (I know – how does he cope with life?). But he does like bread. My wife works in a Jewish area of North London where they make spectacular breads. She ordered a challah bread in the shape of a three and a zero (picture above). We took it to the restaurant last night, inserted three candles, lit them and sang “Happy birthday”. The unique nature of the birthday ‘cake’ caused many a conversation in the restaurant.
We all want to remember the right things. Penny’s creativity will help us remember Fred’s 30th birthday. Remembrance is on my mind because it is Remembrance Sunday this coming Sunday. Whatever our views about war and pacifism, it seems right to honour people who made sacrifices from which we benefit.
My sermon this Sunday will be on the theme of remembrance. We’ll be looking at the purpose of memory. Why did God create memory? How can we best remember the right things? What is the best way to deal with problematic memories? Of course, we will not cover everything, but we will in particular focus on the communion. We are told to do one, and only one, practical physical thing in connection with discipleship and remembering Jesus. And that is to take bread and wine in remembrance of him (Luke 22:14-23).
In preparation for this lesson I have been re-reading a book which had a profound impact on me several years ago called “Remember Jesus” by Steve Motyer. Thoroughly recommended as an excellent, short, summary of the history and developing theology surrounding the Lord’s supper. I know Steve personally. I couldn’t call him a friend, but I have benefited from his personal wisdom and his lecturing while I was student at the London School of theology.
Please pray for me as I prepare the lesson. In particular, I want to make sure that a lesson about remembrance and memory ends up focusing us all on the heart of Jesus, not just the technical aspects of the details of the communion or how memory works.
I offer my recordings this week in the hope that they will bring you sweet remembrances of Jesus, his love and strength.
The podcast summary contains a reminder of what’s been posted on my site this week. I.e. the usual TTT, SS & QTC. To watch/listen to any posts, just head over the the website.
Please keep me in your prayers as we make plans for 2020. Both the Thames Valley churches of Christ and the Watford Church of Christ are deep into planning mode for the year ahead. Please pray that we make good decisions based on what we discern the Spirit doing.
Thank you for reading this far, and encouraging me in my endeavours to support our times of quiet with God, our corporate worship experiences, and the effectiveness of our preaching and teaching.
If you know anyone who might enjoy these materials, please send them a link to my website and encourage them to sign up for this newsletter.
God bless, Malcolm
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Yesterday, interest rates on new federally subsidized Stafford student loans doubled from 3.4% to 6.8%. The move brought an angry response from students and parents who could see their financing costs soar if the government doesn't take action to reverse the move.
Taking positions that have students have to pay more for their college educations isn't popular. But all the attention on student loans distracts from the real root of the problem for students: the increasing disconnect between the value of an education and the price that colleges and universities charge for it.
More proposals than you can count
Lawmakers have no shortage of rate-reducing alternatives to consider. Both President Obama and House Republicans suggested tying interest rates to the prevailing yield on 10-year Treasury bonds, with differing margins added on for various types of loans. For instance, the House plan would set Stafford loan rates at 2.5 percentage points above the 10-year yield, with parental PLUS loans getting a 4.5-percentage-point add-on.
Other proposals have used a variety of other benchmarks. Sen. Elizabeth Warren suggested using the Federal Reserve discount rate of 0.75% as the prevailing rate, while two other Democratic senators suggested using the short-term three-month Treasury bill rate as a baseline for loan rates. Several lawmakers are working on possible extensions that would temporarily keep the old 3.4% rate for another year or two.
Getting rid of loans entirely
The government response to the college-cost crisis focuses on the wrong part of the problem. That's not particularly surprising, given that addressing interest rates on student loans simply repeats the government's own bipartisan fiscal mistakes that have irresponsibly ignored the need to avoid incurring excessive debt in the first place.
In response, students have to be smarter about making financially savvy choices about their education. There's plenty of evidence that there's room for improvement on that score:
- When you look at how much you have to pay for college tuition, there's little correlation between tuition cost and reputation or post-graduate job prospects. Indeed, lower-cost state schools often rank better than a wide variety of private schools with much higher costs.
- As a Wall Street Journal opinion piece by Prof. Glenn Reynolds of the University of Tennessee recently noted, a Fidelity study found that 70% of 2013 graduates have college debt averaging more than $35,000. Yet half of new graduates are unemployed or underemployed in professions where a college degree isn't really a necessity, leading to the question of why they incurred the debt in the first place.
- The worst-case scenario for students is incurring large amounts of debt without actually completing a degree program. As Fool contributor Morgan Housel noted earlier this year, institutions with the lowest graduation rates tend to have higher default rates on the loans their students incur, yet 40% of full-time four-year students don't get degrees within six years, and 75% of community-college students don't finish within three years.
On the other hand, students do seem to be making some moves that indicate greater fiscal responsibility for their own financial lives. Just last week, for-profit educational institution Apollo Group (NASDAQ:APOL) reported sharply lower enrollment, including a 25% drop in new students. ITT Educational (NYSE:ESI) saw more modest declines when it reported in April, but new student enrollment was still down 3.6%. A new investigation last month from the SEC over Corinthian Colleges (NASDAQ:COCOQ) marked just the latest in a string of regulatory crackdowns on for-profit educational institutions. More generally, increased government scrutiny as well as reports of higher student-loan default rates among many players in the for-profit industry compared to nonprofit educational institutions have led would-be students to question the value proposition for-profit educational companies offer.
Supply and demand
Of course, there are plenty of interested parties who want the student-loan business to continue to grow in some form. Student-loan specialist Sallie Mae (NASDAQ:SLM) as well as big banks that make student loans earn substantial profits from their loans, and federal guarantees greatly reduce the risk that lenders take on with some loans, making the absolute level of interest rates much less important for certain types of lending.
But the real question going forward is whether students will start making tough decisions about whether traditional nonprofit colleges and universities give them more long-term value than their tuition costs. As long as schools have more people applying for admission than they have spots to fill, it'll be tough for students to get the pricing power they need in order to drive their tuition costs down. Eventually, though, reining in tuition costs will be the prime determinant of the financial health of students after they graduate -- not the rates they pay on student loans.
Fool contributor Dan Caplinger has no position in any stocks mentioned. You can follow him on Twitter @DanCaplinger. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
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Carbon Dynamics and Land-use Choices: Building a Regional-scale Multidisciplinary Model
Policy enabling tropical forests to approach their potential contribution to global-climate-change mitigation requires forecasts of land use and carbon storage on a large scale over long periods. In this paper, we present an integrated modeling methodology that addresses these needs. We model the dynamics of the human land-use system and of C pools contained in each ecosystem, as well as their interactions. The model is national scale, and is currently applied in a preliminary way to Costa Rica using data spanning a period of over fifty years. It combines an ecological process model, parameterized using field and other data, with an economic model, estimated using historical data to ensure a close link to actual behavior. These two models are linked so that ecological conditions affect land-use choices and vice versa. The integrated model predicts land use and its consequences for C storage for policy scenarios. These predictions can be used to create baselines, reward sequestration, and estimate the value in both environmental and economic terms of including C sequestration in tropical forests as part of the efforts to mitigate global climate change. The model can also be used to assess the benefits from costly activities to increase accuracy and thus reduce errors and their societal costs.
|Date of creation:||03 Sep 2003|
|Date of revision:|
|Note:||Type of Document - PDF; prepared on PC; to print on HP; pages: 30 ; figures: included/request from author/draw your own|
|Contact details of provider:|| Web page: http://econwpa.repec.org|
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Suzi Kerr & Richard G. Newell, 2003.
"Policy-Induced Technology Adoption: Evidence from the U.S. Lead Phasedown,"
Journal of Industrial Economics,
Wiley Blackwell, vol. 51(3), pages 317-343, 09.
- Kerr, Suzi & Newell, Richard, 2001. "Policy-Induced Technology Adoption: Evidence from the U.S. Lead Phasedown," Discussion Papers dp-01-14, Resources For the Future.
- Robert N. Stavins, 1999. "The Costs of Carbon Sequestration: A Revealed-Preference Approach," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(4), pages 994-1009, September.
- Lakshminarayan, P. G. & Gassman, Philip W. & Bouzaher, Aziz & Izaurralde, R. Cesar, 1996. "Metamodeling Approach to Evaluate Agricultural Policy Impact on Soil Degradation in Western Canada (A)," Staff General Research Papers Archive 1091, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
- Brent Sohngen & Robert Mendelsohn & Roger Sedjo, 1999. "Forest Management, Conservation, and Global Timber Markets," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 81(1), pages 1-13.
- Krugman, Paul, 1991.
"Increasing Returns and Economic Geography,"
Journal of Political Economy,
University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(3), pages 483-99, June.
- Pfaff, Alexander S. P., 1999. "What Drives Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon?: Evidence from Satellite and Socioeconomic Data," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 26-43, January.
- Masahisa Fujita & Paul Krugman & Anthony J. Venables, 2001. "The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262561476, March.
- Stavins, Robert N & Jaffe, Adam B, 1990. "Unintended Impacts of Public Investments on Private Decisions: The Depletion of Forested Wetlands," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 80(3), pages 337-52, June.
- Douglas J. Miller, 1999. "An Econometric Analysis of the Costs of Sequestering Carbon in Forests," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 81(4), pages 812-824.
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LANSING (WWJ) – A new “State of the State” poll from Michigan State University shows 97 percent of people in Michigan feel a college education is important for a successful career, but just one-third say they can afford it.
“We in Michigan have had dramatic reductions in public funding for higher ed,” according to MSU economics professor Dr. Charles Ballard, who led the effort. “Our economy and our population is the same size as North Carolina, but they spend more than twice as much as we do on higher ed. That makes it a lot more affordable there.”
Putting the cost of a college degree within reach of most people is a major concern Ballard said.
“People see the importance of this stuff, but don’t see the level of support that’s making it possible for them to get what they perceive to be very important.”
Studies have shown that the states with the highest percentage of college-educated residents have higher overall personal incomes.
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The Chicago Teachers' Union strike may be over, but it has reignited the broader debate over education reform. Behind Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel’s negotiation stance is that underperforming schools are caused, at least in part, by underperforming teachers, and improving those schools requires better teachers who work harder and are easier to fire. Bad students just need better teachers, the thinking goes. It’s was part of the policy stance behind the attitude of former Washington, D.C. schools chief Michelle Rhee, and was popularized in the hit documentary, Waiting for Superman.
If reformers are starting from that idea, then it must seem ridiculous that part of the Chicago contract negotiations hinge on paying those teachers better. There’s a popular idea that all of these teachers, who, after all, get summers off, are overpaid. We can’t answer the policy questions, but it’s pretty easy to see whether teachers are overpaid compared to other certified professionals with bachelor’s degree. The Prospect decided to look at how teacher pay has changed since 1997, which was the oldest year for which we could find data online, until 2011, the most recent year for which data is available, and compared it with how pay has changed for similar professions—accounting and nursing. According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, teacher pay started off at a lower level nationally, and rose more slowly in the past 14 years.
What about the idea that Chicago teachers are getting paid outrageous amounts? For that, we went to the National Council on Teacher Quality, a “teacher reform” organization that collects data on teacher pay and other components of collective bargaining agreements. (It is nonpartisan, and is funded by private big shots like the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, but it “was founded in 2000 to provide an alternative national voice to existing teacher organizations,” i.e., teachers unions. Still, it provides useful information on teacher pay across the country.)
The Prospect compared Chicago to eight other of the largest school districts in the country, and looked at the entry-level pay and the highest step on the salary schedule. Chicago annual pay starts about $10,000 higher than the biggest counties in Florida, which dominates the chart with its many large school districts. It also reaches higher than all the districts other than New York City. The median salary for Chicago teachers is $67,974, which is just south of the exact middle of the bar in the graph below to Chicago.
It should be no surprise that New York City is so high—it's routinely ranked as the most expensive city in North America on cost of living indexes. Chicago ranks lower, at 110 in a report from a human resources consulting firm, Mercer, [requires a subscription], right at the same level as Miami, Florida, where teachers are paid less. But if the argument is that American school children need quality teachers, cutting teacher pay in a race to the bottom is an odd strategy.
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CHRISTIANSTED — Regardless of whether the Atlantic Basin’s next tropical depression forms in the coming days, downpours will stream across the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico still enduring the long road to recovery after hurricanes Irma and Maria.
A tropical system tracking from north of two territories to south of Bermuda has a small window to develop into a tropical depression.
“Showers and thunderstorms are expected across portions of southeastern and northern Puerto Rico as well as across the U.S. Virgin Islands and local waters,” the National Weather Service said. “Hazardous marine conditions are expected with seas up to eight feet and winds up to 20 knots. As a result, small craft advisories are in effect.”
The system is currently battling strong wind shear, but that shear may lessen enough Monday into Tuesday for development to take place.
Wind shear is the changing of speed and direction of winds at different layers of the atmosphere. Strong wind shear can prevent tropical development or shred apart mature tropical storms or hurricanes.
“The system will not threaten the United States as a cold front moving off the Eastern Seaboard will eventually steer it to the northeast into the open waters of the Atlantic by midweek,” AccuWeather Senior Meteorologist Dan Pydynowski said.
“Instead, it will get steered close enough to Bermuda to deliver some wind and heavy downpours from Monday into Tuesday night regardless of development.”
Pydynowski gives the system a medium chance to develop into a depression or storm.
If the system becomes a tropical depression, it may become a tropical storm and acquire the name Philippe.
However, the system is likely to not significantly strengthen further.
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Bull Bars, as accessories have its own risks unless it comes standard from the manufacturer. It may adversely affects the working of the crumple Zones. Modern cars are designed to collapse in stages, which determines how hard or soft certain components in the line of impact are. When you add a hard component and then mount it to something behind the first soft impact component, you are definitely at risk.
Maybe you’ll smile when you inflict minor injuries, but you’ll suffer more at bigger impact.
Spoilers are stuff that are designed for racing cars to create downforce at high speeds, which pushes the back down and provides cornering grip. It is generally mounted at the back on trunk lid. Most aftermarket spoilers that one gets at car accessory shops are merely for show and attraction, and don’t really create any downforce. In fact, road cars are perfectly capable of cornering at the limits they’ve been designed with without the need for spoilers. All an aftermarket spoiler will do is add drag as the car cuts through the air, which will result in lower fuel economy.
Bigger tires that could foul with underbody
While tire upsizing can be beneficial at time but going with big rims can definitely go overboard with their choice of wheel sizes. Making a shift from stock 14-inch wheels to slightly larger and sportier 15-inch ones wouldn’t be much of a problem, but when you start going more than 2 or 3-inches over the manufacturer’s tire size, you are inviting trouble for your car. If the overall wheel diameter (rim + tyre) of your new fancier tire exceeds what the manufacturer has made room for in the wheel well, the tyres can start rubbing against the wheel well liner each time you go through a bump.
Driving requires effective coordination of visual, motor, and cognitive skills. Visual skills are pushed to their limit at night by decreased illumination and by disabling glare from oncoming headlights. High intensity discharge (HID) headlamps project light farther down roads, improving their owner’s driving safety by increasing the time available for reaction to potential problems. Glare is proportional to headlamp brightness, however, so increasing headlamp brightness also increases potential glare for oncoming drivers, particularly on curving two lane roads. This problem is worse for older drivers because of their increased intraocular light scattering, glare sensitivity, and photostress recovery time.
Low profile tires
The side profile of tires are important element to give cushion effect when you go over bumps. In race cars where they are bound to be driven on even roads high speed cornering is given more preference rather than ride comfort. Lower the profile, stiffer the suspension and better cornering ability of the car. In case you have chosen ultra-low profile tires then it could transmit more forces to the car’s suspension, adding significantly more wear and tear to the various suspension components.
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Ethan A. Huff
March 14, 2011
By now, most everyone is aware of the massive and devastating 8.9 earthquake that recently hit off the east coast city of Honshu, Japan, and the monstrous tsunami that followed. Combined with continuing aftershocks and several other earthquake incidents that occurred both before and after what has been dubbed the biggest earthquake to hit Japan in recorded history, much of the nation has been left in ruin. Homes and businesses have been leveled, and many people are missing, injured, or dead. These people need our help, and if you feel compelled to help support emergency aid efforts in Japan, NaturalNews has a few trustworthy options you may want to consider.
The Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation, a credible organization to which NaturalNews has made numerous donations on previous occasions, has set up a relief center in response to the disaster (http://tw.tzuchi.org/en/index.php?o…). The center is providing victims with hot food, snacks, internet access to contact their loved ones, and a place to rest or sleep. To make a financial donation to the Tzu Chi Foundation, visit:
The Salvation Army inJapanhas also sent a team to the most damaged city of Sendai to provide basic necessities for victims there, and to assess the situation to see what else they can do to help. This group has long been on the ground around the world providing relief for those in need. You can donate to the Salvation Army efforts by visiting:
As far as the current situation, crews are still rummaging through the wreckage near the areas hit hardest by the disaster in order to assess the full extent of the damage. Tens of thousands of people have been reported missing, thousands of others have been found dead, and the overall destruction is immense. The Boston Globe says that roughly 9,500 people from the town of Minamisanriku, which represents roughly half of the town’s total population, are missing (http://www.boston.com/news/source/2…). Another report from CNN states that more than 5.1 million homes are without power, and the Japanese Defense Ministry has deployed 190 aircraft and 25 ships to aid in relief efforts (http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/1…).
You can read a full report of the events surrounding the earthquake and tsunami by visiting:
This article was posted: Monday, March 14, 2011 at 5:08 am
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Finding a great antivirus for free can be challenging. There are several totally free options available, but is not all of them provide the same higher level of protection. According to your needs, you may well be better off obtaining a commercial product. This article discusses some methods to find a free of charge antivirus that actually works well. Nevertheless , you should make sure to select a program that gives real-time security. A very good antivirus will have a unique component that allows you to create a rescue secure data room boot drive to check your system when it’s running.
Antivirus for free programs can be found from many security application makers. A few offer just core coverage for free although locking away extra tools and features. Free antivirus security software programs are popular among those with limited funds. Avast Absolutely free Antivirus offers a broad repository of anti-virus definitions that may be automatically up to date through the Internet. Additionally , you are able to install Avast Free Anti virus on as much devices as you may want. Avast Free Anti-virus has many benefits and it is well worth a try, whether you may need an antivirus security software for free or maybe a commercial you.
Once you’ve downloaded an anti virus for free, you will need to set up a forex account with the firm to manage the subscription. Consequently, you should type in your license key once prompted. You may usually find this information by simply logging directly into your account, picking out the installation file, or browsing the box. When you are looking for more features, you may need to let browser extension cables to be installed. You can also apply antivirus at no cost for up to thirty days.
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The Java Virtual Machine, derived from the enterprise-staple Java platform, has become home to a host of different languages these days. But it's not only Python and Ruby that have found their way onto the JVM. Smalltalk is making its way there, too.
With open source Redline Smalltalk, developer James Ladd looks to differentiate from other Smalltalk efforts on the JVM, such as Bistro and Smalltalk/JVM. Redline Smalltalk, he said, goes from Smalltalk source code to directly generating and executing JVM byte code at runtime. "With Redline, there is no separate compile cycle as there is with the Java language," Ladd said in an email. "You can also integrate at the byte code level with any other code on the JVM. Eventually, all that you expect from a Smalltalk will be supported by Redline."
Ladd, who hopes to release a 1.0 version of Redline Smalltalk later this year, has high praise for the JVM. "The Java Virtual Machine is an impressive platform that is continuously being enhanced to run faster and to support more dynamic languages, like Python (Jython), Ruby (jRuby), Lisp (Clojure) and now Smalltalk," he said. "The ecosystem/tooling and community around the JVM make it an ideal target for systems, and for a large majority of enterprises, it is the de facto standard."
Smalltalk is picking up backers elsewhere. Retired developer Richard Eng said his recently published essay promoting the language, "The Smalltalk Revolution," picked up 12,000 views in four days. Eng, too, sees a place for Smalltalk on the JVM. "Smalltalk on the JVM can offer the enterprise the capability to write their applications quickly and productively and still enjoy the benefits of the JVM," Eng said in an email. "Smalltalk is far superior to Java in terms of programming ease and productivity."
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|Page tools: Print Page RSS Search this Product|
1994 Feature Article - "Real" Estimates in the National Accounts
TABLE 1. THE EXPENDITURE SIDE OF THE PRODUCTION ACCOUNT
For year 2 the same result is obtained using the ‘production approach’ to measure current price GDP (i.e. $640 million made up of $1,000 million of output less $360 million of intermediate usage). It is apparent that the income available from the production of the same volume of output has fallen because of the decline in the terms of trade which resulted from the rise in import prices. In the absence of a higher price for wheat on world markets, the only way in which the income from production can be maintained is for physical production to increase.
There is no single agreed way in which to measure the “terms of trade effect” on GDP, but the method adopted in the Australian national accounts is generally accepted as being a suitable way of calculating the adjustment. It also has the advantage of being simple to implement. (In practice, the various methods produce fairly similar results in most circumstances.) In the Australian national accounts, the adjustment has been calculated by revaluing exports of goods and services by the IPD of imports of goods and services to provide a measure of the purchasing power of exports over imports. This value has then been substituted for the actual constant price value of exports of goods and services on the expenditure side of the constant price domestic production account Real gross domestic income has been calculated by summing final expenditures, the changes in stocks and (adjusted) exports less imports.
In the simple example above, the constant price export estimates adjusted for the terms of trade effect would be $250 million, obtained as the current price value ($300 million) deflated by the imports IPD (120.0). The expenditure estimates adjusted for the terms of trade effect would be as follows:
TABLE 2. EXPENDITURE ESTIMATES ADJUSTED FOR THE TERMS OF TRADE
In this example, even though there has teen no change in constant price GDP(I) between year 1 and year 2, there has been a decline of 7.1 per cent in real gross domestic income.
Graph 1 below compares movements between the reference period and the same period of the previous year for trend estimates of real gross domestic income and constant price GDP(l) and highlights the effects of movements in the terms of trade. The fall in the terms of trade over 1985, 1986 and 1990 led to weaker growth in gross domestic income than in constant price GDP(l) and the recovery in the terms of trade in 1987 and 1988 resulted in stronger growth in gross domestic income than in constant price GDP(I).
GRAPH 1. REAL GROSS DOMESTIC INCOME AND GDP(I) AT AVERAGE 1989-90 PRICES, TREND
Change from same quarter of previous year
While real gross domestic income was the first estimate published by the ABS which extended beyond the traditional constant price values, further income estimates expressed in real terms have subsequently been released in ABS publications, namely real gross national product and real household disposable income. In addition, the ABS is working in other areas with the aim of further supplementing the range of traditional constant price estimates published in the Australian national accounts. One such area is chain volume indexes.
Chain volume indexes
As discussed previously, changes over time in Australia’s production, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP) in current price terms, reflect the interaction of changes in the physical volumes of the goods and services produced and changes in their prices. Constant price estimates of GDP are derived by expressing transactions in terms of the prices of a base year in order to eliminate the direct effects of price change and allow movements in the underlying volumes to be analysed. Although these constant price estimates are traditionally rebased every five years, for some aggregates this may not be sufficiently frequent. Chain volume indexes are frequently rebased estimates with the price weights always reflecting the price relativities relevant to the reference period. Thus such chain volume indexes provide better indicators of growth than the more conventional constant price estimates in situations where the price and volume relativities of major components change rapidly over time. This is currently occurring to varying degrees for aggregates with computer equipment as a substantial component. Computer equipment prices have been falling rapidly and usage has been growing at a faster rate than for most other goods. In these circumstances the traditional constant price estimates will be inaccurate indicators of growth. The solution is to construct chain indexes, i.e. the accumulation of quarterly or annual volume indexes, in which each successive volume index is derived using the price relativities pertaining at the time.
Laspeyres volume indexes
The constant price value of a good or service at time n is the product of the quantity at time n and the price in the base period. Aggregate constant price values are simply the sum of the constant price estimates of their components, i.e.
Total constant price value at time n =
where p0 is the price of a good or service in the base period and qn is the quantity at time n. In effect, the prices in the base period (p0) are the weights used to combine the quantities of each component. When the constant price values of an aggregate are compared over time, an inaccurate measure of growth will result if the weights have changed appreciably from the base period.
A commonly used index for measuring volume growth is the Laspeyres volume index. A Laspeyres volume index may be defined as a weighted average of quantity relatives, the weights being the prices of the goods and services in the earlier of the two periods being compared. A Laspeyres volume index comparing values at times t and n takes the form:
In general, it is best to calculate a volume index spanning a number of periods by chaining together volume indexes calculated over consecutive time periods. A chain Laspeyres volume index connecting periods 0 and n takes the following form:
Paasche volume index
Closely related to the Laspeyres index is the Paasche index, which can be thought of as the mirror image of its Laspeyres counterpart. A Paasche volume index may be defined as a weighted average of quantity relatives, the weights being the prices of the goods and services in the later of the two periods being compared. A Paasche index comparing values at times t and n takes the following form:
A chain Paasche volume index is obtained by adding 1 to each of the price subscripts in the formula for the chain Laspeyres index to produce the following formula:
Fisher Ideal volume indexes
The 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA) states that the best volume index in most circumstances is a chain Fisher Ideal index, which is derived as the geometric mean of a chain Laspeyres index and a chain Paasche index. Such indexes have a number of desirable properties, including the fact that they satisfy the ‘time reversal’ test. This means that if all the price and quantity changes that occur between period 0 and t are subsequently reversed between and n, the chain Fisher index linking 0 to n through t returns to unity. Neither the chain Laspeyres nor chain Paasche indexes share this property and so they are more susceptible to ‘drift’ (due to fluctuations in price and volume relativities) than the Fisher index. Nevertheless, the revised SNA states that a chain Laspeyres index is likely to provide a reasonable alternative to a chain Fisher index.
Comparison of alternative volume indexes
The table below presents three volume indexes of imports of goods - an aggregate which has a significant computer equipment component. The first two are indexes of the constant price estimate at average 1984-85 prices and 1989-90 prices, respectively, and the third is a chain Laspeyres index. All three have been re-referenced to 1984-85 = 100.0. (It has not been possible to update the series beyond 1991-92 because constant price estimates on a 1984-85 base have not been compiled beyond 1991-92.)
TABLE 3. VOLUME INDEXES OF IMPORTS OF GOODS(a)
Consider the growth rate between the two years 1984-85 and 1989-90. According to the 1984-85 base year estimates, the volume of imports grew by 43.8 per cent, but according to the 1989-90 base year estimates, the volume of imports grew by only 35.8 per cent. Without the methodological improvements introduced with the 1989-90 based estimates, the latter growth rate would have been even lower. However, ignoring the methodological improvements and viewing the matter conceptually, it can be said that neither is more correct than the other. In the first case 1984-85 price relativities are used, while in the second case 1989-90 price relativities are used. The standard percentage change formula can be expressed as follows:
Percentage change between 1984-85 and 1989-90 = ( (Value in 1989-90 / Value in 1984-85) -1) x 100When the percentage change is calculated at average 1984-85 prices the quotient in the brackets is a Laspeyres volume index, but when the percent-age change is calculated at average 1989-90 prices the quotient is a Paasche volume index. A better indicator of the growth between the two years is obtained by computing the geometric mean of the two, to give a direct Fisher Ideal index, which indicates growth of 39.7 per cent. In this way both the 1984-85 and 1989-90 price relativities are treated symmetrically. Alternatively, we can refer to the Laspeyres chain index which indicates very similar growth of 40.4 per cent. It can be seen from the table that the chain Laspeyres index calculated for imports of goods generally follows an intermediate path between the 1984-85 and 1989-90 based constant price estimates, and provides a superior indicator of the growth in volume because it takes account of the changing price relativities.
ABS plans to produce chain indexes
The development of systems to produce chain volume indexes for publication is underway at the ABS. Experimental Fisher and Laspeyres type chain indexes will be derived from annually rebased constant price estimates for selected series, including imports and private capital expenditure on equipment. These aggregates have been chosen because they are the components most affected by the ‘computer equipment price problem’. It is intended to publish such estimates in addition to the existing five-yearly rebased constant price estimates rather than as a replacement for them. Any improvement in estimates of growth yielded by these estimates is at the expense of the additivity between components and aggregates which is a feature of unlinked constant price estimates.
A variety of real measures may be derived from one particular flow or stock estimate, reflecting the different perspectives of a number of transactors or the choice of factors such as the base period. In some instances, such as analysing estimates within an accounting framework, additivity may be essential and constant price estimates will be more useful than volume indexes. In other cases the focus may be on growth in components and aggregates individually and therefore chain volume indexes may prove more useful. Similarly, there will be situations where real measures, reflecting changes in purchasing power, are more relevant than constant price estimates which reflect changes in volumes of activity. Neither real nor constant price estimates are unique measures and users need to consider their characteristics in deciding on the appropriate real indicator for their application.
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US Lawmakers Want FTC to Crack Down on Overpromising and Dishonest VPNs
Senator Ron Wyden and Representative Anna Eshoo are urging the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to take action against abusive and deceptive practices in the VPN industry. They note that many Americans benefit from the increased privacy and security that VPNs offer, but some VPN providers can overpromise or be dishonest with their subscribers.
VPNs are valuable tools for people who want to use the Internet securely with decent privacy. They are vital for whistleblowers and people who rebel against Government oppression.
VPNs have recently become a sensitive topic in United States mainstream media. U.S. anti-abortion laws have increased the interest in privacy services as potential criminal penalties come into play. One of the problems, however, is that not all VPN services take privacy seriously.
This isn’t a new revelation. At TorrentFreak, we first highlighted this issue more than a decade ago. This revealed that the privacy policies at some VPN services were rather weak. Things become even more problematic when VPN providers say one thing and do another.
The rest of this article can be read on TorrentFreak.com
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Sec. Plant Pathogen Interactions
MFS Transporters and GABA Metabolism Are Involved in the Self-Defense Against DON in Fusarium graminearum
- 1State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- 2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- 3Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
Trichothecene mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by the fungal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, are not only important for plant infection but are also harmful to human and animal health. Trichothecene targets the ribosomal protein Rpl3 that is conserved in eukaryotes. Hence, a self-defense mechanism must exist in DON-producing fungi. It is reported that TRI (trichothecene biosynthesis) 101 and TRI12 are two genes responsible for self-defense against trichothecene toxins in Fusarium. In this study, however, we found that simultaneous disruption of TRI101 and TRI12 has no obvious influence on DON resistance upon exogenous DON treatment in F. graminearum, suggesting that other mechanisms may be involved in self-defense. By using RNA-seq, we identified 253 genes specifically induced in DON-treated cultures compared with samples from cultures treated or untreated with cycloheximide, a commonly used inhibitor of eukaryotic protein synthesis. We found that transporter genes are significantly enriched in this group of DON-induced genes. Of those genes, 15 encode major facilitator superfamily transporters likely involved in mycotoxin efflux. Significantly, we found that genes involved in the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a known inducer of DON production in F. graminearum, are significantly enriched among the DON-induced genes. The GABA biosynthesis gene PROLINE UTILIZATION 2-2 (PUT2-2) is downregulated, while GABA degradation genes are upregulated at least twofold upon treatment with DON, resulting in decreased levels of GABA. Taken together, our results suggest that transporters influencing DON efflux are important for self-defense and that GABA mediates the balance of DON production and self-defense in F. graminearum.
Fusarium head blight caused by the fungal pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat, maize, barley, and other grain cereals worldwide (Bai and Shaner, 2004; Goswami and Kistler, 2004). F. graminearum infects the spikelet of cereals and produces harmful mycotoxins during the infection. Thus, it not only causes severe yield losses but also contaminates the infected grains (Tanaka et al., 1988; Placinta et al., 1999). Deoxynivalenol (DON, formerly known as vomitoxin), a trichothecene mycotoxin, is the major secondary metabolite produced by F. graminearum and commonly detected in the cereal-based foods (Lombaert et al., 2003; Rasmussen et al., 2003; Tutelyan, 2004; Isebaert et al., 2005). DON severely impacts a number of critical cellular processes in both animals and plants, such as inhibition of protein synthesis, alteration of membrane structure, and inhibition of mitochondrial function (Rocha et al., 2005). It impairs the growth, immunity, and reproduction of human and animals (Pestka and Smolinski, 2005; Bimczok et al., 2007; Pestka, 2010; Sobrova et al., 2010). Besides, DON biosynthesis is important for the infection of host plants (Proctor et al., 1995, 1997), and the aggressiveness of F. graminearum is positively correlated with the capacity of DON production (Mesterházy, 2002).
TRI5, which encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway, was the first gene identified for trichothecene biosynthesis (Proctor et al., 1997; Brown et al., 2001). TRI5 is located in the core TRI gene cluster on chromosome 2, which represents the major cluster responsible for trichothecene biosynthesis. In the core TRI gene cluster, seven genes (TRI3, TRI4, TRI5, TRI7, TRI8, TRI11, and TRI13) encode the enzymes required for trichothecene biosynthesis. Two are regulator genes (TRI6 and TRI10), and one (TRI12) encodes a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter (Brown et al., 2001; Alexander et al., 2009). Beyond the core TRI gene cluster, a mini-cluster formed by TRI1 and TRI16 on chromosome 1 and a single-gene of TRI101 on chromosome 4 are also required for trichothecene biosynthesis.
Trichothecene primarily targets ribosomal protein L3 (Rpl3), which is conserved in eukaryotes, and inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with elongation termination (Wei et al., 1974; Rocha et al., 2005). Thus, trichothecene is not only toxic to animals and plants but also harmful to the pathogen itself. A self-defense mechanism must exist in fungi. TRI101 and TRI12 have been shown to provide some degree of resistance to trichothecene (Kimura et al., 1998a,b; Alexander et al., 1999; McCormick et al., 1999). Tri101 acetylates trichothecene to a hypotoxic form by catalyzing the transfer of an O-acetyl group at the C3 position (Garvey et al., 2008). Yeast expressing FgTRI101 is resistant to the trichothecene T-2 toxin (Kimura et al., 1998a), and the expression of FgTRI101 is induced in T-2 toxin-treated mycelia of F. graminearum (Kimura et al., 1998b). Yeast expressing the TRI101 from Fusarium sporotrichioides has also increased tolerance to the trichothecene diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) toxin (McCormick et al., 1999). Tri12 is an MFS transporter involved in DON efflux (Menke et al., 2012). In F. sporotrichioides, the TRI12 disruption mutant exhibits increased sensitivity to DAS (Alexander et al., 1999). In F. graminearum, a TRI12 disruption mutant was also shown to be sensitive to endogenous mycotoxin in a trichothecene biosynthesis induction (TBI) medium (Menke et al., 2012). Furthermore, transgenic plants carrying TRI101 have enhanced tolerance to exogenously added trichothecenes (Alexander, 2008).
Although TRI101 and TRI12 are involved in the trichothecene tolerance, they are not essential for self-defense. In F. sporotrichioides, the spore germination of the FsTRI12 disruption mutant is unaffected by exogenous DAS (Alexander et al., 1999), and the Fstri101 deletion mutant is only slightly reduced in radial growth at a high concentration of DAS or T-2 toxin (McCormick et al., 1999). In F. graminearum, the radial growth of FgTRI12 disruption mutant is only slightly reduced compared to the wild-type in TBI medium (Menke et al., 2012). Therefore, beyond TRI101 and TRI12, additional self-defense mechanism may exist in these fungi.
To facilitate the study of the self-defense mechanism in F. graminearum, in this study, we constructed a mutant simultaneously disrupted in TRI5, TRI12, and TRI101, and performed RNA-seq analysis of the mutant treated with exogenous DON. The objectives of our study were to determine: (i) whether simultaneous disruption of TRI12 and TRI101 results in destruction of DON resistance and (ii) whether additional genes or pathways are involved in the self-defense. We found that knocking out TRI12 and TRI101 has no obvious influence on the radial growth and conidial germination with or without exogenous DON treatment. By RNA-seq analysis, we found that transporters are important for DON resistance. Importantly, we found that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is involved in the self-defense and likely balances DON production and self-defense in F. graminearum.
Knockout of TRI5–TRI12 and TRI101 Blocks DON Production and Plant Infection
Because TRI5 and TRI12 are separated by TRI10–TRI9–TRI11 in the core TRI gene cluster, the entire TRI5–TRI12 (TRI5–TRI10–TRI9–TRI11–TR12) cluster was replaced with the hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene (Supplementary Figure S1A) in F. graminearum strain PH-1, resulting in the tri5–tri12 mutant (strain T512). The TRI101 gene was subsequently replaced with the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT) gene in strain T512, and the resulting mutant is designated tri5–12–tri101 mutant (strain T512101) in this study (Supplementary Figure S1A). The disruptions of these regions were confirmed by Southern blot (Supplementary Figure S1B). In all of the two replacements, we could detect the inserted selection makers, but none of the targeted DNA fragments were detected (Supplementary Figure S1B). These data clearly confirmed that both targeted regions were successfully replaced.
The production of DON in tri5–12 and tri5–12–tri101 mutants on liquid TBI medium was measured. As expected, DON production in these two mutants was absolutely abolished (Figure 1A), which is consistent with the fact that TRI5 is essential for DON production in F. graminearum. To examine whether the disruption of TRI5–TRI12 and TRI101 affects infection of the host plant, we inoculated wheat spikelets with conidia produced by the mutants. Compared to the wild-type of F. graminearum strain PH-1, the pathogenicity of the mutants tri5–12 and tri5–12–tri101 was nearly lost (Figure 1B). By 2 weeks after inoculation, the disease lesions were restricted to the inoculation site and did not spread to the nearby spikelet (Figure 1B). These data confirmed that TRI5–TRI12 and TRI101 are critical for the pathogenicity of F. graminearum on wheat heads.
FIGURE 1. DON production and pathogenicity of the tri5–12 and tri5–12–tri101 mutants. (A) Boxplot of DON yields assayed on liquid TBI culture for F. graminearum strains PH-1, T512, and T512101. For each strain, five replicates were used. (B) Flowering wheat heads were drop-inoculated with conidia from the same set of strains. Spikelets with typical symptoms were photographed 14 days post-inoculation. The percentages of infected spikelets are indicated (mean ± SD).
The tri5–12–tri101 Mutant Is Not Hypersensitive to DON Treatment
Compared to the wild-type PH-1, the two mutants, tri5–12 and tri5–12–tri101, did not show any significant changes in radial growth (Supplementary Figure S2). To examine whether tri5–12–tri101 mutant has decreased resistance to DON, the radial growth of the mutant was analyzed in the presence of exogenous DON. Although adding increasing concentrations of DON inhibited the radial growth of the mutant, there was no obvious difference (IC50PH-1 = 45.1, IC50tri5-12-tri101 = 52.4) observed between the mutant and wild-type strain (Figure 2A). Consistently, the conidial germination of the mutant was inhibited at rates similar to those in the wild-type strain (IC50PH-1 = 56.7, IC50tri5-12-tri101 = 59.7) treated with different concentrations of exogenous DON (Figure 2B). Similar levels of conidiation inhibition were also observed between the DON-treated mutant and the wild-type (Figure 2C). These results suggest that the deletion of both TRI12 and TRI101 has no obvious effects on DON resistance in F. graminearum.
FIGURE 2. DON resistance assays of the tri5–12–tri101 mutant. (A) The radial growth of PH-1 and T512101 cultured on YPG medium containing 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL DON, respectively, at 25°C for 72 h. (B) Conidial germination of PH-1 and T512101 on YPD medium containing 0, 50, 60, 70, and 80 μg/mL DON, respectively. Error bars represent the SD of three replicates. (C) Conidiation of PH-1 and T512101 on CMC medium containing 0, 50, and 75 μg/mL DON, respectively. Error bars represent the SD of six replicates.
RNA-Seq Identification of Genes Specifically Induced by DON Treatment
To identify novel genes conferring self-defense, we next performed RNA-seq to analyze gene expression in the DON-treated or untreated (CK) tri5–12–tri101 mutant. Because DON inhibits protein synthesis, the expression of numerous genes not related to DON resistance may be affected. To identify the genes specifically induced by DON treatment, we used cycloheximide (CHX), a eukaryote protein synthesis inhibitor, as a control to filter out the differentially expressed genes from those caused by general inhibition of protein synthesis. For each treatment, three biological replicates were used, and each of the biological replicates contained two technical repeats. We calculated the distances of these 18 samples based on the biological coefficient of variation. As expected, all the samples from the same treatment could be grouped together (Figure 3A). Further clustering analysis based on the correlation relationships of these samples also suggested that the genes expressed in different treatments are distinct (Figure 3B). Therefore, DON treatment considerably affected the profile of tri5–12–tri101 gene expression.
FIGURE 3. RNA-seq analysis of the tri5–12–tri101 mutant. (A) Multidimensional scaling plot of the transcriptome profiles of the tri5–12–tri101 mutant treated with DON, CHX, or untreated (CK). (B) Hierarchical clustering analysis showing the relationship of the gene expression among different samples according to RNA-seq analysis. In (A) and (B), the untreated tri5–12–tri101 mutant, the mutant treated with DON, or CHX are marked in blue, red, or black, respectively. Each sample contains six replicates, including three biological replicates, and each biological replicate has two technical replicates. (C) Comparison of the differentially expressed genes in tri5–12–tri101 mutant treated with DON or CHX. The genes upregulated in DON (in red) and CHX (in green) treatments, and the genes downregulated in DON (in blue) and CHX (in orange) treatments are illustrated in the Venn diagram. Up arrows indicate upregulation, while the down arrows indicate downregulation. (D) Heatmap showing the expression patterns of the 253 specifically induced genes in the tri5–12–tri101 mutant upon DON treatment. Genes in class I (in red) are upregulated upon DON treatment. Genes in class II (in blue) are upregulated upon DON treatment, but downregulated upon CHX treatment.
Compared to the CK, 706 and 1,542 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, at least twofold upon DON treatment of the tri5–12–tri101 mutant, while 2,135 and 2,818 genes were upregulated and downregulated upon CHX treatment (Figure 3C). In total, 253 upregulated (Supplementary Table S1) and 375 downregulated genes were specifically affected by DON treatment (Figure 3C). Notably, 37 of these 253 DON-specific induced genes were downregulated even in the CHX samples (Figures 3C,D). These specifically induced genes likely confer tolerance and self-defense against DON.
DON-Specific Induced Genes Are Enriched for Transporter Genes
To identify which types of genes mainly contribute to the tolerance against DON in the mutant, we performed functional annotation on the specifically induced genes resulting from DON treatment. Interestingly, 17 and 26 genes encoding different types of transporters were found by BLAST and gene ontology (GO) analyses, respectively (Supplementary Table S1). Further statistical analysis revealed that the transporter genes were significantly enriched among these specifically induced genes (Figures 4A,B). To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the induced transporter genes, we performed formal transporter annotation. In total, we found that 13% (33 of the 253) of the specifically induced genes were transporter genes (Supplementary Table S2), which is 2.5-fold higher than the ratio of the transporter genes in the genome of F. graminearum.
FIGURE 4. Transporter genes are enriched in DON-specific induced genes. (A) The percentages of genes involved in “transmembrane transport” processes or have “transmembrane transporter activity” in the 253 DON-specific induced genes (Induced) or in the total genes (All) according to GO annotation. (B) The percentages of genes annotated as a transporter in the 253 DON-specific induced genes (Induced) or in the total genes (All) according to BLAST annotation. In (A) and (B), P-values were obtained from chi-square tests. (C) Classification of 33 specifically induced transporter genes. Fifteen MFS transporter genes and two APC transporter genes are highlighted in red and pink, respectively. Each blue stripe in the circle represents one transporter gene of other families as listed in Supplementary Table S2. (D) Percentage of the transporter genes with designated substrates.
The MFS Transporters May Be Important for Self-Defense
Notably, among these 33 transporters, 15 of them were MFS transporters, two of them were amino acid–polyamine–organocation (APC) family transporters, and the rest 16 belonged to different transporter families (Figure 4C). Tri12 is a known MFS family transporter that exports trichothecene in Fusarium (Alexander et al., 1999; Menke et al., 2012). Therefore, it is quite likely that these transporters, or at least some of the MFS family transporters, have a role in pumping out DON and thus reducing the intracellular DON level. Consistently, the homolog of FGRRES_01997 (Supplementary Table S2), which encodes an MFS transporter MgMfs1, is shown to have a role in resistance to toxic compounds and fungicides in Zymoseptoria tritici (Roohparvar et al., 2007). A homolog of FGRRES_03033 (Supplementary Table S2), which encodes an MFS transporter Ctb4 in Cercospora nicotianae, is required for export of the toxin, cercosporin, and fungal virulence (Choquer et al., 2007). Both these two MFS transporters (FGRRES_01997 and FGRRES_03033) were strongly induced upon various concentrations of DON treatments in F. graminearum, as revealed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays (Supplementary Figure S3). In addition, we found that most of the substrate profiles of these transporters were similar to that of the Tri12 transporter (Figure 4D and Supplementary Table S2). Taken together, we conclude that the MFS transporters are important for self-defense against DON in F. graminearum.
DON-Specific Induced Genes Are Enriched in Genes Involved in GABA Metabolism
To identify which processes mainly contribute to the self-defense in the mutant, we performed GO enrichment analysis of the 253 DON-specific induced genes. Interestingly, only two enriched GO terms were found (Table 1). The most significant GO term was GABA metabolic process, and the other significant GO term was reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolic process. Close examination showed that five (Table 2) of the seven genes involved in GABA metabolism and three of the six genes involved in RNS metabolism were specifically upregulated upon DON treatment (Table 1). These results suggest that the GABA and RNS metabolic pathways or related genes may contribute to the tolerance and self-defense against DON mycotoxin.
Reduction of GABA Accumulation as a Mechanism for Self-Defense
Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in animals and also an important signaling metabolite produced by plants and fungi (Kumar and Punekar, 1997; Gilliham and Tyerman, 2016). The GABA pathway is present in fungi (Kumar and Punekar, 1997), and GABA is associated with the DON production in F. graminearum (Bonnighausen et al., 2015). The GABA shunt bypasses the citric acid cycle from alpha-ketoglutaric acid to succinic acid via glutamate, GABA, and succinic semialdehyde (SSA; Figure 5). In addition, GABA synthesis is induced by agmatine (Lowe et al., 2010; Suzuki et al., 2013), putrescine, and 4-aminobutyraldehyde (Shelp et al., 2012). Further, agmatine (Suzuki et al., 2013), putrescine (Gardiner et al., 2010), and GABA (Bonnighausen et al., 2015) are all positively associated with DON production in F. graminearum (Figure 5).
FIGURE 5. GABA consumption confers self-defense in F. graminearum. GABA shunt (middle) bypasses the citric acid cycle (left). In the GABA shunt, glutamate is metabolized to GABA. Various nitrogen substrates, such as agmatine, putrescine, and 4-aminobutyralehyde result in GABA accumulation (right). Furthermore, agmatine (1), putrescine (2), and GABA (3) induce DON production (in orange). In the tri5–12–tri101 mutant, the GABA biosynthesis gene PUT2-2 is downregulated, while the GABA degradation genes, GTAs and SSADHs, are upregulated upon DON treatment, which results in a decrease in GABA. The gene name in red, blue, and green indicates the gene is upregulated, unchanged, and downregulated, respectively, according the RNA-seq data. Barplots represent the relative expression levels obtained by qRT-PCR in DON treated (blue) and untreated (black) mycelia.
To investigate how GABA may contribute to the self-defense, we examined the expression of the GABA metabolic genes in the tri5–12–tri101 mutant upon DON treatment according to our RNA-seq data. Interestingly, we found that the two GTA genes, which encode GABA transaminases that catalyze GABA to SSA, were upregulated (Figure 5). In addition, expression of all of the three SSADH genes, which encode SSA dehydrogenase that further catalyze SSA to succinic acid, was also upregulated (Figure 5). However, the expression of two genes, GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE (GAD) and PROLINE UTILIZATION 2-1 (PUT2-1), which contribute to GABA accumulation, was unchanged (Figure 5). PROLINE UTILIZATION 2-2 (PUT2-2) was even downregulated in the mutant upon DON treatment (Figure 5). The expression of PUT2, GTA, and SSADH genes was further confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis (barplots in Figure 5); all of them are consistent with the RNA-seq result.
To confirm the reduction of the GABA accumulation upon DON treatment, we performed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in the tri5–12–tri101 mutant. Compared to the untreated mycelia, the level of GABA accumulation in the mutant was significantly reduced (Figure 6). Similar results were obtained by using the wild-type strain PH-1 (Figure 6). Taken together, it is most likely that F. graminearum prevents DON accumulation by reducing GABA accumulation.
FIGURE 6. Relative accumulation level of GABA in F. graminearum. The level of GABA was normalized to the untreated mycelia (0 μg/mL). Error bars represent the SD of three technical replicates. One-sided t-tests were used to access the significances between DON treated and untreated samples, “∗” stands for P-value < 0.05, and “∗∗” stands for P-value < 0.01.
Trichothecene is not only toxic to animals and plants but also harmful to the pathogen itself. Therefore, DON-producing fungi must possess a protective self-defense mechanism. TRI101 and TRI12 are two self-defense genes for mycotoxin reported in Fusarium (Figure 7): Tri101 acetylates trichothecene to a hypotoxic form (Kimura et al., 1998a; Garvey et al., 2008), and Tri12 pumps trichothecene to the extracellular zone of the cells (Alexander et al., 1999; Menke et al., 2012). In this study, we investigated whether simultaneous disruption of TRI12 and TRI101 could result in severe impairment of DON resistance in F. graminearum. Unexpectedly, our results suggested that the tri5–12–tri101 mutant was not hypersensitive to exogenous DON treatment compared to wild-type PH-1. In fact, previous studies showed that TRI12 or TRI101 knockout mutants are not significantly impaired in toxin resistance (Alexander et al., 1999; McCormick et al., 1999; Menke et al., 2012). In addition, previous self-defense assays for TRI101 were conducted in F. sporotrichioides or yeast, and used T-2 or DAS, but not DON toxin treatment (Kimura et al., 1998a; McCormick et al., 1999). The self-defense role for TRI12 in F. graminearum was analyzed on TBI medium, rather than by treatment with exogenous DON (Menke et al., 2012). It is possible that one or two other genes may play a minor role in the self-protection against mycotoxin in F. graminearum. By using the tri5–12–tri101 mutant, we identified 253 genes specifically induced upon DON treatment relative to CHX treatment. The transporter genes and GABA metabolism genes are enriched among these DON-specific induced genes, suggesting that they are most likely involved in the establishment of DON resistance for F. graminearum.
FIGURE 7. Proposed model for the self-defense mechanism in F. graminearum. (1) Tri101, which acetylates DON into a hypotoxic form, is shown to contribute to self-defense. (2) Many MFS transporters, including Tri12, are likely to export intracellular DON. (3) GABA mediates DON production and self-defense in F. graminearum. In most cases, increasing GABA accumulation will result in increasing DON production (red line). However, higher concentrations of intracellular DON may feedback inhibit DON production by reducing GABA accumulation (green line). It suppresses the expression of GABA biosynthesis gene PUT2-2 and induces the expression of GABA degradation genes GTA and SSADH, preventing further DON accumulation.
Transporters provide a channel for drug and mycotoxin efflux. Indeed, Tri12 is an MFS transporter (Menke et al., 2012). Many MFS transporters and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters have been shown to contribute to toxin efflux in fungi (Coleman and Mylonakis, 2009). In this study, 33 transporters were identified in the DON-specific induced genes. Of those, two were homologous to toxin-efflux-related MFS transporters Cbt4 and MgMfs1, respectively. Many transporter genes were also identified in a trichodiene (the chemical product of Tri5)-treated TRI5 deletion mutant (Seong et al., 2009). Therefore, transporters, especially MFS transporters, likely cooperate and collectively contribute to DON resistance (Figure 7).
Intriguingly, we found that GABA also likely contributes to self-defense in F. graminearum (Figure 7). It has been shown that GABA positively regulates DON production (Bonnighausen et al., 2015). For example, metabolome analysis of Fusarium in both toxin-producing and in non-producing conditions revealed that the concentration of GABA is elevated in the DON-inducing medium (Lowe et al., 2010). Adding of GABA to culture medium strongly induces DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum (Bonnighausen et al., 2015). In Fusarium asiaticum, addition of GABA inducible agmatine to the culture medium also resulted in significantly high levels of DON production (Suzuki et al., 2013). In this study, however, we found that the GTA genes that metabolize GABA are upregulated, and PUT2-2 that leads to GABA accumulation is downregulated in the DON-treated tri5–12–tri101 mutant. Hence, the convergent behaviors of these genes reduce the intracellular level of GABA (Figure 7). It seems logical to conclude that DON production and self-defense are balanced by GABA (Figure 7). Generally, GABA triggers DON production, but when DON accumulates at a higher level, the fungi may protect themselves by preventing GABA accumulation thereby reducing DON accumulation (Figure 7). Besides, the upregulation of the transporter genes and reduction of GABA level upon DON treatment in F. graminearum may tightly linked together. In plant, it is shown that GABA negatively regulates the activity of plant-specific anion transporters (Ramesh et al., 2015). It is also possible that, in addition to preventing/switch-off DON accumulation, GABA metabolism dynamics may also be related to the upregulation of the transporter to pump out the mycotoxin when DON accumulates at a higher level.
Materials and Methods
Strains and Culture Conditions
Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae) strain PH-1 and mutant strains T512 and T512101 were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 25°C. For radial growth determinations, strains were cultured on PDA, complete minimal (CM), or YPG (0.3% yeast extract, 1% peptone, and 2% glucose) medium at 25°C for 72 h. Conidial germination rates were determined on YPD (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, and 2% dextrose) medium at 25°C for 8 h. Conidiation was assayed on 5-day-old carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) cultures.
Generation of the tri5–12–tri101 Deletion Mutant
The deletion mutants were prepared by the split-marker method as described previously (Catlett et al., 2002). Briefly, to generate the tri5–12 mutant, the upstream and downstream flanking sequences were amplified from genomic DNA, and fused with the HPT gene by overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The fusion constructs were transformed into protoplasts of PH-1 by the method described previously (Zhou et al., 2011). The generation of the tri5–12–tri101 mutant was similar to procedures used for the tri5–12 mutant, except that the target gene was replaced by the NPT gene, and strain T512 was used for transformation. The putative knockout mutants were screened by PCR and further verified by Southern blot hybridizations.
Plant Infection and DON Production Assays
Conidia harvested from 5-day-old CMC cultures were resuspended in sterile distilled water to a final concentration of 1.0–1.5 × 105 spores/mL as described previously (Jiang et al., 2016). The flowering wheat heads of wheat cultivar Norm were drop-inoculated with 10 μL of conidial suspensions as described previously (Jiang et al., 2016). DON production in liquid TBI cultures was assayed as described previously (Jiang et al., 2016).
CHX and DON Treatments of the tri5–12–tri101 Mutant
The conidia of the tri5–12–tri101 mutant were harvested from 5-day-old CMC medium and shaken in liquid CM medium at 25°C for 72 h. The germinated conidia were then collected and transferred to the liquid CM medium with 75 μg/mL DON or 10 μg/mL CHX, respectively. After 5-day shaking, the freshly developed mycelia were collected for RNA-seq analysis. Notably, upon treatment with 75 μg/mL DON or 10 μg/mL CHX treatment, the germination of the conidia was nearly 100% inhibited in F. graminearum strain PH-1.
Total RNAs isolated from the DON-treated, CHX-treated, and untreated (CK) mycelia were sequenced with an Illumina HiSeq 2500 at Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation. For each sample, three biological replicates with two technical replicates were sequenced. RNA-seq data were deposited in the NCBI SRA database under accession number SRP120765. The clean data were mapped to the genome of F. graminearum (King et al., 2015) by using hisat2 (Kim et al., 2015) with default parameters. The differentially expressed genes (log2FC > 1 and FDR < 0.05) were carried out based on the read counts by edgeRun with TMM normalization (Dimont et al., 2015) as described previously (Wang et al., 2017). GO annotation was carried out with Blast2GO (Conesa and Gotz, 2008), and GO enrichment analysis was performed by the parent–child union method with Benjamini–Hochberg correction as developed in Ontologizer (Bauer et al., 2008).
To identify the transporter genes in DON-specific induced genes, a BLAST search (E-value < 1e-10) was first performed against the curated transporter classification database (Saier et al., 2016). To remove the false positive predictions, the candidate transporters and their potential substrates were further examined by the AAindex and PSSM-based methods as developed in TrSSP (Mishra et al., 2014).
The qRT-PCR was performed as previously described (Wang et al., 2016); 1 μg of total RNA was treated with DNase I and subjected to the first strand cDNA synthesis. Since the expression of the commonly used reference gene GzUBH and BTUB is changed upon DON treatment, FGRRES_00746 was selected as a reference gene according to the RNA-seq data generated in this study. All the primers used for qRT-PCR analysis are listed in Supplementary Table S3.
HPLC Analysis of GABA
High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of GABA in mycelia was performed as previously described (Bonnighausen et al., 2015). In brief, GABA was extracted by water/chloroform/methanol (3:5:12, v/v/v) from mycelia, the derivatization was performed with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA), and the OPA derivatized samples were detected at 338 nm.
HL, J-RX, and QW conceived and designed the experiments. DC, MW, JZ, and QW performed the experiments. QW and HL analyzed the data. QW wrote the manuscript. HL and CJ improved the manuscript.
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31201464) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2015M580884).
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
We thank Dr. Larry Dunkle at Purdue University for language editing the manuscript, Chunlan Wu for the excellent technical support, and Dr. Chenfang Wang for the insightful discussions.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.00438/full#supplementary-material
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Gardiner, D. M., Kazan, K., Praud, S., Torney, F. J., Rusu, A., and Manners, J. M. (2010). Early activation of wheat polyamine biosynthesis during Fusarium head blight implicates putrescine as an inducer of trichothecene mycotoxin production. BMC Plant Biol. 10:289. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-289
Garvey, G. S., Mccormick, S. P., and Rayment, I. (2008). Structural and functional characterization of the TRI101 trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase from Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum: kinetic insights to combating Fusarium head blight. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 1660–1669. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M705752200
Isebaert, S., Haesaert, G., Devreese, R., Maene, P., Fremaut, F., and Vlaemynck, G. (2005). Fusarium spp. and Fusarium mycotoxins in maize: a problem for Flanders? Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 70, 129–136.
Jiang, C., Zhang, C., Wu, C., Sun, P., Hou, R., Liu, H., et al. (2016). TRI6 and TRI10 play different roles in the regulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) production by cAMP signalling in Fusarium graminearum. Environ. Microbiol. 18, 3689–3701. doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.13279
Kimura, M., Kaneko, I., Komiyama, M., Takatsuki, A., Koshino, H., Yoneyama, K., et al. (1998a). Trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase protects both the producing organism and transformed yeast from related mycotoxins. Cloning and characterization of Tri101. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 1654–1661. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.3.1654
Kimura, M., Shingu, Y., Yoneyama, K., and Yamaguchi, I. (1998b). Features of Tri101, the trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase gene, related to the self-defense mechanism in Fusarium graminearum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 62, 1033–1036. doi: 10.1271/bbb.62.1033
King, R., Urban, M., Hammond-Kosack, M. C., Hassani-Pak, K., and Hammond-Kosack, K. E. (2015). The completed genome sequence of the pathogenic ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum. BMC Genomics 16:544. doi: 10.1186/s12864-015-1756-1
Lombaert, G. A., Pellaers, P., Roscoe, V., Mankotia, M., Neil, R., and Scott, P. M. (2003). Mycotoxins in infant cereal foods from the Canadian retail market. Food Addit. Contam. 20, 494–504. doi: 10.1080/0265203031000094645
Lowe, R. G., Allwood, J. W., Galster, A. M., Urban, M., Daudi, A., Canning, G., et al. (2010). A combined 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis to understand the basal metabolism of plant-pathogenic Fusarium spp. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 23, 1605–1618. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-04-10-0092
McCormick, S. P., Alexander, N. J., Trapp, S. E., and Hohn, T. M. (1999). Disruption of TRI101, the gene encoding trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase, from Fusarium sporotrichioides. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 5252–5256.
Menke, J., Dong, Y., and Kistler, H. C. (2012). Fusarium graminearum Tri12p influences virulence to wheat and trichothecene accumulation. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 25, 1408–1418. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-04-12-0081-R
Mesterházy, Á. (2002). Role of deoxynivalenol in aggressiveness of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum and in resistance to Fusarium head blight. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108, 675–684. doi: 10.1023/A:1020631114063
Mishra, N. K., Chang, J., and Zhao, P. X. (2014). Prediction of membrane transport proteins and their substrate specificities using primary sequence information. PLoS One 9:e100278. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100278
Placinta, C. M., D’mello, J. P. F., and Macdonald, A. M. C. (1999). A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feed with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 78, 21–37. doi: 10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00278-8
Proctor, R. H., Hohn, T. M., and Mccormick, S. P. (1995). Reduced virulence of Gibberella zeae caused by disruption of a trichothecene toxin biosynthetic gene. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 8, 593–601. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-8-0593
Proctor, R. H., Hohn, T. M., and Mccormick, S. P. (1997). Restoration of wild-type virulence to Tri5 disruption mutants of Gibberella zeae via gene reversion and mutant complementation. Microbiology 143(Pt 8), 2583–2591. doi: 10.1099/00221287-143-8-2583
Ramesh, S. A., Tyerman, S. D., Xu, B., Bose, J., Kaur, S., Conn, V., et al. (2015). GABA signalling modulates plant growth by directly regulating the activity of plant-specific anion transporters. Nat. Commun. 6:7879. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8879
Rasmussen, P. H., Ghorbani, F., and Berg, T. (2003). Deoxynivalenol and other Fusarium toxins in wheat and rye flours on the Danish market. Food Addit. Contam. 20, 396–404. doi: 10.1080/0265203031000082495
Roohparvar, R., De Waard, M. A., Kema, G. H., and Zwiers, L. H. (2007). MgMfs1, a major facilitator superfamily transporter from the fungal wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola, is a strong protectant against natural toxic compounds and fungicides. Fungal Genet. Biol. 44, 378–388. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.09.007
Saier, M. H. Jr., Reddy, V. S., Tsu, B. V., Ahmed, M. S., Li, C., and Moreno-Hagelsieb, G. (2016). The transporter classification database (TCDB): recent advances. Nucleic Acids Res. 44, D372–D379. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkv1103
Seong, K. Y., Pasquali, M., Zhou, X., Song, J., Hilburn, K., Mccormick, S., et al. (2009). Global gene regulation by Fusarium transcription factors Tri6 and Tri10 reveals adaptations for toxin biosynthesis. Mol. Microbiol. 72, 354–367. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06649.x
Shelp, B. J., Bozzo, G. G., Trobacher, C. P., Zarei, A., Deyman, K. L., and Brikis, C. J. (2012). Hypothesis/review: contribution of putrescine to 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) production in response to abiotic stress. Plant Sci. 193–194, 130–135. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.06.001
Suzuki, T., Kim, Y. K., Yoshioka, H., and Iwahashi, Y. (2013). Regulation of metabolic products and gene expression in Fusarium asiaticum by agmatine addition. Mycotoxin Res. 29, 103–111. doi: 10.1007/s12550-013-0158-y
Tanaka, T., Hasegawa, A., Yamamoto, S., Lee, U. S., Sugiura, Y., and Ueno, Y. (1988). Worldwide contamination of cereals by the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone. 1. Survey of 19 countries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 36, 979–983. doi: 10.1021/jf00083a019
Wang, Q., Jiang, C., Wang, C., Chen, C., Xu, J. R., and Liu, H. (2017). Characterization of the two-speed subgenomes of Fusarium graminearum reveals the fast-speed subgenome specialized for adaption and infection. Front. Plant Sci. 8:140. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00140
Wang, Q., Li, T., Xu, K., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Quan, J., et al. (2016). The tRNA-derived small RNAs regulate gene expression through triggering sequence-specific degradation of target transcripts in the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae. Front. Plant Sci. 7:1938. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01938
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Zhou, X., Li, G., and Xu, J.-R. (2011). “Efficient approaches for generating GFP fusion and epitope-tagging constructs in filamentous fungi,” in Fungal Genomics: Methods and Protocols, eds J.-R. Xu and B. H. Bluhm (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press), 199–212. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-040-9_15
Keywords: Fusarium head blight, Fusarium graminearum, DON resistance, MFS transporter, gamma-aminobutyric acid
Citation: Wang Q, Chen D, Wu M, Zhu J, Jiang C, Xu J-R and Liu H (2018) MFS Transporters and GABA Metabolism Are Involved in the Self-Defense Against DON in Fusarium graminearum. Front. Plant Sci. 9:438. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00438
Received: 30 November 2017; Accepted: 21 March 2018;
Published: 13 April 2018.
Edited by:Brigitte Mauch-Mani, University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Reviewed by:Javier Plasencia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
Mostafa Abdelwahed Abdelrahman, Tohoku University, Japan
Copyright © 2018 Wang, Chen, Wu, Zhu, Jiang, Xu and Liu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Huiquan Liu, firstname.lastname@example.org
†These authors have contributed equally to this work.
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Happy are the painters for they shall not be lonely. Light and color, peace and hope, will keep them company to the end, or almost to the end of day.
These wonderful words remind us of the joy of our art! Norwegian Rosemaling. How exciting each day can be and the wonderful experience awaiting each of us each time we return to our paining area. I am a person with a passion for Norwegian Rosemaling and a great love for young people, trying to bring the arts back into the school system here in Treasure Valley, Idaho.
My color palette, my use of color and embellishments reflect my personality. My vision is to lead by example, by showing what I do through my painting and how I teach. One beautiful piece at a time, one happy customer at a time, one student at a time. Norwegian Rosemaling is one of the most beautiful arts of the 18th or 19th Century.
I shall make a brief reference here to the pictorial world of Folk Art. Arts of all kinds have flourished side by side in the unique landscapes, valleys, mountains, forests and lakes in Norway. Rosemaling is an astonishingly sophisticated style of decorative painting. Rosemaling is a free and flexible art that allows for considerable individual expression. To paint simply and very expressively is a wonderful goal and it is one of the hardest things to accomplish.
My first teacher was a beautiful rosemaler from Wisconsin, my home state. Since I am Norwegian and Norwegian was my first language, I knew right away that this was for me.
I first started teaching in junior high and then I went to teach men and women from every walk of live. What a joy it has been! It is my passion to share by painting and teaching this beautiful cultural art form to all people. I have traveled to several states, painting and teaching Norwegian Rosemaling.
Painting from the heart – Develop your personal style. The way to get the most from living, is not by keeping, but by giving.
Listen to an interview with Joanne on Boise State Public Radio and see more images of her work.
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Creative Computing Club – Scratch Day Zombie Invasion (ages 12-15)
The apocalypse is here, zombies are running wild, looking for brains. Can you outrun them, even when obstacles get in the way? Come along and learn new programming skills and put your existing ones to the test by building your own video game using Scratch. Choose your background, build your obstacles and try out each other’s games to see who will survive..
12-15 year old session at 2.30PM is unaccompanied.
Please complete a Parental Permission Form and either email in advance or print out and bring along on the day.
Science Oxford welcomes all children to our clubs. If you or your child has additional needs, please get in touch on [email protected] to discuss how we can best support your child to make the most of the club.
(This Scratch Day event is planned and hosted by Science Oxford, and has not been approved or endorsed by MIT.)
For information on our terms and conditions visit here.
The Discovery Zone
The Basement, Oxford Centre For Innovation, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 1BY
Back to previous page
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The province of Granada is situated in southern Spain, in the eastern region of the autonomous community of Andalusia. The province is widely recognised for its capital, Granada and the magnificent Alhambra Palace; secondly for home to the Sierra Nevada Natural Park and mountainous range, with the snow capped peaks of Mulhacen and Veleta. In Granada you can be skiing in the morning and sunbathing on the Costa
Tropical in the afternoon.
The splendid contrast between Granada’s green and lush ‘vega’ (plains), the stunningly natural environment of the Alpujarras, and the dazzling mountain range of the Sierra Nevada, have not yet
failed to impress visitors to the region.
The interior beauty of the region is combined with 60 kilometres of coastline, known as the Costa Tropical, which also falls into the Granada province, and which makes the natural beauty of Granada complete.
The city of Granada is characterised by architectural splendour, a rich cultural heritage and its stunning backdrop of the Sierra Nevada. The most famous landmark in Granada is the 14th century Alhambra Palace, one of the most revered examples of Islamic architecture in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Yet Granada has heaps more to offer visitors; the whole city has a unique feel, with its wealth of ancient buildings and neighbourhoods, combined with a wonderful, bohemian and upbeat atmosphere, Granada enchants all who come to visit.
The Sierra Nevada is the second highest mountain range in Europe, situated in the Sierra Nevada National Park, the region is typified by its rugged wilderness, snow capped mountains, the beautiful Las Alpujarras region, whose ancient villages sit within the foothills of the mountains.
This Sierra Nevada (mountain range) is part of the beautiful heritage of Granada, and is covered with snow all year round. The peaks of the Sierra Nevada rise over 3,000 metres high, terminating at the Mulhacen peak which has an altitude of 3,481 metres.
The Sierra Nevada is a popular ski resort and the alpine pursuits capital of southern Spain. There are also superb climbing, hiking and mountaineering conditions.
The Costa Tropical has a particularly picturesque coastline, and is relatively unspoilt. Being not so well known as its neighbour, the Costa del Sol. The region enjoys a sub-tropical climate, hence the name; the warm winters and hot summers make it an ideal year-round destination.
The Costa Tropical attracts Spanish holiday-makers and those seeking a more traditional flavour; the area is dotted with picturesque fishing
towns and white mountain villages. Some of the most popular resorts of the Costa Tropical are Almunecar, La Herradura, Salobrena and Castell del Ferro.
The foothills of the Sierra Nevada are known as ‘Las Alpujarras’; it’s a region of outstanding natural beauty and ancient Berber-style villages and provides the perfect scenery and landscape for hiking and rambling holidays. The region combines scenes of sheltered valleys, deep
gorges and green lush foothills. The region has a mini-ecology system of Las Alpujarras is spectacular. The farmlands that sit below the Sierra Nevada are constantly watered by the melting snow from the mountains.
Towns and Villages of the Granada Province
Orgiva is the capital of Las Alpujarras, situated on the Costa Tropical. It’s a wonderfully, cosmopolitan town, with many nationalities living together, in quite a bohemian atmosphere. Situated in the valley of the Guadalfeo River, Orgiva sits at 450 metres and has a milder climate than many other places in Las Alpujarras. The surrounding landscape is blanketed with olive, lemon and orange groves.
The charming village of Bubion is situated in the beautiful natural region of Las Alpujarras, in the
Poqueira Gorge. The village sits on the southern slope of the Sierra Nevada mountain range and enjoys magnificent views to the surrounding snow capped mountain range and the rest of Las Alpujarras.
The village of Capileira is located on the limit of the eternal snow of Sierra Nevada. The dramatic views down the valley and up the mountain backdrop of Sierra Nevada are quite spectacular.
Acequias is a small white washed village which sits high on the banks of the Rio Torrente, a deep gorge carved out by the river flowing down from the Sierra Nevada mountains National Park, which is also paints backdrops to this pretty village. Acequias is ideally situated for exploring the wonderful natural region of Las Alpajurras.
The busy seaside town of Motril is the largest town on the Costa Tropical with a thriving economy, based on agriculture, fishing and its
leisure port. It nestles at the foothills of the Sierra Lujar Mountains, halfway between Malaga and Almeria, the town is an ideal location for those
wishing to explore the treasures of the coastal and inland regions of the Andalusia.
Almunecar, together with its neighbour La Herradura form the tourist capital of the Costa Tropical. The town sits upon a hill at the mouth of two rivers, meandering down to the coast, in the province of Granada in Andalusia. From here you can almost reach out and touch Africa and its special climate.
Granada’s cuisine is influenced by it situated between the mountains and the Mediterranean. The region combines fresh seafood specialities from the coastline of the Costa Tropical, with rich, hearty stews and meat dishes from the mountain region. The importance of the region during the Moorish occupation is also evident in Granada’s cuisine, with rich spices and sweet hints, such as honey, incorporated into local dishes.
The climate of the province of Granada is diverse, with the Costa Tropical region and its sub-tropical, all year round warm climate, and the inland and Sierra Nevada region, which has all
year round snow capped mountains, warm summers, but decidedly chilly winters.
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Q. David Bowers (derived from the PCGS Coin Guide): Following the discovery of vast quantities of gold in California, the Treasury Department decided to create a new denomination called the double eagle, for it was twice the size of the previous highest denomination, the eagle. First minted for circulation in 1850, production of $20 pieces was continued through the year 1933. Vast quantities were minted of certain dates, as they served as a convenient way to convert gold bullion into coinage form. Double eagles facilitated international transactions of large value in an era in which foreign governments and commercial interests were wary of accepting paper money.
Double eagles of the 1850-1907 years are of the Liberty Head type and are the work of James B. Longacre, who produced many other designs of the mid-19th century. There are actually three varieties of Liberty Head double eagles: the 1850-1866 style with the denomination expressed as TWENTY D, the 1866-1876 style with the denomination expressed the same way but with the addition of IN GOD WE TRUST, and the 1877-1907 type with the denomination expressed as TWENTY DOLLARS.
Among double eagles of the 1850-1907 era, there are a number of scarce and rare issues, notably the 1854-O, 1856-O, 1861-S Paquet reverse, 1870-CC (a particularly elusive variety), and the 1879-O. Among Philadelphia Mint coins, the 1883 and 1884 were minted only in Proof finish, with no related business strikes, to the extent of just 92 and 71 pieces respectively. Several other issues are elusive, and the Philadelphia Mint version of the 1861 Paquet reverse is a landmark rarity.
Notice must be paid to the 1857-S double eagle, not a rare issue, as 970,500 were minted, but a piece which is not particularly easy to find in Uncirculated grade (nor is any other double eagle of the 1850-1866 type plentiful in Mint State). In 1989 the numismatic fraternity - indeed the entire world, consisting of numismatists and everyone else - was surprised and delighted by the news that a team of skilled scientists had discovered the wreck of the S.S. Central America, which had sunk in a hurricane off the coast of North Carolina in September 1857, with the loss of several hundred lives, one of the greatest disasters of the era, a tragedy which, somehow, had largely been forgotten in popular literature since that time.
Using sophisticated recovery techniques, employing a robot device and a special chemical preservative compound to surround the artifacts discovered, the team brought to the surface a vast treasure of numismatic items, including thousands of 1857-S double eagles in pristine condition, which had been part of a shipment from the San Francisco Mint to the New York Assay Office.
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Bank Secrecy Act
Embassy, Foreign Consulate, and Foreign Mission Accounts —Overview
Objective. Assess the adequacy of the bank's systems to manage the risks associated with transactions involving embassy, foreign consulate, and foreign mission accounts, and management's ability to implement effective due diligence, monitoring, and reporting systems.
Embassies contain the offices of the foreign ambassador, the diplomatic representative, and their staff. The embassy, led by the ambassador, is a foreign government’s official representation in the United States (or other country). Foreign consulate offices act as branches of the embassy and perform various administrative and governmental functions (e.g., issuing visas and handling immigration matters). Foreign consulate offices are typically located in major metropolitan areas. In addition, foreign ambassadors’ diplomatic representatives, their families, and their associates may be considered politically exposed persons (PEP) in certain circumstances. Embassies and foreign consulates in the United States require access to the banking system to meet many of their day-to-day financial responsibilities. Such services can range from account relationships for operational expenses (e.g., payroll, rent, and utilities) to inter- and intragovernmental transactions (e.g., commercial and military purchases). In addition to official embassy accounts, some banks provide ancillary services or accounts to embassy staff, families, and current or prior foreign government officials. Each of these relationships poses different levels of risk to the bank.
Embassy accounts, including those accounts for a specific embassy office such as a cultural or education ministry, a defense attaché or ministry, or any other account, should have a specific operating purpose stating the official function of the foreign government office. Consistent with established practices for business relationships, these embassy accounts should have written authorization by the foreign government.
In March 2011,the federal banking agencies and FinCEN issued joint interagency guidance on providing account services to foreign embassies, consulates and missions (foreign missions). This document supplements, but does not replace, guidance related to foreign governments and foreign political figures issued in June 2004.275Guidance on Accepting Accounts from Foreign Governments, Foreign Embassies and Foreign Political Figures (June 15, 2004); Updated Guidance on Accepting Accounts from Foreign Embassies, Consulates and Missions (March 24, 2011).
To provide embassy, foreign consulate, and foreign mission services, a U.S. bank may need to maintain a foreign correspondent relationship with the embassy's, foreign consulate's, or foreign mission's bank. Banks conducting business with foreign embassies, consulates, or missions should assess and understand the potential risks of these accounts and should develop appropriate policies, procedures, and processes. Embassy, foreign consulate, and foreign mission accounts may pose a higher risk in the following circumstances:
- Accounts are from countries that have been designated as higher risk.
- Substantial currency transactions take place in the accounts.
- Account activity is not consistent with the purpose of the account (e.g., pouch activity or payable upon proper identification transactions) or account transactions are in unusual amounts.
- Accounts directly fund personal expenses of foreign nationals, including but not limited to expenses for college students.
- Official embassy business is conducted through personal accounts.
Banks should obtain comprehensive due diligence information on embassy, foreign consulate, and foreign mission account relationships. For private banking accounts for non-U.S. persons specifically, banks must obtain due diligence information as required by 31 CFR 1010.620.276For additional guidance, refer to the core section overview, "Private Banking Due Diligence Program (Non-U.S. Persons)," page 125. The bank's due diligence related to embassy, foreign consulate, and foreign mission account relationships should be commensurate with the risk levels presented. In addition, banks are expected to establish policies, procedures, and processes that provide for greater scrutiny and monitoring of all embassy, foreign consulate, and foreign mission account relationships. Management should fully understand the purpose of the account and the expected volume and nature of account activity. Ongoing monitoring of these account relationships is critical to ensuring that the account relationships are being used as anticipated.
Similarly, the bank could offer limited purpose accounts, such as those used to facilitate operational expense payments (e.g., payroll, rent and utilities, routine maintenance), which are generally considered lower risk and allow the implementation of customary functions in the United States. The type and volume of transactions should be commensurate with the purpose of the limited access account. Account monitoring to ensure compliance with account limitations and the terms of any service agreements is essential to mitigate risks associated with these accounts.
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Light of the City
Potteries Museum & Art Gallery,
Sculptor: David Annand. This sculpture celebrates the centenary of the federation of the six towns that make up Stoke-on-Trent. The female figure holds a vessel that represents the Staffordshire Hoard, the most valuable collection of Anglo-Saxon gold ever found, and the male figure holds a plate which reflects the city’s ceramic heritage. The names of the six towns that came together to form the city of Stoke-on-Trent are on the plinth that the two figures are standing on.
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No matter what holiday you celebrate, kids have certain needs that adults should consider during the holiday season (and all year round!).
Here is my round up of reminders for adults who are rushing and stressed with the many tasks and obligations of important holidays.
Routine – Kids feel safer and calmer when following daily life routines. Holidays throw routines up into the air like confetti, and the result can be unpleasant for everyone. Whenever possible, keep sleeping/eating/napping/family-time routines in place. If you can’t, talk to your children about what to expect. Where are they going or who will visit? What will they do and see? What is expected of them? Consider making a family calendar together depicting special events, and have children place a sticker on each day at they count down the days leading up to and including the holiday.
Play time – All children need time to play and unwind, and I am talking about open-ended play, as well as games, art and cooking activities and physical play where they can run , jump and climb and get their sillies out. Make sure they put down their electronic devices and get away from screen time.
Permission to not perform – Sometimes when we get together with family and friends over the holidays, kids are expected to be squeezed, pinched, hugged and kissed by relatives who may need this affection a lot more than the child does. If your child has sensory issues or a history of trauma, this kind of touch can feel unbearable. You can talk with your child about this phenomenon prior to gatherings and coach them on how to respond to adults in a way that is polite but helps them maintain their body integrity. You may need to run interference and advocate for your child with well-meaning relatives, letting them know what kind of touch your child can tolerate.
Positive Limit Setting – All children need limits, especially those who are wired from too much holiday sugar or excitement. However, a constant barrage of “No!” “Stop that!” “Behave!” can wear thin and get you nowhere. When setting limits, ask yourself, is this a limit that needs to be set, or am I being arbitrary? If the limit is necessary, take a few deep breaths and try your best to remember these steps.
- Name the feeling or desire the child is showing before you set the limit. “Your are so excited.” Or “You really want that toy.” Or “You are so mad at your brother”.
- Set the limit with a calm voice in a concrete way. “The furniture is not for jumping on” or “I am not buying toys today” or “Your brother is not for hitting.”
- Offer an alternative. “Let’s run/play/dance/get your sillies out.” Or “You can play with your toys when you get home.” Or “You can punch a pillow or stamp your feet”
- Repeat if necessary, but give the child a chance to reign it in and make a good decision first. They might surprise you. Avoid over-explaining why the limit needs to be set. This tends to escalate negative behavior.
Moderation – The onslaught of media can turn the nicest child into a black hole of greed – commercials are aimed at children and can overstimulate them with desire for toys that may or may not be appropriate or affordable. Try to limit unsupervised screen time. Help children narrow down desires to a few affordable choices by making lists together. More is not always better. It is okay to say “No” to their requests without shaming them for wanting the toy – blame it on the advertisers! And try not to feel guilty if you cannot afford gifts. Your love and attention are the most valuable gifts you can give them.
The video below is a great reminder to us all about what REALLY matters and what kids really need!
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Trade union demonstrators have urged the government and parliament to put an end to unfair salaries and plans to lower old age pensions. An estimated 15,000 people took part in the mass rally in the capital, Bern, according to organisers.
Leaders of the Trade Union Federation criticised the growing gap between the rich and the poor in the country and political attempts to undermine labour standards.
In their speeches in the three national languages German, French and Italian, outside parliament on Saturday, they also slammed planned public spending cuts as well as tax breaks for the wealthy.
The president of the Trade Union Federation, Paul Rechsteiner, called on the protesters to fight against greedy bosses and against gender discrimination at the workplace.
He stressed the importance of a proposal to introduce a nationwide minimum salary and an initiative seeking a 1:12 ratio between the highest and lowest wages within a company. Voters will have the final say on this initiative in November.
“It is time for a social turn,” he told the meeting.
Ahead of Sunday’s nationwide ballot on liberalising opening hours at petrol station shops, union leader Alain Carrupt warned of health risks if nighttime working hours were extended.
At the rally messages were also read out in Spanish, Portuguese and Serb intended for the language communities of the main immigrant groups often employed in low-paid jobs.
The Trade Union Federation, which represents 380,000 members in 16 different groups, has called for wage increases of up to two per cent next year.
Presenting its salary demands earlier this month, the federation said workers with average salaries had not benefited enough from the favourable economic situation in Switzerland compared high-wage earners.
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An increase in the availability of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) professionals will provide more surgeons with the opportunity to have IONM expertise as part of their surgical team.
TORONTO — The Canadian Association of Neurophysiological Monitoring (CANM), the national body representing intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) professionals in Canada, and The Michener Institute for Applied Health Sciences are pleased to announce a partnership to develop a Certificate Program in IONM that will commence in September 2014.
“The new certificate program in IONM offered by CANM and Michener will be the first of its kind in Canada and, to our knowledge, the world,” said Laura Holmes, President, CANM. “By offering the two-year post-graduate certificate program online we are able to increase accessibility to students across Canada and internationally. Since our organization has recognized and embraced the urgent need for both a professional education program and a national accreditation exam leading to eligibility for practice in Canada, a partnership with Michener is integral to meeting the IONM needs of patients in the Canadian healthcare system.”
“At Michener, our vision is to be the education solution provider that meets the needs of Ontario’s health care system. One of our core strengths is our ability to respond quickly to emerging health education needs through the development of partnerships that bring clinical and educational solutions together in creative ways,” says Sylvia Schippke, Vice President, Academic and Interim President & CEO, The Michener Institute for Applied Health Sciences. “This partnership with CANM provides us a unique opportunity to advance the quality and accreditation of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring not only in Ontario but across the country.”
IONM is an allied health care profession that is vital for protecting patients during surgery. Qualified IONM practitioners help prevent surgical injury that can result in deficits such as paralysis. By continuously assessing the patient’s nervous system responses in real time, IONM practitioners can alert the surgeon to unexpected changes, allowing for timely interventions.
“As a group of children’s spine surgeons, the Canadian Paediatric Spine Study Group (CPSSG) is extremely excited about the recent agreement between CANM and The Michener Institute for an education program to train IONM professionals in Canada, as they are now an essential part of our surgical team. This ground-breaking program will allow the training of new, well qualified IONM professionals in Canada and should, ultimately, provide optimal care for Canadian children who require surgery for spinal deformities,” says Dr. Ron El-Hawary, Chief of Paediatric Orthopedics, IWK Health Centre and past-President of CPSSG.
IONM has existed for over 30 years, but more recent evidence and improvements in technology have resulted in an increased demand for its services among vascular, orthopedic and neurosurgeons.
CANM has been the unifying voice of IONM in Canada for more than six years. CANM’s mission is to promote the field of IOM and foster the development of the profession through education and certification, so as to provide optimum patient care. For more information, please visitwww.canm.ca.
Established in 1958, The Michener Institute for Applied Health Sciences is Canada’s only post-secondary institution devoted exclusively to health sciences education. Michener offers full-time and continuing education in Imaging, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Medical Radiation Sciences, Primary and Critical Care and other specialized applied health programs. With a robust curriculum that emphasizes interprofessional collaboration and simulation based training, graduates are prepared to deliver quality diagnostic and therapeutic services. Michener is publicly funded by the Province of Ontario, through the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and further enriched through partnerships with universities, private sector companies and leading health care organizations. For more information, visit www.michener.ca.
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People affected by the pandemic will find refuge in the Heart Bus as it stops at Stroud and Dursley during a tour of the UK.
The Heart Bus, an iconic yellow American school bus, is travelling the UK providing an inclusive community space and mobile workshop, creating a safe space for those who have been impacted by the pandemic.
It will visit Victory Park in Cainscross, Stroud on Saturday, June 26 and The Pulse Leisure Centre, Castle Street, Dursley on Sunday, June 27 from 10am-4pm.
Run by non-profit organisation, the Heart Movement, it shows people how to connect with others, experience the benefits of mindfulness and listening spaces and learn more about the technology of heart intelligence.
Councillor Chris Brine, Chair of Stroud District Council’s Community Services & Licensing Committee said: “The health and wellbeing of our communities is one of Stroud District Council’s priorities, so I’m delighted to welcome the Heart bus to the Stroud district.
“Covid-19 has had an adverse impact on the mental health of many people and I am confident that this initiative will help many of those affected by teaching them practical wellbeing tools that will help them in their daily lives.”
Ri Ferrier, Managing Director of Heart Based Living Initiative said: “Our experienced mindfulness teachers and a wide variety of wellbeing lessons will hopefully offer support and compassion to as many diverse groups as possible. We hope that our Heart Bus will spread calm, connection and wellbeing throughout the country, on the greatest and most heartfelt road trip ever attempted.”
Those visiting the Heart Bus will have the opportunity to attend workshops that will teach the science of mindfulness and mindfulness activities that can be used in everyday life; how to bring attention to present moment, breathing techniques that activate the parasympathetic nervous system (the rest and digest), how to cultivate happiness and positive emotions and more.
Free tea will be offered to visitors.
The Heart Bus can welcome up to 6 people for indoor workshops and 30 people in their outside space.
There will be a QR code track and trace system in place to ensure the tour is operating within the strictest of COVID safety guidelines.
Cainscross Town Council has invited national charity Samaritans to attend Victory Park on Saturday.
There will also be the opportunity to take part in free CPR and defibrillator demonstrations given by The Pulse trainers when the Heart Bus is at Victory Park.
Cainscross Town Council is raising funds to buy a defibrillator for public use in the park. Donations to the fund can be made:
- on the day
- at the Victory Park Pavilion between 9am-3pm Monday to Thursday or 9am-1pm on Thursdays and Fridays
- via Just Giving: https://www.justgiving.com/crowdfunding/caincrosstowncouncil?utm_term=k8MxAw9Rw.
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Personality and History
"He still is interested in the wild birds. He chased ducks just to watch them fly. I also wonder if he realizes his costume parent isn’t the real thing (we don’t look like the adult whooping cranes). We wonder if he will try to release himself by deciding to fly with #102 or sandhill cranes here at the refuge."
The DAR chicks had their health checks on October 4. In addition, #27-06 got a temporary radio transmitter/band placed on his leg in case he flies from his pen site and trackers don't know his whereabouts.
Oct. 17, 2006: Dr. Richard Urbankek said the DAR birds received their permanent leg bands. Chick #27-06 and the other four will be released as soon as they get usedd to their new leg bands and transmitters. Their freedom is near! Will they hang out with, and then follow, the older whooping and sandhill cranes to learn their migration route?
October 20: Chick #32-06 (with #27-06) was set free on the Wisconsin refuge where it spent its first months of life. The two newly released chicks didn't return to the pool where they grew up, and remained at the release site to roost. They were hanging out with the older whooping cranes (#311 and #301) who are also at that site. That's a good sign!
2006: Finally began
fall migration on Nov. 30 together with #32-06 and
adults #316 and #312. An ICF tracking intern tracked
four cranes to Kendall County, Illinois that night.
These birds were one of the last groups to leave
Necedah NWR. If they stay together, the DAR chickswill
have two migration veterans to show them the
way! The photo shows them in Kankakee County, Illinois,
on Dec. 2, 2006.
#32-06 was killed (likely by a bobcat) at the end
of January, DAR
27-06 remained alone at the same site. He
was still there, alone, as of March 24.
Fall 2007: DAR 27-06 (with 28-06) began migration on Nov. 5 and made it all the way to Jasper-Pulaski FWA, Indiana on the first day. By Nov. 12, they arrived on the wintering area in Pasco County, Florida. They were the first Florida arrivals in the flock this winter!
2008: Dar 27-06 was still on winter territory
in Pasco County, Florida on March 22, and arrived on
Necedah NWR (with DAR 28-06) on April 3! DAR #27-06
bond of #501
#310 and was seen together with female #501, but she
didn't stay with 27-06. On September 27 he was seen
on the refuge with #412 and 509. He has
a nonfunctional transmitter and cannot be tracked.
Spring 2009: Captured for transmitter replacement (and new colored bands) on March 4 at his Pasco County wintering site. Began migration from Pasco County on March 18 with 28-06 (DAR). They were reported in Porter County, Indiana, on the night of March 22. They completed migration to Necedah NWR by March 28. He was unpaired throughout the summer and remained in the Necedah NWR area.
Fall 2009: Male DAR 27-06 began assocating with Female DAR 42-07 in early October. The newly formed pair remained at Quincy Bluff in Adams County, Wisconsin, thoughout October. He was reported in Dane County, Wisconsin, from November 15-25 with 42-07* (DAR) and #524. They were no longer at this location on November 26 and completed their migration in Morgan County, Alabama.
Spring 2010: He left Alabama sometime after March 6 with #524 and 42-07 (DAR). His signal was detected March 17 at Necedah NWR in Wisconsin, but he had not yet been visually confirmed. He was among the earliest arrivals back in Wisconsin.
Fall 2010: Male 27-06 DAR and female #26-09 (#926) were found near Grundy County, Illinois, during an aerial survey on December 2. They were detected flying through western Kentucky on December 6and reported at Wheeler NWR, Morgan County, Alabama, on December 8.
Spring 2011: Male 27-06 DAR, still with female #26-09 (#926), was on his winter territory until at least the morning of March 2. The two were not found there on March 3, but were reported back at Necedah NWR by March 10. They were observed building a nest in May. No chicks.
Fall 2011: Crane 27-06 DAR, with his mate #26-09 (#926), migrated to Alabama's Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge and spent winter there.
Spring 2012: Crane 27-06 DAR and his mate #26-09 (#926) were detected arriving back at Wisconsin's Necedah NWR on March 11, migration complete!
Fall 2012: Migrated south to Wheeler NWR, Alabama, with mate #26-09.
Spring 2013: Trackers assumed that male 27-06 DAR probably completed migration with his mate, Crane 26-09 (#926) on March 17 when her signal was detected on Necedah NWR. (Tracker Eva says the pair may have moved off the frozen ponds to a more hospitable location.) By late April or early May the pair had a nest together but it failed in early May. The pair did not attempt a second nest this summer.
Fall 2013: Migrated to Wheeler NWR in Alabama with mate #26-09.
Spring 2014: Crane pair #27-06 DAR and 26-09, along with# 3-11, 4-11, 17-11, 19-11 and #38-09 DAR began migration from the Wheeler NWR in Alabama between Feb. 15-18. This large group was reported in Gibson County, Indiana, on February 21. They then moved to Lawrence County, Illinois, by the next day and were seen with an eighth (and unknown) bird that tracker Eva believes that might be #26-10 DAR. On March 21, #27-06 DAR and #26-09 completed migration to Necedah NWR. By mid April this pair had a nest with one egg, but the nest had failed when checked April 30.
Fall 2014: Male #27-06 DAR left the Necedah area with mate #26-09 sometime after Oct. 24. They wintered again at Wheeler NWR in Alabama.
Spring 2015: Male #27-06 DAR, with mate #26-09, completed spring migration back to Necedah NWR in Wisconsin March 14 or 15! Their second nest of the season hatched one chick on June 8, but the chick did not survive the month.
Spring 2016: Pair #27-06 DAR and #26-09 returned from spring migration and nested on Necedah NWR in May and were still nesting June 7.Their new chick, W22-16, hatched on June 10 but did not survive into the summer.
Fall 2016: Male #27-06 DAR and mate #26-09 were still in Juneau County, WI as November began but migrated in December to Wheeler NWR in Morgan County, Alabama.
Last updated: 1/4/17
Back to "Meet the Flock 2006"
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This paper reports on the degradation and protein release behavior of a self-assembled hydrogel system composed of β-cyclodextrin- (βCD) and cholesterol-derivatized 8-arm star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG8). By mixing βCD- and cholesterol-derivatized PEG8 (molecular weights 10, 20 and 40 kDa) in aqueous solution, hydrogels with different rheological properties are formed. It is shown that hydrogel degradation is mainly the result of surface erosion, which depends on the network swelling stresses and initial crosslink density of the gels. This degradation mechanism, which is hardly observed for other water-absorbing polymer networks, leads to a quantitative and nearly zero-order release of entrapped proteins. This system therefore offers great potential for protein delivery.
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Researchers from University of Cambridge said they are developing a new imaging technique with the aim of detecting and characterising early cancerous changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
The technique involves using a standard endoscopy system with a novel set of camera filters, increasing the number of colours that can be visualised during endoscopy and potentially improving the ability to detect abnormal cells in the lining of the gut.
"In traditional endoscopy, we use white light and detectors that replicate our eyes, which detect light in red, green and blue colour channels. We are now developing an approach called 'hyperspectral imaging', which will increase the number of colour channels that can be visualised from three to over 50," explained Sarah Bohndiek from University of Cambridge.
"Since cell changes associated with the development of cancer lead to colour changes in the tissues, we believe that hyperspectral imaging could help us to improve the specificity of lesion identification because we can use these colours to identify abnormal tissues," Bohndiek added.
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) collects and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum.
In contrast to the human eye, which sees colour primarily in three bands (red, green and blue), spectral imaging divides the colour spectrum into many more bands and can be extended beyond the visible range of light.
The images obtained by hyperspectral imaging can provide information about the physiology and chemical composition of human tissues, and the technique is emerging as having great potential for non-invasive diagnosis and image-guided surgery.
"Hyperspectral imaging is a powerful tool that can reveal the chemical composition of human tissues and together with different fluorescent dyes, can identify a range of biological processes," Bohndiek pointed out.
"The technique has many potential applications within cancer diagnostics, with exciting developments already reported in the detection of Barrett's oesophagus, which is a precancerous condition in some people," Bohndiek noted.
The technique was presented at UEG Week 2016 in Vienna, Austria.
(This story has not been edited by Business Standard staff and is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.)
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Fill out the brief form below for access to the free report.
Five Questions with Ari Fleischer
In this month’s “Five Questions With…” Fleischer shed light on why he wrote his new book and shares a favorite media-related anecdote about President Bush.
Ari Fleischer served as President Bush’s Press Secretary from January 2001 to July 2003. Today he is a communications consultant and Fox News contributor. His second book, “Suppression, Deception, Snobbery, and Bias: Why the Press Gets So Much Wrong—And Just Doesn't Care” was published by Harper Collins on July 12. In this month’s “Five Questions With…” Fleischer shed light on why he wrote the book and share a favorite media-related anecdote about President Bush.
Q: In your new book, you express concern that for decades, people who go into journalism are predominantly liberal and supporters of Democratic party candidates. Do you have a theory why this is the case?
It’s self-selection, I think. Just as most people who go to Wall Street tend to be more conservative and most people who go to Silicon Valley tend to be more liberal, most people who go into journalism tend to be college-educated, Democratic voters. It’s been that way for decades, but now it’s worse because objectivity is less important, especially for younger reporters. Too many younger reporters, especially political reporters, have confused activism with journalism and that’s not good for the public.
Q: You write that too many in the media today are “badly out of touch with much of America.” What role does this play in how polarized the country is…and is it related to how the American people have lost faith in the media – a once trusted institution?
I’m convinced the mainstream media is one of the reasons we’re so divided. Too much of the mainstream media look down their noses at conservatives, or populists, or people from rural areas, or people who own guns. “If only those people read the New York Times or watched CNN they would realize how wrong they are about politics,” seems to be the thinking of too many reporters. The press thought Trump had little to no chance to beat Hillary in 2016 and I really don’t think the press has learned much about America since then.
Q: You write, “Some stories are left on the cutting-room floor because too few people care about them. Other stories are left on the cutting-room floor because conservatives care deeply about them.” New CNN leadership has pledged to book more conservative voices. Are you optimistic this is a step in the right direction?
I’m not hopeful yet, but I sure am curious. It would be great if CNN became a news network again, dedicated to neutral and objective reporting, instead of a place to watch anchors give their opinions all day long. Under Jeff Zucker, anchors and reporters let their opinions rip, as if every show was a nighttime opinion show. And their opinions were always biased – to the left. That’s not good journalism.
Q: Throughout the book, you cite specific examples demonstrating media bias. For example, the Washington Post story of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s passing ran under the headline, “A pioneer devoted to equality.” Four years earlier when Justice Antonin Scalia died, the Post headline read, “Supreme Court conservative dismayed liberals.” In your White House years, we began to see opinion injected into straight news stories, sometimes under the banner of “analysis.” As news coverage has become increasingly subjective, is there any reason to hope journalism will return to its traditional role of free, independent and impartial?
The mainstream media is in decline and in denial. Conservative media is booming. I would prefer a world in which a citizen could read one paper or watch one show (Special Report with Bret Baier on Fox News is the best show) and get the news straight. Instead, you have to watch multiple outlets and read many items just to learn what’s really going on. I get that the media tailors its news to target its audiences, but the mainstream bias is off the charts, despite most reporters claiming to be objective. I hope the trend turns and objectivity and neutrality become important again.
Q: Can you leave us with a favorite story of President Bush’s dealings with the news media from your time as White House Press Secretary?
The President would regularly tell me he was in a “news blackout” and didn’t watch or read what was reported. It didn’t take me long to realize, despite the blackout, he must have had night-vision goggles. He always knew what was being reported, but thankfully he didn’t dwell on it or let it consume him. He would go back to the Mansion in the evening with his briefing book for the next day and watch ESPN. I always thought that was healthy.
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You may not have known it, but World Allergy Week fell on April 2-8 in 2019. Or, maybe you were experiencing some unexpected allergy-related symptoms and wondered if there was a reason for it! Either way, the unplanned symptoms may have caused you to search for an ER in Abilene or an ER near you to find relief. Keep reading to learn more about treatment for allergic reactions.
If there’s comfort in numbers, you should find comfort in knowing that the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America reports that every year, over 50 million Americans succumb to the most common allergy symptom of an itchy, runny nose. The cause for this reaction is simple: there’s something in your immediate environment – either indoors or outdoors – that triggers your immune system to release histamines to counter the attack. As an example, pollen and mold can peak at different times of the year depending on your environment. This means that while most people associate allergies and allergic reactions to the spring – they can in fact happen any time of the year. That’s why our emergency room in Abilene is staffed with medical personnel and equipped with treatment options for every day of the year!
Some of the most common allergies, apart from seasonal and mold allergies, include:
As mentioned, one of the first things that occurs during an allergic reaction is that histamines are released. And when that happens, your body goes into overdrive t’s important to remember that allergy symptoms can range from mild to life-threatening, so monitoring is recommended and medical intervention often suggested.
Because anaphylaxis can transition from a mild symptom to an emergency, life-threatening situation with little notice, it’s always recommended that you keep your contact information for urgent care in Abilene readily available.
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Washington Post Website Requires Payment to View
Free Copy Given Below
This is one of the documents on the summary for which the media website requires payment. You must pay a small fee by credit card on line in order to be able to download this document from the Washington Post website. Go to:
On the left side of the screen click in the circle titled "Date Range" and enter October 29, 2001 in both the "From" and "To" dates. In the "Author" box, type "David Ottaway." Then click on the "Go" button. We provide a copy of the article below for free.
Diplomats Met With Taliban on Bin Laden
Some Contend U.S.
Missed Its Chance
David B. Ottaway and Joe Stephens Washington Post Staff
October 29, 2001; Page A1
Over three years and on as many continents, U.S. officials met in public and secret at least 20 times with Taliban representatives to discuss ways the regime could bring suspected terrorist Osama bin Laden to justice.
Talks continued until just days before the Sept. 11 attacks, and Taliban representatives repeatedly suggested they would hand over bin Laden if their conditions were met, sources close to the discussions said.
Throughout the years, however, State Department officials refused to soften their demand that bin Laden face trial in the U.S. justice system. It also remained murky whether the Taliban envoys, representing at least one division of the fractious Islamic movement, could actually deliver on their promises.
The exchanges lie at the heart of a long and largely untold history of diplomatic efforts between the State Department and Afghanistan's ruling regime that paralleled covert CIA actions to take bin Laden. In the end, both diplomatic and covert efforts proved fruitless.
In interviews, U.S. participants and sources close to the Taliban discussed the exchanges in detail and debated whether the State Department should have been more flexible in its hard-line stance. Earlier this month, President Bush summarily rejected another Taliban offer to give up bin Laden to a neutral third country. "We know he's guilty. Turn him over," Bush said.
Some Afghan experts argue that throughout the negotiations, the United States never recognized the Taliban need for aabroh, the Pashtu word for "face-saving formula." Officials never found a way to ease the Taliban's fear of embarrassment if it turned over a fellow Muslim to an "infidel" Western power.
"We were not serious about the whole thing, not only this administration but the previous one," said Richard Hrair Dekmejian, an expert in Islamic fundamentalism and author at the University of Southern California. "We did not engage these people creatively. There were missed opportunities."
U.S. officials struggled to communicate with Muslim clerics unfamiliar with modern diplomacy and distrustful of the Western world, and they failed to take advantage of fractures in the Taliban leadership.
"We never heard what they were trying to say," said Milton Bearden, a former CIA station chief who oversaw U.S. covert operations in Afghanistan in the 1980s. "We had no common language. Ours was, 'Give up bin Laden.' They were saying, 'Do something to help us give him up.' "
State Department officials assert that despite hours of talks and proposals that were infuriatingly vague, the Afghan rulers never truly intended to give up bin Laden.
U.S. negotiators started out "very, very patient," one official said. But over the course of many meetings, the envoys "lost all patience with them because they kept saying they would do something and they did exactly nothing."
The meetings took place in Tashkent, Kandahar, Islamabad, Bonn, New York and Washington. There were surprise satellite calls, one of which led to a 40-minute chat between a mid-level State Department bureaucrat and the Taliban's supreme leader, Mohammad Omar. There was a surprise visit to Washington, made by a Taliban envoy bearing a gift carpet for Bush.
The diplomatic effort to snare bin Laden began as early as 1996, when officials devised a plan to use back channels to Sudan, one of seven countries on the U.S. list of terrorist-supporting states. Under the plan, bin Laden would be arrested in Khartoum and extradited to Saudi Arabia, which would turn him over to the United States.
But the United States could not persuade the Saudis to accept bin Laden, and Sudan instead expelled him to Afghanistan in May 1996 -- a few months before the Taliban seized power in Kabul.
The Clinton administration did not begin seriously pressing the Taliban for bin Laden's expulsion until the August 1998 bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania that killed 224 people, including 12 Americans, and injured 4,600.
The bombings were "a seminal moment," changing Washington's view of the Taliban, an administration official said. The attacks convinced U.S. policymakers that Omar was no longer simply interested in conquering Afghanistan, but that his protection was allowing bin Laden, a longtime friend, to engage in terrorist ventures abroad.
U.S. officials launched a two-pronged policy to pressure the Taliban into handing over bin Laden. On the one hand, the United States used the United Nations and the threat of sanctions. On the other, it began a hard-nosed dialogue.
Within days of the embassy bombings, State Department officer Michael Malinowski began telephoning Taliban officials. On one occasion, Malinowski, lounging on the deck of his Washington home, spoke by telephone with Omar.
"I would say, 'Hey, give up bin Laden,' and they would say, 'No. . . . Show us the evidence,' " Malinowski said. Taliban leaders argued they could not expel a guest, and Malinowski responded, "It is not all right if this visitor goes up to the roof of your house and shoots his gun at his neighbors."
On Feb. 3, 1999, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Karl E. Inderfurth, the Clinton administration's point man for talks with the Taliban, and Michael Sheehan, State Department counterterrorism chief, went to Islamabad to deliver a stern message to the Taliban's deputy foreign minister, Abdul Jalil: The United States henceforth would hold the Taliban responsible for any terrorist act by bin Laden.
By that time, bin Laden had been indicted for his alleged role in the embassy bombings. The officials reviewed the indictment in detail with the Taliban and offered to provide more evidence if the Taliban sent a delegation to New York. The Taliban did not do so.
Immediately after the U.S. warning, Taliban security forces took bin Laden from his Kandahar compound and spirited him away to a remote site, according to media reports at the time. They also seized his satellite communications and barred him from contact with the media.
Publicly, the Taliban said they no longer knew where he was. Inderfurth now says the United States interpreted such statements "as an effort to evade their responsibility to turn him over."
Others, however, say the cryptic statements should have been interpreted differently. Bearden, for example, believes the Taliban more than once set up bin Laden for capture by the United States and communicated its intent by saying he was lost.
"Every time the Afghans said, 'He's lost again,' they are saying something. They are saying, 'He's no longer under our protection,' " Bearden said. "They thought they were signaling us subtly, and we don't do signals."
U.N. pressure steadily mounted. In October 1999, a Security Council resolution demanded the Taliban turn over bin Laden to "appropriate authorities" but left open the possibility he could be tried somewhere besides a U.S. court.
In response, the Taliban proposed bringing bin Laden to justice, either in Afghanistan or another Muslim country.
One Taliban proposal suggested bin Laden be turned over to a panel of three Islamic jurists, one each chosen by Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia and the United States.
When the United States rejected that proposal, the Taliban countered that it would settle for only one Islamic jurist on such a panel, a source close to the Taliban leadership said.
Taliban leaders also kept demanding the United States provide more evidence of bin Laden's terrorist activities.
"It became clear that the call for more evidence was more a delaying tactic than a sincere effort to solve the bin Laden issue," Inderfurth said.
Throughout 1999 and 2000, Inderfurth, Sheehan and Thomas R. Pickering, then undersecretary of state, continued meeting in Washington, Islamabad, New York and Bonn to review evidence against bin Laden. They warned of war if there were another terrorist attack.
"We saw a continuing effort to evade, deny and obfuscate," Inderfurth said. "They had no interest in an international panel, really. Their only intention was not to hand bin Laden over."
Phyllis E. Oakley, head of the State Department's intelligence bureau in the late 1990s, said her bureau concluded Omar would never give up bin Laden.
Last March, Rahmatullah Hashimi, a 24-year-old Taliban envoy, arrived in Washington on a surprise visit, meeting with reporters, middle-ranking State Department bureaucrats and private Afghanistan experts. He carried a gift carpet and a letter from Omar, both meant for President Bush.
Hashimi said he had come with a new offer, but U.S. officials now dismiss his visit as just another feint. They say Hashimi simply wanted to know whether the new administration had a fresh idea for breaking the deadlock.
Yet the two sides kept meeting, mostly in Islamabad. Assistant Secretary of State Christina Rocca saw Taliban ambassador Abdul Salam Zaeef there in early August, and U.S. embassy officials held secret talks with Taliban security chief Hameed Rasoli. The Taliban invited a U.S. delegation to Kandahar, but the United States refused unless a solution for handing over bin Laden was first reached, a source close to the Taliban said.
Even after Sept. 11, as U.S. aircraft carriers and warplanes rushed toward Afghanistan, the Taliban's mysterious maneuvering continued.
Bearden, the former CIA administrator, picked up his phone in Reston in early October and dialed a satellite number in Kandahar. Hashimi answered, still full of optimism that Saudi clerics and an upcoming conference of Islamic nations would give their blessing to Bush's demand that they "cough him up."
"There was a 50-50 chance something could happen," Hashimi told Bearden, "if the Saudis stepped in."
Five days later, bin Laden remained at large and the United States began pummeling Kandahar and other Taliban strongholds.
"I have no doubts they wanted to get rid of him. He was a pain in the neck," Bearden said of bin Laden. "It never clicked."
Staff writers Gilbert M. Gaul, Mary Pat Flaherty and James V. Grimaldi and researcher Alice Crites contributed to this report.
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Hi! We all know that we have to dump millions of sentences in a neural MT. OK. But what happens when the machine does a translation mistake? How do we correct th rule so that it does not make the same mistake all the time? By dumping another 40 millions of sentences? Seriously.
Which mistakes and rules do you mean? In most CATs you can define custom rules to handle common mistakes.
For solving it at the NMT-level: If you can afford it then train a deeper model with more learning data. But you can just update the working model with incremental training. Mix the new data with an initial part to avoid the catastrophic forgetting and continue the training process. With the new tensorflow version it could be possible to inference and retrain at the same time. There are also solution to automate the correction with an interactive NMT.
For the case that you can’t retrain the model, then you could train new a model for automatic post-editing. This additional model is set behind the initial translation model.
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I worked out a proof by induction for my specific problem. I still don't understand how I got the equation though. Can anyone explain it?
If I have a recurrence relation such as:
how do I solve this?
Wikipedia explains how to solve such an equation and I used it and it worked for me. But I don't understand how it works.
This is what Wiki says (in short):
With our equation above we try to find an answer of the form
You solve this and you write:
You then work out what C and D are (using a(0) and a(1) which you already know and you have your equation.
(This is the link to wikipedia's explanation:
Recurrence relation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
Could someone explain why this works please.
And also, how does one prove that the new formula is correct?
A second order linear homogeneous recurrence relation has the form...
a) we first demonstrate that if and are two independent solution of (1), then also , where and are arbitrary constants, is also solution of (1)...
... for what we have supposed is...
... so that multiplying the first of (2) by and the second of (2) by we obtain...
... that is what we want to demonstrate...
b) ... then we demonstrate that if and are constant and and are two real dinstict roots of the equation...
... then and ...
... setting is the first of (3) we obtain...
... that is what we want to demonstrate. The same is for ...
I'll explain the steps.
I don't know if it will clear up the mystery for you.
First, we conjecture that the generating function is exponential.
. . Let
So we have: .
Quadratic Formula: .
Form a linear combination of the two roots:
. . .
Use the first two terms of the sequence to set up a system of equations:
Solve the system: .
Substitute into and we have the closed form of the recurrence.
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I remember when I found out there were other books of the Bible – like the book of Judas that got excluded. I asked my non-denominational church leaders why this was – why they were considered invalid in our Bibles. We used ESV version, which you can search via textbooks.org, by the way. And I never really got an explanation that I could remember – so I decided to look it up again. Here is what Gracethrufaith has to say about the question:
“The extra books in the Catholic Bible are called The Apocrypha. They were written after the Canon of the Hebrew Bible was complete – about 425 B.C. The word apocrypha means “hidden, or secret”. Due to their doubtful authenticity the word has come to mean “fraudulent, or forged” by some scholars.
Although some feel there are many more, The Apocrypha is normally made up of fourteen books which are found in Greek and Latin translations but never in the Hebrew Old Testament. When Jerome translated the Old Testament into Latin he refused to include them within the body of the book and established a separate section he named “The Apocrypha”. Only 11 of these are included in the Catholic Bible Today but all 14 can still be found in the Orthodox Bible.”
It makes sense – Orthodoxy came before Catholicism, which came before Protestantism.
The reasons for the discrepancy are vast, but here are the reasonings given, as quoted once more by Gracethrufaith:
“1. The Apocrypha was never in the Hebrew Canon.
2. Neither Jesus Christ, nor any of the New Testament writers, ever quoted from the Apocrypha. (Jude mentioned Enoch, but Enoch was not the author of the books that bear his name.)
3. Josephus(a well-known historian from the Biblical era) excluded them from his list of sacred scripture. He felt they were lacking authenticity or validity in essence or origin.
4. During the first four centuries there was no mention made of the Apocrypha in any catalogue or canonical book. They were believed to be slipped in during the fifth century. There are reputed to be 263 quotations and 370 allusions to the Old Testament in the New Testament and not one of them refers to the Apocryphal writings.
5. The books of the Apocrypha were never asserted to be divinely inspired or to possess divine authority in their contents.
6. No prophets were connected with these writings. Each book of the Old Testament was written by a man who was a prophet.
7. These books are replete with historical, geographical and chronological errors. In order to accept the Apocrypha one would have to reject the Old Testament narratives.
8. The Apocryphal doctrines and practices are contrary to the Canon of Scripture.”
The article then goes on to say that although it shouldn’t be taken as valid just from the start, it does give some good information – as it was written between the time of the New and Old Testaments.
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In-car audio systems are evolving from basic radio and CD players to connected systems that provide entertainment and information from a variety of sources. Consumers are growing to expect advanced features in their new vehicles, including voice command, smartphone integration and interactive, streaming audio.
“With smart mobile devices in the hands of almost every consumer, expectations for connectivity in cars are rapidly increasing,” said Ray Cornyn, vice president of Freescale's automotive microcontroller (MCU) business. “Vybrid automotive solutions help expand the functionality of driver information systems, at price points suitable for mainstream vehicles."
Vybrid automotive devices address up to 80 percent of an automaker's development needs with production-grade software and comprehensive enablement support, reducing the total software investment and effort required and speeding time to market.
According to the Genivi Alliance, infotainment development costs range on average from $20 to $50 million, with software costs already accounting for more than half of the cost and expected to continue to grow in the future. Vybrid automotive solutions provide everything designers need to quickly go from concept to market, Freescale promises. This includes automotive-grade board support packages (BSPs) based on the MQX and Linux operating systems, production-ready application software, pre-integrated partner software, reference designs, application notes, leading development environments and a rich ecosystem of third-party and open-source resources.
The company's recently announced Vybrid controller solutions are built on a asymmetrical-multiprocessing-architecture platform that leverages the company's heritage as a leader in microcontroller (MCU) development and multicore design. The Vybrid platform integrates the ARM Cortex-A and Cortex-M cores, reducing complexity and cost while increasing system security for automotive applications. The new Vybrid controller solutions, along with i.MX applications processors, give Freescale a wider breadth of scalable solutions based on ARM architecture to cover infotainment solutions ranging from basic and connected radio up to high-end, multi-core infotainment systems with best in class graphics capabilities.
In addition, Freescale has teamed up with select industry-leading partners that have
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ERIC Number: ED177863
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1978
Reference Count: 0
The Development of Strategies for the Assignment of Semantic Information to Unknown Lexemes in Text. Lenguas para Objetivos Especificas (Languages for Special Purposes), No. 5.
Alderson, Charles; Alvarez, Guadalupe
An English for Special Purposes (ESP) course being developed aims to give the students a series of techniques to help them handle vocabulary in a text, and teach them strategies for identifying meaning in context. Traditional strategies, such as the study of morphology, use of grammatical information, and exercises in dictionary usage, are helpful, but they do not teach the student to be satisfied with a vague notion of meaning. Another strategy, using context clues, has long been advocated, but techniques for doing this have not been worked out. It students are to use context, they need to know the principles of semantic restraint, as operated by context. It seems possible to use insights into meaning from structural semantics in order to elucidate some of these principles. In addition to these insights, the use of nonsense words has been incorporated into vocabulary exercises because the only meaning a nonsense word can have comes from context. Examples are provided of exercises using the following relations: (1) hyponymy, the relation between terms, one of which is included in the other; (2) opposites, including the relations of incompatibility, antonymy, complementarity and converse; (3) synonymy; and (4) other sorts of meaning relations such as rhetorical structure, definitions, and notional and pragmatic relations. (AMH)
Descriptors: Context Clues, English for Special Purposes, English (Second Language), Higher Education, Language Instruction, Language Skills, Reading Comprehension, Reading Development, Reading Instruction, Reading Skills, Second Language Learning, Semantics, Vocabulary, Vocabulary Development, Vocabulary Skills, Word Recognition
Publication Type: Guides - General
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: Autonomous Metropolitan Univ., Mexico City (Mexico).
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As prologue to the BSP’s (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) National Microfinance Stakeholders Summit held on April 5, the Rural Bankers Association of the Philippines Microenterprise Access to Banking Services (RBAP-MABS) with support from USAID/Philippines and the Microfinance Council of the Philippines (MCPI) jointly held a pre-summit seminar on April 4 discussing “How to Avoid an India-type Microfinance Crisis in the Philippines”.
Opening the forum, RBAP President Corazon Miller described the India microfinance crisis as “a wake-up call for microfinance practitioners in the Philippines to begin the proactive process of strengthening transparency, following consumer protection practices, improving governance, and becoming better at communicating the value of Microfinance services.”
Led by Ms. Elisabeth Rhyne, Managing Director of ACCION International’s Center for Financial Inclusion and organized for the microfinance stakeholders in the Philippines particularly rural banks, NGOs, credit cooperatives and others, the seminar provided interesting discussions on some of the issues that led to the microfinance crisis in the India.
Ms. Rhyne outlined the developments leading up to the crisis in India, particularly in the southern state of Andra Pradesh, where the largest microfinance institutions are located. Some historical notes provided context to the build up of the crisis there, as she traced how the banking industry in India had risen from years of operating only state owned banks to the time of privatization after the financial sector was liberalized. She also pointed out that the microfinance industry in India is an “orphaned” sector because the regulators did not pay attention to the industry. Even after some of the institutions did become regulated as formal financial institutions, the regulations kept them in a tight leash allowing them to offer only group loans and prevented them from offering deposit services.
With group lending models basically imported from Bangladesh, microfinance in India grew at a very fast clip. In the last two years leading up to the crisis in 2010, microfinance in the State of Andra Pradesh experienced astronomical growth as the “cult of scale became the yardstick to measure a microfinance institution’s relevance.” Thus, growth measured in millions, and the race to draw even more new clients was driven harder by the entry of equity from profit seeking investors. Andra Pradesh, the state with the largest microfinance sector, experienced astronomical growth with at least 10 million new clients in a short span of two years. In a bid to draw in more clients, one particular bad practice was employed by some MFIs there: the use of agents, paid or unpaid, which led to uncontrolled groups of borrowers.
To sum up the main issues, Ms. Rhyne listed the most important factors that have led to the crisis in India as follows:
- Extreme rapid growth with the loss of portfolio quality,
- The entry of commercial investors with high valuation expectations,
- Location of branches in already saturated markets,
- Harsh collection practices,
- Weak industry associations, and
- A lack of action by microfinance institutions.
Ms. Rhyne also contrasted the crisis in India with the one that occurred in Bolivia over a decade ago. The Bolivian crisis was triggered by the introduction of consumer credit as well as the unbridled growth in microfinance credit services. However, this crisis did not shut down the microfinance sector, which actually recovered quickly and became much stronger. Some of the steps taken in Bolivia after the crisis included:
- A shift away from group lending to individual lending with a focus on cashflow lending and proper repayment capacity analysis;
- Strengthened underwriting standards, especially regarding total client indebtedness;
- Product diversification including a stronger focus on savings;
- Private credit bureaus strengthened to include all players both regulated and non-regulated institutions;
- Codes of conduct adopted; and
- Strong associations that had a regular and constructive ongoing dialogue with regulators and politicians.
Will similar microfinance crisis come to the Philippine shores? From the data presented during the forum by Professor Ron Chua, sector-wide indicators on outreach indicate a very modest growth that has been tapering off in more recent years. Some consolidation has also been taking place.
Ms Rhyne noted that the trend in the Philippines has also taken the microfinance providers away from mono-product and group liability lending as they offer more diversified products and services to their clients. Such products and services have included credit for agriculture, housing, microinsurance, remittance as well as microinsurance services. There has also been an increasing use of technology, such as mobile phone banking services, to improve delivery and bring down costs. When it comes to the microfinance players in the banking sector, where over 200 offer microfinance services, the Philippines has the most pro-active regulations for microfinance that have become a model for central banks in other countries. However, while there are good regulations for banks, there is still the concern raised on the lack of regulation over the non – government organizations that provide services to at least two-thirds of the microfinance borrowers. On a positive note, she noted the impressive level of stakeholder cooperation and supportive regulators and active industry associations.
Lessons learned from both the Andra Pradesh and Bolivian experience, as well as the crisis that happened in South Africa and Morocco, among others, point to certain vulnerabilities that could trigger a crisis in the markets that microfinance institutions target to reach. Players and regulators are well advised to recognize these vulnerabilities and address them before they create a tidal wave. These vulnerabilities include the following:
- Overlending problem: In markets that have become highly competitive the challenge is how to avoid the tempest of over indebtedness. Ms. Rhyne warned that it is easy for lenders to make over optimistic projections on how much credit a borrower can get and that “clients are not the best judge of how much credit they can afford to borrow and competently handle.” There is therefore a need for the microfinance institutions to restrain the offer of credit. The industry players acting together can do something to avoid over indebtedness amongst their clients. The practice of using the cash flow analysis to determine the amount the borrower can pay is a good practice that lenders should follow. The regulatory authority can also be a source of proactive initiatives, and, here, fast tracking the implementation of private credit bureaus acquires much urgency.
- Public perception of interest rates: The idea of charging poor people more than charging non-poor is always going to be a point of vulnerability, especially when the sector has become much bigger. In the Philippines microfinance borrowers are estimated to number around three million, based on data from the PCFC. Because delivering micro loans to borrowers have a much higher cost than a loan of a much bigger amount, there is a need for better communicating this fact to the public. But at the same time, there is a need for the industry to practice fair and transparent pricing for their loan product, with full disclosure of the effective cost of credit to the borrowers.
- Collection practices. Offensive and harsh collection practices that are harmful to the clients and counterproductive for the lender should be avoided. The industry players collectively should review their collection practices and follow a proper code of conduct. This is especially a vulnerability for some of the Grameen replicators who follow sit down collection practices.
- Entry of bad players whose motivation is almost solely profits but put on a cloak of good intentions can damage the market.
- Political temptation. When a crisis gets blown out of proportion, there could be a tendency for the issues to take on a political color, with a temptation for politicians to take it over as a populist issue or become a hero to solve the problem of the poor. Unfortunately, there is an over present temptation to offer solutions, such as interest caps or condemnation of loan payments, which are counterproductive as they harm both the providers and clients of microfinance services.
Ms Rhyne then went on to share some of the proactive steps that the Philippine microfinance sector could take to avoid a microfinance crisis in the Philippines. These principles follow the Smart Campaign’s six client protection principles:
- Avoidance of over-indebtedness
- Transparent – and responsible – pricing
- Appropriate collection practices
- Ethical staff behavior
- Mechanisms to manage complaints
- Privacy of client data
At the conclusion of the seminar, a panel discussion led by Mr. John Owens of RBAP-MABS, Ms. Rhyne, Prof. Chua, Mr. Tomas Gomez IV of GM Bank, Ms. Lalaine Joyas of MCPI and Mr. Eduardo Jimenez of the BSP, discussed the various issues and challenges faced by the industry. Along with the other participants, they also discussed the practical steps that institutions and their associations can follow to ensure a healthy expansion of microfinance services in the Philippines.
By and large, the Philippine microfinance players across all sectors have a lot to learn from the crisis that other countries have already experienced. In her closing remarks, Ms. Mila Bunker, Chairperson of MCPI, reminded the participants about going back to the basics and reflecting on practices that may seem to be effective but actually harm clients, and “to be vigilant so that the India crisis does not happen to us.” She urged the participants to revisit their institutions goals, to take a look at implementing the 6 client protection principles advocated by the SMART Campaign. And in a call to arms, she reminded all microfinance providers – NGOs, cooperatives, banks – that no one provider is an island, that “we are part of a bigger sector and we need to unite in the goal of reaching the poorest and marginalized sector.” Ms. Bunker urged everyone’s cooperation in a continuing dialogue with each other and uniting to take proactive action especially concerning the credit bureau and having a code of conduct to serve as the norm for all microfinance players.
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Bangalore is the largest city in Karnataka and is also one of Asia's fastest growing metropolises. The name Bangalore was derived from the native name Bengaluru, which in turn is an adaptation of the earlier name in Kannada 'Benda Kaalu Uru' (The town of boiled beans). Bangalore is also called by several other names such as Garden City of India, Silicon Valley of India, Pub City etc. Bangalore enjoys a mild climate all year round.Bangalore has a lot interesting places to offer. Few major attractions are: Lalbagh,Vidhana Soudha,Cubbon Park,Bannerghatta National Park,ISKCON Temple,Bangalore Palace,M.G Road,Bull Temple,Tipu's Fort,Ulsoor Lake,Vishvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum,Venkatappa Art Gallery and Government Museum,Shiva Temple. Bangalore is famous for Sandalwood carving and silk sarees but also has a range of options for shoppers. Bangalore has variety of public transportation such as buses, autos and taxis. BookCab offers special car rental packages for city travel. There are various types of cabs for hire ranging from Tata Indica to Mercedes Benz for your specific needs to travel within Bangalore. Explore the beauty of Bangalore by renting a cab with BookCab, BookCab also provides taxi service from Bangalore International airport to anywhere in Bangalore and other nearby destinations. Bookcab specializes in providing taxi services for outstation holidays from Bangalore. Booking a cab for your weekend getaways from Bangalore is now easy with BookCab.
Bhadrachalam is a temple town in the Khammam district of Andra Pradesh. It is linked to the Ramayana, as many events from the epic are said to have taken place here. River Godavari is the lifeline of this holy town. The Ram temple here is one of the most visited after the temple in Ayodhya.
There are many such places around Bhadrachalam linked to Lord Ram, his exile and events that happened during the Ramayana.
The other temples to visit are Abhaya Anjaneya Temple, Sri Sitaramachandra Swamy Temple and Sri Annapurna Kasi Visweswara Swamy Temple amongst others.
There are a number of lodges, hotels and resorts in and around Bhadrachalam. Find out more about them before you make reservations.
Hyderabad to Bhadrachalam takes around 5 hours 10 minutes of driving time. Located 312 km east of the Andra Pradesh capital, some of the
towns passed on the way are Suryapet , Kammam and Paloncha. You will need at least a weekend to cover many of the sites of Bhadrachalam in
The closest airport is the Rajahmundry airport. The nearest railway station is Bhadrachalam Road station located around 40km away from the town of Bhadrachalam.
Our exclusive pilgrim packages can take you to all the important destinations in Bhadrachalam from Hyderabad. BookCab can also customise your trip around your budget and timeline. Give us a call ((092) 4100 4100) and our travel associates will be happy to answer your questions and make your reservations for you. Likewise you can log on to our website www.bookcab.in and make your booking at your convenience. Register with us and we will keep you informed of special deals and seasonal discounts that are announced periodically.
BookCab offers Bangalore to Bhadrachalam car rental service at great deals. Bookcab is a leading taxi hire company which provides car rental services from Bangalore to Bhadrachalam. Now Bangalore to Bhadrachalam cab booking is easy with Bookcab's hassle-free online cab booking system at best deals. Bookcab, with a wide variety of options in the fleet, provides taxi services from Bangalore to Bhadrachalam with best drive experience. Bookcab provides affordable and reliable taxi services from Bangalore airport to Bhadrachalam. Hire a taxi from Bangalore railway station to Bhadrachalam. Hire a taxi to Bhadrachalam from Bangalore for one way trips from Bookcab. Why pay for a round trip when it is a one way travel. Bangalore to Bhadrachalam route is spread over a distance of 874 Km and travel duration is approximately around 12 hours 17 mins. Get all the details about weather info while travelling from Bangalore to Bhadrachalam. Real-time weather forecast at Bhadrachalam is found here. Bookcab provides detailed info about climate like temperature, best time to visit etc. Looking for Hotels to stay in Bhadrachalam? BookCab has deatils of every Hotel in Bhadrachalam. Get List of all Hotels in Bhadrachalam India. Find the all the details of Luxurious, Budget and Cheap Hotels in Bhadrachalam here.
We also provide one way taxi services from Bangalore to Bhadrachalam.
Please click here to find taxi fare from Bangalore to Bhadrachalam for all kinds of vehicles.
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High temperature electrolysis is more efficient economically than traditional room-temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat, which is cheaper than electricity, and also because the electrolysis reaction is more efficient at higher temperatures. In fact, at 2500 °C, electrical input is unnecessary because water breaks down to hydrogen and oxygen through thermolysis. Such temperatures are impractical; proposed HTE systems operate between 100 °C and 850 °C.
The efficiency improvement of high-temperature electrolysis is best appreciated by assuming that the electricity used comes from a heat engine, and then considering the amount of heat energy necessary to produce one kg hydrogen (141.86 megajoules), both in the HTE process itself and also in producing the electricity used. At 100 °C, 350 megajoules of thermal energy are required (41% efficient). At 850 °C, 225 megajoules are required (64% efficient).
The selection of the materials for the electrodes and electrolyte in a solid oxide electrolyser cell is essential. One option being investigated for the process used yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes, nickel-cermet steam/hydrogen electrodes, and mixed oxide of lanthanum, strontium and cobalt oxygen electrodes.
Even with HTE, electrolysis is a fairly inefficient way to store energy. Significant conversion losses of energy occur both in the electrolysis process, and in the conversion of the resulting hydrogen back into power.
At current hydrocarbon prices, HTE can not compete with pyrolysis of hydrocarbons as an economical source of hydrogen.
HTE is of interest as a more efficient route to the production of hydrogen, to be used as a carbon neutral fuel and general energy storage. It may become economical if cheap non-fossil fuel sources of heat (concentrating solar, nuclear, geothermal) can be used in conjunction with non-fossil fuel sources of electricity (such as solar, wind, ocean, nuclear).
Possible supplies of cheap high-temperature heat for HTE are all nonchemical, including nuclear reactors, concentrating solar thermal collectors, and geothermal sources. HTE has been demonstrated in a laboratory at 108 kilojoules (thermal) per gram of hydrogen produced, but not at a commercial scale. The first commercial generation IV reactors are expected around 2030.
The market for hydrogen production
Given a cheap, high-temperature heat source, other hydrogen production methods are possible. In particular, see the thermochemical sulfur-iodine cycle. Thermochemical production might reach higher efficiencies than HTE because no heat engine is required. However, large-scale thermochemical production will require significant advances in materials that can withstand high-temperature, high-pressure, highly corrosive environments.
The market for hydrogen is large (50 million metric tons/year in 2004, worth about $135 billion/year) and growing at about 10% per year (see hydrogen economy). This market is met by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons to produce the hydrogen, which results in CO2 emissions. The two major consumers are oil refineries and fertilizer plants (each consumes about half of all production). Should hydrogen-powered cars become widespread, their consumption would greatly increase the demand for hydrogen in a hydrogen economy.
Electrolysis and thermodynamics
During electrolysis, the amount of electrical energy that must be added equals the change in Gibbs free energy of the reaction plus the losses in the system. The losses can (theoretically) be arbitrarily close to zero, so the maximum thermodynamic efficiency of any electrochemical process equals 100%. In practice, the efficiency is given by electrical work achieved divided by the Gibbs free energy change of the reaction.
In most cases, such as room temperature water electrolysis, the electric input is larger than the enthalpy change of the reaction, so some energy is released as waste heat. In the case of electrolysis of steam into hydrogen and oxygen at high temperature, the opposite is true. Heat is absorbed from the surroundings, and the heating value of the produced hydrogen is higher than the electric input. In this case the efficiency relative to electric energy input can be said to be greater than 100%. The maximum theoretical efficiency of a fuel cell is the inverse of that of electrolysis. It is thus impossible to create a perpetual motion machine by combining the two processes.
- Badwal, SPS; Giddey S; Munnings C (2012). "Hydrogen production via solid electrolytic routes". WIRES; Energy and Environment. 2 (5): 473–487. doi:10.1002/wene.50.
- Hi2h2 - High temperature electrolysis using SOEC
- WELTEMP-Water electrolysis at elevated temperatures
- Kazuya Yamada, Shinichi Makino, Kiyoshi Ono, Kentaro Matsunaga, Masato Yoshino, Takashi Ogawa, Shigeo Kasai, Seiji Fujiwara, and Hiroyuki Yamauchi "High Temperature Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production Using Solid Oxide Electrolyte Tubular Cells Assembly Unit", presented at AICHE Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, November 2006. abstract
- "Steam heat: researchers gear up for full-scale hydrogen plant" (Press release). Science Daily. 2008-09-19.
- "Nuclear hydrogen R&D plan" (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Energy. March 2004. Retrieved 2008-05-09.
- Wall, Mike (August 1, 2014). "Oxygen-Generating Mars Rover to Bring Colonization Closer". Space.com. Retrieved 2014-11-05.
- The Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE) PDF. Presentation: MARS 2020 Mission and Instruments". November 6, 2014.
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The obscure adjustments the government is planning to the tax acts of 1988 and 2009 have been missed by almost everyone – and are, anyway, almost impossible to understand without expert help. But as soon as you grasp the implications, you realise that a kind of corporate coup d'etat is taking place.
Like the dismantling of the NHS and the sale of public forests, no one voted for this measure, as it wasn't in the manifestos. While Cameron insists that he occupies the centre ground of British politics, that he shares our burdens and feels our pain, he has quietly been plotting with banks and businesses to engineer the greatest transfer of wealth from the poor and middle to the ultra-rich that this country has seen in a century.
Oh, the drama! Oh, the horror! Oh, the disgust! What could the eeeeevil Tory toff be doing now?
At the moment tax law ensures that companies based here, with branches in other countries, don't get taxed twice on the same money. They have to pay only the difference between our rate and that of the other country. If, for example, Dirty Oil plc pays 10% corporation tax on its profits in Oblivia, then shifts the money over here, it should pay a further 18% in the UK, to match our rate of 28%. But under the new proposals, companies will pay nothing at all in this country on money made by their foreign branches.
Foreign means anywhere. If these proposals go ahead, the UK will be only the second country in the world to allow money that has passed through tax havens to remain untaxed when it gets here. The other is Switzerland. The exemption applies solely to "large and medium companies": it is not available for smaller firms. The government says it expects "large financial services companies to make the greatest use of the exemption regime". The main beneficiaries, in other words, will be the banks.
But that's not the end of it. While big business will be exempt from tax on its foreign branch earnings, it will, amazingly, still be able to claim the expense of funding its foreign branches against tax it pays in the UK. No other country does this. The new measures will, as we already know, accompany a rapid reduction in the official rate of corporation tax: from 28% to 24% by 2014. This, a Treasury minister has boasted, will be the lowest rate "of any major western economy". By the time this government is done, we'll be lucky if the banks and corporations pay anything at all.
Hurrah! There are a number of reasons to applaud this:
1. Companies don't actually ever "pay" tax. They simply claw it back out of money they could pay to their staff (you know, the working stiffs) or they pay their shareholders less (you know, the pensions of the working stiffs) or they gouge it out of their customers (which means that the working stiffs pay more). Companies are legal entities, not living, breathing things. Don't fucking pay attention to the legal fiction, pay attention to the employees, the shareholders and the customers. You know, actual human beings. Think about the consequences to them.
2. Lower taxes will almost certainly increase the tax take as larger corporates will look to move back onshore, or move here anew precisely because the tax regime is so competitive. And this is all apart from the Laffer Curve, which shows that when tax rates are too high (and they definitely are in the UK!) then decreasing the tax rate actually increases the tax take.
So, Cameron and Osborne should actually be applauded for taking small steps in the right direction, rather than being pilloried by economic illiterates.
And just to show how fucking stupid this twat is:
These measures will drain not only wealth but also jobs from the UK. The new legislation will create a powerful incentive to shift business out of this country and into nations with lower corporate tax rates. Any UK business that doesn't outsource its staff or funnel its earnings through a tax haven will find itself with an extra competitive disadvantage. The new rules also threaten to degrade the tax base everywhere, as companies with headquarters in other countries will demand similar measures from their own governments.
OK: so we're drastically lowering our tax rate AND offering tax-reducing measures not available anywhere else in the western world, and this is going to chase businesses away? Yes, Mr Banker, you don't want to base your business in Britain, where you will pay less tax. You don't want the prestige and convenience and facilities of the Square Mile AND lower taxes, do you?
What a fucking idiot.
I'm ambivalent about the issue of driving jobs abroad -- it may drive a handful of jobs abroad, but I suspect that most headquarter jobs will need to be in the headquarters, so more companies headquartered here will mean more, better paid jobs here.
So, overall, Monbiot is, as usual, completely fucking wrong in his economic analysis, although this won't stop lefty tossers short-stroking themselves into the Guardian's comment pages today.
The only thing that I see as wrong is that some of the perks only apply to "medium to large business", although off-shoring probably doesn't make economic sense for smaller businesses anyway. So, more corporatism from Blue Labour (there's a surprise!) but at least it's better corporatism than New Labour's.
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Over the past year, news websites The Intercept and Vice have obtained numerous documents revealing how both the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and local law enforcement extensively monitored the Black Lives Matter movement. Treating activists as terrorists leads to the criminalization of free speech and assembly.
The first revelation came on March 12, 2015, when The Intercept obtained an email that showed the FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) took a keen interest in a Black Lives Movement protest at the Mall of Americas. The email was sent by a St. Paul Police officer and and member of the FBI’s JTTF to other task force members. On it he cc’ed a FBI Special Agent who was also a member of the JTTF. The protest was planned to raise awareness about the disproportionate criminalization of African-Americans and stand in solidarity with victims of police brutality. According to the email obtained, a confidential informant was deployed against the group and used to confirm the time, date, and location of the protest. The informant purported to have learned all of this from social media. These gatherings did not even warrant the presence of local law enforcement yet it still drew the attention of federal monitoring. The FBI spokesperson tried to justify this interest in the demonstration, by claiming confidential informant had stated vandalism was likely to take place. Yet, not only is their no mention of vandals in the email, “vandalism does not fall under the Memorandum of Understanding establishing the parameters under which local police officers are detailed to Joint Terrorism Task Forces and the task force mission of ‘prevention, preemption, deference and investigation of terrorist acts.’”
In July 2015 The Intercept obtained hundreds of pages pages of documents that revealed how the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) were routinely collecting information on Black Lives Matters movement. This monitoring began just two days after unarmed African-American teenage Michael Brown was shot and killed by white police officer Darren Wilson In Ferguson, Missouri. DHS monitored social media accounts and used Google maps to track the movements of individuals during marches across the country. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) furthers this revelation by pointing out how “information about specific individuals can also be funneled into the Nationwide Suspicious Activity Reporting system, which provides reports to the FBI through regional fusion centers.” Once again, concerns are raised about the trend of the DHS and FBI to view non-violent leaders of social progress as domestic security concern.
In August 2015 Vice News obtained documents about DHS monitoring of protests in Baltimore following the death of Freddie Gray in police custody. Vice details that the DHS has specifically monitored vocal social activists and dissenters. Identified as a “professional protester … known to law enforcement”, prominent Black Lives Matter activist DeRay Mckesson was monitored via social media websites. Additionally, the documents obtained from Vice showed that DHS in Baltimore, as elsewhere, mapped the movements and locations of protesters.
A common thread amongst revelations about DHS monitoring of Black Lives Matter protesters is that it carried out such monitoring under the guise of “situational awareness.” While DHS maintains it does not spy on political protesters, both the American Civil Liberties Union and Center for Constitutional Rights maintain that situational awareness is used as a cover to conduct political surveillance under another name.
Equally disturbing are reports by the Baltimore Sun and Mother Jones that ZeroFox, a cyber security firm, directly monitored Black Lives Matter activists who had a strong presence of social media. This information surfaced in a confidential “Crisis Management Report” prepared by the private firm on the Freddie Gray protests and available on the Mother Jones website.
Among the activists monitored were McKesson and another prominent activist Johnetta “Netta” Elzie. In the “Crisis Management Report” by ZeroFox, both individuals were identified as “threat actors.” While Maryland’s governor claimed zero collaboration with ZeroFox, in emails obtained by the Baltimore Sun, the private firm’s CEO discussed with the Mayor of Baltimore and the head of Maryland’s FBI intelligence partnership program discussed ZeroFox gathering surveillance on the Baltimore protests. ZeroFox later maintained that the report in question was prepared “pro bono.” The emails also mention ZeroFox briefing “classified” partners at Ft. Meade Army Base about the protest, and ZeroFox has a past history of working with the New York City Police Department.
Both the FBI and DHS maintain that they do not police political beliefs. However, both agencies continue to collect information on individuals and groups that appear to have done nothing more than participate in the Black Lives Matter movement, under the guise of “counterterrorism” operations in the case of the FBI, and in pursuit of “situational awareness” for DHS. FBI and DHS spying on lawful activities protected by the First Amendment is not only a threat to civil liberties, but also an indication that law enforcement views black activism as threatening. Nekima Levy-Pounds, a law professor who was also one of the Black Lives Matter protesters arrested at the Mall of Americas, has compared law enforcement monitoring of Black Lives Matter protesters to past monitoring of civil rights protesters, as both are intended “to curb nonviolent peaceful protesting,” which feels all too similar to civil rights protesters generations ago.
Reminiscent of COINTELPRO days, the FBI and DHS have found new justifications to undermine the rights of Americans. While in the past it might have been hunting “subversives,” today it is “counterterrorism” or “situational awareness.” Yet, the effect is the same. This is a cause for concern, and should warrant widespread attention and reform. At a time when race relations are at the forefront of the national agenda, law enforcement should not be used to chill the speech of those fighting for racial justice. Congress is tasked with the responsibility of providing oversight to the FBI and DHS. It is time they take on their responsibilities and put an end to political spying.
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Editor's note: Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Earth Institute and a professor at Columbia University. He also serves as special advisor to U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki-moon on the U.N. Millennium Development Goals. From 2002 to 2006, he was director of the U.N. Millennium Project. He is president and co-founder of Millennium Promise, a nonprofit organization aimed at ending extreme global poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. He has twice been named among the 100 most influential leaders in the world by Time magazine and is the author of the bestsellers "Common Wealth" and "The End of Poverty."
Jeff Sachs says the G-20 countries must take steps to cushion the poor from the financial crisis.
(CNN) -- The G-20 meeting in London, England, on April 2 will be watched by the entire world with urgency and with a yearning for hope, vision and programmatic clarity.
The preparatory work is not adequate. The G-20 discussions do not move sufficiently beyond financial regulation. I would like to suggest the following main points for G-20 leadership in the global recovery.
The G-20 needs to combine stimulus, economic development and sustainability: stimulus to get the world recession reversed, development to ensure that all of the world (not merely the rich countries or the G-20) shares in the benefits, and sustainability to address the world's grave risks of climate change, water stress and loss of biodiversity.
The world's 3 billion poor, especially the 1 billion poorest of the poor, are suffering powerful and destabilizing blows from the crisis, and these will get worse and threaten global security unless there is specific attention and action.
The G-20 cannot limit its focus to regulating the financial sector, reforming the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, avoiding protectionism and reciting the measures that individual countries are taking. This would leave the world gasping for direction and hope.
The G-20 must offer a vision that is big enough to quell global fears and action bold enough to protect the desperately poor while guiding the cooperative decision-making of the world's economic authorities.
The G-20 must push forward based on real policy coordination. The world does not have a system of effective cooperation. The United States, for example, does not engage in comprehensive and deep coordination with other countries. The poor countries, with half the world's population, and the poorest countries, with roughly one-fifth of the world's population, have not been brought into the equation.
The G-20 package for stimulus should include:
First, fulfillment by all countries of stimulus measures already announced and a commitment to undertake new joint stimulus measures, especially priority public outlays on infrastructure, the social safety net and sustainable energy, as may be needed during the coming years.
Second, establishment of a high-level G-20 coordination group, backed especially by China, the European Union, Japan and the United States, to work full-time on coordinating monetary, fiscal and financial policies for stimulus and long-term recovery. Such cooperative macroeconomic programming does not now exist.
Third, increased currency support extended from the world's five major central banks (the U.S. Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England, the Bank of Japan and the People's Bank of China) for emerging market economies facing the loss of loans from international banks (e.g. Eastern Europe). The Fed's currency swap lines to Brazil, Mexico, Korea and Singapore last fall played an important stabilizing role. The other central banks can and should do more, as can the Fed vis-à-vis other countries.
Fourth, a G-20 commitment to gradual and orderly currency readjustments to help rebalance the world's financial and trade flows. The Asian currencies should gradually appreciate against the euro, which in turn should appreciate gradually against the dollar. Squabbling about bilateral rates between the dollar and Chinese renmenbi should be put to rest.
G-20 actions for the poor should include:
First, establishment of an urgent special food security program, which would make grants to low-income, food-deficit countries (including Africa, Haiti, Afghanistan and elsewhere) to ensure that impoverished farmers can get the basic input they need (such as fertilizer and high-yield seeds) to grow more food.
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon and Spain's Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero have joined to propose this new program and have mobilized backing from about a dozen countries.
The United States' contribution should be at least $200 million per year over five years ($1 billion total), matching Spain, the largest donor country, and sending a powerful message of solidarity from the United States to the world. The hunger crisis is now afflicting 1 billion people and contributing to the deaths of millions of children each year.
Second, full funding of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, which is facing a critical and potentially devastating cash shortfall during 2009-11.
An incremental U.S. contribution of $350 million in 2009 would close the most urgent cash-flow gap and put the United States in the clear lead of protecting the Global Fund and championing the fight against the three pandemic diseases.
Third, special urgent long-term financing of clean energy investments in the poor countries, especially solar, geothermal, wind and hydro, as a direct stimulus to the supplier countries (including the United States), a development boost for the recipient countries (notably in Africa and Central Asia) and a major spur to climate control and success in negotiations this year.
Fourth, accelerated distribution by the World Bank and the regional development banks of their unused financing capacities, directed at infrastructure and the Millennium Development Goals. The G-20 would commit to accelerate the replenishment of those funds on an expedited and as-needed basis.
Fifth, urgently completing the pending injection of capital for regional development banks to bolster their lending and grants. (The Asian Development Bank, for example, is in the process of a recapitalization, which should be strongly supported by the United States and the rest of the G-20.)
Sixth, an urgent easing of the conditions the IMF sets on its grants and loans to poor countries. This will ensure that those countries can receive and utilize greatly increased IMF financial backing to preserve trade finance and to have the room to undertake needed stimulus measures.
Seventh, an explicit commitment by all parties to take the steps needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015, the world's internationally agreed goals to fight extreme poverty, hunger and disease. (See http://www.milleniumpromise.org for details and ways to achieve them.) All parties should underscore their commitments to the goals, and the United States should emphasize its resolve to increase aid markedly by 2015.
G-20 actions for sustainability should include:
First, a determination to "green" the stimulus in each country and to expand the development financing for sustainable infrastructure in the developing world, including solar power and efficient water use in sub-Saharan Africa.
Second, a commitment to reach a climate agreement in Copenhagen, Denmark, which will steer large-scale investments in sustainable energy, next-generation automobiles, green buildings and so forth as a key plank of global recovery.
I recommend that the United States offer to host the next G-20 meeting in September in advance of the U.N. General Assembly. China would be a logical host for the fourth G-20 meeting during early 2010. To enhance global coverage and legitimacy, the G-20 should be enlarged to be the G-22, to include representation of East and West Africa.
The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Jeffrey Sachs.
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Carbamazepine an anticonvulsant drug
Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant. It works by decreasing nerve impulses that cause seizures and nerve pain, such as tregimenal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. Carbamazepine is also used to treat bipolar disorder.
Carbamazepine may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Carbamazepine oral tablet is available as brand-name drugs and as a generic drug.
Carbamazepine comes in five forms:
- oral immediate-release tablet,
- oral extended-release tablet,
- oral chewable tablet,
- oral suspension, and
- oral extended-release capsule.
Carbamazepine oral tablet is used to treat epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia.
Carbamazepine is used to prevent and control seizures. This medication is known as an anticonvulsant or anti-epileptic drug. It is also used to relieve certain types of nerve pain (such as trigeminal neuralgia). This medication works by reducing the spread of seizure activity in the brain and restoring the normal balance of nerve activity.
Before taking this medicine
You should not take carbamazepine if you have a history of bone marrow suppression, or if you are allergic to carbamazepine or to an antidepressant such as amitriptyline, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, or nortriptyline.
Do not use carbamazepine if you have taken an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days. A dangerous drug interaction could occur. MAO inhibitors include furazolidone, isocarboxazid, linezolid, phenelzine, rasagiline, selegiline, and tranylcypromine.
Carbamazepine may cause severe or life-threatening skin rash, and especially in people of Asian ancestry. Your doctor may recommend a blood test before you start the medication to determine your risk.
Tell your doctor if you have ever had:
- heart problems;
- liver or kidney disease;
- low sodium levels;
- depression, mood disorder; or
- suicidal thoughts or actions.
How it works
It’s not completely known how this drug treats epilepsy or trigeminal nerve pain. It is known to block sodium currents in your brain and body. This helps to reduce abnormal electrical activity between your nerve cells.
Before taking carbamazepine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other anti-seizure medications (such as phenobarbital, phenytoin) or tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline, desipramine); or if you have any other allergies.
This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems.
Talk to your pharmacist for more details. Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: decreased bone marrow function (bone marrow depression), blood disorders (such as porphyria, anemia), glaucoma, heart disease (such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, irregular heartbeat), kidney disease, liver disease, mental/mood disorders (such as depression), mineral imbalances (such as low levels of sodium or calcium in the blood ).
This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy. Alcohol or marijuana can make you more dizzy or drowsy. Do not drive, use machinery, or do anything that needs alertness until you can do it safely. Avoid alcoholic beverages. Talk to your doctor if you are using marijuana.
This medication may make you more sensitive to the sun. Limit your time in the sun. Avoid tanning booths and sunlamps. Use sunscreen and wear protective clothing when outdoors. Get medical help right away if you get sunburned or have skin blisters/redness.
Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).
Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially, confusion, unsteadiness, or irregular heartbeat. Confusion and unsteadiness can increase the risk of falling.
Older adults may also be at greater risk of developing a type of mineral imbalance (low levels of sodium in the blood), especially if they are also taking “water pills” (diuretics).
During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. It may harm an unborn baby. However, since untreated seizures are a serious condition that can harm both a pregnant woman and her unborn baby, do not stop taking this medication unless directed by your doctor.
If you are planning pregnancy, become pregnant, or think you may be pregnant, discuss with your doctor right away the benefits and risks of using this medication during pregnancy. If you are pregnant, prenatal care that includes tests for birth defects is recommended.
Since birth control pills, patches, implants, and injections may not work if used with this medication (see also Drug Interactions section), discuss reliable forms of birth control with your doctor.
This medication passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding
Carbamazepine side effects
Carbamazepine oral tablet may cause drowsiness. It can also cause other side effects. More common side effects The more common side effects that can occur with carbamazepine include:
- problems with walking and coordination
If these effects are mild, they may go away within a few days or a couple of weeks. If they’re more severe or don’t go away, talk to your doctor or pharmacist.
Serious side effects
Call your doctor right away if you have serious side effects. Call 911 if your symptoms feel life-threatening or if you think you’re having a medical emergency. Serious side effects and their symptoms can include the following:
- severe skin reaction, symptoms can include: skin rash, hives, swelling of your tongue, lips, or face, blisters on your skin or the mucous membranes of your mouth, nose, eyes, or genitals
- low blood cell counts, symptoms can include: sore throat, fever, or other infections that come and go or don’t go away, bruising more easily than normal, red or purple spots on your body, bleeding from your gums or nosebleeds, intense fatigue or weakness
- heart problems, symptoms can include: fast, slow, or pounding heart rate, shortness of breath, feeling lightheaded, fainting
- liver problems, symptoms can include: yellowing of your skin or the whites of your eyes, dark-colored urine, pain on the right side of your stomach, bruising more easily than normal, loss of appetite, nausea or vomiting
- suicidal thoughts, symptoms can include: thoughts about suicide or dying, attempts to commit suicide, new or worsened depression, new or worsened anxiety, feeling agitated or restless, panic attacks
- trouble sleeping
- new or worsened irritability
- acting aggressive or violent or being angry
- acting on dangerous impulses
- an extreme increase in activity or talking
- other unusual behavior or mood changes
- low sodium levels in your blood, symptoms can include: headaches, new seizures or more frequent seizures, concentration problems, memory problems, confusion, weakness, trouble balancing
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://gafacom.website/carbamazepine-anticonvulsant-and-tregimenal-neuralgia-2/
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On this day they thank our parents, guardians, siblings and well wishers who are taking care of them to ensure that they come to school, feed and have a shelter. They girls were asked to be grateful where they are right now and aim higher.
Each teacher then gave a personal account of how it was back then when she was a girl their age. It was quiet interesting to note that although we grew up in different environment, we more or less had the same dreams and aspirations. What was noted – your teacher, your greatest inspiration. We, the teachers, pledged to STAND UP FOR GIRLS! We will support the girls around us positively in every way we possibly can.
Ms. Sawala from Amilo primary school graced the occasion and then spent some time inspiring the students to work hard in their studies, aspire for greater things in life. She spoke about her life in school and how to be a girl is beautiful. The facilitators and l also got inspired.
The girls demonstrating how they use their solar lanters. The solar lanterns are part of the Lit! Project, a project of youth ambassador Ben Hirschfeld.
We want to send a special thank you to our colleague, Lois, for making this happen on the ground in Kisumu, and to our partners at Millenium Cities Initiative for helping us make the Girls Clubs in Kisumu, Kenya, happen!
|
<urn:uuid:7bac9e7c-752c-4e56-847c-25db5438c6e2>
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http://www.litworld.org/litclubblog/2011/9/28/litworld-girls-clubs-in-kisumu-kenya-stand-up-for-girls.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00573-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
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| 0.975122
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ABC News' Mark Greenblatt reports:
The Food and Drug Administration will launch a safety investigation of a new product that allows consumers to inhale caffeine through a lipstick-sized portable device, rather than drinking it.
AeroShot delivers 100 milligrams of caffeine per use, and comes in bright colored packages that describe it as "pure energy," and "breathable energy anytime, anyplace."
The manufacturer, Breathable Foods Inc., put it on the market in New York, Massachusetts, and in France late last month.
"You could easily overdose or succumb to toxicity associated with the caffeine ingestion," Dr. Bruce Goldberger told ABC News. "You could mix it with alcohol in a social setting and also I'm troubled by its availability, potentially at home where young children can get a hold of it."
Sen. Charles Schumer of New York said he shares those concerns.
"A new product like AeroShot raises questions that need to be answered before allowing consumers, especially teens and kids, to use and abuse it," he said. "The AeroShot caffeine-inhaler is being marketed as a party enhancer; it can facilitate excessive drinking and its effects have never been examined by independent regulators to determine their impact on the human body and in combination with alcohol, especially for adolescents."
The inventor of AeroShot, Harvard biomedical professor David Edwards, says his product is as safe as a cup of coffee, which provides roughly the equivalent dose of caffeine.
"I think that we are absolutely welcoming a dialogue with the FDA," he said. "As I say, this is a new way of delivering food in your mouth, and we're confident that as they look at the product that they will confirm what we hold, that the product is both safe and follows FDA regulations."
Edwards was able to bring Aeroshot to the market without an FDA review being required because it is sold as a dietary supplement. ABC News asked Edwards if he or his company had done any studies of the health effects of AeroShot on children or teenagers.
"The answer is no, we did not do tests on children," he said, explaining that children and teenagers are not part of his target market. "We need to be really clear what a company responsibly does to test the safety of their product, and we've followed those safety regulations."
Edwards says his product delivers a lower dose of caffeine than many energy drinks or caffeine pills currently on the market, and says it comes in a controlled, smaller dose of caffeine.
Edwards says demand for the product is eclipsing anything he could have ever anticipated, and increasing.
ABC News found the product on store shelves throughout New York and around college campuses. We visited three delis near Columbia University - two sold us their shelf stock, while the third store was already sold out.
"I would try it during something like finals week," said Thalia Dergham, a Columbia University student. Dergham said, though, that she would likely not be a regular consumer of the product outside of high stress times.
Other students were not so willing.
"It looks intense," said Kristin Simmons, a Columbia University art history and visual arts major. "It looks like one of those monster Red Bull drinks."
After announcing its review, the FDA is now likely to examine the health effects of inhaling the caffeine on at-risk populations, along with looking into the potential health effects of use when combined with alcohol.
"FDA will review information brought to the agency's attention about this product," the agency said in a statement. "As with any complaint or concern we receive about FDA-regulated products, we will consider whether a violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act has occurred and, if so, whether regulatory action is warranted in light of FDA's enforcement priorities and resources."
The product's manufacturer has come under fire for a round of advertisements that seem to show its use by younger men and women who are out at nightclubs, where alcohol may be present.
ABC News asked the inventor of the product about those ads. Edwards said the product itself is safe and fundamentally sound, but there is ongoing discussion within his company about how to market it and where to sell it.
"Speaking as an innovator, you're not developing a product thinking of targeting people that it's going to hurt. And so on the contrary, the motivation of this product was to actually create a healthier and more accessible way of having caffeine, when you need it, as opposed to overdoing yourself often when you don't need it."
|
<urn:uuid:0a2d3362-a09d-476b-9680-61c13be92ec2>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2012/02/fda-to-investigate-safety-of-inhalable-caffeine/
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|
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| 0.977276
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ERIC Number: ED296465
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1988-Mar
Reference Count: N/A
Group Problem Solving.
King, James C.
Streamlined Seminar, v6 n4 Mar 1988
This pamphlet discusses group problem solving in schools. Its point of departure is that teachers go at problems from a number of different directions and that principals need to capitalize on those differences and bring a whole range of skills and perceptions to the problem-solving process. Rather than trying to get everyone to think alike, principals should take advantage of the holistic approach of the idealists, the analysts' power of logic and deduction, the realists' ability to keep the situation in perspective, the pragmatists' drive to find the shortest route to the payoff, and the synthesists' gifts for creative speculation. A basic attraction of group processes is that one can reap the benefits of both convergent and divergent thinking, and both the analytical and the intuitive. One of the obvious advantages of group problem-solving over individual effort is that the alternative suggestions generated by a committed group will almost always be greater in number and richer in creativity. These ideas are illustrated by a series of hypothetical examples and anecdotes. (TE)
Descriptors: Administrator Role, Convergent Thinking, Creative Thinking, Discovery Processes, Divergent Thinking, Elementary Secondary Education, Group Dynamics, Logical Thinking, Organizational Communication, Principals, Problem Solving, Teacher Administrator Relationship, Teamwork
Publication Sales, NAESP, 1615 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314 ($2.50 with order; quantity discounts).
Publication Type: Collected Works - Serials
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Administrators; Practitioners
Authoring Institution: National Association of Elementary School Principals, Alexandria, VA.
Note: Blue print on colored paper may reproduce poorly.
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<urn:uuid:0a4b844d-5f12-4307-b787-8adf0f63f636>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED296465
|
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|
en
| 0.892223
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| 2.96875
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See Figures 1 and 2
The IACV-air regulator is used on CA16DE, CA18DE, GA16DE and SR20DE engines to provide increased idle speed during cold engine operation. The valve contains bimetal spring, that is connected to a rotary shutter. The shutter opens, when the engine is cold, allowing additional air to bypass the throttle plates, thus increasing the engine speed. During warm-up, an electrical current supplied to the valve, heats the bimetal spring, closing off the port.
See Figures 3 and 4
- Turn the ignition switch to the OFF position.
- Disconnect the IACV-air regulator electrical connector.
- Connect a voltmeter between terminal A and a known good engine ground.
Turn the ignition switch
. Battery voltage should be present.
If battery voltage is present, proceed to the next step.
- Turn the ignition switch OFF .
Connect an ohmmeter from terminal
to a known good engine ground. Continuity should exist.
If continuity is present, proceed to the next step.
- Connect an ohmmeter across the IACV-air regulator terminals.
- Measure the resistance between the terminals. The resistance should be approximately 70-80 ohms. If resistance is not within specifications, replace the IAC control valve
- Visually inspect the rotary shutter for clogging, sticking or binding. Clean shutter or replace the valve assembly if necessary.
|
<urn:uuid:0d0ed93b-d6d4-4f8b-8564-35268f96b009>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://www.autozone.com/repairguides/Nissan-Sentra-Pulsar-NX-1982-1996-Repair-Guide/ELECTRONIC-ENGINE-CONTROLS-FUEL-INJECTED-ENGINES/Idle-Air-Control-Valve-IACV-Air-Regulator/_/P-0900c152801ce43f
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|
en
| 0.86289
| 300
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| 2
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