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Cortolezzis, DM & Hudyma, MR 2018, 'Application of sequential spatial clustering and fractal dimension to caving seismic event parameters of time, distance, and intensity', in Y Potvin & J Jakubec (eds), Caving 2018: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Block and Sublevel Caving
, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 799-814, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1815_63_Cortolezzis
Recent research has developed a seismic event clustering method that groups seismic events spatially while preserving the event sequence. The main benefit of this method is that it can be done proactively at any point in time as seismicity progresses. Since caving is a progressive non-blasting mining method, this clustering method could potentially detect changes in the progression of the rock mass as they occur and without retroactive analysis.
This paper demonstrates the use of the new method using data from a caving mine. In particular, the fractal dimension of the seismic source parameters of time, distance and intensity are used to characterise the seismic events during three periods: development of the undercut, cave initiation, and cave propagation. The data will become a benchmark case study characterising a caving rock mass.
Keywords: caving, sequential, clustering, mining-induced seismicity, fractal dimension
Cortolezzis, DM 2018, Characterization of Seismic Sources Using Sequential Spatial Clustering and Fractal Dimension, PhD thesis, Laurentian University, Sudbury.
Coughlin, J & Kranz, R 1991, ‘New approaches to studying rock burst-associated seismicity in mines’, in J-C Roegiers (ed.), Proceedings of the 32nd U.S. Symposium Rock Mechanics as a Multidisciplinary Science, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam,
de Beer, W, Jalbout, A, Riyanto, E, Ginting, A, Sullivan, M & Collins, DS 2017, ‘The design, optimisation, and use of the seismic system at the deep and high-stress block cave Deep Mill Level Zone mine’, in MR Hudyma & Y Potvin (eds), Proceedings of the First International Conference on Underground Mining Technology, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth,
Digiovinazzo, M & Singh, U 2010, ‘Instrumentation and monitoring of cave initiation at Telfer Mine’, in Y Potvin (ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Block and Sublevel Caving, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 145–155.
Eneva, M & Young, RP 1993, ‘Evaluation of spatial patterns in the distribution of seismic activity in mines: a case study of Creighton Mine, northern Ontario (Canada)’, in RP Young (ed.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 175–180.
Eneva, M & Villeneuve, T 1997, ‘Retrospective pattern recognition applied to mining-induced seismicity’, in SJ Gibowicz & S Lasocki (eds), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 299–303.
Glazer, SN 2012, ‘Caving process and seismic risk changes, the Palabora Mining Company experience’, Proceedings of MassMin 2012, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Westmount.
Hirata, T, Satoh, T & Ito, K 1987, ‘Fracture structure of spatial distribution of microfracturing in rock’, Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 90, pp. 369–374.
Hudyma, MR & Potvin, Y 2008, ‘Characterizing caving induced seismicity at Ridgeway gold mine’, in H Schunnesson & E Nordlund (eds), Proceedings of MassMin 2008, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, pp. 931–942.
Jones, RH & Stewart, RC 1997, ‘A method for determining significant structures in a cloud of earthquakes’, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 102, no. B4, pp. 8245–8254.
Kijko, A, Funk, CW & Brink, AVZ 1993, ‘Identification of anomalous patterns in time-dependent mine seismicity’, in P Young (ed), Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam,
Kijko, A & Funk, CW 1996, ‘Space-time interaction amongst clusters of mining induced seismicity’, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 277–288.
Klinkenberg, B 1994, ‘A review of methods used to determine the fractal dimension of linear features’, Mathematical Geology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 23–46.
Lesniak, AJ & Isakow, Z 2009, ‘Space-time clustering of seismic events and hazard assessment in the Zabrze-Bielszowice coal mine, Poland’, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences, vol. 46, pp. 918–928.
Li, Y, Oh, J, Mitra, R & Canbulat, I 2017, ‘A fractal model for the shear behaviour of large-scale opened rock joints’, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 67–79.
Mandelbrot, BB 1982, The Fractal Geometry of Nature, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
Pfitzner, M 2003, ‘Monitoring a blind sub-level cave – A case study of an integrated approach at Newcrest Mining’s Ridgeway Gold Mine’, in B Hebblewhite (ed.), Proceedings of the 1st Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference, UNSW Publishing, Sydney, pp. 113–121.
Pinnock, I, Collins, DS, Toya, Y & Hosseini, Z 2016, ‘Large event sequence analysis and 3D velocity models for seismic event location accuracy’, Proceedings of MassMin 2016, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, pp. 879–886.
Potvin, Y & Hudyma MR 2008, ‘Interpreting caving mechanisms using microseismic monitoring data’, in H Schunnesson H & E Nordlund (eds), Proceedings of MassMin 2008, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, pp. 971–981.
Trifu, CI, Urbancic, TI & Young, RP 1993, ‘Non-similar frequency-magnitude distribution for M<1 seismicity’, Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 427–430.
Vejrazka, C 2016, ‘Northparkes Mines’ current air blast risk assessment practices for block caving operations’, Proceedings of MassMin 2016, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, pp. 257–264.
Woodward, K, Wesseloo, J & Potvin, Y 2018, ‘A spatially focused clustering methodology for mining seismicity’, Engineering Geology, vol. 232, pp. 104–113.
Xie, H & Pariseau, WG 1993, ‘Fractal character and mechanism of rock bursts’, International Journal of Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences and Geomechanical Abstracts, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 343–350.
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Natural gas prices have spiked in the past six months and are up more than 30 percent since the end of August 2021. This is largely due to increased U.S. demand and the ongoing energy crisis in Europe.
According to the Energy Information Administration, about 43 percent of Delaware households rely on natural gas for home heating.
“Due to the increase in wholesale natural gas prices, end-use customers will see an increase during the winter months,” said Delaware Public Advocate Andrew Slater. “However, there are ways to reduce your usage and keep utility bills reasonable. Energy utility bills are some of the only bills where amount owed is dependent on usage.”
Chesapeake Utilities recently filed changes to its Gas Sales Rate (GSR), a passthrough cost to customers, to reflect the higher natural gas prices. According to its filing in PSC Docket No. 21-0677, an average Residential Service 2 (RS-2) customer “using 700 CCF per year will experience an annual increase of approximately 6.03% or $62.30.”
Delmarva Power’s application to change its Gas Cost Rate (GCR), PSC Docket No. 21-0672, also reflected an increase in costs for residential customers. According to its filing, “a typical residential customer using 83 CCF in a winter month would be an increase of $5.64 or 6.1%.” Both rates will become effective, November 1, 2021, subject to refund, while the rates are reviewed by both the Division of the Public Advocate and Public Service Commission Staff.
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, heating accounts for the biggest portion of consumers’ utility bills. Savings tips include turning your thermostat down a few degrees, replacing dirty furnace filters, weather stripping doors and windows, opening shades on sunny days, and closing vents and doors of unoccupied areas.
Delawareans can contact Energize Delaware about its Home Performance with Energy Star, Home Energy Counseling and Check-Up programs. These programs are designed to find areas that may need weatherization and could potentially produce savings.
For additional tips on lowering your gas bill, please contact your local utility. Chesapeake Utilities provides such tips at https://chpkgas.com/for-the-home/energy-savings-tools/lower-your-gas-bill/. Delmarva Power provides such tips at https://www.delmarva.com/Documents/Ways%20to%20Save%20Delmarva_2.20_ADAcomp.pdfOpen this document with ReadSpeaker docReader.
Low-income Delawareans who are in need of financial assistance to meet their home energy costs may be eligible for the Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), a program administered jointly by the Delaware Division of State Service Centers (DSCC) and Catholic Charities, Inc. Beginning October 1st through March 31st, eligible households can apply to receive grants to help pay for fuel assistance for home heating, which includes electricity, natural gas, kerosene, propane, coal, or wood. Grants are made to both homeowners and renters.
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WASHINGTON (AP) — A safety program that encourages air traffic controllers to voluntarily disclose their mistakes in exchange for amnesty from punishment needs significant improvement before it can work effectively, according to a report released Monday.
The program has been FAA's primary answer to the problem of controller errors that bring planes dangerously close together. It encourages greater reporting of mistakes by promising not to punish controllers who disclose errors within 24 hours of an incident as long as the errors aren't the result of gross negligence. The idea is to use the data gathered to better spot safety trends and take corrective action.
The program — which FAA began to phase-in in 2008 — had collected more than 41,000 reports as of the end of last year, showing "promise as a tool to promote increased safety reporting," the report by the Transportation Department's inspector general said.
But the FAA has only recently developed processes to analyze the data that has been amassed, the report said. Also, due to program rules designed to protect the confidentiality of controllers who file reports, much of the data collected isn't verified for accuracy, the report said
And, the agency hasn't fully developed a process to effectively share the data that's been collected with individual air traffic control facilities around the country so that local improvements can be made, the report said.
The FAA "will need to make significant improvements" before the program "will be able to effectively identify and address the root causes of safety risks," the report said.
In one case cited by the inspector general, the program accepted a report from a controller who was watching a movie while on duty, protecting the controller from punishment.
"We consider this a conduct issue that requires management attention rather than a safety issue appropriate for a confidential safety program," the report said.
Mistakes and misconduct by air traffic controllers drew attention last year after a plane carrying first lady Michelle Obama was allowed to fly too close to a cargo jet and controllers at several airport towers and other facilities were caught sleeping on the job.
FAA spokeswoman Brie Sachse, responding to the report, called the program "an effective safety tool" that has allowed the agency "to take swift, corrective action and enhance skills in the workforce."
The National Air Traffic Controllers Association also disagreed with the inspector general's conclusions, saying the program has successfully identified and fixed local and systemic safety problems.
"While there is always room for improvement, the ... program is a major leap forward," the union said in a statement. "It has boosted the number of reports of problems filed with federal authorities and increased the resolution rate of safety issues around the country. This is a direct result of the robust and comprehensive data analysis processes currently in place."
The union has worked closely with FAA officials on the design and implementation of the program. A three-member committee consisting of two FAA officials and a union official decide which error reports to into the program. The rules of the program require their decisions be unanimous.
While controllers who report errors aren't punished, FAA managers can recommend controllers to take additional training to improve their skills. The committee can accept, reject or modify those recommendations.
In a case cited in the report, the committee rejected a manager's recommendation that a controller responsible for a Boeing 737 airliner and a small plane coming dangerously close together receive additional training. The committee said the recommendation wasn't justified because the controller lacked a history of making errors. But the controller had only been directing air traffic in that particular airspace sector for eight days, making it unlikely there would be any performance history.
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MTAC Study Finds 58% of Members Couldn’t Access Healthcare without NEMT
The best healthcare services in the world can’t help you if you have no way to get there. That’s the driving force behind MTM’s non-emergency medical transportation (NEMT) services, which connect more than eleven million members to healthcare every year. MTM is a proud founding member of the Medical Transportation Access Coalition (MTAC), formed in 2017 to educate federal and state policymakers about the benefits of NEMT. With some states already limiting NEMT availability through waivers, and others set to follow suit, MTAC recently examined the value of this important benefit through an ROI study. No study prior to this has ever used Medicaid claims data and surveyed actual NEMT users to determine the impact of NEMT on the health plan’s bottom line and on members’ overall health and wellbeing.
Three conditions and corresponding treatments were evaluated through the study: Dialysis for Kidney Disease, Wound Care for Diabetic Wounds, and Treatment for Substance Use Disorder (SUD).
“Missed medical appointments lessen patient adherence with clinical guidelines, which leads to complications and expensive medical services. The value of NEMT is shown most clearly in the costs avoided from increased expensive medical services and lower treatment adherence for Dialysis for Kidney Disease and Wound Care for Diabetic Wounds, demonstrating that NEMT pays for itself as part of a care management strategy for people with certain chronic conditions,” the study found.
The results of the study speak for themselves:
- 58% of members surveyed reported that they would not be able to make any medical appointments without NEMT.
- 10% of members surveyed reported that they would die or probably die when asked what would happen if they did not have the NEMT services they currently receive.
- Total ROI for all three conditions studied per 30,000 members (10,000 per condition) per month: $39,553,373.
If you’re interested in reading more about the value of NEMT, click here to read a full summary of the study. You can also click here to view a presentation that outlines the entire study, its methodology, and findings.
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Monday, September 26, 2011
University Applies Videogames To Cancer Healing
You might not think that you can help treat cancer with videogames; however, researchers at the University of Utah have done just that, and are applying videogames to helping children with cancer during their treatment. The school detailed its efforts over weekend to develop a game which helps kids increase their physical strength and help mentally in combating their disease. The University of Utah said its Engineering Arts and Entertainment (EAE) program, the university’s departments of pediatrics and medicinal chemistry, and Primary Children’s Medical Center has unveiled a new videogame, which it says helps patients with physical strength, sense of empowerment, and mental state while fighting cancer. The game--built on Microsoft XNA and played using Move Controllers on the Sony PlayStation 3--put kids through a number of different levels, with original characters and animation, which researchers say can help with physical therapy and mental healing. Currently, the game is only available at Primary Children's Medical Center, but the school said that it now has graduate students at the Pierre Lassonde Entrepreneur Center looking to make the game available to other hospitals and caregivers.
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Don’t underestimate role of unions
The anti-union rhetoric that has been used of late is troubling to me.
Some people in the area are drinking too much of the GOP’s “kool-aid.”
The common complaints are that unions are only there to keep their members out of trouble and that unions use their members’ dues to get their way are laughable.
This could not be further from the truth.
Do people forget where we came from? Our parents and grandparents worked in the mines and factories in deplorable conditions prior to being able to unionize.
It was only after they formed unions that companies finally started to make the workplace safe and pay honest wages to their employees.
As for our teachers, do you want someone teaching your children for half the pay that they deserve? What caliber of teachers would we have then?
Union members of any profession are usually labeled as greedy and lazy. I don’t understand where this stigma came from. Union employees work just as hard as nonunion employees, but always get a bad rap.
The union-busting efforts in this county are only going to hurt us in the long run.
The current legislation introduced by Sen. John H. Eichelberger Jr., R-Blair, and his cronies to have union dues removed from being automatically deducted from employees’ paychecks is nothing more than a feeble attempt at union-busting in this state.
Why can health insurance be deducted but not union dues? Aren’t insurance companies involved in politics? Don’t they give money to campaigns and special interest groups to see that things go their way?
Public and private sector employees that earn a decent wage and have decent benefits owe this to unions whether they belong to a union or not.
They owe it to their parents and grandparents who, long ago, stood up to the corporations in this country and said that enough was enough.
They had enough of being bullied.
What is going to stop employers from decreasing wages and benefits at the drop of a dime when times get tough? What is going to stop employers from handing pink slips to people without cause?
The unions of this country, that’s who.
Josh Shultz, Cresson
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WWII Military Walkie Talkie Radio 3d model
3D model of WW2 military radio equipment.
Available 3d file format:
.max (Autodesk 3ds Max)
Texture format: jpg
Free download this 3d objects and put it into your scene, use it for 3d visualization project, 3d rendering and other field related to 3d design.
Browse the categories below, you can find out more 3d models about Military equipment, Radio, WWII, Radio receiver, the models also apply to 3D Visualisation, Interior Design, Architectural Visualisation, Landscape Design, 3D Animation, 3D Art and more - some of them are rigged and low poly.
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An Inside Look at the Middle-Class Squeeze
The decline of the middle class has become a focal point of this year's presidential election. Each candidate claims their plan would put an end to the middle-income slide that accelerated during the Great Recession and still shows no signs of abating.
But lost in the rhetoric about the decline of the middle class is the reality of the decline. Nearly everyone is aware that the middle class is struggling, but few understand how the struggle plays out in everyday life.
[In Pictures: 10 Signs American Families Are Falling Behind.]
According to experts, the decline is fundamentally reshaping the U.S. economy. The Great Recession has affected the way the middle class feels about higher education, government, and the future. Even their health has suffered as a result of the decline.
"Their economic future isn't very bright," says Timothy Smeeding, director of the Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of Wisconsin--Madison. "Wages and income are flat. Transportation, childcare costs, and healthcare costs are going up, and your income isn't."
Smeeding calls the current state of the middle class "the squeeze." Even people who have jobs are being forced to squeeze more and more out of their income, despite the fact that incomes aren't growing. "These people live on earnings. They're working on not great wages and their jobs are threatened," he says. "They don't see any hope in the future of things getting better."
By the numbers. Hard numbers paint a stark picture of the middle-class decline. According to an August 2012 Pew Research Center report, only half of American households are middle-income, down from 61 percent in the 1970s. In addition, median middle-class income decreased by 5 percent in the last decade, while total wealth dropped 28 percent. According to the Economic Policy Institute, households in the wealthiest 1 percent of the U.S. population now have 288 times the amount of wealth of the average middle-class American family.
The income decline has caused many people to accumulate high levels of debt. And as the cost of college increases, more people are saddled with tens of thousands of dollars in student loans after they graduate.
Only 23 percent of people were confident they had enough money to get them through retirement, according to the Pew report. It also found that fewer people believe hard work will get them ahead in life.
[Read: Where Do You Fall in the American Economic Class System?]
"You have far less disposable income and increasing levels of debt," says David Madland, director of the American Worker Project at the Center for American Progress. "You have this fundamental squeeze on most members of the middle class. It's impacting their quality of life and their outlook for the future."
Behind the numbers. These are the kind of statistics used by politicians to sell policies, but they tell little about the realities behind the numbers--or how the decline of the middle class plays out in people's everyday lives.
More and more middle-income families are turning to government programs such as food stamps, Medicaid, and unemployment insurance. According to a recent Senate Budget Committee Report, "Among the major means tested welfare programs, since 2000 Medicaid has increased from 34 million people to 54 million in 2011 and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, or food stamps) from 17 million to 45 million in 2011. Spending on food stamps alone is projected to reach $800 billion over the next decade."
People are also saving less. Wage increases have not kept up with increases in the cost of living, forcing people to dig deeper into their savings to make ends meet. Meanwhile, many middle-class workers who lost their jobs during the recession remain unemployed.
"The most pressing worry is the diminished economic security of middle-class families. The long-term unemployed have completely drained their savings," says Kristen Lewis, co-director of Measure of America, a project of the Social Science Research Council that explores the distribution of opportunity and well-being in the United States. "Those who are working have jobs without healthcare or sick leave. They have no retirement savings plan. There's no end in sight to that."
[Read: The Real Source of Middle-Class Money Woes.]
Lewis adds that the economic state of the middle class takes its toll on their health. A series of recent reports found that life expectancy for whites without a high school diploma--once the backbone of the middle class--has dropped faster than for other groups. The reports linked the decline in large part to the lack of access to healthcare.
Can the middle class come back? According to Lewis, current economic and political conditions won't provide the middle class with the same security it needed to rebound in the years following World War II. "In the post-war period, there were a lot of programs put in place to help people," such as education and homeownership assistance, says Lewis.
Madland says increasing the minimum wage and improving entitlement programs like Social Security are key to rebuilding the middle class. "[After the Great Depression], we made major policy changes to ensure we have a strong middle class. We let too much of it wither on the vine," he says. "We need something approaching that kind of effort."
But for Wisconsin's Smeeding, one thing has to happen before these policy changes can occur: "We have to get the economy growing again."
Listed below are several of the arguments that have been used by misguided people to try and justify illegal immigration. Next to each is the reason why each of these arguments has no merit.
1) They are an economic necessity - Not true. The idea that a bunch of desperately poor, uneducated, unskilled, illegal foreigners are an economic necessity is ludicrous. In fact, when you compare cost vs. benefit, it is obvious that they are not only NOT a necessity; they are not even an asset. Rather, they are a liability and a huge one at that. (TO SUPPORT THIS OPINION WE ONLY NEED TO LOOK AT THE DEVASTAION CAUSED BY THE MEX OCCUPATION IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY. HERE 90% OF ALL JOBS GO TO ILLEGALS USING STOLEN SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS. WELFARE FOR ILLEGALS, PRIMARILY ANCHOR BABY BREEDERS NOW EXCEEDS $600 MILLION PER YEAR, ON TOP OF WHAT THE STATE of CA PUTS OUT. THAT FIGURE IS $22 BILLION. THERE ARE OTHER COSTS. MEXICANS ARE A VIOLENT CULTURE. 95% OF ALL MURDERS IN L.A. ARE BY MEXICAN ILLEGALS. OF THE TOP 200 MOST WANTED CRIMINALS IN L.A., 183 ARE MEXICANS. MOST OF THE REST RUSSIANS. THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES PUTS OUT $10 MILLION ANNUALLY JUST FOR MEXICAN GRAFFITI ABATEMENT, AND YET THE CITY IS DRENCHED IN IT. THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR CHARACTERIZES LOS ANGELES AS THE MEXICAN GANG CAPITAL of AMERICA. ACCORDING TO CA ATTORNEY GEN KAMALA HARRIS, NEARLY HALF OF ALL MURDERS IN THE ENTIRE STATE ARE BY MEXICAN GANGS. VIVA LA RAZA?
2) They do work Americans won't do - Not true. They do work Americans won't do for $5 an hour (especially if Americans can collect welfare and unemployment forever). Of course, if you got rid of the illegals, the jobs wouldn't pay $5 an hour. The people who wanted the work done would have to pay a wage that was attractive enough to get Americans to do the work. And it might even be enough so Americans could support themselves and get off welfare and unemployment!! (THE TAX-FREE MEXICAN UNDERGROUND ECONOMY IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY ALONE IS CALCULATED TO BE MORE THAN $2 BILLION PER YEAR.)
3) They work & contribute to our society - So do I. And if I break the law and commit crimes, I can expect to pay a penalty of some kind. Anything from a small fine to the death penalty. I do NOT get rewarded. This argument makes no sense. (ILLEGALS HAVE ELECTED SO MANY HISPANICS IN CA THAT THEY NOW CONTROL THE STATE LEGISLATURE AND PASS LAW AFTER LAW BENEFITING MEXICANS ALONE. RECENTLY THEY PASSED A LAW MAKING IT ILLEGAL FOR EMPLOYERS TO USE E-VERIFY!)
4) They are just trying to make better lives - Aren't we all? The difference is that most of us understand that we don't have a right to acquire by illegal means those things that we find difficult to acquire by legal means. And we certainly don't have the right to do it in a foreign country. Mexico does not allow foreigners to enter their country illegally and break it's laws. If you believe differently, go give it a try. Call me collect from the dungeon. Let me know how it went.....(MEXICAN HOP OUR BORDERS AS LOOTERS. THEY LIE, CHEAT AND STEAL THE AMERICAN DREAM, AND THEN DEMAND THEIR “RIGHTS”, WAVE THEIR MEX FLAG IN OUR FACES, AND DEMAND WE SPEAK SPANISH TO ACCOMMODATE THEIR LA RAZA SUPREMACY).
5) It is impossible to round up and deport the illegals - We don't have to. All we have to do is remove the incentives that brought them here in the first place. No jobs. No housing. No services. No benefits. Once we remove the incentives that brought them here, they will leave on their own. (ILLEGALS COST PRIVATE HOSPITALS IN CA ALONE MORE THAN $1.3 BILLION PER YEAR FOR “FREE” MEDICAL AT EMERGENCY ROOMS)
6) It would be too expensive to round them up and deport them - See #5.
7) Immigration control is racist - This is just another play of the race card by people who have no other cards to play. Immigration control is the world-wide status quo. There is nothing racist about it. Furthermore, the USA welcomes LEGAL immigrants of all races and ethnicities from all over the world who have gone through the legal immigration process. This is not just a bad argument, it is an attempt to create hatred and division. (THERE IS NOTHING MORE RACIST THAN THE MEXICAN FASCIST PARTY of LA RAZA “THE RACE”.
8) We are a nation of immigrants - We are a nation that has, historically, allowed and even encouraged legal immigration. And we continue to do so. The issue at hand is illegal immigration, which has nothing to do with legal immigration. This argument is totally irrelevant.(MEXICO’S BIGGEST EXPORTS NEXT TO DRUGS IS POVERTY, CRIMINALS AND PREGNANT WOMEN. THEY COME TO OCCUPY. WHEN HAVE YOU EVER SEEN A MEXICAN THAT EMBRACED BEING AN “AMERICAN”??? EVEN MAYOR ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA IS A MEMBER OF THE MEX FASCIST SUPREMACIST GROUP M.E.Ch.A.)
9) They are people. We must treat them humanely - Yes & yes. But lets not pretend like they are victims who were dragged here kicking and screaming against their will. Nothing could be further from the truth. They came of their own free will and for their own benefit and they broke the law to do it. People should not be rewarded for breaking laws and committing crimes. Sending them home is the right thing to do. There is nothing "draconian" about it. (MEXICO HAS REPEATEDLY BEEN CALLED ON THEIR HORRENDOUS ABUSE OF ILLEGALS THAT ENTER THEIR COUNTRY WHERE THERE ARE ! NO ! JOBS WAITING, NO “FREE” MEDICAL AT EMERGENCY ROOMS, NO “FREE” ANCHOR BABY BREEDING, NO DREAM ACTS TO ENCOURAGE MORE ILLEGALS TO VOTE, AND NO FREE EDUCATION!)
No other country on Earth allows foreigners to come in illegally, work illegally, steal jobs from it's citizens, break laws, commit crimes (serious crimes!), evade taxes, etc. etc. etc. And there are no rational reasons why we should either. There are only political reasons, and they aren't rational.
In its annual report to the Securities and Exchange Commission dated February 17, 2011, Chipotle Mexican Grill revealed that it fired approximately 450 workers at 50 of its restaurants in Minnesota last year as the result of an audit by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).
During the past ten years 84 California hospitals have declared bankruptcy and closed their Emergency Rooms forever. Financially crippled by legislative and judicial mandates to treat illegal aliens have bankrupted hospitals! In 2010, in Los Angeles County alone, over 2 million illegal aliens recorded visits to county emergency rooms for both routine and emergency care. Per official figures, the cost is $1,000 dollars for every taxpayer in Los Angeles County.
A GLIMPSE OF YOUR HEALTHCARE DOLLAR AT WORK EXPANDING THE MEXICAN WELFARE STATE:
AN AMERICAN SEES & SPEAKS -- Illegals and the MELTDOWN OF OUR HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS ACROSS THE COUNTRY -- The Ever Expanding Mexican Welfare System
WHY WE ARE IN SUCH A MONEY SQUEEZE
Florida ER doctor's notes
Having spent three weeks in a hospital in Naples, Florida with my wife I couldnt help noticing what was going on in the hospital and I had a lot of time to talk to the doctors and nurses about what I had observed. Below is a commentary from an ER Doctor. Do you think this might be a big reason our health care system and our social security system are so screwed up? Do you think this might be a big reason our taxes keep going up? Who do you think these people are going to vote for?
From a Florida ER doctor:
"I live and work in a state overrun with illegals. They make more money having kids than we earn working full-time. Today I had a 25-year old with 8 kids - thats right 8; all illegal anchor babies and she had the nicest nails, cell phone, hand bag, clothing, etc. She makes about $1,500 monthly for each; you do the math. I used to say, We are the dumbest nation on earth. Now I must say and sadly admit: WE are the dumbest people on earth (that includes ME) for we elected the idiot idealogues who have passed the bills that allow this. Sorry, but we need a revolution. Vote them all out in 2010. "
FIFTEEN THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT LA RAZA “THE RACE”
by Michelle Malkin
Here are 15 things you should know about "The Race":
15. "The Race" supports driver's licenses for illegal aliens.
12. "The Race" opposes a secure fence on the southern border.
8. "The Race" bitterly protested common-sense voter ID provisions as an "absolute disgrace."
7. "The Race" has consistently opposed post-9/11 national security measures at every turn.
The fringe is the center. The center is the fringe. Viva La Raza?
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Background and FactsNetapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager a workplace materials seller for little as well as moderate sized companies has actually just recently been involved in planning for a merger with its rival House Deport, which has affected effectiveness degrees in departmentswith the senior manager associated with legal problems presented by the government Profession Commission. With the Advertising and marketing Head advancing the information of his departure from the business in one year, Jeannie Lewis, the present head of procedures has been asked to take the role in the near future. With obstacles in the type of a possible social adjustment as well as reduced worker morale, the organization wants a total reengineering effort at the marketing division.
The potential cultural adjustment at the advertising and marketing department of Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager is boosting unpredictability in the workplace leading to numerous difficulties for the Jeannie Lewis that would be replacing the head of the division in one year. nalysis
Political Factors: Political factors play a major function in affecting critical decisions given that Stapes Inc. had to abandon its plans of merging with Workplace Deport after the Federal Trade Payment's intervention in the process. Offered the reality that the store has a worldwide presence with branches in UK, USA, Canada as well as Germany, political consider each of these nations might have the ability to influence efficiency or tactical objectives. Federal Profession Payment's antitrust match versus the merging took up beneficial time of the company's senior monitoring suggesting that 'political' factors can have major ramifications for a worldwide organisation.
Economic Factors: Financial factors such as the development of small companies in the worldwide situation recommend that Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager is thriving in an environment where there is potential growth of companies. Fact that shop consumers are primarily looking for workplace materials for home offices recommends that the market has an increasing trend of business owners and also residence based companies.
Social factors: Social trends in the economy reveal that clients are seeking comfort along with appealing costs. Market research shows how the consumer for Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager lacks awareness regarding locating services which can supply a combination of benefit and also inexpensive.
Technological factors: Innovation plays an essential role in Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager's business technique especially as the organization is piloting Technology centers which would supply modern technology sales as well as support in the kind of memory upgrades, peripheral installations. (Recap of PEST in appendix 2).
OB Issues as well as Effects.
A number of underlying Organizational Behavior problems can be seen in Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager's case as highlighted in this section.
Concerns concerning social modification: There is apprehension regarding a cultural change that would certainly take place once Todd Krasnow leaves from his placement as the Executive Vice Head Of State of Advertising And Marketing with a lot of the team member currently showing discontent over this prospective action. This anticipated adjustment has produced tension in the office which has actually been coupled with the previous tension of preparing the firm for a prospective merger with Residence Deport.
Difficult Work Setting for Newcomers: There is lack of employees that can match the demanding setting of a fast-paced company. Not only does this lead to difficulty in finding the ideal individuals, it puts anxiety on new hires as can not stand up to the pace and pressure that the company expects them to birth.
Dual Reporting Lines: Novices find this business culture troublesome as well as challenging to manage particularly as populated line relationships are suggested to be weaker in general and also objective setup and also efficiency analysis is still done by the solid line manager. This means that beginners might shed clarity about their respective functions as well as objectives specifically as dotted line coverage does not maintain them in direct communication with the strong line managers.
Resentment From Cross Departmental Hiring: Krasnow's decision to make Lewis his successor rather than Bridget Coles although it had actually been speculated that the last would take Krasnow's position came as a strike to her spirits. Lewis may have been qualified as well as suitable for the work however the reality that Kransnow's departure would certainly make Coles a direct report to Lewis may have been the factor for Coles' resignation from services.
Fear & Work Instability: Concern as well as insecurity can be determined as 2 significant problems that Lewis would be managing especially as the merger has actually now be terminated as well as two senior executives of the marketing department would be leaving. The whole responsibility of the department would be falling on Lewis's shoulders that would not simply supervise of brining regarding a social modification but would certainly also have to prove herself in her brand-new function.
Inappropriate Management Style of Leader: Lewis's management style as well as its incompatibility with the marketing division's duty can likewise be seen as an OB difficulty specifically as she has actually been used to managing issues in the procedures department where workers are instructed to focus on processes and also obtain them. The marketing department on the various other hand can be viewed as a team of individuals that are used to being nurtured by Krasnow that focused more on result than processes.
Interdepartmental Disagreements: Interdepartmental differences between 3 departments, marketing, merchandizing and procedures specifically over the allocation of the advertising mix can be recognized as one more OB issue. The advertising department does not share the exact same vision as the other 2 departments pertaining to the aloocation of the advertising and marketing mix twoards promotions as well as advertsing, the merchandizing as well as operations divisions do not concur over the advertising and marketing mix allotment amongst one an additional either.
Disintegration in Advertising And Marketing Division: Fragmentation in between the advertising and marketing departments can be determined as another OB concern which might need additional attention. The fact that the advertising and marketing areas in the advertising and marketing division are separated is avoiding both divisions from getting from each other's experience as well as proficiency. Combination of marketing with retailing and operations would come to be harder if the advertising department itself is disintegrated which can be an additional possible OB worry.
Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager Analysis
Numerous concepts have actually been made use of to clarify the conditions to get further quality about the circumstance at hand.
McGregor's Theory X & Y: According to Douglas McGregor's Concept X, many managers think that juniors are easy and also lazy, have little aspiration and also resist change. The circumstance at Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager is not completely adhering to Concept X, it can be seen that new hires are finding this setting rather stressful which might ultimately lead to a greater inclination of the monitoring in the direction of Theory X. Also while assessing Lewis's monitoring style, concept X might have been appropriate in the operations division to some level yet the Marketing division would certainly require dependence on Theory Y in order to get the imagination and originality from the teams.
Tuckman's Team effort Theory: As for Lewis's issue about bringing consistency in between the advertising and marketing division is concerned, this would initially lead to contrast as reviewed by Bruce Tuckman in his 'Teamwork Theory'. (Tuckman, 1965). According to Tuckman's theory received appendix 3, throughout the preliminary stage of team growth, individuals may not bond, as they are busy locating their location in the team. By combining the marketing and advertising department's work, there may coincide preliminary disconnect which could result in the second stage of 'storming' where the groups challenge each other. However, it is just during the 3rd stage or 'norming' when they would integrate to share suggestions prior to the group can produce synergy in the 4th stage 'executing'.
When people are provided with modification, they get in phase one as well as so there might be emotions like despair, unpredictability, disappointment, temper, anxiety, rejection and also disorientation.The scenario at the advertising and marketing department of Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager is comparable so Lewis can get comfortable with the concept that it is not remarkable actions. It is throughout this stage that Lewis will have to give guidance to the department so that they can locate a feeling of instructions. It can be seen just how Krasnow has actually already made this transition much easier by making Lewis obtain involved in the department a year prior to his actual departure.
Abraham Maslow in his Concept of 'Requirements Power structure' (appendix 5) has goes over the significance of 'safety needs as being a reduced degree demand of a human for causing motivation. As seen in the pyramid shared in appendix 3, we can see just how 'the requirement to feel safe and also out of threat' is at the second degree of needs. Prior to an employee can be made to develop psychologically, he needs to have his 'Physiological 'as well as 'Safety' needs fulfilled.
SWOT Analysis for Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager Case Study
Ramification of Analysis.
The OB analysis has checked out different concepts to comprehend how to cope with the existing circumstance handy. The complying with three alternatives have actually been recommended to help Lewis manage the business obstacles in the marketing division. Each of these alternatives has been proposed for easing the shift needed to bring the marketing department in accordance with the demands of the marketplace and for making the social change that would certainly comply with once the present leader leaves.
Integration of marketing and advertising functions. Separating Adverting and also Manufacturing functions. Assimilation of Advertising with Operations.
Analysis of Alternatives.
Integration of Advertising & Advertising And Marketing Functions: The internal advertising and marketing company of Netapp The Day To Day Of A District Manager is currently strength for the organization in regards to conserving up on expenses related to advertising as well as promotion. Given that no new employment has actually been done after Bridget Cole's departure with the coverage line being directly designated to Krasnow for the advertising function, this is a beneficial opportunity for integrating the marketing and advertising features. Judith Shapiro that has actually earlier been interviewed by Lewis during the earlier merger days has proficiency in business-to-business marketing along with firm and retail advertising experience. When Krasnow leaves, Lewis can work with Shapiro as an EVP for advertising and marketing to handle both marketing and advertising functions.
The benefit of this method is that it will certainly integrate the two functions while minimizing the need for hiring an added source for marketing. Lewis would certainly be heading the advertising department and also in any type of case her substitute would certainly be needed for the current duty that she is performing. The drawback of this choice is that external hiring may produce resentment from inner employees that might be looking at the setting of EVP after Lewis takes control of Krasnow's position.
Separating Adverting and Production: Given the competitive stress and excellent quality job required from the ad agency, it is suggested that Lewis must enable the manufacturing unit to be a different function from the advertising and marketing unit. Considering that a lot of ad agency had these 2 features as separate devices, it makes even more feeling to follow the standard. In addition to this, both features may have the ability to concentrate on their core activates much more effectively. However, the downside of this technique would be that additional prices would need to be borne for establishing different production functions. Along with this, a manufacturing head might need to be hired which might raise overheads for the organization.
Integration of Marketing with Procedures: Because Lewis is currently looking after the marketing and also procedures departments all at once; it makes good sense to integrate the two features since she has been successfully taking care of both ends. The reality that both divisions currently have significant differences over allotment of sources suggests that this integration might be able to bring about consistency especially as Lewis would be heading both ends.However there are numerous drawbacks of this move specifically as it would certainly put way too much problem over Lewis's shoulders. The reality that Lewis has to adjust her monitoring design for the marketing division suggests that these two divisions would be culturally varied. In addition to this, Lewis may not have the ability to use one kind of leadership style to both departments which might lead to ineffectiveness in either one of both features.
An analysis of the 3 options indicates that assimilation of advertising and also operations would not be a feasible relocation as a result of the substantial differences in between the two departments although that currently Lewis is handling both. While separation of the production feature may have been a positive action for the marketing department, the fact that it would certainly imply putting a third feature under Lewis's wing suggests this should be prevented also. The combination of the marketing department is the very best choice in terms of obtaining the ideal results from the division. An activity plan for this option is reviewed listed below.
Lewis will certainly take over the duty of EVP Marketing after Krasnow leaves.
Advertising and Marketing functions would be combined.
Judith Shapiro will be worked with to take Lewis's location as SVP of advertising and marketing.
Production function will remain part of advertising and marketing under advertising and marketing function.
Lewis will separate herself from operations.
An autonomous leadership style with staff member empowerment will certainly be utilized in marketing division.
Open up door policy and also emphasis on cross departmental interaction will certainly be aimed at getting rid of disharmony.
If the combination does not work out as planned, a backup plan would certainly follow which would divide the production feature from the advertising and marketing feature to reduce the tons on the SVP of advertising and marketing. In case Judith Shapiro does not obtain worked with, Lewis will certainly be heading the advertising department without an SVP. Because case the manufacturing function will certainly be separated by positioning it under an SVP manufacturing.
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Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) has been successfully applied to many large scale machine learning problems[15, 36]
, by virtue of its low per-iteration cost. However, standard SGD estimates the gradient from only one or a few samples, and thus the variance of the stochastic gradient estimator may be large[13, 37], which leads to slow convergence and poor performance. In particular, even under the strongly convex (SC) condition, the convergence rate of standard SGD is only sub-linear. Recently, the convergence rate of SGD has been improved by various variance reduction methods, such as SAG , SDCA , SVRG , SAGA , Finito , MISO , and their proximal variants, such as , and . Under the SC condition, these variance reduced SGD (VR-SGD) algorithms achieve linear convergence rates.
Very recently, many techniques were proposed to further speed up the VR-SGD methods mentioned above. These techniques include importance sampling , exploiting neighborhood structure in the training data to share and re-use information about past stochastic gradients , incorporating Nesterov’s acceleration techniques [19, 25] or momentum acceleration tricks , reducing the number of gradient computations in the early iterations [3, 4, 35], and the projection-free property of the conditional gradient method . and proved that SVRG and SAGA with minor modifications can asymptotically converge to a stationary point for non-convex problems.
So far the two most popular stochastic gradient estimators are the SVRG estimator independently introduced by [13, 35] and the SAGA estimator . All these estimators may be very different from their full gradient counterparts, thus moving in the direction may not decrease the objective function anymore, as stated in . To address this problem, inspired by the success of sufficient decrease methods for deterministic optimization such as [18, 33], we propose a novel sufficient decrease technique for a class of VR-SGD methods, including the widely-used SVRG and SAGA methods. Notably, our method with partial sufficient decrease achieves average time complexity per-iteration as low as the original SVRG and SAGA methods. We summarize our main contributions below.
For making sufficient decrease for stochastic optimization, we design a sufficient decrease strategy to further reduce the cost function, in which we also introduce a coefficient to take the decisions to shrink, expand or move in the opposite direction.
We incorporate our sufficient decrease technique, together with momentum acceleration, into two representative SVRG and SAGA algorithms, which lead to SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD. Moreover, we give two specific update rules of the coefficient for Lasso and ridge regression problems as notable examples.
Moreover, we analyze the convergence properties of SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD, which show that SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD converge linearly for SC objective functions. Unlike most of the VR-SGD methods, we also provide the convergence guarantees of SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD for non-strongly convex (NSC) problems.
2 Preliminary and Related Work
In this paper, we consider the following composite convex optimization problem:
where are the smooth convex component functions, and is a relatively simple convex (but possibly non-differentiable) function. Recently, many VR-SGD methods [13, 28, 34, 35] have been proposed for special cases of (1). Under smoothness and SC assumptions, and , SAG achieves a linear convergence rate. A recent line of work, such as [13, 34], has been proposed with similar convergence rates to SAG but without the memory requirements for all gradients. SVRG begins with an initial estimate , sets and then generates a sequence of (, where is usually set to ) using
where is the step size, is the full gradient at , and is chosen uniformly at random from . After every stochastic iterations, we set , and reset and . Unfortunately, most of the VR-SGD methods [8, 30, 34], including SVRG, only have convergence guarantee for smooth and SC problems. However, may be NSC in many machine learning applications, such as Lasso. proposed SAGA, a fast incremental gradient method in the spirit of SAG and SVRG, which works for both SC and NSC objective functions, as well as in proximal settings. Its main update rule is formulated as follows:
where is updated for all as follows: if , and otherwise, and the proximal operator is defined as: .
The technique of sufficient decrease (e.g., the well-known line search technique ) has been studied for deterministic optimization [18, 33]. For example, proposed the following sufficient decrease condition for deterministic optimization:
where is a small constant, and . Similar to the strategy for deterministic optimization, in this paper we design a novel sufficient decrease technique for stochastic optimization, which is used to further reduce the cost function and speed up its convergence.
3 Variance Reduced SGD with Sufficient Decrease
In this section, we propose a novel sufficient decrease technique for VR-SGD methods, which include the widely-used SVRG and SAGA methods. To make sufficient decrease for stochastic optimization, we design a sufficient decrease strategy to further reduce the cost function. Then a coefficient is introduced to satisfy the sufficient decrease condition, and takes the decisions to shrink, expand or move in the opposite direction. Moreover, we present two sufficient decrease VR-SGD algorithms with momentum acceleration: SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD. We also give two specific schemes to compute for Lasso and ridge regression.
3.1 Our Sufficient Decrease Technique
Suppose for the -th outer-iteration and the -th inner-iteration. Unlike the full gradient method, the stochastic gradient estimator is somewhat inaccurate (i.e., it may be very different from ), then further moving in the updating direction may not decrease the objective value anymore . That is, may be larger than even for very small step length . Motivated by this observation, we design a factor to scale the current iterate for the decrease of the objective function. For SVRG-SD, the cost function with respect to is formulated as follows:
where is a trade-off parameter between the two terms, is a small constant and set to 0.1. The second term in (5) involves the norm of the residual of stochastic gradients, and plays the same role as the second term of the right-hand side of (4). Different from existing sufficient decrease techniques including (4), a varying factor instead of a constant is introduced to scale and the coefficient of the second term of (5), and plays a similar role as the step-size parameter optimized via a line-search for deterministic optimization. However, line search techniques have a high computational cost in general, which limits their applicability to stochastic optimization .
For SAGA-SD, the cost function with respect to can be revised by simply replacing with defined below. Note that is a scalar and takes the decisions to shrink, expand or move in the opposite direction of . The detailed schemes to calculate for Lasso and ridge regression are given in Section 3.3. We first present the following sufficient decrease condition in the statistical sense for stochastic optimization.
For given and the solution of (5), then the following inequality holds
where for SVRG-SD.
It is not hard to verify that can be further decreased via our sufficient decrease technique, when the current iterate is scaled by the coefficient . Indeed, for the special case when for some , the inequality in (6) can be still satisfied. Moreover, Property 1 can be extended for SAGA-SD by setting , as well as for other VR-SGD algorithms such as SAG and SDCA. Unlike the sufficient decrease condition for deterministic optimization [18, 33], may be a negative number, which means to move in the opposite direction of .
3.2 Momentum Acceleration
In this part, we first design the update rule for the key variable with the coefficient as follows:
where , is a constant and can be set to which also works well in practice. In fact, the second term of the right-hand side of (7) plays a momentum acceleration role as in batch and stochastic optimization [1, 23, 25]. That is, by introducing this term, we can utilize the previous information of gradients to update . In addition, the update rule of is given by
where , is a Lipschitz constant (see Assumption 1 below), denotes a constant, and can be the two most popular choices for stochastic gradient estimators: the SVRG estimator [13, 35] for SVRG-SD and the SAGA estimator for SAGA-SD defined as follows:
respectively, where . For SAGA-SD, we need to set , and store in the table similar to . All the other entries in the table remain unchanged, and is the table average. From (8), it is clear that our algorithms can tackle non-smooth problems directly as in .
In summary, we propose a novel variant of SVRG with sufficient decrease (SVRG-SD) to solve both SC and NSC problems, as outlined in Algorithm 1. For the case of SC, , while and for the case of NSC. Similarly, we also present a novel variant of SAGA with sufficient decrease (SAGA-SD), as shown in the Supplementary Material. The main differences between them are the stochastic gradient estimators in (9), and the update rule of the sufficient decrease coefficient in (5).
Note that when and , the proposed SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD degenerate to the original SVRG or its proximal variant (Prox-SVRG ) and SAGA , respectively. In this sense, SVRG, Prox-SVRG and SAGA can be seen as the special cases of the proposed algorithms. Like SVRG and SVRG-SD, SAGA-SD is also a multi-stage algorithm, whereas SAGA is a single-stage algorithm.
3.3 Coefficients for Lasso and Ridge Regression
In this part, we give the closed-form solutions of the coefficient for Lasso and ridge regression problems. For Lasso problems and given , we have . The closed-form solution of (5) for SVRG-SD can be obtained as follows:
where is the data matrix containing data samples, , and is the so-called soft thresholding operator with the following threshold,
For ridge regression problems, and , the closed-form solution of (5) for SVRG-SD is given by
. We can also derive the update rule of the coefficient for other loss functions using their approximations, e.g.,
for logistic regression.
3.4 Efficient Implementation
), we use the fast partial singular value decomposition to obtain the best rank-approximation to and save . Then . In practice, e.g., in our experiments, can be set to a small number to capture 99.5% of the spectral energy of the data matrix , e.g., for the Covtype data set, similar to inexact line search methods for deterministic optimization.
The time complexity of each inter-iteration in the proposed SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD with full sufficient decrease is , which is a little higher than SVRG and SAGA. In fact, we can just randomly select only a small fraction (e.g., ) of stochastic gradient iterations in each epoch to update with sufficient decrease, while the remainder of iterations without sufficient decrease, i.e., . Let be the number of iterations with our sufficient decrease technique in each epoch. By fixing and thus without increasing parameters tuning difficulties, SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD111Note that SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD with partial sufficient decrease possess the similar convergence properties as SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD with full sufficient decrease because Property 1 still holds when . can always converge much faster than their counterparts: SVRG and SAGA, as shown in Figure 1. It is easy to see that our algorithms are very robust with respect to the choice of , and achieve average time complexity per-iteration as low as the original SVRG and SAGA. Thus, we mainly consider SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD with partial sufficient decrease.
4 Convergence Guarantees
In this section, we provide the convergence analysis of SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD for both SC and NSC cases. In this paper, we consider the problem (1) under the following standard assumptions.
Each convex function is -smooth, iff there exists a constant such that for any , .
is -strongly convex, iff there exists a constant such that for any ,
where is the subdifferential of at . If is smooth, we can revise the inequality (12) by simply replacing the sub-gradient with .
4.1 Convergence Analysis of SVRG-SD
In this part, we analyze the convergence property of SVRG-SD for both SC and NSC cases. The first main result is the following theorem, which provides the convergence rate of SVRG-SD.
The proof of Theorem 1 and the definitions of and are given in the Supplementary Material. The linear convergence of SVRG-SD follows immediately.
Corollary 1 (Sc).
Suppose each is -smooth, and is -strongly convex. Setting , , and sufficiently large so that
then SVRG-SD has the geometric convergence in expectation:
The proof of Corollary 1 is given in the Supplementary Material. From Corollary 1, one can see that SVRG-SD has a linear convergence rate for SC problems. As discussed in , for the proximal variant of SVRG , where . For a reasonable comparison, we use the same parameter settings for SVRG and SVRG-SD, e.g., and . Then one can see that for SVRG and for SVRG-SD, that is, is smaller than . Thus, SVRG-SD can significantly improve the convergence rate of SVRG in practice, which will be confirmed by the experimental results below.
Corollary 2 (Nsc).
Suppose each is -smooth. Setting , , and sufficiently large, then
4.2 Convergence Analysis of SAGA-SD
In this part, we analyze the convergence property of SAGA-SD for both SC and NSC cases. The following lemma provides the upper bound on the expected variance of the gradient estimator in (9) (i.e., the SAGA estimator ), and its proof is given in the Supplementary Material.
Suppose Assumption 1 holds. Then the following inequality holds
Theorem 2 (Sc).
Suppose is -strongly convex and is -smooth. With the same notation as in Theorem 1, and by setting , , and sufficiently large such that
then SAGA-SD has the geometric convergence in expectation:
The proof of Theorem 2 is provided in the Supplementary Material. Theorem 2 shows that SAGA-SD also attains linear convergence similar to SVRG-SD. Like Corollary 2, we also provide the convergence guarantee of SAGA-SD for NSC problems, as shown below.
Corollary 3 (Nsc).
Suppose each is -smooth. With the same notation as in Theorem 2 and by setting , , and , then
The proof of Corollary 3 is provided in the Supplementary Material. Due to , Theorem 2 and Corollary 3 imply that SAGA-SD can significantly improve the convergence rate of SAGA for both SC and NSC cases, which will be confirmed by our experimental results.
As suggested in and , one can add a proximal term into a non-strongly convex objective function as follows: , where is a constant that can be determined as in [10, 19], and is a proximal point. Then the condition number of this proximal function can be much smaller than that of the original function , if is sufficiently large. However, adding the proximal term may degrade the performance of the involved algorithms both in theory and in practice . Therefore, we directly use SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD to solve non-strongly convex objectives.
5 Experimental Results
In this section, we evaluate the performance of SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD, and compare their performance with their counterparts including SVRG , its proximal variant (Prox-SVRG) , and SAGA . Moreover, we also report the performance of the well-known accelerated VR-SGD methods, Catalyst and Katyusha . For fair comparison, we implemented all the methods in C++ with a Matlab interface (all codes are made available, see link in the Supplementary Materials), and performed all the experiments on a PC with an Intel i5-2400 CPU and 16GB RAM.
5.1 Ridge Regression
Our experiments were conducted on three popular data sets: Covtype, Ijcnn1 and SUSY, all of which were obtained from the LIBSVM Data website222https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm/ (more details and regularization parameters are given in the Supplementary Material). Following
, each feature vector of these date sets has been normalized so thatfor all , which leads to the same upper bound on the Lipschitz constants . This step is for comparison only and not necessary in practice. We focus on the ridge regression as the SC example. For SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD, we set on the three data sets. In addition, unlike SAGA , we fixed for each epoch of SAGA-SD. For SVRG-SD, Catalyst, Katyusha, SVRG and its proximal variant, we set the epoch size , as suggested in [1, 13, 34]. Each of these methods had its step size parameter chosen so as to give the fastest convergence.
Figure 2 shows how the objective gap, i.e., , of all these algorithms decreases for ridge regression problems with the regularization parameter (more results are given in the Supplementary Material). Note that the horizontal axis denotes the number of effective passes over the data. As seen in these figures, SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD achieve consistent speedups for all the data sets, and significantly outperform their counterparts, SVRG and SAGA, in all the settings. This confirms that our sufficient decrease technique is able to accelerate SVRG and SAGA. Impressively, SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD usually converge much faster than the well-known accelerated VR-SGD methods, Catalyst and Katyusha, which further justifies the effectiveness of our sufficient decrease stochastic optimization method.
5.2 Lasso and Elastic-Net Regularized Lasso
We also conducted experiments of the Lasso and elastic-net regularized (i.e., ) Lasso problems. We plot some representative results in Figure 3 (see Figures 3 and 4 in the Supplementary Material for more results), which show that SVRG-SD and SAGA-SD significantly outperform their counterparts (i.e., Prox-SVRG and SAGA) in all the settings, as well as Catalyst, and are considerably better than Katyusha in most cases. This empirically verifies that our sufficient decrease technique can accelerate SVRG and SAGA for solving both SC and NSC objectives.
6 Conclusion & Future Work
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to design an efficient sufficient decrease technique for stochastic optimization. Moreover, we proposed two different schemes for Lasso and ridge regression to efficiently update the coefficient , which takes the important decisions to shrink, expand or move in the opposite direction. This is very different from adaptive learning rate methods, e.g., , and line search methods, e.g., , all of which cannot address the issue in Section 3.1 whatever value the step size is. Unlike most VR-SGD methods [13, 30, 34], which only have convergence guarantees for SC problems, we provided the convergence guarantees of our algorithms for both SC and NSC cases. Experimental results verified the effectiveness of our sufficient decrease technique for stochastic optimization. Naturally, it can also be used to further speed up accelerated VR-SGD methods such as [1, 3, 19].
As each function can have different degrees of smoothness, to select the random index
from a non-uniform distribution is a much better choice than simple uniform random sampling, as well as without-replacement sampling vs. with-replacement sampling . On the practical side, both our algorithms tackle the NSC and non-smooth problems directly, without using any quadratic regularizer as in [1, 19], as well as proximal settings. Note that some asynchronous parallel and distributed variants [17, 26] of VR-SGD methods have also been proposed for such stochastic settings. We leave these variations out from our comparison and consider similar extensions to our stochastic sufficient decrease method as future work.
Supplementary Materials for “Guaranteed Sufficient Decrease for Variance Reduced Stochastic Gradient Descent”
In this supplementary material, we give the detailed proofs for some lemmas, theorems and corollaries stated in the main paper. Moreover, we also report more experimental results for both of our algorithms.
Throughout this paper, denotes the standard Euclidean norm, and is the -norm, i.e., . We denote by the full gradient of if it is differentiable, or the subdifferential of at if it is only Lipschitz continuous. Note that Assumption 2 is the general form for the two cases when is smooth or non-smooth333Strictly speaking, when the function is non-smooth, ; while is smooth, .. That is, if is smooth, the inequality in (12) in Assumption 2 becomes the following form:
Appendix A: Proof of Theorem 1
Although the proposed SVRG-SD is a variant of SVRG, it is non-trivial to analyze its convergence property, as well as that of SAGA-SD. Before proving Theorem 1, we first give the following lemma.
Let be the optimal solution of Problem (1), then the following inequality holds
Lemma 2 provides the upper bound on the expected variance of the variance reduced gradient estimator in (9) (i.e., the SVRG estimator independently introduced in [13, 35]), which satisfies . This lemma is essentially identical to Corollary 3.5 in . From Lemma 2, we immediately get the following result, which is useful in our convergence analysis.
For any , the following inequality holds
where the second equality holds due to the fact that ; the second inequality holds due to the fact that ; and the last inequality follows from Lemma 3.4 in (i.e., ). ∎
Let be the linear approximation of at with respect to , i.e.,
Assume that is an optimal solution of the following problem,
where is a convex function (but possibly non-differentiable). Then the following inequality holds for all :
Proof of Theorem 1:
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Since the first Tour de France
, there have been 1,994 stages, up to and including the 21st stage of the 2011 Tour de France
. Since 1919
, the race leader following each stage has been awarded the yellow jersey
Although the leader of the classification after a stage gets a yellow jersey, he is not considered the winner of the yellow jersey, only the wearer. Only after the final stage, the wearer of the yellow jersey is considered the winner of the yellow jersey, and thereby the winner of the Tour de France.
In this article first-place-classifications before 1919 are also counted as if a yellow jersey was awarded. There have been more yellow jerseys given than there were stages: In 1913, there were multiple cyclists with the same leading time, and the 1988 Tour de France
had a "prelude", an extra stage for a select group of cyclists. As of 2011, 1,994 yellow jerseys have been awarded in the Tour de France to 270 different riders.
<br />In previous tours, sometimes a stage was broken in two (or three). On such occasions, only the cyclist leading at the end of the day is counted. The "Jerseys" column lists the number of days that the cyclist wore
the yellow jersey; the "Tour wins" column gives... Read More
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State Custodians Young Garvan Edgy Ideas awards night
Dr Samantha Oakes
21 June 2016
Dr Samantha Oakes, of Garvan’s Cancer Division, has been awarded the 2016 State Custodians Young Garvan Award at the inaugural ‘Edgy Ideas’ event at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research on Thursday night. Runners-up were Drs David Herrmann and Marcia Munoz from Garvan’s Cancer and Bone Biology Divisions, respectively.
Dr Oakes’ winning edgy idea is to trick cancer cells into thinking they’re infected with a virus such that they will be recognised by the immune system. Dr Herrmann’s is to predict the spread of cancer before it happens by observing cancer cells in a living animal, and Dr Munoz’ is to test a cure for a childhood autoimmune disease using an existing therapy.
The Edgy Ideas program provides a unique forum for Garvan’s young and early-mid career researchers to pitch an innovative and inventive idea to a 100-strong crowd of young professionals. Three finalists are selected on scientific merit from all applications, by members of Garvan’s Executive Management Group.
The crowd then vote for the ‘edgiest’ idea to choose the winner of a $25,000 cash prize from State Custodians. The runners up were each awarded return flights to the U.S. with Delta Airlines to further develop their research careers through conference presentations or working with collaborators.
In the lead up to Edgy Ideas event, each finalist worked with a mentor (from State Custodians and the Young Garvan committee) to refine their presentation skills and put their ‘best pitch forward.’
The Young Garvan Committee is a volunteer group of young professionals who donate their passion, time and skills to inform and inspire the younger generation about Garvan’s medical research. Each member of the Young Garvan committee is passionate about and dedicated to supporting Garvan’s research and helping our researchers communicate their science to young professionals.
Garvan extends its appreciation to State Custodians as lead sponsors of the Award, and Delta Air Lines, for their generous support of Young Garvan.
For more about Garvan’s breakthrough medical research or to get involved in Young Garvan, please contact Jessica Jones, Corporate Partnerships Coordinator at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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The news last week of suicide bombings at hotels in Indonesia was unsettling. The knowledge that places you have stayed, or had a meal or a meeting in have become the targets of suicide bombers gives rise to a strange, uncomfortable sensation. The scenes of death and destruction at the Marriots in Jakarta and Islamabad, and, not long before, the Taj in Mumbai, the Pearl Continental in Peshawar, even if recorded on the other side of the world, strike a chord disturbingly close to home.
One of those people leaving on a stretcher could easily have been me.
Or, perhaps, you.
These incidents were not the first, and are unlikely to be the last of their kind. And in the short term, it will remain difficult, if not impossible to secure or defend almost everything, almost anywhere against the type of attack in which the perpetrator is prepared to give his or her own life in order to carry out the mission.
Even if authorities could suppress such action, the option would hold little appeal. The economic and political costs – something akin to totalitarianism – would be horrendous, the cure worse than the disease.
A better response, at least in the immediate aftermath of such incidents, is to rely, patiently, on careful police and intelligence work to apprehend the criminals responsible, while maintaining the rights, liberties and freedoms which can make life, at least for some, rich and fulfilling.
This is not necessarily the most attractive option for decision-makers, and it is certainly less telegenic or newsworthy than the prospect of near-immediate retaliation through the despatch of Hellfire missile equipped predator drones to annhilate some distant compound or convoy. That said, it will almost always produce better results, and without the risk of collateral damage or the possibility of inflicting suffering upon innocents, as has so regularly been the case with the global war on terror or any of its more recently fashionable derrivatives, such as overseas contingency operations or stabilization.
Over the longer term, the prognosis could brighten. But that will require major changes to the way in which the global political economy is organized and functions. It is poverty and inequality that drive those unable to benefit from globalization towards radical alternatives, and a small minority, bereft of reasonable, viable alternatives through which to express their convictions, turn to political violence or religious extremism.
Underdevelopment and insecurity, after all, are not two solitudes. They are opposite sides of the same coin.
There is now a large corpus of research which indicates that the vast majority of those recruited to become human bombs are not insane, but alienated, angry and resentful, often over the occupation of their land by foreign troops. That condition of bitterness and desperation, may turn street vendors or agricultural labourers into true believers, or even zealots, but very few are crazy. Most elect to do what they do on the basis of rational choice – compensation for the surviving family members, the promise of martyrdom, the belief that they will be rewarded with a better life in heaven. And more than a few are educated and relatively prosperous, their disaffection rooted less in the immediate experience of oppression than in the kind of global empathy made possible by the creation of virtual communities over the internet.
Political space has become deterritorialized.
The enduring reality of suicide bombing, then, is that it is more a symptom than a cause of deeply rooted insecurity and persistent underdevelopment. As such, it can be interpreted as one among many possible illustrations that aid alone – the quintessential, donor interest serving, bandaid solution – won’t work in support of genuine development. When advanced countries use aid to generate employment for home country contractors, to dispose of surplus commodities, or to dump uncompetitive or dangerous industrial products, recipients end up with road graders rusting in jungles, sacks of wheat rotting in rat-infested wartehouses and skim milk powder used to whitewash mud walls in places where most of the population is lactose intolerant.
Whether or not these sorts of outcomes represent the exception or the rule, they serve to give international cooperation a bad name, and are the antithesis of sustainable, equitable development, which is human need centred and long term. Characterized by broad citizen access to representative political institutions, economic opportunities, and social services, this kind of development, elaborated in previous posts and elsewhere, implicates those involved in the design of their own destiny.
The literature on globalization is rife with references to “interdependence”, but the reality resembles more a complex, multiple-layered pattern of dominance and dependence which is replicated in many places and among and between individuals and groups, cities, countries and regions. It is not something limited to the so-called economic south.
The persistance of that kind of world order makes human security elusive, aid inevitable and development difficult, if not impossible.
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Cytotoxic Destructive to living cells.
His visibility would be very destructive to us.
And uttimately it's destructive to you and her.
I enjoyed watching them, even though their antics were destructive to the garden.
In the Internet age, this can quickly be especially destructive to your business.
It's ridiculous how someone else's opinions are allowed to be so destructive to the little person in your soul.
Individual players operating by the rules of the jungle come to realize that this is proving destructive to all.
I think that it's -- it's detrimental, and ultimately destructive to so many of the foundations of civilization.
Lying is destructive of society.
Other nets are destructive of fish (e.
It is destructive of both body and mind.
The irony is that home-grown policies in Washington are much more destructive of U.
The First World War was particularly destructive of previous structures of meaning.
All the leaders considered the bills unjust, unwarranted and destructive of elementary human rights and dignity.
He disdains any searching tests, and considers self-examination to be highly injurious and destructive of faith.
Looked down upon by both hackers and crackers, script kiddies are probably the most destructive of internet users.
They are destructive in many ways.
Real ego is only destructive in nature.
It is also destructive in at least two ways.
Helens (Washington) was the most destructive in the history of the United States.
In September, October and November these storms are very destructive in Bangladesh.
All these are massively destructive in Canada and the United States -- with similar activity all over the world.
At least 135 of those homes have been destroyed, making the blaze one of the most destructive in Colorado's history.
And there is a point beyond which if further spending is cut, the results are? extremely destructive in the short-run.
Very sad and personally destructive for all participants.
Its destructive for the community and it sending a bad message.
In fact, it could be argued that IPL might even be destructive for Test cricket.
Ladies must not use shampoos that have chemical substances in them because they are destructive for your hair.
Ego too is destructive as the practicing Buddhist knows.
Clive Lloyd (capt) Destructive as a batsman, a uniter of nations as captain.
But he was less destructive as a religious and social reformer than many have supposed.
But otherwise also carries a lot of ammo and is at least 3-5 times as destructive as a machinegun.
We have seen a lot of changes in SolidWorks over the years, but nothing as potentially destructive as what DS is up to here.
Just above the target, the warheads detonate, showering the area with thousands of rods-each one up to 12 times as destructive as a.
The pace riches are startling though certainly not as potent and destructive as the Caribbean mean-machine of the late 70's and 80's.
Reasoning should override emotions which can be destructive at times.
Though this may seem destructive at first glance, it is actually healthy.
Rabbits are very affectionate, but could get really aggressive and destructive at times.
It is not to be taken for granted though, for evil remains destructive, and powerfully destructive at that.
Our minds are used to using the past as a template for the future, this is destructive at the best of times.
Shah isn't so destructive at the start of the 5th, he tries to straight six Albie and finds George waiting to take the catch.
The other is Sanath Jayasuriya who could be much more destructive at his peak, but De Silva was the more classical &; the one who mastered the calculated assault.
This is explicitly destructive by design.
The present form of capitalism is destructive by nature.
They can become destructive by chewing and ripping apart your house, as well as constantly barking in their frustration.
Rats and mice are particularly abundant and destructive on farms.
As for the current legislation, it is destructive on a massive scale.
That muti which is made out of that which is toxic and destructive on earth.
These are political decisions, irrational and destructive on any sound financial or economic basis.
Rajneesh's teaching was awful, wrong, and destructive on so many levels, but it was his BEHAVIOR that was truly unforgivable.
They can also cause harm wilfully, however, should they consider someone to be disrespectful or destructive towards their fount.
Plenty of Christians here in the United States have been cruel and destructive towards Muslims, you simply pay no attention to it.
This lashing out can occur in various forms such as lying, abusing, becoming sloppy at work, becoming destructive towards the house, sarcasm, rage, disrespecting etc.
Also my boy can be destructive towards toys, tearing of leather chairs and spoiling of other household appliances which he shows that his aware that it is wrong to do so.
There is something gravely wrong and destructive with this type of mentality.
Addictive and destructive with very little in the way of insight or redeeming features.
Ravikant was destructive with the ball and quickly claimed the wickets of Saad Ali (1) and Salman Afridi (0).
Response: Concerning (a) - there is a lot of evidence for hurricanes tending to become more destructive with increasing SST.
We've got to have all sides of the argument, or else it would be bias and could be totally destructive with no pulling it up.
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IntroductionProblem: We have the master page and we will embed the user the control and the same master page will used by various pages. For some pages we don't require the user control to be visible. If we also hide the call to that user control, we cannot avoid it.Step 1 : We have very simple user control, just some label in HTML.Step 2 : In code behind, we will hold the thread for a while, assuming we are doing some complex process in that user control and display the content.Step 3 : Add the user control to the master page. First register it and using the tag name embed the control.Step 4 : Just create a new ASP.Net page with master page reference and load it and the result will be as below. Ignore the design aspects; we will focus on the user control alone.The User Control will be loaded in right side and below the load time as well.
Step 5 : We will create one more page, that doesn't require the user control. We will just hide the control using jQuery.Even if we hide also, the user control will be called internally.Step 6 : We will remove the user control related "HTML" in the master page and just add a placeholder.Step 7 : Now we can load the master page control from the child/content page. Write the following code in the Page_LoadComplete event of the Content Page, which comes just after the Page_Load event of the Master Page.We will run the page and get the same result as below. Now we will load the other page which doesn't require the Master Page User Control. It just loads the master and child page contents alone.SummaryWe need to add some code in the page which requires loading the Master Page User Control dynamically.
C# Corner. All contents are copyright of their authors.
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I’ve been toying with the idea of making my own soap for a while now. I’ve been talking about it so much that now my mom wants to try it, too! Great! Now we can try it together. It sounds so easy, we’ve just gotta get our ingredients together. I’m compiling a list of websites with instructions for the different soaps we want to make.
First, we want to make our own laundry detergent. I found the instructions on The Family Homestead. The recipe makes two gallons, which I would store in a beverage dispenser with a spigot like this one.
To make laundry soap we need Borax, Washing Soda and bar soap. We could add essential oils for fragrance if we want to. If I did, I’d probably try to recreate my favorite lavender and vanilla scent. 🙂 If this recipe doesn’t work so well, I’ll just try one of these.
Next, I’d like to make my own fabric softener, too. If I don’t add fragrance to the soap, I’d probably add it in the softener. I found these easy recipes, and also directions for making stain remover with my homemade soap and a few other ingredients. I am going to try recipe #1 for the fabric softener and recipe #2 for the stain remover.
Of course, the next step would be to make our own bath soaps. We don’t use much bar soap, though I might eventually try to make a few of those. Initially though, I’d like to make bath gel for bathing. I would definitely add fragrances to those, though I am not sure which. I found some recipes here and here. For these recipes I would need to find glycerin.
Yes, there is more! To go even further – dish soap!! This could easily be stored in a sports-bottle type container. I’m looking at the soap flake recipe, and I would probably just add lemon juice for a good lemony scent! Ahhhh. I would already have the glycerin and vinegar so it would be easy to move from making the others to making this one, too.
Soap for the dishwasher was a little bit harder to find, but I found it! Most recipes, like this one, advise mixing equal parts of baking soda and borax (2 Tbsp per load) and using vinegar in the rinse cycle. Some substituted washing soda for baking soda and some added lemon, orange, or grapefruit extracts. However, this recipe seems appealing since it claims to also work as a good all-purpose cleaner like Comet. However, it requires more work and ingredients, so I may try the simple version first. 🙂 Some people suggested storing this in a leftover butter tub or something similar. How’s that for recycling? 😉 (My mom is cringing.)
**Update: Per my mom’s request I am also adding a recipe for hand soap. (I accidentally skipped over that one!) I found two recipes here and also some good info about what to add to hand soap and why – neat article. **
For all of these things I intend to make them in large batches and store in multiple containers if necessary. By that I mean 3 bottles of dish soap – not 30! By doing that I would be able to put more time between batches and be able to rotate around, making laundry soap this month, dish soap next month, bath soap the next and so on. It sounds like a good plan, right?
So why would I do this? Economic reasons for one. Health reasons for another (no unknown chemicals, etc.) And I would be lying if I didn’t include “a great sense of accomplishment.” Doing something like this will make me feel like I am really being proactive about taking care of my family and being aggressive about saving money. Also, think of the habits I am passing on to my daughters. Ooh, I am positively gooey inside thinking about making these soaps. It’s just soap! Don’t worry, I don’ t limit my gooeyness to cleaning products, I get a little giddy when I think about making my own bread and growing my own vegetables. =P But for now I am starting with soap.
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This post is about the shocking murder of two innocent men during the botched robbery of the local toll-gate at Parramatta in 1814. In addition to the two deaths another two men were almost executed for a crime they did not commit.
On the fateful evening of Saturday 28 May 1814, the Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported that two travellers, William Jenkins, a Sydney dealer (accompanied by a young boy), and Rowland Edwards (a Hawkesbury settler), made the mistake of stopping for the night at the local toll-house also known as the Parramatta Turnpike. Later that night, around 10 or 11 pm, two men armed with muskets, “one of them much taller than the other and both wearing handkerchiefs over their faces”, attempted to rob the toll-keeper Edward Mayne who, in the ensuring scuffle, was heard to cry out “Oh save me, save me!”
Unfortunately the robbery went horribly wrong and resulted in the death of the two guests who went to the aid of the toll-keeper. As it turned out Mayne survived the encounter but Jenkins died instantly and Edwards died four hours later after suffering severe gun-shot wounds.
William Jenkins (c1776 – 1814) was 38 years old and was survived by his widow Sarah (nee Chivers), 3 daughters, one of whom was not born at the time of his death, and a brother James. He and James were former convicts who had arrived in Australia per Coromandel 1 in 1802. Their crime was stealing seven sheep valued at £19 from Edward Smith at the parish of Chippendale, North Wiltshire. After serving a seven year sentence the Jenkins brothers went into business farming, boat building and even property development. His remains were taken back to Sydney by his family and interred.
Rowland Edwards (c1763-1814) was a Third Fleet convict. On 8 August 1789 aged twenty-six, he was charged at Shrewsbury for stealing a black gelding and was sentenced to seven years transportation. He left on the “Admiral Barrington” from Portsmouth, on 27 March 1791 as part of the Third Fleet to New Holland and arrived Australia 16 October 1791. He was survived by his wife Jane (nee Fletcher) and children.
The police investigation was led by Reverend Samuel Marsden and Chief Constable Oakes. As a result of Mayne’s testimony Michael Hoollaghan (also known as Woollaghan) and Alexander Suitar were arrested. Both were labourers working on the Liverpool road and were staying in convict huts two and a half miles from Parramatta.
The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on all aspects of the story from the initial attack, through to the arrest, trial and the final verdict. On Saturday 25 June 1814, Hoollaghan and Suitar were tried for murder in the Court of Criminal Jurisdiction and were found guilty and sentence to death.
However, this was not the end of the story for in a strange twist of events two other men confessed to the toll-gate murders two weeks after the sentencing. Dennis Donovan who was about to be executed for another crime confessed to being an accessory and John White, a servant to Mrs Sarah Burns, of Georges River, also came forward and confessed. As a result Hoollaghan and Suitar were found innocent. Donovan was executed for his earlier crime on Tuesday 12 July 1814 while White, in a second trial on Wednesday 20 July 1814 was found guilty and sentenced to death. Both their bodies were given to the Surgeons for dissection.
So where was the Parramatta Toll Gate/ Turnpike?
To find this out we looked first at the history of Sydney roads and tolls. From around 1805 heavy rain fall had caused the Sydney-Parramatta road to deteriorate and it was in such poor condition that the new Governor, Lachlan Macquarie, made fixing the road one of his priorities. The new public road was to be ‘paid out of the Colonial Police Fund’ from a 3 shilling per gallon levy on spirits. But even this was not enough to cover the costs and Macquarie was forced to put “Toll gates come into operation on the newly completed turnpike road from Sydney to Parramatta” with a scale of fees (toll-tax) prescribed which road users had to pay in order to pass through the toll-gates.
This new road opened on 10 April 1811 with two toll-bars; one in George Street, Haymarket where the Central Railway Square stands; the other ‘on a hill at the northern end of Sydney Road’ (the present Church Street), Parramatta (at the junction near Boundary Street, Raymond Street and A’Becketts Creek bridge).
Richard Rouse, a well known Parramatta figure was Overseer of Works and built the toll-gate and gate-keepers house for £200. The collection of tolls was leased to individuals and regularly changed hands to the highest bidder.
The first gatekeeper was Thomas Quinn of the 73 Regiment. Later in 1829, the toll-bar was moved to the junction of Dog Trap Road and Parramatta Road where Surgeon John Harris undertook to erect a new toll-house on land owned by Sir John Jamison. This became known as the “Old Toll Gate” and operated until it was removed in 1877 when James McCulloch became the last toll keeper.
The Parramatta toll gate murder appears to have happened at the initial toll-house, near A’Beckett’s Bridge.
Anne Tsang, Research Assistant, Parramatta City Council, 2014.
To see this article and all references go to http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2015/02/04/28-may-1814-murder-at-the-parramatta-toll-gate/
To learn more about the Toll Houses in the 19th Century visit our museum on Saturday, 1st April at 2:00 pm to hear a talk by Dr. Pam Loftus. (See “Coming Events” for more details.)
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Brings to life the haunted personalities and magnificent backdrop, the familiar characters, the stunning triumphs and soul-crushing defeats of this fascinating, long-forgotten war.
With his acclaimed New York Times bestsellers Gods and Generals and The Last Full Measure, Jeff Shaara expanded upon his father's Pulitzer Prize-winning Civil War classic, The Killer Angels -- ushering the reader through the poignant drama of this most bloody chapter in our history. Now, in Gone for Soldiers, Jeff Shaara carries us back fifteen years before that momentous conflict, when the Civil War's most familiar names are fighting for another cause, junior officers marching under the same flag in an unfamiliar land, experiencing combat for the first time in the Mexican-American War.
In March 1847, the U.S. Navy delivers eight thousand soldiers on the beaches of Vera Cruz. They are led by the army's commanding general, Winfield Scott, a heroic veteran of the War of 1812, short tempered, vain, and nostalgic for the glories of his youth. At his right hand is Robert E. Lee, a forty-year-old engineer, a dignified, serious man who has never seen combat.
Scott leads his troops against the imperious Mexican dictator, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana. Obsessed with glory and his place in history, Santa Ana arrogantly underestimates the will and the heart of Scott and his army. As the Americans fight their way inland, both sides understand that the inevitable final conflict will come at the gates and fortified walls of the ancient capital, Mexico City.
Cut off from communication and their only supply line, the Americans learn about their enemy and themselves, as young men witness for the first time the horror of war. While Scott must weigh his own place in history, fighting what many consider a bully's war, Lee the engineer becomes Lee the hero, the one man in Scott's command whose extraordinary destiny as a soldier is clear.
In vivid, brilliant prose that illuminates the dark psychology of soldiers and their commanders trapped behind enemy lines, Jeff Shaara brings to life the haunted personalities and magnificent backdrop, the familiar characters, the stunning triumphs and soul-crushing defeats of this fascinating, long-forgotten war. Gone for Soldiers is an extraordinary achievement that will remain with you long after the final page is turned.
IN 1844 THE UNITED STATES IS VERY MUCH A NATION FEELING ITS youth. Since the country was doubled in size by the Louisiana Purchase, there has been a passion for expansion, for pushing the boundaries farther west, a mission to bring the new enlightenment of the "American Ideal" to the entire continent. To politicians in Washington, this expansion is justified not just by an enthusiasm for our system of government, but by official policy. The document is the Monroe Doctrine, and the rallying cry becomes Manifest Destiny, as though it is not only in the nation's best interests to expand our influence, but the best interest of anyone whose culture we might absorb. This practice has already resulted in bloody conflict with several Indian Nations, notably the Seminoles in Florida. It also leads to a showdown with the British over the Oregon Territory, a threat the British defuse by backing away.
In summer 1844 the independent nation of Texas is annexed by the United States. The ...
If you liked Gone For Soldiers, try these:
Napoleon Childs, an aging cavalryman, leads an expedition of inexperienced soldiers into the mountains of Mexico to hunt down Pancho Villa. But things go terribly wrong; his troop is brutally attacked, and Napoleon, left by his captors to die in the desert, reflects on his past as he struggles to survive.
Stunningly renders the countless lives swept up in the violence of a country at war with itself. The "Great March" in E. L. Doctorow's hands becomes something more a floating world, a nomadic consciousness, and an unforgettable reading experience with awesome relevance to our own times.
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No Man's Land
by Simon Tolkien
Inspired by the experiences of his grandfather, J. R. R. Tolkien, during World War I.
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The Itasca State Park CCC/WPA/Rustic Style historic resources include 45 contributing buildings, 16 contributing structures, 11 contributing objects, and one contributing site.
These resources are located within Itasca State Park, which encompasses Lake Itasca, the official source of the Mississippi River, and a scenic area of northern Minnesota that has remained relatively unchanged from its natural state. The park includes 157 lakes covering over 3,000 acres, as well as 27,500 acres of upland and 1,500 acres of swamp. Most of the area has a heavy growth of timber that includes stands of virgin red or Norway pine, some of which are over 200 years old.
The development of recreational facilities in the park began in 1905 with the construction of Douglas Lodge, the first Rustic Style building in the state park system. Subsequent construction over the next 20 years added 12 more Rustic Style buildings to the park.
With the Rustic Style already firmly established, the federal work programs of the 1930s continued the tradition when they began large-scale recreational development in the park. Development was undertaken by two CCC camps as well as two WPA transient camps. Architects for this later development were from the Minnesota Central Design Office of the National Park Service with Edward W. Barber and V.C. Martin serving as principal architects for the park buildings. Log construction was generally used because timber was easily available in the area.
The parkís historic resources include:
Douglas Lodge Area
East Contact Station
Old Timerís Cabin
Cabins 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12
Turnbull Point Trail Shelter
Bear Paw Campground
Campground Registration Building
Cabins #s 1-6
Ice & Wood House
Civilian Conservation Corps SP-19 Camp Site
Old Park Headquarters
Superintendentís Residence and Garage
Bath House and Shelter
Pageant Grounds Latrine
Mississippi Headwaters Dam
Lake Ozawindib Cabin
Lake Ozawindib Transient Camp
Footing and Foundations
Elk Lake Transient Camp
Itasca State Park Rustic Style historic resources are historically significant for their association with the development of recreational facilities in the oldest permanent state park in Minnesota. Itasca was also one of the first state parks in the United States. Created by an act of the Minnesota Legislature in 1891, the park was established to preserve the historic Headwaters of the Mississippi and to "maintain intact, forever, a limited quantity of the domain of this commonwealth, seven miles long and five in width, in a state of nature." This was the first action by the state to provide recreational areas, protect natural and geologic features of the Itasca Basin, and preserve some of the largest stands of virgin Norway and White pine in the United States.
Itasca State Park Rustic Style historic resources are architecturally significant as the largest collection of log-constructed buildings in the state park system. Constructed over a 37-year period from 1905 through 1942, these Rustic Style buildings include many of the finest log structures in the state.
The park contains the first examples of Rustic Style state park design and the largest concentration of Rustic Style buildings that predate the Depression Era. These structures represent a remarkably diverse and well developed collection of buildings featuring irreplaceable labor-intensive construction and finely crafted detailing.
The Landscape Architecture for Itasca State Park is significant as one of the most comprehensive park designs from the period which successfully incorporated new expansion and construction with the existing Rustic Style buildings of the park.
Evidence of people in Itasca dates back 8,000 years. They lived in permanent settlements and hunted, trapped, harvested wild rice and buried their dead in mounds located adjacent to the Headwaters.
The story of the European discovery of the headwaters began more than 300 years before the park was established. Spanish and French explorers traveled the Mississippi River looking for the riverís head and at least six claimed the honor of discovering it. It remained for an American, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, to claim discovery of the true source of the countryís greatest river.
Schoolcraft first visited the upper river in 1820 as a member of an exploring party headed by Gov. Lewis Cass of Michigan. Cass was satisfied that he had found the source of the Mississippi in Cass Lake, but Schoolcraft did not agree. He believed that it lay farther to the southwest, and he privately resolved to return some day to find it. His opportunity came 12 years later when he joined an expedition in June 1832. Guided by Ojibwe leader Ozawindib, Schoolcraft reached Lake Itasca one month later and raised the American flag on the island which today bears his name. Schoolcraft coined the term Itasca from the Latin phrase veritas caput, or "truth head."
By the late 1800s, Minnesota's logging era was at its peak and many companies moved north in search of prime timber. The Headwaters were threatened with deforestation when Jacob Brower, a land surveyor and historian, began his heroic battle to establish the park. Brower became Itasca's first superintendent and devoted the last 14 years of his life to acquiring land for the park and enhancing its beauty until his death in 1905.
1905 also marked the year of the construction of Douglas Lodge, a pivotal development in the park's history. The Lodge is significant as the oldest building in the state park system and the first example of Rustic Style design. The building is also significant for is association with the first major development of recreational facilities in a state park.
During the next 20 years more Rustic Style buildings were constructed. The buildings range from the Clubhouse, one of the most unusual rustic buildings in the state, to the finely crafted Old Park Headquarters.
CCC Camp SP-1 was the first state park CCC camp approved in Minnesota and was assigned to Itasca State Park. The camp occupied a site just north of the park beginning on June 27, 1933. One of the campís more notable projects was the construction of the Old Timerís Cabin built in the summer of 1934. The cabin was the first CCC-constructed building in the park and it represents a spectacular example of Rustic Style log construction with walls only four logs high.
Transient relief camps located at Lake Ozawindib and Elk Lake were also involved in the expansion of the park. Workers from these camps improved trails, built bridges and worked on reforestation and landscaping.
CCC camp SP-1 closed in 1937 and was replaced by CCC camp SP-19. One of the projects the CCC workers constructed, the Forest Inn, is one of the largest buildings in the state park system. CCC camp SP-19 closed on July 15, 1942, the last Civilian Conservation Corps state park camp in the United States.
For current information about Itasca State Park, go to the DNR website.
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As the lawsuit between Apple and Samsung reaches another phase of the trial, the jury in charge of determining if Samsung was responsible for any wrongdoing also had to decide what kinds of damages to award Apple after they decided that Samsung had infringed upon their patents. Judge Lucy Koh, the presiding judge over the entire case has been doing her best to remain as objective as possible and to make the legal proceedings as fair as possible for both sides. As such, there have been many complications in this case that have dragged it on for quite some time until today’s sentencing of Samsung.
Keep in mind, these are two multi-national multi-billion dollar companies suing each other. In reality the only people that win are the lawyers and that’s because Samsung and Apple couldn’t agree out of court. So, it came to today’s verdict that Samsung must pay Apple $290 million in damages for their infringement of Apple’s patents. This amount is much lower than the $380 million that Apple wanted Samsung to pay, and significantly higher than the $52 million that Samsung thought that they owed.
With this verdict, Samsung will have accrued over $900 million in judgements against it in regards to Apple patent suits. Considering how many billions of dollars Samsung makes every quarter, they probably won’t miss the $900 million, especially considering how much business they have probably gained from utilizing Apple’s patents. Obviously, Samsung will appeal this ruling and sentencing and as a result will try to drag out paying Apple as long as they possibly can until they run out of appeals.
Keep in mind that this trial is actual a retrial (finishing of the trial) of the Apple v Samsung case due to a multitude of factors, primarily awarding too much money to Apple and not understanding what they were voting on. This retrial is to determine how much Apple should be rewarded for Samsung’s infringement of five patents that they were found guilt of infringing upon. There will be a second case in 2014 to address whether or not some of Samsung’s latest devices infringe upon other Apple patents. And considering the circu that this court has been in the past, it will be interesting to see if anything else entertaining comes out of this court in the new lawsuit.
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Displaying 1 - 3 of 3 results
Extant “foundation stone” for the Ark of the Covenant is identified
It is almost axiomatic among scholars that no trace of the Jewish Temple is to be found on Jerusalem’s imposing Temple Mount.1 “...
Biblical Archaeology Review, March/April 1983
Statue from Iraq acquired by Detroit Institute of Arts
Sometimes an archaeological discovery permits us to glimpse the soul of an ancient man—to “see” one person who loved, hated, inspired fear or respect. When the discovery is a work of art, fashioned by a gifted pair of unknown hands thousands...
Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 1983
When he found it, Ofer Broshi was on army duty. Army life can be exhausting or boring—or sometimes both. At that moment, Broshi, a rugged young kibbutznik, was more bored than tired. He was resting on the summit of a hill in northern Samaria...
Biblical Archaeology Review, September/October 1983
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W. S. Fowler, who lives retired at East Liverpool, is among the prominent citizens of Columbiana County. He
was born on a farm near Chester, W. Va., and is a son of W. B. and Anna (Pugh) Fowler.
W. B. Fowler, deceased, was a native of West Virginia, as was his wife. He was a farmer and wool buyer and with
King Dave Pugh owned a warehouse at Pughtown, W. Va. After coming to East Liverpool Mr. Fowler engaged in the grocery
business until a few years before his death. Both he and his wife are buried in Riverview Cemetery, East Liverpool.
They were members of the Presbyterian Church. There were five children in the Fowler family: John Q. A., lives
retired at Steubenville, Ohio; Richard P., lives retired at East Liverpool; W. S., the subject of this sketch;
Joseph P., died in 1907, and is buried in Riverview Cemetery; and Sarah E., married Peter Allison, both deceased,
and buried in Riverview Cemetery.
W. S. Fowler learned the carpenter trade after completing his schooling in the public schools of East Liverpool,
and with his brother, John, purchased the Union Planing Mill & Lumber Company from McIntosh Brothers. After
conducting the business for a great many years, it was sold to W. L. Smith of Wellsville, Ohio, and Messrs. Fowler
became extensively engaged in the contracting business in this city, and were thus engaged until their retirement.
Mr. Fowler was one of the founders of the Buckeye Club, which was organized over 50 years ago, and he has since
served as treasurer. He is also treasurer of the Buckeye Country Club and belongs to the East Liverpool Country
Club. He is a director of the Community Bank and vice president of the Union Savings & Loan Company.
Mr. Fowler is a Republican and a charter member of Elks Lodge No. 258.
History of Columbiana County, Ohio
By: Harold B. Barth
Historical Publishing Company
Columbiana County, Ohio Biographies
Names A to F
Names G to M
Names N to Z
For all your genealogy needs visit Linkpendium
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Heirloom tomatoes are old-fashioned varieties that might have fallen out of favor in the large commercial vegetable marketplace because of their unusual looks or their inability to be shipped and stored as successfully as more recently-developed hybrid varieties. However, the flavor or heirlooms is far superior to hybrids. The Carmel, California, Tomato Fest rated the best of the heirlooms, as did Tomatomania in Los Angeles.
The bicolored indeterminate chocolate stripes tomato placed among the top three heirloom varieties in the 2007 Tomato Fest competition. Tomatoes grow to 3 or 4 inches in diameter and are a mahogany color with stripes of olive green. Said to be a good tomato for both salads and sandwiches, the chocolate stripes tomato produces plentiful quantities until your first frost.
This heirloom was one of the winners at the Carmel Tomato Fest. Italian heirloom tomatoes are a midseason tomato that grows on indeterminate vines. The red fruit will reach up to 1 lb. in weight and has a meaty flavor. It is shaped like a pear. This one is favored for eating fresh and for all cooking and canning.
Chosen as the best of the best at the 2002 Tomatomania event in Los Angeles, the black plum heirloom is a heavy producer of plum tomatoes that are 2 inches long. It is colored mahogany with dark green shoulders. The Tomato Fest website reports that this small tomato has a tangy, sweet flavor and like other plum tomatoes, it is favored for sauces.
Carbon is a so-called black tomato. It placed second at the Tomatomania competition and second at the Cornell Research Farm in Ithaca, New York. Carbon is a large, very dark-colored purple-black tomato with fruits weighing in at 10 to 14 oz. This tomato is an indeterminate type and ripens in mid summer. The flavor is said to be complex and rich, according to Tomato Fest.
Andrew Rahart’s Jumbo Red
The Andrew Rahart’s jumbo red tomato is jumbo with fruit reaching more than 1 lb. in weight later in the growing season. It is considered one of the Beefsteak types of tomato and has “intensely red skin” and dense flesh. It requires patience if you decide to grow this one. Harvest your first jumbo red about three months after you plant starter plants.
Number three in the Tomatomania contest was the sweet olive heirloom variety. It’s a grape-type of cherry tomato with an oval shape and grows on productive, compact plants. Because it’s a determinate tomato, suppliers of its seeds, such as Trade Winds Fruit, say it’s a good choice for growing in a container. Expect to begin harvesting this tomato within two months of planting.
San Marzano Redorta
This paste-style tomato ranked high in the Tomato Fest competition. The Pizzo Redorta Mountain in Bergamo, Italy, is the namesake of the San Marzano Redorta heirloom tomato. It’s considered a paste tomato, but unlike many others of this type, it is large, up to 8 oz. in weight and 4 inches long. It grows on indeterminate vines and is ready to start harvesting 78 days after planting. It’s also good for eating. Because paste tomatoes have less juice than other types, it will not cause lettuce to wilt if you must make your salad in advance.
Coming in fourth at Tomatomania, the sungold heirloom tomato is a cherry tomato with a high sugar content, making it a winner for many people’s palates. Its golden yellow to bright orange in color and combines well with grape-style cherry tomatoes in salads. Harvest begins less than two months after planting.
Homer Fike’s Yellow Oxheart
Homer Fike’s yellow oxheart was judged one of the Top 10 at Tomato Fest. It is thought to come from West Virginia. It produces large, yellow-gold, heart-shaped tomatoes on its indeterminate vines. A late-season producer, this heirloom has meaty flesh, a minimum of seeds and a sweet flavor.
The Paul Robeson heirloom tomato is one of the so-called “black” tomatoes. It was the top winner at Tomato Fest and came in at number eight at Tomatomania. It originated in Russia and is classified as a beefsteak type, producing large, slightly flattened fruits that can reach up to 6 inches in diameter. This tomato has “luscious, earthy, exotic flavors and good acid/sweet balance,” according to the Tomato Fest website. It’s a good choice if you live in a climate that is slightly cooler than that preferred by many other kinds of tomatoes.
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Watch UN human rights chief Navi Pillay looks back at the evolution of the gay rights
Archive for July, 2011
Tags: Bisexual, Gay, Gender Identity, Human Rights, Lesbian, LGBT, Navi Pillay, Transgender, United Nations Human RIghts Council
Tags: Human Rights, Malawi, Millennium Challenge Corporation
Millennium Challenge Corporation Places Operational Hold on Malawi Compact
The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) is a U.S. Government agency that provides development assistance to countries that demonstrate a commitment to good governance. At the core of an MCC partnership is the expectation that countries maintain a demonstrated commitment to political pluralism, human rights, and the rule of law throughout the life of the program. MCC is deeply concerned by recent events in Malawi and is placing an immediate hold on all program operations in order to review its partnership with Malawi, including whether to recommend to its Board of Directors to suspend or terminate its assistance.
MCC signed a five-year, $350 million Compact with the Government of Malawi on April 7, 2011. The Compact is focused on Malawi’s power sector and is expected to benefit nearly 6 million Malawians. By reducing power outages and technical losses, enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of hydropower generation, and improving service to electricity consumers, the Compact is designed to reduce energy costs to enterprises and households; improve productivity in the agriculture, manufacturing and services sectors; and support the preservation and creation of employment opportunities in the economy.
MCC’s operational hold will bring to a halt all ongoing Compact activities during the review.
Related article: In Malawi, LGBT rights activists ‘in hiding’
Tags: Bisexual, Gay, Gay Pride, Gender Identity, Helsinki Commission, Human Rights, Lesbian, LGBT, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Pride Celebrations, Transgender
It’s common to think of Pride-related events as celebrations of gay and lesbian diversity, and indeed of community. Certainly that’s the spirit that pervades the Pride season in major U.S. cities. But Pride events in Eastern Europe and the Baltic region often carry a more basic message: that gays and lesbians deserve the same rights and privileges as any other people. And that message is not, of course, always welcome.
This as in past years, Pride events were a source of controversy, even hostility, in much of the east European region. In Poland and Croatia, anti-gay protesters disrupted parades – and while police generally sought to protect Pride participants, many observers saw the response in Croatia as inadequate to the task. Permits were denied in St. Petersburg. In Moscow, Russian security forces detained Pride marchers, ignoring the right of free assembly that the Russian constitution ostensibly protects.
While the State Department rightly protested Russian actions, the U.S. Helsinki Commission was silent. A bipartisan Congressional panel, the Commission traditionally has been a fierce advocate of protecting and advancing what we see as fundamental freedoms, including the rights to free speech, peaceable assembly and freedom of expression. However, the Commission took no public stand against the abuses witnessed in this year’s Pride season, nor did it publicly commend those governments that properly sought to protect these basic rights.
Speaking loudly to broad principles but remaining silent when those principles are not applied – in this case, to gay people – is an all-hat-and-no-cattle approach that undercuts our county’s foreign policy credibility. It hollows out the bipartisan U.S. foreign policy priority of developing a greater understanding that countries which respect and protect their citizens’ rights are, in fact, our best partners in enlarging the boundaries of freedom and prosperity worldwide. And it undercuts U.S. leadership in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), where America’s voice has been crucial in forging a better transatlantic understanding of the democratic rights and obligations that governments must protect.
That OSCE leadership can be regained if, over the next nine months, the Commission finds ways to advocate that the rights of gay and transgender people must be protected, at Pride events and beyond. Through briefings or hearings, public statements and private communications to OSCE partners, the Commission can make clear that the civil and human rights of LGBT people are no less important than those enjoyed by any other segment of the population. In this way, the Commission can convincingly reassert fundamental U.S. principles while establishing its own relevance to some of the most active and fractious battles for human rights in the world today.
Tags: Bisexual, Committee on Foreign Affairs, David Cicilline, Gay, Gender Identity, Hilary Clinton, Howard Berman, Human Rights, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, Lesbian, LGBT, sexual orientation, State Department, Transgender
July 20, 2001—The Committee on Foreign Affairs of the U.S. Congress adopted an amendment late on Thursday calling on “the Secretary of State to discourage foreign governments from condoning murder and other forms of physical violence that is directed against individuals because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.” The amendment was offered to the Foreign Relations Authorization bill by David Cicilline (D-RI), the openly gay former Mayor of Providence, who introduced it after two other more detailed LGBT amendments were rejected by the Committee along largely party line votes.
The two defeated amendments were offered by Cicilline and the Committee’s ranking Democrat, Howard Berman (D-CA). Those provisions were rejected by Republicans, with the exception of the Chairman of the Committee, Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R-FL), who broke with her party to support the LGBT language. The debate was contentious, but after several procedural battles, a watered-down Cicilline amendment was adopted by voice vote.
The larger bill has some highly partisan provisions, including one that would reinstate the so-called “global gag rule” to prohibit funding for international reproductive health groups that provide abortion-related information, referrals or services overseas. As such, it is not expected to pass both houses of Congress in its current form.
The newly adopted LGBT provision in the House bill sets a very low bar for international engagement, but the Council is pleased that it was supported by Republicans, including vocal support from the Republican Chairman, and that the Secretary of State has already committed to engage on these issues as important human rights priorities internationally.
Tags: Africa, Heide Bronke Fulton, Malawi, Millennium Challenge Corporation, President Mutharika, protests, State Department, US State Department
July 21, 2011
For immediate release and posting: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Office of the Spokesperson
STATEMENT BY HEIDE BRONKE FULTON, ACTING DEPUTY SPOKESPERSON
U.S. Condemns Violent Disruption of Protests in Malawi
The United States strongly condemns the use of force by Malawian authorities on July 20 to prevent their own citizens from exercising their constitutional right to demonstrate peacefully as well as the ban imposed on media reporting of the confrontations. Denying the right of people to protest peacefully is unacceptable. We are disturbed by reports of violence targeting individuals on account of their political or social affiliations. We are also troubled by the announcement from the Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA) banning all private radio stations from covering the demonstrations. In light of continued rioting and rumors of retaliation, we urge restraint from both sides.
The Malawian people are guaranteed the right to peaceful association and freedom of expression in their constitution. The Government’s attempt to prohibit its citizens from marching, and the regulator’s ban on independent media coverage undermine democracy and the rule of law that Malawians cherish and are seeking to protect. We recall the words of President Mutharika at the April 7 Millennium Challenge Corporation signing ceremony in Lilongwe, that he “will continue to adhere to and uphold democracy and good governance, freedom of expression, freedom of association” and other fundamental freedoms enshrined in Malawi’s constitution.
The United States calls on the people and the Government of Malawi to remain committed to the principles of democracy and to express disagreements through peaceful means.
Related Posts: In Malawi, more scapegoating of LGBT as riots erupt
Tags: Africa, Bisexual, Gay, Gender Identity, Human Rights, Lesbian, LGBT, LGBT Asylum News, Malawi, Mark Bromley, Paul Canning, protest images, protests, sexual orientation, Transgender
Repost from LGBT Asylum News
Last week the British government announced that it was withdrawing budget support from the Malawian government. The move followed a diplomatic spat but the UK Foreign Office (FCO) blamed Malawi’s increasing authoritarianism for their decision.
Germany, Denmark and other countries have cut their aid to Malawi citing a poor governance record.
Malawi has form on blaming LGBT for aid withdrawals, and some governments and bodies have cited concerns on LGBT rights in their consideration of aid to the country – but they have never been more than a footnote to the same sorts of issues cited by the FCO.
Now Malawi’s government and media has labeled an opposition protest a “gay rights rally”. It banned today’s protest against the state of the economy, which resulted in riots and at least one death. Yesterday, ruling party supporters, who have been encouraged to violence by President Bingu wa Mutharika, threatened anyone who would dare join the protests and attacked two independent radio stations.
Of the two civil society leaders who have been most outspoken in support of LGBT human rights who took part in the protests, Undule Mwakasungula Human Rights Consultative Commitee (HRCC) chairperson was beaten and and executive director of Centre for Development of People (CEDEP) Gift Trapence arrested then released.
Mark Bromley of the Council for Global Equality said:
“Once again we see that an increasingly authoritarian government is trying to deflect attention away from legitimate public grievances and economic hardships by blaming the protests on gay rights supporters. The protests today were not about gay rights, they were about good governance and human rights for all citizens. Continue reading ‘In Malawi, more scapegoating of LGBT as riots erupt’
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The general dangers of eating disorders are well known to most people, but few understand the realities behind them and what it means for those who suffer from them. According to nationaleatingdissorders.org, “20 million women and 10 million men suffer from a clinically significant eating disorder at some time in their life.”
Eating disorders come in many shapes and forms, but among the most common are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder (BED). In order to truly understand the harsh realities of eating disorders, it is important for people to understand the differences between them and the unique dangers that each of them holds.
Anorexia nervosa is defined as “a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss.” There are a number of possible symptoms to be noted when diagnosing anorexia. Some of these symptoms include extreme weight loss, abnormal blood counts, fatigue, insomnia, dizziness or fainting, and bluish discoloration of the fingers. The Mayo Clinic has a complete list of all of the possible symptoms that could arise in someone suffering from anorexia.
Anorexia goes much further than just changing a person physically, often times, their personality and behavior are affected as well. Many of those who suffer from anorexia become irritable, depressed and begin to withdraw from social interaction.
There are many negative side-effects that develop from anorexia. The most deadly of which are heart problems, kidney failure and an increased risk of suicide. Ultimately, if not treated, anorexia has the capability to eventually lead to the death of the victim, once their organs begin to fail due to lack of nutrients.
There are a number of things to watch for in your friends and family that could be a sign they could be suffering from anorexia. Some of these tells include skipping meals, making excuses not to eat, complaining about being fat or not eating in public. If you think that a friend or family member may show some of the symptoms of anorexia, finding help for them is wildly important as anorexia can be lethal when not treated.
Bulimia Nervosa is defined as “a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by a cycle of bingeing and compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting designed to undo or compensate for the effects of binge eating.”
Consuming large amounts of food, followed by behaviors to prevent weight gain (ie. vomiting, intense exercise, etc.), a feeling of being out of control during a binge-eating episode, and low self-esteem that is mainly related to the body, are all symptoms of bulimia.
The effects of bulimia, like anorexia, can become fatal when not treated. Inflammation and rupture of the esophagus, heart complications, gastric rupture and tooth decay are only some of the devastating effects brought on by bulimia. Psychologically, bulimia has many of the same effects as anorexia. Depression, social withdraw and irritability are all common companions of bulimia.
Evidence of binge eating, evidence of purging behavior, swelling of the cheeks/jaw and staining of the teeth are all physical warning signs to look out for. Withdrawal from typical activities and friendships, a preoccupation with diet and a continuation of exercise despite injury are all behavioral symptoms to pay attention to as well.
Like with anorexia, it is important to seek help if you believe a friend may have bulimia, as it can become fatal, if not treated.
Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
Binge Eating Disorder (BED) is defined as “an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food (often very quickly and to the point of discomfort).” BED gets much less attention in society as a dangerous eating disorder, but it can be just as deadly and dangerous as anorexia and bulimia.
The diagnosis criteria for BED are recurrent episodes of binge eating (at least once a week for 3 months), marked with a following feeling of distress. Additionally, the episodes must not be followed by behaviors of purging (ie. bulimia) in order to be considered a symptom of BED.
Physical effects of BED can be life threatening. High blood pressure, heart disease, type II diabetes, high cholesterol and gallbladder disease are all common effects of BED. Additionally, many of those who suffer with BED, also experience a number of psychological effects. Major depression, anxiety and overall lower quality of life are common among BED victims.
Signs of binge eating, secretive food behaviors, weight gain and emotional changes are all red flags to pay attention to when it comes to binge eating.
Although many people do not think of weight gain when they think of eating disorders, BED can be just as lethal as anorexia and bulimia. If you think someone may be suffering with BED, do not hesitate to find help for them.
Eating disorders have become far too common throughout the United States. Many people who suffer with them may not even realize that they are. It is important to be educated on the signs, symptoms and effects of eating disorders so that you can ensure the health and safety of yourself and loved ones.
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Issue 4/2011 - Ware Freundschaft
Ulf Wuggenig is a sociologist of art and culture at Leuphana University in Lüneburg. He is head of the art exhibition space there, was heavily involved in »art worlds in an international comparison: Vienna, Hamburg, Paris« in the 1990s, and is currently working on an empirical study of Zurich’s art world. In the context of his research, he has also taken a close look at network analyses in the social sciences. The following is an interview on the development of the network theory and on how the term »network« is perceived in the arts.
[b]Pascal Jurt:[/b] When did network analysis begin to take on its modern form – the form that also makes it interesting for analyzing the artistic field?
[b]Ulf Wuggenig:[/b] I would say that – apart from Georg Simmel’s work on triads and social circles – it began with Fritz Heider’s psychological network theory. His balance theory from the 1940s linking the evaluation of people and objects also seems to be enlightening for the explanation of valorization processes in the arts. Alex Bavelas and his group managed a breakthrough at MIT in the 1950s in research on communication structures in small groups, an advancement of Jakob Moreno’s idea of the »sociogram.« What’s most interesting about the structures described as »wheels,« »chains,« »circles« etc. are their centrality and marginality, as well as an efficiency dependent on their structure. Most prominent was the least favorite structure, the hierarchic »wheel,« visualized with a central node in the middle. From there, asymmetrical connections go out in all directions to points separate from one another. Their fictive connection can be illustrated as a circle – thus the metaphor of the wheel. This research, primarily geared toward use in the economic sector, soon inspired the theory of society. Johan Galtung, who coined the term »structural violence,« for instance generalized it as a tendency of social systems to create hierarchic »social amoebas,« in other words, feudal structures. The simplest case is the triad. In order to visualize it, he placed the central node at the top. From there, two asymmetrical connections lead to two nodes at the bottom that are not interconnected. The vertical distance symbolizes the difference in resources between the top dog at the top and the divided underdogs at the periphery. Galtung traced this type of structure in social systems as well as in cultural objectifications such as syllogism, triangle and pyramid in science, art and architecture. In order to fight this structure – to »defeudalize it« – on all social levels all the way up to the »structure of imperialism,« he came up with measures in the 1960s that were not necessarily suited to the masses: the theory of graphs and matrix algebra. This was a scientific variation on, and an anticipation of, the radical attacks on the tree structure that Deleuze and Guattari undertook about a decade later with reference to the biological metaphor of the rhizome in »Mille Plateaux.«
[b]Jurt:[/b] When was the term »network« first applied to social systems?
[b]Wuggenig:[/b] For the first time in 1940, when British anthropologist Alfred Radcliffe-Brown wrote that people are »linked by a complex network of social relationships.« Network in that sense can be applied to all sorts of social systems, no matter whether they are hierarchic or egalitarian, centrist or decentralized. But the narrower meaning of the term is used for social structures of a certain kind, for instance informal mafia-like networks, »connections,« alliances or secret bonds. In recent times, networks have also been juxtaposed with the established dichotomy of »hierarchy« and »market« in economics as a third type. In this tradition, Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello separated a network-based »Cité« from the »Cités« of the market and industry in their project. Representatives of the general network concept, however, also regard (art) fairs as networks of buyers and sellers. Finally, the term is readily – and with an unmistakable positive connotation – identified with social systems that are described as democratic, flexible, open etc., as early as 1953 by James A. Barnes, also a British anthropologist. He identified as a »network« a social field without coordinated organization, borders or a center, since it relies on »links of friendship and acquaintance.« His visualization of a network was more general: »The image I have is that of many dots, some of which are connected by lines. The dots in the picture are people and the lines indicate who is interacting with whom.« With Fritz Heider, these dots did not represent just people, but objects as well, as was also the case in Bruno Latour’s subsequent actor-network theory. Others interpreted the dots as collectives, organizations, countries etc., or added nodes of a cultural, biological or technical kind. Among the connections that received the most attention were similarity and dissimilarity, for instance capital, of gender or of sexual preference; social relationships such as family ties or friendship; as well as interactions such as conversation or exchange; and streams of, say, information or (symbolic) goods like art.
[b]Jurt:[/b] How would you illustrate a perspective supported by the general network concept?
[b]Wuggenig:[/b] Concerning the availability of resources such as recognition, money, information, social capital etc, a hierarchical system à la Galtung is aware of, in the simplest case, the difference between a top dog and an underdog. The top dog elite maintain horizontal connections among themselves and may even gain strength with the help of a defeudalized structure at the top, that is, symmetrical bi- and multilateral interaction. Their only links to the underdogs are top-down. The underdogs on the other hand are split – including mentally – by structural holes, by missing links, which prevents a collective mobilization. It is not difficult to visualize such a model, the complexity of which can easily be enhanced by increasing the number and type of hierarchical levels, units, dimensions and links by using dots, lines and arrows. It can then be confronted with realities of the artistic field such as cohesive rituals at the top, asymmetrical or missing links between the privileged and the lower classes, as well as the weak solidarity of the negatively privileged.
[b]Jurt:[/b] Who imported the network concept into the artistic field?
[b]Wuggenig:[/b] Presumably it was Lawrence Alloway, a British critic associated with Pop art. In 1972, he published »Network: The Art World Described as a System« in »Artforum.« There, he defined the »art world « as a non-hierarchic »support system« for the distribution of art, a network of »artists, galleries, collections, museums and magazines.« Howard S. Becker picked up this concept of the art world around the time of his cooperation with Hans Haacke and James Burnham. But Becker defines »art world « in more general terms as a »network of cooperating actors, « integrated via conventions. Since the concept extends to include production, we’re talking about a sociological variation of the attack on the centrality of the author that was introduced by Foucault and Barthes. It was sharply criticized by Pierre Bourdieu, however. Since he defines the field as a network of objective relations between positions, we can also classify his theory under the network paradigm. With a structuralist background, he accuses network analysis in the tradition of Georg Simmel of being oriented on visible or essentialist phenomena such as interaction, the individual or the group. Relationships that are independent of awareness and will according to Marx are hence excluded. Becker argued that this is why the effects of capital and power differences between the interacting actors are neglected, as are interrelations that do not depend on contact. Divergent concepts of what is »social« and what constitutes a »relationship« – whether it is an interaction or a field, for instance – is one of the divisive factors separating network analysis from sociology (of art).
[b]Jurt:[/b] Where does the euphemistic usage of the term »network« come from in the field of art? What interests are behind the dominant talk of the expansion of a network logic, which does not mean under any circumstances that the field is free of asymmetric exchange or hierarchies?
[b]Wuggenig:[/b] It really struck me about ten years ago in the framework of the globalization debate, in the form of the prevalent claim that the world is headed toward a networked, decentralized and deterritorialized structure. Given the definable territorial centers in the field of art – all of them in the Northwest – and the different forms of exploitation possible precisely within flexible network structures, I felt this idea was an expression of »wishful thinking,« of spontaneous sociology. The tendency to euphemize is undoubtedly older. It’s evident already in Alloway, although the future network romanticism is less pronounced in his case. In the artistic field, this tendency – supported not least by post-structuralist authors – has diverse social foundations. These include the positive experiences with informal networks characteristic for cultural areas of production, with partners, friends and social capital that help cushion the widespread decrease in social security. Aristotle already remarked on the concept and value of »useful friendship.« And then there’s the social construction of symbolic and economic value. The association of artistic works with names of individuals and institutions is as significant as their visual attributes. Which is why it is not surprising that, in the 2004 »Tastebuds« study conducted by the Art Council of England, artists classified as relevant to their careers first and foremost – apart from exhibitions – »network« and »contacts«, even before awards and reviews. The study explicitly advises artists to form networks. But it is not as easy as Hobbes suggested in »Leviathan,« where he claims that having many friends gives one power. In »Structural Holes,« Ronald S. Burt takes a strategic point of view and advises the reader to avoid »redundant relationships.« It is not the number of ties that matters but their quality, a function of the capital a relationship brings to the network. Adopting positions that bridge structural holes is of special advantage for obtaining information and the power to control others. Network romanticism likes to rely on the utopia of rhizomorphic structures. My studies, first in Vienna with Lioba Reddeker, then in Hamburg, Paris and Zurich, showed that of all the theorists, it was Deleuze who has gained most in popularity in the art field over the past 20 years. Along with Foucault, he is the one with the highest degree of acceptance at the center of the field. Negri and Hardt did their best to popularize the »democratic model« of the rhizome, »a non-hierarchic and non-centralized network structure.«
[b]Jurt:[/b] In their study »The New Spirit of Capitalism,« Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello showed that capitalism organized in the form of a network has spawned new forms of exploitation. How do you explain the »misreading« of the term?
[b]Wuggenig:[/b] The rhizome-like model, as Boltanski and Chiapello discovered, appears to have a certain affinity with the ideas of an advanced entrepreneurial culture. When practiced in reality, whether in the field of business or art, it is also connected with specific forms of exploitation, in which mobile networkers profit from the immobile ones, and the egocentric networkers from the others. The artistic field displays a feudal structure, not that of a defeudalized network. Hierarchic discrimination is in fact the central feature of the art world, anthropologist Stuart Plattner concludes at the end of »High Art Down Home.« »Gatekeepers« rigorously control inclusion, for instance which artists are granted access to galleries. Whether visually comparable works are shown in New York or in St. Louis makes all the difference for their valorization. Contrary to market logic, it is already predetermined in some cases who is allowed to buy or collect certain works and who may not, etc. The network concept also serves to justify and obscure the »cruel economy« (Hans Abbing) of the »the-winner-takes-all« fields characterized by the Mathew effect (accumulated advantage) and crooked Pareto distributions of advantages and rewards.
[b]Jurt:[/b] You questioned people at the migros museum in Zurich about networks. One result was that people cited contact with artists more frequently as a significant factor shaping «interest in the arts« than their own families, relatives, (university) teachers or the media. Is a personal friendship with artists ultimately more formative for the »love of art« than, for argument’s sake, the iron-clad box of habit?
[b]Wuggenig:[/b] In effect, Bourdieu’s art-related theory of reproduction needs to be expanded. In opposition to the charismatic ideology that was still powerful in his day, he tried to show that taste and interest in art aren’t natural characteristics but rather acquired, communicated and – secretly – »passed on« via the cultural capital of one’s family of origin; they’re also cultivated or neglected in state-controlled schools. All of these mechanisms are still effective. The Zurich study came up with one result that is by no means trivial in its implications concerning the politics and teaching of art: popular artists are seen as having a much more pivotal role in getting people interested in art than parents, relatives and teachers. That doesn’t mean habit is irrelevant, since Bourdieu distinguishes between primary and secondary habit, which is acquired at university or where people work or spend a large part of their time. There is no reason to believe that our dispositions, tastes and preferences aren’t also influenced in peer relationships and by friends and acquaintances. In any case, I would not interpret habit in a deterministic manner as an iron-clad box. To quote Bourdieu, »freedom within boundaries« might be a more suitable formula.
Translated by Jennifer Taylor-Gaida
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Steven Brosch, 24, a third generation cotton farmer who farms with his father, Glen, and his uncle, Richard, realized several years ago that they had to do something to improve profit potential.
“That’s why we started incorporating precision agriculture into our farm in 2003,” Steven Brosch said. “We were looking for ways to save money and increase efficiency. A major goal was to increase accuracy on placement of inputs.”
The farm includes 6,000 acres of cotton, 75 percent of it dryland, all FiberMax (Bayer CropScience) seed — mostly 958 and some 9058 Roundup Ready Flex. Dryland yields average 200 to 750 pounds per acre. The remaining 25 percent is row, drip, and pivot irrigated.
Steven Brosch lives and breathes high-tech farming on the farm, and is working towards a master’s degree in precision agriculture at Texas Tech in Lubbock. His bachelor’s degree is in agronomy.
Brosch Farms, a partnership located 15 miles southeast of Lubbock, Texas, was one of the first in the High Plains to test-drive precision ag.
“We were the first in our area to have the lightbar, one of the first to adopt the autopilot systems, and possibly the first to have Tru Count air clutches. Around here we have been pretty much on the leading edge.”
Brosch’s path into sci-fi agriculture began in 2003.
Lightbar (2003) The Brosch family’s baby step into precision ag was a lightbar purchase, the Raven RGL500, to provide a visual indicator to assist steering in a straight line. Raven’s 210 GPS system was also part of the package.
When applying pre-plant incorporated yellow herbicides, keeping the swath even was difficult when plowing across rows in some fields, and too often that led to overlapping or missed spots, Brosch said.
“With the lightbar, we set up the first line that guided us across the field to keep the swaths fairly even. The lightbar increased efficiency by lowering chemical usage by 2 percent to 5 percent and reducing tractor driver fatigue.”
Since the Broschs’ initial purchase, technology has replaced the lightbar with auto-steering.
Variable rate herbicide (2003)
In weedy spots, GPS allowed the Broschs to draw lines around weedy field areas. From that, software on a desktop computer created a prescription map loaded onto the tractor’s computer. The map varied herbicide application depending on weed location.
While more chemicals were required initially, they noted better weed control later.
Contour rows are prevalent in the Slaton area, so the Brosch family purchased Trimble’s autopilot system to reduce costs and increase efficiency.
Reduced driver fatigue was the first benefit. “We could concentrate on the plow more because we didn’t have to focus on driving the tractor and moving the steering wheel. We could increase hours per day from 10-12 to 14-15 and not be tired,” Brosch said.”
The second benefit was reducing wide and narrow rows from pass to pass.
“Before autopilot, when we planted with the wind, the dust carried with us. Steering around our contour rows sometimes meant we’d jump them because we couldn’t see, causing us to stop, back up, and start over again.”
With autopilot, dust is a forgotten problem and the tractor can run even at night. Other benefits included more acres per hour — rows were listed at 5.5 miles per hour (pre-autopilot) and increased to 7 miles per hour autopilot. The bottom line — increased productivity.
Before autopilot, the stalks were cut and chopped at the same time, herbicide was incorporated, rows were listed, and then beds were knocked down before planting.
“With autopilot, we don’t worry about making rows. We apply herbicides, cut our stalks, and make the rows in one pass,” Brosch said. “We make rows small enough that we can plant on top. Instead of five passes to plant, it’s two passes with autopilot.”
Autopilot reduced diesel fuel needs by about 7,000 gallons prior to planting time in 2006.
The Broschs paid less than $30,000 for the autopilot system.
Automatic boom control (2006)
The problem: When applying herbicides or insecticides with a 90-foot spray on contour rows, many rows are angled at the turn row. Since each of the six-boom sections requires manually turning each one off, turns reduce application efficiencies — either too little or too much chemical.
The solution: Automatic boom control allows spraying the end rows first and then the computer takes over with the boom switches left in the ‘on’ position. When the tractor comes to a spot where the chemical has already been applied, the system automatically turns the sections off. After turning the rig around, application begins automatically.
Automatic boom control has reduced fatigue, and lowered chemical use an average of 5 percent, with 8 percent to 10 percent savings in many point rows, Brosch said.
The Brosch’s paid about $5,200 for the Raven Viper system.
Yield Monitor (2006)
Steven said the yield monitor and soil electrical conductivity mapping (mentioned below) are the most valuable precision ag products the Brosch family has purchased. They mount a yield monitor on each cotton stripper. The monitor generates six beams of light and computes yield into pounds by the amount of light blocked by the cotton moving into the basket. Since wet and dry seasons affect results, the yield monitor is used annually to build a yield history across the fields.
“The yield map tells everything; red spots indicate the lowest yield in low and high rainfall years,” Brosch said. “A low yield spot will only make so much cotton regardless of how many inputs are added. We save money by reducing the fertilizer and seeding population on that ground.”
To implement any type of precision agriculture including variable rate, a yield map is a must, Brosch said. It provides more savings than the system costs in the long term.
Soil electrical conductivity mapping (2006)
The Broschs rented the Veris 3100 soil electrical conductivity (EC) plow. They identify soil types as they drag the plow across the field. The nutrient holding capacity is higher with more clay in the soil.
The plow shoots an electrical current through the ground. Coulters located on the plow’s outside areas measure the amount of electricity and converts the information into an EC value. Readings are taken at two depths — zero to one foot and zero to three feet.
Comparing the EC map to the yield monitor data determine field spots with higher yield potential so additional fertilizer can be applied for higher yields. In sandier spots, yields are lower so fewer inputs are required.
EC mapping is needed just once since soils don’t change.
Variable rate seeding (2006)
Variable rate seeding is actually part of a two-year experiment toward Brosch’s master’s degree, and is the first time the technology has been tried in cotton anywhere.
“We’re trying, with the yield map and soil EC map, to determine if the seeding population can be varied,” Brosch said. “The goal is reduced seeding population in less productive soil and increased vegetative growth with more seed in higher quality soils.”
While the results are not yet conclusive, the 2006 dry year showed reducing the seeding rate by one-quarter generated the same yield.
“I found we were putting out too much seed for the dry year. With the cost of cottonseed, that’s a pretty big savings,” Brosch said.
Planter swath control (2007)
The Brosch family spent about $2,600 for Tru Count air clutches for each planter.
Before the clutches, contour rows coming out at an angle resulted in wasted seed that never germinated in double-planted turn rows.
“The air clutches work about the same as the sprayer swath control except that it controls each row unit on the eight-row planters,” Brosch said. “At the row end, the clutches shut off each row unit eliminating wasted seed.”
In 2007, the air clutches reduced seed requirements by 2 percent to 5 percent.
Pros, cons of precision ag
The Broschs may have jumped into precision agriculture, but they did their homework first.
“We don’t jump out and buy something when a salesman comes by. We do our homework, study the information, and talk with farmers using it in other areas,” Brosch said. “We think on our own. We like to do our homework first before we adopt it. If we think it will save time or money, we’ll jump on it fast.”
The bottom line is that precision ag is saving Brosch Farms time and money.
“If you’re considering the move into precision agriculture, get a yield monitor first to get a yield history on your farm,” Brosch said. “If you decide three or four years down the road to try variable rate, you’ll have a yield history and you’ll be further ahead than if you’d waited.”
Saving time and money may be the bottom line benefit of the technology, but other benefits include a healthier environment through reduced diesel fuel use and lower chemical use.
Cons of the technology?
“It’s the upfront costs of buying the equipment. It’s all expensive,” Brosch said. “You have to figure out how soon it will pay for itself. For our farm, the pros have definitely outweighed the cons.”
Brosch was a speaker at the Precision Ag Expo held recently at the Ollie Liner Center, Plainview.
email: [email protected]
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India’s federally financed universities have agreed to adopt an American-style system of academic credits to give students more flexibility. The move marks a significant departure from a system that began during British colonial rule whereby students must earn their degree from a single institution over a fixed number of years.
Heads of these 22 universities — from a total of 500 in India — accepted this change in principle at a meeting in New Delhi last month. But they said implementation will take considerable effort. One of the tasks is “working out academic equivalencies across disciplines,” said Vibha Puri Das, secretary of higher education at the Ministry of Human Resource Development.
The proposed credit system will first be introduced at government-financed universities. However, those behind the drive want to extend it to other federally funded organizations too, like the Indian Institute of Technology, or I.I.T., which has campuses across the country
N.R. Madhava Menon, a senior adviser to the ministry, said employers today want engineers who can think across disciplines: “The I.I.T.’s are concentrated on engineering. Why not management, too? Why not law?” — VIR SINGH
Australians stave off new layer of scrutiny
Australian universities are welcoming the federal government’s decision to postpone the introduction of legislation that would have created a new agency to monitor higher education standards.
Universities had complained that there had been insufficient debate and consultation with the sector over the draft legislation to establish the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency, which they described as intrusive. The draft legislation had been expected to be introduced to Parliament later this month.
The Group of Eight, which represents the country’s leading research universities, released a paper last month, stating that the government’s proposal “involves a degree of central regulation and intrusion which is beyond that found in other O.E.C.D. countries, and which is unprecedented in Australia.”
Christopher Evans, the minister for tertiary education, skills, jobs and workplace relations, said last week that the government would postpone introducing the legislation until next year.
A spokeswoman for the Group of Eight said that the delay would give the government an opportunity to engage in an “open and transparent consultation process.” — LIZ GOOCHContinue reading the main story
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From the Jacket:
This short monograph is just not yet another book on the controversial clan of the Aryans. It has the distinction of being an unbiased, factual statement, which has been lacking, despite the fact that it has been one of the favourite topics of the Vedic scholars and the Indo-Europeanists.
It is written with a clearcut objective of knowing the facts about the Aryas, her comments try to guide the reader as how to understand them. This book thus has a limited aim. Bare facts are documented and not stretched to suit the exigencies of a theory. The author has no theory to propound. But at the same time no external framework is accepted.
The romantic dreams woven by the earlier generations of scholars are not found in the Rgveda, the main source of information. And therefore it is possible to see to what extent it was just the play of fancy.
With these facts, the author reconstructs the historical events, with supporting archaeological evidence.
About the Author:
The author, a well-known student of Indian culture, does not need any introduction. She has already published three books introducing a new point of view. They are widely read. Her ideas spring from her sources and they are refreshingly original. She has changed through this and other volumes our understanding of the early history of India and Indian culture.
Send as free online greeting card
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(1) The new construction, substantial improvement, and
alteration of residential structures shall meet the following conditions:
(a) Residential structures shall be
constructed on suitable fill with a permanent foundation such that the lowest
floor (including basement) level is 2 or more feet above the base flood elevation.
The suitable fill shall be at a level no lower than the base flood elevation
extending 15 feet at that elevation beyond the structure in all directions.
Where existing streets, utilities, lot dimensions, or additions onto existing
structures, make strict compliance with this provision impossible, the permit
issuing authority may authorize a lesser amount of fill or alternative flood
proofing measures. Alternative flood proofing measures must, at a minimum, meet
the conditions of ARM 36.15.702 and ARM 36.15.901 through 36.15.903.
(i) The new placement of manufactured and
mobile homes must be elevated on fill with a permanent foundation as prescribed
for residential structures.
(ii) Replacement manufactured and mobile
homes in an existing mobile home park or subdivision may, instead of using
suitable fill, be elevated on a concrete or mortared block foundation, or other
suitable permanent foundation, and anchored to prevent flotation or downstream
(2) The new construction, substantial
improvement, and alteration of commercial and industrial structures shall be
elevated on fill as prescribed for residential structures in ARM 36.15.702(1) or flood proofed to a level no lower than 2 feet above the base flood
elevation. Flood proofing shall be accomplished in accordance with ARM
36.15.901 through 36.15.903 and shall further include the following:
(a) If the structure is designed to allow
internal flooding of the lowest floor, use of the floor shall be limited to
such uses as parking, loading areas, and storage of equipment or materials not
appreciably affected by flood water. Further, the floors and walls shall be
designed and constructed of materials resistant to flooding up to an elevation
of 2 or more feet above the elevation of the base flood. Structures designed to
allow internal flooding shall be designed to equalize hydrostatic flood forces
on exterior walls by allowing for the exit and entry of flood waters.
(b) Structures whose lowest floors are used
for purposes other than parking, loading or storage of materials resistant to
flooding shall be flood proofed up to an elevation no lower than 2 feet above
the elevation of the base flood. Flood proofing shall include impermeable
membranes or materials for floors and walls and watertight enclosures for all
windows, doors, and other openings. These structures shall be designed to
withstand the hydrostatic pressures and hydrodynamic forces resulting from the
(c) The new construction, substantial improvement and alteration of commercial or
industrial structures floodproofed according to these requirements must be
designed and flood proofing measures certified as adequate by a registered
professional engineer or architect.
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Nowadays you might have seen people switching to electric vehicles. This is all because of the benefits provided by these electric vehicles. With time the demand will keep on increasing and it is a sustainable type of technology that has come into the market to be here for long period. To get these electric vehicles to work, it is very important to get them recharged with electricity. So what if there are electric stations provided at different areas like the fuel stations. It can be a great idea to get the electric vehicle charging stations installed for great results in the future.
There are many benefits of installation of the EV charge stations which are stated below.
- Improves the air quality: It is fact that fuel-based vehicles were the main components that contributed a lot to air pollution. This air pollution in return has a great impact on the environment and also mankind. You might find many people that are suffering from several diseases caused by air pollution, so the shift of the people from fuel-based vehicles to electric bikes. Even the facility of the EV charge stations will make it more convenient for people to rely on these vehicles. This is how the quality of the air will be improved as electric vehicles do not emit any harmful pollutants.
- Gain tax advantage: Nowadays different countries’ companies are coming up with different policies related to the promotion of electric vehicles. So it will be a great deal for any business to invest in the setup of the charging stations. This will avail the business with many tax deductions that so a great deal for a business. Even it is a great way to boost the reputation of the business among the people.
- Makes a statement to the employees about the company: Providing the EV charging stations at different areas will help the business in spreading the message of going green. It will gives an impact on the mind of the employees and the public that the company is very much concerned about the environment. Even their corporate mission is to set goals towards the environment. This act will help the business to improve its reputation among the people.
- Attract and retain high-quality employees: Installation of the EV charging stations in the workplace or at a different place by the name of the company will encourage people to shift to electric vehicles. It will be a great idea for the installation of this station at the workplace. This will help in the retaining of the employees within the company and even the company would be able to attract for of the talent to the company.
So, investing in charging stations now can be a great deal, as the future of transportation is these electric vehicles. It is better to be ready for this massive change right from the start and even spread awareness regarding it. It is a great way to contribute to the wellness of the environment.
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Google Bans Sugar Daddy Apps From Android Retailer
Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android’s different supply code projects. Google engineer Patrick Brady as soon as stated in the firm’s developer conference that “Android just isn’t Linux”, with Computerworld including that “Let me make it simple for you, without Linux, there isn’t a Android”. Ars Technica wrote that “Although Android is constructed on prime of the Linux kernel, the platform has little or no in widespread with the standard desktop Linux stack”. Within a 12 months, the Open Handset Alliance confronted two other open supply opponents, the Symbian Foundation and the LiMo Foundation, the latter also creating a Linux-based cell operating system like Google.
– Eclipse Android Development Tools as the first IDE for native Android app development. Here are the highest 20 favorite instruments at present being used for Android application improvement. Android developers are capable of churn out all these apps a lot quicker and extra effectively due to a profusion of refined, integrated growth environments in addition to different time-saving instruments and purposes. There are a quantity of Android development solutions that have a tendency to level out up time and again on Android developers’ “favorites” lists. Move the enterprise logic code com.jetbrains.simplelogin.androidapp.knowledge from the app listing to the com.jetbrains.simplelogin.shared package in the shared/src/commonMain listing. You can drag and drop the package or refactor it by shifting every thing from one directory to a different.
So step one you should do is to code your project and develop your application. After building your application, you should take a look at it, you presumably can first go along with UI Testing, and then you probably can check your app with some real-time users. Similarly, APK is also an archival file containing multiple sub-files. After your project is constructed efficiently, you have to develop its APK file to distribute or install varied devices. Grab also claimed that in Q it was Southeast Asia’s most downloaded app, with its mobility and delivery providers drawing the best share of common monthly active smartphone customers in the region throughout iOS and Android combined.
The credentials are validated and saved to an in-memory database. Checked exceptions are when the compiler forces the caller of a perform to catch or (re-throw) an exception. The truth is, checked exceptions are sometimes unnecessary and cause empty catch blocks. Non-existent checked exceptions are annoying for builders as a outcome of empty catch blocks pressure builders to weed through the code to establish a nonexistent exception. As an answer, Kotlin removes them completely, which minimizes verbosity and improves type-safety.
Android: Actions And Intents
Many, to virtually all, Android units come with preinstalled Google apps including Gmail, Google Maps, Google Chrome, YouTube, Google Play Music, Google Play Movies & TV, and lots of more. Many early Android OS smartphones had been equipped with a devoted search button for fast access to an online search engine and individual apps’ inside search function. More latest units sometimes permit the former through a long press or swipe away from the house button. Free apps solely.Our sample of twenty-two,521 apps relies on free functions only; i.e., applications that need to generate income through advertisements, purchases, or donations. However, the bias would shift “normality” more towards apps supported by advertisements and other earnings strategies, that are nearer to the undesired habits of malware. Our outcomes thus are conservative and can be improved through a greater fraction of paid functions, which could be anticipated to be benign.
You can study extra about connecting to platform-specific APIs. Ensure that compileSdkVersion and minSdkVersion in build.gradle.kts of the shared module are the identical as those within the build.gradle of your Android application in the app module. In your Android project, create a KMM shared module in your cross-platform code. Later you’ll join it to your existing Android application and your future iOS application. Kotlin’s brevity benefits imply the language can solve extra problems with fewer traces of code.
- This is where you choose android OS model you prefer, but according to a selected API level.
- In many ways, the ContentProvider acts within the role of a database server.
- This chapter describes how to develop applications using Android Studio, which is an integrated growth environment for Android.
- Increasingly, Android is present in purposes beyond “smartphones”.
OurAndroidapp improvement team is certainly one of the leading Android application growth firms in North America. We have developed function rich Android apps used in such totally different fields as enterprise, know-how, healthcare, media and leisure just to call a number of. Until around the finish of 2014, the officially-supported built-in growth environment was Eclipse utilizing the Android Development Tools Plugin. Both Apple and Microsoft have sued a number of producers for patent infringement, with Apple’s ongoing authorized motion towards Samsung being a particularly high-profile case.
Add A Dependency On The Shared Module To Your Android Application
The new Office model designed for ARM units supplies vital performance enhancements, as it is designed specifically for Windows on ARM with Windows eleven, somewhat than the Windows 10 on ARM version, which used emulation. Emojis are to get some consideration in Windows eleven (and Microsoft’s different products), as the company introduced its 3D emojis, which provide new depth to the traditional look of an emoji, creating a extra enjoyable and energetic visible. They are designed to observe Microsoft’s Fluent design language. Now select launch and select V2 to signal your application totally.
Want Extra Practice? Strive A Codelab Or Workshop
By reading your post, i have received a clear and precise procedure on how can i in a place to modify apk file. Now i will make every issues posted on the play retailer and can submit to the corporate, so i’ll get a job there. Google TV’s Android app will borrow a few of the discovery instruments from Google TV on the Chromecast, together with more rows of personalized suggestions in addition to the “watched” software already available on the TV expertise. To help improve suggestions, users can now head to the details web page of a title and select “watched” if they’ve already seen a series or film that the platform recommends to them. I did an Android Development Course from Coding Ninjas in 2017. It gave me a transition from writing small code snippets for problem fixing, to build massive tasks for actual functions.
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A voter without one of many acceptable types of photograph identification can vote on a provisional ballot. He or she will have up to three days after the election to current applicable photograph identification on the county registrar’s office in order for the provisional ballot to be counted. If the elector fails to furnish the required image identification with signature as required, the elector shall be allowed to vote a provisional ballot. The canvassing board shall decide the validity of the ballot by figuring out whether or not the elector is entitled to vote at the precinct where the ballot was solid and that the elector had not already forged a ballot within the election.
The Immediate Office of the Secretary has issued a Request for Information to solicit input from the public to help establish duplicative regulations and the issues they create. General Laws are Session Laws or sections of Session Laws which are permanent in nature and of general utility. General Laws are codified in accordance with subject matter in a multi-volume publication entitled the General Laws of Massachusetts. The official model of the General Laws is now published every two years, with cumulative pamphlets launched periodically.
The affidavit shall require the voter to offer his or her name and address. A voter who has but declines to supply identification could solid a provisional ballot upon providing a Social Security number or the final 4 digits of a Social Security number. A voter who has neither identification nor a Social Security number may execute an affidavit to that impact and vote a provisional ballot. A voter who declines to sign the affidavit should vote a provisional ballot. Voters with a non secular objection to being photographed may vote an affidavit ballot, which will be counted if the voter returns to the suitable circuit clerk within five days after the election and executes an affidavit that the religious exemption applies. A voter who is unable or refuses to supply present and legitimate identification might vote a provisional ballot.
If the voter has no identification, the voter will be requested to recite his/her date of birth and residence tackle to corroborate the data provided within the ballot book. If the picture identification doesn’t contain the signature of the elector, an additional identification that provides the elector’s signature shall be required. An eligible elector who is unable to supply identification might cast a provisional ballot. First, the laws could be sorted by whether the state asks for a photograph ID or whether or not it accepts IDs without a photograph as well. Second, the laws may be divided by what actions can be found for voters who do not have ID.
If you already know which poster you would possibly be required to display, see beneath to download and print the appropriate poster free of cost. Department of Labor require that notices be offered Laws to workers and/or posted within the workplace. DOL supplies free digital and printed copies of those required posters.
To have his or her ballot counted, the voter should present a legitimate type of identification to the county election officer in individual or present a copy by mail or digital means before the meeting of the county board of canvassers. If ID is not introduced, a voter may solid a ballot that’s put aside in a sealed envelope. The ballot is counted in the voter supplies legitimate identification within six days of the election. A present voter identification card that incorporates the voter identification number if the voter identification card is signed before the voter presents the card to the election official.
If ID is not introduced, the voter votes on a provisional ballot and should return inside two days to indicate an ID or sign an affidavit testifying to indigence or a spiritual objection. If ID isn’t introduced, the voter votes on a provisional ballot, and election officers match the signature in opposition to signatures on record. If ID just isn’t offered, the voter votes on a provisional ballot and should return inside 6 days to show an ID or signal an affidavit swearing to indigence or a religious objection. If ID just isn’t presented, the voter votes on a provisional ballot and election officials evaluate the signature on it to a signature on report. Find laws and laws on civil rights, privacy rights, research, fraud prevention and detection, freedom of information, tribal matters, employment, and more.
Codecollates the original law with subsequent amendments, and it deletes language that has later been repealed or outmoded. Compilations of laws are collections of individual acts of their current, amended type with cross-references to theUnited States Codefor ease of use. Legislative measures that have been introduced in Congress however have not turn into law are often known as payments.
Employee identification card issued by any branch, department, agency, or entity of the Federal Government, the state, a county, or a municipality. In 2021, Montana enacted SB 169,which requires voters without a state, navy, tribal ID, or passport to supply two types of different ID, considered one of which should include a photograph. This invoice additionally adds hid carry permits to the list of accepted voter IDs. If ID just isn’t offered, the voter votes on a provisional ballot and should return to show ID within 10 days. If ID isn’t offered, the voter votes on a provisional ballot and the signature on the ballot envelope is matched to the voter’s signature on record. If ID isn’t offered, the voter indicators an affidavit and votes on an everyday ballot.
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DAVID ENOCH.An attractive rural home in Clark County is owned by David ENOCH, who is one of the Trustees of German Township, now serving his second year in that capacity.He resides on section 4, where he owns sixty acres of well-tilled land.He was born in this county, January 31, 1825, and has lived in this State the greater part of his life.Twenty years were spent in Illinois, but he returned here determined to make this his abiding place during the remainder of his life.He was reared to manhood amid the pioneer scenes of the first half of the century, bearing such a part as was possible to one of his years in the improvement of the country, and in the meantime taking advantage of the opportunities afforded by the public schools to acquire an education.
The schools of that early day did not embrace, the curriculum taught at this period of time, but in them a solid foundation could generally be laid, upon which a lover of knowledge could build a more extensive structure.This was done by our subject, who has endeavored to keep abreast of the times in his knowledge of current events and general topics.He has ever been interested in the growth of his native county in material prosperity and the higher civilization, and willing to aid the enterprises which promise to effect those ends.He is a Democrat and a member of the Reformed Church.
Mr. ENOCH has been twice married, the first alliance being consummated in 1850.His bride was Miss Elizabeth MORRIS, who shared his fortunes until November 28, 1876, when she passed through the valley of the shadow of death.She left two sons, John and William.The second wife of our subject was Mrs. Susan STALEY, widow of the late Hugh STALEY, of this county.She departed this life December 1, 1889.
The parents of our subject were Henry and Mary (JONES) ENOCH, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and Virginia.Henry ENOCH came to this county with his parents about 1812, and was here reared to manhood amid pioneer scenes.The family settled on Chapman’s Creek, in the woods of German Township, where they endured some of the hardships to which the early settlers were subjected, Henry ENOCH, who became well known throughout this part of the county by the familiar title of “Colonel,” was a public-spirited, energetic and reliable citizen, whose death was mourned by many friends.He was a member of the Democratic party.To him and his good wife nine children were born, of whom the following survive:David, Mary, John, Esther and Henry, mostly residents of this State.
Portrait and Biographical Album of Greene and Clark Counties, Ohio Chapman Bros., Chicago, Copyright 1890.
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No MUSICIAN is better known to us. He has been de-scribed down to the least detail, according to the fashion of the timethe indiscreet fashion of his friend, Jean Jacques Rousseau. He has also described himself in his own charming Mémoires; ou Essais sur la musique, which were published in three volumes in 1797 by order of the Committee of Public Instruction, at the request of Méhul, Dalayrac, Cherubim, Lesueur, Gossec, and Lakanal. For ‘Gretry at that time was Citizen Gretry, superintendent of the Conservatory of Mu-sic; and his work claimed to aim at civic utility. Few books on music are so full of matter or so suggestive, and the reading is agreeable and easyno small merit in a clever book. In prose as in music Gretry wrote for everyone, “even for fashionable people,” he said. His style, perhaps, is not very finished, and it does not do to look too closely into it. He is fond of periphrasis. He calls his parents “the authors of my days”; a surgeon is “a follower of Aesculapius”; and women are “the sex who have received their share of sensibility.” He is a sensitive man: “Let us ever seek delightful sensations,” he says, “but let them be seemly and pure. Those are the only kind that make us happy; and no man of sensibility, loving compassion, is ever feared by his fellow-creatures ”
Those sentiments, written in 1789, must have been approved by the sensitive Robespierre, who was fond of Grétry’s music.
The book is’ written in a rather desultory way, despiteor by reason ofits wealth of divisions, subdivisions, volumes, chapters, and so forth. Gretry mixes up metaphysical digressions with his narrative: he speaks of the unity of the world, of angels, of life, of death, and of eternity; he apostrophizes Love, Maternal Love, Modesty, Women”O lovable sex! 0 source of all blessings! 0 sweet rest of life! 0 bewitching beings!
He also addresses Illusion, and thees and thous it for seven pages. Hereditary rank is treated in the same way.
And in spite of it all, he is charming because everything is natural and spontaneous, and there is so much humor about him. “You a musician, and yet you have humor!” was what Voltaire said to him, in scornful surprise.
Grétry’s Mémoires are remarkable doubly for his recollections and his ideas, both of which are equally interesting. He gives us minute descriptions of things and spares us nothing: we hear all about his physical constitution, his dreams, his indispositions, his diet, and some unexpected details about the more intimate parts of his toilet. The book forms one of the most precious documents we have; for it tells us about an artist’s temperament and is the rare autobiography of a musician who not only knows how to write but who is worth writing about.
The unpretending Grétry was the son of a poor violinist of Liege, where he was born February 8, 1741. He had German blood in him, for his paternal grandmother was German and one of his uncles was an Austrian prelate.
His first musical impressions came from a pot that was boiling on the fire. He was then four years old, and he danced to the saucepan’s song. He wanted to know where the song came from; but his curiosity caused the pot to upset, and his eyes were so badly burned that his sight was permanently injured. His grandmother took him away to live with her in the country; and there, again, it was the noise of water, the soft murmuring of a spring, that impressed itself upon his memory: “I still hear and see the limpid spring by the side of my grand-mother’s house….”
At six years old he fell in love: “it was but an indefinite emotion which was extended to several people; yet I loved them very much and was so shy that I dared not say anything about it.”
He had a fastidious but determined nature and suffered cruelly from ill treatment by a master, though his pride would not let him complain. On the day of his first communion he asked God to let him die if he was not to become an upright man and distinguished in music. The first part of the prayer was nearly fulfilled as a rafter fell on his head the same day and wounded him severely. When he came to himself, his first words were: “Then I shall be an upright man and a good musician after all.”
At that time he was a mystic and superstitious. His devotion to the Virgin amounted almost to idolatry. He was rather troubled about explaining this to the members of the National Convention who edited his book; but he did not hide these factsa proof of his absolute sincerity. He was susceptible and vain and never forgot the injustices he had received. Long afterward he thought of the humiliations he had suffered as a child at the hands of his first master.
A company of Italian singers decided his vocation. They came to Liege to play in Pergolesi’s and Buranello’s operas. Grétry, though still a boy, had free access to the theater, and for a whole year he was present at all the performances and often at the rehearsals as well. “It was there,” he says, “that I developed a passionate love of music.” He learned to sing and was able to do it “in the Italian style with as much skill as the best singers in the opera.” All the Italian company came to hear him sing in church, where he had a great success. Each one of them looked upon him as his pupil. So, even in his childhood, this little Walloon’s musical education was purely Italian.
When he was fifteen or sixteen years old, he was seized with internal hemorrhage; it troubled him thereafter every time he composed anything. “I vomited,” he says, “even six or eight cupfuls of blood at periodic intervalstwice during the day and twice during the night This hemorrhage did not leave him until he became an old man.
Gretry’s debut in dramatic music was made at Rome where he had some intermezzi performed with success, these little pieces being like La Serva Padrona in style. He left Rome in 1767 in spite of offers that were made to induce him to remain. Paris had attracted him ever since he had read the score of Monsigny’s opéra-comique, Rose et Colas. He saw this piece played when he was in Geneva, where he stayed for six months. It was the first time that he had seen a French opéra-comique, and his pleasure was not unmixed. It took him a little time to get used to hearing French sung, for at first he thought it disagreeable.
While in Geneva he did not omit paying his respects at Ferney, where Voltaire welcomed this chosen one among musicians who was no fool even outside his art.
Then he came to Paris:
“I entered the town with a strange emotion I could not ac-count for; but it was somehow connected with the resolution I had made not to leave the place before I had conquered every difficulty that could stand in the way of my making a name.”
The struggle was short and sharp; it lasted two years. Both theatrical managers and actors urged Gretry to take Monsigny’s romances as his model. However, in his rivals he had nothing of which to complain. Philidor and Duni showed him great kindness, and he had the good luck to have friends and counselors in people like Diderot, Suard, the Abbe Arnaud, and the painter Vernet, all of whom were musical enthusiasts. Gretry says:
“It was the first time that I had heard anyone speak about my art with true understanding. Diderot and the Abbé Arnaud used their utmost powers of eloquence on every festal occasion, and by their vehemence filled people with a splendid eagerness to write, or paint, or compose music. . . . It was impossible to resist the glowing enthusiasm that sprang from the company of these famous men.”
Grétry also had the strange good fortune of disarming that great enemy of French music, Jean Jacques Rousseau. It is true that the friendship between the two was of short duration, for Rousseau’s suspicious independence took offense at Grétry’s overeager and perhaps rather obsequious advances, so Rousseau suddenly severed the acquaintanceship and never saw him again.
The scene is perhaps worth recalling. It took place at a performance of La fausse magie. Rousseau was present, and word was brought to Grétry that the great man wished to see him. Gretry says:
“I hurried to him and looked at him with emotion.
” `I am so glad to see you,’ he said; `for a long time I thought my heart was insensible to the pleasant sensations your music arouses. I would like to know you, sir; or, rather, I would like to be your friend, since I already know you through your work.’
`Ah, sir,’ I said, `to please you by my work is the best reward I could have.’
`Are you married?’
” `Have you married what is called une femme d’esprit (a clever wife)?’
” I thought as much!”
” `She is an artist’s daughter; she does not say what she feels, and nature is her guide.’
” `I thought so. Oh, but I like artists; they are nature’s own children. I should like to see your wife; and I hope I shall see you often.’
“I stayed beside Rousseau until the end of the performance; and he pressed my hand two or three times. Then we went out together. I was far from thinking that that would be the last time I should speak to him! As we were going down the Rue Francaise he wished to clamber over some stones that the workmen had left.
The Revolution was not often mentioned in Gretry’s Memoires, for Grétry was a cautious man and did not like to commit himself. The few recollections of its terrors he gives us are generally connected with music and are set forth in striking fashion. I shall copy out a few extracts. There are in them touches worthy of Shakespeare; we need not trouble about that, however, for they are not Grétry’s own creation.
“During the four years of the Revolution whenever my nerves were tired, I had at night the monotonous sound of an alarm-bell going in my head. In order to assure myself that it was not really an alarm-bell, I used to stop up my ears; and if the sound continued (perhaps louder than ever), I came to the conclusion that it was only in my head.
“The military cortege that led Louis XVI to the scaffold passed under my windows, and the march in 6/8 time which the drums beat out in jerky rhythm affected me so keenly by its contrast to the mournful occasion that I trembled all over.”
“At this time . . . I was returning alone one evening from a garden in the Champs Elysées. I had been invited there to look at a beautiful lilac tree in bloom. As I drew near the Place de la Revolution, I suddenly heard the sound of music. I came a little nearer and could distinguish violins, a flute, a tambourin, and the happy cries of dancers. A man who was walking by my side drew my attention to the guillotine. I looked up and saw the deadly knife raised and lowered twelve or fifteen times without a pause. On one side were the rustic dancers, the scent of flowers, the soft air of spring, and the last rays of the setting sun; on the other side were the unhappy victims who would never know these delights again…. The picture was unforgettable. To avoid passing through the square I hurried down the Rue des Champs Elysees. But a cart with the corpses caught me up…. `Peace and silence, citizens,’ said the driver, with a laugh; `they sleep.’ ”
Other events occupied Gretry quite as much as the tragedies of his adopted country. Although wishing well to all, Grétry had not great breadth of sympathy; and I think in spite of his humanitarian protestations he did not much trouble himself about social questions. He was really made for “domestic happiness, so natural to a man born in a country of good people.” His affectionate nature, which gives a kind of bourgeois charm to much of his work, was lavished upon three daughters whom he adored. He lost all of them, and the record of their death is among the finest pages of his Mémoires.
The unhappy man accused himself of being the cause of their death. “The hardships of an artist,” he said, “are the death of his children. As a father he violates nature to attain perfection in his work; his lack of sleep and his difficulties sap his life; death claims his children before they are born.”
His daughters were called Jenni, Lucile, and Antoinette. Jenni, the eldest, was of a sweet and open nature, but she was so delicate that “she ought to have been left to vegetate in pleasant idleness.” However, she was made to work. Gretry reproached himself bitterly and believed that the work killed her:
“When she was fifteen she barely knew how to read and write, and she had some knowledge of geography, the harpsichord, solfeggio, and Italian. But she sang like an angel, and her style in singing was the only thing she had not been taught. … At the age of sixteen she quietly died, though she had believed that her failing health was a sign she was getting well.”
On the day of her death she wished to write to a friend to tell her that she was going to a ball.
“Then she fell into her last sleep, sitting on my knee. . . . I held her pressed against my aching heart for a quarter of an hour. . . . Every work I have produced is watered by my blood. I wished for glory, I wished to help my poor parents, to keep alive the mother so dear to me. Nature gave me what I so earnestly desired, only to avenge herself on my children.”
The second girl, Lucile, was quite the opposite of Jenni; she was so full of activity that “to stop her from working was enough to kill her. . . .” “She always went to extremes and was rebellious and irritable.” She composed music: among other things, two little pieces, Le mariage d’Antonio (which was written when she was thirteen and played at the Théatre des Italiens in 1786) and Louis et Toinette. Grétry tells us that Pergolesi praised the little bravura air in Le mariage d’Antonio. When Lucile was composing, she used to sing and cry and play her harp with feverish energy. Gretry says he nearly wept with pleasure and wonder to see this small child carried away by so fine an enthusiasm for her art. She became annoyed when inspirations would not come. “So much the better,” Gretry would reply; “that is proof that you do not want to do anything commonplace.” She trembled when her father looked at her work, and he indicated her faults very gently. She did not trouble much about dress; “all her happiness was found in reading and verse, and in the music she loved so passionately.” Her parents thought it well to marry her early. But her marriage was unhappy, and her husband did not treat her kindly. She died after two troubled years of suffering.
Antoinette was now the only one left; and Gretry and his wife fearfully cherished their last happiness. When anything happened to Antoinette, both were terribly upset. “Very often she laughed at us and played us some trick in order to cure us of our excessive care for her.” Grétry vowed that she should do whatever she pleased. She was pretty, gay, and full of intelligence. She did not wish to be married; and often she used to think of her sisters without saying anything. All three girls had been devoted to one another. When Lucile was ill, she would often exclaim, “My poor Jenni!” And when Antoinette was dying, she would say, “Ah, poor Lucile!”
Gretry and his wife and Antoinette made several little expeditions from Paris. Once when they went to Lyons, she was nearly drowned in the Saône, and her father was nearly drowned, too, in his endeavor to save her. In the autumn of 1790 while at Lyons she began to lose her appetite and her high spirits. Her parents remarked this with terror and often wept in secret. They suggested that a return should be made to Paris. “Yes,” said Antoinette, “let us go back to Paris, for there I shall rejoin those I love.” These words alarmed Grétry, for he thought she was thinking of her sisters. Poor Antoinette felt she was dying and sought to hide the fact from those about her; she would talk gaily of her future and of the children she would have, or pretend to want to dance and put on pretty clothes.
“One day, one of my friends, Rouget de Lisle, happened to be at my house and remarked how happy I must be to have so beautiful a child. `Yes,’ I whispered; `she is beautiful, and she is going to a ball, and in a few weeks she will be in her grave.”
Not long afterward she was seized with fever; for a few days was delirious and thought she was at a ball, or out for a walk with her sisters; but she was quite happy, and she pitied her parents.
“She was in bed when she spoke to us of these things for the last time. Then she lay down and closed her beautiful eyes and left us and went to her sisters… .
“Out of pity for me, my wife summoned up courage to resume our ordinary existence. She returned to her painting, of which she had been fond, and painted the portraits of her daughters and other subjects in order to occupy herself, in order to live. . . .
“This went on for three years. . . . Twenty times I was on the point of throwing away my pen as I wrote this; but perhaps from parental weakness or in the hope my friends would shed a tear for the memory of my dear daughters, I sketched this sad picture; though I really should not have tried to do so for some years to come. . . .
“This is fame! Fancied immortality is won by actual sorrow. Unnatural happiness is bought at the price of real happiness….
I hope I may be forgiven for these quotations. The history of music may not have much to do with such things; but music itself is something more than a question of technique. If we really love music, it is because it is the most intimate utterance of the soul and its expression of joy and pain. I do not know which I like the betterBeethoven’s finest sonata, or the tragic Heiligenstadt Testament. The one is equal to the other. The passages I have quoted are the finest things that Grétry ever wrote, finer than his music; for the unhappy man put himself into them and forgot actors and their declamation. (Think of imitating actors! What a confession of weakness for a musician-poet! Why did he not let his heart do all the talking?) In these pages he really lets himself speak, so they have a peculiar value for us.
As for the rest of Grétry’s life, there is little to say about it. He made an honorable confessionand it must have been painful to his self-respect as an artist.
“After this terrible blow, the fever that had been consuming me abated. But I found that my love of music was less and that sorrow had nearly killed my imagination. And so I have written these books because the work in them meant using my will rather than my imagination.”
In spite of everything, this man pleased everybodyas he naïvely wished tobut by instinct rather than by calculation; and he had the good fortune to please, not only the king and the revolutionaries but Napoleon as well, although he was a man who had no great liking for French music. From him Gretry received a good pension and the Cross of the Legion of Honor, just after that order had been instituted. He lived to see a street in Paris named after him and his statue erected at the Opéra Comique. And lastly he had the happiness of buying L’Ermitage, which had belonged to his loved Jean Jacques Rousseau, and there he died on September 24, 1813.
One would need to write several tomes in order to examine all the clever, absurd, and interesting ideas which swarmed in Grétry’s active brain. His fertility of invention is incredible. After reading his books one wonders what there could be left to imagine. We get amusing inventions in physics and musical mechanics: a rhythmometer for marking time, a musical barometer worked by a single string of catgut which expanded or contracted according to the weather and, by means of two springs connected with a cylinder, set going some pipes which played two airsa lively one in a major key for fine weather and a slow one in a minor key for rain. He had theories about occultism and telepathy; on the use of music in medicine, particularly in nervous maladies and madness; on heredity, and on diet, which he thought had a great influence on character:
“One could almost be sure of making a man bad-tempered, calm, foolish, or clever if regular attention were paid to his diet and his education.”
His conception of happiness anticipates Tolstoy’s:
“The wisest men come to see at last that by making sacrifices for others we deserve to have sacrifices made for us. But,’ you will say, `in that way we should live only to make sacrifices.’ Yes; in that lies one’s general happinessthere is no other.”
Let us turn to his thoughts on music. There are plenty of themfor the most part rough ideas thrown out in passing, though they are suggestive, deep, and often prophetic.
What he considered his most important discovery comes at the beginning and end of his Mémoires; it is the idea that the first principle of music is sincerity of declamation. For Grétry looked upon music as an expressive language, almost as an exact art, whose basis was psychology. We will consider this idea presently.
Then we get the idea of an overture with a program, of the psychological and dramatic entr’acte which epitomizes what has gone before or suggests what is to follow. We have also the notation of the emotions in music, which leads him to explain in two or three hundred pages the way in which a musician may express Friendship, Maternal Love, Shame, Anger, Avarice, Gaiety, Indolence, Jealousy, the Villain, the Hypocrite, the Boaster, the Absent-minded Man, the Hypochondriac, the Flatterer, the Sarcastic Man, the Simpleton, the Optimist, the Pessimist, and so forthin short every variety in the Human Comedy. Thus he carved a way for a musical Moliere, whom we still awaita musician who ought to come, and who will come; for-all is ready for him, and only the genius is wanting:
Gretry also analyzed the materials for expression which music then had at its command. This included the psychology of tones and instrumental timbres; orchestration expressive of character; the agreement between color and sound; and the wonderful power that pure music, the symphony of the orchestra, had in uncovering hearts and disclosing emotions which the singing did not reveal.
The following quotation gives some idea of Grétry’s ideas about the psychology of tone:
“The scale of C major is fine and outspoken; that of C minor is pathetic. The scale of D major is brilliant; that of D minor is melancholy. The scale of E-flat major is noble and sad. The scale of E major is as bright as the preceding scale is noble and gloomy. The scale of E minor is slightly melancholy. That of F major is moderately sad; that of F in minor thirds is the saddest of all. The scale of F-sharp major is hard because it is full of accidentals, and the same scale in the minor has also some of that quality. The scale of G is warlike but has not the nobility of C major; the scale of G minor comes next to F in minor thirds for sadness. The scale of A major is brilliant, but in the minor it is the most graceful of all. That of B-flat is noble but not so great as that of C major and more pathetic than that of F in major thirds. That of B natural is brilliant and playful; that of B minor in thirds expresses simplicity. . . .”
If this psychological ladder of tones is compared with Rameau’s, it will be seen that the two do not correspond, and that, in consequence, the interest of the subject is a subjective one, concerned with each musician’s sensibilities and auditory reactions. If I may be permitted to make a personal observation, I venture to say that Grétry’s analysis is nearer to our own conception of tones than Rameau’s.
Grétry examined in the same way the psychological effect of different musical instruments:
“The clarinet is suited to the expression of sorrow, and even when it plays a merry air there is a suggestion of sadness about it. If I were to dance in a prison, I should wish to do so to the accompaniment of a clarinet. The oboe with its rustic gaiety gives us a ray of hope in the midst of anguish. The German flute is tender and affectionate . . .” and so forth.
There are also observations on the differences of musical sensibility. Take, for instance, those connected with the bassoon:
“The bassoon is lugubrious and should be employed in what is sad, even when only a slight suggestion of sadness is desired; for it seems to me the opposite of all that is purely gay.”
“When Andromache sings (in the opera of that name) she is nearly always accompanied by three German flutes, forming a harmony. . . . I believe this is the first time that anyone has thought of accompanying some special part with one kind of instrument.”
As an example of the power of instruments to reveal what is not evident’ in song, Gretry says:
“A young girl assures her mother that she knows nothing about love, but while she is affecting indifference in her simple song, the orchestra expresses the anguish of love in her heart. Does a simpleton wish to express his love or his courage? If he is truly roused, his voice will be full of feeling; but the orchestra by its monotonous accompaniment will reveal his true character. Generally speaking, emotion should be shown in the song; but the accompaniment should express the mind, the gestures, and the aspect.”
Referring to a “color harpsichord” invented by Father Castel, a Jesuit, Gretry says:
“A sensitive musician will find all colors in the harmony of sounds. The solemn or minor keys will affect his ear in the same way that gloomy colors affect his eye, and the sharp keys will seem like bright and glaring colors. Between these two extremes one may find all the other colors, which are contained in music just as they are in painting and belong to the expression of different emotions and different characters.”
With Gretry, a scale common to colors and sounds was that of the emotions, different expressions of which bring different colors to the human face. “Purple red indicates anger; a paler red accompanies shyness … etc.”
All this is in Grétry’s own domainthe land of polished opéra-comique where he was able to put to such good use his talents and his mental ingenuity though at times they almost overreached themselves in a desire for excessive clearness. “Music,” he said, “is a thermometer which enables us to ascertain the degree of sensibility in either a race or an individual.”
But he had other ideas that were really outside the province. of his art. At the same time as Mozart ( though without knowing that Mozart’s thoughts were like his own) he dreamed of a “duodrama of “a musical tragedy where the dialogue would be spoken,” a kind of “melodrama” with genius in it. He also thought of a hidden orchestra, of huge theaters for the people (which we have just begun to consider), of national games and great popular fetes, which we are now trying to institute after the fashion of those of ancient Greece and modern Switzerland. He thought of dramatic schools where actors and actresses could be taught, and of public musical lectures where unpublished scenes and fragments of new works by young and unknown dramatic composers could be submitted to the criticism of an audience. He worked to get music the place in education that it is getting now; and he insisted on the importance of singing in primary schools. He wanted to found an opera house where forgotten masterpieces should be played. He wasas one would expect in so sensitive a man–a feminist in art and vigorously encouraged women to apply themselves to musical composition.
A still more remarkable fact is that this musician who loved clearness to excess, who was especially fitted to write music to concisely worded verse, who seemed of all musicians to be furthest from the spirit of symphony, who sometimes spoke of symphonies with scorn and placed their composers far below dramatic authors, and who believed that if Hadyn had met Diderot he would have written operas instead of symphoniesthis strange man felt, nevertheless, the beauty of symphonic music. He says:
“That gentle disquiet that good instrumental music causes us, that vague reproduction of our emotion, that aerial voyage which leaves us suspended in space without fatigue to our bodies, that mysterious language which speaks to our senses without using reasoning, and which is as good as reason, since it chain’s usall this is a delight which is very good and pure.”
He quotes in this connection the famous passage from the Merchant of Venice about the power of music. For in passing I may remark that he loved Shakespeare and would go into raptures over Richard III. For Hadyn he had a great admiration and in his symphonies saw a store of musical expression which might be of inestimable value to composers of operas.
That is not all. Although Grétry wrote neither symphonies nor chamber music, he speaks of both with the insight of an innovator and a genius. He demands freedom for instrumental forms and the liberty of the sonata:
“A sonata is a discourse. What should we think of a man who, cutting his discourse in half, repeated each part of it twice over? That is how these repetitions in music affect me.”
He shows how the archaic symmetry of these forms may be broken and more life put into them. In this way he anticipates Beethoven’s efforts. He also anticipates Tchaikovsky’s Symphonie pathétique, which finishes with a slow movement. And he is not far from foreseeing Saint-Saëns’ Symphonie avec orgue. Further still, he prophesies the dramatic symphonies of Berlioz, Liszt, and Richard Straussworks of art which were at the opposite end of the pole to his own compositions.
“What I am about to suggest bids fair to achieve a dramatic revolution. . . . May not music be given liberty to soar as it pleases, to make finished pictures, and, in using its advantages to the full, not be forced to follow verse through all its shades of meaning? . . . What musical amateur has not felt admiration for Haydn’s beautiful symphonies? A hundred times have I put words to them, for it was what they seemed to demand. Why should a musician be a prisoner and follow his imagination in fetters? . . If a dramatic scene were given to Haydn, his spirit would kindle over each part of it, but he would follow only its general sentiment and exercise entire liberty in the composition of his music. . . . When a musician has written out his score . . . his work is performed by the full orchestra… . Then the poet reads the meaning of his words in the music, and the auditors must often say to themselves, `I guessed that,’ or `I felt as much. . . .’ Such a work succeeds beyond one’s expectations. . I am pointing out a way by which composers of instrumental music may equal if not surpass us in dramatic art.”
Grétry has without doubt spoiled his conception by wishing to graft new operas onto dramatic symphonies and by asking that poets should adapt words to works of pure music, which are already poems in themselves. But in a flash of genius he had a glimpse of the astonishing development during the last three-quarters of a century of poems and sound-paintings Tondichtung and Tonmalerei.
If Grétry’s own powers of musical creation had equaled his intellectual insight, he might have been one of the finest composers in the world; for in this spirit of ancient France we find one side of the musical evolution of the nineteenth century, and the meeting of Pergolesi’s art with the art of Wagner, Liszt, and Richard Strauss.
Toward the end of his life, this pleasant musician with his Louis XVI style took fright at the new ideas which began to appear in music. Along with his rivals, Méhul, Cherubini, and Lesueur, he was alarmed at the growing romanticism, the eruption of noise and passion, of overloaded harmonies, of jerky rhythms, of boisterous orchestration, of “unintermittent fever,” of chaosin short, “of music,” as, he said, “fired off like cannon balls.” ” He believed that a reaction toward simplicity was pending. However, this restlessness, instead of abating, grew worse; and the public grew kindly disposed toward it. Out of the chaos Beethoven was to come, and Lesueur was to have Berlioz as his pupil.
Grétry did not foresee anyone like Beethoven. All his hopes were set on quite another kind of genius; I shall give a last quotation from his writings in which with passionate faith he foretells the advent of this genius and bids him welcome:
“What will he who comes after us be like? In imagination I see a man endowed with a delightful talent for melody, with a head and soul filled with musical ideas; a man who will not violate the rules of drama that are so well known to musicians today, but unite a splendid naturalness with the harmonic richness of our young champions. I long for this being with greater earnestness than Abraham’s son longed for his Messiah of deliverance; I open my arms to him, and in my old age the manly sincerity of his utterance shall comfort me.”
We know this musical Messiah. Gretry was sure that he was already in existence. And so he was; he died not far away. His name was Mozart, but he is not once mentioned in Gretry’s writings. We need not be surprised, for, alas, in the history of art such things are common. Kindred souls may live close to one another without knowing it, and it is left to us to discover the lost friendships of the dead.
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• Click the play button below to watch the introduction video (bottom of page).
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A big thank you from the bottom of my heart to those who prayed for, encouraged, and even sent me study material for our church’s Women’s Bible Study last Saturday. We had an amazing time together discussing the Reformation, The Doctrines of Grace, and the doctrine of Total Depravity. That God would use a sinful woman, like me, to share the Gospel, is evidence alone of His amazing grace!
In light of our discussion of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, I am posting this excerpt from James Montgomery Boice’s expositional commentary on Romans. In it he traces Luther’s path to illumination of the truth that is Romans 1:17, “For in the gospel a righteousness from God is revealed, a righteousness that is by faith from first to last, just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.”
“In the church of St. John Lateran in Rome there is a set of medieval stone stairs said to have originally been the stairs leading up to Pilate’s house in Jerusalem, once trod upon by the Lord. For this reason they were called the Scala Sancta or “Holy Stairs.”
It was the custom for pilgrims like Luther, to ascend these steps on their knees, praying as they went. At certain intervals there were stains said to have been caused by bleeding wounds of Christ. The worshipers would bend over and kiss these steps, praying a long time before ascending painfully to the next ones. Remission of years in purgatory was promised to all who would perform this pious experience.
Luther began as the others had. But as he ascended the stair case, the words of our text came forcefully to his mind: “The just shall live by faith.”
They seemed to echo over and over again, growing louder with each repetition: “The just shall live by faith,” The just shall live by faith.” But Luther was not living by faith. He was living by fear. The old superstitious doctrines and the new biblical theology wrestled within him,
“By fear,” said Luther.
“By faith!” said St. Paul.
“By fear,” said the scholastic fathers of medieval Catholicism.
“By faith!” said the Scriptures.
“By fear,” said those who agonized beside him on the staircase.
“By faith!” said God the Father.
At last Luther rose in amazement from the steps up which he had been dragging himself and shuddered at his superstition and folly.
Now he realized that God had saved him by the righteousness of Christ, received by faith; he was to exercise that faith, receive that righteousness, and live by trusting God. He had not been doing it.
Slowly he turned on Pilate’s staircase and returned to the bottom.
He went back to Wittenberg, and in time, as Paul Luther said, “He took ‘The just shall live by faith’ as the foundation of all his doctrine.” (Romans, Volume I, Justification by Faith, James Montgomery Boice, pages 123-124).
And so it was that this quiet revolution in one man’s heart set all of Europe ablaze, and with it, changed the course of Western history!
“The just shall live by faith!”
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How many cubic inch in 1 US fluid ounce?
The answer is 1.8046875.
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The SI derived unit for volume is the cubic meter.
1 cubic meter is equal to 61023.7438368 cubic inch, or 33814.0225589 US fluid ounce.
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A cubic inch is the volume of a cube which is one inch long on each edge. It is equal to 16.387064 cm³.
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ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!
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3.2 How do children shape their own development?
A lot of research focuses on the external influences that shape children’s development and treats them as relatively powerless. But of course children have a role in their own development and in selecting the sorts of environmental influences they are exposed to. Even newborns select what to pay attention to by where they look and how they orient themselves (usually towards familiar sounds, things that are new or surprising to them, or to the smell of milk!). Infants will often try to elicit certain behaviours from adults by giving them cues, such as covering their eyes to play peek-a-boo. Indeed, infants’ sensitivity to very subtle communicative cues and their role in social interaction is surprisingly sophisticated. Aspects specific to the child such as their temperament can also greatly influence how adults and other children interact with them. Once children begin to speak they often drive conversations – expecting responses from adults or asking questions. And when children begin to engage in imaginary play from around 2 years of age they often take on new personas and roles that help them make sense of different aspects of their world or deal with things that they are frightened of (Howes and Matheson, 1992), for instance by pretending to be a superhero fighting off monsters. By the time children reach school age they have begun to make many decisions about their environment, such as who to be friends with and what interests to pursue.
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“The Lord hears the cry of the poor” (Psalm 34).
Pope Francis also hears their cry and has made service of the poor a top priority in his life and ministry. Repeatedly, since his election as pope, he has called for a Church of the poor, a Church for the poor.
Why love the poor?
It begins with our love of Jesus, noticing how He lived, with whom He spent time, to whom He directed His thoughts and concern. Pope Francis writes (#186), “Our faith in Christ, who became poor, and was always close to the poor and the outcast, is the basis of our concern for the integral development of society’s most neglected members.”
On a daily basis for many years, Pope Francis has meditated on passages of the Bible.
“A mere glance at the Scriptures,” he writes (#187), “is enough to make us see how our gracious Father wants to hear the cry of the poor: ‘I have observed the misery of my people who are in Egypt; I have heard their cry on account of their taskmasters. Indeed, I know their sufferings and I have come down to deliver them… so I will send you…’ (Ex 3:7-8, 10).”
It is the word of God, especially Jesus, God’s Incarnate Word, that has constantly motivated Pope Francis to give priority in his life to the poor. He goes on to write (Ibid), “If we, who are God’s means of hearing the poor, turn deaf ears to this plea, we oppose the Father’s will and His plan; that poor person ‘might cry to the Lord against you, and you would incur guilt’ (Dt 15:9). A lack of solidarity towards his or her needs will directly affect our relationship with God.”
In both the Old Testament and the New Testament, we see this special love of God for the least ones in the world. In the First Letter of John, the Apostles raises a question that remains as relevant today as it was when he first posed it (I Jn 3:17): “How does God’s love abide in anyone who has the world’s goods, and sees a brother or sister in need and yet refuses help?”
Who does not make the news?
Pope Francis asks a rhetorical question to underline the blindness of the modern world to the poor (#53): “How can it be that it is not a news item when an elderly homeless person dies of exposure, but it is news when the stock market loses two points?” Sadly, this spiritual blindness can creep into the hearts of us Christians.[quote_box_right]
Read more columns from this series by Bishop Olmsted.
The failure to take notice of our brother or sister in need is manifested not only by the failure to provide for them the basic necessities of food, clothing, housing and so forth; it is also evident when their spiritual needs are neglected. The Holy Father writes (#200), “I want to say, with regret, that the worst discrimination which the poor suffer is the lack of spiritual care. The great majority of the poor have a special openness to the faith; they need God and we must not fail to offer them His friendships, His blessing, His word, the celebration of the sacraments and a journey of growth and maturity in the faith. Our preferential option for the poor must mainly translate into a privileged and preferential religious care.”
We are blessed to have in the Diocese of Phoenix many organizations like Catholic Charities, the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, Paz de Cristo, St. Joseph the Worker, and a large number of others, who serve the poor with great dedication and generosity. I give thanks too that so many of our families and parishes regularly reach out in service to the poor and vulnerable.
Go first to the poor
When Jesus told His disciples (Mt 28:19), “Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations,” He clearly had all people in mind, not just the poor, but everyone. Commenting on this great commission, the Holy Father writes (#48), “If the whole Church takes up this missionary impulse, she has to go forth to everyone without exception. But to whom should she go first? When we read the Gospel we find a clear indication: not so much our friends and wealthy neighbors, but above all the poor and the sick, those who are usually despised and overlooked, ‘those who cannot repay you’ (Lk 14:14)… We have to state without mincing words, that there is an inseparable bond between our faith and the poor.”
This has special implication for the Successor of St. Peter and Pope Francis is keenly aware of this (#58), “The Pope loves everyone, rich and poor alike, but he is obliged in the name of Christ to remind all that the rich must help, respect and promote the poor. I exhort you to generous solidarity and to the return of economics and finance to an ethical approach which favors human beings.”
Concern for the poor, however, must not be regarded as a one-way street. Those with economic means have something to give the poor, but they also have much to receive from them. The Holy Father writes of the poor (#198), “They have much to teach us. Not only do they share in the sensus Fidei, but in their difficulties they know the suffering Christ. We need to let ourselves be evangelized by them… We are called to find Christ in them, to lend our voice to their causes, but also to be their friends, to listen to them, to speak for them and to embrace the mysterious wisdom which God wishes to share with us through them.”
Next time, we shall consider what Pope Francis has to say about consumerism, how it offends human dignity, how it leads to a financial system which rules rather than serves.
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On Saturday, August 13, 2022 we will be working on the Adafruit Customer Support Forums. If you visit over the weekend and things are not complete yet, please check back later, https://adafruit.com/forumupdates
During a recent experiment at Boston Children’s Hospital, bioengineers used a robotic catheter to reach a leaky valve inside pig hearts. But get this—the device was completely autonomous, navigating through the heart all by itself and without the benefit of a surgeon’s guiding hand. Welcome to the future of heart surgery.
New research published today in Science Robotics describes a robotic catheter that’s capable of moving autonomously inside a living body. In tests, the device navigated through beating, blood-filled pig hearts in search of its target—a leaky prosthetic valve. Once at the scene, a surgeon took over to finish the repair.
Stop breadboarding and soldering – start making immediately! Adafruit’s Circuit Playground is jam-packed with LEDs, sensors, buttons, alligator clip pads and more. Build projects with Circuit Playground in a few minutes with the drag-and-drop MakeCode programming site, learn computer science using the CS Discoveries class on code.org, jump into CircuitPython to learn Python and hardware together, TinyGO, or even use the Arduino IDE. Circuit Playground Express is the newest and best Circuit Playground board, with support for CircuitPython, MakeCode, and Arduino. It has a powerful processor, 10 NeoPixels, mini speaker, InfraRed receive and transmit, two buttons, a switch, 14 alligator clip pads, and lots of sensors: capacitive touch, IR proximity, temperature, light, motion and sound. A whole wide world of electronics and coding is waiting for you, and it fits in the palm of your hand.
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Rotating Motion Tile
by Eli Maine on Dec 12, 2012 at 11:11:50 pm
I'm working on a project that features a massive "bulletin board" slideshow where the camera/"dolly" moves around on an infinitely large background and pictures/text slide in/out of the frame as if they're attached to the surface of the bulletin board (think: the end credit sequence of "27 Dresses" -- oh, you didn't see that?). In order to make it look a little more realistic, I'm attempting to add some light texture over the background solid that obviously needs to move in sync with the camera/dolly/images -- but because this is a *massive* slideshow, the texture needs to be infinitely big, and that's where my problem begins.
Thus far, the best solution that I've been able to come up with is to use Motion Tile on a texture layer that's centered over my background, and to just synchronize the Tile Center attribute with the Position attribute of my null object "dolly". This works perfectly as long as I'm moving in a straight line, as the texture sticks seamlessly with the images above it.
However, I'd also like to occasionally rotate the "dolly" in order to create curving movement between the images so that they don't all have to be parallel to each other, and unfortunately, the Rotate attribute for Motion Tile only seems to spin the entire texture layer around its Anchor Point -- which, if left in the middle of my frame, doesn't rotate in sync with the "dolly"/images, and if I move the Anchor Point away from the middle of my frame, negates my ability to have an infinitely large texture because the actual layer is then moving rather than just the tile.
Given that somewhat convoluted explanation of my problem, does anybody out there have any solutions to this, e.g. is there a way to rotate the actual tile of a Motion Tile rather than the entire layer (which I *think* would solve the problem, although it's hard to say without trying it and seeing the result)... or is there a better way to solve my initial problem (rather than using Motion Tile altogether) that I'm not thinking of?
Re: Rotating Motion Tile by Darby Edelen on Dec 12, 2012 at 11:48:05 pm
You could try using the Transform effect after the Motion Tile. Link the Anchor Point and Position of the Transform effect to the Tile Center via expressions then use the Rotation of the Transform effect.
The problem with this as far as I can tell is that you'll need a much larger texture than you would otherwise as if the texture rotates around a point near the edge of the texture you'll end up rotating the texture out of view.
Re: Rotating Motion Tile by Eli Maine on Dec 13, 2012 at 10:27:21 pm
Excellent! That's still not *quite* perfect because if I move the anchor/position too far away from my viewing window, the edge of my Motion Tile runs out -- but with a little bit of finagling with the "dolly" movements/pans to keep the position within 3-4x of my viewer, I think that it should work! Thanks for the help!!
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Piano Lessons at the Piano school for Students of All Ages
The Piano school in Mississauga has several private lessons for learning all kinds of instruments. In addition to piano lessons, there are guitar, flute, saxophone, oboe, clarinet and voice lessons available. We even teach lessons for using pro-tools. Our school studio has optimal acoustics, sound studio environments and high quality piano.
The instructors all have degrees in music education. Many also have extensive performance resumes. All of our teachers can work with students of any age or any level of musical ability. We have programs that work with early childhood, elementary, middle and high school curriculum. We even offer lessons to graduate school students or adults of any age.
Each teacher has a deep interest in fostering your child's musical abilities. Students are matched to specific teachers based on their abilities, learning styles, previous abilities and goals. We take great pride in the fact that everyone at the Work shop works hard to stay on the edge of all new teaching repertoires.
Our piano teachers hold advanced degrees in piano performance and have extensive experience teaching the instrument. The student and teacher interaction is critical in mastering the piano, so great care is taken to match each student with the appropriate teacher.
Before a piano teacher is hired, that individual is qualified by taking into consideration their teaching philosophy, their skills and their ability to work with students. Piano students are asked about their desire to play certain genres of music, their goals, and more to match them with the most suitable teacher possible.
See what the Piano school can offer your child or you as far as expanding your musical talents goes. We create the right environment so as to ensure success in music education for students of all ages. Also, we make sure students are enjoying the lessons and the music they create. Our studios are large, spacious and are isolated acoustically with soundproof doors and special viewing glass windows.
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When nursing educators embark on a nursing windshield survey paper, they are exploring the nursing education curriculum.
When an educator performs a nursing windshield survey, the purpose is to look at and identify what nursing content needs to be taught, how it is currently being taught, whether the nursing course material has changed in recent years, and if there have been unexpected changes and innovations maintained by faculty members.
Reports of nursing windshield surveys can include what pre-nursing students know about nursing before beginning nursing college along with indications as to what caused them to enroll in a nursing program.
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The main point of this type of report would especially be all about nursing windshield surveys, nursing school, and nursing career choice.
The uses for nursing windshield surveys vary vast and wide creating the need for nursing students to know how they can conduct them and come up with a nursing windshield survey paper.
Importance of a Nursing Windshield Survey Paper
Nursing windshield surveys have proved effective in the following ways:
a. Career Choices
It helps nursing school students to know their nursing career choice as it reveals nursing school student views on nursing school, nursing profession, and nursing school curriculum.
b. Determining Quality of Nursing Training
Nursing windshield surveys help determine nursing school quality which is very important in determining the quality of your nursing training. The more effective the nursing training program will be able to produce better nurses for society especially those who rely on nurses such as hospitals, clinics, communities, and so forth.
c. Showcasing How Nurses Deal With Pressure
Nurses are always faced with various pressures from different directions such as dealing with patients depends upon how well they cope up with these pressure. Nursing windshield surveys can help show how nurses deal with this pressure by revealing the results of research.
d. Find out if Patient is Happy With their Care or Not
Another reason why nursing windshield survey paper can be used effectively is that it produces reliable information about whether or not patients were satisfied with the nursing care they receive.
This will enable nursing teams to know what they need to work on to improve the service provided by nursing services and how they could deliver better nursing care for every patient who comes through their doors.
e. Increase of Nursing Standards in Hospitals
The nursing windshield survey papers that nursing teams could use in their workplace will aid them to improve nursing standards and develop nursing competency among the nursing team members who are involved in providing nursing care for the patients in the hospital.
f. Incentives for Nursing Staffs and Patients
Nursing windshield survey papers which have been developed by nursing schools or colleges can be used as incentives in a way that if a patient is satisfied with the nursing care they receive, they may take one of these nursing surveys and give it to their nurse when he/she leaves after he/she is discharged from the hospital room.
The nurses would then know that most of their patients were very pleased with how they were taken care of while under their care or if they were not pleased, nursing schools or colleges can use these nursing windshield survey papers to improve the nursing care given to patients.
How to Conduct a Nursing Windshield Survey
To conduct a nursing windshield survey, nursing students, nursing faculty members, and nursing staff must understand the importance of utilizing this nursing windshield survey paper as a tool for both improvement and evaluation of nursing care.
You can get the best and reliable nursing windshield survey help from qualified nursing tutors and other nursing services like:
What do I need to Conduct a Nursing Windshield Survey?
To conduct a nursing windshield survey one will need:
- A packet of at least 100 blank nursing windshield surveys
- An envelope or box that one can mail these completed nursing surveys in after they have been collected via patients who are hospitalized or nursing staff working in long-term facilities such as nursing homes.
How to Collect Data Using Nursing Windshield Surveys?
The nurses should collect data using these nursing windshield surveys by first informing their patients about what these surveys are used for and that if they fill them out and send them in, nursing staff can provide more personalized care.
The nursing windshield surveys should be given to the patients to fill out and return as they leave their nursing facility or hospital room after having been discharged, if possible.
If not possible the nursing assistant can ask permission from a patient’s family member for calling back at a later time or place (residence) to ask if the patient would like to participate in this type of nursing research study. ‘
The nurse needs to make sure when returning these completed nursing surveys that they are filled out by only one patient per survey form so that no information is missed on any other individuals who need nursing care during this time.
Some nursing assistants will just randomly collect nursing windshield surveys from wherever work is done at nursing homes. Other nursing assistants will go to the nursing stations and pick up nursing windshield surveys from nursing aides that work at nursing wards or units, who may have patients they are responsible for.
The way you plan to collect data as a nurse for your nursing windshield survey paper will be dependent on the method that you think will best work for you.
How to Write a Nursing Windshield Survey Paper
The nursing windshield survey paper can be written as a windshield survey easy or a nursing research paper depending on how deep you intend to go with the topic. However, they should all follow this format.
Every nursing paper will always start with an introduction. For your nursing windshield survey paper, it is highly recommended to start with an introduction to the population that was taken under consideration during the collection of the data. Also, describe what the aim of the windshield survey is using a thesis statement.
This will give the reader a broad overview of the nursing windshield survey paper topic and help them understand what you are trying to accomplish with your nursing windshield survey paper.
The body of your nursing windshield survey paper should have all nursing research questions, results of any surveys or observations that you conduct for your nursing windshield survey paper, and also nursing analysis of those results from a nursing perspective.
If you thought of using a research paper format for your nursing windshield survey paper, the literature review will have helped you a great deal in introducing the whole concept and data to your audience. Now all that is left is going through the analysis and data assessment through your windshield survey essay
The conclusion should be a nursing windshield survey paper conclusion that concludes what has been said in your nursing windshield survey paper. It should be short and not overstepping the scope of your nursing windshield survey paper.
A nursing windshield survey is an excellent way to introduce nursing into everyday life in a non-intimidating, but interactive format.
Interpreting Results from Your Nursing Windshield Survey
As a nurse, you need to be very adaptable when it comes to the interpretation of data that deals with the patients. This is because you are dealing with the life of an individual and the wrong interpretation may mean something worse for the patients.
Your nursing windshield survey has given you the data that you needed and now you have to interpret it before you know what to do. Interpreting data will be done through writing the nursing windshield survey paper. This nursing windshield survey paper will guide your actions while nursing the patients and at the end of it all, they will be in a better condition.
The nursing windshield survey paper should contain an analysis of the key findings from your nursing windshield survey. You can use them as you see fit for the good of the patient.
The nursing windshield survey paper is applicable to all nurses irrespective of their workplace since every nursing facility has its own set of problems that need to be addressed and analyzed through writing.
Having Trouble With Your Nursing Windshield Survey Paper?
Are you having trouble with your nursing windshield survey paper? Are you stuck and you are not sure what other steps you should take from there? Lucky you, Qualified Nursing Tutors is here for you.
We are a nursing essay writing service that is known for committing nursing windshield survey papers to paper. We can help you find the right nursing windshield survey paper sample for your work.
We have nursing windshield survey papers in our database that were written about issues ranging from nursing homes, nursing in the military, nursing care homes, and nursing in general. So if do not know what you should write about, or you are too busy and cannot look for a good topic, then let Qualified Nursing Tutors take over for you with no stress at all!
For every nurse there is, data collection analysis, assessment, and presentation is something that they have to deal with several times in their career. Writing a perfect nursing windshield survey paper is very easy especially if you have the relevant data.
But when things get tough and you just want help, Qualified Nursing Tutors exist to make sure that you get the writers and tutors you need to make your nursing windshield survey paper as great as it can be.
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Identify up to 2 things you knew and 2 things new to you from the chapters.
After reading the follow chapters, please answer these questions:
#1: Identify up to 2 things you knew and 2 things new to you from the chapters.
Making a point of distinguishing what you already know from what you don’t will help you identify new skills to add to your repertoire.
#2–In Defense of Polygamy
To practice your critical thinking skills, construct the strongest position you can in defense of polygamy. (Polygamy is the practice of a man having more than one wife. It is sometimes associated with the Mormon religion, but not always.) As you may be aware, polygamy is illegal throughout the United States. Given the argument you construct, do you believe it should be legalized? In other words, I’m asking you to do two different things here. The first is to go through the purely cognitive exercise of constructing a logical argument in defense of polygamy. Second, I’m asking you what you really believe. That is, do you “buy” the argument you construct?
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SCIENTIFIC NAME: Etheostoma caeruleum
CHARACTERISTICS: Rainbow darters are some of the most vividly colored darters found in Alabama. Breeding males have brilliant reds and blues on the sides of the body and head, while the gill membranes are typically orange. A blue marginal and a red submarginal band occur through the spiny dorsal fin. The anal fin is blue-green with a variously developed central red spot. The head is typically conical, a frenum is present in the upper lip, and the gill membranes are separate to slightly connected. Cheeks and breast are usually unscaled and the venter and opercles are scaled. The back has six to 10 dark brown, square saddles, the two most intense ones being located just in from of the behind the spiny dorsal fin. Approximately nine to 14 lateral blotches with narrow interspaces occur along the sides, with the posterior ones becoming more vertically elongated and occasionally encircling the caudal peduncle. See Storer (1845a) for original description.
ADULT SIZE: 1.6 to 2.6 in (40 to 65 mm)
DISTRIBUTION: Etheostoma caeruleum are widespread and often abundant in northern tributaries to the Tennessee River drainage in Alabama. Records are strangely absent in northeastern Alabama. The scarcity of observations from southern tributaries, except in Coastal Plain areas of the Bear Creek system, is likely attributable to the absence of suitable habitat.
HABITAT AND BIOLOGY: Adult rainbow darters inhabit fast, deep riffles over gravel, rubble, and cobble substrates while the young are typically encountered in quiet, shallow riffles and pools over sand and gravel substrates. Spawning occurs in Alabama from late April to July in shallow riffles. Winn (1958a, b) reports spawning from April to May in Michigan. Females deposit in the substrate three to seven eggs per spawning act, leaving the eggs unprotected. The diverse diet of rainbow darters consists of mayflies, midges, water mites, caddisflies, and blackflies. Variable feeding behaviors reported by Vogt and Coon (1990) may allow this species to remain common throughout its range in Alabama.
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION: Storer described the rainbow darter in 1845.
Etheostoma means strain mouth, possibly referring to the small mouth.
Caeruleum means blue.
The copyrighted information above is from Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile Basin.
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Purdue hits research funding record in 2010
Purdue cancer researchers categorize plasma samples at a research lab at Bindley Bioscience Center in Purdue's Discovery Park. Record research funding to Purdue in 2010 will allow the university to expand this center and support development of other research infrastructure. (Purdue News Service photo/Jim Schenke)
WEST LAFAYETTE, Ind. - Purdue University saw the largest dollar jump in research funding in its history during the 2010 fiscal year - a $96 million increase - and faculty won several major centers to further research into areas from reducing earthquake risks to creating more energy-efficient buildings.
Funding from research awards went from $342 million last fiscal year to $438 million this past fiscal year, which ended June 30.
A significant amount of funding was awarded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, or ARRA, and a major factor in attracting research dollars has been the university's focus on five key areas: life and health sciences; cyberinfrastructure and information technology; defense and NASA; energy and environment; and science, technology, engineering and mathematics education, or STEM.
"Our strengths align with national priorities; we're well-situated to address through research some of the major challenges of our time," said Purdue President France A. Córdova. "This record year speaks to the talent of our faculty and research staff and the relevant, high-quality research projects they propose."
A critical component in this year's funding has been the addition of large centers, including a $105 million National Science Foundation-funded George E. Brown Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, or NEES, and a $23.5 million Center for High Performance Buildings, funded in part by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Each of the centers contributes several million dollars every year for five years, said Richard Buckius, Purdue's vice president for research.
"The centers also establish momentum for the university by building on existing laboratories and bringing in top scholars, providing a competitive edge in future proposals," he said.
Center proposals were bolstered by the presence of Discovery Park, a new concept for laboratories and facilities initiated in 2001 that enables interdisciplinary research to be carried out across the campus, he said.
Discovery Park facilities include the Bindley Bioscience Center, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Burton D. Morgan Center for Entrepreneurship, the Gerald D. and Edna E. Mann Hall, and the Hall for Discovery and Learning Research.
Córdova has continued to support development of research infrastructure with the recent completion of the Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, the announcement of a high-performance buildings center at the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories and an addition to the Bindley Bioscience Center.
"All of these buildings and laboratories provide the necessary infrastructure to support ambitious research initiatives and bring together investigators from various disciplines to work on a particular research challenge," Buckius said. "The facilities allow the university to take on large interdisciplinary research projects such as the $105 million NSF award to lead a national earthquake engineering network of 14 university research sites.
"We've got a tremendously productive, creative faculty. In addition, over the past two years the university has established pre-award support centers that are dedicated to helping faculty get their proposals out the door. This enables the faculty members to focus on the creative aspects of their research."
This new Purdue initiative centralizes pre-award support and provides the services to all faculty members. The centers assist with the processing and coordination of grant proposals, including budgeting, coordination of cost-sharing, subcontracts, electronic submissions and final institutional approval.
The increase in research awards benefits the state and local economies as well.
"As a general rule, every $1 million in research funding supports employment of seven full-time staff," said Victor L. Lechtenberg, vice provost for engagement. "Innovation from research also spurs creation of spinoff companies in Indiana and finds its way into new products manufactured in the state."
The 2010 spike was unusually high partly because of ARRA funding and is expected to subside slightly, Buckius said.
"It's difficult for any academic institution to maintain a nearly 30 percent increase, but I expect the overall upward trend to continue," he said. "Even if we didn't have the ARRA funding we would still have grown because of the nature of the research we do and the direction the country's going in terms of national priorities in the sciences, technology and energy research."
Writers: Emil Venere, 765-494-4709, firstname.lastname@example.org
Elizabeth K. Gardner, 765-494-2081, email@example.com
Sources: France A. Córdova, firstname.lastname@example.org
Richard Buckius, 765-494-6209, email@example.com
Victor L. Lechtenberg, 765-494-9095, firstname.lastname@example.org
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An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose melting point is below some arbitrary temperature, such as 100 °C (212 °F). While ordinary liquids such as water and gasoline are predominantly made of electrically neutral molecules, ionic liquids are largely made of ions and short-lived ion pairs. These substances are variously called liquid electrolytes, ionic melts, ionic fluids, fused salts, liquid salts, or ionic glasses. They are known as "solvents of the future" as well as "designer solvents".
Ionic liquids are described as having many potential applications. They are powerful solvents and electrically conducting fluids (electrolytes). Salts that are liquid at near-ambient temperature are important for electric battery applications, and have been considered as sealants due to their very low vapor pressure.
Any salt that melts without decomposing or vaporizing usually yields an ionic liquid. Sodium chloride (NaCl), for example, melts at 801 °C (1,474 °F) into a liquid that consists largely of sodium cations (Na+
) and chloride anions (Cl−
). Conversely, when an ionic liquid is cooled, it often forms an ionic solid—which may be either crystalline or glassy.
The ionic bond is usually stronger than the Van der Waals forces between the molecules of ordinary liquids. For that reason, common salts tend to melt at higher temperatures than other solid molecules. Some salts are liquid at or below room temperature. Examples include compounds based on the 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM) cation and include: EMIM:Cl, EMIM dicyanamide, (C
2, that melts at −21 °C (−6 °F); and 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bromide which becomes a glass below −24 °C (−11 °F).
Low-temperature ionic liquids can be compared to ionic solutions, liquids that contain both ions and neutral molecules, and in particular to the so-called deep eutectic solvents, mixtures of ionic and non-ionic solid substances which have much lower melting points than the pure compounds. Certain mixtures of nitrate salts can have melting points below 100 °C.
The term "ionic liquid" in the general sense was used as early as 1943.
- 1 History
- 2 Characteristics
- 3 Room temperature varieties
- 4 Low temperature varieties
- 5 Commercial applications
- 6 Potential applications
- 7 Safety
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
The discovery date of the "first" ionic liquid is disputed, along with the identity of its discoverer. Ethanolammonium nitrate (m.p. 52–55 °C) was reported in 1888 by S. Gabriel and J. Weiner. One of the earliest truly room temperature ionic liquids was ethylammonium nitrate (C
3 (m.p. 12 °C), reported in 1914 by Paul Walden. In the 1970s and 1980s, ionic liquids based on alkyl-substituted imidazolium and pyridinium cations, with halide or tetrahalogenoaluminate anions, were developed as potential electrolytes in batteries.
For the imidazolium halogenoaluminate salts, their physical properties—such as viscosity, melting point, and acidity—could be adjusted by changing the alkyl substituents and the imidazolium/pyridinium and halide/halogenoaluminate ratios. Two major drawbacks for some applications were moisture sensitivity and acidity/basicity. In 1992, Wilkes and Zawarotko obtained ionic liquids with 'neutral' weakly coordinating anions such as hexafluorophosphate (PF−
6) and tetrafluoroborate (BF−
4), allowing a much wider range of applications.
Although many classical IL's are hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate salts, bistriflimide [(CF
are also popular.
Ionic liquids are often moderate to poor conductors of electricity, non-ionizing (e.g., non-polar), highly viscous and frequently exhibit low vapor pressure. Their other properties are diverse: many have low combustibility, are thermally stable, with wide liquid regions, and favorable solvating properties for a range of polar and non-polar compounds. Many classes of chemical reactions, such as Diels-Alder reactions and Friedel-Crafts reactions, can be performed using ionic liquids as solvents. IL's can serve as solvents for biocatalysis. The miscibility of ionic liquids with water or organic solvents varies with side chain lengths on the cation and with choice of anion. They can be functionalized to act as acids, bases, or ligands, and are precursors salts in the preparation of stable carbenes. Because of their distinctive properties, ionic liquids are attracting increasing attention in many fields, including organic chemistry, electrochemistry, catalysis, physical chemistry, and engineering; see for instance magnetic ionic liquid.
Despite their extremely low vapor pressures (≈10−10 Pa at 25˚C), some ionic liquids can be distilled under vacuum conditions at temperatures near 300 °C. In the original work by Martyn Earle, et al., the authors wrongly concluded that the vapor was made up of individual, separated ions, but was later proven that the vapors formed consisted of ion-pairs. Some ionic liquids (such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate) generate flammable gases on thermal decomposition. Thermal stability and melting point depend on the liquid's components. Thermal stability of various RTILs (Room Temperature Ionic Liquid) are available. The thermal stability of a task-specific ionic liquid, protonated betaine bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide is of about 534 K (502 °F) and N-Butyl-N-Methyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide was thermally stable up to 640 K. The upper limits of thermal stability of ionic liquids reported in the literature are usually based upon fast (about 10 K/min) TGA scans, and they do not imply long-term (several hours) thermal stability of ionic liquids, which is limited to less than 500 K for most ionic liquids.
The solubility of different species in imidazolium ionic liquids depends mainly on polarity and hydrogen bonding ability. Saturated aliphatic compounds are generally only sparingly soluble in ionic liquids, whereas olefins show somewhat greater solubility, and aldehydes can be completely miscible. This can be exploited in biphasic catalysis, such as hydrogenation and hydrocarbonylation processes, allowing for relatively easy separation of products and/or unreacted substrate(s). Gas solubility follows the same trend, with carbon dioxide gas showing exceptional solubility in many ionic liquids. Carbon monoxide is less soluble in ionic liquids than in many popular organic solvents, and hydrogen is only slightly soluble (similar to the solubility in water) and may vary relatively little between the more common ionic liquids. Different analytical techniques have yielded somewhat different absolute solubility values.
Room temperature varieties
Room temperature ionic liquids consist of bulky and asymmetric organic cations such as 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-alkylpyridinium, N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium and ammonium ions. Phosphonium cations are less common, but offer some advantageous properties. A wide range of anions are employed, ranging from simple halides, which generally suffer high melting points, to inorganic anions such as tetrafluoroborate and hexafluorophosphate, and to large organic anions like bistriflimide, triflate or tosylate. There are also many potential uses of ionic liquids with simple non-halogenated organic anions such as formate, alkylsulfate, alkylphosphate or glycolate. The melting point of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate with an imidazole skeleton is about −80 °C (−112 °F) and it is a colorless liquid with high viscosity at room temperature. If a highly asymmetric cation is combined with a highly asymmetric anion, formed ionic liquid may not freeze down to very low temperatures (down to -150 °C) and the glass transition temperature was detected below -100 °C in the case of ionic liquids with N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium cations and fluorosulfonyl-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide (FTFSI).
In many synthetic processes using transition metal catalysts, metal nanoparticles play an important role as the actual catalyst or as a catalyst reservoir. ILs are an appealing medium for the formation and stabilization of catalytically active transition metal nanoparticles. More importantly, ILs can be made that incorporate coordinating groups, for example, with nitrile groups on either the cation or anion (CN-IL). In various C-C coupling reactions catalyzed by a palladium catalyst, it has been found that palladium nanoparticles are better stabilized in CN-IL compared to non-functionalized ionic liquids; thus enhanced catalytic activity and recyclability are realized.
Low temperature varieties
Low temperature ionic liquids (below 130 K) have been proposed as the fluid base for an extremely large diameter spinning liquid mirror telescope to be based on the Earth's moon. Low temperature is advantageous in imaging long wave infrared light which is the form of light (extremely red-shifted) that arrives from the most distant parts of the visible universe. Such a liquid base would be covered by a thin metallic film that forms the reflective surface. Low volatility is important in lunar vacuum conditions.
A liquid tetraalkylphosphonium iodide is a solvent for tributyltin iodide, which functions as a catalyst to rearrange the monoepoxide of butadiene. This process was commercialized as a route to 2,5-dihydrofuran, but later discontinued
ILs have been considered for a variety of industrial applications. Attractive in gas storage and handling applications, are their low vapor pressure, thermal stability, and solvation for a wide variety of compounds and gases. Air Products uses ILs instead of pressurized cylinders as a transport medium for reactive gases such as trifluoroborane, phosphine and arsine. The gases are dissolved in the liquids at or below atmospheric pressure and are easily withdrawn from the containers by applying a vacuum. Gas manufacturer Linde exploits the low solubility of hydrogen in ILs to compress the gas up to 450 bar in filling stations by using an ionic liquid piston compressor,
Recognizing that approximately 50% of commercial pharmaceuticals are organic salts, ionic liquid forms of a number of pharmaceuticals have been investigated. Combining a pharmaceutically active cation with a pharmaceutically active anion leads to a Dual Active ionic liquid in which the actions of two drugs are combined.
The dissolution of cellulose by ILs has attracted interest. A patent application from 1930 showed that 1-alkylpyridinium chlorides dissolve cellulose. Following in the footsteps of the lyocell process, which uses hydrated N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide, as a non-aqueous solvent for the dissolution of the pulp and paper. The dissolution of cellulose–based materials like tissue paper waste, generated in chemical industries and at research laboratories, in room temperature IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, bmimCl and the recovery of valuable compounds by electrodeposition from this cellulose matrix was studied. The "valorization" of cellulose, i.e. its conversion to more valuable chemicals, has been achieved by the use of ionic liquids. Representative products are glucose esters, sorbitol, and alkylgycosides. IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride dissolves freeze dried banana pulp and with an additional 15% DMSO, lends itself to Carbon-13 NMR analysis. In this way the entire complex of starch, sucrose, glucose, and fructose can be monitored as a function of banana ripening.
Nuclear fuel reprocessing
The IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride has been investigated as a non-aqueous electrolyte media for the recovery of uranium and other metals from spent nuclear fuel and other sources. Protonated betaine bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide has been investigated as a solvent for uranium oxides. Ionic liquids, N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and N-methyl-N-propylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, have been investigated for the electrodeposition of europium and uranium metals respectively.
Solar thermal energy
ILs are potential heat transfer and storage media in solar thermal energy systems. Concentrating solar thermal facilities such as parabolic troughs and solar power towers focus the sun's energy onto a receiver which can generate temperatures of around 600 °C (1,112 °F). This heat can then generate electricity in a steam or other cycle. For buffering during cloudy periods or to enable generation overnight, energy can be stored by heating an intermediate fluid. Although nitrate salts have been the medium of choice since the early 1980s, they freeze at 220 °C (428 °F) and thus require heating to prevent solidification. Ionic liquids such as Cmim
4] have more favorable liquid-phase temperature ranges (-75 to 459 °C) and could therefore be excellent liquid thermal storage media and heat transfer fluids.
ILs can aid the recycling of synthetic goods, plastics and metals. They offer the specificity required to separate similar compounds from each other, such as separating polymers in plastic waste streams. This has been achieved using lower temperature extraction processes than current approaches and could help avoid incinerating plastics or dumping them in landfill.
ILs can replace water as the electrolyte in metal-air batteries. ILs are attractive because of their low vapor pressure, increasing battery life by drying slower. Furthermore, ILs have an electrochemical window of up to six volts (versus 1.23 for water) supporting more energy-dense metals. Energy densities from 900-1600 watt-hours per kilogram appear possible.
A Metal-air battery draws oxygen through a porous ambient "air" electrode (-cathode) and produces water, hydrogen peroxide, or hydroxide anions depending on the nature oxygen reduction catalyst and electrolyte. These compounds store the electrons released by the oxidation of the anode.
Ionic liquids have been proposed as an absorbent in carbon capture. They have various advantages over traditional absorbents, such as the currently dominant amine-based technologies. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate is one example of a proposed CO2 absorbent.
Ionic liquids' low volatility effectively eliminates a major pathway for environmental release and contamination. However, this property is distinct from toxicity. Ionic liquids' aquatic toxicity is as severe as or more so than many current solvents. Mortality isn't necessarily the most important metric for measuring impacts in aquatic environments, as sub-lethal concentrations change organisms' life histories in meaningful ways. Balancing VOC reductions against waterway spills (via waste ponds/streams, etc.) requires further research. Ionic liquids' substituent diversity simplify the process of identifying compounds that meet safety requirements.
Despite low vapor pressure many ionic liquids are combustible and therefore require careful handling. Brief exposure (5 to 7 seconds) to a flame torch can ignite some Ionic liquids. Complete combustion is possible for some Ionic liquids.
- MDynaMix software for ionic liquids simulations
- 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM-PF6) for an often encountered ionic liquid
- Trioctylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide
- Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction for the use of a chiral ionic liquid in asymmetric synthesis.
- Ionic liquids in carbon capture
- NanoFlowcell which uses ionic liquid in its car batteries
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- C&E News
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Module::Starter::AddModule - Add a new module to a distribution
# in the module-starter config plugins: Module::Starter::AddModule make: /whatever/make/you/like/dmake # from the command line # the --dist option specifies the dist directory % module-starter --module=Add::This::Module --dist=.
Module::Starter::Smart (which relies on
::Simple) try to construct the MANIFEST file themselves. This is the wrong approach since it doesn't not take into account build file subclasses or MANIFEST.SKIP.
Once you have the build file, let it do it's job by running its
Module::Starter::Smart doesn't explicitly inherit from
Module::Starter::Simple, but this module inserts the inheritance relationship for you automatically.
Module::Starter::Simple to use the
manifest target of the build system instead of trying to create the
MANIFEST file directly. It automatically figures out the build system you use.
This assumes that your
make program is called
make. If it's something else, such as
dmake, set the
make configuration. This only matters if you are using Makefile.PL.
Return the top-level directory for the distribution.
This source is in Github:
brian d foy,
Copyright (c) 2010-2013, brian d foy, All Rights Reserved.
You may redistribute this under the same terms as Perl itself.
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The Harmony Road Method
Harmony Road is a comprehensive music curriculum designed to teach children keyboard playing, solfege singing, rhythm comprehension, ear training, and music reading and writing skills. In-class activities are specifically designed with each age group in mind and are geared toward young learners.
Developed in 1981 by a piano teacher in Oregon, the Harmony Road Method is taught at music schools around the world and has a well-established, effective curriculum that offers total musicianship training.
Visit the Harmony Road website to find out more.
All classes require parent or caregiver attendance. This ensures a positive and productive class environment and benefits student learning at home. You and your child don't need any prior musical skills or knowledge. And don't worry—the other parents in your class feel just as silly doing the Hokey Pokey as you do!
Closeup of young child's hands playing piano
Young girl singing and resting her chin in her hands
Closeup of child's hand drawing musical notes on a chalkboard
Closeup of child's hands playing music on a triangle
Closeup of children's hands playing a gathering drum together
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Chalcedony is the variety name given to fine cryptocrystalline quartz. It can also be found as aggregates (radiating, stalactitic, botryoidal or reniform). It solidifies from silica-rich solutions, usually in veins, crusts, or cavities. Chert and flint are formed by the deposition of silica from seawater or by the replacement of limestone by silica.
Chalcedony occurs in almost any color or combination of colors. Varieties include agate (colored bands), moss agate (milky-white background with dendritic green or brown inclusions), carnelian (red to reddish brown), sard (light to dark brown), chrysoprase (apple-green), bloodstone or heliotrope (green with red flecks), tiger’s eye (banded yellow-brown), jasper (opaque red), and flint or chert (white, grey, or black)
Encourages kindness and generosity. Diminishes hostile feelings and doubt toward oneself. Increases physical energy and soothes the eyes.
In past civilizations, chalcedony was associated with air and water elements and was therefore used to influence atmospheric conditions.
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About a year ago I stepped into a new world of music and it changed my life. Every Sunday night the Quays Pub, a small Irish bar in Queens, plays host to a group of some of the friendliest musicians I have ever met. They are there to play bluegrass and they are there to drink Jameson. It’s a lot of fun, but it’s also serious music. It was a totally new world for me.
Though a classically trained violinist, I had begun playing folk music in college and continued collaborating with folk musicians after moving to New York City. It was always a lot of fun, but I never really knew what I was doing. My initial contact with folk music had come primarily from the notated tradition: the music of Dvorák, Mahler, and Bartók for example.
So when I stepped up to take my first solo at the Quays Jam, I was as nervous as I have ever been before a performance. I still have absolutely no memory of those first few months of breaks. I would go to play and 20 seconds later I would regain consciousness, not knowing what had happened. I was following my ear and attempting to improvise, but I was only just beginning to understand the musical traditions behind fiddle playing and folk music making in general.
Now, after a year’s worth of discovering this music, many late-night jam sessions, and countless gigs (I did learn how to fake it quickly enough), one thought comes to mind upon reflection. Though I play an instrument with an enormous American tradition, it was not until I arrived at my first bluegrass jam that I actually began to investigate that style. Why is it that children learning to play the violin in America don’t learn about the rich traditions of American fiddle music?
From the perspective of technique, I suppose I can answer my own question. Playing old-time, Texas-style, Cajun, or bluegrass fiddle requires a slightly different approach to technique, particularly bow technique, from the Western classical tradition. But on a purely musical level, there is so much to be gained from exposure to the sounds of fiddle music, particularly in the realms of harmony and improvisation.
I honestly don’t think this would be that difficult. Even teachers who know very little about traditional music could assign interesting fiddle tunes to their students as a break between scales and etudes. It would be a moment in the middle of a practice session to reflect on just how much musical tradition exists in America. It would be a moment to recognize that most, if not all music comes, in some way, from folk traditions. It would be a way to connect the study of music to a greater understanding of the time, place, and manner in which it is created.
Bluegrass music changed my life by forcing me to challenge my concept of the folk. Rather than understanding it solely as musical material, I now understand it as living and breathing tradition. Incorporating folk music into the process of teaching notated music could breed a better understanding of other musical traditions as well as an openness to improvisation and composition. It could further the understanding of a musician not as a technician but as a creator, and of concerts not as galleries but as singular musical events.
How do you teach creativity in the process of teaching music?
Ethan Joseph is a musician and arts administrator. He serves as New Music USA’s Manager of Individual Giving where he focusses on building individual support for the organization at both the grassroots and major gifts levels. A classically trained violinist, Ethan currently performs with the experimental pop group Noise & Rhythm as well as the bluegrass band The Idiot Brigade.
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The proper size of crown molding depends on the height of the ceiling. The height of the molding should be bigger for higher ceiling heights. For example, if a ceiling is 8 feet high, use crown molding that is 2.5 to 6 inches.Continue Reading
This Old House recommends that crown molding for a 9 foot ceiling should range between 3 to 7.5 inches in height. If a ceiling is 10 feet high, the molding should be 3.5 to 8 inches in height.
The Ancient Greeks used molding based on the shape of the ellipse, parabola and hyperbola. The Romans continued this tradition defining spaces with molding by updating the shape to the more modern half-round and quarter-round shapes. Both the Greek and Roman shapes are still the standard in present time. They are considered to be the building blocks of interior ornamentation.Learn more about Carpentry
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| 0.918386
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What do the different Color Modes do?
The Color Mode setting adjusts the brightness, contrast, and color for various common viewing environments. You can use this setting to obtain a good picture quickly. Press the Color Mode button on the remote until the option you want is selected.
Changing the Color ModeYou can change the projector's Color Mode using the remote control to optimize the image for your viewing environment.
- Turn on the projector and switch to the image source you want to use.
- If you are projecting from a DVD player or other video source, insert a disc or other video media and press the play button, if necessary.
- Press the Color Mode button on the remote control to change the Color Mode.
The image appearance changes and the name of the Color Mode appears briefly on the screen.
- To cycle through all the available Color Modes for your input signal, press the Color Mode button repeatedly.
Published: Dec 10, 2020 Was this helpful? Thank you for the feedback!
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APPLE users need to stop living in "fantasy land" and let go of the myth that its products are safe from malicious programs and viruses.
This is the advice of security experts at anti-virus company, Kaspersky.
Fewer than 50 per cent of Mac users run any kind of anti-virus security on their computers, even though more than 700,000 Mac computers were infected with a malicious virus called "Flashback" last year.
The infections occurred after a cyber criminal exploited a security flaw in a Java application, that tricked people into downloading a virus he had written by disguising it as an update for Adobe Flash software.
While 70 per cent of user computers have had the security flaw patched and the virus removed, about 30 per cent of users are still infected, product group manager Vartan Minasyan told news.com.au.
"If Mac users continue to be so carefree, I can really tell you that they will be targeted more and more easily."
"Five years ago part of Apple's marketing was that Macs got no viruses," Minasyan said.
"Right now they're saying the opposite. On Apple.com they have started to say it's better to have virus protection installed."
The security expert says people need to change their thinking, and says he expects it to happen naturally, but not quickly.
"It is just a part of human nature to be very slow in adapting," he said. "People should actually change their belief and change their approach".
To even further destroy the Apple safety myth, Vincente Diaz, Kaspersky's senior malware analyst said it took him just 15 minutes to create a piece of malware for a Mac.
"It took 15 minutes for the Mac to show a completely grey screen," he told journalists during a presentation in Monte Carlo. "The virus blocked every input on the computer from the keyboard to the mouse.
"You couldn't do anything. And this was using only Apple's default system functions. There was nothing extra."
Part of the problem is that users are continuing to buy into the myth that Apple devices are immune to viruses.
But Apple also needs to change its approach, Diaz says.
"Apple needs to be clear about what they are controlling and way they are not," he said.
He said Apple was not so good at disclosing when it was releasing security patches for flaws, what they do, and what they don't do.
"Apple works hard to try and make its users very secure and are doing what is best for you, but they don't explain what it is actually doing," he said.
"Apple is not very transparent about what was going on when the latch for the flashback virus was released.
"It is not being very useful to consumers about updating security. That is my opinion. It needs to increase user awareness."
How to keep your Apple computer secure
1) For goodness sake, purchase and install an anti-virus security program.
2) Ensure you keep your security software up-to-date.
3) Keychain. Use it. Keychain is an Apple program which stores all of your passwords, whether it be for your bank account or your computer. Keychain unlocks as soon as you login to your computer, meaning anyone with access to your Mac can access areas of your life that are password protected like your bank, PayPal, email or eBay accounts. Prevent this by creating a password for the program which stores all your passwords. And for the love of everything that is holy, DO NOT, I REPEAT, DO NOT MAKE THIS PASSWORD THE SAME AS ONE OF THE STORED PASSWORDS. Get original. Invent a brand new password that has never been used on any of your other accounts. Do this by going to Utilities in Applications, hit Open Keychain Access and click Edit: Change Password for Keychain [username / login]. It will ask you for the password you use to log in to your computer (leave this blank if you do not have a password. We'll get into that later), type your new password into the New Password field and Verify field. The key icon next to the New Password field will tell you how secure your password is. News.com.au recommends using a combination of random letters and numbers. Hit OK. Also, always ensure to lock your Keychain when you are not using it.
4) Always double check that the updates for security are legitimate. One way to do this is to check the URL it is directing you to. First, hover your mouse over the link it is directing you to, a URL should appear along the bottom of your web browser. If the URL is not directing you to the official websites of the various software programs you are running, DO NOT CLICK ON IT.
5) If you need to update your computer but you are concerned about clicking malicious or deceptive links, just type the official website URL in your web browser and download the updates straight from Apple's website, or the website of the software you are running.
6) Turn off your automatic login. There is no need for your computer to store your username and password. Make sure you enter them manually upon start-up to minimise the chance of your credentials being stolen.
7) Lock your computer when you are not using it. Even if you are only stepping away from your computer for a minute, prevent people from accessing your device by using a password to turn off the screen saver or to wake up your Mac from sleep mode.
8) Be cautious about what information you store in the cloud. It might be a hand backup for that manuscript you work on in your spare time. But keep any personal information relating to bank account, passports, credit cards, bills, etc out of the cloud. There is always a danger storing information in remote servers as cloud security is almost completely out of your control. Needless to say having a unique, strong password helps too.
9) Remove your payment information from iTunes. Sure, it might be handy to pay for music with a single click, but storing your credit card information in your iTunes account comes with real risk. Scammers could access your details and use it to purchase all sorts of dodgy stuff for themselves, or worse, use it to gain enough personal information to access your bank account. And then you are in real trouble.
10) Encrypt important files. An encryption is a code which basically locks your files, making them unreadable without a secret key. Needless to say, sharing the key with anyone would be an act of stupidity. There are a number of good encryption programs including AutoKrypt, TorBundle, Hotspot Shield.
Claire Porter attended the presentation in Monte Carlo as a guest of Kaspersky
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http://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/how-to-keep-your-apple-computer-free-from-malicious-programs-and-viruses/news-story/b57f20e16f7708a0bdadf60ecf83942d
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How to Start an LLC in West Virginia
How to Start an LLC in West Virginia
LLCs in West Virginia are affordable and easy to form. And as with other states, the State of West Virginia has some unique LLC requirements.
Interested parties must register with the Secretary of State by filing the necessary forms, paying the necessary fees and meeting all naming and formation requirements.
The specifications required of LLCs in West Virginia are:
Registration. LLCs are required to complete and submit Articles of Organization with the Secretary of State. This submission must be filed in duplicate and must include the following pertinent information:
- LLC name
- Principal address and designated office address
- Registered agent’s name and address
- An email address and the LLC’s website, if applicable
- Organizer’s name and address
- Type of management (member-managed or manager-managed)
- Whether the LLC will be at-will, for an indefinite period until voluntarily terminated or administratively dissolved, or for a certain length term
- Liability of the members
- Effective date, if other than the filing date
- Number of pages attached in the submission
- Contact details and signature of authorized signatory
Forms and fees. LLC registrants are required to complete and submit Articles of Organization with the Secretary of State. There is a filing fee that must be paid upon submission of the documents.
Timeline. The usual processing time for documents and filing is between three to five working days, unless submission volume is higher than usual. Expedited service is not available.
Naming requirements. LLC naming requirements can be confusing. However, the easiest way to ensure that your LLC name will be approved is to make it distinguishable from those of other LLCs and to include specific words required of LLCs. You may opt to have a preferred name checked for availability before filing your LLC formation documents with the Secretary of State.
Formation requirements. To form an LLC, a registrant must first file Articles of Organization with the Secretary of State. All submissions must be accompanied by the filing fee.
An LLC with more than one member is also strongly advised to have a limited liability operating agreement among its members.
Starting a West Virginia LLC
Before you begin the registration process for a West Virginia LLC, it’s important to know what an LLC is and whether or not it is a viable business structure for your company, so be certain to read up on the definition and benefits of an LLC .
These steps will guide you through the LLC registration process with the West Virginia Secretary of State:
1. Decide on a name for your business. You can choose any name for your LLC as long as it ends with “Limited Liability Company,” “Limited Company” or any variation of its abbreviation—e.g., LLC, L.L.C., LC, L.C. or Ltd. Co.
Names may be reserved for up to 120 days. You may file a name reservation application with the Secretary of State by submitting a name reservation application and the required fee.
Reserved names may be transferred to another person or company by filing a notice of transfer with the Secretary of State.
You may also have a preferred name checked for availability by accessing the West Virginia Secretary of State website.
2. Assign an agent for service of process. This is also referred to as the resident agent.
3. Get an Employer Identification Number (EIN) from the IRS. If there are two or more members in your LLC, your company will need to obtain an EIN from the IRS, for tax purposes.
4. Create an LLC operating agreement. Although LLCs in West Virginia are not required to have a limited liability company operating agreement, it is wise to have one in place with other members should your LLC have more than one member. The State of West Virginia recognizes limited liability company operating agreements as governing documents.
5. Obtain a West Virginia Business Registration Certificate. In order to conduct business in the state, LLCs are required by state law to obtain a West Virginia Business Registration Certificate with the West Virginia Department of Tax and Revenue. Complete a Registration Certificate Form WV/BUS-APP and submit it to the West Virginia State Tax Department. A copy of the LLC’s Articles of Organization must be attached and it must be accompanied by the filing fee.
6. Familiarize yourself with the LLC’s continuing legal obligations, specifically annual reports. LLCs in West Virginia are required by state law to submit annual reports. This is filed with the Secretary of State every year between January 1 and July 1 in the years following the year in which the LLC was formed. All reports are filed online and require payment of a filing fee. Failure to submit reports within the allotted time may result in the revocation of the Certificate of Authority.
Filing an LLC and Taxes
Following are the forms and fees that are required when starting an LLC in West Virginia:
1. Forms. Complete and submit Articles of Organization, along with the required filing fee, to the West Virginia Secretary of State.
2. Limited liability company operating agreement. Although the LLC operating agreement is not submitted with the Articles of Organization to the Secretary of State, it is a good idea to have one in place for LLCs with more than one member. This document should be kept on file by the registered agent.
3. Taxes. LLCs in West Virginia are treated as corporations, limited liability partnerships or single-member LLCs and are subject to federal income tax classifications. Depending on the type of taxation you opt to have for your LLC, you will have different federal tax responsibilities.
You should always make sure to acquaint yourself with the state laws regarding taxation. Your LLC may be subject to other taxes depending on the kind of services it offers.
LegalZoom provides LLC formation and filing services, including providing a registered agent in West Virginia.
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Jesus Calms the Storm – A Craft idea Children will Love
Memory Cross has a coloring card that teaches children about the story Jesus Calms the Storm. In the story the disciples and Jesus get into a boat and head across the lake. Jesus, who is exhausted falls asleep. While he is sleeping a storm comes up and the boat is getting close to sinking. In panic his disciples wake him up desperate for help. Jesus calms the wind and sea.
We chose this story because there are storms that we and our children face every day. Problems that are to big for us to handle, that overwhelm and cause us to panic, just like the disciples. Jesus may not always take away the problems but the story teaches us that he is always there and will help us get through any situation.
The Jesus Calms the Storm coloring card makes a great craft project. It will take 15-20 minutes to complete. Go over the card with your children and show them how it works. Then give them crayons and let them color the card in. You will find they will spend time flipping through the card over and over again and as they do they’ll learn this Bible story.
Here are what a few people have said:
- “I just wanted to let you know how great your products are. You sent me a sample pack which I took to my children’s ministry leader. I teach 2nd and 3rd graders at Ten Mile Christian Church in Meridian Idaho and I encouraged our ministry leader to look into your products for special events.” – Brenda
- “I placed an order with Memory Cross and received it the next day. Mike bent over backward to assist me in an expedious way with items needed urgently. I am very, very pleased with the memory crosses I ordered. And, he even sent a sample packet. Great customer service and great service. I will be ordering from this company soon.” – Norma
- “We are members of the Christian Motorcyclists Association (CMA) and work with children through our chapter’s Children’s Activity Center at secular biker rallies. These memory crosses are wonderful to give the kids because they will really read them as they make the folds. Some of these kids have never heard of Jesus and His love for them. So we send them on their way and a seed has been planted…” – Jane
Memory Cross makes hundreds of Sunday School Crafts, Gospel tracts for children and adults and cards that help children memorize Scripture. If you would like to visit our store click this link: Sharing the Gospel in a Fun and Creative Way. We’d like to send you a free sample. Simple fill in the form to the left. If you live in the United States we’ll even pay for the shipping.
A press release went out on this craft card. Here is a link to Jesus Calms the Storm. The video below shows how this card folds.
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When I asked people on the corner of Dunlavy and Westheimer their opinion on the condition of streets in Montrose, I got a lot of the same responses.
“Oh, they’re horrible.”
“The roads are horrible here.”
“They’re just torn up and messed up and hard to drive on.”
“The roads are just a lot of speed bumps, and pot holes, and ditches. It’s just difficult. They’re in bad condition and they really need to be change, most definitely.”
Liz Turner, a frequent driver on neighborhood streets inside the loop, wonders if the City of Houston can do more to maintain the roads.
“I don’t know if the city can do anything about it. But yeah, if they can do something about it, I think more money should be spent doing it.”
David Crossley is the president of Houston Tomorrow, an organization that focuses on urban planning and land-use around the Greater Houston area. Crossley is skeptical about the city’s ability to find the money to pay for the consistent maintenance of city roads.
“The basic structure is or the basic dynamic is, is that Federal money for roads go towards non-streets, let’s put it that way. So there really is no source of money for repairing and maintaining ordinary city streets, other than the tax-base of the city.”
Crossley says the city’s budget is pretty stretched already.
“And with police and fire safety stuff eating close to two thirds of the whole city budget every year, there’s really not much left over to maintain all the infrastructure.”
The city does have a number of programs in place to address the need for repairing its streets. One began in the 1960s and is called the Neighborhood Street Reconstruction Program. Homeowners can band together to sign a petition to have their street evaluated with the prospect of it being completely reconstructed.
“And that evaluation will consist of looking at new pavement, curbs, gutters and sidewalks.”
That’s Alvin Wright, the public information officer for the City of Houston’s Department of Public Works and Engineering. He says, once accepted, it generally takes about 7-10 years before the work actually begins. For minor repairs, the city calls on the Fleet Maintenance division to assess the streets for stability.
“We do what’s called a skin patch on various areas of that street, or we can go out and do a complete street overlay.”
Houston’s infrastructure is growing tired, with some road and utility systems more than fifty years old. Wayne Klotz is president of the American Society of Civil Engineers and has been a Houston-based engineer for thirty-five years. He says, the problem of maintaining existing roads is not unique to Houston.
“The way we manage infrastructure in this country is patch and pray. We wait till something breaks; we patch it and pray that nothing else breaks, which I don’t think is a good way to manage our infrastructure at all.”
Back on Dunlavy, local drivers say their primary concern is the toll the uneven surfaces takes on their vehicles. But ultimately, they say the lack of street maintenance is simply a daily annoyance.
From the KUHF NewsLab, I’m Wendy Siegle.
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Karnataka: 13 Muslim educational institutions are attempting to establish pre-university colleges in Dakshina Kannada so that Muslim female students may wear the hijab inside of classrooms. They are requesting authorization from the Karnataka government to do so.
The applications have requested for the permission to open PU colleges (first and second PUC) in the coastal district of Dakshina Kannada, where the movement for the hijab in Karnataka began, as per sources in the Education Department.
While the majority of Muslim female students adhere to the High Court's ruling that clothing bearing religious symbols is prohibited and attend lessons uncovered, some female students are insistent about donning the hijab.
Some girls have also chosen to discontinue their education since schools won't permit them to attend courses while wearing a hijab.
There have been 14 applications for the opening of PU Colleges in the Dakshina Kannada district, 13 of which came from Muslim academic institutions.
Sources verified that only 1 Muslim institute has received approval to launch PU College thus far. Muslims in the area demanded that separate courses be opened for their female students so that they could wear the hijab.
Last Monday, hundreds of girls marched in Mangaluru city under the flag of the Campus Front of India(CFI) to demand their freedom to wear the hijab. The Supreme Court is still in the process of deliberating the case.
Six Udupi Pre-University Girl's College students ignited the hijab issue that spread throughout the state and garnered international attention. The issue challenged the state's ability to maintain law and order and caused civil discontent.
A Special Bench of three judges from the Karnataka High Court dismissed the applications filed by Muslim female students requesting permission to wear the headscarf. In Karnataka, where the BJP is at power, hijab regulations are being strictly enforced in educational institutions, and pupils are not permitted to wear them in class.
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With exceptionally large screens with a tall aspect ratio and steep stadium seating, IMAX theatres are distinguished from other movie theatres by their use of proprietary high-resolution cameras, film formats, and film projectors.
IMAX Corporation was formerly known as Multiscreen Corporation, Limited when it was established in September 1967. The co-founders were Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. Shaw, among others. They also worked in Canada, where they devised the first IMAX theatre projection standards in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Technical Aspects of IMAX
A new program called “Filmed in IMAX” will be introduced by IMAX in September 2020, which will certify high-quality digital cameras that will be used to shoot IMAX-format films. It will become easier for filmmakers to develop films that will match the projection requirements of the IMAX gigantic screen cinema as the reach of approved cameras grows in extent and sophistication.
Arri Alexa LF (4K camera)
Arri Alexa Mini LF (4K camera)
Panavision Millennium DXL2 (8K camera)
Red Ranger Monstro (8K camera)
Sony’s Venice cameras (6K camera)
Arri Alexa 65 IMAX camera (6.5K camera)
IMAX theatres are classified as “Classic Design” (purpose-built facilities) or “Multiplex Design” (retrofitted auditoriums). The architecture of traditional IMAX theatres differs greatly from that of classic IMAX theatres. Because of the higher quality, the audience may get considerably closer to the screen. Typically, all rows are within one screen height — traditional theatre seating ranges from eight to twelve screen heights. In addition, the rows of chairs are positioned at a sharp inclination so that the audience is immediately facing the screen.
The significant expenses associated with the construction and maintenance of the specialized buildings and projectors indicated that numerous concessions be implemented in the coming years.
The world’s largest IMAX screen is now located in Leonberg, Germany, and measures 44 m 23 m (144.3 ft 75.4 ft). The largest running IMAX screen until 2021 was in Melbourne, Australia, and measured 32 m 23 m (105 ft 75 ft). Until 2016, the world’s largest IMAX screen measured 35.72 m 29.57 m (117.2 ft 97.0 ft) and was located at Darling Harbour, Sydney, Australia. The Sydney IMAX restoration, which began in 2016, has an even larger screen, assuring that it will continue to hold the global record for the largest 1.43:1 IMAX screen.
IMAX cinemas, like normal theatres, deploy speakers both immediately behind the acoustically transparent screen and surrounding the theatre to produce a “surround sound” illusion. In addition to the centre speaker featured in traditional theatres, IMAX adds a “top center” speaker. This additional channel enables the sound mix engineers to make use of the screen’s increased height.
Grand Theatre, GT 3D (dual rotor), SR (small rotor), and MPX, built for retrofitting cinemas, are IMAX’s four projector models that employ its 15-perforation, 70 mm film format. In July 2008, the business produced a digital projection system for multiplex cinemas with screens up to 21.3 m wide (70 ft). Except for the GT system, all IMAX projectors can project 3D. GT 3D projectors require two lights and polarised lenses.
The IMAX digital cinema projection technology, which was launched in 2008, is intended for usage with smaller 1.89:1 aspect ratio screens. The system has two 2K projectors capable of displaying either 2D or 3D content in DCI or IMAX Digital Format (IDF; which in itself is a superset of DCI). IDF originally utilized Christie xenon projectors with a Texas Instruments Digital Light Processing (DLP) engine, but IMAX stated in 2012 that they would be moving to Barco as their principal supplier. The two 2K pictures are overlaid with a half-pixel offset, and the apparent resolution is increased to about 2.9K utilizing super-resolution imaging.
One projector is utilized to display the picture for each eye in 3D presentations, whereas overlaid images are employed in 2D presentations to allow for a brighter 22-foot lambert image. The Digital IMAX projection system incorporates a proprietary IMAX Image Enhancer, which changes the output of the digital media server depending on feedback from cameras and microphones in the auditorium and preserves sub-pixel alignment.
IMAX began testing a new 4K laser projection technology in April 2012, based on Eastman Kodak patents. It employed two projectors like 3D film and digital systems, but it retained the classic IMAX aspect ratio and allowed films to be presented on screens 36 m (118 ft) wide or greater. This revolutionary Dual 4K laser projector system, branded “IMAX with Laser”, was originally installed in December 2014 at the Cineplex ScotiaBank Theatre in Toronto. The method supports digital projection on the whole 1.43:1 surface of a typical IMAX screen, as well as bigger displays like 1.89:1.
On April 24, 2018, IMAX announced that a new single-unit laser projector system would replace the IMAX Xenon digital projection technology for 1.89:1 screens later that year.
Christopher Edward Nolan CBE is a film director, producer, and screenwriter of British-American origin. His films have made over $5 billion worldwide, and he has received 11 Academy Awards from 36 nominations.
In addition to being an advocator for the IMAX 70 mm film format, Christopher Nolan has cooperated with the corporation since the mid-2000s on several projects.
Forbes List of ‘The Biggest IMAX Movies To Look Forward To In 2022’
18 February 2022: Expanded Aspect Ratio
Filmed In IMAX | 6 May 2022
Filmed entirely with IMAX-certified cameras | 27 May 2022
Filmed entirely with IMAX-certified cameras | 8 July 2022
Select sequences filmed with IMAX 70mm cameras | 22 July 2022
Mission: Impossible 7
Expanded Aspect Ratio | 30 September 2022
Black Panther: Wakanda Forever
Filmed entirely with IMAX-certified cameras | 11 November 2022
Expanded Aspect Ratio | 16 December 2022
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The Changing Century, a short history by Dmitri Savostin.
Bogumil Savostin, my ancestor and author of the 14th century pamphlet, "Government and Liberty."
The years of the Renaissance between 1250 and 1350 AD were called the Changing Century by early liberal philosophers. They believed that the revolutions they'd witnessed in government, technology, and warfare would be unmatched by any other in history or futurity. Of course they were wrong. Since the Renaissance there have been greater changes: the People's Revolution, the invention of the computer, and the Great War. However, because historians are fond of anachronistic traditions, the name has remained.
In the first moments of 1250 AD, the Tsar dipped his goblet into a fountain of wine and invited his guests to drink, General Ilya Muromets sat in his bedroom in full battle dress waiting for his paranoia to manifest itself as an assassin, Viktor Vasnetsov dined with his officers and planned his next campaign against the Chinese, and a baby Boris Chicherin slept in his mother's arms; despite the continuing war against the Chinese, the movers and shakers of history lived in a empire which widely believed that the next hundred years would be similar to the last hundred.
Only a handful of people had the historical insight to forsee the coming political chaos. A modest student of Bacon, Iaropol Pavlov, wrote an book entitled, "War's Influence." It was a detailed but dry history of the post-war reconstruction in India, and though most of the work contained insignficant catalogs of statistics, family lineages, and bureacratic successions, his last chapter, "Speculation," contained this brilliant passage.
The intelligent historian cannot doubt that war is the greatest agent of change. After conquering a society as vast and culturally diverse as India, it is inevitable that the conqueror must mingle with the conquered or face the grim proposition of losing everything he has worked so hard to attain.
Here, the Denaturalist may ask, can anything stay the same? Knowing that the Tsar adopted Hinduism in order to appease his Indian subjects, I fear the answer is, "No."
If Pavlov had made the next conceptual leap, he might have predicted the consequences of the Russo-Chinese war. Instead, he died in 1253 AD in the first tuberculosis epidemic, completely unaware of his near-genius or the significance of his manner of death.
In August of 1250 AD, Lord Riv of St. Petersburg had attacked the camp of the raiding Chinese horsemen in the flood plains northwest of the city. By the time he had arrived, the Russian peasants had scattered, and the farms had been pillaged. He put most of the Chinese were put to the blade, except two sick men, which he pitied and took back with him to St. Petersburg. These unnamed Chinese soldiers, now called Patients 0a and 0b, were the first tuberculosis patients to have ever died on Russian soil. Unfortunately, they spread their malady to most of Lord Riv's court and servants, including Lord Riv himself, and within nine months, St. Petersburg was coughing blood into the streets.
It's unclear why it took so long for tuberculosis to spread from Buddhist China along the Yangtse. The two modern competing theories, "cultural walls" and "the new strain," both fail to completely account for the sudden and rapid spread of the disease. In my opinion, both theories must be combined to explain what happened: a few decades before the first epidemics, a more virulent strain must have jumped from cattle to herder and festered in the theocratic north until Mao sent his horse raiders to harrass the Russians. Since the raiders were the first regular force raised from the peasant class--the only class without any standards for health--they represented the disease's first connection to the world outside of the jungles.
Whatever the case may be, tuberculosis, known amongst the Chinese as "peasant's cough," ironically devastated the Russian middle class and the nobility. Because of their lack of immunity, the disease killed the average Russian within two to three months. Since Russian serfs wintered in isolated groups for upwards of four months, the disease could not rotate through their population faster than it killed its hosts. Only the city-dwelling merchants and nobles intermingled all year round, and only amongst them could the disease regularly find new lungs to infest.
Unwittingly, Lord Riv captures more than two prisoners when he defeats the Chinese horse archers.
By isolating himself and his court, the Tsar managed to avoid becoming a victim of the epidemic, but in his isolation he ceased to deliver orders to his generals. Before the decade was out, many of them grew restless, and eventually two of his hand-picked followers struck out on their own, the crown be damned. Similarly, many dukedoms declared the crown to be incompetent and redoubled their efforts to assert local authority over their lands.
Most promiment was the example of Sviatoslav Igorevich, Duke of Crimea. His lands shared a western border with Spain, and following the Tsar's devestating rebuke of the Spanish Queen's demands, Spain had been siphoning Chinese troops from the mountain-village of Saxon, through the forests near Barcelona, and into the Crimean mines along the border. After three years of pleading with the Tsar to respond in force, he took matters into his own hands. He recruited several hundred macemen to search the western frontier and caught the Chinese raiders in a camp near an iron deposit. Two Spanish advisors were caught amongst the Chinese, and though one committed suicide, the other was captured, carefully pulled to pieces, and sent to Barcelona in three Chinese wagons. The message was clear: even if the Tsar has vanished, the Russian people will not allow the Spanish to interfere.
Near the border, Russian macemen devestate the ill-equipped Chinese bandits.
Similarly, in 1257, General Ilya Muromets decided--for some wrong reasons and some right reasons--that it would be best if he left Beijing. He rounded up all the soldiers in the city except for a skeleton crew of longbowmen and had them set camp in the hinterlands. He wrote in his journal that, "No bodyguard will suffice to protect me from Chinese assassins, but I can increase my chances of survival by living at all times in the sole company of Russian and Indian soldiers." Since he knew the Tsar was out of contact and would not pay to maintain a standing army outside of the city, he spent a year whipping them into fighting shape, and then started the march north towards Nanjing. If he could not afford to pay for his soldiers, then he would let them pillage the Chinese countryside for riches and resources.
Viktor Vasnetsov had never paused in his war plans. After conquering Guangzhou, he had studied the results of the battle and reorganized his army to take advantage of the mobility of his knights. A scouting force was sent north to the city of Xian in the Yangtse Jungle, where they discovered that the Chinese defended the wallless city with only minor siegeworks and a skeleton crew of pikes and longbowmen. Though the pikes could form a battlefield strongpoint for the Chinese forces, Viktor knew that he had the numerical advantage and would be capable of flanking even the most tightly packed pike regiment. He prepared his initial battle plan, passed it by his officers, and then sailed a force of 400 knights and 800 macemen up the Yangtse. In 1261 AD, they landed south of the city and laid siege to the defenders while waiting for the supply trains to establish themselves across the plains. Two runs of catapults were dragged up from Guangzhou to break the siegeworks, and the struggle for Xian began.
The North Divide acted as a catch for moisture floating in from the equatorial sea. Constant rains made the marshy grasslands difficult to navigate for the engineers bringing the catapults from Guangzhou. However, this weather made Xian an excellent region for growing perrenial dye-plants, and a valuable economic resource for the empire. In Viktor's mind, it was worth the struggle.
During this decade, Ilya Muromets's forces slowly advanced through the rainforests south of Nanjing. Muromets wrote in his journal:
"Bananas, bananas, bananas. My bowels have been scoured by the flesh of this fruit, and I daily check my runny stool for blood. Do the peasants eat anything but bananas and rice? If so, this explains the weak character of the Chinese. Only a fruit-munching coward would send an assassin when he could fight in battle.
I have sent my men to kill a monkey for me to eat. I need its heart to calm my chest and its gall bladder to relieve these headaches."
A modern image of the banana plantation where Ilya Muromets camped in 1267.
In 1263 AD, Boris Chicherin joined the Great Library at Moscow as a student of Denaturalist thinker Pilof Prach. Prach was a terrible philosopher and a worse teacher, but his patronage was appreciated by Chicherin, who spent most of his time arguing with the established Denaturation philosophers and the diminishing school of Inevitabilism. He was considered a hopeless upstart by most of the old guard, but a group of Inevitabilists known as the "Cynical Six" wrote in their essay "Meta-inevitabilism:"
Even a philosophy follows the form of the Aging, and as proof of itself, Inevitabilism grows old and now faces destruction at the young hands of Boris Chicherin. Though our Denaturalist friends mock the boy's egotism, his perfect memory and boldness of thought are an unmatched wellspring of philisophical imagination. Because we are the enlightened leaders of Inevitabilism, we know that it is best to smoothly transition unto obsolescence, and we can think of no better way except to throw our lot in with Chicherin and join in his study of liberty.
And so, meta-inevitabilism ends as the philosophy undoes itself.
Boris Chicherin in his late age.
By 1271, the Tsar's court had become a stifling noose of political intrigue. The Tsar's isolation had turned into two decades of hypochondria, and now anyone with the guts to sneak messages out of the palace and into the streets could gain extreme political power. Viktor Vasnetsov's father, Count Vasnetsov, was one of the first to make regular contact with the outside world, and by 1270, he had almost the entire Moscovian judicial system in his pocket. The rest of the court was pooling their resources against him, while everyone involved was attempting to keep the struggle under the radar of the Tsar. On the Tsar's orders, anyone who had any kind of contact with the outside world would be executed as a "plague risk."
Count Vasnetsov was not a fool. He used his judicial power to selectively back loyal crime rings and assassins, and by 1275, most of the servants and trustees of the estates of his rivals were dead or fleeing Moscow. Once their property was sufficiently abandoned, he burgled it and collected it in his Crimean estates. By 1279, he was poised to steal or buy Moscow without ever alerting the Tsar.
Back in Crimea, Duke Igorevich defended his gold deposits from the last of the Chinese raiders. This particular battle was horribly one-sided: all ninety-two Chinese died without wounding a single Russian maceman.
The Count's son, Viktor Vasnetsov, assaulted Xian in the same year. Despite a lengthy siege, the Catapults from Guangzhou were perpetually mired in the southern marshes and unavailable. Impatient and feeling the first signs of middle age, he decided to assault the thinly defended city whether or not he had artillery support. Starting in the late winter, two hundred macemen were drafted into the engineer corps and directed to dig tunnels capable of bypassing the city's southern siegeworks. General Vasnetsov knew that these tunnels would not go unnoticed by the Chinese engineers, but he believed that once they were in place, it would be impossible to prevent the Russian's overwhelming numbers from breaking through into the city.
In a series of secret meetings, Vasnetsov's lead engineer expressed his concerns. He believed that the soft soil, while fine for tunneling, would be easy to collapse with only a handful of Chinese sapping teams. Viktor insisted that the digging continue, expressing the hope that, "Though the Chinese will collapse the tunnel and bury some of my men, the rest will march through the ditch."
In the late summer, General Vasnetsov ordered two hundred of his macemen into the tunnels, and the assault began. The sound of the soldiers stamping through the tunnels was obvious--from a few yards their maces could be heard clinking against their chains, like a metal river roaring beneath the earth. The Chinese response was swift. Chinese engineers had dug tiny sapping tunnels beneath key supports every fifty yards along the Russian's larger tunnel, and in short order they set about collapsing the ground onto the macemen.
It was then, however, that the brilliance of the Russian engineers became obvious. Though the tunnel collapsed, it was designed to collapse in a controlled manner. A vast majority of the dirt was directed towards the sides of the tunnels by long folding lattices of wood. Several extra feet of space had been excavated the sides of the tunnel, and most of the dirt piled up there. Of course, no collapse was perfect, and the last one hundred meters of the tunnel came down without any control. About thirty of the macemen were crushed or buried alive, but the rest were simply swamped in a knee deep pile of topsoil.
Because the Chinese had expected a fatal collapse, their longbowmen had withdrawn to the outer districts of Xian, leaving almost no defenders at the siegeworks. The Russian macemen marched up to the end of the ditch and threw down ladders onto the dirt, forming ramps for the men to ascend to the far side of the defenses. The Chinese commander attempted to do the right thing at the wrong time, and sent his longbowmen out from the city in order to shoot the Russians while they were pinned in the ditch, but he was too late. As the longbowmen reached the halfway point between the city and the collapsed tunnel, the Russians emerged in number and deployed along a full line. Several intelligent Chinese Seargents immediately ordered a retreat to the city, but the vast majority followed their commander's orders and continued to approach the ditch. Vasnetsov's Lieutenant, Lord Kavkaz, wrote in his journal concerning the battle, "It was too easy. The Chinese closed range without firing a shot. Some of the soldiers were laughing. Nobody believed that our enemies were walking into close combat with longbows."
"But they were, and we won." -- Lord Kavkaz, journal entry August 7th, 1279.
The rest of Vasnetsov's macemen marched up the ditch and into the city. Xian's pikemen were well-equipped for defending against a calvary charge, but the smaller macemen were capable of slipping through the pikes and into hand to hand combat, which deeply favored the mace. The Chinese were butchered.
Unfortunately for the villagers of Xian, their governor committed suicide after losing the battle. Vasnetsov was denied a proper surrender, and he furiously ordered his soldiers to "ruin the village and its people." Before autumn came, they pillaged every ounce of food and valuables, and if there had been anywhere else to go, Xian would have been abandoned.
The pikes were easily defeated by Russian maces.
Though Xian was a minor city, it sat upon the largest highway running through the Yangtse Jungle. To the west was Saxon, the conquered barbarian village, and to the east was Parthian, Mao's capital, and Nanjing, Ilya Muromets's target. From his current position, Vasnetsov could march to any corner of the Chinese empire. Eventually, he chose to support Muromets's campaign in the East, hoping that the Saxon village in the west would wither and fall to the Crimeans. To ensure that action was taken in the west, a message was sent to Crimea, and then Vasnetsov left for his final campaign.
During this decade, Boris Chicherin managed to hash out the fundamental tenet of his theory of liberty: the state existed to protect the liberty of the individual and the individual's property. But the framework for his philosophy was incomplete. He had no justification for his beliefs, and the Denaturalists were quick to dismiss him for that reason. But on the feast of the winter solstice (December 22nd, 1279), he met a Taoist priest by the name Protas, and things fell into place.
In military terms, the 1280s was a decade of movement and reinforcement. Muromets was afraid to directly assault or even siege Nanjing with only a force of elephants to hold the line, and so he spent most of the decade pillaging the hinterlands and moving generally northwest, towards Nanjing's mines and the source of Chinese iron. Vasnetsov marched out of Xian and into the jungle southeast of Parthian, scouting but not sieging the Imperial Capital and hoping to meet with Muromets before the campaign was over.
Back in Moscow, however, the 1280s was a time of chaos. In 1282, Count Vasnetsov finally died, not from a disease or a blade, but from old age. His son, Viktor Vasnetsov, legally became the new head of his financial empire, but because the Count was locked away inside the palace with the Tsar, news of his death never reached Viktor. The effects of his death, however, were felt widely. The Count's street level managers were vicious people with large lines of credit and a sense for weakness. The moment the commands from the Count ceased to come, they stole their share of the wealth, drew whatever they could from the Count's estate, and declared war on one another. Moscow was drawn into fifteen splintered districts, each centered around a valuable building or marketplace, and guards were placed along the borders. If you didn't pay, you couldn't travel from one district to another. Intracity commerce died a quick, violent death, and debt collectors feasted upon the financial corpse. Over twenty percent of the Moscovian population was driven into the streets, and slums popped up along the roads out of the city. Anyone who could afford to flee to the stable duchies of St. Petersburg or Grozny left, further depressing the wealth and vitality of the capital.
Into this enviroment grew the political philosophy of Boris Chicherin. He wrote, "In rotten times, we often forget that the most beautiful crops grow in rotten things."
But let us backtrack for a moment. In 1280, Boris and Protas locked themselves in a room in the west wing of the Great Library at Moscow and began to formulate the Taoist basis for human rights. Their ultimate logic was simple: every man carries within him a dual aspect of the Tao--a fate for things he deserves, and a fate against those things he does not deserve. The things a man deserves may change depending upon his actions, and the only way mankind may determine what a man deserves is through the creation of morals and laws. On the other side of the Tao, the things a man does not deserve are unchanging: he does not deserve to die, he does not deserve to have his property taken from him, he does not deserve to be silenced, he does not deserve to be denied his religion, he does not deserve the cruelty of his oppressors, and he does not deserve to be punished for things he has not done. In short, man deserves the consequences of his actions, but he does not deserve the oppression of an uncaring or exploitative government.
"If you study the Tao," wrote Boris, "then you cannot deny those things that man does not deserve. My philisophical foes, my hecklers, would not wish themselves these terrible fates; yet they routinely support a blind government which lets thugs rule our streets. Citizens are being silenced, their religion is being denied under this Hindu theocracy, their liberty is being quashed by criminals: all of this tyranny must end."
With the religious support of Protas and financial backing of the former-Inevitabilists, Boris began making public speeches. His most famous speech, and the only one with a recorded transcript, was the Address to the University Forum. Over two-hundred thousand devout Taoists attended, and nineteen criers were required to relay the speech to the entire crowd.
His most famous passage, still quoted today, was this:
"Taoism is a religion of freedom. Taoists understand liberty and reject the stern moralities of Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity and Confucianism. Taoists reject religious authority because they know. They know it oppresses the heart and the soul and chains us to this world. They know we cannot reach heaven while tied to tyrants. They know what it means to be an individual.
Taoists, friends, countrymen, lend me your ears. Like the soul, a brilliant idea should not be chained to a single religion. Let freedom and liberty become the philosophies of life. See that other paths exist. We shouldn't live under the thumb of a blind and deaf monarchy. We can do better. We can rule ourselves.
We can overthrow the Tsar!"
The liberal revolution had begun.
The 1290s began with the conquest of Chengdu. Svyatogor had reported the foundation of this city long before the Changing Century began, and in the last 70 years, it had grown surprisingly well, despite the rugged conditions north of the Gobi Desert.
The Russian response came in the form of Lord Khaabko's last battle before retirement. With a force of 200 knights, he carved out a tiny duchy of his own by conquering Chengdu. The battle itself was of little tactical merit, as Chengdu's backwater military forces were incapable of mounting a proper defense.
Lord Khaabko conquered Chengdu and founded a remote Grand Duchy.
Militarily, the 1290s was a silent turning point. Muromets moved into the mines around Nanjing and pillaged them with no resistance from the Chinese. Unlike Svyatogor's small cadre of knights, Muromets's large force of healthy elephants and macemen was too large to counterattack. Without much flash or pomp, the Chinese war machine sputtered and died. In the same decade, Vasnetsov moved his soldiers into the region south of Parthian and set siege to the city.
Back in Moscow, however, many things happened at once.
Boris Chicherin became the mouthpiece for a general revolt. Starting in the spring of 1291, he stood and delivered his Forum Address while a crowd of Taoist revolutionaries lynched the leaders of a criminal ring in the University District. While pleading for his life, one of the ringleaders claimed that he was "merely a pawn for an official of the Tsar's court," a mistake which lead to his gruesome death and fresh interest in the revolution. The ringleader's limbs, which had been pulled from his living body by the hands of five men, were thrown through the windows of the Tsar's palace while the royal guard watched impassively--or joined in the riot.
After forty years, the tuberculosis epidemic had mutated to a less virulent form, which only became symptomatic in about five percent of infections. Fatalities had dropped precipitously, and anyone reasonable would have come out of hiding and rejoined society. The Tsar had not. Instead, he had descended into a terrible state of paranoia, and now that he was eighty-nine, he was mad with senility. When the windows of the palace came crashing down around him, he picked up one of the limbs and started beating on a painting of himself as a young man.
The riots lasted for two weeks, as Boris and Protas went around the city and convinced the populace to join them in the liberal revolution. Local courthouses were put to the flame, and anyone identified as a member of Count Vasnetsov's old power structure was executed by angry Taoists. The Tsar's palace was irregularly targeted by the mobs, but it wasn't until Boris came to the gates that an organized attempt was made on the Tsar.
Incapable of facing down a general revolt, the palace guards surrendered to Boris shortly after his arrival. Intelligently, they knew that if they let things go smoothly, the entire exchange of power might happen without any further blood.
Boris and Protas entered the palace and with a cadre of loyalists, they captured the Tsar in his bedroom. Unlike Godse of India, however, Boris didn't understand that an ousted leader has to die immediately, lest he linger and influence the next government. Boris and Protas pitied the senile Tsar, and rather than execute him, they kept him in his room for a week while Boris calmed the crowds and searched through the Tsar's court for someone capable of running the government until a liberal system could be established.
The man Boris chose was Ilyvich Prostov Lenin, a Taoist Count from Grozny with years of experience managing the political affairs of the Grandy Duchy of the Gaafas. Prostov Lenin was a keen man, and he saw that for all the philosopher's brilliance, Boris Chicherin was politically inept. After only three hours, he managed to convince Boris that a hybrid government was best: the monarchic structure of society would be maintained and run by Prostov Lenin, while a parlaiment headed by Boris would work on drafting a constitution for a liberal government. Accordingly, the monarchy would--on paper--have very little power. In truth, however, Lenin knew that until the parlaiment produced a viable system of government, the monarchy would retain its strength.
For the rest of the decade, Boris worked on assembling philosophers into an assembly at the Great Library. This enlightened parlaiment, he believed, would eventually craft the perfect liberal constitution. In the meantime, Prostov Lenin passed several reforms that appeased the revolutionaries. The most important two are: he executed the entire court of the Tsar and siezed their assets for the government; and he declared the state religion to be Taoism. Criminal power diminished almost instantly, and the people of Moscow felt that they had been recognized by their state.
If only they had known how deeply this would offend the Hindus, they might have avoided the terrible revolutions of the centuries to come. But that's for another history.
Wait, the post is ending there? What about the 1300s and on, Zooloo?
They will come in another update. I've written much of it, but I think this post is too long already, so I'm cutting it off here and saving the rest for later.
Let me explain how the next few updates will come.
Because of the detail, I'm going to work the next two updates in this manner: the next update will cover the final third part of the Russo-Chinese war. It will completely ignore the technological and social aspects of the Empire. The update after that will finish the second part (1300 to 1350) of the Changing Century, which will cover only the technological and social aspects of the Empire.
Why split it up like this? Because this post is getting REALLY long, and I need to divide things up or it'll get hard to follow.
Edit: I'm also sorry that I have no good images for the revolution. :[ I hope this post doesn't read like one big slow block of text.
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UNC School of Law Dean Jack Boger has tapped Professor Gene Nichol as director of the UNC Center on Poverty, Work and Opportunity. The center was developed in 2005 to address the pressing needs of those currently living at or below the poverty level, to provide a non-partisan interdisciplinary forum to examine innovative and practical ideas to move more Americans out of poverty, to raise public awareness of issues related to work and poverty, and to train a new generation to combat the causes and effects of poverty and to improve the circumstances of working people.
Nichol succeeds Professor Marion Crain, who left the school in the summer of 2008 for a position on the law faculty at Washington University in St. Louis.
"Nichol is well suited to lead this center," said Dean Jack Boger. "He is a remarkable scholar and an energetic leader who cares deeply about issues of fairness and equality. I expect his leadership to fortify the center's efforts."
William Friday, president of the University of North Carolina system from 1956 to 1986, was delighted to learn of Nichol's appointment. "Gene is my longtime friend," said Friday, "and I am pleased to join him in this critical work for which he is fully prepared."
Nichol has written and taught extensively in the areas of constitutional law, federal courts, civil rights, economic injustice and election law. He has published in many of the nation's top law journals, including the
Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, University of Chicago Law Review,
Michigan Law Review, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, California Law Review, Duke Law Journal,
Virginia Law Review
and an array of leading legal journals. He has also published extensively in the popular press -- writing for
The Nation, The Washington Post, The Chronicle of Higher Education, The News & Observer
The Denver-Rocky Mountain News.
"The Poverty Center has a talented and dedicated staff and an
ambitious multi-departmental advisory board comprised of scholars from throughout the University. They carry forward a mission of research and service to North Carolina and the nation that is central to this university," said Nichol. "I know that with the support of our advisory board and advocates and scholars across the campus and the country, we'll see the Center continue to address the needs of the poor - those living in poverty amidst plenty - and to work with those who are in the position to help create opportunity for them."
Nichol has held numerous leadership positions including dean of the UNC School of Law from 1999-2005. He then assumed the presidency of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. He also served as law dean at the University of Colorado from 1988-1995 and the James Gould Cutler Professor and Director of the Institute of Bill of Rights Law at William & Mary from 1985-1988. Nichol founded the Byron White Center of Constitutional Law at the University of Colorado (1990) and the Center for Civil Rights at the University of North Carolina (2001).
Nichol attended Oklahoma State University, where he received a degree in philosophy in 1973. He obtained his J.D. from the University of Texas, graduating Order of the Coif, in 1976.
-October 31, 2008
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One of the reasons I attend church is that I feel better afterward. No matter whether I'm tired, or depressed or just worn out that day, a session of worship, of prayer and of hearing God's word taught, lifts my spirit and strengthens my body. It seems that church is all about me.
However, I have read in the bible, that in addition to receiving, I have a part to play. According to the apostle Paul, I need to be intentional about giving back.
In 1 Thessalonians, he instructs his readers to encourage one another and build each other up. He wants them to become encouragers. Looking around my church, I can pick out the encouragers . They are the ones who are actively making others feel loved.
- To inspire with courage, spirit, or confidence
- To stimulate by assistance
Looking at 1 Thessalonians 5:11 - 23:
1 Thessalonians 5:11 instructs us to encourage one another. Encouragement can take on many forms. We might reassure the person who is nervous about speaking in public. We might start a conversation with a shy person, making a point of mentioning a quality we admire in them. It might be giving a pat on the back for work done. Encouragement does not have to be verbal. It could take the form of lending a hand with menial tasks.
Verses 5:12 - 13 say to respect our church leaders. Whether they are older or younger, hold them in high esteem. Cooperate in their efforts. Show gratitude for their work. I have sometimes expected my pastor to be super-human rather than regular person called to the responsibility of leading the church.
From 5:13 we understand that we are to get along with each other; to live in peace. This can be difficult with the many personalities. Living in harmony requires humility and submission.
Verse 5:14 tells us to gently encourage those who aren't doing their part. Help those who are weak or timid by treating them with understanding and praying for them. Be patient and submissive, building them up with love.
Verse 5:15 speaks of revenge. If someone mistreats you, don't entertain thoughts of getting even. Never think of how you will get back at them. Instead, pray and sincerely wish good things for them.
Verse 5:16 says to be joyful always. The presence of God makes it possible to have spiritual joy. Assurance of God's love brings cheer no matter what the circumstance.
1 Thessalonians 5:17-18 reminds us to pray at all times, acknowledging God's presence and sovereignty. We can ask for God's direction in all circumstances always remembering to offer gratitude.
Verse 5:19 warns against quenching the Spirit. To follow this warning, I think we are to practice listening to the Spirit of God and then to do what the Spirit says. Don't over-think it, just be obedient.
Verse 5:20 tells us to listen to others who have insight but to know what the bible says so that we are able to discern right from wrong teaching.
Verse 5:22 - We are to stay away from every kind of evil. We are given the bible so that we won't be deceived by false doctrines.
Verse 5:23 reminds us of the hope we have. Rely on God, knowing that He is trustworthy and consistent. He can and will mend every imperfection culminating in the glorified body we receive when Jesus returns.
I love basking in the sunshine of attending church. It makes me feel happier, stronger, and able to face another week. I see from 1 Thessalonians 5 that church is not all about me. I am meant not only to receive these benefits; I have a responsibility to share them with others.
A Walk With the Women of the Bible
EBook by Lynne Chapman
Join me in getting to know some amazing
women of the Bible
while we extract valuable insights and
lessons from their lives.
Now available for Kindle under new title
A Walk With EVE
Also availble in paperback from Cafe Press.
Names of God Ebook
Almighty God. The Creator of heaven and earth.
Our God is given names in Scripture that
describe the characteristics of His personality.
Experience God through the names given Him in Scripture.
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This information will help you care for yourself after your myringotomy with tube placement.
A myringotomy with tube placement is a procedure that is done to relieve pressure and drain fluid from behind your eardrum. You may have this procedure done as an outpatient or under general anesthesia (medication to make you sleepy) in the operating room.
During this procedure, your doctor will apply a local anesthetic (numbing medication) to your eardrum. He or she will make a small incision (surgical cut) on your eardrum. A tube is then placed to allow fluid to drain out. This relieves pressure and improves your hearing.
After Your Procedure
- You may have mild discomfort 1 to 2 days after your procedure. To relieve any discomfort, take 1 to 2 tablets of acetaminophen (Tylenol®) every 4 to 6 hours. If the acetaminophen doesn’t help, call your doctor.
- It may take a few days for your hearing to improve.
- You may have some temporary dizziness. If you feel dizzy for more than 12 hours, call your doctor.
- You may notice a small amount of clear- or yellow-colored fluid draining from your ear. This is normal and may last for a few months.
- Avoid shaking your head vigorously.
- Do not get water in your affected ear(s) while the tube is in place.
- Before you shower, apply a thin layer of petroleum jelly (e.g., Vaseline®) to a cotton ball. Place the cotton ball in your affected ear(s). You can also use a waterproof earplug, if you prefer.
- Until your doctor gives you other instructions, you must wear a waterproof earplug in your affected ear(s) while swimming to prevent any water from getting into your ear canal. If any water enters your ear canal, you may get an infection.
- The tube will eventually fall out of your affected ear(s). This usually happens 6 months after your procedure.
Call Your Doctor or Nurse if You Have:
- Dizziness that does not get better 12 hours after your procedure
- A temperature of 101° F (38.3° C) or higher
- Increased pain or discomfort in your affected ear(s)
- A loss of hearing in your affected ear(s)
- Green or yellow drainage with an odor from your affected ear(s)
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long int strtol (const char* str, char** endptr, int base);
long intvalue. If endptr is not a null pointer, the function also sets the value of endptr to point to the first character after the number.
'0'and up to
'Z'for radix 36). The sequence may optionally be preceded by a sign (either
-) and, if base is 16, an optional
"C"locale, additional subject sequence forms may be accepted.
char*, whose value is set by the function to the next character in str after the numerical value.
0, the base used is determined by the format in the sequence (see above).
long int, the function returns LONG_MAX or LONG_MIN (defined in <climits>), and errno is set to ERANGE.
The decimal equivalents are: 2001, 6340800, -3624224 and 7340031
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Arm Tension Principles
Arm tension is especially important when executing turns. For simplicity’s sake, maintain firm wrist, elbow and shoulder tension for sideward, forward and backward movement. Up and down arm motion should be free from resistance. In other words, keep your arms relaxed when they go up or down, in order to easily lead into a turn. However, once the joined hands pass eyebrow level on a turn, the person performing the turn should begin to provide upward pressure and turn under his or her own bent wrist in order to prevent being clotheslined on their partner's arm. Getting knocked in the head is not the goal!
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https://www.dancevision.com/buyers-guide/resources/dance_tips/18/
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Among the reasons for this are the progressive stabilisation of the world population and the acceleration of demographic transition in certain developing countries (China, India, and Latin American countries); the emergence of new challenges for the international community, and; the alliance of Christian and Muslim fundamentalists to limit women’s rights and oppose the installation of contraceptive programmes.
The change of priorities is particularly alarming for sub-Saharan Africa, which is experiencing an atypical demographic transition and changes compared to those in the rest of the world.
Many African countries, among them the poorest in the world, such as Niger, Burundi and Somalia, are experiencing exponential population growth.
According to current UN projections, the total population of Africa will grow from the current 751 million to a figure ranging from 1.5 to 2 billion in 2050.
Such developments do not just put off to the remote future the dividends – mainly economic – of the demographic transition. This demographic explosion also poses nearly insurmountable problems for countries already among the poorest in the world: in terms of management of arable lands and agricultural resources; construction of schools and health centres, and; an increase in poverty and social inequality.
All of these factors would result in increases in migratory pressures towards areas rich in natural resources, or to Europe.
African countries and the international community must unite to manage the inescapable consequences of this rapid population growth. This will have to go hand-in-hand with an urgent relaunch of demographic programmes and research projects.
Demography also needs to be taken into account in all areas of policy in order to define more rapidly what are the needs of the population, and to work upstream to support sensitisation of the challenges of rapid population growth.
Access to reproductive health resources needs to be established as a human right for all men and women. That must include the right to choose whether or not to have more children, and in conditions that do not endanger the lives of mothers.
Health programmes, particularly in western and central Africa, are vital to treat the causes of infant mortality. Existing health systems need to be strengthened and reproductive health, maternal and child health, and the care of people living with AIDS, need to be integrated into these systems.
Finally, and most controversially, promotion of condom-use as a means of contraception needs to be studied. If not, then all the efforts and successes achieved in the development arena will be called into question.
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As many as 24,000 prisoners in facilities across the country engaged in a work stoppage this fall to protest the low, or even nonexistent, wages that incarcerated people are paid for their work. The country’s largest-ever prisoner strike now seems to have disintegrated, with their demands unmet.
The most likely reason why the strike failed is that the prisoners are protesting the wrong thing. In trying to define prison labor as slavery, they’ve ignored the fact that it technically isn’t employment, either. Redefining prison labor as legal employment could reform the system in meaningful and lasting ways, more effectively than trying to convince people that it’s slavery.
As someone with intimate knowledge of the system, I know that prison labor is mostly misunderstood by the public. The first misconception is that all prison labor is the same. In fact, there are two types of prison jobs. First, there are ones like mine, where inmates work for the prison, and the employer — the government — doesn’t make a profit per se off prisoners’ backs, though it holds down expenses by paying little or nothing to get essential tasks done.
Then there are jobs under the Prison Industry Enhancement (PIE) program, in which inmates are employed by a private business that has contracted with local correctional authorities for low-cost labor. This second type of jobs holds much more potential for reform in ways that will help inmates.
In addition to the minimum wage, other conditions imposed by the Percy Amendment are that local labor-union officials must be consulted, and must agree that local non-convict labor is unaffected, and that goods produced in the prison must be from an industry that isn’t experiencing local unemployment.
Of all the unions in the United States, only the IWW supported the recent prisoner strike. Other groups in the AFL-CIO kept mum, because this kind of slavery gets their blessing.
If union bosses approve of the minimum-wage setup for the PIE program, why are inmates’ wages so low? The net wages earned by inmates skim the surface of slavery because many deductions — “LFOs,” or legal financial obligations, such as taxes, restitution, room and board, and other costs associated with the prisoner’s criminal processing and incarceration, which the prisoner can be made to repay — can eat away as much as 80 percent of a prisoner’s paycheck.
Whether theses deductions are used wisely by the state governments that collect them is debatable. Taking 80 percent of someone’s pay seems excessive and unreasonable; even court orders to garnish wages don’t go that far.
What isn’t up for discussion is the fact that a PIE employer already pays minimum wage for inmates. No wonder the strike achieved little; prisoners were demanding what they already get, at least in terms of what employers pay per hour.
But just because the fight for minimum wage for prisoners was won years ago by a federal statute — one that actually doesn’t benefit inmates much at all — doesn’t mean that hope for reform, or at least more satisfied correctional populations, is lost.
The most obvious solution to low wages for prisoners is to reform the regulations governing LFOs and how much can be taken from inmate pay. The likelihood of this happening is low; policies that soak justice-involved people are politically popular because they appear to alleviate people’s tax burdens.
Although private businesses in the PIE program are required to adhere to wage laws, they are exempted from certain sections of the tax code, namely unemployment taxes. They can get away with this because Section 26 U.S.C. 3306(c)(21) of the tax code states that any service performed in a penal institution isn’t considered employment. To a former prison laborer like me, this definition is much more dehumanizing than any low wage. This law tells an inmate that what she does at her prison job doesn’t matter, regardless of what she’s paid. It’s one thing to be devalued; it’s another to be denied outright. That’s what this exemption does to all of the reliable, invaluable services that inmates provide to others.
If prisoners’ work were defined as employment in the nation’s tax code and companies in the PIE program were required to pay unemployment taxes, returning citizens could file claims for unemployment benefits when they left prison and improve their chances at success in society.
Increasing a released prisoner’s access to cash reduced the first-day recidivism to zero, with no increase in crime later.
Of prisoners who recidivate within five years of their release, 37 percent get arrested within six months. Researchers studying “first-day recidivism” and the amount of “gate money” provided to discharging inmates have found that reducing “liquidity constraints” on discharged prisoners (i.e. giving them more cash) helps them avoid reoffending.
In fact, increasing a returning citizen’s access to cash reduced the first-day recidivism to zero, with no increase in crime later. Unemployment checks — benefits that an inmate has already earned, as opposed to the various entitlement programs that we use in place of meaningful job training and placement for people leaving custody — could buoy reentrants who are assimilating into society until they find a job.
Of course, redefining prison labor would increase costs for companies participating in the PIE program, perhaps enough to make these jobs go away entirely when the company has to lay out even more money to pay unemployment taxes. Yet I think many businesses won’t quit over this increased cost. Some of them already pay a federal unemployment tax for prison employees, even though they aren’t required to do so. It’s unlikely that an increased cost will deter companies from employing prisoners, since participation in the PIE program has advantages beyond what they pay, namely a captive and pliable workforce.
Imagine how much more recidivism could be reduced if these private companies were forced to acknowledge their incarcerated workers as employees — and pay the tax associated with hiring people and having them work for the company. It’s a much more likely scenario than getting anyone to admit that prison labor is slavery, and it could have a positive impact on incarcerated people’s lives where it really counts — outside the prison, where 95 percent of inmates will end up one day.
Of course, defining prison labor as employment wouldn’t have helped workers like me, whose midget pay stubs were never large enough to qualify for unemployment insurance, or inmate workers in places like Texas and Arkansas, where they are paid literally nothing. That’s pure slavery, untempered by union officials’ willful neglect.
Even if we raise the low and absent wages of certain prisoners, those payments will get chipped away by LFOs, just as they do for other prisoners who earn minimum wage from private companies. The only other option is to dismantle the entire prison labor system — which is ostensibly the goal of pleas to repeal the clause of the 13th Amendment that allows forced convict labor — and what will that accomplish?
Some people argue that letting inmates escape work requirements will free them to engage in more rehabilitative programming. I know from experience that prisoners are already required to leave their jobs for these self-help groups. It’s not as if a working prisoner can’t access rehabilitative assistance.
And that rehabilitative programming — school or group therapy — is being taken advantage of by many inmates. Hard statistics on the number of inmate laborers are difficult to obtain, but only an estimated 900,000 of our nation’s 2.3 million people in correctional facilities work within them. Excluding the 80,000 people held in solitary confinement, who aren’t allowed to work, that leaves about 1.3 million who found the freedom do something other than work behind bars.
At their root, prison labor problems aren’t always economic. What inmates are saying when they complain that prison labor is slavery is that they feel undervalued and dehumanized. This most recent prisoner strike was about mattering to others as equals, as people, and not being seen as lifeless targets for exploitation. Once people feel like they count — as more than just names on a population sheet — complaints about prison labor won’t necessarily abate, but they will change, and incarcerated people will start demanding the reforms that can actually help them.
Getting Congress to amend the tax code and define even unpaid prison labor as employment in the coming session would trade the language of oppression — calling what inmates do slavery — for the language of power — calling their activity employment — and change prisoners’ mindsets and views of themselves. In addition to changing prisoners’ self-concept, allowing them to collect unemployment benefits can change their ability to support themselves when they leave custody and help them remain law-abiding and free.
— Chandra Bozelko is the author of Up the River: An Anthology and blogs about her prison experiences at Prison Diaries.
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The Power-Loader cable is a companion cable for the X1541 cable, the XE1541 extended cable, the XM1541 multitask cable and the XA1541 active cable, giving an additional parallel connection between a Commodore machine and the PC parallel port. It's compatible with PS/2, EPP and ECP parallel ports and Commodore 64, 128 and VIC20 machines.
You need the following hardware to make use of this cable:
A Commodore 64, 128 or VIC20 machine
The cable is supported by the following PC software:
This cable is a companion, it doesn't work alone. On a PS/2 port, you can use it along with any of the four serial cables; on an EPP or ECP port, the X1541 cable is ruled out because it doesn't work on such ports.
You can find the details on how to build this cable at the construction page.
An alternative construction method is building a Commodore cross cable and plugging it onto an XEP1541 adaptor, XMP1541 adaptor or XAP1541 adaptor. This way, the cable and the parallel half of the adaptor will work, effectively, as a genuine Power-Loader cable. Furthermore, a Commodore serial cable and the serial half of the adaptor will give you the serial connection that you need anyway.
Switch your Commodore machine off. Connect the user port plug onto the user port of your Commodore machine, being very careful not to do it upside down, otherwise you may kill your PC parallel port within a second. Connect the parallel plug into the parallel port of your PC. Switch your Commodore machine back on.
Important! Do not plug or unplug cables while your equipment is switched on. Make sure that all components of your equipment are connected to the same, properly grounded power outlet. Put your equipment far away from monitors, TV sets and other devices with strong emission, otherwise cables may pick up interference and you may experience data loss or corruption.
The Power-Loader cable is © by Nicholas Coplin, 1999-2001.
Copyright and license |
Blog page | Recent updates |
(This page best viewed with any browser)
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Jazz great Charles Mingus was always looking for ways to combine words and music, usually in the form of settings for poetry, as with “The Chill of Death” from Let My Children Hear Music, or “The Weary Blues” by Langston Hughes. Late in life, he approached Joni Mitchell about adapting some of T.S. Eliot’s poems — an encounter that led to Mitchell’s album Mingus.
For my money, Mingus’ most perfectly realized fusion of words and jazz was the title track of The Clown, the 1957 album I like to spring on people who’ve never tried Mingus before. (Pithecanthropus Erectus and Mingus Ah Um are also good introductions to this superb American composer.)
Man, there was this clown. And he was a real happy guy, a real happy guy.
He had all these greens and all these yellows and all these oranges bubbling around inside of him, and he had just one thing he wanted in this world. He just wanted to make people laugh – that’s all he wanted out of this world. He was a real happy guy.
Let me tell you about this clown. He used to raise a sweat every night out on that stage, he just wouldn’t stop. That’s how hard he worked. He was tryin’ to make people laugh. He used to have this cute little gimmick where he had a seal follow him up and down a step ladder, blowin’ “Columbia the Gem of the Ocean” on a B-flat Sears Roebuck model 1322-A plastic bugle – a real cute act. But they didn’t laugh.
Oh you know, a few little . . . things . . . here and there, but not really. And he was booking out on all these tank towns, playing the Rotary Club and the Kiwanis Club and the American Legion hall, and he just wasn’t making it. And he had all these wonderful things going on inside of him, all these greens and yellows, and all these oranges. He was a real happy guy, and all he wanted to do was make people laugh. That’s all he wanted out of this world, was to make people laugh.
And then something began to grow, something that just wasn’t good began to grow inside of this guy . . .
The music is a bouncy waltz tempo, with a jolly sliding trombone part and overdubbed laughter. The narrator is Jean Shepherd, who in the days before he became the amiable nostalgia-merchant of A Christmas Story was a late-night radio jock whose free-form monologues addressed those he called “night people” — nonconformists and ne’er-do-wells capable of passing among the day people but always longing to break free of the conformist straitjacket. Anyone unfamiliar with Shepherd’s earlier work is in for a shock with this piece.
“Tank town” is a bit of obsolete showbiz slang, from the days when railroad engines would stop to draw water for their boilers from an overhead tank. Small clusters of stores grew up around these stops, simply to cater to people getting off the train and stretching their legs. In other words, a “tank town” was synonymous with Nowheresville — a flyspeck community hardly worth stopping at. An entertainer who played lots of tank towns would have a pretty bleak career.
Mingus had conceived a loose storyline about a clown who only becomes successful after he pulls out a gun and commits suicide in front of an audience. Shepherd, who loved jazz and prided himself on improvising with words the way musicians did with notes, gradually transformed the story during rehearsals into something that was, in a subtle way, even grimmer. Mingus pronounced himself delighted with the result.
You know it’s a funny thing. Something began to trouble this clown . . . you know, little things . . . little things once in a while would happen that would make that crowd begin to move. But they were never the right things.
Like for example that time the seal got sick on the stage, all over the stage, the crowd just . . . just broke up. Little things like that, and they weren’t supposed to be in the act, and they weren’t supposed to be funny. This began to trouble him and this began to bother him, this little thing began to grow inside. All those greens and all those oranges and all those yellows . . . they just weren’t as bright as they used to be. And all he wanted to do was to make that crowd laugh. That’s all he wanted to do.
There was this one night in Dubuque when he was playing this Rotary Club. All these dentists and all these druggists, all these postmen sitting around, and they were a real cold bunch – nothing was happening. He was leaving the stage when he stumbled over his ladder and fell flat on his face, just flat on his face, and he stands up and he’s got this bloody nose and he looks out at the crowd and that crowd is just rollin’ on the floor – he’s knocked ‘em flat out. This begins to trouble him even more. And he sees something – he begins to see something . . . hmmm?
Clowns crop up often enough in Mingus’s work — e.g., “Don’t Be Afraid, the Clown’s Afraid, Too” — to suggest they had a very personal meaning to him. One of the curious things about “The Clown” is that the protagonist is feeling alienated because the audience expects him to do what clowns do — take pratfalls, slip on banana peels, get a blast of seltzer in the face, whatever. But if this clown is a stand-in for any artist, then doing the expected thing is not enough. Despite what he may think, this clown wants to do more than make people laugh. They have to laugh when they’re supposed to, at the things the clown wants them to laugh at.
Even in his nightclub days, Mingus was famously insistent on having the audience’s full attention: he thought nothing of chastising people for talking too loudly during his sets, and on one occasion, when two women kept chattering through the group’s performance, he grabbed a microphone and slammed it on the table in front of them. One of his best albums, Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus, is recorded as a dream-gig, with Mingus thanking an imaginary nightclub audience for shutting up, not ordering drinks, and staying in their seats. He was also angry, not without justification, at what he saw as second-class treatment — not only for himself as a black man, but also for jazz musicians in general as the popular audience headed in another direction.
And right about here things began to change, but really change. Not the least of which, our clown changed his act. Bought himself a set of football pads, a yellow helmet with red stripes, hired a girl who dropped a five-pound sack of flour on his head every night from maybe twenty feet up. Oh man, what a bit! That just broke them up every night – but not like Dubuque!
And all those colors? All those yellows, all those reds, all those oranges? A lot of gray in there now, a lot of blue. And all he wanted to do was to make this crowd laugh, that’s all he wanted out of this world. They were laughing all right. Not like Dubuque, but . . . they were laughing.
And the dough started to come in, and he was playing the big towns, Chicago, Detroit. . . . And then it was Pittsburgh one night – real fine town, Pittsburgh, you know. About three quarters of the way through his act, a rope broke. Down came the backdrop, right on the back of the neck, and he went flat. And something broke. This was it. It hurt way down deep inside.
He tried to get up. He looked out at the audience and man you should . . . man you should have seen that crowd – they was rollin’ in the aisles! This was bigger than Dubuque!
This was bigger than Dubuque! He really had ‘em going . . .
This was it. This was the last one. This was the last one. This was the last one. He knew now. Man he really knew now. But it was too late. And all he wanted to do was make this crowd laugh – well, they were laughing. But now he knew.
That was the end of the clown. And you should have seen the bookings coming. Man, his agent was on the phone for twenty-four hours. The Palladium . . . MCA . . . William Morris. But it was too late.
He really knew now, He really knew.
He really knew now . . .
William Morris sends regrets.
What did the clown realize in his last moments on earth? What was it that he knew . . . he really knew? That audiences are basically sadistic? That all his artistic striving was meaningless? That success always comes too late? That an artist has to kill himself on stage, every night, and it’s all the same to the audience?
I don’t think Mingus (or Shepherd) believed any of that, though I’m sure the thought crossed their minds more than once. I don’t know if either man ever addressed “The Clown” in an interview. If so, please send e the link. What the clown knew. That’s what I’d like to know.
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Roger Angell went extra-innings. The famed essayist, novelist, editor and sportswriter passed away on 20 May at the age of 101 in New York. Doing the maths reveals some remarkable facts: Angell, a Manhattan native and later a graduate of Harvard and WW2 Air Force veteran, was (just) alive for the Babe Ruth sale to the Yankees. He was 27 years old when Jackie Robinson broke the colour barrier, and four years later, at 31 (my current age), Angell watched the “Shot Heard Round the World” on TV at his mother-in-law’s apartment in Boston. He lived long enough to watch the Babe and Shohei Ohtani, and often liked to state that between him and his father, who was born in 1889, they had watched almost the entirety of the history of major league baseball.
In looking back at his life, and the events which populated it, it is as if he lived multiple lives within one, and not just because of the longevity. He survived two wives, both of whom died from cancer, and a daughter through suicide, of which he described “the oceanic force and mystery of that event” and his struggle to comprehend that “a beautiful daughter of mine, my oldest child, had ended her life.”
His grandfather died when Angell was nine, in a marine accident near Sable Island. Personal tragedy is inevitable in life, and Roger, true to style, wrote thoughtfully and beautifully about that, too, “Memory is fiction—an anecdotal version of some scene or past event we need to store away for present or future use.”
Angell had come to writing about baseball by accident, which seems impossible in hindsight. In 1962 William Shawn, New Yorker editor, told him to “go down to spring training and see what you find.” Angell found his craft, and in a happy coincidence, his team – it was the first year of the Mets. “They were these terrific losers that New York took to its heart,” he later wrote.
His impact went beyond baseball – he wrote about football, tennis, horse racing, movies, among other things – but it was his writing on the great American pastime which made the most indelible impression on his readers, including myself. His unhurried, considerate style mirrored his own thoughts on the game, “if you think about it, both baseball and reading are occupations for people who are not afraid of being bored.”
Angell’s vivacious passion for the sport was legendary. He fully embraced the internet age, watching games late into the night on his TV, getting ever closer to the screen as his eyes slowly deteriorated, and penning blogs that those of us who aspire to sports writing could only dream of emulating, and all this long into his ninth decade.
Since his passing many have written more eloquently about Angell’s life, and works, than me – not least those who knew him personally and can recount stories that elucidate his reputation and reinforce the sense you have that Roger would have been a wonderful person to know. Angell – a writer from a continent away, without active social media and, therefore, in the old-school tradition of great writers everywhere, properly distant – nevertheless had a profound effect on my life.
For me discovering him was like discovering a veteran player. Say, Yadier Molina, still at the height of his powers, beloved by all, adapting to changes without complaint and hitting doubles and triples and homers at a ripe age with seeming ease. Such as it was with Angell, who took the myriad changes to the game of baseball – rules, money, scandals – in his stride. In discovering his work, you were opening a Pandora’s box of wonders over which you could pore for months on end, starting with his Sporting Scene pieces in the New Yorker and then moving on to his books, film reviews, and everything else. I find myself repeating this process again now. For nostalgia and inspiration, yes, but also sheer joy.
As Washington Post writer Tom Boswell wrote, “Conversation is the blood of baseball. It flows through the game, an invigorating system of anecdotes. Ballplayers are tale tellers who have polished their malarky and winnowed their wisdom… this passion for language and the telling detail is what makes baseball the writer’s game.” Angell was the master conversationalist, often recalling his own chats with ballplayers and writers and fans within his articles, spinning a wondrous web of stories and anecdotes from across the baseball landscape, all contributing to that ineffable feeling that you were there, too. And yet, given all that had changed in the sport since his childhood, his writing never strayed into pining for the nostalgia of the past, like that of so many others.
The first article I read of his was written in 2012. It described, in typically erudite Angellian fashion, how Mets knuckleballer R.A. Dickey had come to dominate the diamond for a fleeting, thrilling period, throwing two consecutive one-hitters, a feat not accomplished in the National League since the season before Angell first wrote for the New Yorker 68 years earlier. Dickey was magic in a bottle, and then, as quickly as he had come to dominate, he was gone. Thankfully Angell’s presence among the best of baseball writers didn’t mirror Dickey’s transience in the majors. I re-read the article over and over, trying to ascertain what encapsulated the style of writing and gave it such an ease of reading in spite of the complexities of what Angell was conferring. I still can’t, despite my best efforts today.
“Dickey, whose full beard and peaceable appearance suggest a retired up-country hunting dog, is thirty-seven years old, with ten years and three prior big-league teams behind him, and hard work has brought him to this Shangri-La, perhaps only briefly. Watching him, if you’ve ever played ball, you may find yourself remembering the exact moment in your early teens when you were first able to see a fraction of movement in a ball you’d flung, and sensed a magical kinship with the ball and what you’d just done together. This is where Dickey is right now, and for him the horrendous din of the game and its perpetual, distracting flow of replay and statistics and expertise and P.R. and money and expectation and fatigue have perhaps dimmed, leaving him still in touch with the elegant and, for now, perfectly recallable and repeatable movements of his body and shoulders and the feel of the thing on his fingertips.”
Watching the Mets face the Dodgers this evening, fussing over this piece, I am reminded of the terrific ways in which Angell communicated the fundamental subtleties of the game and somehow made one of the most difficult things in all of sports – hitting a baseball flung at 90mph+ from just 60 feet, 6 inches away – seem comprehensible to the reader. He had a delicate knack of breaking down baseball fundamentals to their essential, component movements, but in language that you or I would never have been able to dream up. He would dissect a swing into stages, then rebuild it in such a way that you, the reader, would inevitably recreate the steps at home, sans-bat, hoping to capture something of the essence of the major leagues in your living room.
His description of Bob Gibson’s mechanics, published in 1980, is as good an example as any of masterful descriptive prose:
“With Gibson pitching, you were always a little distracted from the plate and the batter, because his delivery continued so extravagantly after the ball was released that you almost felt that the pitch was incidental to the whole affair. The follow-through sometimes suggested a far-out basketball move — a fast downcourt feint. His right leg, which was up and twisted to the right in the air as the ball was let go (all normal enough for a right-handed pitcher), now continued forward in a sudden sidewise rush, crossing his planted left leg, actually stepping over it, and he finished with a full running step toward the right-field foul line, which wrenched his body in the same direction, so that he now had to follow the flight of the ball by peering over his right shoulder. Both his arms whirled in the air to help him keep his balance during this acrobatic manoeuvre, but the key to his overpowering speed and stuff was not the strength of his pitching arm — it was the powerful, driving thrust of his legs, culminating in that final extra step, which brought his right foot clomping down on the sloping left-hand side of the mound, with the full weight of his body slamming and twisting behind it.”
Angell’s expository abilities, and his skill in manipulating the reader’s imagination, puts me in mind of a pitcher’s ability to manipulate the baseball – a different grip, a quicker windup, a flick of the wrist – he would draw you in and tease you and then, most often finishing his pieces with a rip-roaring flourish, he’d strike you out with a fastball. And so I leave you with one of Angell’s more famous passages, the denouement of his 1975 piece on the Red Sox vs. the Reds:
“It is foolish and childish, on the face of it, to affiliate ourselves with anything so insignificant and patently contrived and commercially exploitative as a professional sports team, and the amused superiority and icy scorn that the non-fan directs at the sports nut (I know this look–I know it by heart) is understandable and almost unanswerable. Almost.
What is left out of this calculation, it seems to me, is the business of caring–caring deeply and passionately, really caring–which is a capacity or an emotion that has almost gone out of our lives. And so it seems possible that we have come to a time when it no longer matters so much what the caring is about, how frail or foolish is the object of that concern, as long as the feeling itself can be saved. Naïveté –the infantile and ignoble joy that sends a grown man or woman to dancing and shouting with joy in the middle of the night over the hazardous flight of a distant ball–seems a small price to pay for such a gift.”
Right on, Roger.
Angell’s New Yorker archive can be found here
Featured image of Roger Angell by Al Tielemans /Sports Illustrated via Getty Images
Joshua Edwards is the London Series correspondent for Bat Flips & Nerds. You can follow him on Twitter at @Joshwa_1990
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The Islotes de Puñihuil are located about 28 kilometres southwest of Ancud (Chiloé) and were declared a natural monument in 1999.
This natural paradise near the coast, consisting of three small islands, is the only known place in the world so far where Humboldt and Magellanic penguins live side by side and breed at the same location. The islands are also home to various other birds and sea otters.
The islands can be visited during a boat trip and the penguins can be observed in their natural habitat.
Puñihuil is also an ideal place to enjoy a beautiful panorama overlooking the Pacific coast.
Although boat trips to the Islotes de Puñihuil are a popular excursion, the number of trips per day is limited in order to protect this ecosystem. Puñihuil also has a wide range of environmentally conscious, sustainable tourism options with huts, restaurants, handicrafts and guided walks.
For more information about excursions on Chiloé Island and in Puñihuil
please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Aneides lugubris farallonensis.
On the mainland, this species is associated with oak woodlands. It is described as arboreal because of its unique ability and propensity among salamanders to climb trees: the enlarged toe tips and prehensile tail is adapted for climbing, and individuals on the mainland have been found in tree cavities as high as 60 feet above the ground!
However, trees are in rather short supply here on the Farallones - so what gives? Although its common name suggests that this salamander lives in trees, it is actually found mostly under rocks and logs and in crevices and burrows, and its arboreal tendencies may be somewhat overrated. Seabird burrows cover almost the entire Southeast Farallon Island and, together with the many rocks, provide abundant cover for salamanders.
The arboreal salamander has a prehensile tail to facilitate climbing.
One herpetologist noted that "this curious genus [Aneides] is furnished with by far the most powerful dentition of any existing salamander..." Given that the arboreal salamander is the biggest species of its genus, these guys have especially large and powerful teeth, and have even been known to bite the unsuspecting PRBO biologist!
Arboreal salamanders are lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae) that breathe through their skin. This renders them sensitive to changes in water or air quality, making them good indicators of ecosystem health. PRBO biologists initiated a long-term monitoring study of the Farallon arboreal salamander in 2006.
In the dry season from May to October arboreal salamanders retreat to burrows deep beneath the ground where they guard their eggs and hatchlings and wait for the rains to return. They are only active near the surface during the winter rainy season. When at the surface they are strictly nocturnal, emerging at night to forage for beetles, isopods, and other insects. During the day they remain in stone walls and crevices and under rocks and boards.
Coverboards are placed in pairs along the path from the PRBO house to North Landing.
We placed more than 100 permanent cover boards along the path from the PRBO house to North Landing. We check under the boards for salamanders every 2 weeks from November to May, the period of greatest surface activity. When we capture a salamander, we measure and weigh it, check for eggs (you can see eggs through their skin), and take photos of its spot patterns. Each salamander's spot pattern is unique, so we can individually identify them using our photo database.
A biologist measures a Farallon arboreal salamander.
Each salamander has a unique spot pattern, allowing biologists to individually identify them.
Unfortunately, a larger proportion of amphibian species are at risk of extinction than any other group of animals. Salamander populations throughout the world are threatened by chemicals, infectious diseases, and habitat loss. By studying the Farallon arboreal salamanders, we can understand their population dynamics and hopefully ensure a future for this special and unique creature.
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The first cohort of Branham Fellows entered the Newhouse School of Public Communications this fall, with eight recipients from various backgrounds. Black women are notably absent from the group.
The scholarship aims to recruit students from socio-economically disadvantaged and under-represented populations, according to a New house press release, and give them the opportunity to attend Newhouse âdebt freeâ. The scholarship will be awarded to a maximum of 10 students each fall.
The absence of black women received critical on social media because the stock exchange’s namesake, former Newhouse Dean Lorraine E. Branham, was a black woman.
Payton Campbell, a graduate of Newhouse’s graphic design program in 2021 and president of the SU chapter of the National Association of Black Journalists, said that in Branham’s absence and with few black female role models at the school, Newhouse needs to put more effort into making black women feel represented. She said she was one of the few black students in her major when she graduated in May.
Branham became Dean in 2008 after working in the newspaper industry for about 25 years, and she was determined to diversify the school. in his role. Branham died in 2019 from uterine cancer.
Campbell said she remembers finishing her final year of high school and interning at the Houston Chronicle in Texas in the spring of 2017. She had just received her waitlist notification from Newhouse. Her editor called Branham to defend Campbell, and three weeks later she was accepted.
Branham was instrumental in Campbell’s ability to compete in the League. She said this connection with Branham gave her the strength and encouragement to get involved in the Newhouse community.
â(Branham) was the reason I was so involved with Newhouse⦠even after he passed away because I knew I just wanted to carry on his legacy in any way I could,â Campbell said. âI wanted to show and prove that students of color belong to Newhouse whether or not we have the best test scores⦠we have stories to tell and our place in this school is as deserved as anyone from. other.”
Branham’s passion for influencing students, especially students of color, was well known not only to students, but also to Newhouse faculty and staff.
Amy Falkner, Senior Associate Dean of Academic Affairs at Newhouse, served as Acting Dean after Branham’s death in 2019. Falkner said the recently established Branham Memorial Scholarship aims to motivate students in the same way Branham does them. has motivated itself.
âThe students who came to see Lorraine or arrived here because of (who) Lorriane was. Because she nurtured both in a way that motivated students, especially students from under-represented groups. But also don’t hesitate to start a fire under your butt if you don’t do what you should and take advantage of incredible opportunities, âsaid Falkner. “This is an incredible opportunity for, essentially, under-represented student groups.”
Claire Ceccoli is one of this year’s Branham Fellows. The freshman in public relations said the scholarship made all the difference for her and made her feel like Newhouse wanted it. Ceccoli, who is a white woman, said she understood the criticism surrounding the scholarship, but felt she could still make changes through the scholarship.
âI am aware that I am not part of a minority group,â said Ceccoli. âYes, it wasn’t given to a black woman, and I’m not one of that group. But the scholarship always changes my life, because it inspires me to change and follow in the Dean’s footsteps.
Falkner said that while no black women have received the scholarship, that doesn’t mean black women haven’t.
âSometimes people take the scholarship, sometimes they go elsewhere,â Falkner said.
Campbell said some black women may not have come to Newhouse due to the lack of belonging to the school.
âIt’s hard to be a black woman in Newhouse. It’s hard to be in a space where you aren’t really understood and where you don’t feel very welcome or valued, âsaid Campbell. “It doesn’t really surprise me that black women don’t want to come to Newhouse.”
It doesn’t really surprise me that black women don’t want to come to Newhouse
Payton Campbell, Newhouse alumnus
After working in the newspaper industry with predominantly white male colleagues, Branham understood the feeling of under-representation, Falkner said.
Branham’s ability to rise through the ranks as a woman of color is what she has always tried to show students, Falkner added.
âHow do you work and succeed in a place where (being in the minority) is your situation? Said Dean Falkner. âThis is what she was so passionate about but also exceptionally talented for. She did it, she lived it. She always tried to inspire students to do the same, and that’s what this is all about. inheritance and this scholarship Give people an opportunity.
Posted on November 11, 2021 at 1:24 am
Contact Shantel: [email protected] | @ shantelguzman2
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<< back to previous page
Parents offered advice on helping children find graduate jobs
Tuesday, 29 December 2009
All Graduate job news
With many individuals failing to find a graduate job after finishing university, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills has published a guide offering parents advice on how to give their children a nudge in the right direction.
Entitled Parent Motivators, the 18-page document encourages parents not to allow their children to become too cosy at home by offering free board, plenty of food and doing all of the washing and ironing.
However, parents are additionally told not to nag the young adults to find their first graduate job, but instead give them the support they require, while remaining realistic.
Career coach Denise Taylor wrote the guide, which states: "Some people will make it as actors and film scriptwriters but many just waste away the years.
"People often pursue careers such as this alongside a job, so encourage them to get a job to increase their independence and so they can support themselves on their dream path."
Meanwhile, a number of former students could secure their first graduate job at Jaguar as the car maker recently announced that 100 positions are set to be made available next year.
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HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is the most common sexually transmitted disease, with more than one hundred strains. Approximately 3 out of 4 sexually active Canadians will be infected with HPV at some time in their life. The infection rate peaks at adolescence, often with little or no detection. HPV is also associated with cervical cancer and genital warts. However, individuals can protect themselves against certain strains of HPV through immunization.
Canadian Paediatric Society. Caring for Kids. Immunization. http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/immunization-index (external link)
English (PDF: 1.1m)
French (PDF: 2.1m)
Print ready: English (PDF: 2.3m)
Print ready: French (PDF: 2.2m)
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It there is more than one control systems are added together in a process the control system is called cascade control system.
Block diagram of cascade control system
The inherent interaction that occurs between two control systems in many applications is used in one control loop determined by measurement of a different variable for which interaction exists.
Two measurements are taken from the system. Each is used in its own control loop. Set point of inner loop is decided by controller output of outer loop. Cascade control provides better control of the outer loop variable than is accomplished through a single variable system.
The temperature controller generates the correction signal based on the actual temperature. This correction signal is used as the set point input to a flow controller. The flow controller signal positions the control valve, which regulates the flow of hot liquid from the vessel.
Advantages of cascade control system
The flow controller is much faster than the temperature controller due to much shorter dead time in the secondary loop than in the original single loop system.
The temperature controller with an integral mode remains in the design to ensure zero for all disturbance source.
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The most common question I get asked about my daughters is a relatively benign one, “How old are they?” but it’s the follow-up questions, or statements rather, that are jarring.
My daughters are 16 months and 20 months old. They have different biological families and I am in the midst of adopting them both from foster care. So yes, they ARE four months apart in age. So why do strangers insist on arguing with me about it?
The number of people that tell me it’s “impossible” for my daughters to be four months apart is shocking. Shocking because this is 2014, Modern Family is in its 5th season, and well … one of my daughters is black and the other is white. They look absolutely nothing alike. In addition to that, neither of them looks anything like me. If someone is struggling with the math of pregnancy and delivery without it entering their mind that my daughters might not be my biological offspring, how is it that they aren’t struggling with the dominant and recessive genetic traits of my daughters’ skin, hair, and eye color?
I’ve concluded that perhaps people engage me about my daughters’ age as a poor (and not necessarily conscious) attempt to get an explanation about my family’s differences. Maybe it should be more acceptable for people to ask outright, “How did it come about that you’re the mom to these sweet little girls?” I’d much rather someone ask me that.
I have no problem explaining to others that my daughters are adopted. I’m proud of my little family and the way we came to be. As my daughters grow up they will face the same, if not more questions. Perhaps if it were more socially acceptable to just ask people about their family make-up, then less nonsense arguments will take up our time.
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We have about ten pints of blood (or up to six quarts of blood, half plasma and half blood cells) being circulated through our bodies by the circulatory system. The blood is pumped by and through the heart into vessels and veins and transports materials—nutrients such as glucose— and oxygen, to vital organs and tissues for growth and repair. It also carries carbon dioxide and waste products from the tissues for excretion. And hormones are taken to various tissues and organs for chemical signaling, all the while moving digested food from the gut to the liver, and within, too, are immune bodies that are hanging out for the prevention of infection, and which possess clotting factors to help stop bleeding to all parts of the body.
In some crime labs, forensic serologists also take on another hat and become expert in “blood pattern analysis,”—also referred to as blood spatter—which is used to recreate the violent scenarios involved in a crime scene according to the patterns displayed on surfaces around the room.
Crime scene blood is important to real life detectives (and also to mystery writers), because it is often found as the result of homicide, assault and sexual assault. Since blood can be found at different time stages, it can be present as fresh liquid pools, coagulated blood, (meaning the blood has turned to a semi-solid state), dried blood, small drops, or even swiped stains.
When any dark substance is found at the scene it is carefully collected because many things can contaminate blood and it can act as a biohazard to the criminalist collecting it. That is why crime scene technicians will often suit-up wearing latex gloves, surgical masks, eye-coverings and sometimes full coverage gowns. (Yes, the CSI people on TV all have hepatitis according to the way they dress!) And although they might not wear as much PPE (Personal Protection Equipment) as shown in the picture at the right, they will surely wear booties, gloves and maybe even a mask.
The determination of blood is best made by using a preliminary color test and for years, the most commonly used was the benzidine color test. (Benzidine was labeled a carcinogen, so it has generally been discontinued.) The Kastle-Meyer color test was used in its place and basically, the tests are based on the fact that blood hemoglobin possesses peroxidase-like activity. To simplify, these are enzymes that when tested with a reagent will cause the sample to turn a deep pink color. It’s not an absolute however, because potatoes and horseradish will also turn it pink.
Sometimes a powerful light moved across the surface of a crime scene is all that is needed for visual inspection. But if blood is suspected and not readily seen, luminol is sprayed and after about five seconds it will fluoresce in a darkened room. Luminol is prohibitive though, because it will destroy many important blood factors necessary for the forensic characterization of blood.
Microcrystalline tests can be performed on material and there are several tests available but the two most popular are the Takayama and Teichmann tests. These depend on the addition of specific chemicals to the blood so that characteristic crystals with hemoglobin derivatives will be formed. They will also react to other materials that may be present in a bloodstain.
After the blood is in the lab a test is used to find out whether it is human or animal blood. It has to do with a rabbit and chicken egg proteins and it forms a cloudy substance called a precipitin. Another test can be done using a “gel diffusion” test. The sample’s antibodies and antigens will diffuse or move toward one another on an agar gel-coated plate. The extracted bloodstain and the human antiserum are placed in separate holes opposite each other on the gel. This will then be subjected to an electrical field and a specific reaction will be expressed by a line of precipitation formed between the two. The blood is then typed. In 1925, a special percentage of the human population were found to be “secretors,” which means that certain antigens, proteins, antibodies and enzyme traits can be found in other bodily fluids such as saliva, urine, or teardrops.
Today, DNA has replaced the tests for specific enzymes and proteins and while they are more accurate, they are also more expensive, timely, and require an updated crime lab facility. Sometimes it is about expertise, resources, and budget that determines how much bodily fluids are taken into consideration.
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'In the Living Forest' (book)
In the Living Forest (Ed. John Keeney), a book exploring Australia’s forest community, provides readers with a snapshot of a modern industry committed to innovation, efficiency and growth.
Published in 2005 (ETN Communications Pty Ltd), the book is a contemporary reference for those interested in the latest news in forest management and industry developments.
Covering topics as diverse as cultural heritage management, science informing forest management, economic growth, investment and social development, the many and varied articles will make a valuable contribution towards informed debate about forest management in Australia.
This book can be found in many school and local libraries across NSW. Hard copies of this book are no longer available. You can view and download sample articles below.
A number of the articles have been reviewed by the Curriculum K-12 Directorate of the NSW Department of Education and Training and mapped to the Industrial Technology stage 5 and stage 6 syllabuses. See the reviews (PDF, 378kb)
Sample articles for download
- Protecting our ancient treasures [154.0 KB PDF]
- A land changed forever [218.7 KB PDF]
- Following his animal instincts [136.7 KB PDF]
- Native forests under fire [112.9 KB PDF]
- Salt of the earth [213.9 KB PDF]
- Re-writing the textbooks [122.4 KB PDF]
- Investments in the plant's future [227.0 KB PDF]
- Painting a different landscape [257.6 KB PDF]
- The time to act is now [198.3 KB PDF]
- Credit where credit is due [68.0 KB PDF]
- The colour of karri [103.5 KB PDF]
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In 2013 flooding in 49 Illinois counties broke all-time records. Floods are the most common natural disaster in the United States and one of the most expensive.
WASHINGTON, D.C. — U.S. Reps. Rodney Davis (R-Ill.), Cheri Bustos (D-Ill.), John Shimkus (R-Ill.), Mike Bost (R-Ill.), and Adam Kinzinger (R-Ill.) Thursday announced with U.S. Sens. Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) and Mark Kirk (R-Ill.) the reintroduction of the Fairness in Federal Disaster Declarations Act to reform the Federal Emergency Management Agency disaster declaration process and bring fairness to small communities in larger states like Illinois.
According to a report by the Congressional Research Service (CRS), FEMA already takes into account several factors when determining the need for Public and Individual Assistance. However, there is no standard to determine which factor is more important than another, which leads to a process that leaves states and communities in limbo for weeks as their application is considered.
The Fairness in Federal Disaster Declarations Act of 2015 will provide more certainty and fairness to states and small communities by giving FEMA a clearer formula when evaluating disaster areas. This bill assigns a specific weight to each of the factors already used by FEMA, and adds other economic factors for the agency to consider when determining whether or not a disaster area should receive federal assistance. Below is the formula breakdown for public assistance specified in the legislation and a description of each factor currently used by FEMA:
- Estimated cost of the assistance (10 percent). Currently, this is the key component to FEMA’s declaration process, calculated at $1.35 times the state population. This legislation will make it less of a factor by weighing it significantly lower than localized impacts.
- Localized impacts (40 percent). The legislation would put greater weight on the damage assessment on a specific area, as opposed to statewide.
- Insurance coverage in force (10 percent). Currently, FEMA deducts the amount of insurance that should be held by a government and nonprofits from the total eligible amount.
- Hazard mitigation (10 percent). If the cost of damage falls short of the cost of assistance threshold due to mitigation measures that lessened the disaster’s impact, FEMA will take this into consideration by doing a cost-benefit analysis.
- Recent multiple disasters (10 percent). FEMA would take any disasters occurring within the previous 12 months into consideration and evaluate the funds that the state has committed and their impact on the state and its residents.
- Programs of other federal assistance (10 percent). FEMA would take into consideration whether or not other agencies will be contributing.
- Other economic circumstances (10 percent). Currently these are factors not considered by FEMA. This legislation would require FEMA to consider the local assessable tax base and local sales tax, the median income in comparison to the state, the poverty rate in comparison to the state, and the unemployment rate of the state in comparison to the national rate.
The formula breakdown for individual assistance would be:
- Concentration of damages - 20 percent;
- Trauma - 20 percent;
- Special populations - 20 percent;
- Voluntary agency assistance - 10 percent;
- Insurance - 20 percent;
- Average amount of individual assistance by state - 5 percent;
- Economic declarations - 5 percent.
The legislation will be retroactive to include all storms occurring since 2012 in which states requested federal assistance but were denied.
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PowerFit fits your 3D structures in any map!
- PowerFit automatically fits high-resolution atomic structures into cryo-EM densities.
To this end it performs a full-exhaustive 6-dimensional cross-correlation search between the atomic structure and the density. It takes as input an atomic structure in PDB- or mmCIF-format and a cryo-EM density with its resolution; and outputs positions and rotations of the atomic structure corresponding to high correlation values. PowerFit uses the local cross-correlation function as its base score. The score is by default enhanced with an optional Laplace pre-filter and a core-weighted version to minimize overlapping densities from neighboring subunits.
- In order to constantly improve our service and give you the best experience, we would really appreciate if you could take the time to complete our short online survey (~5min) available here: https://goo.gl/forms/mmO4PLP8SCweKr5r2
- PowerFit webserver
- REGISTRATION: To use the PowerFit server you must have registered for an account. If you do not have an account yet you can register here
- Submit your job to:
Average run time in minutes (5 runs each, excluding pre- and post-processing, and queued time) for fitting chain C of the GroEL-ES complex (PDB: 3zpz, 525 residues) into the corresponding map (EMD-2325, Resolution: 8.9 Å, Estimated Volume: 936 nm3) with a rotational sampling interval of 5° and 10°, submitted to the local CPU and grid GPGPU resources via the PowerFit web server.
- Powerfit Webinar
Watch the 11th BioExcel Webinar on “Robust solutions for cryoEM fitting and visualisation of interaction space”. This Webinar presented by the PowerFit team features a comprehensive overview about the general methodology and algorithms behind PowerFit. Furthermore it provides a quick introduction to the PowerFit web portal implementation including a live demo of the portal.
- Reference for use of the server
- When using the PowerFit server please cite:
- R. Vargas Honorato, P.I. Koukos, B. Jimenez-Garcia, A. Tsaregorodtsev, M. Verlato, A. Giachetti, A. Rosato and A.M.J.J. Bonvin.
Structural biology in the clouds: The WeNMR-EOSC Ecosystem. Frontiers Mol. Biosci., 8, fmolb.2021.729513 (2021).
G.C.P. van Zundert, M. Trellet, J. Schaarschmidt, Z. Kurkcuoglu, M. David, M. Verlato, A. Rosato and A.M.J.J. Bonvin.
The DisVis and PowerFit web servers: Explorative and Integrative Modeling of Biomolecular Complexes. J. Mol. Biol. 429, 399-407 (2017).
G.C.P. van Zundert and A.M.J.J. Bonvin (2015)
Fast and sensitive rigid-body fitting into cryo-EM density maps with PowerFit. AIMS Biophysics 2, 73-87.
and add the following acknowledgment:
The FP7 WeNMR (project# 261572), H2020 West-Life (project# 675858), EOSC-hub (project# 777536) and the EGI-ACE (project# 101017567) European e-Infrastructure projects are acknowledged for the use of their web portals, which make use of the EGI infrastructure with the dedicated support of CESNET-MCC, INFN-PADOVA-STACK, INFN-LNL-2, NCG-INGRID-PT, TW-NCHC, CESGA, IFCA-LCG2, UA-BITP, SURFsara and NIKHEF, and the additional support of the national GRID Initiatives of Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, UK, Taiwan and the US Open Science Grid.
- PowerFit software
- You can also install PowerFit directly on your computer. Source code is available under Apache 2.0 license here: Github::PowerFit
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Septic system additives are offered to house owners across the USA, but they do not have guideline, standardized testing, and also official qualification. That can make it tough to know if sewage-disposal tank additives really work, and also if you require them in all 1990 septic tank companies chautauqua countyny.
To discover solutions, we will certainly separate additives into three categories: inorganic compounds, natural solvents, as well as biological ingredients.
Septic system ingredients with not natural compounds include solid acids and also antacids. They are implied to unclog septic tank pipes. While these chemical ingredients may function as promoted, we suggest you avoid them since they:
harm the microorganisms that are necessary to the wastewater treatment process
minimize the performance of traditional septic tanks
wear away as well as create leakages in concrete treatment containers
quit the anaerobic digestion process in septic systems
interrupt the performance of additional therapy systems (consisting of the Ecoflo biofilter).
Septic system additives with organic solvents are implied to break down fats, oils, as well as greases. Once again, even though these items might work, we recommend you prevent them because they:.
- harm the efficiency of additional treatment systems.
- contaminate groundwater.
- eliminate the germs in septic systems.
- adversely influence the wellness of conventional septic tanks.
Biological septic system additives consist of yeasts, natural germs, and also enzymes. They are implied to enhance the bacterial flora in septic systems and also drainpipe areas, control biomass, and also reactivate inactive septic systems.
Do I need to include bacteria to my septic system?
Individual dropping a biological septic tank additive with germs and enzymes into their commode.
Healthy and balanced septic systems already have adequate germs to support the biological procedures that treat human waste and wastewater.
By adding more microorganisms in the tank, you create problems in which bacterial populations compete versus each other. This competitors can do more damage than excellent.
Harmful septic tanks are a different tale. Typically, the microbial vegetation in these systems has been destabilized by big amounts of poisonous materials, including:.
- particular soaps.
- cleaning|cleansing} products.
When this happens, bacterial additives may aid you re-establish a healthy and balanced balance in your septic system. To learn if this action is right for you, contact your septic tank manufacturer or ask our group of specialists.
Do I need to add sewage-disposal tank enzymes?
Additives with enzymes (additionally called biography enzymes) are suggested to boost microbial populaces in septic systems. They do this by transforming the framework of organic impurities to make sure that bacteria can eat them much more conveniently.
There are 2 vital things to learn about septic tank enzymes:.
They are specific.
As an example, take 2 usual enzymes: cellulase and protease. Cellulase breaks down only bathroom tissue and other coarse products. Protease breaks down only protein-based toxins. These enzymes have no result on various other natural contaminants.
They are not to life and can not reproduce.
Unlike bacteria, enzymes should be frequently purchased and also included in your septic tank to preserve their designated performance.
Some septic system enzymes are marketed to restrict the build-up of a residue layer. They function by permitting fats, oils, as well as greases to flow downstream right into secondary therapy systems as well as various other septic system elements.
The problem is that fats, oils, and also greases are not indicated to stream downstream. If they do, they can overload your septic tank parts, harm their performance, and reduce their life-span.
The # 1 Septic System Therapy On The Marketplace: Septifix
Each of our 55 grams tablets has 14 stress of cardio germs – over 10 billion microorganisms pressures per gram, oxygenation and pH controling compounds that securely and effectively increase the growth of microorganisms colonies inside your septic tank, enabling them to thrive for as much as 90 days.
That’s why if you use SEPTIFIX, your sewage-disposal tank will stay clean for longer periods of time contrasted to all other sewage-disposal tank treatments.
When our tablet computers enter your septic system, they dissolve slowly releasing sodium carbonate as well as oxygen – up to 10 litres of oxygen per tablet computer.
The oxygen in form of tiny bubbles disperses throughout your septic system, while sodium carbonate serves as a barrier on the water, bringing it to a neutral pH.
The released oxygen reacts right away with the waste compounds that are inside your septic system and decreases, after that slowly eliminates the smell – in simply 3 to 5 days.
At the same time, all negative anaerobic microorganisms like e coli or salmonella which create in your septic system along with other harmful condition causing pathogens, as well as can cause many illness to your household are damaged!
In the meantime, the live microorganisms from our SEPTIFIX tabs feed with all the deposits that are inside your sewage-disposal tank, including bathroom tissue, oils, grease and also soaps, leaving your tank clean, hence minimizing and in many cases, also getting rid of the demand to have your sewage-disposal tank pumped.
Yes, most of our clients never need to call the costly pumpers once again, saving numerous dollars annually!
Our SEPTIFIX tablets also avoid deterioration of pipelines, tubes, pumps, valves, by counteracting the acids that take place normally in wastewater.
Plus they eliminate all clogs that happen inside your sewage-disposal tank, so you can be stress totally free knowing that you’ll never have back-ups as your septic system is running efficiently!
SEPTIFIX consist of no extreme chemicals, call for no special handling and are non-toxic and 100% risk-free to make use of, and also are manufactured in our premium center here in US, so rest assured that you’ll get a premium high quality item!
So Why Is SEPTIFIX Way Much More Efficient Than Any Other Sewage-disposal Tank Therapy?
– Our tablet computers elevate oxygen degrees throughout the volume of water 75% greater than with hands-on oygenation, enabling the live germs to prosper for approximately 90 days in your sewage-disposal tank.
Regarding we understand, SEPTIFIX is the only oxygen launching septic system treatment offered on the American market!
– The Oxygen is launched promptly – up to 10 litres of oxygen per tablet, and it reacts with Hydrogen Sulfides (the smells), eliminating all unwanted septic scents after simply a couple of days.
– SEPTIFIX remaining components will certainly counteract the pH of the waste water which, when integrated with high oxygen concentrations, results in a suitable environment for our cardiovascular bacterial strains to flourish.
– The technology made use of inside our SEPTIFIX tabs, allows our tablets to anchor within the sludge layer and deal with the entire quantity of water from all-time low up, soon after they have dissolved. Therefore, ALL your sewage-disposal tank obtains cleaned.
– Because each of our tablets have over 10 billion aerobic microorganisms strains (which is almost 3 times greater than all our rivals), this guarantees mass reduction in grease build up, sludge, obstructions, and all unsafe pathogens – like e coli or salmonella, which can form in your sewage-disposal tank and can cause several health issue to your family are destroyed!
– Likewise, all offensive smells are gotten rid of after simply 3 to 5 days!
– Our SEPTIFIX tablet computers lower, as well as for the most part even gets rid of the requirement to pump your septic system, permitting you to conserve at least $300 each year!
– As well as they help you prevent all possible problems in a septic tank system.
In 2015, The Department of Wellness estimated that 31% of the septic tank systems in United States were stopping working to some extent.
And that has been determined as the number one groundwater contamination factor in the US.
There are three types of bacteria always provide in a sewage-disposal tank system.
cardio germs, which is the great bacteria that assists break down waste.
anaerobic microorganisms – they are less reliable at breaking down solids – as a matter of fact they hardly do any job inside your septic system and also they are generally providers of disease.
Cardio bacteria (our bacteria) need oxygen to make it through and that’s why many sewage-disposal tank systems have aerators, even though aerators featured a big expense of over $10,000 for instalment, and also an annual electrical energy price of over $100.
Anaerobic germs do not need oxygen to survive as well as according to the new clinical research study, they are an indication that virus like typhoid, e-coly, salmonella, as well as cholera, also viruses, like those that trigger polio and also Hepatitis A, might exist in your septic system.
These unsafe virus from septic tanks can infect groundwater, as well as if they in some way flow back into your house or near to your yard through the drainpipe field, your family can get ill.
In 2009, 8 houses in Swan’s Island, Maine experienced a Liver disease A break out. An infected family members spread out the virus to 8 various other homes.
The contamination took place because the household’s malfunctioning septic system diverted drainage with Liver disease An infection in the ground. One individual passed away!
Thankfully for you …
The billions of online aerobic bacteria inside SEPTIFIX, with the help of the oxygen launched by each tablet computer, damage all these microorganisms and also infections by reducing the effects of the waste water from your septic system …
Keeping your family members, your next-door neighbors as well as the atmosphere, safe.
With the help of SEPTIFIX, your family members can appreciate your lovely garden with no danger.
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The World Day of Migrants and Refugees was established by Pope Pius X in 1914.
Results from Tag: 'migrants'
The June 27 incident is thought to be the largest en masse death of migrants from the southern border in modern history.
The memorial Mass for the migrants will be celebrated June 30 at the Cathedral of San Fernando.
“‘When human lives are endangered, when human dignity is in jeopardy, national borders become irrelevant,’” the Pope said, quoting Wiesel’s 1986 Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech.
Since crossing over the wall last May, Grace and Daniel have been stuck in the buffer zone that divides Cyprus, which is also called “no man’s land,” living in a tent for more than six months.
Four migrants, from Iraq, Cameroon, Sri Lanka, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, shared their testimonies with the Pope.
In his appeal, the Pope called in particular for “safe and reliable rescue and disembarkation equipment,” and alternatives to detention with decent living conditions.
In July more than 212,000 migrants were detained at the US-Mexico border, the highest monthly figure since April 2000.
The pope gave his Regina Coeli address at a window overlooking St. Peter’s Square, where pilgrims stood spaced apart to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
Pope Francis visited the Mediterranean island on July 8, 2013, shortly after his election.
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Doctors frequently advise patients not to buy generic drugs from the Internet. However, gay men in London have been defying this advice for the last couple of years, and it is making an incredible difference. New HIV infection rates in the capital have slumped by an impressive 40 percent, as gay men have turned to the Internet to buy generic versions of the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) drug Truvada.
New figures have shown the dramatic difference that the drug has made across four sexual health clinics in London, according to New Scientist. Researchers suspect that the cause behind the massive drop in new infections is down to people turning to the Internet in order to purchase generic versions of the medicine, rather than paying the full price for the official stuff.
“We need to be very cautious at this stage, but I can’t see what else it can be,” explains Will Nutland at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, to New Scientist. “Something extraordinary has happened in the last 12 months because of a bunch of DIY activists working off our kitchen tables.”
HIV-negative men need to take the drug once a day in order to cut their risk of infection. Buying the official licensed brand under the name Truvada can cost £400 per month, but price cut versions in labs in places like India or Singapore can bring this cost down to between £40 and £50 per month, making it much more affordable.
The legality of this is questionable, but with the drugs bought online and mailed through several countries before arriving at people's doors, tracking the practice and stopping it can be difficult. Obviously, there are safety fears and many doctors recommend against it, but to date no pills procured this way have been found to be fake.
Truvada stormed into the mainstream scene of HIV prevention over the last few years when initial studies found it can dramatically cut the rate of new infections, although there are a few questions as to the robustness of some of the trials.
It gained further visibility in the UK when the National Health Service went to court to try and prevent it from being required for them to provide the drug to gay men who are most at risk of contracting HIV, a case which they eventually lost.
How this result with further impact the rates are yet to be seen, but with the figure dropping by 40 percent in 2015 compared to the year before, the medicine being available on the NHS could have even more impressive results.
[H/T: New Scientist]
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http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/rate-of-new-hiv-infection-in-london-fell-by-40-percent-due-to-internetbought-drugs/
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Raj, G. and Islam, M. R. and Ersfeld, B. and Jaroszynski, D. A. (2010) Photon acceleration in the amplified plasma density wake of two copropagating laser pulses. Physics of Plasmas, 17 (7). ISSN 1070-664XFull text not available in this repository. (Request a copy from the Strathclyde author)
Photon acceleration of a laser pulse occurs in a medium with a space and time-varying permittivity. Using Hamiltonian formulation, a theoretical study of the frequency upshift of a probe laser pulse, which is considered as a "quasiphoton" or "test particle," propagating through an amplified plasma density wake of two copropagating laser pulses, is presented. The linear superposition of wakefields studied using an analytical model shows that the presence of a controlling pulse amplifies the wake of a driver pulse. The amplified wake amplitude can be controlled by varying the delay between the two pulses. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate wake superposition due to the two copropagating laser pulses. A phase space analysis shows that the probe photon can experience a significant frequency upshift in the amplified density wake. Furthermore, the range of photon frequencies trapped and accelerated is determined by the amplitude of the density wake.
|Keywords:||field acceleration, waves, plasma simulation, plasma accelerators, plasma density, plasma probes, wakes, Plasma physics. Ionized gases, Condensed Matter Physics|
|Subjects:||Science > Physics > Plasma physics. Ionized gases|
|Department:||Faculty of Science > Physics|
|Depositing user:||Pure Administrator|
|Date Deposited:||21 Mar 2011 14:56|
|Last modified:||06 Jan 2017 08:32|
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The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe Writing Prompt
- Grades: 3–5, 6–8
About this book
SCIENCE: The Seasons
Today we know that the seasons are caused by the earth's rotation around the sun. Winter begins with the winter solstice, which is the shortest day of the year, and it ends with the vernal equinox, which ushers in spring. Ask students to make a list of five things that occur when winter comes and five things for spring.
ART: Imaginary Creatures
In our book we have been introduced to fauns, ogres, centaurs, and minotaurs. Go over the characteristics and definitions of each type of being and then have the children draw or paint a picture of each type. Ask them to label their creatures. Have them invent a creature of their own and make a name for it.
WRITING: Character Sketches
Invite students to write a paragraph about the creature they have made up. They should make up an individual who has a name and a personality, like the faun Mr. Tumnus. Question: What is your creature's favorite season and why?
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Three courses being offered locally are aimed at gaining skills and industry connections in the manufacturing sector.
The Avon Maitland District School Board is partnering with the Technical Training Group to offer the Manufacturing Pre-Apprenticeship Multiple Trades Exposure programs.
Offered over 25 weeks at schools in Stratford and Listowel, the programs are provincially funded and are tuition-free.
To take part, you must be at least 18-years-old and either underemployed, unemployed, or working part-time in the manufacturing sector.
You must also have a secondary school diploma or a GED.
You can click here to learn more.
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Egg Quality & Safety
Assisting California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) Meat, Poultry and Egg Safety Branch, the Egg Safety, Quality and Management program (ESQM) ensures that eggs sold in California are of known quality, origin, grade, and size. Eggs must be properly handled, labeled, transported, refrigerated; and be wholesome and safe to eat. Shell eggs and egg products may be inspected at production, packing, distribution, and retail facilities.
Egg Handler Registration
Anyone engaged in the production, sale, or handling of shell eggs or egg products in California must register with CDFA as an egg handler.
Cartons must be labeled with the following:
- Sell-by Date
- Julian Date of Pack
- Plant or Egg Handler Identification Number
- USDA Grade
- USDA Size
- Prominently Labeled: Refrigerate After Purchase & "CASEFS COMPLIANT" (minimum 1/4" font)
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Master-level studies involve specialized study in a field of research or an area of professional practice. Earning a master’s degree demonstrates a higher level of mastery of the subject. Earning a master’s degree can take anywhere from a year to three or four years. Before you can graduate, you usually must write and defend a thesis, a long paper that is the culmination of your specialized research.
A program in urban development provides students with the knowledge to analyze and manage the development of current and future cities. Programs may vary, but common topics might include theories on finances, plans, policies and governance structures.
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world
Tamil Nadu is an Indian state served by the capital city of Chennai. It is ranked as the seventh most populous state and eleventh by size. It is also ranked as one of the most literate states with 37 universities within its borders alongside more than 1,000 other institutions of higher education.
Request Information Master's Degrees in Urban Development in Tamil Nadu in India 2016/2017
The course aims at nurturing the architects who are well versed with the past, are conscious of the latest innovations and intellectually grounded to perceive architecture and design for the present and the future. The course would develop a research culture, where the students are encouraged to learn through experimentation and understand architecture in a diverse cultural and environmental context. [+]
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Check to see whether you’re eligible.
Obtaining a Tier 4 Visa is required for international students planning to study in the United Kingdom. If you haven’t been accepted into a school, you’ll need a student visa. Applications for student visas to the United Kingdom are handled three weeks from the date they are submitted.
- Acceptance into the institution of higher learning at which you plan to enroll.
- Confirmation of study admission is known as a “confirmation of acceptance” (COE).
- The money you’ll need to pay your tuition and support your living expenses while you’re in the UK.
- A passport that is up-to-date and in good standing.
- A color passport-sized photo that complies with the photo requirements.
- Proof that you’ve been accepted into the university.
- If you’ve had a previous passport, you can exhibit your trip history in it.
- Documents in languages other than English must be accompanied by a certified translation.
Fill out and submit an online application.
Make a payment for the application fee you’ve been quoted.
- Some branches of the Standard Chartered Bank allow you to pay your fees there.
- “The British High Commission” will get a demand draft.
- To pay the charge, you will need to obtain an official demand draft from a nationalized or foreign bank. Bank fees for this service may vary. There must be “The British High Commission” written on the demand letter.
- You can pay the visa application fee at the visa application center when you submit your visa application, as long as you have sufficient funds.
- Visa application fees can be paid online using a credit or debit card from Visa or MasterCard. Go to the visa application center on the scheduled day.
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Famed as the melon capital of Australia, this small town produces 25 percent of Australia’s watermelons. Chinchilla has just 5500 inhabitants but the population swells to more than 20,000 during the Melon Festival, held every second year.
However, the town is worth a visit year round. Wander down the main street, which is charming and lined with native cypress pines. Explore the milling past of the area at the historical museum. Adventure outside to fossick for petrified wood or cast a fishing line at the Chinchilla Weir for a chance to catch freshwater golden perch.
Every second February, the town turns into a red and green carnival celebrating watermelons. Fifteen tonnes of melons are used for the melon competitions, with another five tonnes being eaten during the festival.
Make sure to allocate time to watch some of the melon events. The dash for cash involves runners racing while carrying a large melon, pip spitting competitions are held throughout the day, and a tug of war is made a little more difficult as it takes place on a field littered with slippery melons. For comedic relief, nothing beats melon skiing, in which competitors squish each foot into a watermelon and ‘ski’ down the course.
When you start feeling peckish, join the melon-eating competition and try to eat a quarter of a watermelon as fast as you can, without hands. If you’d rather savour your meal, there’s a market with plenty of food stalls, as well as watermelon-themed merchandise for sale.
The next Melon Festival is February 16-19, 2017. You can find more information about the festival on the official website.
For such a small town, there’s plenty to see and do the rest of the year.
The whole family will enjoy visiting the Chinchilla Museum. The museum’s collection offers a glimpse into the area’s past as a milling town, with exhibits including steam engines, vintage cars, and period costumes. Several original buildings — including the old gaol, the original schoolhouse, and the first homestead — have been preserved.
Entrance to the Chinchilla White Gums Art Gallery is free. Inside, you’ll find local artwork as well as a significant collection of Australian artwork, including works by Rex Backhaus-Smith, Hugh Sawrey, and Grace Lithgow. Arts and crafts activities for children are offered, as well as workshops for adults to brush up on their artistic skills.
Join in the fun of the festival on a 4-day Chinchilla Melon Festival Tour from $924pp twin share. Visit RACQ Travel or contact one of our friendly travel consultants on 1300 096 166.
Image credits: Chinchilla Melon Fest.
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Every baby deserves a 'Good Beginning'
Cedars-Sinai support group helps ease the way for anxious NICU families
For the baby who is born too soon or with a serious medical condition, the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Cedars-Sinai awaits. There, infants get around-the-clock care from nurses, doctors and therapists whose sole goal is to help their tiny patients go home.
But what about the moms and dads, who instead of wondering about mundane things such as feedings and diaper changes, are plunged into a world of high-tech medical equipment, complicated treatments and, sometimes, an uncertain future for their newborn?
Enter Good Beginnings, a support group for the 45-bed NICU in the Maxine Dunitz Children's Health Center, on the 4th floor of the medical center. Founded in 1979 by a group of parents, the program offers a range of services to NICU families and caregivers. These include emotional, educational and some financial support while babies are still in the hospital and help for families who have brought their babies home. The goal of Good Beginnings is to help ease families through an experience that is often frightening and lonely.
"The reality is, as close and caring as your family and friends are, it's only the NICU families who truly understand what you're going through," said Linda Rosenberg, who has served as parent liaison for the NICU at Cedars-Sinai for the past seven years.
Rosenberg is a "graduate parent" of the unit. Her son, Jared, now 13, was born at 31 weeks - nine weeks before his due date.
"I woke up feeling crampy and weird and came to the hospital," Rosenberg recalled. "Two hours later, he was born."
Her son, who was immediately placed on a ventilator, was slow to breathe and feed on his own. He spent six weeks in the NICU. "In that time in the NICU, I got to meet other families just like me who were going through the same things I was going through," Rosenberg said. "It made all the difference."
Good Beginnings conducts weekly meetings for parents to talk with each other about their experience in the NICU, ask questions, share advice and offer hope and comfort. The Good Beginnings library, with an online catalog for parents to easily browse its holdings, carries a large collection of books on topics like prematurity, special needs, healing and bereavement. For parents with slim finances, the program may provide clothing, blankets, car seats and gas cards.
"The support that Good Beginnings provides our families is invaluable," said Selma Braziel, RNC, BSN, NICU nurse manager. "In addition to the NICU team members providing compassionate care and emotional support, it's gratifying to see graduate parents supporting other parents and encouraging them so they don't feel that they are alone."
Volunteers decorate T-shirts for the tiny babies, make Halloween costumes (see photo at left), and hold baby showers for families who, because of their infants' early arrivals, haven't had the chance to do so at home. In addition, volunteers take photos of the babies and their families and put them into albums on a CD.
"We also offer support for dads through the parent-to-parent portion of the program," Rosenberg said. "They're the ones making sure that the mom and the baby are OK and then they go duck into a stairway and cry for five minutes."
For families whose infants don't survive, Good Beginnings offers "Forever in our Hearts," a bereavement service. Along with inspirational talks and meetings with other parents who have gone through this painful experience, the service provides information on what parents can expect. There is even a gathering each March, where about 100 families come together to remember their losses.
"The families each bring a flower and they say the name of their baby and place the flower in a vase," Rosenberg said. "The vase is then brought to the NICU, and it's very moving."
Every year,Cedars-Sinai also hosts a NICU reunion, which typically draws about 600 people.
"We get everyone from a 35-year-old who's a NICU grad to babies who have just been released from the unit," Rosenberg said. "To call it joyous, that's an understatement."
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Insurance is a type of contract used to protect people against the risk of financial loss. The most common type of insurance is life insurance, which pays a benefit to the beneficiary if the policyholder dies. Some other common insurances are bike insurance, car insurance, medical insurance, etc. Some policies also provide a cash value, which can be used as a source of financial liquidity.
You can browse through a variety of providers and policies online. Once you have an online estimate or quote from a provider, you can compare the cost and coverage of options and policy provisions. Some providers offer in-person consultations where you can question your insurance agent about the details of your policy, ask questions about the provider’s claims and customer service history, and get a sense of the provider’s culture. This is how you can look bike insurance online.
Factors Affecting the Premium Cost Of Bike Insurance
Various factors affect the price of the bike insurance policy. The type of bike you have, the value of your vehicle, and the amount of coverage you want all impact the cost of your bike insurance policy. Some companies specialize in insuring two-wheelers, while others offer multi-line policies that provide coverage for a range of vehicles. Factors affecting the premium costs are:
- Make and model: The make and model of your bike play an important role in deciding the premium of your bike insurance policy. The premium will be cost-effective if your bike has a low cost when compared to a high-end luxurious bike.
- Age of the Bike: The cost of your bike insurance also depends upon how old the bike is. If your bike is older you will have to pay a higher premium because the probability of damage increases. On the other hand, if your bike is new then you’ll have to pay fewer insurance premiums.
- Engine’s Capacity: Insurance premiums also depend on the engine’s cubic capacity. A lesser cubic capacity will endure lower premiums while a capacity higher than 350cc will incur higher premiums. If the engine capacity is less than 75cc then you will have to pay lower premiums.
- Anti-theft Systems: You can also lower your insurance premiums by installing an anti-theft security system approved by the government. Automotive Research Association of India pr ARAI approved alarm systems reduce the possibility of theft and thereby reduce the cost of the insurance premiums.
- Modifications: On the other hand, if you add any modifications to your bike that will result in increasing the premium of the bike. The insurance company people also determine the value of the insurance by calculating the IDV or Insurance Declared value. This is calculated based upon the model number, brand, age and condition of your bike.
- Voluntary Deductible: This is the amount you promise to pay in case you are raising a claim. The higher the value of this amount the lower will be the cost of the premiums. However, you must only agree to an amount that you can afford otherwise higher voluntary deductible can cause you great trouble.
So, this was all about what bike insurance is, how can you purchase it online and what all are the factors that determine the value of the premiums of your bike insurance. These factors influence the price of the premiums and hence you can control the cost by carefully monitoring these factors.
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Ariel has ratings and 16 reviews. Dusty said: I picked up this English translation of José Enrique Rodó’s admired and detested essay at Goodwill. No,.. . Ariel, by José Enrique Rodó. The book is an extended monologue delivered by a teacher to his pupils. In a sense, it is like a Platonic dialogue. Ariel [José Enrique Rodó] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is.
|Published (Last):||12 November 2010|
|PDF File Size:||13.1 Mb|
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Other Inquisitions, Jorge Luis Borges. To ask other readers questions about Arielplease sign up. Rodo, influenced by Plato, Renan, and a host of other authors who are constantly zrielsets his work in a Latin American classroom, where the wise teacher urges his young students to pursue idealism and excellence over materialism and utilitarianism. Nevertheless, he has this against the USA: Leon Marks rated it did not like it Oct 11, Give him or her a good, hard zero.
In his configuration, he is himself the wizened Prospero, the old man — what President Obama would probably call the adult in the room — who observes the power play between dirty, opportunistic Caliban the United States and Ariel Latin Americathe boyish, artistic spirit whose idealism and altruism will ultimately allow him to triumph over the former.
For the purposes of his essay, his analysis strikes me as sufficiently nuanced. May Learn how and when to remove this template message. Urban Latin America Alejandro Portes. In this section, he argues that unchecked democracy is bad enroque the development of culture in any society, because it inevitably ushers in utilitarianism and barbarism.
The Best Books of But this tradition emphasizes morality in a way that finds its most common expression, at its highest, in the mediocre morality of Benjamin Franklin, from which it has declined considerably.
Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. Prophet in the Wilderness Peter G. Arifl education, for example, should be applied to realize the full potential of especially talented students, instead of as a leveler.
Documents of 20th-century Latin American and Latino Art
So we may call enriqud a platonical monologue. Sobre su masa indiferente y oscura, como tierra del surco, algo desciende de lo alto. Anna Doe rated it did not like it Oct 14, It is a treatise on humanity and society at-large. Just thought you might like to know about this. Lists with This Book. I’d give it more stars, but Latin American intellectual history is not something that I’ve ever researched.
You are commenting using your Twitter account. Skip to content Unknowing “this wretched, vile, and faithless body.
Ariel, by José Enrique Rodó – Unknowing
Description First published in Uruguay, Ariel is Latin America’s most famous essay on esthetic and philosophical sensibility, as well as its most discussed treatise on hemispheric relations. It is a good book. Then, however, there’s Rodo, who’s suggests a new identity for Latin America based on the classic cultures, instead of the mediocrity of the American enterprise. Does that make sense?
So—he concludes—while I do not love them, I certainly admire. Views Read Edit View history.
Line one, page one of the prologue, by Carlos Fuentes: Recounting how analysts of late-nineteenth-century democracy have widely identified this problem, the speaker does not, he says, want to argue for the complete abandonment of democracy.
We’re featuring millions of their reader ratings on our book pages to help you find your new favourite book.
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Behavioral & Cognitive Disorders
Cognitive aspects of central auditory disorders
Sep. 14, 2021
At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas.
New research from Griffith University has shown that a bacterium commonly present in the nose can sneak into the brain and set off a cascade of events that may lead to Alzheimer disease.
Associate Professor Jenny Ekberg and colleagues from the Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research at Menzies Health Institute Queensland and Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, in collaboration with Queensland University of Technology, have discovered that the bacterium Chlamydia pneumoniae can invade the brain via the nerves of the nasal cavity.
While this bacterium often causes respiratory tract infections, it has also been found in the brain which has raised the question of whether it causes damage to the central nervous system.
The research team has performed extensive research in animal models to show not only how the bacteria gets into the brain, but also how it leads to Alzheimer disease pathologies.
“Our work has previously shown that that several different species of bacteria can rapidly, within 24 hours, enter the central nervous system via peripheral nerves extending between the nasal cavity and the brain,” Associate Professor Ekberg said.
The new study shows that once the bacteria are in the central nervous system, the cells of the brain react within days by depositing beta amyloid peptide, which the hallmark plaque of Alzheimer disease.
After several weeks, numerous gene pathways that are known to be involved in Alzheimer disease are also dramatically activated.
The research also showed that when the bacteria invade the olfactory nerve, peripheral nerve cells (glial cells), become infected and these cells may be how the bacteria can persist within the nervous system.
“These cells are usually important defenders against bacteria, but in this case, they become infected and can help the bacteria to spread,’’ Associate Professor Ekberg said.
“We have suspected for a long time that bacteria, and even viruses, can lead to neuroinflammation and contribute to initiation of Alzheimer disease, however, the bacteria alone may not be enough to cause disease in someone. Perhaps it requires the combination of a genetic susceptibility plus the bacteria to lead to Alzheimer disease in the long term.
“Now that we have this new evidence, it gives us the drive to urgently find treatments to stop this contributing factor to Alzheimer disease.
While the studies were conducted in mice, humans have the same nerves and can be infected by the same bacteria, so the researchers believe the results are translatable to humans.
“We are already working on treatment options. With the Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, we are identifying potential drugs that can help the glial cells to destroy the bacteria which are already in the brain.
“In addition, Professor Ken Beagley at QUT is working on a vaccine against Chlamydia which may reduce the ability of the pathogen to enter the brain”.
The study, published in the journal, Scientific Reports, was funded by the Clem Jones Foundation, the Goda Foundation, the Australian Research Council and the Menzies Health Institute Queensland.
Source: News Release
February 18, 2022
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Bloatware: Why computer makers fill your PC with junk, and how to get rid of it
Bloatware, crapware, shovelware: No matter what you call it, the junk that PC makers dump onto new PCs is nothing short of a mess. The situation was thrust into the spotlight last week when it was revealed that several Lenovo PCs were preloaded with “Superfish” adware that actively left users vulnerable to attack. The software compromised secure HTTPS web connections in a quest to inject ads on the sites you visit... and make Lenovo a few nickels.
There’s no doubt about it: Even though the root vulnerability came from Superfish, Lenovo messed up. Hard. This shouldn’t have happened, period. But Lenovo didn’t toss its users to the wolves out of malice—instead, the Superfish debacle is a natural extension of the entire bloatware epidemic.
Why do hardware vendors knowingly stuff new PCs with junk that makes your experience worse? And what can you do about it? Let’s dig in.
Dolla dolla bills y’all
Bloatware exists because we’re all cheap bastards, and rightfully so.
Money’s tight, and even the cheapest PCs are a major, multi-hundred dollar investment. But good news! Prices are plummeting in the wake of dirt-cheap Chromebooks and Microsoft’s resulting counter-attack. The NPD group says that the average selling price of Windows computers fluctuated between just $415 and $430 in October 2014—10 percent lower than prices a year earlier, and a new low watermark for PCs.
While that sounds good on paper, deep down it’s actually troubling news for the PC industry. Mainstream personal computers are a cut-throat business; prices have been racing to the bottom for years now. PC vendors make little to no money on such slim margins, which is a core part of the reason HP is splitting off its PC division (again) , Dell took itself private, and Sony and Samsung have bowed out of the PC industry to varying degrees. There’s simply no real money to be made on dirt-cheap hardware.
PC makers don’t really believe that short-lived antivirus trialware is the best security solution for you, or that adding browser toolbars will make your life easier, or that a “visual discovery tool” like Superfish truly adds to the user experience. The developers of bloatware pay hardware makers cold, hard cash to pump your PC full of this crap and get in front of your eyeballs. That extra revenue often makes all the difference for vendors between taking a bath on competitively priced PCs, or eking out a small profit. (There’s a reason pricier premium laptops often contain far less bloatware than budget PCs.)
It’s a nasty, symbiotic relationship for bloatware developers, PC makers, and everyday users. Bloatware effectively subsidizes PC prices. If it weren’t for all that crud, you’d pay more—perhaps much more—for your computer.
Beat it, bloatware
That doesn’t change the fact that bloatware sucks, however. (There’s a reason people also call it “crapware.”) Even ignoring Superfish’s security implications, the sea of junk consumes your PC’s precious hardware resources and can significantly slow down boot times, as this since-removed graphic advertising Microsoft’s Signature Edition PCs shows.
Fortunately, you can have your cake and eat it, too. There are numerous methods for eradicating or outright avoiding bloatware on your PC.
The easiest way to deal with bloatware is to sidestep it completely. Microsoft—which obviously wants to present Windows in the best possible light—offers bloatware-free “Signature Edition” versions of many popular PCs, from the $200 HP Stream 13 to the jaw-dropping Dell XPS 13 and even more expensive models. Even better, Microsoft charges little or no premium for its clean computers; the biggest price gap we found between a Signature Edition PC and its crud-filled counterpart was $30. You can check out the full lineup here.
Microsoft puts its money where its mouth is, too: The company’s Surface laptop-like tablets are similarly bloatware-free.
The Signature Edition lineup focuses on notebook and all-in-ones, however. If you want a proper bloatware-free desktop with a bit more firepower, you’ll need to build your own machine and install Windows yourself. Don’t worry! It’s not as difficult as you may think.
Alternatively, boutique system builders like Digital Storm, AVA Direct, and Origin can build you a custom rig with nary a whiff of shovelware installed. Their PCs tend to be a bit pricer and focused on gaming or business-ready workstations, however.
Cleaning up the mess
All’s not lost if you buy a standard bloatware-filled PC, however. Wiping run-of-the-mill crapware off your PC is fairly straightforward, assuming it doesn’t sneak in deeper, more dangerous hooks like Superfish did. (Lenovo’s Superfish appears to be a unique situation, however—at least for preloaded bloatware. PCWorld’s guide to Superfish removal can help you kill it with fire if you’ve recently purchased a new Lenovo PC.)
Deleting bloatware in the form of Windows Store apps couldn’t be easier: Just right-click on its Tile, then select Uninstall. Boom! Done. Likewise, sifting through the list of software in the Control Panel’s “Uninstall a Program” section (Control Panel > Programs > Uninstall a program) will let you see all and eliminate all the crapware that takes the form of traditional desktop software.
Automated tools like PC Decrapifier can speed up the process. Should I Remove It does the same, while also providing recommendations about whether to remove specific programs. For more in-depth instructions, check out PCWorld’s guide to blasting bloatware off your PC.
If manual labor isn’t your thing, a clean installation of Windows can give you the proper like-new experience that Microsoft intended, though novice PC users probably shouldn’t muck around with reinstalling their operating system.
But wait! You don’t want to rely on Windows 8’s Refresh and Reset feature or your PC maker’s recovery images (if your PC maker even includes those). Sly system manufacturers have begun sneaking bloatware into their system images, meaning that if you reinstall Windows with the provided tools, you’ll also be reinstalling the preloaded crapware—pretty much the opposite of a fresh install, really.
To perform a truly clean install you’ll need fresh Windows installation media and the product key for your PC’s Windows license. PCWorld’s guide to reinstalling Windows like a pro can walk you through the entire process, step-by-step. You may need to download some hardware drivers again when you’re done.
Phew! That was a lot of work, but now you should be staring at the pinnacle of computing: A new PC with a cleanly installed operating system. What now? It’s time to start filling it with more useful software, of course. We’ve got your back here, too. Check out our guides to the 22 free programs your new PC needs and 20 obscure, yet powerful free programs that ease your daily tasks for a slew of suggestions.
Just be sure to mind those options while you’re installing new software—you don’t want to leave a rogue checkbox filled in and stuff your fresh PC with all-new bloatware!
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Letter: Teachers supported to teach 21st Century skills through event
Secondary teachers in the West Fargo Public Schools experienced a day of professional learning on Feb. 18, that was fresh, new, insightful, engaging and innovative. InSourced Day of Professional Learning focused on “Educating Tomorrow’s Workforce through Today’s Educators.” The objective of the day was to focus on two very important goals in the West Fargo Public Schools’ Strategic Plan—college and/or career readiness for all students and the ability to know and apply key 21st Century Skills.
A morning of dynamic speakers from the Fargo/Moorhead/West Fargo community shared the importance of college and/or career readiness and of key 21st Century Skills—the 4Cs (Critical Thinking, Collaboration, Communication and Creativity). We’d like to publicly thank our speakers for their preparation, their outstanding messages and for engaging our staff in a dynamic morning of professional learning. Speakers at the InSourced event were: Dr. Kristi Jean, NDSCS; Rick Davis, Insight Technologies; Katie Kuker, John Deere; Eric Watson, Mosaic Foods and Mezzaluna; Kirsten Baesler, North Dakota Superintendent of Public Instruction; Dayna DelVal, The Arts Partnership; Jake Joraanstad, Myriad Mobile; Paula Klein, SMARTT Interior Construction; and Dr. Jeff Boyer, NDSU. The morning concluded with a panel discussion with our speakers led by Brad Schmidt of Cass County Electric. We’d like to thank Jim Gartin of the Greater Fargo Moorhead Economic Development Corporation (GFMEDC) for serving as our emcee of the event as well. Sponsorships from the Southeast Education Cooperative (SEEC) and the Greater Fargo Moorhead Economic Development Corporation helped to make this day possible. We thank you.Afternoon business “adventures” rounded out the educators’ day. Connecting education to business/industry was a primary goal of the day, and educators have been encouraged to bring even more of the “outside” into their classrooms. Area business/industry partners opened their doors to our educators where tours and discussions focused on the work of the business/industry partner and how the 4Cs are used daily. Special thanks to our partnering “adventure” businesses for sharing part of the day with our educators: Aldevron, Appareo, Bell State Bank, ByteSpeed, Discovery Benefits, Eide Bailly, Elevate Rock School, Fargo Jet Center, Insight Technologies, Integrity Windows and Doors, Intelligent InSites, IronClad, John Deere Electronic Solutions, John Deere Manufacturing, MBA Architects/Northern Home/InterOffice, Mezzaluna, Microsoft, Moore Engineering, Myriad Mobile, NDSCS, NDSU Research Park and Incubator, Plains Art Museum, and Promersberger.
InSourced was a powerful, engaging, and insightful day of professional learning for West Fargo’s secondary educators. We are so grateful for all staff and planning committee members that helped to make InSourced possible in planning and set-up, as well as Mobile Pro for producing the event. We are sure to continue the discussion inspired by InSourced in our professional learning communities, collaboration times, and future professional development days. InSourced was a community effort from beginning to end and we thank you.
Secondary Curriculum Coordinator for West Fargo Public Schools and the InSourced Planning Team
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(Starting on 11 January, this article and others like it will only be available to Corporate subscribers)
The minimum wage in Lithuania will rise from €325 to €350. The minimal hourly wage will increase to €2.13.
Pension payments (and payouts)
Beginning in 2016, Lithuanian residents who want to make pension payments will have to give up 2% of their paycheck rather than just 1%.
In this new system, 3 contributors will make up an individual’s pension. Sodra, the state social insurance fund, will contribute 2% of the future pensioner’s wages to their pension, the pensioner themselves will contribute 2% of their own wages, and the government will contribute 2% of last year’s average national wages. Up until 2016, this same system operated with percentages of 2, 1 and 1, respectively.
As previously reported, current average pension payments will be increased by about €8 to €265. About 860,000 Lithuanian residents receive this average pension.
Gas and electricity prices
The National Commission for Energy Control and Prices (VKEKK) confirmed that gas prices for the roughly 560,000 residents who use the services of Lietuvos Dujų Tiekimas will not change during the first half of 2016.
People will pay €0.66 per cubic unit of gas used to prepare food, €0.42 per cubic unit to warm their homes, and €0.41 per cubic unit if they use more than 20,000 units a year.
The standard monthly tariff for a gas stove will remain at €0.56, while those heating their homes will pay €3.99.
Maximum public electricity prices for domestic consumers were also confirmed by VKEKK. Medium-voltage system consumers will pay 8.086 ct/kWh (before VAT), while low-voltage system consuemrs will bay 9.852 ct/kWh (before VAT).
Starting on January 1st, Lesto, Lithuania’s electricity distributor, and Lietuvos Dujos, Lithuania’s gas company, will be combined into a new company called Energijos Skirstymo Operatorius. Consumers will now be able to address all of their questions about electricity and gas to the new company.
Gas stations without alcohol
Starting on January 1st, a ban forbidding the sale of alcohol in gas stations in Lithuania will come into effect.
Jekaterina Rojaka, chief economist for the Baltic state at DNB Bank, said that most of Lithuania’s residents should find themselves better off in 2016 than they did over the last year.
“Economic growth in Lithuania in 2016 will be faster than it was this year. Wages will grow at the same speed or somewhat faster, unemployment will fall, and inflation will increase gradually,” she said.
According to the economist, 2015 could be called a “transitional” year. Exporters who were forced to look for new markets due to Russia’s embargo were especially affected by this.
“Of course, there can always be ‘black swan’ (unexpected) events in the world, but considering that the Eurozone’s countries are gradually stabilizing and that the elections in the U.S. will probably not result in some sort of cataclysm, next year’s conditions seem to be more accurately forseeable,” said Rojaka.
Žygimantas Mauricas, an economist at Nordea Bank, said that 2016 will be a good year for both workers and businesspeople alike.
“Especially for those in the domestic Lithuanian markets, because, after a long period of post-crisis stagnation, the economy is recovering. I must mention that this recovery is sustainable, because there is no current account deficit or disproportionate borrowing,” he said.
When asked about exports, Mauricas said that the next year will be good for the transportation sector, which is enjoying lower gas prices, and for any producers who export their goods to Western Europe.
“The year will be harder for businesses that rely on cheap labour or that pay their wages under the table. Lithuania is becoming a nation that creates added value, so it’s just a matter of time until such businesses will downsize or close,” he said.
Tax code changes
The maximum monthly tax-exempt income amount (NPD) will be increased from €166 to €200 on January 1st. This number applies to residents whose income does not exceed the minimum wage.
The NPD will no longer apply to those making more than €900 a month before taxes. Those who make more than the minimum wage but less than €900 will have an NPD calculated according to the formula that has been used up until now. According to this formula, the NPD falls by €8.5 for every €25 increase in an individual’s monthly wages.
The supplemental NPD applied for children has doubled from €60 to €120 per child.
The tax-exempt income limit for securities, investment interest and debt securities has been reduced from €3,000 to €500.
Due to the rising minimum wage, the mandatory health insurance payment will increase to €31.50.
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As part of its Quarterly CSR initiative, BMi Research and Timeless Land Scapers recently planted grass for the Ubuhle Day Care centre.
The grass planting took place on 23 March at Valksfontien in Bronkhorstspruit. Sixteen staff members from both BMi Research and Timeless Land Scrapers planted the grass for five hours, which covered 400 square meters on bare hard soil.
Co-founder of Ubuhle, Melanie Prinsloo comments: "The children are overjoyed about the grass as they had nowhere to sit or play - just dry sand. We also have a volleyball court now where they can play and fall around without getting hurt."
Ubuhle has appointed Joseph Kabine who works as their gardener to maintain the grass by watering it three times a week.
Ubuhle Care and Development Centre was founded in 2008 by local women and men who all work on a voluntary basis. This charity helps orphans and vulnerable children in farm communities living in the Bronkhorspruit Metsweding District. Ubuhle offers social care, pre-school and an English primary school up to level 3, after-school care, workshops and courses for adults, as well as some aid to develop new income sources to 200 black families living in the rural area.
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