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Actor Kal Penn, touting Obamacare for Organizing for Action:
The old health insurance system was not awesome. The new one, as we’ve all heard, has faced its share of hurdles and surprises getting up and running, but it’s thankfully on track to be much better than the old system. Young people have started enrolling. So far, about 30% of all the people choosing a plan are under the age of 35, and that number is expected to climb, as young Americans often sign up for things closer to deadlines rather than slowly over time (yes, I’m calling you out on the all-nighter you pulled before your last paper was due . . . similar concept).
First, “the old system” did not require you to buy its products or face the penalty of a special tax if you didn’t.
Second, the number of enrollees between the ages of 18 and 35 is 24 percent, which isn’t quite “about 30 percent.” You only reach 30 percent if you include those 0 to 18 years old — the kids included on their parents’ plans.
Sure, procrastination is a reason young people haven’t signed up for Obamacare, but I doubt it’s the primary reason.
The administration insists most uninsured young people will be able to buy plans for less than $50 per month. Sounds great, right? The GAO offered statistics that show the catch. A non-smoking woman, age 30, buying the plan with the lowest possible premium in the state of Virginia would pay $564 per year, or $47 per month. Affordable! . . . Until you realize the deductible is $7,500. That’s how much she has to pay out of pocket before her insurance pays anything. Maybe in a terrible year, full of ailments, she’ll hit it in autumn.
And that’s a bargain compared to some other states. In Vermont, a 30-year-old non-smoking woman can find a plan with a monthly premium of just $56 per month! Except that the deductible is $100,000, according to the GAO report. Sure, you can get a plan with a $3,500 deductible . . . for $292 per month.
Lots of young people, beginning their careers in this oh-so-swell economy, just don’t have a lot of extra income lying around. That’s what’s really holding them back from purchasing health insurance.
As I noted on Greta the other night, if you buy an insurance plan based on what Harold and Kumar tell you, you deserve every bit of misfortune that will befall you.
UPDATE: People seem to enjoy this. In Oregon, land of the music-video promotional campaign . . . that 30-year-old, non-smoking woman can get an insurance plan with a premium of just $52 per month! Of course, the deductible is $10,000. In Washington, D.C., it’s $53.50 for a plan with the same $10,000 deductible. In Maryland, she can pay $65 per month for that deductible. In Illinois, $68 per month. In Connecticut, $99 per month.
In Maine, that same woman can pay $127 per month to enjoy a $12,000 deductible!
In Minnesota, that same woman can pay a monthly premium of just $56.92 with a $15,000 deductible. What a bargain!
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The page you requested has moved and you've automatically been taken to its new location.
Please update your link or bookmark after closing this notice.
On February 24th , from 11am - 5pm Eastern, there was a joint HUD/FHWA satellite broadcast session, hosted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), courtesy of HUD on its facilities. This broadcast provided an overview and guidance on implementation of the Uniform Act Final Rule (49 CFR Part 24).
The Federal Highway Administration, as lead Federal Agency for the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act (Uniform Act ) or URA), published a final rule revising the government-wide regulations implementing the Uniform Act under 49 CFR Part 24 on January 4, 2005. The Uniform Act applies to the acquisition of real property and the displacement of persons resulting from Federal or federally-assisted programs or projects. The Uniform Act affects 18 Federal Agencies including HUD. The effective date of the final rule became effective on is February 3, 2005.
Adobe PDF version. (1.4 MB)
PDF files can be viewed with the Acrobat® Reader®
(Note: RealMedia files require the RealPlayer plugin.)
Presentations of Uniform Act Final Rule Implementation
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John Hanke, director of Google Earth and Map, said, "Vast parts of it are largely unexplored and we don't really know what's down there."
While the visibility in the water has been cleaned up, everything you see is based on actual data. It's not quite swimming with the fishes, but it will let you see where they live.
Hanke showed Sieberg some impressive images that can be found with the new feature. "This is really an undersea canyon that is quite dramatic," Hanke said. "It's similar in scale to the Grand Canyon."
You can also click on icons to see photos and sometimes video of endangered species, like the Goliath Grouper, or even an odd-looking type of shrimp off the coast of Spain.
There's even a fish GPS - you can follow creatures that have been tagged, from above the water or below it.
A world-wide network of scientists will be constantly adding video, photos and underwater topography.
"Just as Google Earth has connected people to far off places and made them real, this is going to connect people to the ocean, and make it a much more real and accessible place," said Marine Biologist Stephanie Wear, from the Nature Conservancy.
The good news is you don't need to be a computer whiz or a marine biologist.
Once you download Google Earth, it's just a matter of double-clicking on the ocean to get more detail. Then scroll your mouse over different icons to see what lies beneath, or on the surface.
For tourists, students and landlubbers alike, it's a unique underwater adventure.
And, it's one that doesn't mean getting all wet.
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Degenerative ataxias are a group of neurological disorder associated with dysfunction of cerebellum and its connection. The clinical manifestations include progressive incoordination of movements and gait leading to complete disability and eventually to death. In humans, the prevalence of hereditary ataxias range from 6 to 20 cases for every 100,000 which is comparable to the prevalence of ALS or multiple sclerosis in the US. Rodent models of human ataxias have been limited to mice. The Shaker rat is a naturally occurring X- linked model for Purkinje cell degeneration in the Wistar Furth (WF) background. In contrast to most rodent models of human ataxias in which neuronal loss is not pronounced, the shaker rat progresses from a normal number of Purkinje cells at birth to almost complete loss at 1 year.
Three specific aims are proposed: We will fine-map the shaker locus using F2's from an intercross of WF shaker rates with wildtype Brown Norway rats. A panel of 44 genetic markers that distinguish WF and BN alleles, informative in this cross, has been established.
A second aim will identify the shaker mutation by RNA sequencing of shaker and wildtype RNAs isolated from pre-symptomatic and symptomatic cerebella.
The third aim will employ whole genome sequencing for the case that the shaker mutation does not cause reduced abundance of the shaker transcript or is intronic. The overall goal of this proposal is the identification of the first gene in the rat leading to cerebellar PC degeneration and the establishment of the rat as a model system in which to test novel treatment strategies.
Hereditary ataxias, which include autosomal dominant, recessive and X-linked, are group of genetic disorders characterized by slow progressive incoordination of gait and movements. Mutations in many genes have been identified for autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hereditary ataxias. However, gene associated with X-linked ataxia or the mechanisms underlying the disease are not yet well understood. This grant proposes to (i) identify the gene responsible for ataxic phenotype in the shaker rat known to have acquired in X-linked recessive manner (ii) detect mutation in this disease gene.
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Juglans nigra, Black Walnut Tree
Tree with alternate leaves and smaller leaflets. Nut has a thick husk.
Can be found in bedding shavings, even a small amount can be toxic.
Occur about eight hourse after ingestion, mild depression, lack of appetite, fluid swelling in the legs, increased heart rate, heavy breathing, fever, digestive disturbances and colic.
Unpalatable, however animals will eat them if they have no other source of forage. These trees should be removing from grazing areas.
*It should be noted that we are not veterinarians. This information is written specifically for horses and should be used for reference purposes only. If you think your horse has eaten something toxic call your vet right away.
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Bertram de Shotts
Bertram de Shotts is known locally as a legendary giant that roamed the then village of Shotts, Scotland in the 15th Century. Shotts was then a dreary moorland place on the Great Road of the Shire. The road was an important route for tradesman carrying their wares around Scotland. Bertram de Shotts habitually savaged packmen and peddlers for treasure carried along the Great Road. Such was the menace of Bertram de Shotts, King James IV of Scotland ordered his death. Bertram de Shotts was probably in fact seven or eight feet high, yet nonetheless, his presence merited Giant status.
A gripping tale is told how a young man, namely Willielmo De Muirhead, 1st Laird of Muirhead, killed the Giant. With cunning patience he ambushed Bertram de Shotts, immobilising him by slicing both his hamstrings as he lay down to drink at Kate's Well in the then known Sallysburgh now Salsburgh. Disorientated, Bertram de Shotts was then decapitated in an unpleasant death. A proud, and now wealthy, De Muirhead then carried the blooded head to the King and was rewarded with a 'Hawk's Flight' of land. This land subsequently became Muirhead's Lauchope estate.
A relic of Bertram’s exploits is still to be seen in one of his hide-outs, Law’s Castle, known to old residents as the Giant’s Cup and Saucer. Huge stones they are, standing sentinel in a desolate moorland bowl, in an unutterable silence, brooding and age old.
Despite Bertram de Shotts being a savage thief, the village Shotts is said, with much probability, to have derived its name from the legendary Giant.
Bertram is believed to have lived from around 1467 to 1505.
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A sick Belgian toddler whose family successfully crowdfunded millions of euros to afford the world's most expensive medicine must still be screened to determine her compatibility with the drug.
An outpour of support from Belgians to a nation-wide crowdfunding campaign saw the family of 9-month old Pia raise the €1.9 million needed to afford Zolgensma, the only drug capable of treating their child's genetic condition and which has yet to receive market approval in Europe.
Pia suffers from spinal muscular atrophy, an aggressive genetic disease which progressively leads to muscular failure, and which sees most children diagnosed with it die in early infancy.
The family, who initially announced they would travel to the United States for their daughter's treatment, have said that their daughter must first be tested to ensure she can be treated with the drug.
"Pia will be tested next week to determine if she is not immune to the treatment she needs," her mother, Ellen De Meyer, said, according to La Libre. "We hope that the results are positive and that Pia will be able to receive the shot this year," she said, referring to the single-dose needed to treat her daughter.
The tests, which will be carried out after a screening test is shipped from the United States, will determine whether Zolgensma can be used to treat Pia.
"If certain antibodies are present, we can't start the treatment — this would have harmful consequences, with severe allergic reactions," Professor Guy Hans of Antwerp University Hospital told VRT, adding that it was not yet certain whether Pia could receive the drug.
In an interview with VTM News, De Meyer also said that they still needed to receive the money from telecom operators, and that, depending on industry and government regulations, their daughter could receive the treatment in the United States, Belgium or elsewhere in Europe.
The Brussels Times
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Offense Is Inevitable
Salman Rushdie is light-hearted as he talks about the death threats that extremist Muslim groups made against him. He doesn't get upset when he brings up Valentine's Day 1989. On that day he learned that the highest spiritual leader in Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini, passed a fatwa on him because his book, "The Satanic Verses", was seen as offensive to Islam.
To this day, Salma Rushdie's life is in danger. Just recently, Iran raised the bounty on his head to $3.3 million, noted the author, but quipped that his potential murderer might be disappointed since they probably don't even have the money.
Icon? No, thanks
The Indian-British author came to Berlin this week to present his autobiography "Joseph Anton". The title is derived from the names of Rushdie's favourite authors, Joseph Conrad and Anton Chekhov. It was also the alias he took when he went into hiding under police protection.
Rushdie writes his autobiography in the third person, using a different name for himself. That may confuse readers in the beginning but turns out to be a clever artistic decision that allows him to recount his own experiences in a more distant and reflected way.
"It's an autobiography, so you have to tell the truth," says Rushdie, "so this is actually what a real human being in this situation was like."
Rushdie's often portrayed as an icon championing freedom of speech, but doesn't see himself as one. "I don't feel like a Statue of Liberty; I'm just a person," confesses the writer.
Though he is still under threat, he appeared at the Berlin reading without visible security. Rushdie says he hasn't felt seriously threatened in 10 years.
No trace of bitterness or revenge
Even though the biggest danger may have passed, he is a hero nonetheless. As an author he's managed to tell the everyday life story of his years under a fatwa, including details of failed romances, writing struggles and his relationship to his alcoholic father.
Rushdie speaks with a remarkable calm, with no trace of bitterness or revenge. "I haven't fallen into that trap," he explains. It would have been understandable, however: The Japanese translator of "The Satanic Verses" was murdered, the Italian translator was injured and the Norwegian publisher was shot.
Rushdie's personal freedom was severely limited for 13 years when he was forced to live under police protection and use cover names like Wilson and Wilton. He tried to maintain close ties to his children during that time. When he speaks about his family, his voice becomes rawer, quieter.
Scorn and irony return when Rushdie discusses the political aspects of his persecution. For him, the period following the fatwa was a crash course in politics, he says. "I can well remember having a meeting with [German Foreign Minister] Klaus Kinkel, in which he said that we are not going to change the foreign policy of Germany for one man. At that point, of course, Germany was Iran's number one trading partner."
The export of feta cheese was also more important for the Danes than freedom of speech, adds the author. "Denmark had to choose between their values and feta cheese", he says. "They chose the cheese." But in the newspapers, Rushdie read expressions of solidarity, like from German writer Günter Grass. "The book is also a tale of solidarity and friendship," Rushdie says of autobiography.
Essence of a free society
Most of all, Rushdie sees "Joseph Anton" as a polemic for freedom of speech and drives this point home. "If you feel offended by something, it's your problem," he says. "To be offended by a book is quite difficult; you have to work very hard at it. When you close the book, it loses its power to offend you."
Rushdie tries to avoid being instrumentalized in defence of bans on statements that may offend certain groups, an issue which came up again after the recent film, "Innocence of Muslims".
"The world is complicated and one of the nature's of a free society is that people will say and write and create all kinds of things which some other people won't like," says Rushdie. "There's no other way."
© Deutsche Welle 2012
Qantara.de editor: Lewis Gropp
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WASHINGTON D.C. (KMOX) – Surveillance video of the attack at Benghazi Libya was shown to members of the Senate Intelligence Committee.
Senator Roy Blunt is a member of that committee. He told CNN. one of his big concerns is the large amount of time between the beginning of the attack and the end.
“The violence at the mission itself where the ambassador was killed happened relatively early but then there is a big block of time between then and the time the last two American lives are lost.” Sen. Blunt told CNN.
He was not specific about that time line, only to say the attack started in the evening and lasted into the next morning.
After seeing the surveillance video Senator Blunt still has questions about U.S. response capabilities and security at embassies.
“One of the questions we need to ask is why can’t we respond quicker than that, why can’t we get assistance to people quicker than that and obviously the ongoing question is why wasn’t there there more security.” said Senator Blunt.
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Memorandum by James Cruickshank Esq (WTC
WALKING IN TOWNS AND CITIES
People will not walk much if they cannot take
rests. That was the main thrust of a report issued under the same
title last month to about 25 bodies or departments that deal with
health, exercise, and matters to do with old and disabled people.
It is now a widely accepted statement. Copies of supportive replies
are available if required.
The implications are clear. Walking strategies
will not get off the ground unless resting places are freely available
within residential streets, other built-up areas and local parks.
To date, seating within walking documents has been considered
only in the context of city centres and pedestrianised areas (see
Original Report, point 10). The significance of resting places
at regularly spaced intervals has not previously been addressed.
Without such facilities, the writer is one of
many millions destined to become prematurely isolated at home
within the foreseeable future. Whilst premature loss of independence
will be bad for himhe is 61 and one of the next generation
of the "old"it will also become very costly for
the State, an aspect developed in point 3 below.
Other contributors to the Committee, the writer
understands, will ratify points raised in his Original Report,
a copy of which is attached. If that report is not circulated
to Committee members, they may like to note that a copy is available,
either from the Committee's library or from the writer himself.
(Please bear in mind that a few of the original reports were unwisely
issued under a different title, starting Tactical Defects in
the Implementation of Public Health. . .)
This update will focus on practical issues which
bear on politicians, planners and public alike.
Looking to the future, effective walking strategies
will forever be thwarted if local authorities continue to be expected
to pay for some of the infrastructure without which far-sighted
Health and Transport schemes cannot work. Benches are such items
(Original Report, point 3). However, public toilets and bus shelters
are other items that impinge upon integrated transport ideals
(Original Report, points 8 and 9). Pedestrian infrastructure generally
is already centrally funded via the DETR, the Committee is asked
Returns on investments in infrastructure accrue
to Central Government by way of lower, long-term, public health
and transport costs. Local authorities receive no such return
once it is realised that even the costs of Home Care and Residential
Carethe healthier the elderly, the lower the outlaydo
not come out of local authority budgets. Consequently, adequate
investment in infrastructure will never be made by cash-strapped,
under motivated local authorities. In that event, vital national
Public Health and Transport goals can never be achieved.
Research within St Albans in is the basis for
the Benches as Resting Places reports, whilst the national
requirement for seating has been extrapolated from those findings.
Subject to confirmation elsewhere, three pounds per head is required
if benches were to be sited 400 metres apartan investment
of £200 million nationally and a tiny sum within the wider
context (Original Report, points 4 and 5).
A logical conclusion is that the funding of
resting places, and their replacement due to vandalism and other
factors (point 4 below), must be the responsibility of central
government. Otherwise, walking strategies will fail. People will
not walk much if they cannot take rests.
3. WHAT IS
It tends to remain unsaid that central government's
policy of getting people to walk more is about more than just
improving the quality of life of, particularly, older and disabled
people. One is rather left to work it out for oneself that the
policy will also alleviate a vast liability for taxpayers of the
future through better public health and sensible car usage. That
connection should be spelt out.
Also, there is a tendency to focus attention
on those already frail and to relate benefits to the old. While
all must be done to improve their comforts, it should not be overlooked
that maximum extra years of independent living will most effectively
be achieved targeting people still fit enough to help themselves.
And it should be remembered that the entire population will benefit
from the availability of benches, not least the Socially Excluded
(Original Report, point 7).
A point of no greater importance, however, is
that of demographic trends which show that the pensionable age
group will peak in 2040 when 15.5 million will fall into that
category as against 10.5 million at present. The like-for-like
increase would be greater by 1.7 million if the state pension
age for women were to remain 60. Meanwhile the working population
will remain more or less static.
Looking ahead, though at year 2000 values, the
writer calculates that if just one per cent of the pensionable
population keep healthy and independent for just one extra
year as a result of fitness/health/walking campaigns, savings
in the region of £2 billion ie £2,000 million, would
acrrue to the nation (150,000 x £13,000). What might the
annual abatement of costs be? £30 or £40 or £50
billion? Diet, smoking, alcohol and drugs problems are of course
other components within the wider strategy. Income tax one penny
in the pound raises £2.7 billion for the Chancellor.
The Committee is asked to use its resources
to have the writer's figures checked as part of wider assessment
of all interactive financial considerations.
Although a Government Actuary graph indicates
that the numbers of pensionable age, as against those of working
age, do not start to diverge significantly until 2020, savings
approaching those mentioned above are attainable earlier. One
way or another, it is every generation's responsibility to lay
foundations for the next? The Committee's is asked to consider
It may of course be argued that all additional
public health costs will not fall on the taxpayer. Even now, those
with assets pay for Home and Residential Care. Private pensions
schemes are being encouraged. The pensionable age could perhaps
be increased. However, all that merely camouflages the drain on
national resources. Looked at another way, how many extra medical
and care staff will be required to look after 6.7 million more
elderly and old people? As Britain is a nation of full employment,
who will do the work? How many? Half a million, or a million?
Are housing needs taken into account? This obligation is partly
avertable if the aged were more healthy and independent.
One way or another, the point is made that a
cap-in-hand approach should not be expected for essential infrastructure
that will enable a key component of integrated transport policieswalkingto
function effectively. The capital investment and maintenance of
benches now starts to appear rather trivial, particularly as it
is undisputed that people will not walk much if they cannot take
Indeed the cost of pedestrian infrastructure
generally, better thought of as "essential investment",
can now be looked on as first class value for money. Now that
the potential return from investment in pedestrian infrastructure
is better understood, it is put to the Committee that a greater
amount of Government money should be allocated to itnot
just for resting places and their maintenance, but also for other
items presently expected to be paid for out of local authority
budgets. Are there any other than bus shelters and public toilets?
The words "greater share" are deliberately
avoided. Extra funds are justified, as they are for publicity
campaigns (point 8 below). In fact, if public opinion were ever
to support a direct taxation levy, surely it would be for investment
in schemes set up to counter the inevitable effects of demographic
changes. However, that is a wider issue. Or is it? Certainly,
nothing would better focus public and political attention on a
variety of issues of which walking is but one.
A letter to the writer from a London local authority
stated with regard to the DETR that it "can often get the
capital expenditure approved but no allowance is ever made for
the ongoing revenue costs that arise as a result. It may well
be that it is the latter, dealing with accountants and estimates
of ongoing future liabilities, that will be most difficult."
If the writer's calculations prove correct,
a £200 million investment in additional resting places will
equate to half a million or so new benches set 400 metres apart.
Many will be wrecked by vandals, a point recognised in the Original
Report at Appendix II. Vandalism is a big problem these days,
the Committee need not be told. Perhaps it always will be, but
hopefully not, as the value of resting places becomes understood
via public information programmes.
What is not in doubt is that local authority
budgets are not geared to pay for large replacement costs. As
matters stand, offers of free seating from DETR would not be welcome
by local authorities if they were also accepting the onus of maintenance.
If accepted, they could not be repaired or replaced for budgetary
reasons. Consequently, the usable bench stock would quickly decline.
Even one missing or unusable resting place would create a no-go
area for the more frail amongst us. As soon as someone becomes
confined to home, state costs start to clock up.
In other words, it would be futile if central
government were to agree to instal resting places throughout communities
without also paying for maintenance and replacement.
To make a point, the writer now asserts that
even if every bench in the country were to be wrecked by vandals
two or three times a year, DETR's annual support liability for
total replacement would still be insignificant within the wider
scheme of things. More realistically the cost is unlikely to exceed
£50 million annually once the full installation programme
is in place (see Original Report, Appendix II for the basis of
this loose calculation). Vandalism itself will justify a programme
of public information. Ensuing public opinion may defeat vandalism,
of benches at least. If not, the only realistic option for central
government will be to keep forking out as . . . "people will
not walk much if they cannot take rests."
5. THE WAY
With one qualification, the writer continues
to see the way as in point 11 of his Original Report, repeated
The idea is advanced here that every street is
potentially part of a walking network and that placement of benches
throughout residential streets and other built-up areas will spontaneously
generate an unlimited number of "pedestrian flows":
or seatways. Relatively little planning effort would be
It seems not to have been realised that an unlimited
number of "trunk" pedestrian routes [a concept put to
local authorities] would be needed too if its concept were to
be developed. City centres, schools and shops are cited as examples
of route destinations. But what about hospitals, doctors' surgeries,
kiddies' play schools, pubs, parks, friends' houses, railway stations,
bus stops and an endless list of other destinations that have
to be approached from any direction?
Generally "trunk" walkways are difficult
to identify although routes that do lend themselves naturally
to the concept should be developed. Other than for those the idea
is quixotic in planning terms and would concentrate resources
in a small number of grand schemes at the expense of large swathes
of the community where basic walking facilities would long remain
There is a compelling case for starting from
grass roots upwards by putting resting places in situ quickly,
say over a period of three to five years. With that fundamental
infrastructure in place across entire communities, people could
select their own preferred walkways to greater health. In turn
that would help planners. It is a straightforward concept that
is easy to relate to, easy to plan, and easy to implement after
guidelines are in the hands of tactically aware Local Authorities.
Its sub-structure, not much different from that of "trunk"
walkways, could be built contemporaneously, or as demand or resources
permit: kerb lowering, pavement widening, tactile slabs, traffic
calming, friendlier traffic lights, landscaping, pedestrianised
or pedestrian-priority streets, etc.
While the whole community would be able to benefit
from such a sweeping improvement to the pedestrian environment,
the greatest advantage may go to disabled people and to the elderly,
by way of extra years of independent living: a fine return
on investment, not just for the dignity of the individual,
but for the nation's long-term finances.
The statement that other items of pedestrian
infrastructure are but sub-structures to the "bench as a
resting place" is perhaps unnecessarily contentious or antagonistic.
As long as there are no Zero Resting Places within the forseeable
future, the writer is not bothered about how that is accomplished.
Of course, negative thinking, if any remains, must be expelled:
1. Vandalism: This popular stumbling
block was understandable before viewed in different perspective,
as in point 4 above.
2. Seats on pavements: In the past,
seating has been classified as "Street Furniture", a
misnomer for obstacles, of which there are many.
Seats on pavements are essential if no-go Zero
Resting Zones are to be avoided. Any that might obstruct the poor
of sight could be denoted in some way, perhaps by some form of
tactile slab? A ban on seating would disadvantage the already
disadvantaged. Generally there are plenty of suitable sites or
these can be created from ongoing pavement widening schemes. An
occasional parking space could be commandeered. (Original Report,
Appendix I"Location of benches").
3. Seats outside people's premises:
An unavoidable issue. Advance national and local public information
campaigns and local consultation are vital here. For example,
a St Albans objector quickly changed her mind when it was pointed
out that the wellbeing of old and disabled people would be at
stake. Also, the problem of drink and drug users has to be addressed,
constructively. They are actually small in number, but high in
profile, congregating as they do in town centres and at the likes
of King's Cross. They are of unnecessary worry in other areas.
4. The argument that the statement, "people
will not walk much if they cannot take rests", is untested
and subjective: Consequently, it goes, seats cannot be placed
on pavements, a throw-back to when the relevance of seating was
not understood and categorised as one of many pedestrian obstaclessee
In fact, the statement will always be un-testable
since a programme of bench installation cannot be attempted without
prior and ongoing national publicity (see 8 below). A near-consensus
of commonsense is good enough for the writer.
The possible regenerative effect of pedestrianisation
of devitalised areas was not considered as such in his Original
Report. Now, however, the writer can find no better way of summing
up his views than by quoting from the DETR's Encouraging walking:
guidelines to local authorities:
"1.3 We want to revitalise our communities.
With a better environment for walking, residential areas will
be safer, better places for us all. There will be more room for
children to play safely and the pavement can become a place to
meet as well as a place to walk. Likewise town centres and shopping
areas can become more attractive places. Re-focusing our efforts
on meeting the needs of people is a necessary step towards renewing
urban areas. Larger numbers of people regularly walking in an
area can help to deter crime and vandalism. Improving the walking
environment can help to foster the sense of community and concern
for other people that is important in a better society."
6. TOOLS OF
Now that the "bench as a resting place"
is recognised as a front-line tool of pedestrian infrastructure,
a fresh approach towards planning and implementation is to be
expected. It so happens that resting places lend themselves to
a rudimentary set of definitions that will simplify planning at
local authority level whilst allowing the DETR to monitor progress
and costs centrally. Further, members of the public will be able
to see from street maps the state of infrastructure development,
a factor of interest to them not just as pedestrians but as taxpayers
wanting to ensure that walking strategies are being satisfactorily
1. The Standard Resting Place Distance (SRPD):
Before planning of any sort can be started,
the standard distance between benches must be set. Costings within
the Original Report were based on a quarter of a mile or 400 metres,
as that seemed a reasonable balance between effectiveness and
cost (see Original Report, points 4 and 5).
Once the SRPD is established, all discussions,
guidelines, directives and understanding can be related to that.
For example, resting places will have to be positioned closer
together in some locations: in the proximity of bus routes, on
hills, close to old people's homes, between car parks and shops,
between car parks and the centre of parks, and near local shops
perhaps, etc. If the Standard Resting Place Distance (SRPD) were
to be set at 400 metres, these bench locations could be referred
to in terms of SRPD x .5, or 200 metres, or as SRPD x .25 which
is 100 metresan added advantage being that such data lends
itself to notation on street maps for planning, control and public
Sadly an SRPD of 400 metres is too great for
some, as statistical evidence by Help The Aged and the Mobility
and Inclusion Unit at the DETR discloses. However, these people
can be identified and provided with special support and transport
of the type already in use (everywhere?) if bus stops cannot be
made accessible to them.
The Committee is asked to approve in principle
the concept of the Standard Resting Place Distance. The actual
SRPD can be decided after consultation. The object will be defeated
if resting places are spaced too far apart. Yet they cannot be
placed every few feet.
2. SeatWay Zones (SWZ).
A SeatWay Zone is an area where resting places
have been installed to in compliance with the Standard Resting
Place Distance (SRPD).
Where all other items of pedestrian infrastructure
are not in place on a SeatWay, this would somehow be marked on
a map, even on the route itself perhaps. Marked areas would in
effect be no-go zones for those with special needs, such as wheel-chair
users if lowered kerbs are not in place, or the frail or the very
slow or those poor of sight if friendly traffic lights at suitably
narrowed roads are lacking, for example.
The term "SeatWay" does not imply
a formal route, but is merely a location sufficiently close to
another resting place within the concept of the Standard Resting
Place Distance (SRPD).
3. Zero Resting Zones (ZRZ):
A Zero Resting Zone is an area or street where
resting places are not in place according to the nationally agreed
SRPD (Standard Resting Place Distance). Accordingly, it is a no-go
area for those who cannot walk far without taking a rest, say
400 metres if the SRPD is set at that.
Seatway Zones (SWZ) and Zero Resting Zones (ZRZ)
also lend themselves to monitoring by way of league tables for
the benefit of planners, the DETR and the general public, all
of whom will have their own vested interests.
To whom should the above proposals be channelled
7. LOCAL TRANSPORT
Several replies have informed the writer that
investment in benches can be recovered by local authorities via
Local Transport Plans. Maybe so, but as matters stand local authorities
have never heard of the concept of benches as resting places within
residential and other built-up areas, let alone the idea that
central funds would be available for replacement and repair costs.
From whom and howin specific termswill
local authorities find out about the concept of "benches
as resting places": for discussions with residents at planning
stage after local and national publicity, of the acquisition,
design and maintenance of benches, and of how tactical angles
and financial considerations should be woven into Local Transport
Plans, etc? A key issue.
The DETR should handle this. And will that be
in the form of guidelines or instructions (after explanation,
discussion and consensus with representatives of local authorities)?
A non-prescriptive approach is currently in use. However, that
becomes a wobbly policy now that the long-term implications of
failure of walking/health strategies are more specifically understood.
In particular, the costs of supporting the unhealthy population
of ineffectual local authorities that under-invest in pedestrian
infrastructure will have to be subsidised by taxpayers elsewhere.
The writer is not generally in favour of prescriptive
central involvement. However, if the DETR is to pay not just for
the initial investment in resting places but also for their maintenance
and replacementas it must doa change of approach
may be inevitable, controlled as in point 6.
The Committee is asked to identify how the different
types of local authorities come under the umbrella of Local Transport
Plans, at least as far as "benches as resting places"
are concerned. For example, London has an added degree of autonomy
and its Mayor's Plan? Large cities perhaps also deal directly
with Whitehall, whereas some or all of the affairs of District
Councils such as here in St Albans, are handled via County Councils.
At the bottom end of the scale, even the role of parish councils
has to be understood as they also install benches, traditionally
regarded as leisure items.
Devolved responsibilities in Scotland and Wales
may be an added complication depending on their budgetary relationships
with Westminster. (The original report is already in the hands
of the Scottish Minister of Transport via Age Concern Scotland,
the writer understands.)
8. PUBLIC INFORMATION
At present, it strikes the writer from the gentle
reactions he knows and meets, the public thinks of walking as
a rather cranky activitymaybe not a bad idea, but not really
for them. Poor bus and train services are their let-out. Also,
they have no inkling that walking is part of an integrated transport
strategy, itself unheard of or no more than the vaguest of concepts
to all but a fewif the writer's level of knowledge until
a few months ago is anything to go by.
It would also be a step forward if the public
were allowed to understand what is currently being done to identify
other items of pedestrian infrastructure, or realise that at least
part of the digging up of the streets is done with an overall
plan in mind?
Nor do people seriously associate good health
with walking, the writer suspects. Of course, excellent grass-roots
initiatives have started recently with Walking to Health
and, separately, via the Health Promotion Units of Health Authorities
(Original Report, point 2).
Is that currently the full extent of advertising
to the general public? The writer has come across none other than
that, information that he uncovered as part of his research as
he sought to reassure himself, and others such as MPs, that walking
really is a serious issue (Original Report, points 2 and 10).
The Committee is asked to enquire about the resources available
for publicity on walking.
If calculations of the potentially huge savings
to the state are ratified (see point 3 above), public information
campaigns on walking, and on walking versus car usage, need no
longer be done on the cheap. But first, there must be a cohesive
plan. Then television and radio can be called into play, but only
in tandem with a grass-roots approach. The importance of targeting
children is already recognised, partly because it is accepted
that it will be several years before people's attitudes are likely
to change. Another angle has a neat ring to it: that more sensible
car usage actually benefits owners' health as well as traffic
flow. In effect, investment in public information programmes on
walking/health/car matters is set to be never ending.
Once the links between demographic graphs, potential
taxation levels and their own ageing bodies are understood, everybody
will have a vested interest in the success of walking/health strategies.
Here there are several publicity angles, of which benefits to
the taxpayer of the future must never be far from the front line
(see 3 above).
For a matter of national importancea
promotional concept itselfone imagines that central government
could get free advertising. Press coverage is an example, and
as we are talking about a plan over several decades, TV license
agreements could be modified. Free promotion via the BBC?
More prosaically, bench installation at regular
intervals according to the main thrust of this report could not
be attempted without widescale public awareness and a degree of
enthusiastic consent. That in fact could be the culmination of
the first major public information campaign.
It strikes the writer that there is a need for
some form of central co-ordination on walking matter, not just
for advertising and promotion, but more generally. In turn that
would demand co-ordination with the wider issue of the demographic
trends, a subject demanding its own major programme of public
information that wouldas it happensfurther encourage
walking and greater use of public transport. Another neat circle.
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The requirement for bug control may be a result of various elements, consisting of the area and amount of the parasite. Some individuals tolerate a couple of pests, while others will act when they discover that a particular parasite is triggering problems. Regardless of the reason, it is important to understand the various alternatives available for regulating pests. Listed here are several of one of the most prominent techniques of parasite control. Read on for more information. These methods work in a range of scenarios.
Chemical Control – When taking care of an insect invasion, individuals wish to experience the excitement of a successful kill. They want to see a stack of dead cockroaches. Lots of house owners imagine a terminator in a knapsack, splashing a chemical that kills the cockroaches. Others dream of seeing bugs drop from the ceiling. Nonetheless, actually, most pest control techniques are not as reliable as they might seem. връзка към уебсайта
Avoidance – This sort of insect control is most efficient when the presence and abundance of a certain insect is predictable. Parasites that strike residential animals can usually be avoided with proper sanitation as well as great style. Food-handling areas need to be appropriately designed to reduce gain access to for bugs. It is important to recognize the function of cleanliness and hygiene in controlling bugs as well as illness. Bugs, as an example, can quickly contaminate human beings with their pheromones.
Chemicals – Although these chemicals work in killing the bugs, they might trigger troubles for people. The chance of a wellness result varies relying on the kind of chemical utilized, the chemicals in the pesticide, and the quantity and also duration of exposure. Using chemicals by yourself is not suggested, as you risk of inhaling a poisonous chemical and also jeopardize your household. To avoid any ill effects of pesticides, always adhere to the maker’s tag.
Baits and catches – Bugs and also other unwanted creatures can be managed by utilizing lures and also traps. However, they should be used very carefully as well as in the appropriate amounts. If you are bothered with the wellness threats of the pests, you can utilize toxin. Make certain you utilize it effectively and also only after detailed research study. If you’re still not pleased with the effectiveness of lures and also catches, take into consideration using them to do away with bugs.
All-natural pressures – The nature of the land and environment play a significant duty in controlling the spread of bugs. Huge bodies of water, mountains, and other landscape attributes may restrict their capacity to spread out. These all-natural pressures assist and prevent pest control. The good news is, these forces also impact the food supply and also various other aspects that can affect pest populations. For example, climate, all-natural enemies, as well as food supply all impact pest population density. Understanding and valuing these factors can help you achieve pest-free conditions. повече информация
Avoidance – Routinely evaluate your residence for any kind of indicators of parasites. Determining the resource of invasion can assist you determine what kind of pest is infesting your residence. An expert pest control technician can determine the bug for you as well as avoid the invasion from spreading even more. In addition, a qualified parasite control professional can recognize the parasite so you can treat it at its source. As soon as a bug problem has been controlled, it’s simpler to eliminate the bugs altogether.
If you’re trying to find an environmentally-friendly way to secure your house, you may want to consider the advantages of all-natural parasite control. Pest control approaches that work by subduing the population of a parasite can actually create even more damages than they prevent. Luckily, there are several techniques offered to aid you stop bug issues. Here are a few of them. You can discover more regarding the different kinds of parasite control by reviewing our post. By adhering to these tips, you can keep your residence pest-free for as long as feasible.
To begin your bug control strategy, assess the possible risks as well as advantages of various methods. Make a decision which one will certainly function best to manage your parasite issue while triggering the least amount of damage to your home as well as family members. If you should utilize a chemical, be sure to thoroughly read the maker’s tag to avoid exposure to hazardous substances. You need to also recognize pest-control regulations, such as if the chemical used is hazardous to people. You must additionally understand the best safety measures to take to safeguard your house from parasites.
Insect killers are another option for insect control. All-natural predators, such as nematodes, have actually been made use of in the past to manage bugs like tomato hornworms and also bean beetles. However, their effectiveness in the field has been restricted. There are no effective organic control representatives for numerous cockroach varieties. You need to also stay clear of tillage and utilize a range of other techniques to reduce the risk of parasites.
The advantages of insect control go far beyond securing homes, but they likewise assist shield forests as well as farm plants. In fact, making use of pesticides has actually added to the control of a number of illness that can be dangerous to your family’s health. Other than avoiding damages, bug control assists in saving lives. This implies you’ll understand precisely when to make use of pesticides. You’ll additionally avoid the risks of allergic reactions by ensuring that you don’t expose on your own or your family members to chemicals.
Physical controls entail traps, barriers, and devices that protect against the bug from going into and infesting your house. As an example, you can install home window screens and also drifting row covers to prevent ground-based bugs. You can likewise get plant collars to keep cutworms from damaging your plants. Insect monitoring and also control methods can likewise include using red ball traps or glueboard catches. By setting up cardboard bands around apple trees, you can trap codling moth larvae or stop birds from roosting on structures. Electrical lights as well as fans might additionally be mounted to hinder flying pests. подходящ уеб сайт
All-natural pest control approaches additionally help to lower the prices of chemicals for private farmers. Nevertheless, these methods can additionally be less efficient as insects develop resistance to the chemicals they are subjected to. Nevertheless, all-natural bug control methods may be much more environment-friendly and lasting in the future. While these methods are not ideal, they can still minimize the expenses connected with using chemicals on ranches as well as crops. So, make sure to investigate them prior to making a decision about the very best methods for your circumstance.
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Baked lightly crunchy potatoes are very popular in Greek houses. It is an excellent addition to various dishes of meat or fish. For their preparation we need three basic ingredients that are added to most Greek dishes: olive oil, lemon juice and oregano. Slowly baked potatoes absorb a lemon aroma that is slightly palpable while eating.
1. Peel the potatoes and cut them lengthwise into quarters or eight.
2. In a deep dish, cut the chopped potatoes thoroughly with the remaining ingredients.
3. Then, put everything into a deep baking tray or into a casserole and put in an oven preheated to 190 degrees.
4. In addition, the taste of potatoes can be enriched even by the position of a sprig of fresh rosemary and sprinkling with coarse-grained sea salt.
5. Bake without covering the pan for about an hour until the potatoes grow crispy.
We will not cheat you. Imam Bayildi is not a diet and it should not be like that. A large amount of oil is needed here to produce a delicious sauce, in which the eggplant will almost swim. We also ate such a delicious "floating" Imam in Matala, Crete, and he was the prototype for our recipe.
Depending on the region, its preparation and components differ slightly. That is why today we provide a recipe for a slightly more complex version of this delicious vegetable casserole. You will need a little more ingredients to make it, which will be layered in different layers
Dishes from beans and other legumes are an important part of the Greek diet. The most well-known examples of such dishes are giant plums, fasolada or fava. Nowadays, Greeks often reach for traditional dishes with legumes, which are served as the main meal. Today we present a recipe for beans in tomatoes. Its preparation is easy and less labor-intensive than eg giant gaps.
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[Tucker Carlson] took to Fox News's "Hannity" Monday night and clarified his remarks, saying that he "overspoke" and was "too emotional" at the time (while still maintaining that he was "disgusted" by Vick's actions.)Probably.could be linked with "make sure brain is in gear before mouth is in motion," but perhaps better just filed under "remember who your donors are.""This is what happens when you get too emotional," said Carlson. "Anybody who takes the time to look into how he mistreated these dogs and personally tortured them to death gets upset." (Carlson is a big supporter of local animal causes in Washington).
"I overspoke. I'm uncomfortable with the death penalty under any circumstances."
Second Thought: Wichita probably caught an important media breakthrough here, but there is an unassailable rule re first sightings: somebody already got there before you. Here's a defense/advocacy of "overspoke" from some months back: link. Actually, a dictionary search identifies many older instances, but in the (rather different) sense of "to use too many words." Of this use, Onelook says "This definition is from the 1913 Webster's Dictionary and may be outdated."
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The month of Dhul Hijjah is one of the holiest months of the Islamic year where we witness increased spirituality with the sole purpose of devotion to Allah (SWT) and sincerely yearning for His rewards in huge measures. The virtuous first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah are the days that are more superior than the blessed month of Ramadan and Fridays.
The Prophet ﷺ said: “There are no days in which righteous deeds are more beloved to Allaah than these ten days.” The people asked, “Not even Jihad for the sake of Allah?” He said, “Not even jihad for the sake of Allah, except in the case of a man who went out to fight giving himself and his wealth up for the cause, and came back with nothing.”
Some of the good deeds that can be performed in these blessed days are as follows:
- Performing Hajj and Umrah
- Fasting in these days
- Saying the Takbeer often
- To repent to Allah SWT from our sins
- Extra Prayer, Qur’an and Dhikr
- Sacrificing an animal
- Pray the Eid prayer
- Appreciate the blessings of Allah, thank Allah for what he has given you and ask Allah for forgiveness for the sins committed.
- Honoring one’s parents and upholding the ties of kinship.
The month of Dhul-Hijjah is an ideal time to make Dua to Allah SWT to bless us with the opportunity to perform Hajj and acceptance of the same.
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They stand like sentinels on city sidewalks.
Mounted on each black pedestal is a red box shaped like a miniature house, with a white pull-handle on the front, its purpose spelled out plainly in capital letters.
"FOR FIRE," it reads, then continues simply: "OPEN THEN PULL DOWN HOOK."
Whenever that lever is pulled, a metal wheel inside the box turns and transmits a signal via telegraph to the Boston Fire Department.
That's the way it was over 150 years ago, when the world's first fire-alarm telegraph boxes were invented here and horse-drawn carriages rattled down the city's cobblestone streets.
And that's the way it is today, in this age of enhanced 911, two-way radios, cellphones, and GPS devices, leaving some to wonder why the city still operates a telegraph alarm system. Many cities and towns have abandoned theirs, deeming them obsolete and too expensive to maintain. But Boston - and close neighbors Brookline, Cambridge, and Somerville - have held fast to the system.
Boston fire officials say the wireless world hasn't negated the system's value. They point to the Sept. 11 attacks, when cellphone networks became overloaded. And in a blackout, they say, people can't recharge their cellphones.
The Boston Fire Department has no plans to change the street-corner box alarms, according to John P. Henderson, superintendent of its Fire Alarm Division, which oversees communications and dispatching for the department. "It's a great, great system," he said. "To have it, gives peace of mind."
Born before the phone
The world's first municipal fire-alarm system was developed by an engineer named Moses Farmer and Dr. William Channing, a Harvard-educated Bostonian who preferred tinkering with electronics to practicing medicine. Their revolutionary creation was installed in Boston in 1851, more than two decades before Alexander Graham Bell gained his patent for the telephone, and consisted of 40 miles of wire and 45 boxes. It quickly became a national model, and cities and towns across the country installed similar systems that were manufactured by the Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph Co. in Newton Upper Falls. By 1890, there were Gamewell systems in 500 cities and towns across the country.
But lately, call-box systems are heading toward extinction. Washington, D.C., stopped using its fire alarm boxes in the 1970s, when the city implemented its 911 communications system. More recently, the nation's capital transformed its old box-alarm network into public art, commissioning local artists to decorate the boxes.
Other cities - Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis, to name a few - have also scrapped their fire-alarm boxes. Sacramento officials estimate that the city's recent move to dismantle its system will save $500,000 annually in operational, maintenance and support costs. Some smaller municipalities in Massachusetts - including Cohasset, Foxborough, Franklin, Scituate, Weymouth, and Wrentham - no longer use the boxes either.
"There are many towns across the country, and the world, that still upkeep these systems," she said. "We just help maintain them."
Welch said the company does not know how many municipalities still use the system. In recent years, some cities have auctioned their remnants off as antiques. Boxes have sold for several hundred dollars each on
"They've become a hot collector's item," said Welch.
Boston itself once had plans to scrap the system. Back in 1983, then-Fire Commissioner George Paul announced his intention to phase out the city's alarm system over the next seven years, calling the boxes obsolete and the main culprit behind false alarms. Paul said over 7,000 false alarms - more than three-quarters of the total - originated through boxes on the streets each year, and each one cost the city approximately $700 in manpower, fuel, and wear and tear on department vehicles. Paul told the City Council that only 2.4 percent of the structural fires in 1982 were reported through street boxes.
But Paul's plans were never realized.
A $1.8m annual bill
Today, 1,259 Gamewell alarm boxes remain on the streets of Boston, down from 3,000 at one time, and they still work. They can be found on free-standing pedestals underneath glowing red lamps, and on telephones poles across the city. An additional 1,440 auxiliary boxes, or master boxes, are connected to internal fire-detecting systems in schools, hospitals, hotels and other buildings. Whenever heat detectors, smoke alarms or sprinklers are activated inside these buildings, a signal is automatically transmitted through the auxiliary box to the Fire Department's central alarm office.
A team of 20 Boston Fire Department employees maintains all of the boxes: Their salaries, plus equipment costs, amount to approximately $1.8 million each year, said Fire Department spokesman Steve MacDonald.
The Boston Municipal Research Bureau, a business-funded watchdog group, has been advocating for the removal of the boxes since 1985. In 2001, it issued a report recommending that the Fire Department stop using the boxes, and calculated that the move would save over $2 million a year, according to bureau president Samuel R. Tyler.
"New technology has expanded the ability of people to call in emergencies," Tyler said in a telephone interview. "It's a matter of cost effectiveness. There's a better use for those dollars."
But Boston isn't the only holdout. The boxes also continue to be a part of the urban landscapes of its immediate neighbors as well as New York City, San Francisco, and Providence, and, officials say, for good reason. They praise the Gamewell system for its simplicity and dependability, and say the alarm boxes have proved their worth.
In case of any emergency
The system operates separately from electric and telephone lines, and isn't affected by power outages, downed phone lines, bad cellphone reception, or radio interference. If a major disaster knocked out power for days, and people couldn't charge their cellphones, the boxes would be a public safety lifeline.
When a computer glitch caused New York City's 911 system to crash for two hours in March 2004, the street boxes continued to work, and someone used one to report a serious fire in Brooklyn. When he was mayor of New York, Rudolph W. Giuliani tried to get rid of the city's fire boxes, but failed. A court ruled that eliminating them would violate the rights of deaf people.
Henderson, the Boston alarm division head, prefers to call them "emergency boxes" and wants to remind the public that they can be used for any type of emergency. If someone gets injured in the street, or there's a car accident, or if there's a suspicious person following you, making you feel unsafe - all of those situations could call for pulling the white handle on a nearby alarm box.
"The role of the Fire Department is not just putting out fires," he said. "Any problem, the Fire Department is here to help."
Many communities discontinued their pull-box systems because their budgets were cut and they had let their boxes deteriorate for years, he said. Boston's system, however, is "very, very reliable and well-maintained." The boxes, by the numbers
While the boxes continue to be a source of false alarms, the number of incidents has dropped, Henderson said.
In fiscal year 2006, there were 1,104 false alarms called through street boxes. In the next fiscal year, which ended June 30, there were 873 false alarms - about 75 percent of the 1,163 total calls originating from the boxes. (The number of real calls from street boxes, then, was 290, or less than one a day.) Calls coming from master boxes in 2007 totaled 5,064.
In making the case for keeping the system, Henderson said Boston's street boxes can overcome any language barrier.
They're also helpful for people who have speech problems or are simply unfamiliar with the city, because the box transmits their exact location.
"If someone is new to the city, and don't know where they are, or if they're new to this country, and don't speak English, help is on the way, no matter what," he said.
The sheer speed and precision of the old-fashioned pull-box system is still unmatched, said Henderson. If you called 911 on your cellphone, you have to wait for the call to be routed to a dispatcher, who will then ask you a series of questions. The pull-box sends the signal instantly, no questions asked.
"The importance is that, in this day and age, fire-alarm boxes are still a fantastic, dependable system for notifying" the Fire Department of "emergencies, he said. "Technology has advanced, but they still have a place."
Emily Sweeney can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Small serrated leaves are dark green with a very wide yellow margin. The succulent rosettes turn pinkish blush tones in the fall. Bright yellow blooms. Height 4-6". PP#27,454.
Sedum attracts bees and butterflies to the garden Prefers dry to average well drained soil. Drought tolerant when established. Intolerant of wet conditions. Tolerates air pollution, poor soils and salts. Deer and rabbit resistant.
2019 Plant of the Year, Chelsea Flower Show.
- USDA Hardiness Zone(s): 4-9
- Exposure: Full Sun
- Bloom Time(s): July-August
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In order to be a great rapper, you have to have an understanding of how to write rhymes. Mastering rhyme schemes and learning how to utilize slant and near rhymes comes with time and practice, and there are many ways to go about learning the skill.
We wanted to explore how different rappers go about writing their rhymes since the art of rhyming is so crucial to an emcee’s style. So we interviewed two of our own Flocab artists and broke down some bars formulaically.
Dillon V. – Recording Artist
When Flocabulary comes to you with a specific topic to write about, how do you begin your writing process?
Dillon: Generally, I will look over the core concepts and the Common Core curriculum. There’s always a lot of information, and I use that as a starting point. I think about how to make the information as fun and funky as possible, and before I get to the actual rhymes, I concept the song out. If I’m working on a history song, the concept is already there. And if the information is extremely dense, there isn’t a lot of room for storyline or characters. But with a song like Area and Perimeter, there’s more freedom with characters.
Then I focus on a catchy hook. The verses are going to take a minute to memorize, so the hook should be fun. From there, I just write. Verse, hook, verse, hook.
What’s one tip you would give to students who are just starting to write their own rhymes?
Buy a composition book. Keep a physical rhyme book. That’s how I developed my process. If you’re just starting out, it’s important to have something physical, somewhere to go to put your ideas down. It’s also a reason for you to write and create. To this day I write words down that come to mind.
Write down your inspiration and your rhymes, because once those ideas leave, they don’t come back. And write as much as you can. Be open to emotions and what’s around you. Don’t be afraid to be poetic. Rap can be about anything. It doesn’t have to be about girls or violence or success. So don’t put yourself in that box.
Also, listen to other music. Don’t just listen to rap. Expand your musical horizons.
Is writing for Flocab similar to writing for yourself?
I would say the processes overlap. For both scenarios, I’ll write my rhymes to the beat.
When I started, I was really nerdy about it. I would try to say the biggest words or the most syllables. Over time, my musical style has simplified. I’m trying to do more with less.
I’m a sucker for internal rhymes and more complex rhyme schemes. I put more of those in my personal stuff. Educational rap has to be accurate, factual. You have to make concessions sometimes. The best rhyme might not be the simplest way to explain something, so it gets tricky. There’s no room for extraneous words.
Blake Harrison – Co-Founder, Rhyme Writer
What is your writing process like?
Blake: I like to write over a beat. The two most important things with Flocab songs is the information you have to include, and the beat. Even if it isn’t the beat we end up using, something with the general mood of the song is important.
I basically try to write before thinking about it too much. I just take the sentences from prose to poetry. This is the most literal approach, and doesn’t result in the best work but is the best way to get started.
Then I really write from line to line. I think of the facts I have to put in there, and put a ton of different words in the end rhyme position, to see what makes the most sense.
What advice would you give to beginners?
There are techniques and creative processes that work for some people but aren’t helpful for others. And like everything, you have to learn the basic rules, then you learn to break those rules.
So start simple. Then take those lyrics and ask yourself, “what could I add to this to make it more interesting?”
What tips or tricks do you have for students writing their own rhymes?
- Don’t seek perfection, especially when you’re just starting out.
- Emphasis is important, and can be used to make your rhymes more interesting.
- Usually when I’m writing, I’ll talk under my breath. I have to have my mouth move in order to feel the rhythm. It’s the best way to feel the beat.
- Don’t be afraid of imitation. Find your favorite rapper, and try to write a similar scheme in your own words. It’s okay to copy their flow at first.
A Quick Breakdown of Rhyme Schemes
In order to write complex rhyme schemes, you have to understand the basics. A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhymes in a series of lines or bars. Simply put, it’s where you choose to put your rhyming words!
A bar is a collection of four beats. Your rhymes can come directly on the beat or they can be syncopated, which means slightly off-beat or displaced. Syncopation relies on a steady, established pulse underneath it.
The simplest rhyme scheme is one where the rhyme is placed at the end of the bar, or the last beat. This is the easiest rhyme scheme to drop, and usually follows the A/A, B/B formula, like this:
“Let me tell you about the time,
I was hanging out with a friend of mine”
From Building Empathy
To make your lines a little more complex, you can place a third rhyme in the middle of one of the bars, or on the second beat. This makes your rap a little more intriguing because it adds more detail to listen to. It’ll look something like this:
“Extra, extra check out the news,
But be sure what you choose is verifiable and true“
From Fake News
Now let’s add one more layer of difficulty. For this next rhyme scheme, place your first rhyme on the second beat of the first bar, then put your second rhyme on the
last beat of the second bar. This rhyme scheme is powerful, shows you understand complicated rhyme schemes and leads to a powerful build up in the song.
Let’s get formulaic with it. Below, the beats are marked with numbers, and the “A” is used to represent the rhyming words you’re placing on the beat:
“1, A, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, A”
“AKA life, air and water are things that make it
Let’s hop inside my spaceship and travel afar.”
You’ll notice that the words “water” and “afar” aren’t perfect rhymes. In both rap and poetry, imperfect, slant and near rhymes are used in order for the artist to have more freedom.
Rhyme schemes are pretty universal in rap music. You can find these rhyme schemes in all your favorite Kendrick, Kanye or Cardi B songs. There are lots of artists that think of their rhymes formulaically, kind of like how we broke down that last rhyme scheme. Rakim likes to start off with 16 dots on a paper, to mimic a 16 bar line. He visualizes a graph between the bars in order to fit words and syllables inside. Eminem likes to think of words as puzzles as he tries to fit words in the lines.
Next, we’re going to introduce the upbeat. Try tapping your foot and counting four beats. Now do it again, but every time you bring your foot up, say “and.” Your foot should fall on the beat and rise on the “and.”
With the upbeat, the formula above would look like this:
“1-, A-, 3-, 4-
1-, 2-, 3-, A-“
The numbers represent your downbeat, or when your foot touches the ground, and the hyphens represent your upbeat, or when your foot is in the air. We’re marking our rhymes with letters still, just like an AA/BB formula. Whenever we introduce a new rhyme, we’ll use a different letter. Now let’s use our formula to decipher the rhyme scheme of “Slide Show” by T.I.
“Refuse to give up your mistakes will define you
Down dictate where you heading then remind you
That time keeps ticking let your mind keep clicking
Never stop thinking be aware of your decisions.”
Listen to the verse a few times to establish the beat. You’ll notice that naturally, your foot, or the downbeat, will fall on the second syllable of “Refuse.” From there, the pattern is relatively easy to mark. Because we’re looking at four lines, the rhyme scheme will seem more complicated.
“-1, -2, -A, -BC
1, -A, -D, -BC
-B, ED, -B, ED
F, -D, -F, -D”
If this approach doesn’t work for you, don’t worry! Lots of rappers let their rhymes flow naturally.
More Rhyme Writing Resources
Itching to get more analytic and strategic with your rhyme writing?
- Put your rhymes through this WSJ rhyme algorithm (hint, scroll all the way to the bottom of the page). While you’re at it, you should put the lyrics of Pit and the Pendulum through it, and take a look at the crazy complex rhyme scheme written by Blake.
Don’t forget, you can always use Flocabulary’s Lyric Lab to practice your rhyme writing—it’s available on every Flocabulary unit. Good luck!
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Third Workshop on
Compact Computer Algebra
July 6, 2010. Paris, France
Even though compact design is no longer a vital necessity for main-stream computer algebra systems, it is a central question in emerging settings. Compact systems are important for hand-held devices, embedded computer algebra modules (e.g. for smart document processors) and web-based computing to name a few areas. Additionally, compact data representations can be essential when dealing with very large problems.
The aim of the CCA events is to communicate the ideas supporting the subject of "compactness" in algorithms, data organization and system design for computer algebra.
Continuing the series of CCA meetings previously held in Linz, Austria (2008) and in Grand Bend, Canada (2009), the 3rd workshop on Compact Computer Algebra will take place in Paris, France as a part of CICM 2010 conference.
The scope of CCA topics includes, but is not limited to
If you are interested in presenting your work at CCA, please visit Call for Papers and Software Demos page for instructions on submission for contributions.
Page maintained by Elena Smirnova
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Years ago a wise person told me the "problem for most people and organizations isn't not knowing what to do, but figuring out how to change ourselves and how to help others change." Changing your own habits can feel about as futile as climbing Mount Everest, let alone empowering others to change!
But why is it so hard to change our habits? A recent survey on wellness efforts in the workplace showed that the number one challenge companies' face is how to get people to achieve sustainable changes in their lifestyle.
So how do we change habits? Over the last decade a great deal of research has emerged on changing habits. Not surprisingly, it turns out that it all begins with your belief system. Believing you can change your habits is a pretty good predictor of whether you will or not.
Research conducted by Carol Dweck at Stanford University showed that our "mindset" is the key factor that determines whether or not we will change. Your beliefs are often created by your thoughts, and negative self-talk such as, "I am not artistic, not a good speaker, not a people person, not a good (fill in the blank)," has the potential to come true.
If you entertain thoughts like that, it should be no mystery as to why you're having trouble creating change. If we think something won't change we probably won't try very hard or very long to change it. As Henry Ford said, "Whether you think you can or you can't, you're right."
Another crucial thing to remember is that it takes about three to five months before we really replace an old habit with a new one. People give up long before the new habit takes hold. Studies at Harvard by Alvaro Pascual Leone show that the brain maps of people learning new skills revert back to old patterns even with just two days off from learning for about three or four months which means the old habit still dominates.
But after about four months, even with time off, the new habit begins to dominate. We have to be a lot more patient and perseverant.
We are also discovering that some habits are what may be termed "key habits." It turns out that some habits tend to produce broader changes once we implement them. Here are two examples: people who start exercising usually start eating better but not the other way around. People who keep logbooks of what they eat everyday are more likely to lose weight.
Organizations can also use key habits to drive change. For example, in hospitals, implementing the simple habit of leaders doing "daily rounds" (having a defined time every day to go out and talk to patients and staff) often leads to gains of up to fifty per cent in patient satisfaction. University faculties who regularly meet and talk about their research (and talk about how they can collaborate) produce more published research than those faculty teams who don't.
In my book Stepping Up, I tell the story of Don Knauss who took over as the leader of the worst region for Frito-Lay and within a year helped them achieve first place. One of the secrets was instituting a new habit of having route drivers meet every week to benchmark their numbers with each other and share ideas for increasing sales. On the back of that habit, Knauss took his region from worst in the U.S. to the best in less than eight months.
It is important to remember that it takes time and patience to change habits. For example, the average person who quits smoking will have seriously tried to quit eight to 12 times before finally succeeding. The emerging neuroscience suggests that old habits never die, but rather they are simply replaced by new habits. Whether the habit is a personal one or an organizational one, we often stop trying when just on the brink of change. Leaders need to recognize that it may take several significant change efforts before new organizational habits begin to dominate.
There are two final things to know if you want to change habits. The first is that by being connected to others who are trying to make changes, it becomes twice as likely that you will adopt new habits. And second, you can't change anyone else. In fact, research suggests that people may even be less likely to change when someone else is telling them why they should change.
Telling others to change is disempowering. Getting them in touch with their own motivation is the key. Rather than telling someone why they should change, ask them what benefits would come to them if they chose to change and how motivated they are to make the change. Then ask them what step they are willing to take right now to get started.
Here are five tips for changing yourself and empowering others:
1) Change one thing at a time and give it a three to four month period of time. Once you have made real progress then move on to another change.
2) Try to find a "key habit" that will shift things. For example, if you tend to be a leader who focuses on tasks instead of connecting with people, spend the first thirty minutes of every workday connecting with people.
3) Be accountable to another person. Get a change partner and meet each week to talk about progress and ideas.
4) Don't give up if you can't change your habits (or your team's habits) the first time. Falling back into old habits is natural and most people who make a significant change have tried many times before finally succeeding.
5) Never try to change someone else. Instead, help them get in touch with their own motivation for change, identifying what is in it for them to change and choosing a step they are willing to take.
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Qawalangin Tribe receives federal money for geothermal project
For decades, green energy proponents have been trying to harness geothermal energy from an active volcano on Unalaska Island. And although there have been hurdles trying to bring geothermal energy to Unalaska, the clean energy source is one step closer to fruition.
The 6,000-foot Makushin volcano last erupted in the 1990s and its molten magma could provide a fuel source for the Aleutian community.
The Qawalangin Tribe of Unalaska has received more than $2 million in federal dollars to go towards the Makushin Geothermal Project to harness a local source to power the island’s community and industry. It’s part of the $1.5 trillion spending bill that President Biden signed on March 15.
Unalaska is a city of around 4,500 people that’s host to several large fish processing plants and the Port of Dutch Harbor. The city has relied exclusively on diesel to power the electrical grid since World War II, but has sought new power sources for decades.
The power project is being led by Ounalashka Corp./Chena Power, LLC, a joint partnership between Unalaska’s Native village corporation and a Fairbanks-based private energy firm.
Although the Qawalangin Tribe is not a partner with OCCP, the tribe’s chief executive Chris Price says they are helping out and providing funding.
“We came up with this proposal to Congress to support the geothermal project and we were able to secure $2.5 million to go towards geothermal diversification, education programs, and to support the Makushin Geothermal Project,” Price said.
The city currently uses around 3 million gallons of diesel per year, according to Richard Owen, the city’s powerhouse supervisor.
The city signed an agreement to purchase about $16 million of electrical energy per year from OCCP in 2020 to replace its reliance on diesel. That amount would increase each year.
Unalaska City Manager Erin Reinders has said the city’s ratepayers would likely be paying slightly more initially, but the cost would go down over time, especially if industrial customers — like seafood processors — get on board with purchasing geothermal produced electricity.
The three main processors in Unalaska largely provide their own power by burning diesel generators, and have not agreed to any purchase arrangement with the city, but Unisea wrote a letter of interest for the project — at least in principle.
Tribal President Harriet Berikoff said she is optimistic the fish plants would see the writing on the wall and get on board with locally produced energy that would bring rates down.
“I hope our electricity becomes cheaper, and everybody else kind of joins in together,” Berikoff said. “We’ve been [talking for years and years], but I'm sure the canneries and the other businesses will eventually join and support us.”
Originally, the geothermal project was expected to be completed by the summer of 2024.
But OCCP has needed several extensions. The most recent was in February; now the project is expected to be complete in 2027.
The City of Unalaska, the Qawalangin Tribe, and the Ounalashka Corp. all say they are working together more closely to capitalize on an agreement they signed to move forward united on some of the community's key infrastructure projects.
And Berikoff said that will help pave the way for the future.
“Well, I'm hoping that, as a team, we can all work together and make it work,” Berikoff said. “I'm sure it's gonna work, with the rest of us trying to do the best for the community here.”
Representatives from OCCP did not respond to several requests for comment.
Copyright 2022 KUCB. To see more, visit KUCB.
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Symposium takes a look at the history, education, literature, art, and civil rights struggles of Latinos in the Midwest
By Kelli Andresen for Iowa Now
While food, culture, and music are the most visible manifestations of Latinos’ presence in the Midwest, their influence in the region is more widespread but less known. Latino workers have harvested the region’s crops, manufactured its industrial goods, and processed its livestock. Moreover, Latino business owners have rejuvenated abandoned downtowns, while students have increased enrollments and diversified schools.
The contributions of Latinos to the nation’s heartland are the focus of The Latino Midwest, the 2012-13 University of Iowa Obermann-International Programs Humanities symposium. This interdisciplinary conference will examine the history, education, literature, art, and civil rights struggles of Latinos in light of the demographic changes experienced by Midwestern states with growing Latino populations.
“People often think of Latinos as recent immigrants to the Midwest,” says Omar Valerio-Jiménez, associate professor of history and symposium co-director, “but Latinos have been in the region since the late nineteenth century. The symposium will showcase Latinos’ long history in the Midwest and highlight their dramatic population growth, increasing political clout, and crucial economic contributions.”
The main symposium takes place Oct. 11-13 and will include panels, lectures, performances, and literary readings. The Latino Midwest is organized by three faculty members in the UI College of Liberal Arts and Sciences: Claire Fox, associate professor of English and Spanish and Portuguese, whose teaching and research interests include the literature and arts of the Americas; Valerio-Jiménez, who is currently working on a study of Latinos in early 20th-century Iowa that explores acculturation, labor, and gender relations; and Santiago Vaquera-Vásquez, assistant professor of Spanish and Portuguese, a Chicano writer, and member of the creative writing section in Spanish whose current research focuses on literature and art from the U.S./Mexico borderlands.
Related events extend beyond the main symposium. All of the events, with the exception of the Lila Downs concert, are free and open to the public.
For a list of related events and more information, visit Iowa Now.
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A virus may have either a helical or an icosahedral nucleocapsid; it is rare for a binar y nucleocapsid to have any other deposi. Neuron, Jan. See, for example, A. The no deposit bonus binary options brokers 2014 regulatory enzymes that determine the rate of citric acid production by A.
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Create a No-Phishing Zone
As a soldier in Vietnam from 1967 to 1968, one of Jack Wiles’ main duties was defusing bombs. Now, as an IT security consultant, he “defuses” cyberthreats. He says that while phishing e-mails aren’t life threatening, they can be the catalyst for financial and system damages—and he’s developed an almost instinctual sense of when not to open a message.
Signs that an e-mail could be a phishing scheme might be that the message asks for sensitive information, contains a link or an attachment, calls for immediate action, or arrives unexpectedly, says Wiles, who is president and cofounder of The Training Co., a Charlotte, North Carolina-based IT consulting firm. The message also may appear to come from a known establishment, such as a financial institution, even though most people now know that banks won’t ask users for confidential information that way.
But just as the enemy in war learns to adapt, phishers have adjusted their tactics, making their e-mails harder to spot. As a result, companies must do more than run traditional antivirus scans and educate employees. Their countermeasures must evolve to keep pace with the enemy’s new attack formations.
Type of Attacks
In the past few years, there’s been a shift away from mass e-mails toward far more targeted messages. Sometimes called “whaling” e-mails or “spear-phishing,” such attacks frequently target high-level executives and contain personal information, such as executive and company names, addresses, and phone numbers. While phishing is manageable, “targeted phishing is a much harder problem,” says Stephen Northcutt, president of the Bethesda, Maryland-based research and training-oriented SANS Institute.
Targeted e-mails reached a new high in April and May 2008, according to Sterling, Virginia-based iDefense Labs, a VeriSign research unit. Between February 2007 and June 2008, there were at least 66 unique attacks, with about one-quarter occurring in April and May. The attacks successfully stole information or compromised computers in more than 15,000 cases in the 15-month period.
One attack was aimed at high-level executives and appeared to contain a subpoena from the United States District Court in San Diego. Each message included the executive’s name, company, and phone number and commanded targets to appear before a grand jury in a civil case. An embedded link claimed to lead to the subpoena but instead led to a page that automatically downloaded a keylogger.
Only 40 percent of commercial AV programs were able to recognize the malicious programs, according to iDefense. About 2,000 computers were compromised in the aforementioned attack, according to the Internet Storm Center, a network security organization run by the SANS Institute.
While spear-phishing is becoming more common, mainstream attacks shouldn’t be discounted. If attackers can install malware on just one company computer, they could glean important information or gain the foothold necessary to launch further attacks. “It’s the fringe attacks you need to watch out for,” says Ken Steinberg, CTO and founder of Savant Protection, a Hudson, New Hampshire-based application control software vendor.
In some cases, the e-mail doesn’t contain the malware, but it directs or lures recipients to a fraudulent Web site where they will be tricked into providing personal information or downloading malware. Alternatively, malware will be surreptitiously placed on their computer.
Social engineering. Along with technological traps, phishers typically rely on social engineering. They tend to focus on a few kinds of human vulnerabilities, according to William Pelgrin, director of the New York State Office of Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Coordination.
One is trust, which can be achieved when phishing e-mail appears to come from a familiar organization. Phishers are learning to make their e-mails look more legitimate. Some messages now include genuine html logos. Others take advantage of the ease with which senders’ addresses can be spoofed. And of course, phishers engender trust when they target the attack by using personal information.
Another way to social engineer is to use shock value so that people react before thinking, such as when the executives were told they were being subpoenaed, for example. “Such e-mails can take advantage of how busy we are,” he says.
The simplest trick of social engineering is just to be chatty. In one example of social engineering that occurred several years ago, an attacker spoke at length with a technical support specialist at Dulles, Virginia-based America Online. During the conversation, the hacker casually mentioned that he wanted to sell his car.
When the technical assistant expressed interest, the hacker sent an e-mail with a picture of the car. The picture also contained a backdoor exploit that opened a connection through the company’s firewall. Approximately 200 customer accounts were compromised.
More malicious. In addition to attacks becoming more targeted and using social engineering, the malware contained in phishing e-mails is also growing more sophisticated. Many malware writers test their products against multiple commercial AV programs before releasing them, says Steinberg.
When phishing scams involve attachments, bad code can be hidden in programs such as Excel or Microsoft Word or in pictures. Many of the attacks in the iDefense study sought to install a full version of the Apache Web server, a popular Web site management solution, on victims’ computers.
Many of the e-mail attachments described in that study included a keylogging program capable of capturing passwords. Other attacks described in the iDefense report sought to download a Browser Helper Object. It would detect Secure Socket Layer encrypted sessions and capture keystrokes input into a dialogue box before the information was securely transmitted.
Cost. Money lost from phishing scams totaled $3.2 billion in 2007, a record high, according to a Gartner report (2008 numbers aren’t available.)
But what is the price of this phishing to specific sectors? It’s difficult to nail down. Researchers from Garner and the University of California, Berkeley, studied Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation bank-reported data on phishing attacks from early 2005 to mid-2007. The regulatory reporting was unreliable, according to Gartner analyst Avivah Litan, and “impossible to draw any conclusions from.”
Part of the problem is that many incidents go unreported. In some cases, fraud affects many disparate parties, even long after an initial incident. Last year, for example, Salesforce.com, a San Francisco-based IT vendor, wrote a letter to its approximately one million customers warning that they might have been targeted by phishing attacks. The warning was sent after the company learned that a large group of its customers had received bogus invoices via e-mail that looked like they came from Salesforce.
The company’s customers had been targeted, the letter explained, because a Salesforce employee had fallen for a phishing message, which resulted in his providing an attacker with a corporate password leading to a database full of customers’ personal information. Saleforce said it was taking steps to boost “awareness, education, and technologies” at its company.
In the fight against phishing, everyone has a role to play. For companies, three primary goals should be education, new strategies to combat e-mail scams, and new ways to contain the spread of malware. Following is a look at some emerging practices and software solutions that are proving to be effective.
Awareness training. Most corporate e-mail gets filtered through antivirus scanners, but as already noted, such scanning only catches some phishing e-mails. That’s why experts stress the importance of staff education. “It’s not about the IT department but the person at the keyboard,” says Pelgrin.
Experts advise organizations to remind employees about risks and protective measures at least a few times a year. But these abstract reminders can only achieve so much.
To make the awareness training more effective, some organizations now send employees fake e-mails designed to see who can be fooled. Various programs exist that can help companies with this type of training.
One program is an online application called Phishme, launched by New York-based IT consulting firm Intrepidus Group. A Web-based portal, requiring no software installation, the system is based on a program Intrepidus has used with clients for several years. Companies can use Phishme to automate the sending of mock messages to employees.
When customers first sign into the portal, they estimate the number of mock emails they want to send to staff, along with the number of testing rounds they’d like. They can then choose from a number of phishing templates, or they can work with Intrepidus staff to design their own version, says Aaron Higbee, Intrepidus CTO. Templates are based on themes such as 401K plans, amusement park tickets, and the previously mentioned subpoena deliveries.
Customers choose the domain name of the Web site they want the e-mail to appear to have come from. Intrepidus has registered numerous domain names, says Higbee. Many take an existing company and add an appendage. For example, Phishme might take a bank or insurance firm name and add a dash followed by an add-on, he says.
With Phishme, employees who are fooled by the fake phish and click on an embedded link end up at a Web site that contains an explanation of the test, noting that it was authorized by the company. The Web site also gives employees educational material.
Client companies design what employees will see on the Web site. One template shows employees a straightforward list of what to watch out for. Companies can also ask for an Intrepidus-written phishing
Once an awareness campaign with fake phishing e-mails to employees has been launched, client companies can log into the portal to view real-time metrics measuring statistics, including how many employees opened the messages and how many clicked on links. Phishme does not collect data about the employees themselves, however.
About 60 companies were piloting Phishme when it was introduced, says Higbee. The price of the service depends on the number of messages sent as well as the level of detail involved in the employee exercises.
One of the largest mock phishing exercises occurred several years ago in the New York state government. Pelgrin, like other IT security professionals, had educated his staff on phishing through human resources materials, e-mail bulletins, and other means, but he thought the exercise would make more of an impression. To design the exercise, he put together a team consisting of several of his staff as well as others from the SANS Institute and the nonprofit Anti-Phishing Working Group.
The first test, launched in mid-2005, targeted about 10,000 employees. The messages appeared to come from Pelgrin’s office, but it had a slightly different sender address. The e-mail asked users for their passwords, saying that the company wanted to test their strength.
The request for this confidential password information and the use of the wrong sender address were two clues that the e-mails were phony, says Pelgrin. Nevertheless, about 15 percent of the recipients fell for this first test, trying to respond to the message and give their password.
Employees who attempted to reply by clicking on the link embedded in the email were sent to a Web page set up by Pelgrin, where they learned that the email was part of a training exercise. Also on the Web site were educational materials including a video and slides depicting 10 e-mails. Employees were asked to indicate whether or not they would open each of the e-mails. Test takers later received their score and an explanation about why an answer was right or wrong.
About a month after the first test, Pelgrin launched another round of fake emails. This time, only about 8 percent of recipients were snared, which Pelgrin says reflects the training’s effectiveness.
From the start, Pelgrin says, he wanted the tests to be about learning, not blame. Commissioners at all participating agencies reviewed e-mails and documents before the exercises. As with the new Phishme solution, no information was gathered about the employees involved; only aggregate data was gathered. After the second test, however, employees who ignored or deleted the e-mail received a personal congratulatory e-mail from Pelgrin. He says that his office did not receive many complaints about the nature of the tests.
The tests not only helped educate employees, says Pelgrin, but they also helped New York state hone its educational message. He says his office was planning another round of e-mails. The office is also building a computer-based program to be used throughout New York and to be available to any other state and local governments.
Spam filters. In addition to education, companies can take advantage of nontraditional spam-filtering methods. An example of the latter includes challenge-response applications.
Several years ago, Wiles, for example, says that he was receiving about 1,000 emails a day, about 950 of which were spam. On the advice of a Web developer friend, he implemented a solution from Seattle-based Spam Arrest. While the solution has dramatically reduced spam, it’s also helped shield his organization from possible phishing, he says.
Once a company signs up for Spam Arrest, anyone sending e-mail to a person within the company’s network receives an automated e-mail reply. Senders are asked to click on a link to verify that a real person sent the message. So far, it does not appear that automated spam software is capable of clicking the links.
Senders only need to verify themselves once. While the solution won’t protect against phishing messages sent by individuals, it can guard against the more common, automatically generated variety.
Rejected e-mails are kept on a Spam Arrest server, which Wiles checks daily to ensure that he retrieves any legitimate messages that are caught in the filter by mistake. Spam Arrest offers a free 30-day trial. Several licensing plans are available, including $5.95 a month or $74.95 for two years.
If message recipients prefer the kind of “hands on” filtering offered by Spam Arrest, they also might consider tracing the origin of suspect e-mails. Looking at a message’s Internet Protocol (IP) address, located in a message’s header, or source information, is the only real way to know its origin, says Wiles.
Tracing a message’s path involves looking at the data from the bottom up, says Richi Jennings, lead e mail security analyst at Ferris Research. At the bottom, you should see a line that reads “received from,” followed shortly after by an IP address, an identifier given to every computer accessing the Internet. The format of an IP address is numeric, written as four numbers separated by periods. The originating IP should connect to the name of the e-mail exchange used by a recipient. If a recipient is using Gmail, his or her exchange could be listed as mx.gmail.com, for example.
One can then go online and enter the IP address into a “reverse lookup” service. These are offered by numerous sites, some of which continue to add functionality such as mapping and other e-mail security features. Such services can often identify the sender’s city or town as well as his or her Internet Service Provider.
Reverse lookups won’t point to the exact individual who sent the message, says Jennings, but they could help to determine an e-mail’s legitimacy. If a recipient is so inclined, he or she can report the message to the network that owns the originating server.
Distributed whitelist. Traditional blacklisting AV products are struggling to catch up with the kinds of sophisticated malware seen in many targeted phishing attacks. This is a key reason that whitelisting, a method in which an IT administrator creates a list of acceptable programs for a group of computers, is currently surging in popularity.
With most whitelisting applications, an IT administrator manages the list centrally across numerous computers. A new twist on the practice—distributed whitelisting—is emerging. Such software can stop malware from running on individual computers and keep it from jumping to another machine.
The technology could be a solid last line of defense against malware delivered via fake e-mail or other means, says the SANs Institute’s Northcutt. A few major vendors of distributed whitelisting software include New Hampshire-based Savant Protection as well as CoreTrace Corporation of Austin, Texas.
Savant’s application scans individual computers and then creates a set of cryptographic keys, or signatures, based on an algorithm that runs against each computer’s applications. The result is a set of approved signatures for that computer. Only programs that generate one of the signatures can run on that computer.
If malware were installed after this process had been completed, it could not run, because each time a program starts up, Savant first runs its algorithm against it, looks at the signature generated, searches in the list of approved signatures for that computer, and unless it finds a match, prevents the program from being executed.
Traditional whitelisting involves pushing updates out computer groups. With Savant, individual users download updates for the approved list themselves. This reduces the risk that an IT administrator could inadvertently send out an infected patch throughout an organization, according to Steinberg. IT administrators can be tricked into installing malware across numerous computers, he says.
Even though Savant lets employees download their own updates, the application includes related safeguards such as the Advisor feature. When an employee is asked if he or she wants to download an update, a box appears. It asks users if they would like more information on the downloadable file. If employees mark yes, the feature will automatically scan a handful of continuously updated Savant databases and tell the user whether any risk was detected.
The above feature is one example of how Savant combines whitelisting with a more traditional blacklisting approach. Savant also comes with several traditional AV products, including ClamWin, a free open-source product. Savant customers can run it a few times a year. New customers can use it first to check that computers are clear before installing the Savant System.
Savant doesn’t store keys in a central area, but the software’s version 2.0 assists in central management. It lets companies configure, monitor, and control computers through a Web-based interface. Policies can be configured by individual machines or across departments. Other features include centralized alerting about system changes, corporate-wide data reporting, and more malware monitoring and alerts.
Connecticut River Bank is among the companies using Savant. Louise Dube, assistant vice president of technology at the company, says that it was easy to install and that she has been pleased with its ability to “self-learn” once on desktops.
Savant takes less time to run than the AV program the company used before, and that has boosted network efficiency. Compared to an AV product, Savant does not require continuous scanning and updating, Dube says. She says that without Savant, malware delivered by e-mail and other methods would be a major concern.
Gartner’s Litan says that she expects phishing threats to increase in sophistication, and for phishing losses to continue climbing through 2009. But, she says, companies aren’t sitting still either. The battle is far from lost.
John Wagley is an associate editor at Security Management.
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Why We Buy – The Science of Shopping, by Paco Underhill, isn’t exactly what the title might imply. It’s not a neuromarketing text, it doesn’t delve deep into the psyches of consumers, and it doesn’t disclose the hidden motivations of shoppers. Despite the lack of colorful brain scans, Why We Buy is an amazingly useful guide for anyone involved in managing or designing retail stores. Underhill and his staff have been observing shoppers for years both in person and by video monitoring, and have collected a wealth of practical advice on how to maximize retail sales.
As a direct marketer, I’ve always liked to work with real sales data. Theorizing is fine, but showing me what you changed and how it affected sales is a whole lot better – when theories hit the road, or perhaps the cash register, they demonstrate whether they are worth the hot air needed to expound them. And Underhill has plenty of this kind of data. He observes consumer behavior in a particular environment, makes changes to that environment, and measures the change in sales.
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Not surprisingly, quite a bit of what Underhill finds is common sense. Time spent waiting to check out, for example, is an irritant to customers and can be a major factor in their perception of their entire store experience. For the first minute and a half, Underhill found, customers can accurately estimate their wait time. After that, a wait can seem much longer than it actually is, causing a marked decline in the overall experience. Conversely, if the store can distract the waiting customer in a positive way – interacting with a store employee, showing funny video short features, etc., had the effect of shortening the perceived wait time.
Some of the findings aren’t quite as obvious. Underhill describes the “butt brush” effect – customers, particularly females, will stop looking at a display (such as a sale table filled with merchandise) as soon as someone brushes past them. The solution in that case is to ensure adequate traffic circulation space around important displays so that shoppers can browse without physical contact. When that happens, shoppers browse longer and buy more.
Underhill spends time on the interpersonal dynamics of shopping. A woman accompanied by another woman will shop longer than one who’s alone, but a woman with a man will stay in the store for the shortest time of all. Observing actual shoppers showed that the male shoppers tended to get antsy first, particularly if the woman was shopping for clothes or other items of little interest to her male companion. Shorter time spent shopping almost always means a smaller total purchase. Despite this, Underhill notes that many stores fail to provide even a chair for the unoccupied companion, much less a diverting waiting area. A pacing, package-laden male is highly likely to cut short his companion’s shopping time. Underhill provides an example of how Pfaltzgraff addressed this issue. Although couples often shopped for expensive china together, observation showed that the males often became bored and started to roam around the department. Store visits often ended without a purchase. The observations showed, however, that men tended to be drawn to the crystal area where they checked out glassware items. The “bored guy” problem was solved by creating a more manly display of barware items where the male shopper felt comfortable and could become a purchaser himself instead of cutting short the couple’s time in the store.
The Sensual Shopper. One area covered by Underhill that’s perhaps somewhat neuromarketing-related is “The Sensual Shopper.” Despite the provocative chapter title, Underhill isn’t writing about marketing adult products, or even using sex to sell. Rather, he’s referring to the need to appeal to multiple senses to increase sales. As in the rest of the book, Underhill offers plenty of advice based on real-life observation. He describes a store that offered ice-cold beverages stored in a case under the counter with a display of empty cans to show customers what was available. Sales were poor. By making the beverages directly visible to the customers, where they could see the condensation or frost on the cans with their own eyes, sales took off. The cans that were obviously cold were far more appealing than the “warm” examples. Underhill notes how important touch is – observations showed that towels were, on average, touched by six different shoppers before being purchased. He is no fan of packaging that prevents a customer from feeling the product, singling out men’s underwear as an example of a category in which a brand would do better if its products were not hermetically sealed in plastic.
Although it was first published in 1999, Why We Buy isn’t dated. It’s all about human nature and how people behave in retail environments, and those areas don’t change rapidly. I’d recommend this book to anyone responsible for retail sales – it’s readily available both new and used, and at 255 pages it’s a quick read packed with observational data.
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Amorim Cork Flooring’s solutions have a negative carbon balance
The flooring brand, Amorim Wise, favours the use of cork as its main raw material, and adopts production techniques with a view to reducing waste, avoiding the use of any PVCs in the composition of its product portfolio.
How to create an eco-friendly office: 5 trends to follow in 2021
Over the past few years, being environmentally conscious has become the new norm. At home, most of us recycle, avoid utilizing single-use plastic, are mindful about our water and energy consumption and opt for organic produce. The question is, how can we make our offices as green as...
Não é possível selecionar mais do que 3 produtos para comparação
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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A denturist can recommend what’s best for you
Our denture clinic provides a full range of services.
Denturists know that finding the right dentures can be life-changing for many patients. There are so many options to consider. We offer a full-range of denture services to provide the perfect solution for your unique needs, with dentures that are custom-fit to your mouth. Dentures are an ideal solution for clients with chronic oral pain or ongoing oral health concerns, such as rotted roots or damaged teeth. Dentures will change the way you smile, giving you back your confidence in all parts of your life. Dentures will change the way you eat, taking away the worry of chewing certain foods and allowing you to maintain a complete and healthy diet. They offer a viable and economical option for almost everyone, giving you a fresh and healthy new look at a fraction of the cost of other dental services.
To learn more about all your denture options, book a free, no-obligation appointment with our denturist who will guide you through the process and answer any questions.
Professional Denture Cleaning to Brighten your Smile
Just like natural teeth, dentures are subject to stains from food and drink, dulling their appearance. Denturists can help you with a professional cleaning, removing any surface stains and polishing your dentures, helping them look like new again. Contact us to learn more about a professional cleaning that will brighten your smile.
Simple steps for keeping your dentures clean
Cleaning your dentures is much like cleaning your teeth every day. It is crucial for your oral health, and your overall health in general, to keep your dentures clean, just like maintaining clean teeth. Bacteria, plaque and tartar, can build up on dentures and can harm existing teeth and gums.
Follow these simple steps for daily denture cleaning:
- Take your dentures out of your mouth and run clean water over them to dislodge any food particles.
- Soak your denture in a denture cleaner for 10-15 minutes each day.
- Upon removing your denture from the cleaning solution, please be sure to brush and rinse under running water to remove additional food particles and debris.
- Using a denture brush or a soft toothbrush with a mild soap or denture cleaner, brush your dentures.
- Do not use any other cleaners as they are too abrasive and can damage the dentures.
- Rinse well after cleaning.
- While your dentures are out of your mouth, clean your gums and any natural teeth with a soft, wet toothbrush and fluoridated toothpaste.
- If the toothbrush is too harsh, you can wrap your finger in a wet, soft washcloth and gently rub over your gums.
Book a Free Consultation
We'll help you restore your smile.
A denturist is a dental health care professional who provides denture care directly to the public. Denturists examine patients who are missing some or all of their teeth and can design, construct, repair and alter removable dentures.
A denturist is not a doctor. A denturist is an independent, self-regulated professional who works with other oral health care providers, including Dentists, Dental Hygienists, Oral Surgeons, Dental Technologists and Laboratory Technicians. As part of the Oral Health profession, denturists strive to provide the best denture care and service to their patients.
A denturist has specialized training in the aesthetic design, creation, care and application of dentures. A denturist will assess your oral situation, perform the necessary clinical procedures and fabricate your dentures personally.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://yourdenturist.com/denture-services/
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en
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The remote Gambier Islands lie just a little more than 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) southeast of Tahiti. Polynesian mythology tells of Mangareva being lifted from the ocean floor by the demi-god Maui. The mountains of Mangareva rise over the surrounding islands and the luminous lagoon like a great cathedral. Although once the center for Catholicism in French Polynesia, the people of Mangareva have returned to a more traditional Polynesian lifestyle.
The Gambier Islands are an important supply source for the Tahitian cultured pearl industry. Along with the pearl farms and tours of the island by road or boat, travelers can also explore the surprising number of surviving churches, convents, watchtowers and schools from the 1800s. Some structures are still in use such as St. Michel of Rikitea Church where the altar is inlaid with iridescent mother-of-pearl shell.
The Gambier archipelago is well off the beaten track. Travelers visiting this area will feel a sense of privilege as they’re greeted warmly by locals. The islands are still secluded and offer natural and cultural treasures, which creates a perfect mix of well-being and a unique change of scenery.
The lagoon, hosting the entire archipelago, is probably the most beautiful of The Islands of Tahiti. Both transparent and sandy, turquoise and dotted with coral heads, it displays a range of blues marvelously contrasting with the surrounding lush green mountains.
The Gambier Islands are one of the largest contributors to Polynesia’s pearl industry with mother of pearl oysters that naturally flourish in the pristine, isolated environment more than 1,000 miles southeast of Tahiti. Gambier’s black pearls are prized among connoisseurs for having unparalleled quality, color, luster and shape. Rikitea is the center of production for pearls in the Gambier Islands, and floating pearl farms can be seen around the island.
Although Mangareva hosts some pre-European remnants of marae and other artifacts, Mangareva is renowned for its fascinating religious 19th Century heritage. They say faith can move mountains. In Gambier, it has moved tons of coral.
As the cradle of Catholicism in Polynesia, Gambier features hundreds of religious buildings built by missionaries and islanders alike between 1840-70. These include churches, presbyteries, convents, schools and observation towers. You can visit them in Rikitea, ‘Akamaru, ‘Aukena and Taravai. Some of them are remarkably preserved while others are in ruins.
The largest and oldest monument of French Polynesia proudly stands in Rikitea, Cathedral Saint Michel (1848), which received a renovation in 2012. The cathedral is constructed of coral limestone and coral lime plaster and features two towers that were built in 1847 to 1848. The interior is ornately decorated with mother of pearl and black pearls.
There are many things to do on Mangareva, but it is the ideal destination for outdoor adventurers looking for a pristine and secluded environment. With a stunning lagoon at the center, kayaking and snorkeling are popular activities for visitors. Hikers will find endless treasures while exploring Mangareva on foot by taking a hike up Mt. Duff or just touring the historic churches throughout the island. Many of Mangareva’s hotels and Tahitian Guesthouses offer guests bicycles for traveling the 16-mile road that loops around the island. Pack a lunch and enjoy a picnic on isolated beach. For night life, the Gambier Islands remote location makes it the ideal location for star gazing free of light pollution.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://tahititourisme.com/en-us/island/mangareva-gambier-islands/
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| 0.937013
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An Elementary Treatise of Analytic Geometry Embracing Plane Geometry and an Introduction to Geometry in Three Dimensions
Available From More sellersView all copies of this book
New York, 1893. 8vo, red cloth, 307 pp. First edition, twentieth thousand. An uncommonly well preserved copy of this geometry text. Bowser, a Rutgers professor, was a prolific author on mathematics. Very good plus condition with light normal wear to boards including a small spot to rear board, contents near fine with light normal tanning. Bookseller Inventory # 12868
Title: An Elementary Treatise of Analytic Geometry ...
Publisher: D. Van Nostrand Company
Publication Date: 1893
Book Condition: Very Good
Edition: First Edition.
Payment Methods Accepted by Seller
Auger Down Books, ABAA/ILAB
Brattleboro, VT, U.S.A.
AbeBooks Seller Since April 26, 2011
We guarantee the condition of every book as it's described on the Abebooks web sites. If you're dissatisfied with your purchase (Incorrect Book/Not as Described/Damaged) or if the order hasn't arrived, you're eligible for a refund within 30 days of the estimated delivery date. If you've changed your mind about a book that you've ordered, please use the Ask bookseller a question link to contact us and we'll respond within 2 business days.
Auger Down Books
1505 Ames Hill Rd.
Shipping costs are based on books weighing 2.2 LB, or 1 KG. If your book order is heavy or oversized, we may contact you to let you know extra shipping is required.
Store Description: A small and highly selective bookseller. Our specialties are academic and scholarly titles, bibliography, history, fiction & poetry, plates and illustrated books, African-Americana and Americana. We grade very conservatively and guarantee all our orders. We are members of the ABAA and ILAB. Thanks for looking!
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<urn:uuid:ee6b70a1-99e4-4861-85fd-a86f17a0ad96>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.abebooks.com/Elementary-Treatise-Analytic-Geometry-Embracing-Plane/15142194764/bd
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en
| 0.897844
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Some of these Beginner Tools you may already have. However, you may not have a good Paper Trimmer or Cutter with a nice sharp blade.
Paper Trimmer - or Scrpabooking Paper Cutter to cut a straight line. There are several kinds of these and they vary in cost from $10 to $200 depending on the features, size and weight. The smaller lighter ones do a great job of cutting paper, card stock and photos. The larger heavier ones will cut chip board and matte board as well.
Mine cost about $15 and is probably my most used Scrapbooking Tool and I don't think I could ever live with out it.
There are three basic kinds.
Some have a cutter arm that is guided down to cut the paper - that's called a Guillotine Cutter.
These paper trimmers usually have has a metal base with a spring-action type metal blade, many with a paper clamp to hold the paper in place. Most have inches and or metric grid scale for easy measuring. Some also have various safety features like a latch to hold the guillotine handle in place and finger guards.
Some have a bar that holds a roller blade called a Rotary Trimmer.
The rotary cutters have revolving blades that are self sharpening and enclosed in a plastic housing that helps prevent bodily injury. Often there is a built-in pressing apparatus to reduce slippage and to protect fingers. The often have a number of interchangeable snap in blades — to produce wavey, straight, and perforated cuts which are relatively quick and easy to switch out. They also have rulers and grid lines for easy measuring.
Other Scrapbooking Paper Cutters have a bar the comes down over the paper where you want to cut and you slide the cutter blade up and down the bar. These are the smallest of the paper trimmers, are very portable, usually made of a sturdy plastic and are great to take to crops.
They are made by several manufacturers, and come in sizes that will cut 12" wide and some that are made to cut only up to 6" wide (great for trimming photos). I have a very light weight one that will hold a sheet of paper that is 12 inches wide but worked for years with just the smaller one.
When you purchase any type trimmer, check to make sure the blade is either self-sharpening or replaceable. I have to replace the blades every so often, but then I use this little trimmer almost every day. The little orange square pieces in the photo above is the cartridge and replacement blade. The standard suggestion from manufacturers is that these inexpensive blades will make about 1000 cuts.
Sharpening or replacing the blades will keep the paper edges you cut clean, sharp and professional looking. You will know when it is time to replace the blades as the cut edges of your photos will not be cut all the way through and the cut edges of your papers will be a little fuzzy.
This particular trimmer is made by Fiskars and actually has a 3-hole punch underneath the flap under the brand name. They all have ruler measurements and grid lines. Some will have a pull out ruler bar arm that will allow you to hold the paper up against the edge and measure the width of the paper sheet that you will have when you finish the cut. A good cutter can be one of your most used tools. This is mine and as you can see has been well used, but it has held up through daily use for several years.
This particular trimmer by Purple Cow is actually a combination of the Guillotine and Rotary trimmers in a two-piece unit. And if you are fond of purple, it's a added bonus. This one comes with 12 different cutting blades for all sorts of different shapes.
You will love the amazing engineering of the Purple Cow Cutters that have a patented safety blade to prevent accidents; folds up for easy storage; scores, perforates and cuts, with up to 12 cutting patterns - it even allows you to tear.
It also has a freestyle mouse for freehand cutting. The removable cutting bar can be repositioned for angled rotary cutting. Cutting blades can be stored in the cutting base. The removable cutting mat features an embossed grid design for accurate trimming.
Check out this great video demonstration of the Purple Cows 2 in 1 Combo Paper Trimmer in action.
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<urn:uuid:ae42018f-455b-4a8c-9718-89eae1a7fd9c>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
http://www.scrapbook-advice.com/Paper-Trimmer.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00267.warc.gz
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en
| 0.959353
| 906
| 1.679688
| 2
|
|Annual population development and production by Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus in Disko Bay, western Greenland|Madsen, S.D.; Nielsen, T.G.; Hansen, B.W. (2001). Annual population development and production by Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus in Disko Bay, western Greenland. Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 139(1): 75-93. hdl.handle.net/10.1007/s002270100552
In: Marine Biology. Springer: Heidelberg; Berlin. ISSN 0025-3162, more
|Authors|| || Top |
- Madsen, S.D.
- Nielsen, T.G.
- Hansen, B.W.
The populations of the copepod species Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus were investigated in Disko Bay during a 14-month period in 1996–1997. The three species were predominant in the copepod community. The biomass reached a maximum at the beginning of June (127 mg C m–3). From the end of July until the end of April the following year, the biomass was <1–6 mg C m–3. All three species showed seasonal ontogenetic migration. The spring ascent for all three species was just prior to or in association with the break-up of sea ice and the development of the spring bloom, whereas descent occurred over a larger time span during summer. The main overwintering stages were CV for C. finmarchicus, CIV and CV for C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus. Peak abundance of juvenile copepodites, representing the new generation, was in August for C. finmarchicus, in July for C. glacialis and in May/June for C. hyperboreus. From the timing of reproduction and the population development, the life cycles were deduced to be 1 year for C. finmarchicus and at least 2 years for C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus. Secondary production and potential grazing impact of the Calanus community were estimated by two methods based on specific egg-production rates and temperature-dependent production. The Calanus community was not able to control the primary producers during the spring bloom but probably did during post-bloom. The estimates also indicated that grazing on ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates contributes as an essential food source in the post-bloom period.
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<urn:uuid:52d7a3c2-2e69-43e4-aedd-8f8a57db6272>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.vliz.be/en/imis?module=ref&refid=260744
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en
| 0.923603
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One way would be to add your private module path before the CPAN module path in @INC so that Perl will prefer local module installations over installations from CPAN:
my $private_module_path = '/usr/local/myscript/lib';
unshift @INC, $private_module_path;
use Net::MyModule; # will pick up the first Net/MyModule.pm that is fo
+und in @INC
An alternative approach would be to load both modules and then try to find out which one has the largert version number, but that is a hairy thing to try and a user who does local modifications might not think of bumping the version number high enough.
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<urn:uuid:62c586a7-c3cf-48ac-a94c-487f5fde6379>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?node_id=1010470
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en
| 0.852101
| 145
| 1.726563
| 2
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RES gets go-ahead from Scots
RES has won its battle to build a wind farm in western Scotland.
The Scottish government gave the green light for Freasdail wind farm, an 11-turbine development of more than 20MW on the Kintyre Peninsula.
The decision was made by an independent reporter appointed by the government to assess the developer's appeal against the local council’s decision to refuse planning permission.
Construction is expected to start next year.
"We designed the project and demonstrated that it would have no significant effect on local people, local environment or local wildlife. Projects like Freasdail will make a significant contribution to Scotland’s ambitious renewable-energy targets,” says RES project manager Neil Martin.
The local community will receive a benefits package of more than £2.75m ($4.62m) over the project’s lifetime. That includes RES’ Local Electricity Discount Scheme, which offers nearby properties an annual discount on their electricity bills once the wind farm is operational.
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<urn:uuid:3caf7dde-bc69-48e1-b0bd-a246b56608e0>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/europe_africa/865812/res-gets-go-ahead-from-scots
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|
en
| 0.946019
| 213
| 1.6875
| 2
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Climate change is expected to make many regions of the world much drier over coming decades1,2. More intense drought would transform rivers3 with potentially severe but largely unknown consequences at higher (multispecies) levels of organization4. Here we show experimentally how the intensification of drought may alter the underlying structure and functioning (biomass flux dynamics) of freshwater food webs - networks of species and their interactions5. Drought triggered substantial losses of species and links, especially among predators, leading to the partial collapse of the food webs. Total resource-consumer biomass flux was also strongly suppressed by disturbance, yet several network-level properties (such as connectance and interaction diversity) were conserved, driven by consumer resource fidelity and a substantial reconfiguration of fluxes within the webs as production shifted down the size spectrum from large to small species. Our research demonstrates that drier climates could have far-reaching impacts on the functioning of freshwater ecosystems.
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<urn:uuid:dc453f37-7219-4ee8-89e7-e97ce2b144fc>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/167ba7acd647b4b39aef6fb992f5de01
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en
| 0.934475
| 192
| 3.234375
| 3
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Stay-at-home or analogous orders have been issued in several cities and states, and many private firms have advised non-essential staff to work from home to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Policymakers are still discussing a nationwide stay-at-home mandate. Still, the repercussions of these mandates are already being felt by those forced to remain at home because of them.
Additionally, this epidemic draws attention to the predicament of families in vulnerable living arrangements. When a family or person is homeless, there is no place for them to stay at home, as colleagues at the Urban Institute have pointed out.
The current rental eviction moratorium and mortgage forbearance restrictions will expire, and checks will cease under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act. Families that live in inadequate housing are particularly vulnerable to stay-at-home orders, notwithstanding the general high condition of most American houses.
What Exactly is a Stay-at-Home Order??
Stay-at-home orders, which limit the conditions in which individuals can leave their homes, were initially implemented in California and New York, two of the most affected states by the coronavirus pandemic.
All non-essential employees are required to stay at home under a stay-at-home order. People are only allowed to leave their homes to get necessities like food and medicine or go for a single walk in the park.
Businesses can only remain open as long as they are deemed necessary. Customers will no longer be able to dine in at eateries. Since the government has shut down, many duties must be completed from home if at all possible. Hundreds of thousands of Americans have lost their employment.
What Is The Purpose of a Stay-at-Home Order?
According to Aline Holmes, a clinical associate professor, and director of the Clinical Systems Project at Rutgers University School of Nursing, it’s the goal of a stay-at-home order.
According to Holmes, “If we let everyone go about their business as usual, practically everyone will come into touch with the virus.” As many as 80% of people would become unwell, and 20% hospitalized.
According to Holmes, her home state of New Jersey has 8.9 million people. New Jersey’s healthcare system would be overburdened if 80 percent of the population became ill and 20 percent of those required hospitalization.
It’s possible, according to Holmes, to spread out the number of instances over a longer period and so better manage staffing and resource allocation.
Substandard Housing Dangers
The long-term neglect or general degradation of institutional and private property owners contributes to substandard housing.
As of the most recent national census in 2017, about 1.35 million families were living in seriously substandard housing. This covers any home with major issues with heating, plumbing, electrical systems, or basic upkeep, such as no electricity or hot and cold running water.
In addition, another 4.65 million people lived in moderately insufficient apartments or those with difficulties such as incomplete cooking facilities or recurrent toilet breaks. Combined, they make up around 5.2% of all U.S. households, based on the American Housing Survey.
Every neighborhood in the United States is affected by homes in poor physical condition, but particular households are disproportionately affected. More than 9% of all tenants with modest incomes are confined to substandard living conditions.
8.6 percent of American Indian and Alaska Native families and 7.2 percent of African American households are living in substandard housing, according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Many Disaster-Damaged Properties Remain Unrepaired
However, there is a specific problem with physical housing that can be solved in most cases. Newly acquired, disaster-damaged properties are supplementing existing poor housing.
Hundreds of thousands of houses have been devastated by multibillion-dollar disasters in the last several years, many of which have yet to be rebuilt or restored.
After Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in 2017, the Federal Emergency Management Agency reported that 255,633 housing units were destroyed (PDF), yet two years later, 30,000 dwellings remained without roofs.
Ninety-four thousand seven hundred ninety-two homeowners and 38,085 renters in Texas had unmet financial demands following Hurricane Harvey in 2017 (PDF).
More than 18 inches of standing water were in more than 80,000 dwellings alone. For many years afterward, properties that received inadequate help and upkeep remained in decay. Low-income African American and Hispanic households have been most affected by this.
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<urn:uuid:7d634baf-134f-40ac-8e7e-57fb4f8c428b>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://www.wilsoncommencementpark.com/what-do-stay-at-home-orders-mean-for-families-in-risky-housing/
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en
| 0.96343
| 943
| 2.984375
| 3
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Nowadays, most parents know that the car baby seat is a kind of seat that everyone with a car at home needs to install when the baby rides in the car, which can improve the safety of the baby. At present, there are no clear rules on how much baby seats can be used. Different countries have different regulations, some stipulate that babies under the age of 8 must use it, and some stipulate that babies under 36 kg must use it. So how old is a car baby seat? 1. In fact, the car baby seat is made according to the physical characteristics of the child. It is a special seat used to prevent the child from being unsafe when riding in the car. There are still many models of seats, the smallest seats can be used by babies aged 0-15 months, and the largest seats can be used by children aged 3-12. 2. The car child seat is mainly determined according to the weight. Generally speaking, if the child weighs more than 36 kg, it can not be used. If the child is over 8 years old, but the weight is still below 36 kg, then it needs to be used. . 3. There are many types of car baby seats, which can be used for children of different weights. When the baby rides in the car, in order to be safer, it is best to use a car baby seat. Some parents use the seat for the baby until the baby is 12 years old, this is also possible. All in all, car baby seats are determined according to their weight. Generally, children can not use car baby seats until they exceed 36 kg.
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<urn:uuid:1784d35e-a669-4d0d-8362-646ac14f3b32>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.loma-cardle.com/news/industy-news/how-old-should-a-baby-need-to-use-a-car-seat.html
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| 3.015625
| 3
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Download Graphics C programs apk 1.5 free for Android smartphone
Apk file size: 3.5 MB
**Got more Graphics C programs with you other than in this app??
Mail them to [email protected] with your pic to see your program and photo in the next app.....I am waiting ;) !
This app contains programs on Computer Graphics written in C language which will be useful for students learning computer graphics or people interested in computer graphics using C language.
There are 97 graphics programs like:
-->DDA Line Algorithm
-->Cohensutherland Line Clipping Algorithm
-->Bresenham's Line Algorithm
-->Bresenham;s Circle Algorithm
-->3D scaling, rotation and translation
--> Bresenham's ellipse drawing algorithm
-->Liang Barsky Line Clipping Algorithm
-->DDA Circle Algorithm
and many more.. WITH SAMPLE REAL OUTPUT SCREEN !!
v1.5 Big Update!! New interface, bug fixed, more programs, programs divided into 3 categories:
v1.4 added more programs and output screen
v1.3 minor update :just fixed some programs and fixed alignment
v1.2 added new programs and improved interface
If you find any bugs in this app or any problem with the programs or want to suggest something about this app then please mail me at [email protected] before rating.
Akshay Mathur part of our Education and have average installs from 10000 to 50000. Last Update Jan. 11, 2014. Google play rating is 86.3704. Current verison is 1.5. Actual size 3.5 MB.
Very useful and good job. App is vry user friendly. Try to work on outputs with animation or with videos.give some simple explanation about each commands which is vry useful for basic users. Add more projects too. Again very good job team.thank you very much :-)
Really..Awesome ? Rily an awesome app and really helpfull.. I appreciate your efforts. Thank you very much..:)
It's. Very useful for student having this subject, but i think there should be short description about how to use header files. But I like this app and programs
C graphics Cool dude I love it ...I m excited.. I know some of the functions already I know to program basic projects because of the interest I have actually I am 17 I started programming from my age 16...cool right...thanks
C projects Very useful if anyone try it , it also show output of any project in mobile
Not wot i wanted but.... This is probably great if it is learning c language programming that you want but its very basic as a start to the language but as basic ad it needs to be...not the logo design or grafix design prog/app i was expecting tho..
Good really awesome I'm very happy to share my thoughts... All programs are excellent.. Great.. Appreciate your team.. Thanks to all.. If possible please add the sharing features.. Good.
complet package I am in bca 4th sem I got all programs and more then that I need. fully satisfied.
Good one... Thanx for the help.....this will go even soone shuhaga if you explain the few statements " //".... same line.
Nice work Plzzzz add more programs like circle inside another circle then filling colour inside shapes,scaling as well as rotation on triangle and more.....
rahul superb app for student this is ap very information in c programme students try this app
U rock man Last 2 year,its my first app which i like the most.keep it up.waiting for ur new apps and updates bro.
very gud app for computer graphics beginners add more description it will be the best.....
Guys awesome if more projects are available please remind me
Extraordinory It helped me alot throughout my semester nd also in my mini project.!!!! A must have application for graphics.!!!! Loved it.!!!
Turbo C? Old stuff, DOS and TC will never get you anywhere. Try SDL instead.
loved the app but need explanation and aninated output thx good job
Totally Awsum!! Beyond what i expected...very informative.
Good app but....... :( No line clipping programs . This app really helped a lot for my practical exam preparation :)
Ashish Its totally useful for those guys who are learning computer graphics subject in diploma.....
When I figure out how I think it is a great cheat sheet I really needed one of these. I like it good job
Useful Very useful and helpful app i love this
It's awesome, and just the best thing for learners who wanna go deep!! Thanks
Amazing Ths is the amazing app I have seen yet. It is quite fantastic. Thank u verrrrrry muchhhh
Very usefull apps Graphic r including in coading.
It's good apps to learn c programming, very clearly explain with short notes. . very useful apps
Very helpful app Its one of the best
its nice its amazing .. good.. learning graphics to easy by this app..
Savior Helpful app and perhaps the best for building the base of graphics
This is the Best application for graphic user.
Good job Nice work keep it up
Good application for students Nice explainaction of graphics
Graphics This is an excellent programes for me.
great work Never thought that learning graphic would be so easy
looking for some more dude please upload some more
zaiyaul hk very helpful apps for us..............
It's useful for students n everyone interested in c.....Thank u so much. ..
Excellent Hey....its gud for enhance my knowledge.......nnn make me so confident for further future
Good job... Very usefull program for beginners!
Great!! I really very easy to use and very user friendly. I got some useful programs. Really appreciate it..
Amaaaaaaaaaaagazingggggg Thanks a lot developer ! Something for aspiring programmars ! Thanks for helping me with my project and thanks for making this app ! Please release updates ! You deserve mpre than a cookie ;)
Superb app I love this app. Very user friendly .it include programs algo and project with output
Awesome This app is most beautiful and very useful for using graphics program
Useful Need to add theory nd more programmes
Awesome learning tool I like it a lot
Good This app is very helpful to learn the basics of graphics evrybdy can easily learn it.
Awesome Very simple and good collection...
Greetings I loved it very much. This app is full of very important patch.thanks.
Nice It works fine and awesome
Several problem i have noticed No share button, problem with indian flag, which compiler is used .
Amazingly... Great :) One of the best apps of programming. Wonderful interface & covers nearly each and every topics of graphics starting from the very basic....thank u developer
Awesome. This app is great. Some basic 3D programs will he much appreciated. Also, I agree that we should respect woman.
VERY NICE TO LEARN GRAPHICS The program are converted into very smallest language.... it was an excillent projects codes to do fun
Great one fellas Please add more projects in updated version because i love learning this subject from all edges...
I loved it We expect just explanation of the programme. That's all and i need more simple animation projects with explanation
So stupidly made.. Nothing greatly about it..!!
This Is Great APP This application shows the easy way to learn Graphics programming. Thank you Very much.
Very small, but very knowledgeable Little drops of water makes a big ocean. Fine work
Bad Very error full program....
Very good This app is help full for general project. Just the thing is it should be little more.
Videos for output Cool app. It would be better if videos or gifs are used to display the output of projects.
Awesome..!! Its very nice app..and explanation with example is nice...Team U did it well ...great job
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<urn:uuid:bfdcfd5f-dc0f-42c2-ab04-019b2557f7e3>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://androidfeens.com/graphics-c-programs
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en
| 0.909051
| 1,676
| 1.609375
| 2
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The Oregon Coast Aquarium is located on the Oregon
coast in Newport, Oregon. The Newport Aquarium is
considered to be the foremost coastal aquarium in the
world, and features a creative mix of aquatic life in
unique displays. As one of the world's largest and
most prominent aquariums, this is also one of the most popular
attractions to the coast in Newport. As such, lines tend
to be long on weekends and during the summer, so plan
ahead if you plan to visit during these times.
There are a number of great exhibits at the Oregon Coast Aquarium. This aquarium Oregon was once known throughout the world as the home of Keiko, the Killer Whale who made his film debut in the movie, Free Willy. Although Keiko was moved to the waters of Iceland in 1998, his empty tank did not remain empty for long. The most interesting shark attraction at the Oregon Coast Aquarium is now housed here, with a 200-foot-long acrylic walkway that leads visitors through a maze of underwater tanks. Sharks, rockfish and a few types of stingrays are kept in the tanks, known as the "Passages of the Deep".
Another of the most beloved Newport Aquarium creatures is the group of sea otters. Thanks to their high energy and playful nature, the sea otters a big hit among children and families. Though not as energetic, the sea lions living nearby also draw plenty of visitors. The Newport Aquarium is also home to a giant octopus, the only octopus of its kind to be found as part of Oregon coast travel. The octopus has an arm length of almost twenty feet and often provides a shocking view to museum-goers.
Oregon coast travel to the Newport Aquarium also showcases even more indoor aquariums. Sea anemone tanks in the Tide pool exhibit show off the local sea life surrounding the aquarium Oregon. A touching pool with anemones and starfish is also located near the Tide pool exhibit. An outdoor bird aviary is also found at this aquarium Oregon, with a focus on birds that live near the sea.
Most folks making their way down the Oregon coast for a vacation will want to add the Oregon Coast Aquarium to their Oregon coast travel itinerary. The museum is open from 9am until 6pm from Memorial Day to Labor day, seven days a week, and from 10am until 5pm between Labor Day and Memorial Day. The museum is open all year long, but closed on Christmas Day. The Oregon Coast Aquarium is known for its long lines.
On the weekends in particular, or any holiday where children might be out of school, the lines for the aquarium can literally be hours long. To avoid such an extensive line, try either getting to the aquarium before 9 am to be the first person in line, or try visiting the aquarium on a weekday. If you are on vacation, hopefully you will have some time to visit the attraction while most of the town is at work or in school. The aquarium has its own parking lot, which is free to aquarium visitors.
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<urn:uuid:d3760a9d-b6d0-45e9-8600-8355c097856e>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/oregon/oregon-coast-aquarium
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en
| 0.965214
| 628
| 1.804688
| 2
|
Ole' Capt. JIM; 2013, Jim and Beth Bugbee are DOCENTS at the Ford Island Museum in Pearl Harbor, since it opened and continue to "re-up" for years to come :)
Jim Bugbee was an energetic and Patriotic young man. Barely 2 weeks after his 18th Birthday, he joined the Canadian Army. Although his stay was short (63 days) he was issued a WW I Great-Coat and a WW I water-cooled machine gun. He returned to the states and got a job for 13 cents an hour. However, one day he met a Go-Get-'em Pilot Instructor, who talked him into a "free-demo" (his free 30 minute demo was a savings of 10 cents a minute) He flew back down out of the sky, hopelessly in love with flying forever. He then got a job as a Hod-carrier, HARD work but a lot more money, and he attained his private pilot's license.
Still struggling with his great desire to serve (and having his pilots license) he interviewed in NY by the Clayton Knight Committee, (made up of WW I US Military Pilots) and was accepted imm. and took a bus to Canada. He joined the RCAF the next day (1941). Upon arriving at Ottawa Recruiting station, (10 to 12 American Cadets) .....They were told it would be a 100 miles by train . . . WOOPS ! 1200 miles by train. He trained in a Tiger Moth and a twin Cessna. His summer uniform, as a Pre-Pilot-Cadet (Air craftsman 2nd class) . . . And as a full-fledged Cadet, I was a leading Airman. I think we were called GADGETS ! We wore embroidered propellers and a USA patch on our shoulder.
WAR was declared and we were given the option of returning, the US Gov. then ransomed-back their Canadian-Trained Pilots . Jim choose the AAC, they were sworn in up there, given the physical on the train, and 10 days to get to Randolph Field, Texas. They only needed 2 weeks to graduate, plus 6 weeks of training.
4 Aug. 1942, he then reported to Columbia, S.C . and became the 5th or 6th person in the new 447th BS, that was [still on paper] conceived on 1 Aug. '42. The 321st BG was formed by Col William C Mills, then he turned it over to Col Bob Knapp. On 8 Sept. '42 Maj. Ray Sampson was running the 447th Bomb Squad show, we called him the "Old Man" a popular term for the CO. Doc Manley was "really" old..... 35, I think! :)
The CO Ray Sampson and Jim Bugbee flew over the Atlantic in the Knapp Flight in the Flag-Ship #41-30000 (The Ruff Stuff, Dan McDuff's Ship) with the New-Top-Secret Airborne RADAR. Bugbee said his RADAR guy saw Ascension Island quite a ways out.
"Over-There" Jim Bugbee and Bob Spikes shared the "Deathwind" #42-53371. . .in the Fall '43 when the new ship "Dumbo" #42-32498 arrived, (Quote) "We flipped a coin ! The Dumbo became my new ship because I lost the coin-toss with Bob Spikes" The fate of a 1/4 million dollar B-25 over a coin-toss. Bugbee and Spikes were promoted to 1st Lt on the same day.
When the longed for day came when they (Bugbee and Spikes) reached their 50th Mission, they were asked by the CO, Ray Sampson, to stay and lead the new pilot-replacements . . . after only a short thought, Jim Bugbee and Bob Spikes said YES ! They were promoted to Captain and each led the new pilots into Combat for 15 Missions more.
On a personal note, in a complete gesture of trust, Jim was the very first to send me, Barbi Ennis Connolly, all of his pictures to scan, catalogue and return.. Through mail, email and conversations, I have learned the stories about his War experience. This is an outstanding man ! It has been my pleasure. While he did not minimize the danger of battle in WW II, he did find the necessity of it worth the price that was paid. (QUOTE) "War is basically stupid and counter-productive. It would be avoidable IF Leaders and Politicians acted appropriately and in time. Soldiers don't start wars, they hate it ! As well as all Moms and mature Dads". Jim Bugbee
My Father, 447th BS Edward Ennis flew with both Bugbee and Spikes, as well as many others because of his training in the Top-Secret Airborne RADAR. While questionable in the beginning, it certainly was a great start, and an advancement that helped win the War. PrincessBarbi - Barbi Ennis Connolly.
If information is needed, or you have information to provide for the 321st BG, Please email;
PRINCESSBARBI_B25@msn.com (Placed 21 April, 2009) 321st BG Historian in the 57th Bomb Wing.
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<urn:uuid:cbb5f667-0c22-478e-82f6-63d5c6481669>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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https://www.fold3.com/page/83479706_james_m_bugbee/stories/
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|
en
| 0.980201
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|
It might be easier to count the stars in the nighttime sky above Half Dome than it is to highlight the limitless options for camping in California. Even lifetime residents of the Golden State find it hard to exhaust the list. Imagine a five-star restaurant with an all-you-can-eat buffet and you'll get a sense of the choices that await you.
There's the beach, of course, with 840 miles of Pacific Ocean coastline. Rather head to the mountains? There's the Sierra Nevada range, including Mt. Whitney, the tallest point in the continental United States. Prefer the desert? Try Death Valley or Joshua Tree. Forests? Will sequoia groves and redwood forests work for you?
There aren't many climate zones and features that don't exist in the state; did you know there are glaciers on Mt. Shasta? OK, there's no tropical rain forest, but you can find just about everything else somewhere in California.
Not to mention that California has some of the best camping weather.
Consider this a basic introduction on where to camp in California, a menu for a four-course meal, if you will, that should prove eminently satisfying no matter what your tastes and preferences. The options in each category are listed in order from north to south.
The Appetizer: Camping in the Desert
Desert camping is a little exotic; it's not for everyone and usually best appreciated in small servings. Because of limited water resources, it requires a little extra precaution, but the stark stillness of a sunrise over a barren, empty landscape, and the seemingly complete absence of any other living creature, can make desert camping a surreal experience.
In California, you'll have to stay in the southern part of the state, but that doesn't mean you lack for choices. Start with Death Valley National Park, which can claim the lowest point in North America (282 feet below sea level) and the world's hottest recorded air temperature (134 degrees). The park has nine campgrounds, four of which are open year-round should you wish to experience the blast-furnace fury of the desert in the summer.
Camp at: Furnace Creek
Joshua Tree National Park, east of Palm Springs, is know for the spiky, twisted yucca tree that gave the park its name, and for some excellent rock climbing and bouldering. The park's elevation ranges from 900 feet to nearly 5,000 feet, resulting in a wide variety of plant and animal life. There are nine campgrounds in the park, several of which are first-come, first-served.
Less-widely known, at least to those outside San Diego County, is Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, which is home to a dazzling display of wildflowers. With more than 600,000 acres, it's the largest state park in the continental United States. The park has three developed campsites and several primitive sites, the latter of which are free and do not take reservations.
Camp at: Anza-Borrego Desert State Park
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<urn:uuid:629398a0-7b09-41bf-93d5-c8f837f65e59>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.active.com/outdoors/articles/Where-to-Camp-in-California.htm
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en
| 0.93917
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Now showing items 1-2 of 2
A Simple quadratically convergent Interior Point Algorithm for Linear Programming and Convex quadratic Programming
An algorithm for linear programming (LP) and convex quadratic programming (CQP) is proposed, based on an interior point iteration introduced more than ten years ago by J. Herskovits for the solution of nonlinear programming ...
An SQP Algorithm for Finely Discretized Continuous Minimax Problems and Other Minimax Problems with Many Objective Functions
A common strategy for achieving global convergence in the solution of semi-infinite programming (SIP) problems, and in particular of continuous minimax problems, is to (approximately) solve a sequence of discretized problems, ...
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<urn:uuid:ace4e817-69f8-483c-8483-6af29ac0858a>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/4376/discover?filtertype_0=author&filtertype_1=author&filter_relational_operator_1=equals&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_1=Tits%2C+A.L.&filter_0=Zhou%2C+J.L.&filtertype=dateIssued&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=1993
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00678.warc.gz
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en
| 0.868587
| 165
| 1.75
| 2
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"Uncertain Attribution" is an interdisciplinary project funded by the Ministry of Science and Culture Lower Saxony in the programme "Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften – digital: Forschungschancen, Methodenentwicklung und Reflexionspotenziale". Like its sister project "Reflective Passages" it combines expertise in Literary Studies, Linguistics and Computational Linguistics/Digital Humanities.
- Dr. Benjamin Gittel (Seminar of German Philology)
- Prof. Dr. Anke Holler (Seminar of German Philology & Institute of Digital Humanities)
- Prof. Dr. Caroline Sporleder (Institute of Computer Science & Institute of Digital Humanities) (Speaker)
New: We are looking to fill 5 PhD positions in this project and its sister project "Reflective Passages".
In order to understand a text it is not sufficient that a reader can extract the information contained in it, he or she also has to identify to whom a piece of information is attributed. This can generally be different types of entities: the author, the narrator or discourse entities introduced in the text. While there are linguistic devices for signalling attribution, these are not always free of ambiguity. (Sometimes intentionally so.) The project aims at (automatically) identifying and analysing three types of attribution phenomena which are particularly relevant for literary texts: (i) free indirect discourse, (ii) reflective passages and (iii) overt-narrator passages. The general applicability of the developed methods will be tested on factual texts from the journalism domain.
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<urn:uuid:677159b3-3699-4a45-834b-247a5e61fac1>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.gcdh.de/en/research/projects/uncertain-attribution/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00468.warc.gz
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en
| 0.841425
| 344
| 2.171875
| 2
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“The most important measure of how good a game I played, was how much better I’d made my teammates play.”Author: Bill Russell
Language, like all of us, has to be adaptable. New words and acronyms are tossed into the mix, many of which find a way into the latest news items, editorial reviews, Instagram memes, and then, the latest editions of dictionaries. Contractions and expressions define new trends; lexicons that did not exist a few months ago become infused into our daily dialects.
One such acronym is G.O.A.T – initially referring to the sporting superstars who are regarded and acknowledged as the Greatest of All Times, like Muhammed Ali, Serena Williams, Tiger Woods, and Tom Brady to name a few; and now this GOAT acronym might refer to a wine label, a music album, an artist, an actor, a communal leader (endorsed by fans with an animal emoji).
To be considered a GOAT, you would have to demonstrate all your achievements, measured against all others in your field – the number of tournaments won, goals scored, medals and trophies awarded, world records broken and number of times you would have driven yourself (and your team) into the lead, over and over again. To be considered a GOAT, there needs to be evidence of your winnings, records of your triumphs, and public celebrations of your noteworthy successes.
What interests me, is not so much the collection of raw data, the statistics and the scores, but rather the human qualities that support and promote a GOAT’s accomplishments. To become a GOAT there is no doubt you would have to have the psychological resilience to push through adversity, to learn from your experiences and to be continually motivated to reset your goals.
Each GOAT has their own life-story; and as with any compelling and inspirational story, there are characters, a plot, the setting and the over-arching themes that bring the story to life and invite the spectators to take notice and connect. These stories are different for different people, of course, but there are some common qualities that set these extraordinary humans apart from others. GOATS are not only great achievers in their field, but they are truly inspirational in their capacity to demonstrate qualities such as tenacity, perseverance, commitment, diligence, responsibility, focus, passion, self-discipline, determination, courage, ingenuity, integrity and honour.
GOATs are aware of their place and capacity to influence and inspire – they use their greatness to open doors and offer new opportunities to others, making the way for the next possible GOAT. They are motivated to make a positive difference to the lives of others, committed to giving back and generously stepping up to create new landscapes of possibilities, drawing back the curtain and shining a spotlight on the next emerging talent.
Together, we are raising a new generation of thoughtful, kind and highly capable children. We see many who shine brightly now, and who still have a whole life ahead. We definitely do not want our children to suffer, experience unnecessary hardship, or face adversity. However, we do want them to have courage, to be resilient and to succeed; and if not become the next GOAT, then at least work towards being an extraordinary human, an inspirational leader, or a benevolent philanthropist, or creator of life-changing opportunities for others. We want our children to live honourable lives, to have a passion and a focus, to have self-discipline and respect for others. At the very least, if our children are not going to become the next GOAT, then, I am sure you will agree, we certainly want them to be an awesome kid! (pun intended).
At our school, right from the very beginning, we pride ourselves on giving each child the chance to become a truly fabulous human. We guide their responses, celebrate their thinking, facilitate their interactions, and scaffold their experiences so that they come to know and appreciate what it means to be both brave and considerate. It is by learning the lessons offered by GOATS that our children will come to sense that the giving of oneself to others sets you apart and becomes our collective hope for a better future.
On Wednesday, our Primary School is hosting a mini-athletics carnival for many of our ELC children. The morning is carefully planned to encourage each child to participate in a range of activities, whilst representing a team. If we get it right, and we usually do, then each child will, even for a brief moment, have a sense of what sportsmanship is about. It goes beyond the scores as each child carries home the feeling of being a part of something special. It is this feeling we want them to hold onto, in the hope that they will feel a sense of belonging, and a possibility of greatness.
About the author
Cathy Milwidsky is the Director of Early Learning and Development at Moriah College in Queens Park, NSW
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<urn:uuid:f0d5536f-9908-4b54-bc73-44e971eee4ce>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://moriahcollegeblog.com/2021/03/02/teaching-the-next-generation-of-goats/?shared=email&msg=fail
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00275.warc.gz
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en
| 0.965432
| 1,026
| 2.28125
| 2
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This title provides detailed advice on all aspects of the complex cheesemaking process for both the commercial cheesemaker in the dairy and the enthusiastic amateur in the kitchen.
Topics covered include: necessary equipment and ingredients, scientific processes explained, hygiene and control tests, storage, grading and packing, advice when things go wrong, and cheese recipes.
Whether you are making cheese for commercial reasons of simply for your own use, this book should help you to produce a cheese that you can be proud to serve or sell.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 144 pages, 51 b&w photographs, 16 line drawings
- Publisher: The Crowood Press Ltd
- Publication Date: 26/08/2002
- Category: Food manufacturing & related industries
- ISBN: 9781861265531
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<urn:uuid:9e511e4a-820a-4ab2-bfd6-fc1a2b3fc62a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.speedyhen.com/Product/Kathy-Biss/Practical-Cheesemaking/7230997
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en
| 0.842196
| 161
| 2.109375
| 2
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After a week without food or potable drinking water, the survivor of Indonesian boat that was rescued last week by US coast guard and Marine Law Enforcement gave a glimpse into the uncertainty they faced while they were stranded on their boat named ‘KM Aleluya’.
Musamial who is one of the eight people rescued expressed gratitude as he ate his bowl of rice with fish sitting in the damaged boat that drifted from Indonesia to Palau.
According to the Marine Law Enforcement report, the crew departed Indonesia on July 17 and proceeded to fish. A week later, on their voyage back to Indonesia, they encountered an engine problem and began to drift.
In broken English, Musamial told the Island Times that his crew had no food or water supply for almost a week and that they had to consume the sea water in small quantities to survive.
Musamial has two children and one of them is an infant. Even though the boat was stuck in the middle of an ocean, he believed that someone would find the crew. He managed to speak with his wife and children on Sunday this week.
“I miss him, my son and wife. I want to go home, Indonesia,” Musamial said.
Marta who volunteers at Sacred hearts Church that provided accommodation to the crew said that the crew would be provided with some more food items. (By Eshan Kalyanikar)
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Iran slams 'mischievous' WikiLeaks
Tehran – Iran hit out on Tuesday at whistleblower website WikiLeaks describing as "mischievous" the disclosure of classified US military documents detailing assessments of its role in neighbouring Iraq.
Foreign ministry spokesperson Ramin Mehmanparast said the timing of the leaks raised questions about the website's independence and Iran's ISNA news agency quoted him as saying it was aimed at influencing protracted coalition talks in Baghdad.
"Serious ambiguity and doubt linger regarding the intentions behind the suspicious release of WikiLeaks documents," Mehmanparast told reporters at his weekly press conference.
Iran will "confront this mischievous act", he added.
On Friday, WikiLeaks released hundreds of thousands of US military documents dating from January 2004 to the end of 2009.
The documents detailed US assessments of an Iranian shadow war with US troops in Iraq, in which Tehran allegedly trained and armed Shi’ite militias to kill or capture US troops.
Iran planned an attack
According to one report, Iran planned an attack on the Green Zone in Baghdad, where the main Iraqi government buildings and Western embassies are housed.
Mehmanparast denied the allegations and said the leak was politically motivated.
Iran will "not confirm the allegations... made in these documents, which are ostensibly released independently," he said.
ISNA quoted Mehmanparast saying that the leak was aimed at influencing drawn-out talks on the formation of a new Iraqi government after an inconclusive March general election.
The documents have already had a big impact inside Iraq, with incumbent Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki thrown on the defensive in his battle for a second term by the allegations of routine abuses by the security forces under his command.
Maliki has looked to Iran for support in his long battle for the premiership with former prime minister Iyad Allawi.
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Recently, TCS announced that the company is planning to provide Covid-19 vaccines to employees as well as their family members. Following the government guidelines for vaccinating everyone above the age of 18 years from May 1st, the initiative has been made through direct partnership with suppliers.
According to sources, a TCS spokesperson said, “We have already been undertaking the vaccination drive for our eligible associates and their dependents, through our hospital tie-ups across locations. Taking into cognizance the recent directives of government, we are working out modalities of vaccination drive in direct partnership with suppliers.”
Sign up for your weekly dose of what's up in emerging technology.
Tata Consultancy Services is the largest employer in India and has employers of around 446,000 associates in the 46 countries. The tech firm is aiming to vaccinate everyone from May 1st.
In an official blog post, the company stated, “At a group level, Tata Sons and Tata Trusts have pledged INR 1500 crores ( equivalent to US$ 200 million ) to protect and empower all affected communities. These will include efforts to provide personal protective equipment for medical personnel on the frontlines, respiratory systems for treating increasing cases, testing kits to increase per capita testing, setting up modular treatment facilities for infected patients and training of health workers as well as the general public.”
In March, the tech giant announced the launch of the TCS Covid-19 testing and Vaccine Management suite. TCS said in a statement that the suite will enable more individuals to get tested and vaccinated faster and return to normal life.
The suite is said to be working in these five areas which include, TCS’ cognitive AI engine, data-driven smart analytics and IoT to make clinical trials more agile and safe; it ensures secure transfer of controlled pharmaceuticals and also monitors and optimize vaccine shipments; it will address challenges with vaccine supply chain, including demand planning, supply visibility, and cold storage handling.
According to reports, the statement said, “There is an opportunity to provide a seamless process across the entire value chain to prevent issues that could slow down testing and vaccination. The suite leverages AI, robotics, blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) as well as TCS’ extensive network of technology partners.”
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Discover New Methods for Dealing with High-Dimensional Data
A sparse statistical model has only a small number of nonzero parameters or weights; therefore, it is much easier to estimate and interpret than a dense model. Statistical Learning with Sparsity: The Lasso and Generalizations presents methods that exploit sparsity to help recover the underlying signal in a set of data.
Top experts in this rapidly evolving field, the authors describe the lasso for linear regression and a simple coordinate descent algorithm for its computation. They discuss the application of ℓ1 penalties to generalized linear models and support vector machines, cover generalized penalties such as the elastic net and group lasso, and review numerical methods for optimization. They also present statistical inference methods for fitted (lasso) models, including the bootstrap, Bayesian methods, and recently developed approaches. In addition, the book examines matrix decomposition, sparse multivariate analysis, graphical models, and compressed sensing. It concludes with a survey of theoretical results for the lasso.
In this age of big data, the number of features measured on a person or object can be large and might be larger than the number of observations. This book shows how the sparsity assumption allows us to tackle these problems and extract useful and reproducible patterns from big datasets. Data analysts, computer scientists, and theorists will appreciate this thorough and up-to-date treatment of sparse statistical modeling.
Table of Contents
Introduction. The Lasso for Linear Models. Generalized Linear Models. Generalizations of the Lasso Penalty. Optimization Methods. Statistical Inference. Matrix Decompositions, Approximations, and Completion. Sparse Multivariate Methods. Graphs and Model Selection. Signal Approximation and Compressed Sensing. Theoretical Results for the Lasso. Bibliography. Author Index. Index.
Trevor Hastie is the John A. Overdeck Professor of Statistics at Stanford University. Prior to joining Stanford University, Professor Hastie worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories, where he helped develop the statistical modeling environment popular in the R computing system. Professor Hastie is known for his research in applied statistics, particularly in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics, and machine learning. He has published five books and over 180 research articles in these areas. In 2014, he received the Emanuel and Carol Parzen Prize for Statistical Innovation. He earned a PhD from Stanford University.
Robert Tibshirani is a professor in the Departments of Statistics and Health Research and Policy at Stanford University. He has authored five books, co-authored three books, and published over 200 research articles. He has made important contributions to the analysis of complex datasets, including the lasso and significance analysis of microarrays (SAM). He also co-authored the first study that linked cell phone usage with car accidents, a widely cited article that has played a role in the introduction of legislation that restricts the use of phones while driving. Professor Tibshirani was a recipient of the prestigious COPSS Presidents’ Award in 1996 and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2012.
Martin Wainwright is a professor in the Department of Statistics and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley. Professor Wainwright is known for theoretical and methodological research at the interface between statistics and computation, with particular emphasis on high-dimensional statistics, machine learning, graphical models, and information theory. He has published over 80 papers and one book in these areas, received the COPSS Presidents’ Award in 2014, and was a section lecturer at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2014. He received PhD in EECS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
"The authors study and analyze methods using the sparsity property of some statistical models in order to recover the underlying signal in a dataset. They focus on the Lasso technique as an alternative to the standard least-squares method."
—Zentralblatt MATH 1319
"The book includes all the major branches of statistical learning. For each topic, the authors first give a concise introduction of the basic problem, evaluate conventional methods, pointing out their deficiencies, and then introduce a method based on sparsity. Thus, the book has the potential to be the standard textbook on the topic."
—Anand Panangadan, California State University, Fullerton
"It always first discusses regularized models based on equations, followed by example applications, before ending with a bibliography section detailing the historical development of the given method. Software recommendations (mostly open source R packages) are typically provided either in the main part or bibliography section of each chapter. And each chapter concludes with a set of selected exercises meant to deepen the gained knowledge on the given subject, which of course is of great help for teachers of statistics. For these reasons, we congratulate the authors of Statistical Learning with Sparsity and recommend the book to all statistically-inclined readers from intermediate to expert levels. In addition, it is worth pointing out that even for non-statisticians, the book is able to demonstrate,based on numerous real-world examples, the power of regularization."—Ivan Kondofersky and Fabian J. Theis, Institute for Computational Biology
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The Black Islands – Spirit and War in Melanesia
Photographs by Ben Bohane
2 February – 21 April 2013
To the north of New Zealand and Australia lie the black islands – the archipelago of Melanesian nations stretching from Fiji to Timor. Over the last few decades as warring factions took hold of this area of the Pacific, it has come to be known as the ‘arc of instability’.
Since 1994 photo-journalist Ben Bohane has journeyed through these islands to find and document the spirit worlds that local people inhabit so as to better understand their circumstances and ours. His photographs reveal the turbulent, layered relationships between traditional kastom beliefs and Christianity embroiled into the social and political movements of the area. It is a journey through what remains the most under-reported region in the world.
Bohane’s practice as a photographer is immersive and involves living with a wide range of kastom, tribal and rebel groups, and at times risking his life.
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Background Information for Media: Food Fortification
Contact Matt Raymond or Jania Matthews at 202-296-6540 or firstname.lastname@example.org
In light of the EWG report on fortification, this news backgrounder will provide information about the history of food fortification, including and why it is so important to our food supply and improving public health, resources, and experts who can share insights on the topic.
As you might already be aware, the Environmental Working Group has released a report titled, “How Much Is Too Much? Excess Vitamins and Minerals in Food Can Harm Kids’ Health.” The report claims that young children are at risk of consuming too much of three nutrients: vitamin A, zinc, and niacin, and that the FDA “must set percent Daily Value levels that reflect current science.” We are offering this backgrounder to provide interested journalists with nutrition-related resources and information about the history and role of fortification in our food supply as well as specific information on the nutrients discussed.
Fortified foods play an important role in meeting nutrient needs and improving public health. Data from the National Health and Nutrient Examination Survey (NHANES) demonstrate that Americans do not receive key nutrients from food alone. The majority of the U.S. population does not ingest the daily requirements of fiber, vitamin D, and vitamin E, and more than one-third of Americans do not meet the requirements for vitamin A, calcium, and magnesium. Research has shown that without enrichment and/or fortification and supplementation, many Americans do not achieve the recommended micronutrient intake levels set forth in the Dietary Reference Intakes.
Breakfast cereals are common fortified foods and have been shown to augment intake of various micronutrients that are lacking in Americans’ diets, such as vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium. There is a large body of scientific evidence that indicates a positive relationship between nutrient intake and breakfast cereal consumption. Moreover, studies suggest that the consumption of ready-to-eat cereals is associated with increased nutrient intakes and lower body mass index (BMI).
As such, nutrients that are supplied through fortification of food assist many Americans to meet the daily requirements of many vital micronutrients. Packaged foods that have been fortified with healthful components can provide additional avenues for Americans to meet nutrient requirements and improve health. The contribution of the fortification of food has enhanced the overall nutritional status of millions of Americans.
- Is Food Fortification Necessary? A Historical Perspective and Food Fortification in Today’s World provide context on the historical origins of food fortification in the U.S. and provides some unique insights into its contribution to improved public health.
- Functional components in food, whether naturally occurring or fortified, provide many healthful benefits:
- Vitamin A may contribute to maintenance of healthy vision, immune function, and bone health, and also may contribute to cell integrity.
- Niacin (B3) helps support cell growth and helps regulate metabolism.
- Zinc aids cellular metabolism, supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence and is required for the proper sense of taste and smell.
Additionally, IFIC has also conducted consumer research on functional foods, including fortified foods that may be of interest. The 2013 International Food Information Council Functional Foods Consumer Survey reveals that despite consumers’ reported knowledge about nutrition, the majority (67 percent) believe they fall short of meeting “all or nearly all” of their nutrient needs. The survey shows significant disconnects between people’s beliefs about whether they are getting sufficient amounts of many specific nutrients and the reality of their diets, as judged by the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) recommended by experts.
- A comparison between the survey’s findings about perceptions of diet adequacy (by specific nutrient) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data shows wide chasms between how many believe their intakes are adequate versus the actual DRIs. For nutrients such as vitamin D (68 percent perception vs. 32 percent consumption), potassium (61 percent vs. less than 3 percent), and fiber (67 percent vs. 5 percent), the discrepancy between perception and reality is quite stark.
- When consumers were asked how much they like the idea of getting health promoting nutrients and food components from foods with naturally occurring benefits and fortified foods (with cost and taste being equal), consumers are more likely to prefer the fortified food avenue when it’s for their children rather than themselves only (67 percent for children vs. 61 percent for themselves).
- Half of consumers (53 percent) believe it is worthwhile to eat fortified foods compared to foods that are not fortified.
The following experts are available to receive media inquiries for stories you may be writing on food fortification:
Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD
Professor of Medicine, Tufts Schools of Medicine and Nutrition
Senior Nutrition Scientist, National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements
Expertise: fortified foods, dietary supplements; functional components; evaluation of safety risks
Julie Jones, PhD, CNS, ISN
Professor Emeritus, College of St. Catherine
Expertise: functional components, labeling
Roger Clemens, DrPH, CNS, FACN, FIFT
Professor of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Associate Director, Regulatory Science Program, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California
Expertise: functional foods, food safety and toxicology
The International Food Information Council Foundation is dedicated to the mission of effectively communicating science-based information on health, nutrition and food safety for the public good. The IFIC Foundation is supported primarily by the broad-based food, beverage and agricultural industries. Visit http://www.foodinsight.org.
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NEW DELHI – The last two decades were the era of hypermarkets — massive superstores that could dazzle customers with an astonishing array of standardized products. But there are signs that the superstore’s age of dominance may be over.
In recent months, hypermarkets around the world — Walmart, Tesco, Carrefour — have announced results that fell short of expectations. Conventional wisdom is that this reflects the economic cycle, but it may be the first sign of a more fundamental shift.
The world’s economic history can be seen as a race between transportation and communications. Transportation innovations allow supply chains to carry increasingly large quantities, which thereby encourages standardization. Communications innovations, on the other hand, allow for better specification of design, quality, quantity and time of delivery, which tends to encourage customization. The dominant economic model of any era emerges from the relative evolution of these two technologies.
In ancient times, transportation technology was poor, and the production of most goods was local. Since consumers and producers could communicate directly with each other, artisan manufacturing was mostly customized. This was the age of the village blacksmith, weaver, potter and cobbler.
In the 18th century, shipping technology improved enough to allow the creation of global supply chains. Cotton was one of the first industries to witness this shift. Slaves from Africa were used to grow cotton in the southern United States, which was then shipped to English mills. The finished cloth was then exported to the rest of the world. The impact of this change on India’s artisan weavers and spinners was profound. It is no coincidence that Mahatma Gandhi used the hand-turned spinning wheel as his symbol of protest against colonial rule.
By the early 20th century, transportation technology witnessed major breakthroughs, including railways, the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, automobiles and even early airplanes. Ocean freight rates, for example, fell by 70 percent between 1840 and 1910. But, while improvements in transportation also improved communications — steamships and railways could also carry letters — there were few independent innovations in communications, the main exception being the telegraph.
Good transportation with relatively underdeveloped communications meant that production was centralized at major transportation hubs and production lines resembling those pioneered by the American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford were used to mass manufacture goods. Vertically integrated industrial structures were needed to minimize communication gaps between various stages of production. As mass manufacturing grew to dominate production, it was no longer possible for individual customers to specify requirements.
Ford famously summarized this shift: “Any customer can have a car painted in any color that he wants,” he declared, “so long as it is black.” Retailing migrated towards large department stores that could use vast selections of standardized products to substitute for customization.
Then, in the 1950’s, two further innovations — telephones and containerization — brought another round of change. The telephone had been invented in the previous century, but it was only after World War II that the price of an international call fell to a level that was affordable for common business use. Meanwhile, containerization dramatically improved the speed, reliability and cost of transporting goods. By the 1970s, the Japanese had combined the two technologies to modularize production and create “just-in-time” supply chains.
The communications revolution of the 1990s made supply chains even more efficient. One outcome was that hypermarkets could leverage scale, logistics and lean inventories to squeeze prices and provide customers with unprecedented choice. Customer needs were met by providing a wide variety of standardized products — not through customization.
One consequence of the democratization of communications technology is that it is now possible for customers to specify their requirements rather than hope that the available standardized products will suffice. The online retailer Amazon, for example, changed the bookstore game completely by offering almost infinite choice and large discounts. Nonetheless, first generation e-commerce still felt like a large hypermarket. At that point, it was not yet exploiting the new technology’s ability to provide low-cost customization.
Today, near-customization is rapidly becoming the norm. Electronic tablets and mobile devices, for instance, allow us to access increasingly specialized applications. Similarly, YouTube has just invested $100 million to create dozens of television-like channels that will cater to audiences with narrowly defined interests.
Even Amazon has gradually transformed itself from an Internet hypermarket to something closer to a clearinghouse that matches customer requests with near-customized products. We are entering an era in which it will be commonplace to order a bespoke shirt that will then be made in the cheapest location in the world.
So, will hypermarkets suffer the same fate as bookstores? Some, already aware of the new reality, are investing heavily in new systems. But, even if the companies survive, the old business model probably will not. Companies and customers should prepare themselves for a new era of mass customization.
Sanjeev Sanyal is Deutsche Bank’s global strategist. © 2012 Project Syndicate
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Iron sludge (magnetite) causes a high level of wear and tear as well as significant reduction in heat exchange efficiencies. The Ferroclean removes this sludge without the use of throw-away filters for a permanent solution with no downsteam costs.
Iron-based sludge builds up in closed-loop heating and chilled systems from the slowly corroding pipe. This sludge causes a high-level of wear and tear on all mechanical components in your system (boilers, heat exchangers, pumps, seal, valves, sensors, etc).
Because the sludge is iron-based, it is magnetic and can be removed from solution with properly utilized, powerful rare-earth magnets. The Ferroclean runs water over the length of four 1-1/4" diameter, 14" long magnets to provide exceptional sludge removal at flow rates up to 572 USGPM with less than 0.1 psi pressure loss.
The sludge is trapped in the unit, and 1-4 times per year the system is quickly and easily flushed out. There are no consumable parts and no maintenance costs. Simply close an outlet valve, slide the magnets down, open your drain valve, open your rinse valve (connected to a cold or hot water supply) and flush for a few minutes.
The unit also has a sacrificial anode rod (like a hot water tank) and an automatic air vent to remove oxygen from your loop, preventing further corrosion issues.
Because the filter and magnets are permanent, there is no need for replacement filters. Magnetite sludge not only causes damage, but any coating on a heat-transfer surface will significantly reduce heat-exchange efficiency. Maintaining your efficiency is a direct utility cost savings, year after year.
The use of a Ferroclean system also saves you from having to drain, dispose and replace your entire system with glycol, an expensive and troublesome undertaking. Instead, the flushing is done with a hot or cold water supply and you only need to flush out the volume of the housing.
One Ferroclean might pay itself back on a single large-system glycol exchange, not to mention the extrodinary cost savings on system maintenance for years to come.
The Ferroclean provides a permanent protective package for your closed-loop system. For a one-time cost, you can protect your system indefinitely. Alternately, if you manage multiple closed-loop systems in one or more buildings, you can rotate the one system amongst your buildings for an annual preventative maintenance cleaning.
Find out more about this product, or place an order?
Send us a message here, or call us at (604) 630-1114 (Vancouver) or (250) 412-1110 (Victoria)
© 2021 Tiger Purification Systems Inc (Watertiger)
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Maqui Berry: The Next Wonder Fruit
Maqui berry refers to a type of fruit, belonging to Elaeocarpaceae family, which is a native of Valdivian rainforests in Chile as well as adjacent areas of Argentina. Its botanical name is Aristotelia chilensis. The berries are small and purple-black in color and have a diameter of around 4-6 mm. Maqui is also known as Chilean wineberry, apart from several local names, such as maquei, koelon, queldrón, ach, and clon.
Macui is a dioecious tree, which is around 4-5 m tall, evergreen, and features smooth bark and a divided trunk. The branches are flexible, thin and abundant, whereas the leaves are pendulous, simple, opposite, glabrous, oval-lanceolate, coriaceous and have serrated edges, as well as red petioles. The flowers are white and small in size, yielding small edible fruits, which we know as Maqui berry.
With those boring details out of the way, let’s focus on the benefits of maqui berry so that you may learn how using maqui can increase your quality of life.
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September 18th, 2014
in Op Ed
The following remarks were presented at a recent public forum in Sydney to celebrate the launch of Kerry Brown’s Carnival China: The People’s Republic in the era of Hu Jintao; Essays on Politics, Society and Culture. They tackle the issue of how best to understand the confused and confusing political dynamics of contemporary China.
China Carnival No 1: Tiananmen (2007), by Chen Zhou and Huang Keyi White Rabbit Gallery, Sydney
The booming business of China watching and China assessment has produced an assortment of glib orthodoxies, none more potent than the conclusion that the political system of China is ‘authoritarian’. The grip of phrases such as ‘authoritarianism’, ‘authoritarian rule’ and ‘authoritarian capitalism’ arguably stems from their imprecision, hence from their malleability in the hands of a wide range of scholars, journalists, politicians and pundits, all of whom like to portray China as an ‘authoritarian regime’, often to suit their own scholarly and political standpoints.
Consider some well-known examples. The American businessman James McGregor speaks of China as a ‘one-of-a-kind system of authoritarian capitalism that is in danger of terminating itself – and taking the world down with it.’ The Chinese political experiment, he says, resembles a hybrid combination of the so-called Gilded Age and the Robber Baron eras. Surprisingly similar language is used, for quite different purposes, by the darling of the hard Left, the Bolshevik clown Slavoj žižek, who insists that the virus of ‘authoritarian capitalism is slowly but surely spreading around the globe, nowhere more so than China’. žižek questions the claim that ‘political democracy’ is ‘the “natural” political accompaniment of capitalism’ by posing a provocative question: ‘What if China’s authoritarian capitalism is not a stop on the road to further democratization, but the end state toward which the rest of the world is headed?’
With less flourish, more than a few Atlantic-region political scientists sing the same refrain. They describe China either as a straightforward case of an ‘authoritarian regime’, or as a strange new form of ‘fragmented authoritarianism’, a polity whose rulers ‘show signs of responsiveness’ to the ‘increasingly diverse demands of Chinese society’, but nonetheless a political system that remains ‘authoritarian’ to its one-party state foundations.
What these contrasting interpretations of China have in common is their deep attachment both to the nebulous notion of authoritarianism and the belief that an ‘authoritarian regime’ is the opposite of ‘democracy’. Some observers tap this presumption for the purpose of welcoming the historic trend towards ‘post-democracy’. Others mobilise the same conviction to warn of the ‘rise of China’, or of the ‘China menace’. Great power theorists are especially concerned with the way rising powers provoke war with established hegemons, such as the United States. They say that the ascent of ‘authoritarian’ China is the defining story of our age; or that its system of ‘market authoritarianism’ confronts the global order with the great new challenge of rekindling ‘the drive among others to acquire and preserve democratic freedoms’.
The claim that ‘authoritarian’ China is fundamentally at odds with American-style ‘democracy’ has a notable pedigree (traceable to a classic essay on the subject by Samuel Huntington), but it’s an unpersuasive platitude. Or so contends the distinguished China specialist and public intellectual Kerry Brown, whose wonderful study of contemporary China is no ordinary book. It is remarkable, in several ways.
Most obviously, it is a ground-breaking interpretation of Chinese politics that openly admits its own biases, along the way strongly encouraging readers to nurture their own sense of wonder about the myriad dramatic and contradictory things that are going on in contemporary China. Brown shows that a common mistake among China analysts is their misplaced narcissism, their misjudged efforts to ‘find bones in an egg’ (jī dàn li tiāo gŭ tou), as the Chinese expression has it, as if China is best judged by their own political standards of American-style ‘liberal democracy’. In matters of China scholarship, he cautions against closed minds, along the way inviting readers to admit uncertainties, to explore their own ignorance, above all to see that contemporary China is no simple or straightforward actuality, but instead a cauldron of contradictions, a kaleidoscope of confusing and conflicting trends. China is a ‘reality’ which ought to make observers feel, in matters of observation, the truth of the common Chinese saying (xiā zi mō xiàng) that in these times all of us rather resemble the blind person sizing up different parts of an elephant that cannot be summarised in simple terms.
Fascinating and pleasurable to read in equal measure, this is a book that was never intended to be a book. Treated as a genre of writing, it’s a fine set of field notes, let’s call them, a political anthropology of contemporary China that represents much more than an alluring chest of treasured observations of the bamboozling ins and outs of social and political trends in contemporary China. Brown shows that China is a state of mind, a way of using words. For him, words really count when analysing Chinese society and politics, just as they do elsewhere. He probes the prevailing language through which Chinese politics is analysed, and shows it to be wanting, badly. Not only does he cast doubt on the prejudice of those commentators and critics who suppose that ‘authoritarian’ China is a standard post-communist polity tottering through a transition towards American-style ‘liberal democracy’, itself the normative standard by which Chinese politics should be adjudged. Brown pushes much further. He shows that China cannot be described, loosely, lazily, unthinkingly, using the term ‘authoritarianism’, to mean a type of regime in which established power supposes it has ‘authority’, an absolute right to assert itself against its actual or potential opponents. Brown’s objection is not that this way of describing things destroys the precious meaning and rich political significance of the root word ‘authority’ (which it does). He instead demonstrates that when used as a synonym for haughty power whose agents suppose their own unquestionable superiority, the term ‘authoritarianism’ wildly underestimates the carnivalesque lives of both the rulers and struggling citizens of China.
Chinese realities are bewildering. Contradictions are found in all leading institutions, at every street corner, in every nook and cranny of its vibrant multi-media scene. China is almost a fictional place, a country where tragedy and comedy come together on the same stage. China is a land where desperately poor and unhappy petitioners risk everything, even disappearance into terrifying black jails, for the sake of their dignity. It is a country where the strong prey on the weak; where a burgeoning middle class opposed to free multi-party elections is willing to stand up and be counted for more accountable and open government; a place where money-making is called socialism, where there are more billionaires, skyscrapers and card-carrying communists than in the rest of the world.
On Brown’s reckoning, China is most definitely not a ‘people’s democracy’, as its officials at all levels like to claim. It is certainly describable as a one-party-dominated political system marked by such well-recorded dysfunctions as vast undisclosed business fiefdoms, violence, censorship, corruption and hypocrisy. Parts of the system function in the totalitarian ways of old, using new methods, in the brutal repression of the Turkic-speaking citizens of Xinjiang, for instance. There are thuggish police tactics; excessive taxes designed to force land grabs; official brutality in crushing rebellions in the countryside. In the cities, there are the dreaded household registrations, enterprise layoffs, the confiscation of retirement pensions, arrests of those who want publicly to remind others that urban skies were once blue, or remember the Party’s past crimes.
China is also a land which sings the praises of the winner of a Nobel Prize for Literature (Mo Yan) and cracks down hard on thousands of free-minded and honest writers; a country that silences rights lawyers and passes an Open Governance Law (in 2008). It is a polity run by governing officials who pride themselves by day on their commitments to the principles of open government, promotion by merit and ‘smart power’ geared to serving ‘the people’, all the while fostering forms of government by moonlight lubricated by binge drinking, delirious sex, conspicuous consumption and rivers of cash.
It is said that money makes the Chinese world go round, yet Brown points out that this is a labyrinthine political system, if system it can be called, in which political patronage and politics broadly defined is very much in command. Party officials know that money grows on the trees of political power. They know equally well the need to parade their political power. They dress and eat differently; as Brown notes, even their body smell is distinctive. They are naturally mindful of their vulnerability, which is why (for instance) vast sums of money are spent on domestic policing and surveillance, much more than on outside military forces. It’s also why, in order to rebuild damaged Party authority, since 1988, across more than 600,000 villages, there have been over a million elections, with some three million Party officials chosen by voters. Brown reminds his readers that Party officials, like snakes after a long winter, have shed their belief in ‘socialism’; and we learn that a permanent tug-of-war between the authorities and those they try to rule is now a chronic feature of a political system that is sometimes so ramshackle, and so experimental, that it cannot accurately be described using any standard category drawn from political theory, or political science.
All things considered, what can be learned from reading this thoughtful, imaginative, illuminating book? Brown’s fine study teaches us that China is not what it seems. He’s sure that speaking of China as an ‘authoritarian regime’ is nonsense, simply because it ignores the ‘immensely complex and disunited’ qualities of a quasi-imperial state that is both riddled with dysfunctions and yet ‘sort of unified, sort of in control of the main levers of the economy’, and of the wider society.
Brown’s observations are especially astute on the subject of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Unlike the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which collapsed like a house of cards in the winds of popular revolution during the period 1989-1991, the CCP has actively recruited members, many of them prominent and powerful figures in the fields of government, business, university and artistic life. The Party seeks to rule through wealth creation and ‘the appearance of consent’. Its leadership treads carefully. It is acutely aware of the dangers of hubris and the need for government based on merit, performance and popular consent. Party leaders know well the Chinese proverb that powerful people fear fame just as pigs fear getting fat. They are well aware (says Brown) that the country grows ‘wealthier but scrappier, less harmonious and less content by the day’. So he points out that China’s dominant political class suffers from chronic anxiety. Its leadership, and plenty of its members, who make up only 7% of the whole population, often seem neurotic, or perhaps proto-democratic, in their constant self-examination, self-justification and relentless attention-seeking. There are times (purchasing overseas property, for instance) when Party members act as if their time is fast running out.
It comes as no surprise that they fear violent unrest, or that they are aware of the fine line that separates cowardice from civic courage. Hence their path-breaking laboratory experiments: their political interest in practices of open and publicly accountable government, such as live-streamed public forums, their calculated toleration of on-line public controversies and their hands-off attitudes to independently-minded ‘public opinion leaders’ (yú lùn ling xiù), figures such as the bad boy blogger Han Han, the young model Gan Lulu and Yao Chen, the award-winning actress with a bold tongue and a huge sina weibo following.
Brown does not probe these latter trends in much detail, or ask whether there is any truth in the claim that China is ‘the advocate and builder of democracy’ with local characteristics, or whether perhaps the Chinese polity, slowly but surely, is becoming a strange simulacrum of the type of locally-defined democratic vision sketched in such documents as the Charter ’08 manifesto. Critics may say as well that Brown’s account of the unfinished carnival of Chinese society and politics suffers from its excessive concentration on the ‘domestic’; that what’s lost is the overriding fact that China, the fabled ‘workshop of the world’, is now vigorously extending its planetary reach, from ‘soft power’ diplomacy and mineral holdings in Africa, to currency markets in the West, to oilfields in the Middle East, to agribusiness in Latin America and Australia, to the factories of East Asia. The objection would be unfair, and not just because he has written about the subject elsewhere, or that in these pages Brown argues forcefully against unthinking alarmism. His smart and discerning study of the carnival called China spotlights the many ways China’s global ambitions are held back by confusions and contradictions at home. Brown shows why China’s rich and powerful rulers are finding it hard to win the world’s love, why China’s global presence is more broad than deep, and why, in other words, China is a ‘partial power’ (David Shambaugh) that still lacks the domestic preconditions befitting a major world power.
More than anything else, Brown wisely teaches us to hold our breath. He knows that China will not escape the cast-iron rule that futures are never predictable. Using finely crafted words, he shows that the shape of things to come is always subject to the quantum principle of uncertainty, to the many not-yet-known causes and causers that shape people’s lives, and their environments. This quantum principle trumps money, power and influence, and that’s why Brown is right to say that when it comes to the future of China everybody - its rich and greedy tai zi dang, its Party officials at all levels, its 1.3 billion citizens and the whole world - are in for some rude surprises.
John Keane does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations.
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|Fig. 1. Landing incident at LAX International Airport –jammed nose wheel Airbus A320-232|
|Fig. 2. Landing-gear outer nose cylinder for vacuum heat treatment (Boeing 747-8 Aircraft). Net weight 295 kg (650 pounds)|
The main components of a landing-gear structure are wheels and brakes, axles, bogie beams (a.k.a. truck beams), shock absorbers (a.k.a. shock struts), and drag and side braces. Primary design considerations on landing gear include maximum sink speed, spin up, spring back, lateral drift (on landing), towing, jacking, turning, braked roll, taxi, rebound, pivoting (main landing gear only), crashworthiness and fatigue. Secondary loads include retraction/extension, aerodynamic loads, lock/unlock loads and emergency extension. In addition, nose landing-gear specific forces include dynamic breaking, nose-gear yaw and steering. Alloys used in these applications must have high strengths, normally between 260-300 ksi (1,792-2,068 MPa).
|Fig. 3. Vacuum furnace designed for the heat treatment of aircraft landing-gear and other critical-performance components – Style 40 (Model VAV-72114-MPOGQ)|
Vacuum Oil Quenching
To achieve their design and performance goals, landing-gear specifications and cycles have been developed to extract the optimum heat-treat response (and mechanical properties) from these alloys. Vacuum heat treatment followed by oil quenching and double tempering produces a microstructure with high strength and excellent toughness, ideal for applications involving heavy loading and fatigue. During hardening, internal stresses created from the thermal shock of direct oil quenching almost always cause some degree of distortion in these components. A final machining allowance is often left on critical dimensional features to compensate for distortion. Due to the difficulty of machining these alloys in the hardened condition, however, machining allowances must be minimized. In the current environment of cost and lead-time pressures, reducing distortion during thermal processing has become a primary objective for heat treaters of landing-gear components.
Vacuum oil quenching offers the economic and environmental benefits for processing these critical-performance components. This is especially true for the bogie beam (Fig. 2). Since vacuum furnaces are inherently leak tight, control of surface chemistry is assured, and problems with decarburization and high-temperature oxidation are avoided. Vacuum processing also allows producers of aircraft landing gear to finish machine critical surfaces on these components prior to heat treating. This, in turn, reduces final machining costs when the part is in the hardened condition. Further, quench-related distortion is minimized through load transfer to the quench tank via high-speed elevator.
Heat treaters equipped with vertical vacuum oil-quench capability are well suited for processing landing-gear components. Since section thicknesses are large, fast to medium-fast oil quenchants are typical so as to achieve the through-hardened microstructure requirements. Large variations in hardness (surface to core) cannot be permitted.
Racking and fixture design are also critical to ensure the parts heat uniformly, do not experience thermal distortion (which can be considerable) and enter the oil in a vertical orientation for uniform heat transfer along the length of the parts.
|Fig. 4. Vacuum furnace designed for the heat treatment of aircraft landing-gear and other critical-performance components – Style 80 (Model VAV-7276-MPOGQ)|
How it Works
Style 40 Furnace
The Style 40 furnace (Fig. 3), commissioned in 1989 and still in operation today, can handle workloads up to 1,600 kg (3,500 pounds) and 1.8 m (72 inch diameter) x 2.9 m (114 inch) tall. Landing-gear components are loaded vertically onto a support fixture.
The furnace heating chamber is mounted on a movable gantry. During loading, the gantry moves aside and the load is placed onto the quench elevator. Prior to this, the quench oil is transferred to a reservoir tank so as to avoid contact with the load prior to entry into the vacuum chamber. The elevator lowers the load into the empty quench tank, and the heating chamber moves into position over the quench tank, then lowers and seals to the quench-tank flange.
A vacuum seal door and hearth doors within the heating chamber open, and the elevator raises the load into the heating chamber. As the elevator withdraws into the quench tank, the hearth doors close to support the load and the seal door closes to isolate the heating chamber. After the loading sequence is complete, the quench oil is pumped back into the quench tank from the reservoir tank.
After pumpdown, ramping and stabilizing at the hardening temperature, the chamber is backfilled with nitrogen gas to equalize the pressure between the chamber and the oil quench tank. The furnace doors then open, and the elevator raises to support the load and then descends quickly (within 10 seconds) into the 40,000-liter (10,500-gallon) quench tank to complete the process.
Style 80 Furnace
The Style 80 furnace (Fig. 4), commissioned in 2009, is capable of running workloads up to 1,600 kg (3,500 pounds) and 1.8 m (72 inch) diameter by 1.9 m (76 inch) high. Parts are loaded vertically onto a support fixture. The furnace bell is raised into the up position, exposing the hearth table. The seal door separating the quench tank from the hot zone is closed. After the load is placed on the hearth table, the loader is retracted out of the furnace and the bell is lowered.
The furnace is pumped down and processing commences. During processing, the furnace chamber is evacuated to a pressure of approximately 10-2 mbar (7.5 x 10-3 torr). The oil quench tank is also evacuated to a pressure of approximately 400 mbar (300 torr). When chamber evacuation reaches a preset pressure, heating of the load starts until the recommended austenitizing temperature (Table 1) is achieved.
Heating ramp rates are selected to minimize thermal gradients within the load without creating excessive cycle times. Control of the ramp rate during heating is an important factor in relieving stresses that may have been created during machining of the components being heat treated. During heating, the load is also held at an intermediate temperature around 620°C (1150°F) for a short period of time to further improve temperature uniformity. Maintaining temperature uniformity throughout the cycle is essential to prevent the buildup of thermal stresses and to ensure that all sections of the load undergo the microstructural transformations needed to achieve the desired mechanical properties.
After the load is soaked for a sufficient period of time at the austenitizing temperature, the oil quenching process can begin. The first step in this process is the backfilling of the furnace chamber (with nitrogen gas) to 400 mbar (300 torr) or just below atmospheric pressure to equalize to the pressure in the oil quench tank between the furnace and the oil quench.
Next, the vacuum seal door is opened and the quench elevator is raised to a point where it again supports the weight of the load. The load bars are then retracted, and the elevator and load rapidly descend (within 10 seconds) into the quench tank. After the load is lowered into the quench tank, power to the heating elements is shut off and the seal door is closed. The quench blower is then activated to cool the heating chamber to ambient temperature. The quench tank contains 35,000 liters (9,300 gallons) of quench oil. Electric heaters and coolers regulate oil temperature. Careful monitoring of quench-oil conditions is an important factor in part distortion control.
At the end of cycle, the furnace is backfilled with nitrogen to atmospheric pressure and the bell is raised to the up position. The seal door opens up, and the elevator raises the load out of the oil (at slow speed) to the up position. The load bars extend, and the elevator lowers the hearth table and load onto the load bars. The elevator then lowers to standby position just below the seal door. The seal door closes, and the loader moves in to unload the parts from hearth table.
|Fig. 5. 3-D rendering of Style 100 furnace (Model VAV-72138-MPOGQ) and quench tank|
Style 100 Furnace
VAC AERO International’s furnace manufacturing division is presently building a larger oil quench vacuum furnace (Fig. 5) capable of running 1,800 kg (4,000 pounds) workload dimensions of 1.8 m (72 inch) diameter by 3.5 m (138 inch). This unit is expected to be qualified and production-ready by the third quarter of 2012.
|Fig. 6. Finite element analysis – BLG bogie beam (Airbus A380)|
Product Analysis & Testing
By their very nature, landing-gear components are complex machined parts with numerous section changes and transitions. As such, landing-gear manufacturers do extensive design and structural analysis to ensure proper product performance. Structural analysis determines such factors as limit loads (so no detrimental permanent deformation occurs) and ultimate loads (so no rupture, collapse or other failure modes occur) where ultimate loads are typically 1.5 times limit loads.
Component finite element analysis (FEA) methods (Fig. 6) using solid models support fatigue analysis and identify stress concentrations (so-called “hot spots”). These techniques are now also employed for ultimate performance analysis (e.g., linear elastic FEA with traditional margin-of-safety calculations, non-linear elasto-plastic analysis (so-called “Riks” collapse analysis) and advanced analysis techniques (e.g., pin/socket joint contact and non-linear “collapse” analysis) as well as
Margin-of-safety calculations are used with load or stress calculations. In most situations, a component or section of a component experiences more than one type of load or stress simultaneously, so individual load (or stress) ratios and a utilization factor is calculated (Eq. 1).
R = Applied Load/Allowable Load or R = Applied Stress/Allowable Stress (1)
Where R = Load (or Stress) ratio
A subscript is normally used to indicate the type of load ratio (Table 2). A lower-case f is used for applied stress, and an upper-case F is used for allowable stress.
Structural analysis is performed on such components as sockets, lugs, pins, columns and bearings. These sections are under combined loads including:
- Axial loads in tension = fT or FTU
- Column axial loads in compression = fC or FCOL
- Local crippling loads in compression = FCC
- Shear loads = fS or FSU
- Bending modulus of rupture = fB or FBU
- Torsional modulus of rupture = FST
- Hoop stress = FTU (pcrit)
A utilization factor (i.e. “factor of utilization in combined loading”) is then calculated, as is the margin of safety (Eq. 2).
M.S. = 1/U - 1.0 (2)
where U = utilization factor; M.S. = margin of safety
Testing (Fig. 7) confirms the results of FEA and combined loading calculations.
|Fig. 7. Static and dynamic testing of individual landing gear|
Experience in the heat treatment of landing-gear components and using the right supplier partner is critical, as is having the right type of equipment, controls and cycle repeatability to ensure that the rigid standards of the aircraft industry are met or exceeded. IH
For more information: Contact Carmine Filice, director Thermal Processing division, VAC AERO International Inc., 1371 Speers Rd., Oakville, ON L6L 2X5 CANADA; tel: 905-827-4171 ext 235; fax: 905-827-7489; e-mail: email@example.com; web: www.vacaero.com
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This engaging introduction explores the key principles of equity and trusts law and offers students effective learning features. By covering the essentials of each topic, it ensures students have the foundations for successful further study.
The law is made relevant to current practice through chapters that define and explain key legal principles. Examples and exercises set the law in context and make the subject interesting and dynamic by showing how these rules apply in real life.
Key facts sections and summaries help students remember the crucial points of each topic and practical exercises offer students the opportunity to apply the law. Exploring clearly and concisely the subject's key principles, this should be every equity student's first port of call.
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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 8/2/2013 (1441 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Back in the days when a penny was still worth five Mojos at the local store, Grandpa paid us a cent a plant one hot July afternoon to hand-pull the non-conforming plants out of his seed oat crop.
If some agronomists are correct, farm kids of the future might also benefit from a similar entrepreneurial experience.
Hand-weeding -- as well as every other means of offing herbicide-resistant weeds before they go to seed -- is now promoted as a measure farmers should consider if they want to avoid a creeping invasion of weeds that don't respond to herbicides.
They call them "escapes," a few weeds left standing after a herbicide treatment that should have killed them. Farmers get fooled, thinking the sprayer missed them. So they go to seed. One weedy plant that goes to seed can distribute hundreds of thousands of seeds carrying the same resistant gene.
It was only a few short years ago that stories started to surface about U.S. cotton farmers whose farm trucks, once loaded with herbicide containers, are now filled with hoes. That was safely far away.
But when provincial agronomists visited fields just across the border in North Dakota last year, they found fields infested with weeds resistant to at least one, and in some cases, multiple herbicides.
Herbicide tolerance is a double-edged sword. It's a good thing to have crops that can survive a herbicide application while all the weeds around them die. But a weed is a plant in the wrong place at the wrong time, not necessarily a bad plant. That means seeds from last year's crop can germinate and turn into this year's weed.
Nature doesn't distinguish between the two and has proven extraordinarily capable of breaking down the artificial barriers scientists and farmers keep trying to erect.
While crops modified to resist certain insects have been shown to use fewer pesticides, the opposite is true for herbicide-tolerant crops, which are now starting to need "stacked traits," or more than one type of herbicide in the mix, to get the job done.
Some weed scientists are openly questioning the industry's single-minded focus on herbicides, particularly the introduction of stacked traits, to address the growing problem of herbicide-resistant weeds.
"Why are so many weed scientists and extension personnel recommending more herbicides to mitigate herbicide-resistance problems?" asks an editorial by six leading Canadian weed researchers, Neil Harker, John O'Donovan, Robert Blackshaw, Hugh Beckie, C. Mallory Smith and Bruce Maxwell, published last year in the journal Weed Science.
These researchers argue promoting "herbicide diversity" and stacked-trait technology as the solution to herbicide-resistant weeds is short-sighted at best. "Multiple resistance to herbicides with different sites of actions has occurred in the past and will increasingly occur in the future," they say.
They call for greater diversity in the crop rotation, more focus on integrated pest management and fewer in-crop applications of glyphosate, the non-selective herbicide that is the active ingredient in Roundup Ready crops. Once thought to be infallible, there is a growing list of weeds worldwide that have developed resistance to it.
"Are we a discipline so committed to maintaining the profits for the agrochemical industry that we cannot offer up realistic long-term solutions to this pressing problem?" the weed researchers ask.
In a 2011 essay, Robert Zimdahl, a retired weed scientist from Colorado State University, eloquently describes the tunnel vision that has displaced biological logic.
"Most biologists accede to the view that their research is contributing to an expanding view of nature that will never be complete. However, in some sectors of biology, and I think especially in weed control, scientists may not operate from this broader biological perspective. We know weed control is evolving, but its evolution has been constrained because 20 years ago the science focused almost exclusively on a single solution to the problem. The desirable goal of weed control was too frequently hitched to the technological achievement of herbicides."
Farmers often complain they can't control the weather, nor can they control the markets, but on this one, they are in the driver's seat because they choose what to grow on their farms. However, they continue to be easily swayed by simple solutions to this complex problem.
Next week: One U.S. researcher is taking the concept of crop rotation to a whole new level.
Laura Rance is editor of the Manitoba Co-operator. She can be reached at 204-792-4382 or by email:
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There's something supremely comforting about hot soup, especially when you prepare it yourself at home, the aroma ensures that the pleasure starts long before you lift the ladle. Soup, especially Chinese herbal tonic soup, is the most frequent dish serves our dining table maybe due to my tiredless advocacy of it as a dietary supplement and herbal remedy. Due to this, soup has become so entrenched in my life.
The recipe calls for double-boiling (炖/燉), which is a controlled heating technique that you place the chicken soup in a pot and then place that pot in boiling water in another larger pan or pot. This technique ensures there is no loss of essences from the food being cooked without scorching or drying it and it's often used to prepare delicate food and Chinese herbal medicines. Alternatively, you might run into a stovetop apparatus called a double boiler, a specialized pot with two layers, the top vessel contains the food to be heated and is fitted into the lower pot which holds the boiling water.
For the convenience of preparing the soup, my hubby has tweaked the technique from double boiling into stewing by using crockpot (or slow cooker). This allows unattended cooking overnight and will be ready in the next morning. Well, I should say there's some advantages of this long slow crockpot cooking, besides leaving the gelatinised tissue in the meat without toughening the lean muscle fiber, cooking the soup in a crockpot keep the washing up minimal due to its low cooking temperature and also glazed ceramic or porcelain pot make cleaning very easy.
For those who think cooking dinner is a chore, this foolproof approach will transforms mealtime into a hassle-free experience yet enhances the flavors and taste of the entire soup. The chicken is so tender that it just slips off the bone and provides melt-in-your-mouth morsels.
Follow this simple tonic chicken soup recipe to impress your family and guests.
1 kampung chicken, cleaned, skin removed and cut into 4 pieces
50g ginseng roots (洋参须)
10 red dates (红枣), seeds discarded
2 tbsp Chinese Wolfberries or qi zi (杞子）
salt to taste
1. Blanch chicken in boiling water for a short while. Remove and set aside.
2. Put all ingredients into a double boiler and double-boil at high heat for 4 hours. Alternatively, you can use crockpot (slow cooker) and stewing it overnight (Or you can set to slow-cook before leaving for a day's work, and will be ready on return).
3. Add salt to taste. Serve hot.
More on Healthy Easy Food Recipes
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Association Urges Government to Step Up School Dairy Options17 April 2013
US - Sale of dairy products in school should be broadened, ideally marketed through vending machines, a la carte lines and school stores.
This was the crux of comments from the International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA), filed last week as part of the USDA’s proposal discussion. The department aim to set nutrition standards for food and drink sold outside of reimbursable school meals as ‘competitive foods’.
The IDFA praised the government for encouraging dairy consumption: “Milk, yogurt, cheese, dairy snacks and frozen dairy desserts are all options that can be nutritious and tasty choices for kids,” the comments said. “We are pleased that the proposed rule intends to increase children’s consumption of dairy products.”
Particular agreement comes over low-fat and fat-free milk options as well as low-sugar yoghurts. The IDFA also commend the Department’s decision for reduced –fat cheese.
However, some concerns remain
- Method for defining sugar limits – IDFA say this should be based on sugar limit on weight of product rather than per cent of calories.
- Foritified nutrients should be considered as meeting the requirements of the nutrition standards
- Non-nutritive sweeteners should be allowed in all competitive food and drink
- Sodium limits – reduce over time rather like sodium reduction in place for reimbursable school meals
TheCattleSite News Desk
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Announces Release of School Year 2020-2021: Advancing Education Safely Plan
PHILADELPHIA, PA — The School District of Philadelphia released School Year 2020-2021: Advancing Education Safely, a comprehensive plan to deliver uninterrupted high-quality instruction to students while maintaining healthy and safe environments for everyone, supporting the many needs of its students, families and staff, and adapting quickly to changing COVID-19 conditions.
The plan reflects months of collaboration among subject-matter experts from within the District, City of Philadelphia leaders, and local, state and federal public health experts, with strict adherence to guidelines put forth by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and in consultation with the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH) and representatives from the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia PolicyLab. In addition to the input from educational and public health experts, the District used feedback from more than 35,000 respondents to its June Reopening Survey as well as input shared through online submissions, a series of virtual town hall meetings earlier this month, a survey sponsored by the Philadelphia Federation of Teachers, and other methods to inform the plan for the 2020-2021 school year.
“This plan is a roadmap to help us navigate our way through unprecedented circumstances,” said Superintendent William R. Hite, Jr., Ed.D. “We have a fundamental responsibility to educate our students continually throughout the school year, and we are fully committed to doing so safely, thoughtfully and with equity and facts guiding our decision making.”
During a virtual press conference, Superintendent William R. Hite, Jr., Ed.D. was joined by City of Philadelphia Mayor Jim Kenney and Philadelphia Department of Public Health Commissioner Thomas Farley, M.D., M.P.H., both of whom addressed the ways in which city agencies have and will continue to work with the District as students and staff return to District buildings in the midst of a pandemic. Also joining Dr. Hite were Board of Education President Joyce Wilkerson, Chief of Schools Evelyn Nunez, Ed.D., District Medical Officer Barbara Klock, M.D., and Interim Chief of Facilities and Capital Programs Alicia Prince. Each shared details on how the District will implement a variety of extensive safety measures, enhanced cleaning protocols and a hybrid of face-to-face (FtF) and digital learning opportunities.
The hybrid model will allow for all students to participate in school five days a week with two days of FtF instruction either Monday/Wednesday or Tuesday/Thursday as assigned by the school and three days of digital instruction. Pre-K and Special Education students with complex needs will receive FtF instruction Monday through Thursday. Families will have the opportunity to opt into full digital learning for all or part of the school year, and Chromebooks will continue to be available for any student who still needs one for learning at home.
Additional highlights of 2020-2021: Advancing Education Safely Plan include:
- Required Pre-Screenings for Entry to Buildings: All District employees, students, parents/guardians and essential visitors will be required to self-screen to assess for COVID-19 symptoms and check their temperature to ensure they do not have a fever.
- Social Distancing & Hygiene: Everyone will adhere to frequent hand washing routines and practice 6-feet of social distancing. Classroom layouts will be provided to promote social distancing and occupancy limits will be implemented to further support student and staff safety.
- Facial Coverings and Personal Protective Equipment: Everyone will be required to wear face coverings at all times. Students and teachers in grades Pre-K through 5 will receive face shields and masks to better facilitate interactions between teachers and younger students who rely on visual and facial cues. Students and teachers in grade 6 – 12 will be required to wear masks.
- Deep Cleaning and Disinfecting of Buildings: All District buildings, in accordance with best practices from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Pennsylvania Department of Health and the Philadelphia Department of Public Health, will be cleaned and disinfected multiple times throughout the day.
- Equipment and Supplies: Schools will be equipped with Environment Protection Agency-registered COVID-19 virucide disinfectant, equipment, electrostatic backpacks and other supplies for enhanced cleaning.
- Ventilation: The District will replace air filters, ensure windows are operable and use portable fans to increase ventilation.
The plan also addresses student transportation; meal service; employee staffing and policies; training needs, and outlines the District’s Healing Together initiative, a plan to help meet the social-emotional needs of students, staff and families in the wake of this pandemic and traumas caused by recent incidents of social unrest.
The Advancing Educational Safety Plan was developed with support from Accenture’s public sector practice in Pennsylvania, led by David M. Davis, which helps public sector agencies keep pace with change, innovate, and to improve citizen outcomes. Accenture brought with them their expertise from working with school districts across the country to help identify strategic options and support a safety-first approach to reopening Philadelphia’s public schools.
“Accenture’s Pennsylvania public sector practice is supporting a number of government agencies and departments in their response to the pandemic,” said David M. Davis. “Our team was proud to assist the District’s development of a school reopening plan that focused first on safety and equity, especially for vulnerable communities.”
“To be clear, this school year will be a challenge for us all as we learn how to cope with this ‘new normal,’” Hite added. “It will not be easy and we will all need to be flexible. However, we will absolutely be able to advance education safely, especially if we all understand that we’re in this together.”
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Dicranum Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 126. 1801.
Plants small to robust; stems tomentose, central strand present. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-acute, smooth or papillose at back, more or less subtubulose or grooved; margins serrate to entire; costa narrow, ending below the apex to percurrent to shortly excurrent, smooth or with serrate ribs at back; cells subquadrate to elongate, thick-walled, porose or non-porose; alar cells well developed. Dioicous. Setae erect, single or aggregate; capsules cylindrical, erect or curved and inclined; opercula rostrate; peristome teeth 16, divided to the middle. Calyptrae cucullate, smooth, entire.
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Humanities ProgramPage address: https://www.mnsu.edu/humanity/
Back for Spring 2016!
HUM 380-01: Comparative Religion
MW 12:00-1:45 --No Prerequisite
The Humanities at MSU
The Humanities Program at Minnesota State University, Mankato offers an interdisciplinary approach to examine common issues, ideas, and themes that run throughout different cultures and throughout human history. The program uncovers the creative side of the human spirit and crosses the boundaries of the shared human experience--in the places where dreams meet reality, art meets life, and technology meets nature.
By studying literature, arts, and philosophical and religious traditions from ancient to contemporary times, students will recognize the roles of human expression in shaping how individuals and cultures understand their connections to each other and to the world.
The major and minor offered by the Humanities Program help students to become independent thinkers, connection makers, and problem solvers. Humanities students will be able to communicate and work effectively across cultural and geographic boundaries, expand their critical thinking skills, and sharpen their understanding of diverse human perspectives and new global relationships.
At the undergraduate level we offer a bachelor's degree and a minor in humanities.
At the graduate level we offer a graduate certificate in humanities.
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https://www.mnsu.edu/humanity/
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There is a very interesting article in this morning's N.Y. Times which talks about the dwindling numbers of members of the religion known as Zoroastrianism (Zoroaster being the Greek version of the name Zarathustra). This is a religion which may go back almost a thousand years before the birth of Jesus, and originated in Persia, modern day Iran, but its devotees largely immigrated to Bombay (Mumbai) in India when they were persecuted and executed during the original Islamic revolution at the beginning of the Middle Ages. Yes, there are some adherents in the U.S. and the U.K. and Australia, but only a few.
What is especially interesting about this religion is that it is monotheistic and involves a belief in free will. Here is a brief excerpt from the article--- "The very tenets of Zoroastrianism could be feeding its demise, many adherents said in interviews. Zoroastrians believe in free will, so in matters of religion they do not believe in compulsion. They do not proselytize. They can pray at home instead of going to a temple. While there are priests, there is no hierarchy to set policy. And their basic doctrine is a universal ethical precept: “good thoughts, good words, good deeds.” One might have thought that a non-violent monotheistic religion that believes in free will might attract more Americans in particular.
Here is the link for the full article---
What is of interest to me is that some scholars have been suggesting for well over a hundred years that some of the beliefs of Judaism and Christianity may well derive from Zoroastrianism. Perhaps you will know Friedrich Nietzsche famous and influential book "Thus Spake Zarathustra". For all the hype however, the connections between Zoroastrianism and either Judaism or early Christianity are very tenuous at best, and don't really explain much. What is however very interesting is that this religion has all along believed women were equal with men and should be able to be fully educated and fully participate in their own religion. In other words, this religion gives the lie to the myth that monotheistic religion is always necessarily patriarchal in the sense that it sets up hierarchies that end up marginalizing women and denying them various roles in society and in their own religion. Certainly, this religion could not be accused of being secular, modern, liberal, or a host of other epithets. It is clearly an ancient religion and yet women have been allowed to play vital roles in the faith including as its priests.
For my purposes what I would like to say is four things: 1) unfortunately we do not have really ancient source documents about this religion, only those which date from after the NT era, so we are not certain what the original forms of this belief system and religion were actually like; 2) it is just possible that when exilic Jews were in Persia during the beginnings of the Persian empire they came in contact with this religion. If so, it is hard to see in what way it influenced Judaism, if at all; 3) it is quite clear that earliest Christianity, being an offshoot of early Judaism in Israel and then elsewhere in the Roman Empire owes no debt to this religion, including not in its celebration of the Lord's Supper or baptism, which are rituals which derive in part from Passover and water rituals in early Judaism; 4) monotheism was not the exclusive belief of early Jews before the turn of the era. Not only was their Zoroastrianism, there was also a period in Egyptian history when Akenaton was Pharoah that there was a belief in an abstract form of monotheism (the belief in the sun disk being the one and only deity or force ruling all)
What this suggests to me is this--- all humans are created in the image of God. It is not surprising then that various humans in various different places without influence from one another, would independently come up with the idea that there is only one God.
Think on these things.
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https://benwitherington.blogspot.com/2006/09/thus-spake-zarathustra-dying-out-of.html?showComment=1157689500000
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How do I Set Google Search as Homepage for my Computer’s Internet Browser
We already know Google as the most popular and powerful search engine. Google indexes web pages quicker than any other search engines, and most of the SEO professional and bloggers work on Google Search ranking. Wether you want to search images, videos, news or anything on the web, Google is the best way to search. Along with searches, Google Search engine also serves users with online Calculator and Unit Conversion Tools within search result, and users can use it without leaving the search result page. Users have so much to do with Google, and that’s the primary reason most of the users use Google Search page as homepage on their Internet Browser. Whether you use Google Chrome, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge or any other web browser, you can make Google your homepage.
How To Make Google My Homepage
- Launch Safari browser.
- Click on Safari option in Menu Bar, and select Preferences option.
- Now Preferences window will open where you need to select General tab.
- Select “A new window” as “Safari open with” option.
- Select “Homepage” as “New windows open with” option.
- Type “https://www.google.com/” as homepage
- Now you can click on the cross icon to close Preferences window. Confirm the change of homepage if you are asked.
- Quit safari browser, and launch again. Google Search Engine web page will open when you launch Safari.
Note : Safari already let users to start searching anything with Google right from URL Bar or Address bar. It doesn’t matter you are using Google as your homepage or not, you can simply type any search term in Address Bar (where website url appears), and press Enter key, Safari will start searching with Google.
Mozilla Firefox Users
There is no need to set Google as homepage for Firefox. When you launch Firefox browser, it shows the Firefox logo, and a search field. That search field works as Google Search. Type anything, press Enter, and you will be on Google Search result page. If you still want to use Google Search as homepage, please follow these steps;
- Launch Mozilla Firefox Browser on your Mac or Windows Computer.
- Click on Options icon, and then select Preferences option.
- Now select General option from sidebar.
- Type Google Search Page URL into Home Page field.
- Quit Mozilla Firefox browser, and launch again. Google Search Engine will open automatically.
Opera browser for Windows and Mac already have Google Search bar on Homepage. So you can start searching right from there. If you still want to change, follow these steps;
- Launch Opera Browser, and go to its Preferences (Settings). Or type Settings in the address bar, and hit Enter key.
- Make sure you are under Basic option.
- Select “Open a specific page or set of pages” option, and then click “Set Pages.”
- Type Google Search Page URL, and hit OK button.
- Close Opera browser, and launch again to see the change.
Google Chrome Users
Google Chrome already comes with Google Search field on homepage. You can start searching right from the homepage. However, if you have changed the homepage in the past or it got changed due to any app/extension installation, you can follow these steps to change homepage to Google Search;
- Launch Google Chrome, and go to its settings. You can also type “chrome://settings/” without quotes in the address bar to go to Chrome settings.
- Select Open a specific page or set of pages, and click on Set pages option.
- Type Google Search URL, and hit OK button.
- Now you can relaunch Google to see the change.
Internet Explorer Users : How to make Google your homepage
- Launch Internet Explorer, and click on Settings icon.
- Select General tab.
- Type Google URL in the Homepage field, click on Apply, and then hit OK.
- Exit Internet Explorer, launch again, and Google Search Page will open at launch.
Microsoft Edge Users : How to set Google as homepage
- Launch Microsoft Edge Browser on your Windows Computer.
- Click on Settings icon (located on the top right corner).
- Select “A Specific page or pages” as Open with option.
- Select Custom option from drop-down list.
- Type Google Search engine URL, and click plus (+) sign.
- That URL will be added, and will show underneath.
- Now restart Microsoft Edge browser, and Google Search Engine will open as homepage.
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<urn:uuid:d1d7b643-33de-46b0-8ac5-68b18bb52b07>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.techgrapple.com/how-to-make-google-my-homepage/
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Stuck on your essay?
Get ideas from this essay and see how your work stacks up
Word Count: 1,182
It is a known fact that after World War 1 an entire nation Germany was brought to its knees smashed and broken In attempts to repair its broken state it was hastily taped back together this tape just so happened to be Germanys free trial of democracy And so the Weimar Republic was born The Weimar republic had numerous problems each with its own significance in accordance with the greater picture Some of its main problems were that it had a ghastly constitution there was constant political unrest as well as great challenges posed by Germanys economy The Weimar republics constitution was riddled with holes right from the start One of these holes was the German parliament otherwise known as the Reichstag Within the Reichstag as opposed to having only parties of the same political stance it used proportional representation of all votes leading to a parliament seating a group of parties which amongst themselves hold all three general political standpoints Left wing Right wing as well as central This mixed bag of politicians lead to the Reichstag not only bearing upon itself a chaotic cloud of indecision but also brought into being many coalition governments and re-elections Between the years 1919 and 1933 the years of the Weimar Republic there were a total of 21 different coalition governments brought into power This shocking statistic shows that on average not one coalition government lasted more than a single year in office The constant change took its toll on the Weimar governments popularity with the people as they could never quite be certain as to whether or not they could trust such an indecisive gang of quarrelsome politicians when they themselves do not trust eachother An additional hitch in the Weimar Republics constitution was Article 48 which stated that in times of emergency the president held the power to appoint and dismiss governments as well as suspend civil rights without the Reichstags consent This
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- Jen Soust, alumni @ UCLA
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https://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-analysis-of-the-three-main-problems-of-the-weimar-republic-viZ3ytyN
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La Boqueria market
Fruit stall at the La Boquería market
Inside the La Boquería market
Sant Josep Market, better known as "La Boqueria", is in the heart of La Rambla Avenue. It is Barcelona's most famous and picturesque market. This emblematic spot in the city, in what was once the patio of Sant Josep Church, was inaugurated in 1836. Initially the market was open-air, with travelling sellers' and farmers' stalls, selling their goods directly to the public. It was eventually covered and made into an indoor market in 1914.
The exterior of La Boqueria is a metallic/glass structure. Nevertheless, it is the inside that is most interesting, making this market, famous for the quality and diversity of products on sale from all over the world, a place well worth visiting. The best way to feel its special atmosphere is to stroll around the stalls with fruit and vegetables, fish and meat, and pop into its bars and restaurants to enjoy the mixture of sounds, aromas and flavours.
- Construction: Public building
- Artistic period: Modernism
- Historic period: 20th Century, 19th century
From Monday to SaturdayFrom 8:00 AM to 8:30 PM
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.spain.info/en_IN/que-quieres/arte/monumentos/barcelona/la_boqueria.html
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Stockholm meeting of the Socialist International Commission for a Sustainable World Society
Members of the Commission for a Sustainable World Society gathering in Stockholm on 5-6 September, hosted by the Swedish Social Democratic Party, SAP, warned that the worldwide economic downturn could not be allowed to slow down the pace of commitments to climate change and urged the international community to produce solid results leading to an agreement at the forthcoming United Nations Conference of the Parties to the Climate Convention (COP-14) to be held in Poznan in December this year. (Statement)
Midway point – from words to deeds
Goran Persson, Co-Chair of the Commission and former Prime Minister of Sweden, welcomed members of the Commission to Stockholm, encouraging them to enter the second phase of their work during which tough decisions would need to be taken in order to bring a progressive approach to “a global policy for a global problem”. It was up to the Commission, he said, to take sides on the crucial issues and to influence those negotiating the settlement which had to be reached at the UN Copenhagen Conference in December 2009 in order to allow its implementation before the expiry of the Kyoto Protocol. By presenting a clear and accessible political vision from the global social democratic family and engaging both public opinion and politicians, he was optimistic that the Commission could make a difference through its work.
Seeking agreement on key questions
Ricardo Lagos, Co-Chair of the Commission, former President of Chile and a Special Envoy for the United Nations Secretary-General on Climate Change, reflected on the outcome of the United Nations Climate Change Conferences held in Bangkok, Bonn and most recently in Accra in August this year. He felt that while many positive proposals had been put forward and some advances made concerning deforestation and sectoral approaches, commitments now needed to be tied down in formal negotiations. This in turn required that a range of areas needed agreement, including who measures compliance with any commitments; how to hold those that do not comply accountable; how clean technologies are financed; and, the criteria for setting carbon emission reduction targets in different countries, among others.
Luis Ayala, Secretary General of the Socialist International, addressed the matter of technology transfers and capacity building - an issue which was high on the agenda in the Commission's discussions, as it will be at the Conference of the Parties to the Climate Convention in Poznan in December this year. He said that the commitment to transferring technology and building capacity went to the core of the contribution of social democrats to the process, going to the very heart of North-South relations. The social democratic message was one of solidarity, with proposals aimed at moving the issue forward, for example by advocating that portions of the debts of developing nations could be transformed into funds earmarked for green-based economic development programmes and climate change adaptation.
Economic crisis as opportunity
Cristina Narbona, Spanish Ambassador to the OECD and former Minister of the Environment, expressed her belief that while many might fear the current economic crisis would be detrimental to advancing climate change commitments, she hoped it would be taken as a much-needed opportunity to reorientate the global economy. Socialists, she said, were offering a different discourse, so shifting the current economic paradigm towards one based on greater equity. In this way, for example, a developing country's adaptation to climate change was a basic question of equality. Clearly, burdens had to be shared and the European Union had made progress in setting out its regional approach. However, she viewed it as a responsibility of social democrats to denounce richer countries which did not comply with their commitments.
Highlighting the case of Africa
Mohamed El Yazghi, Minister of State, Morocco, asserted that while Accra had allowed African voices to be heard and the positive aspects of the recent Conference had been encouraging, nevertheless the particular vulnerability of the African continent to the impact of climate change had to be permanently underlined. Reports had clearly indicated that the risks posed to Africa's agriculture, infrastructure, wildlife and coastal zones from rising greenhouse gases were far greater than had been previously thought, he said, citing research that had estimated 30 per cent of Africa's coastal infrastructures would be submerged by 2080. Any strategy had to take into account the future and current needs of the continent, and adaptation demands clearly required supplementary research.
Green concerns with a social dimension
Elio Di Rupo, Minister of State, Belgium, welcomed the fact that public opinion was increasingly open and engaged in the debate on climate change and that social democrats could lead concrete initiatives to tackle the problem. Opportunities for dialogue existed on many levels – internationally, regionally and locally – and social democratic politicians needed to address the social deficit caused by climate change, for example tackling issues of rising fuel costs for the more vulnerable in their own countries as well as promoting sustainable development and solidarity in North-South relations. Emphasising this social dimension in practical proposals made by social democrats, he said, would clearly distinguish our message from the purely ecological concerns of our Green counterparts.
Disseminating technology and expertise
Sergei Mironov, Chair of the Council of the Russian Federation, warned that consolidated efforts to reach agreements on countering mankind's contribution to climate issues had to contend with the rapid pace of change. New facets were arising and he took the example of scientific studies identifying the spread of asthma and allergies due to warmer temperatures and increased blossom periods. Collective approaches were needed more than ever and bridging the technological divide was a crucial issue, he said. In line with strengthening the international institutions and complementing the different agencies within the United Nations system, he proposed the creation of an institution dedicated to assisting in the accumulation, distribution and transfer of clean technologies.
Recognising best practice
Aleksandr Kwasniewski, former President of Poland, shared his perception that the substantive political work of the Commission could be complemented by highlighting positive examples of effective pro-environmental actions. He set out an initiative to recognise and commend projects or programmes working in favour of the environment. Highlighting such practical actions – whether led by government, ecological organisations, scientists or individual campaigners – could raise ecological awareness and in turn stimulate further undertakings in different regions and countries.
Integrated environmental living – a practical example
Prior to the meeting, some members of the Commission visited Hammarby Sjostad, an environmentally friendly housing development in Stockholm. Offering a solution for sustainable city living by integrating water, waste management and energy systems, once fully built Hammarby Sjostad will house some 25,000 residents. Taking a coordinated planning approach with all those concerned from the beginning, the development has ambitious environmental goals and succeeds in its aims to make it easy for inhabitants to be environmentally friendly, with accessible recycling facilities and excellent public transport links, among other features. By 2015, those living in the area will produce half of all the energy they need, based on waste energy, including biogas. This visit was followed by discussions held by Commission members with SAP leader Mona Sahlin and other members of the party executive.
The Commission's activities
The Commission looked forward to its next seminar in South Africa in November, and agreed that a meeting should be held in connection with the UN Conference in Poznan due to be held from 1 to 12 December with ministers and representatives attending from the global social democratic family. In line with its agreed programme of activities for 2009, this would be followed by a seminar in China. Agreeing an outline. for its report to be presented in September 2009 at a meeting to be held on the occasion of the opening of the UN General Assembly in New York, members of the Commission emphasised that its vision for a sustainable world society went beyond commitments reached in Copenhagen in 2009 and was for a long term future of equitable and ecological development and growth
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.socialistinternational.org/commissions/si-commission-for-a-sustainable-world-society-2006-2011/commission-sets-sights-on-poznan-conference-copenhagen-and-beyond/
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ETSF File Format
One of the central features of the ETSF electronic-structure and simulation programs is their interoperability. It is essential that the output of one code (typically to calculate the ground state properties of a system) be readable in an automatic way by other codes, which will use it to calculate other derived properties (typically optical, or transport properties). This is more involved than sharing simple physical quantities (atomic positions, energy) because of the sheer volume of data which must be handed over. In simple cases with a few atoms, the wavefunctions and related quantities will occupy several megabytes of disk space. In more extended or complex calculations this can quickly reach gigabytes. The efficient passing of data implies that it must be in a binary format, but it must also be platform-independent.
The ETSF has developed standard file formats to allow better integration and better interoperability between codes; both those developed internally in the ETSF and any others: the format and a suite of libraries for file access are completely open source. The standardization philosophy is based as much as possible on existing file formats, such as XML or NetCDF. We focus on the capability to read or write these formats on a wide variety of platforms and using different programming languages (in particular Fortran 90, C, and Python). Backward compatibility is also a strong concern.
ETSF specifications for Input/Output of wavefunctions and related data
In order to allow software to inter-operate efficiently and exchange data, file format specifications are mandatory. Widely used file format specifications are still lacking in the field of first-principles calculations of material properties. One of the objectives of the ETSF is precisely to specify such file formats, for content that is relevant to our scientific activity in theoretical spectroscopy (wavefunctions, crystallographic data, densities and potentials, etc...).
The ETSF I/O specifications include the detailed NetCDF description of the fields and content of a valid ETSF-IO file. These specifications have been first devised during the Nanoquanta Network Of Excellence, and continuously enhanced, to reach now version 3.3.
The specifications are presented as a PDF document, which is organized in sections :
- Section 1 presents general considerations concerning the present file format specifications.
- Section 2 presents general specifications concerning NQ NetCDF file formats.
- Section 3 deals with files containing crystallographic data, and present a rather detailed NetCDF specification, ready for exchange of data among the NQ nodes. It also briefly presents other existing standardization of files containing crystalline structure and atomic geometries.
- Section 4 deals with files containing density/potential, with the same level of detail.
- Section 5 deals with files containing wavefunctions, with the same level of detail.
- Section 6 deals with pseudopotentials / PAW (projector augmented waves) set up files. It presents the existing specifications, and summarizes the debates and conclusions reached during a mini-workshop in Louvain-la-Neuve.
- Section 7 is an overview of the other contents relevant for NQ, and the status of the file format specification.
The ETSF File Format has been implemented as the ETSF I/O Library. Please see our Libraries and Tools page for more details and download instructions.
Deprecated versions (only for reference)
ETSF Coding Standards
While portability has always been an issue in the field of simulation, interoperability in scientific software development is only a recent concern, triggered both by the individual efforts reaching a level of
complexity where collaboration becomes a necessity, and also by the appealing networking capabilities now offered by modern intranets and the internet. Just like for living cells which long ago started to join and create multicellular organisms, evolutionary pressure drives us now towards ``multicode simulations'', promising greater horizons, greater achievements, and greater challenges as well.
The turning point has been passed when technological applications have reached the nanoscale, i.e. the scale at which the properties of the systems start to vary with their size. In other words, when adding or removing just one atom causes important variations in their properties, thus invalidating their description by any statistical approach. The number of atoms involved was still however way too large for the systems to be tractable for an atomic-scale description. To address this issue, a huge effort aiming at enhancing considerably the available computational power has been undertaken.
Another aspect is the context in which these efforts are conducted. In the world of academic research, most of the software developments are performed by post-docs and PhD students, who are now in a much more precarious situation than in the past decades. The turnover is very high, and regularly new students have to be trained before being fully operational, which is very demanding. It also makes long-term projects — such as scientific software — more difficult to carry out, since these non-permanent people usually participate to the project for a few years only and may leave it very abruptly at any time. It is thus critical to devise a strategy for preserving maintainability over time.
This document provides a set of generic rules to follow in order to develop good-quality scientific software for the ETSF. It was formerly known under the title Guidelines for code development and code documentation and used as a reference within the Nanoquanta Network of Excellence, the main objective was the creation of the ETSF. The content of the current document is a typo-fixed release of the version 3 of these guidelines, published on February 2nd 2008 by the Nanoquanta Integration Team 9 “Integration of theory and code developments”.
Instead of restarting from scratch at the beginning of the ETSF, we have decided to consider the guidelines written during the lifetime of Nanoquanta as the major version 1 of the coding standards, each release of the guidelines constituting a minor version. This means that we start at version 1.3 and can improve on it while preparing a major version 2 of the coding standards.
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Brief SummaryRead full entry
BiologyThe Asian tapir is primarily, although not exclusively, nocturnal. Habitually using the same paths, which males mark with urine, this tapir travels long distances during the night in search of food (10) (6). The diet consists of fruits from a variety of trees and shrubs in substantial amounts, as well as aquatic plants, leaves, buds and soft twigs (10) (6). Blurred vision means that tapirs rely on their acute sense of hearing and smell for communication, to locate food and detect predators (4) (7). This tapir is mostly solitary, but occasionally seen in pairs (10) (6). The average range of the male is 13 square km which overlaps the ranges of several females (4). Mating is characterized by a noisy courtship display (5). Females breed every other year and, after a gestation period of 13 months, give birth to a single calf, which remains with its mother for six to eight months (10). Sexual maturity is reached at around three years, and Asian tapirs have been known to live for up to 30 years (5).
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Their knees and elbows have punctures from a 10mm drill bit.
Benjamin Tupper on doing the job at drill and the anxiety-ridden behaviors it triggers.
If the Sierra Club liked a plan to drill offshore for oil and gas, now that would be news!
Shuck went on to become a drill sergeant and Gabe was assigned to a new handler.
Didn't Linehan and Mathews know they were perpetuating antediluvian blah blah blah... You know the drill.
Some carried packs on their backs, with pick and shovel, drill and pan.
Compressed air or steam works the drill and the sledgehammer.
Do you believe in opening and ceasing fire at the will of the commander as on the drill ground?
Ritual is the perfect form of drill and of the regulated habit which comes from drill.
Well, Suzanna thought miserably, she should have to wear them, and in that belief all interest in the Indian drill left her.
"tool for making holes," 1610s, from Dutch dril, drille "a hole, instrument for boring holes," from drillen "to bore (a hole), turn around, whirl" (see drill (v.)).
"small furrow," 1727; also "machine for sowing seeds" (1731), from obsolete drill "rill, trickling stream" (1640s), of unknown origin; perhaps connected to drill (n.1).
kind of coarse, twilled cloth, 1743, from French drill, from German drillich "heavy, coarse cotton or linen fabric," from Old High German adjective drilich "threefold," from Latin trilix (genitive trilicis) "triply twilled" (see trellis). So called in reference to the method of weaving it.
"West African baboon species," 1640s, perhaps from a native word (cf. mandrill).
c.1600 (implied in drilling), from Dutch drillen "to bore (a hole), turn around, whirl," from Proto-Germanic *threljanan (cf. Middle High German drillen "to turn, round off, bore," Old Engish þyrel "hole"), from PIE *tere- "to turn, rub" (see throw (v.)). Sense of "to instruct in military exercise" is 1620s (also in Dutch drillen and in the Danish and German cognates), probably from the notion of troops "turning" in maneuvers. Extended noun sense of "the agreed-upon procedure" is from 1940. Related: Drilled.
The way of doing something; the plan of action: Pain in the ass, but that's the drill (1940+)
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|
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| 0.962335
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With “The Case for Reparations,” Ta-Nehisi Coates of the Atlantic sets slavery aside to focus on the long plunder of the 20th century, in which whites used coercion, violence, and government to exclude blacks from the bounty of American prosperity. The civil rights revolution of the 1960s was vital, but it wasn’t a panacea, and the problems of today—from the racial wealth gap to the crumbling ghettos of the Midwest—stem from the racist policies of our recent past. Or, as Coates puts it, “White supremacy is … a force so fundamental to America that it is difficult to imagine the country without it.”
This is more than rhetoric. Black families paid taxes and black soldiers fought for democracy in Europe and the Pacific, but—from low-interest home loans to money for education—they were barred from the benefits of the G.I. Bill. Indeed, the same federal dollars that built the suburbs were used to keep blacks out of them. It was the federal government that “pioneered the practice of redlining,” writes Coates, “selectively granting loans and insisting that any property it insured be covered by a restrictive covenant—a clause in the deed forbidding the sale of the property to anyone other than whites. Millions of dollars flowed from tax coffers into segregated white neighborhoods.” At the same time, “legislatures, mayors, civic associations, banks, and citizens all colluded to pin black people into ghettos, where they were overcrowded, overcharged, and undereducated.”
The case for reparations, in short, is straightforward. As a matter of public policy, America stole wealth from black people, denied them a shot at prosperity, and deprived them of equal citizenship.
And that’s just the 20th century. If you go beyond that—to include all stolen income from the revolution to secession—the balance falls deep into the red. In 1860, translated to today’s terms, slaves represented a staggering $10 trillion in wealth, an incredible sum. If you include compound interest—to represent the compounding plunder of the next century—you are left with an implausibly large amount of money.
Wisely, Coates doesn’t try to build a proposal for reparations. At most, he endorses a bill—HR 40—that would authorize a government study of reparations. Instead, his goal is to demonstrate the recent origins of racial inequality, the role of the federal government, the role of private actors, and the extent to which the nation—as a whole—is implicated. Even if your Irish immigrant grandparents never owned slaves, or even lived around black people, they still reaped the fruits of state-sanctioned—and state-directed—theft, through cheap loans, cheap education, and an unequal playing field.
If anything, what Coates wants is truth and reconciliation for white supremacy—a national reckoning with our history. As he writes, “More important than any single check cut to any African American, the payment of reparations would represent America’s maturation out of the childhood myth of its innocence into a wisdom worthy of its founders.”
Still, even if “no number can fully capture the multi-century plunder of black people in America,” there’s still value in imagining a concrete scheme for reparations, if only to have a sense of the bills we owe. And so, how would we accomplish the task? Would you attempt a massive transfer of wealth? Or would you try to compensate black communities with targeted policies?
The “wealth option,” accomplished by cash payments, is what we tend to think when we hear “reparations.” In this scenario, the federal government would mail checks to individuals, either in a lump sum or spread out over time. There are a few, immediate concerns with this notion. First, who is eligible? Given the pervasiveness of anti-black prejudice, should it go to all black Americans—who, regardless of origin, deal with the burden of white supremacy—or should it go to the descendants of slaves, who share a unique disadvantage? And how do we determine lineage? Through self-reporting? Through a comprehensive census of black Americans? Genealogical records for slaves are so scarce that any method of selection will come with the risk of fraud, since for most, we can’t confirm with absolute certainty that a given person is a descendant of slaves.
And even if we could agree on recipients, how much should individuals receive? A uniform sum or an amount based on your heritage, i.e., the more enslaved ancestors you have, the bigger your payment?
Even with all of those questions, however, there’s a lot to recommend when it comes to cash benefits. For starters, it empowers individuals, families, and communities. They know what they need, and we should trust them to figure out their own interests over the long term. Yes, a cash scheme could never be fully fair, but that’s not the point; what we want is to heal injury and balance accounts, and on that score, it could work.
On the other end is the policy approach. Instead of cash, the federal government would implement an agenda to tackle racial inequality at its roots. This agenda would focus on major areas of concern: housing, criminal justice, education, and income inequality. As for the policies themselves, they don’t require a ton of imagination. To break the ghettos and reduce the hyper-segregation of black life, the federal government would aggressively enforce the Fair Housing Act, with attacks on housing and lending discrimination, and punishment for communities that exclude low-income residents with exclusionary zoning.
What’s more, it would provide vouchers for those who want to move, subsidized mortgages for those who want to own, and huge investments in transportation infrastructure, to break urban and rural isolation and connect low-income blacks to jobs in wealthier, whiter areas.
On the education front, state governments could end education budgets based on local property taxes—which disadvantage poor communities and disproportionately hurt blacks—and the federal government could invest in school reconstruction, modernization, and vouchers—for parents who want their children in private schools—in addition to higher education subsidies for black Americans. These “in-kind” benefits have the virtue of freeing up disposable income, thus acting as de facto cash payments.
It almost goes without saying that this move for policy reparations would include an end to the war on drugs, an end to mass incarceration, and a national re-evaluation of police procedures to reduce racial profiling. And, looking forward, it could include progressive “baby bonds”—federally managed investment accounts with modest annual growth rates. At $60 billion a year, according to one proposal, this would help ameliorate wealth inequality for future generations.
There are more policies along these lines, no doubt. The advantage, for most of these, is that they are both universal and hugely beneficial to black Americans.
Of course, however you designed a reparations scheme, it would be incredibly unpopular. Between our racialized disdain for the “undeserving” and general distaste for intrusive government, nothing on this scale could get off the ground. Even if it could, there’s an excellent chance the courts would kill it.
And ultimately, as Coates writes, the money isn’t important. What’s critical is that we reckon with our national crimes against black Americans, to say nothing of Native Americans and other minority groups. We must wrestle with our history, lest we ignore the “certain sins of the future”—or worse—the sins of our present.
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<urn:uuid:50d0672c-ad8a-40de-8b98-61eec47743fb>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2014/05/reparations_should_be_paid_to_black_americans_here_is_how_america_should.html
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Poulios, Konstantinos1; Svendsen, Gustav Winther3; Hiller, Jochen1; Klit, Peder1
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark2 Solid Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark3 Mechanical Engineering, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark
Friction materials for typical brake applications are normally designed considering thermal stability as the major performance criterion. There are, however, brake applications with very limited sliding velocities, where the generated heat is insignificant. In such cases it is possible that friction materials which are untypical for brake applications, like thermoplastics and fibre composites, can offer superior performance in terms of braking torque, wear resistance and cost than typical brake linings. In this paper coefficient of friction measurements for various thermoplastic and fibre composite materials running against a steel surface are presented. All tests were carried out on a pinon-disc test-rig in reciprocating operation at a fixed sliding speed and various pressure levels for both dry and grease lubricated conditions. Moreover, a generic theoretical framework is introduced in order to interpret the changes of friction observed during the running-in phase.
Tribology Letters, 2013, Vol 51, Issue 2, p. 191-198
Coefficient of friction; Thermoplastics; Fibre composites; Low speed; Reciprocating
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/catalog/243728248
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You must move away from the idea that the only way to protect the Latvian language is to exclude the use of other languages. Learn from the positive examples and do not use restrictions like Turkey or Algeria.
Learn from the positive examples!
Interviews Dr. Fernand de Varennes, senior lecturer at Murdoch University, one of the world’s leading legal experts on language rights
In your working papers dealing with international law on linguistic minorities, you stress that in private sphere freedom to use minority language equals freedom of expression. How then do you view the provision in Latvian legislation that allows only 25% of daily programs be broadcasted in minority languages?
Freedom of expression means that in the areas of private activities governments can not stop or obstruct your liberty to express yourself, which includes the language. 25% requirement seems to be an obstruction. You can use, for example, Russian or Ukrainian to a certain degree, but actually it is an obstacle that you cannot use the language to the full extent that you would like to in private activities. So, when I consider decisions coming from the international organizations like the UN Human Rights Committee, it would seem to me that this requirement might be a violation of freedom of expression.
Let’s look at this question from the other point of view. Latvia is a very multinational country. There are about 58% of Latvians, 29% of Russians, then 4% of Belorussians and others, including Ukrainians, Poles and so on. There is a view that if there were no restrictions on language use in broadcasting, intensive use of Russian language would endanger Latvian as a state language.
You have to be very careful. You have to distinguish state use of language and private use of language. The basic human right in all democratic societies is freedom - freedom of expression, freedom of religion. You can not force people in their private activities to speak a language which is not theirs or which they do not want to speak. Just as you are free to practice the religion you want to in private. It is not for the government to say – you should be a Catholic or you should be a Baptist. That is your choice what you do in your private activities. Here that is the same issue. It is free choice of people to be able to decide, which language they want to use.
The issue that maybe this would mean a threat to the state use of the Latvian language is a different one. You can protect the state use of the Latvian language in many other ways without violating freedom of expression. If you tell me that the reason the regulation exists is to ensure that the state can guarantee the use of the Latvian language, I would say that is not acceptable in international law. We can only restrict freedom of expression under certain types of recognized grounds. What you just described to me is not one of them.
Do you know of any cases somewhere else in the world where similar legistalive restrictions exist?
Latvia is one of a very, very few countries to have that kind of restriction on private broadcasting activities. And that I think is also a signal. If you are almost alone in the world using these kinds of requirements, maybe that means that what you are doing is not quite right. Turkey had some similar regulations, but now it is actually changing.
Do you mean restrictions on the use of the Kurdish language?
Yes, for the Kurdish language. They now permit a greater use of the Kurdish language. Why? Because Turkey wants to be admitted to the European Union (EU) and the EU gave the signal that, in order to respect human rights, Turkey has to be more flexible in the area of languages.
During the conference on Electronic Mass Media and Social Integration you talked about the conditions when state can impose restrictions on the use of language. It can happen when there are threats to national security, threats to territorial integrity, and threats to public safety and health. But who determines that now it is time to impose restrictions because of any of these factors or who determines that now it is time to lift these restrictions. How can we know that the time has come?
Only with law you can impose any restrictions on freedom of expression. So, it means the government does it. It is quite clear from the international human rights. But you have to be careful. It is not enough to say like in Turkey - oh, territorial integrity requires us to ban the Kurdish language. There is no connection between using a language and a territory, because in international human rights law situations to threaten territorial integrity means an armed rebellion, using guns and bombs trying to break away from the country. Using a language, I am sorry, that is nonsense.
Take for example another reason – public safety. You have to show the link between the necessity to protect public safety and the restriction that you are imposing. There has to be a direct, solid and real link between the two.
But the use of language is also connected with politics.
Yes, of course.
There is an interesting case in a neighboring country. The Russian Parliament has adopted an amendment to the Law on Languages of Nations Living in Russian Federation. It bans the use of Latin alphabet in Russia. So, it means that all nations living in Russia now will be forced to use Cyrillic. How would you view such a situation? I would like to add that the initiators of those amendments do not deny this was because of Tatarstan, who wanted to shift from Cyrillic to Latin writing.
If it means that individuals can no longer use the alphabet of their choice in private activities, such as commercial signs, then - yes, it would be a violation of freedom of expression. Alphabet is also linked to language; language is protected by freedom of expression in private activities, therefore that would be a violation of freedom of expression in international law.
But you also said that the Russian authorities adopted this change because Tatarstan decided to use the Latin alphabet. Those are actually authorities of Tatarstan who wanted to use the Latin alphabet. And this is not private, those are actually public authorities, public officials. Then it is not an issue of freedom of expression, but it is an issue whether or not that requirement would be discriminatory.
So, would it be discrimination if we know that everyone in any territory would always have some business with public services?
To my opinion, it would be discrimination, probably. When you can say that a language or an alphabet requirement creates disadvantages that are not justified in the given circumstances, that means that is discrimination based on international law.
In the second biggest city of Latvia, Daugavpils, Russian language is predominant, but all communication with public institutions must be held in Latvian. There can be people who do not know Latvian, but still they must communicate with state or local authorities in Latvian. Officials can respond in Russian, but they can choose not to. Do you think some formal changes should be introduced or should it remain as it is until everyone knows Latvian?
When you have a large number of people, who use a minority language in a territory, and public authorities, even if they can, refuse to permit the use of this minority language with government officials and government documents, there is a danger of discrimination.
In fact, recently there was a case in the UN Human Rights Committee involving an Afrikaans-speaking minority in Namibia. It was a minority of Afrikaans concentrated in one small region of the country, who said - we wanted to call government employees and ask for certain information; we tried to call and ask in Afrikaans, but the government employees refused to answer us in Afrikaans. But they could - almost all government employees can speak Afrikaans in this country. The Committee said that it was discrimination in that situation, because it would have been very easy to offer some public services in the minority language.
So, the Committee said you have to permit the use of the Afrikaans language; you have to have public officials use it to the degree that is reasonable in the given circumstances. The Committee did not say that you have to make Afrikaans an official language. Absolutely not! But in situations where it is easy to use a minority language by public officials, you must do it!
So, if there are no complaints from Daugavpils that somebody does not answer in Russian, then there is no reason to change anything?
That is true. There must be a demand. In circumstances where you have a large number of people asking for that it can be appropriate, justified, reasonable to use the minority language to the degree required by the demand.
So there must be a need for political demand?
I would say not necessarily. This is a human right. I think you have to get away from the idea of politics here a little bit. Those are individuals, not a political program.
There is a feeling among many people that the Latvian language is endangered. And if conditions for the use of Latvian get eased, existence of Latvian culture and the language would be endangered. What do you think about such concerns?
This situation is not unique. There are other countries that actually have something similar. The French speaking community in Quebec wants to protect the French language and culture in the continent, which is all Anglo-Saxon. Another group is the Catalan minority in Spain.
What you have to understand is that respecting freedom of expression does not mean that you can not take measures to protect the Latvian language. It is permissible and possible to protect or to strengthen the official language, but not in a way which violates freedom of expression or non-discrimination.
In the case of Quebec and the freedom of expression, the United Nations Human Rights Committee said - you cannot ban the use of minority languages on private commercial signs, but the government can demand that the official language is used in addition to the language that you want to use.
That is the difference here. Considering the 25% requirement in broadcasting, you see that this requirement is actually stopping people from using the language they want in their private activities.
In Catalonia, Spain, the government has also been taking a number of steps trying to make sure that the official language is stronger. The government supports a lot of television programs, not only public, but also private: private radio, television programs in the official Catalan language. It is done in a non-discriminatory way. It is not discrimination because in that context it is justified and reasonable to help the official Catalan language more than the Spanish language. The government can take these measures to protect the language today because of the need to address historical realities, legacies of the past, which were unjust at that time.
What would be your advice in order to overcome fears about the disappearance of the Latvian language?
You must move away from the idea that the only way to protect the Latvian language is to exclude, to stop the use of other languages. Taking various measures and programs to ensure that the Latvian language is protected you should use the good examples that exist in many, many countries in Europe. And do not use restrictions like Turkey or Algeria. If you are keeping a bad company, maybe it is because something that you are doing is not quite right yet. And you are in a company of Turkey and Algeria. I don’t think you want stay in that company.
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|
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Several errors may occur when you tries to download music from iTunes, these errors including iTunes error 5000 and iTunes error 35, if permissions are incorrect for the iTunes Music folder, one of the folders inside it, or the folder does not exist or a broken alias exists in its place.
One error appear of these errors :
"Unable to Check for Purchased Music because an error occurred (-5000 error)."These can happen when trying to download songs purchased from the iTunes Store in Mac OS X
"There was an error in the iTunes Store. Please try again later."
Tip 1 :
Verify that the iTunes Music folder exists. If the folder does not exist create a new folder. If there is an alias in place of the folder, verify that the alias works properly.
Tip 2 :
Correct the permissions for the iTunes Music folder. This folder is usually located in the iTunes folder in the Music folder (~/Music/iTunes/iTunes Music).
Here is how to fix this error :
If correcting the permissions for the iTunes Music folder does not resolve the issue, check the permissions of the folder for the artist whose song(s) you tried to purchase. Artist folders are located in the iTunes Music folder.
Advanced: Use Terminal
- Log in using an administrator account.
- Locate your iTunes Music folder. If you are not sure where your iTunes Music folder is located, launch iTunes, open Preferences from the iTunes Menu and click Advanced. This will show you where the iTunes Music Folder is located.
- Select the iTunes Music folder.
- From the File menu, choose Get Info.
- Click the disclosure triangle to open the Ownership and Permissions section of the Info window.
- Set the permissions as follows (you may be prompted to enter an administrator account password):
- Owner: access Read & Write
- Group: access Read Only
- Others: access Read Only
- Click the "Apply to enclosed items" button.
- Close the Get Info window.
- Open Terminal (/Applications/Utilities). Warning: This step involves modifying permission settings by entering commands in the Terminal application. Users unfamiliar with Terminal and UNIX-like environments should proceed with caution. The entry of incorrect commands may result in data loss or unusable system software. Improper alteration of permissions can result in reduced system security or exposure of private data.
- Type the following command followed by a space:
- sudo chmod -R 700 (Do not press Return until after the next step.)
- Drag the iTunes Music folder's icon into the Terminal window to automatically enter the file's pathname. The result should be similar to this:
- sudo chmod -R 700 /Users/[username]/Music/iTunes/iTunes\ Music
- Press Return.
- Enter your administrator account password when prompted, then press Return.
- Quit Terminal
Note: This issue may recur when sharing a single iTunes Music folder among multiple users.
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<urn:uuid:95cd62bf-fb3d-4ea9-9c71-6290ba840673>
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CC-MAIN-2016-44
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http://www.limera1n.cc/2011/09/fix-itunes-error35-when-downloading.html
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All over the world, low income areas are being gentrified and low income and vulnerable people pushed out of their neighbourhoods. Could Vancouver be different? If so, what could happen here that would respect the basic human rights of low income people to chose where they want to live and to have basic needs met? Could we get the city, other levels of government, business and agencies to adopt a special Social Justice Zone in the DTES? If we did, would exactly would that mean?
Working definition of a Social Justice Zone:
- A place where low income and vulnerable people have a right to be and won’t be pushed out;
- A place where low income residents are recognized as the experts in matters that affect them and have control over decisions, services and operations that affect them;
- A place where low income people and their basic human and social needs have priority over profit;
- A place where residents work for social justice.
How could a Social Justice Zone be implemented?
Various levels of government, agencies, business and residents could all have a role.
For example, the city includes the Park Board, School Board, Police and Engineering Departments. It has power to pass bylaws, zone, and licence business and services. It can fund agencies and services. What can we think of that each of these levels of the city could do to help make a Social Justice Zone?
The Provincial Government controls transit, BC Housing, Health funding, MSP, Native Housing, Police, Welfare and Rent controls. What could these branches of government do to help make a Social Justice Zone?
Business controls Business Improvement Associations as well as their own business decisions. This includes developers. What could they do to help make a Social Justice Zone.
Agencies could respond to the needs of the community as expressed by the community and the people who use them. These agencies include unions, housing providers, social enterprises, Arts groups, health providers, charities, peer groups, Union of BC Indian Chiefs. What kinds of things could they do?
Funders could fund projects and groups that the low income community prioritizes. These funders include credit unions, foundations, governments, universities. Who should they fund and for what?
The federal government could fund more social housing. It also controls immigration policy and has the ability to end the war on drugs and set up a system where drugs are legal and regulated. How can we organize to get federal money for our desperately needed housing? What can we do about unfair immigration and drug policies?
Where could we have a Social Justice Zone? The Downtown Eastside Oppenheimer District and the Hastings Corridor parts of the DTES are perfect. The City says these two areas are where a lot of the SROs will have to be replaced with self contained social housing. Neither area is flooded with condos yet. Other parts of the DTES have recently adopted official plans which the city is unlikely to change. But the DEOD’s plan was adopted in 1982 and is ready for an update. The DEOD is the heart of the low income DTES. It has about 2000 SRO rooms and many services for low income people. Its residents have the lowest average income in the city, It is an area where low income people feel comfortable and at home and don’t face the discrimination they feel in other gentrified parts of the DTES like around Woodwards and in Gastown.
What is the first thing we would need to make the DEOD and Hastings Corridors into a Social Justice Zone? The first thing we’d need is for the city to rezone the Hastings Corridor for 70% and DEOD for 100% social housing. This would stop condos from gentrifying the area and give time for us to get the province and federal governments to fund some more social housing for people who are homeless and live in SROs. Other parts of the DTES could be rezoned for lower percentages of social housing, as in this diagram of the circles of caring, done by Karen Ward.
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Buenos Aires, 5 July 2018 - Argentina has a long history of immigration that continues to the present day. As immigrants represent less than 5% of the population, their role in the country’s economy is less pronounced than it was during the first half of the 20th century. A joint report by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organisation (ILO), How Immigrants contribute to Argentina’s economy, provides new insights and makes policy recommendations to enhance immigrants’ contribution.
“Argentina’s effective immigration policies and its openness towards immigrants reflect an understanding of their positive contributions to the country. We hope that this evidence-based study will further support the country’s achievements and migrants’ integration.”, said Federico Bonaglia, Deputy Director of the OECD Development Centre while launching the report today in Buenos Aires.
The study provides an unprecedented analysis of immigrant workers’ contribution in three areas of the Argentina’s economy: labour markets, economic growth and public budget. It shows that the labour market outcomes of native-born and foreign-born workers are not very different. The labour force participation is almost equal, and the unemployment rate is just slightly lower among immigrants. However, they are more frequently informally employed and own-account workers, and on average earn less than the native-born.
The analysis also assesses whether the presence of foreign-born workers has benefited or harmed the employment opportunities of native-born Argentinean workers. It suggests that immigration is usually not associated with job losses or income declines among the Argentinian-born population. In fact, the labour income of native-born university graduates may even rise when there are more foreign-born university graduates. Also, more low-skilled native-born women may be able to join the labour force when more female immigrants from a number of Latin American countries live in their local area. Nevertheless, the report also notes that when there are more immigrants, a higher share of native-born workers appears to be own-account or contributing family workers and the labour incomes of low-skilled native-born workers may be lower.
The contribution of foreign-born workers is estimated at around 4% of GDP. This is above immigrants’ population share in urban areas, but below their share among labour force participants. Immigrants more frequently work in sectors where the average value added per worker is lower. They also have lower average educational attainments and lower wages.
According to the report, in 2013, the latest year for which data were available, immigrants made a positive net fiscal contribution under certain assumptions. Their average net fiscal contribution was equal to -1 to 2% of per-capita GDP. While this contribution was less than for the average native-born person, in part due to the disproportionally high share of elderly people among the immigrant population, it nonetheless shows that, at least for this sample year, immigrants did not represent a significant fiscal burden.
Although Argentina has not yet ratified ILO Convention C143 on the promotion of equal opportunities and treatment for migrant workers, the ILO Country Director in Argentina, Pedro Americo Furtado de Oliveira stated : "The wealth and sociocultural fabric of this country was constructed and continues to be strengthened by diverse waves of migration, probably because Argentina has a protective policy towards foreigners and provides the possibility of a dignified life with decent work.”
The report shows that the effects in terms of labour market outcomes for native-born workers, public finance and economic growth in Argentina are relatively limited. There is scope to further enhance the economic contribution of immigrants by improving existing policies, based on the following recommendations:
In the early 20th century, the majority of Argentina’s immigrants came from Europe, but their numbers have since declined and Latin American immigrants have become proportionally more important. At the beginning of the new millennium, the country adopted an open immigration policy rooted in the principles of equality and universality.
For more information or to obtain a copy of the report or request an interview, journalists are invited to contact:
How immigrants contribute to Argentina’s economy is part of the joint International Labour Organisation - OECD Development Centre’s comparative project on Assessing the Economic Contribution of Labour Migration in Developing Countries as Countries of Destination that is co-financed by the European Union. The nine other countries covered by the project include: Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, The Dominican Republic, Kyrgyzstan, Ghana, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa and Thailand.
Find out more about the project: http://www.oecd.org/dev/migration-development/eclm.htm and http://www.ilo.org/eclm.
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Did you know that there are only 138 mutations that play the major role in making a cell cancerous? Well, 138 found so far, however, the number of these driver mutations inside the genes won’t grow significantly, at least that’s not anticipated. Obviously there are thousands of mutations in cancer cells, but not all of them give the selective grow advantage. This beautifully written review of cancer genetics tells us what the researchers all over the world have learned about differences in normal and cancer genomes. Sequencing technologies are becoming less and less expensive and hopefully very soon we will see sequencing as part of routine clinical testing. Although we are not there yet. The authors of the article provide this outline:
1. Most human cancers are caused by two to eight sequential alterations that develop over the course of 20 to 30 years.
2. Each of these alterations directly or indirectly increases the ratio of cell birth to cell death; that is, each alteration causes a selective growth advantage to the cell in which it resides.
3. The evidence to date suggests that there are ~140 genes whose intragenic mutations contribute to cancer (so-called Mut-driver genes). There are probably other genes (Epi-driver genes) that are altered by epigenetic mechanisms and cause a selective growth advantage, but the definitive identification of these genes has been challenging.
4. The known driver genes function through a dozen signaling pathways that regulate three core cellular processes: cell fate determination, cell survival, and genome maintenance.
5. Every individual tumor, even of the same histopathologic subtype as another tumor, is distinct with respect to its genetic alterations, but the pathways affected in different tumors are similar.
6. Genetic heterogeneity among the cells of an individual tumor always exists and can impact the response to therapeutics.
7. In the future, the most appropriate management plan for a patient with cancer will be informed by an assessment of the components of the patient’s germline genome and the genome of his or her tumor.
8. The information from cancer genome studies can also be exploited to improve methods for prevention and early detection of cancer, which will be essential to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality.
Those 138 mut-driver genes (oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes) can be classified into one or more of 12 pathways. And these pathways can be grouped into three large groups: cell survival, cell fate and genome maintenance. All these things go wrong during aging. The majority of the listed pathways play a role in aging. Naturally, cell senescence is seen as an anti-cancer strategy of the cell. And it works well until it doesn’t. The relationship between these two processes is not understood completely and more research is definitely needed to answer the question what happens over time. What distorts the balance?
Cancer is truly an age-related disease. Aging brings decline in DNA repair efficiency and other mechanisms of genome stability maintenance. I think that if we figure out a way how to keep those mechanisms intact, working as good as they do at the age of 16, for example, there’s a good chance we will eradicate cancer, at least the solid tumors. This will be a huge step in increasing human longevity.
I wholeheartedly agree with the authors of the article on the following matter:
“plan A” should be prevention and early detection, and “plan B” (therapy for advanced cancers) should be necessary only when plan A fails. To make plan A viable, government and philanthropic organizations must dedicate a much greater fraction of their resources to this cause, with long-term considerations in mind. We believe that cancer deaths can be reduced by more than 75% in the coming decades (152), but that this reduction will only come about if greater efforts are made toward early detection and prevention.
This idea of prevention is valid not only for cancer, but for aging in general. In my opinion, if we develop the tests, that will definitely include cancer testing, we will be able to see what is happening, what is going wrong on molecular level, and we won’t wait until 90% of the organ is non-functional, until Alzheimer’s have consumed the personality of our loved one, until we feel we can no longer walk up three staircases. We will fight the disease in its infancy, and we will fight aging to remain youthful for as long as we choose to be.
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A mouse that comes with a Mac computer may act differently from a standard mouse on a Windows computer. In this movie, you will learn about different types of mice that can work with a Mac computer, including the Mighty Mouse, or one-button mouse, as well as the Magic Mouse, that is sensitive to touch and gestures.
- [Voiceover] As with the keyboard differences…we talked about in the previous movie,…when working with a mouse that comes with your Mac,…it may work a little bit differently…than what you're used to on a Windows computer.…Here's the good news though.…If your Windows computer has a USB mouse…plugged into it, and you really like that mouse,…you can unplug it from your Windows computer,…and plug it right into your Mac computer,…and continue to use it.…However, if you go to a Mac that comes with…its own mouse, there might be some changes…you'll need to get used to.…
So we're gonna talk about mouse basics in this movie.…You can see there's an image here of a one button mouse,…and this particular mouse looks like it has…a little dot or a ball in the top-center of it,…and that's because, what we see here,…could be considered a one button mouse…with one big button, but it is sensitive…on the left and right sides.…So if you're accustomed to using a two button mouse…with maybe a wheel down the middle…on your Windows computer,…
- Using the keyboard and gestures
- Exploring the desktop, Apple menu, Finder, and dock
- Finding files and folders
- Locating files with Spotlight
- Launching and quitting applications
- Task switching with Mission Control
- Transferring files from Windows to Mac
- Transferring mail and address books
- Connecting printers, cameras, and Bluetooth devices
- Getting online
- Adjusting settings in System Preferences
- Getting the best free apps from the App Store
Skill Level Intermediate
Mac OS X El Capitan Essential Trainingwith Nick Brazzi8h 13m Appropriate for all
Office for Mac 2016 New Featureswith David Rivers1h 31m Beginner
1. Navigate the Mac
2. The Mac Interface
3. Work with Files and Folders
4. Search on the Mac
5. Work with Applications on the Mac
6. Moving Day
7. Hardware on the Mac
8. Get Online with Your Mac
9. Set System Preferences
10. Top 5 Free Mac Apps
Next steps1m 2s
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ACL to begin transporting Canadian crude by inland barge to Gulf Coast for oil sands company MEG Energy
23 December 2012
American Commercial Lines (ACL) will begin transporting crude oil by barge on the US inland waterways for MEG Energy (US) Inc. (MEG Energy), a subsidiary of the Canadian oil sands company MEG Energy Corp. Crude oil will arrive primarily via pipeline and will be transferred to barges at storage terminals located on the inland waterways for transport by ACL to the Gulf Coast.
ACL is dedicating new tank barges built by its manufacturing division Jeffboat into service for MEG Energy, as well as newly repowered and refurbished towboats.
One tank barge has the cargo capacity of 46 rail cars or 144 trucks, ACL said (about 27,600 barrels). Viewed another way, two tank barges have almost the capacity of a unit train of 100 tank cars (earlier post). In 2011, ACL launched the first in a series of tanker barges to be constructed at its Jeffboat manufacturing facility through 2012 to replace retiring fleet capacity.
The first of the barges, launched on May 2012, was a clean service tanker with a capacity of 30,000 barrels. It included a redesigned stainless steel piping system and a new radial rake design that will also be found on the tankers the company plans to build through the end of 2013.
In April 2012, ACL purchased eight 20,000 barrel capacity tank barges from SeaRiver Maritime Inc., a subsidiary of Exxon Mobil Corporation, to expand its fleet of 325 tank barges to meet mid-range demands.
American Commercial Lines Inc. is an integrated marine transportation service company owned by Platinum Equity and operating in the United States Jones Act trades. The Company is headquartered in Jeffersonville, IN, has approximately 2,200 employees and operates a fleet of approximately 120 tow boats and 2,300 barges. The Company is the direct parent of Commercial Barge Line Company.
MEG Energy is a Canadian oil sands company focused on in situ development and production. MEG also owns interests in two key midstream assets including Access Pipeline and Stonefell Terminal. Stonefell Terminal is a planned 900,000 barrel storage facility located near Edmonton. The partially-constructed facility is expected to be complete in 2013.
On completion, Stonefell will be tied into the Access Pipeline with planned connections to other regional pipeline and rail transportation infrastructure.
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It is important to have an insight however small into how to handle any legal issue. Because of the lack of knowledge or the limitations in our quest for knowledge, we do things which if we had knowledge, we would not have done. The Good Book says that to the quest of knowledge, there is no end. So, we must all attempt to acquire some knowledge, each day. Without doubt, knowledge is potential power.
A mother in Nakapiripirit, in North Eastern Uganda was furious with rage when she found out that her daughter of seven had been raped by the paternal uncle of fifty six. She couldn’t contain her anger, just like any mother wouldn’t.
In loving her child, she quickly prepared a bath, mixed it with herbs and gave her little girl a scrubbing of her life time. She burnt the clothes and the little girl’s under wear, just so that neither she nor her daughter would ever look at those clothes and remember that ordeal. For those who have daughters or little sisters, you can imagine how disturbing it would be if they were to be victims of rape.
However, much as her actions were emotional and purely filial, they were done in ignorance of the law. And yet, the law is very clear: ignorance of the law is no defence. The right thing she should have done is to take her little girl to the hospital, then report to the police station, hand in those clothes and underwear she burned as evidence, and let the law take its course.
It’s difficult to establish rape by a particular person when the victim has had a bath and their under wear burned. All those actions constitute throwing evidence down into a bottomless pit.
Another time, a friend who owns a shop in the city centre in Nairobi, was out of the blue besieged by police men who wanted to search his shop on suspicion that he kept stolen goods in the shop. He of course asked them the basis of their suspicion, the basis they didn’t give, except that they kept insisting that they are police men who have the right to search his shop at any time.
Of course he refused and demanded that they produce a search warrant before they carry out the search. That type of police men usually don’t like people who know their rights because it curbs their corruption tendencies. But what would happen if we all knew our rights? What if we all knew that before the police search our houses, they must produce a warrant legalizing the search? We would not be having people rotting in prison even when their cases have not been mentioned.
Most recently, a friend was arrested for taking a picture in the city. The topic of criminalizing photography is for another day, but she was lucky to have her press pass in her purse, one which she showed both to the arresting officers and at the police station where she was briefly held.
While at the station, she was convinced that she did not commit any crime. Attempts by some bad cops to extort her were futile because she knew she didn’t commit any crime.
Her knowledge of her rights to take pictures and to carry her press pass along with her, wherever she goes. saved her from the extortion which many people suffer at the hands of corrupt police men.
The power of knowing your rights
When you are aware of your rights, then your rights are protected and respected by anyone who may want to violate those rights. Most African countries and East Africa in particular has had its fair of dictatorial regimes, where gun wielding goons ruled our countries with undue regard to the rule of law. All that has changed, it is in our history. Our governments are established by the people (though this sometimes is a fallacy), and people in government are accountable to the people. We must enjoy the democracy our constitutions provide for, democracy that is founded on the notion of people power; people who are empowered with inherent rights .
If you are ignorant of your rights as a citizen, you rob yourself of the capacity to protect your rights and even to defend them. Whereas it should be incumbent upon everyone to do their personal reading and research about their results, it should also be appreciated that the nature of laws is complicated because of the terminology and legal jargon used in most statutes. So, if every legal practitioner took it upon themselves to break any provision down in simple terms to those around him or her, with time we can have a people who know their rights.
As a means of giving back to the community, law firms and other law-related NGOs should simplify the provisions of a given law to the local populace in the areas where they are based. This of course should be done taking into account the literacy levels in the given area. Sometimes, simplification may mean translating the law into the people’s local language.
Government agencies such as the Human Rights Commission, and the like should be vigilant when it comes to the rights of the common man. May be, their success indicators should revolve around their making sure that the public understands their rights, and also, their willingness to help citizens who want to enforce their rights.
It should be the duty of every legal practitioner to educate the people around him or her about their rights, and about simple legal procedures in given circumstances. As custodians of the law and as officers of the court, we must not look on as the justice system suffers from abuse, as the court’s time is being wasted.
So, once in a while, when you have some time, please share it with your friends on social media. If it is too much, The Deuteronomy is here: we shall deliver it to the right audience.
We must educate the public to curb on all the vices that are eating at the fabric of our society: lawlessness, injustice, corruption and ignorance. Knowledge of our rights is everything we need.
BY SAMALI BITALA
This article appears in our newsletter, The Deuteronomy Vol 6, Issue 4 of September 23rd, 2016
To receive The Deuteronomy in real time, click HERE.
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Barlow's Television Co., P.O.Box 23, New Germany, Natal,
Rep. of South Africa
überarbeitet am 22.7.2010
In 1974, a portable shortwave receiver with the dimensions of a conventional
travel radio got very much attention among the shortwave listeners comunity.
The first time, a circuit developed by Dr. T. L. Wadley for the British
commercial receiver Racal RA - 17 was used in
a travel radio. The circuit was developed by Dr. Wadley who had moved to South
Africa after his retirement and the set has been built by the South African
home electronics manufacturer Barlow's Television Co.
This portable receiver (29.5 x 18.5 (23.5 with carrying handle) x 10cm, 4.3 kg) comes - to avoid interference within the 45-75 MHz range due to the mixing process) in a sturdy metal housing with black imitation leather coating at it's sides. On top of the set, You find a carrying handle with a amall short wave frequency chart folding up underneath. When You unscrew the back lid, You will find access to the battery compartment, where six UM-1 / mono cells will fit in.
The front panel is dominated by the two segment frequency dial. The left thumbwheel indicates the megahertz range - the one on the right the kHz steps. The distance between the 50 kHz marks with it's light green numbers and the 10 kHz lines allows to determine a frequency within the range of 5 kHz. You tune the kHz of a chosen frequency by adjusting the frequency thumbwheel on the right side of the dial window in the middle of the front plate after You have chosen the matching MHz - band.
Next to the frequency dial on the right, You find the signal strength meter moving in a small window, it's calibrated in 1 - 5 divisions. With the small metal knob below the signal-strength meter, You can adjust the oscillator exactly to the displayed frequency when receiving a station on a known and stable frequency.
Further down on the front panel, You find four large rotary knobs. The left bottom knob ist used for switching the set on and activates the volume control, th knob above operates the preselector. It has only some rudimentary marks where to look for the signal maximum once You have tuned in a station. Some preselection is made by micro switches operated with the rotation of the button.
The rotary knobs on the right are used as mode switch (USB (upper side band) / AM / LSB (lower side band); in some Pro versions, You find an additional control to choose the IF bandwidths of 6, 3 and 1,5 KHz. The knob above is used for fine tuning particularly for CW and SSB (ECSS) reception.
The antenna and earth connections are implemented as quite uncommon 3mm sockets on the left top side of the set: On it's left side, You find the sockets for a pair of headphones (3.5 mm) and for an external 9 V power supply.
The 9 cm diameter speaker in the centre of the front panel gives You pleasant audio with it's 0,4 W output power. Don't expect to find further goodies in this straughtforward constructed set like as dial lights, bass/treble control, but this will not bother You successfully tuning in shortwave stations from all around the globe.
The signal path is - like in similar receivers using the Wadley loop - design,
a bit complicated: The incoming signal from the antenna socket will pass the preselector
stage with its ranges 0.5 - 2/2 - 8 and 8 - 30 MHz and first amplifier stage
and will be handed over to the first ring mixer, where the oscillator signal of
45,5 - 74.5 MHz is added. This signal is tuned by means of the "MHz" wheel.
Thus the high first intermediate frequency of 45.2 MHz will result.
The operation is not absolutely simple but can however be learned within minutes -
it's similar to the one found on all other sets using the Wadley Loop circuitry. No
wonder, the set has been designed by Dr. T. L. Wadley after he had settled down in
South Africa after his retirement from Racal:
The Barlow Wadley offers nice audio and a good useable sensitivity to today's
shortwave listener, but usually You will take a smaller less fragile set with
You when You travel abroad. The somewhat inaccurate frequency readout (a detuned
frequency calibration knob, wrong clarifier position won't affect the dial settings)
and the slightly cumbersome tuning scheme will make the set a choice for the collector
and the nostalgic shortwave listener. Battery consumption is very low compared to
the later PLL synthesizer designs, so a set of batteries in Your second shortwave
set will last for weeks or months.
The variant with the FM tuner cannot be found too frequently: the FM tuner module
is attached at the top of the receiver's cabinet and is operated by a pushbutton:
this feature will make the XCR-30 to become a nice holiday radio
My XCR-30 is not meant to replace my Sony 2001D, but it will always merit it's space on my shelves because of it's fascinating circuit, the inconspicuous outside and the amazing reception qualities of this oldie amongst the portable sets.
© Martin Bösch 20.7.2007
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|Quotes • Headscratchers • Playing With • Useful Notes • Analysis • Image Links • Haiku • Laconic|
Most women do not look pretty when they cry. Their eyes puff up and turn red. Their face becomes all splotchy. So fits of tears are rarely attractive. More often they are used with a character the audience already finds sympathetic to generate an emotional response. There is a major exception to this rule.
Perhaps she has been emotionally cold one times too many to the hero's affections, too damn cruel over the smallest of mistakes, or simply revealed her vulnerable side too damned late for the audience to care any more. Either way, no amount of garden-variety dere-dere moments is going to earn any tangible amount of audience sympathy.
Time to go for the big guns.
Show that the Tsundere is a girl after all by having her cry.
There is an inexplicable phenomenon that the tougher a character is, the more adorable they will be when Sparkling Stream of Tears pour out of their eyes, windows that prove they have souls. The tyrant instantaneously becomes The Woobie, whose endearingly vulnerable sobs and pleas for sympathy makes the coldest of hearts want to hug her till she feels better. This is considered Moe beyond belief by fandom in general, even those who are not fans of the Moe sub-genre.
This is an increasingly common tactic used by Manga and Anime authors who have created thoroughly unsympathetic Tsundere characters yet still wish the audience to sympathize with them, or merely wishing to convincingly give a feminine side to an otherwise overly-masculine or unemotional girl.
Occasionally this moment acts as a roadstop, a turning point in which the character starts to slowly become a better person.
Nine times out of 10, unfortunately, having felt embarrassed for daring to be vulnerable, the once adorable woobie will immediately thereafter turn into a tyrant of epic magnitude worse than the mere Tsundere she was to compensate for her brief moment of weakness.
Note that this can also occasionally apply to a male character. What differentiates this from Manly Tears is that whereas Manly Tears shows the sensitive attributes of an already decent male, Cry Cute used on a man character is as a rule in the Alas, Poor Villain context that humanizes an unforgivably evil male. See also Tender Tears, where tears are part of a consistent sensitive depiction.
Sometimes includes Biting the Handkerchief.
Contrast Inelegant Blubbering.
Anime and Manga
- Lampshaded in Fullmetal Alchemist, when Roy fondly remembers the generally stoic Riza crying and tells her he'd like to see her 'pure tears' again.
- Kaname Chidori, resident Defrosting Ice Queen of Full Metal Panic has more than one moment when she breaks down crying, probably to keep her sympathetic despite her abrasive personality.
- Evangeline of Mahou Sensei Negima, Thousand-Year-Old Vampire-Tyrant and Evil Sorceress, cries adorably as she asks Nagi to pat her on the head like a little girl one last time at the end of the Mahora Budokai Tournament.
- C.C of the Code Geass franchise, when her Deadpan Snarker facade slips and she shows her Sugar and Ice Personality.
- Aunt Haruka, Narusegawa Naru and Aoyama Motoko of Love Hina.
- Especially Aoyama Motoko, in accordance with the Toughness/Tears inverse relationship mentioned above.
- The death of Prince Vegeta in Dragonball Z is the definitive male example that makes you cry for a villain.
- Asougi Rin of Mnemosyne.
- Also voiced by Noto Mamiko, Asagami Fujino of Kara no Kyoukai.
- Also, Ryougi Shiki herself in the finale of the seventh movie.
- Every girl (especially Nagi, voiced by Rie Kugimiya) and even Hayate himself of Hayate the Combat Butler.
- Even mega Tsundere Hiiragi Kagami can be The Woobie of woobies on the few times she cries in Lucky Star.
- Words Worth: Maria invokes this in response to being molested by Stallion, and as part of a ploy to get him to return her ring to her. It works. Then she shows him her "thanks".
- Mobile Suit Gundam SEED's resident Tsundere, Cagalli, ends up crying in Kira's arms after her father's Heroic Sacrifice.
- An earlier (and rare male) Gundam example is Universal Century's Commander Bright Noa, during Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam.
- Along with the aforementioned Nagi, Rie Kugimiya's characters do this a lot:
- Pictured above: Louise of Zero no Tsukaima. Too bad she needs to be under the influence of a love potion to allow herself to be so emotionally honest.
- The roar of a wounded tiger in Episode 8 of Toradora!: "Ryuuji is mine!!! Everyone stay off him!!!" And also: by Episode 19 Taiga realizes she does love Ryuuji, but thinking it's too late once she sent Ryuuji off to meet Minori, runs outside crying; and by Episode 24 the normally cheerful Minori finally breaks down after sending Ryuuji and Taiga off, upon recognizing her affection for both Ryuuji and Taiga.
- Rizel of Rizelmine also does this a lot, though she is a fairly cute character most of the time anyway.
- Even a battle-hardened Action Girl like Aria H. Kanzaki cannot help but break down crying in the middle of the street after a visit to her mother, imprisoned on false charges of being a serial bomber, ends with said mother having to be dragged back to her prison cell. She tries to fight back her tears in front of Kinji, who joined her visit, only to give in to her soul-crushing grief.
- Miu of Ichigo Mashimaro, though she's more of a Jerkass than a Tsundere.
- When she forces Nobue to decide whether she likes her or Ana better, and Nobue chooses Ana. Miu's display is such that Nobue chooses to tell her that it was a poor attempt at a joke, that she likes Miu best, and have her share her bed rather than risk making it worse or longer. She doesn't put a stop to her Jerkass tendencies, but in the meantime...
- Vita crying in Hayate's arms during the finale of Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha As.
- For all her attempts playing cool-headed and reasonable, Azusa Nakano finally breaks down crying in front of her senior bandmates after Graduation Day, venting out all her pent-up feelings since they hit third-year (and she second-year) of melancholy and loneliness, begging them to not leave her all alone.
- In a more comical variant, Mio Akiyama frequently ends up in tears whenever her attempts to look cool and/or bring some sanity to the band backfires spectacularly on her.
- Blue when confronted by Ho-oh in Pokémon Special. And immediately after that, when Silver is captured. Of course, the first crying was all just an act...
- Blue's crying is more believable when you realize that she was kidnapped by Ho-oh at a young age as part of the Mask of Ice's recruitment program. The fact that she was using Fake Tears was not only part of the act, but also a demonstration that she has, in fact, come to control her ornithophobia. Cue CMOA and Will and Karen in an awkward situation.
- Brock's Sudowoodo in the Pokémon anime, when using Fake Tears. A spotlight comes down on it and maudlin music plays in the background.
- Carlos Santana. That's all.
- Hiyoshi Wakashi from The Prince of Tennis, after losing to Ryoma in the manga.
- Also, Akaya Kirihara in the very last OAV.
- And Ryoma himself in the anime, when his beloved cat Karupin is brought by home after spending a whole day outside.
- He cries again after playing a then-last time with Tezuka in the end of the TV series.
- Tomoka, normally a Plucky Girl Tsundere, tears up in Sakuno's arms after Ooishi and Eiji lose a match despite all of their efforts. Similarly, in the manga An cries when Shinji and Kamio lose badly to Kenya Oshitari and Gin Ishida.
- England from Axis Powers Hetalia is a diehard Tsundere (and extremely heavy on the 'tsun', especially when America is around), but his tears in "Cleaning Out the Storage" were so damn genuine that everyone in fandom cried for and with him, tagging him as an Defrosting Ice Queen and sort of Woobie. America also pulls this a little in Episode 48 when England is dying.
- Russia does this in the Hetalia Bloodbath 2010, when he saw General Winter being defeated.
- Haruhi Fujioka from Ouran High School Host Club manages to do this due to a contact lens almost coming out. Tamaki thought it was totally Moe.
- Fakir of Princess Tutu spends the first half of the series being an Ineffectual Loner; it's not until he cries by the lake (admittedly hugging the duck didn't hurt) that he starts to become a sympathetic character.
- All of the main female characters in Boku No Tsukuru Sekai manage to include this trope.
- Higurashi no Naku Koro ni has an example, after Rena reveals Keiichi's Dark and Troubled Past. Luckily for his fandom, Rena does this in such a brutal manner that Keiichi breaks down almost instantly into Tears of Remorse. Rena's refusal to forgive him leaves him just crying on the ground pitifully, which is even more sympathetic. Rena gets her own instance of this at the end of the chapter, although Keiichi's reaction is quite different.
- Rossiu in Gurren Lagann becomes a Well-Intentioned Extremist after the Time Skip, even going as far as ordering Simon's execution. And yet, all it took to make him sympathetic again was to show that he cried and even mulled suicide after doing it.
- Akane Tendo from Ranma One Half. Sure, she's uptight, hot-tempered, emotional, and catapults to conclusions far too much for her own good... but when she cries, even Ranma can't help but think this way.
Ranma: Gosh, you're cute when you cry.
- But careful (because that only applies whenever Ranma makes Akane cry): if someone else makes Akane cry, Ranma will hunt down and crush whoever is responsible. Given that he's generally a forgiving guy who rarely holds grudges, the fact that he went on a humiliating Martial Arts and Crafts contest purely to pay back the cheerleader who made Akane cry (and pay her back in combat) is certainly cause for alarm.
- Even unstoppable ultra-badass Dark Action Girls are not immune to this. In Black Lagoon, during the first Roberta arc, Roberta looks at Garcia with a pair of adorably sad eyes as she's hanging off Dutch's car with a trench knife—after she had just overtaken the vehicle at a full sprint Terminator-style.
- Both Berg Katse and Raoul break down crying in Ai no Kusabi after Riki and Iason go Together in Death.
- Gundam Wing has Lady Une, who breaks into sobs (and we cry too) when Relena tells her that she shouldn't wish for death anymore and refuses to kill her as punishment for having killed her adoptive father.
- Also Dorothy Catalonia, after Quatre manages to get to her and then Trowa rescues him and calls her out.
- In Sailor Moon when Usagi was on the ground crying over her transformation and Hotaru sacrificing herself, Michiru and Haruka are in the background watching her with tears in their eyes. Enjoy it, because this will be the only time you'll ever see it. A more common one is Makoto's more often breakdowns over her friends.
- Episode 172. Usagi withstands Chibiusa's erasure from reality and Nehelenia's Hannibal Lecture-like recollection of her past, and offers Nehelenia to let her kill her in exchange of letting the frozen-in-mirrors Seishi go. Not only Haruka and Michiru were openly weeping, but also Setsuna, Hotaru, every single Seishi, and the audience.
- Toward the end of the final episode of Eve no Jikan, Sammy has two adorable seconds of this.
- Although a boy, Mikael from Tenshi ni Narumon gives an epic cry after Raphael in the final episode together with blushing cheeks and tears streaming down his face. And it was all after becoming evil and turning his back on said Raphael.
- Also Silky after being hugged by Noelle in the final episode.
- Many, many of the ukes- or just whichever person is more vulnerable in reversable pairings- in BL manga.
- In the animated version of the incident where Haruhi Suzumiya treats Mikuru worse than she ever did and finishes it by referring to her as "her toy", when Kyon almost hits Haruhi and Koizumi stops him from doing so, Haruhi actually looks away from him with tears in her eyes.
- Mariko from Oniisama e... gets a moment like this when Kaoru shows gratitude and happiness upon Mariko's worry for her well-being.
- Also Fukiko, when Rei dies.
- And im the anime, Mona Lisa Komabayashi, when she has her Heel Realization.
- Both Junjou Romantica and Sekaiichi Hatsukoi use this trope on the Tsundere characters to show how adorable or sympathetic they can be. Most noticeably used by Misaki of the Junjou Romantica pairing, Hiroki of the Junjou Egoist pairing and Ritsu in the Nostalgia pairing.
- One of the more heartbreaking examples in Sekaiichi Hatsukoi is when Yanase starts crying after being rejected a second time by Chiaki. Well, while he did deserve the punch that was handed to him for forcing himself on Chiaki (but at this point, it was desperation for him to acknowledge that he had feelings instead of treating it like it was all a joke) you can't help but pity him especially when Hatori barges into his house and makes the situation worse.
- Puella Magi Madoka Magica: An interesting variant occurs with Homura. When she breaks down crying in Episode 8, it's adorable, sad and REALLY STRANGE since up until now she's been the Emotionless Girl. Then comes Episode 10, and suddenly it all makes sense.
- Boku wa Tomodachi ga Sukunai has this trope Played for Laughs with Sena Kashiwazaki, a Rich Bitch who loves lording herself over her male schoolmates at the school her father runs. This is usually triggered by her Sitcom Arch Nemesis, resident Jerkass Yozora Mikazuki, saying or doing something outright mean to her. This is followed by Sena retorting with childish insults before running away crying.
- And there's a heartwarming version at the end of Episode 11, courtesy of Yozora herself, after Kodaka finally recognizes her, with her hair cut short, as his long-lost childhood friend "Sora", after after a few months they spent together with Kodaka none the wiser as to who she is.
- Misty and Dita in Vandread.
- For Dita, it's the fact that Hibiki seems a bit too friendly and close to Misty, when he himself seems to be really bothered anytime Dita is around.
- In Misty's case, since Dita is part of the ship's crew and they hate seeing Dita miserable, she says she was "bored" and just wanted have some fun, largely to avoid ostracizing the entire crew. But later she goes to the park alone and starts to cry since she knows she's going to be the Romantic Runner-Up in the Love Triangle. Fortunately Meia shows up and tells her that she's not alone.
- THE iDOLM@STER - Let's see... Haruka, Yayoi, Chihaya, Yukiho... a third of the idols.
- One Piece has a few examples, like Robin breaking down in tears after finally screaming that she wants to live, or Shirahoshi all the freaking time.
- A number of them in Fairy Tail. Lucy gets one first, when everyone is hurt because of her having joined the guild. Carla also gets one in the Edolas arc when she's told her purpose in life was to harm the person who is most precious to her, prompting Happy to stand up for her, which leads to her finally being nice to him and becoming a likable character. The oddest example would probably be Zeref. Despite being the (supposed) villain of the series and without a doubt the one at fault, at least indirectly, for almost everything that goes wrong there's something endearing about him crying when he sees Natsu. The scene where he cries is enough to give him woobie status, despite him being the one to finally take Fairy Tail out of Nobody Can Die teritory.
- Hana no Mizo Shiru: Misaki cries in several scenes. His tears after his grandfather's death spur Kawabata to kiss him - and then Arikawa also kisses him when he's crying at the train station later. Arikawa outright thinks at one point that Misaki's teary face is adorable.
- Satsuki gets these from time to time in Ghost Stories, usually to kick-start moments of Ship Tease with Hajime.
Live Action TV
- Arguably Faith in the episode of Angel she first appears in, though a much more extreme example.
- Subverted, lampshaded, deconstructed or... something... by Vala Mal Doran in an episode of Stargate SG-1. Daniel accuses her of using sex as a weapon, and she starts looking hurt and crying, but about halfway through a very heartfelt apology, Daniel realizes that she's just messing with him. She doesn't deny it.
Daniel:You'd better not be messing with me.
- Jade's breakdown in Victorious after she and Beck break up.
- Annie's "Disney face" in Community.
- In Jim Butcher's The Dresden Files novel Small Favor, Harry demands of Rosanna how many knights she's murdered with her trick of getting her eyes to well up with tears and looking helpless.
- Many other female characters are jealous of Elayne in The Wheel of Time for being able to look pretty while crying.
- Teela Brown in Ring World: "Her lips, he saw, were perfect for pouting. She was one of those rare, lucky women whom crying does not make ugly."
- In The Black Company you are treated to the final humanizing moments of the up till this point nigh omnipotent and borderline eldrich abomination of a sorceress queen through use of this trope.
- Unbelievably, Caim of Drakengard when his pact partner Angelus is being turned into the Barrier Maiden of the world, and Caim thinks he'll never see her again. He's wrong, but...it doesn't work out at all...
- The King of Fighters: Poor Elizabeth...
- In Bioshock 2, it is revealed in one of the recordings left by Gil Alexander, one of the head scientists on the Big Daddy project, that in the event that an Alpha series Daddy lost its Little Sister, it become suicidal. He describes one time that he saw a Big Daddy who had lost its Sister kneeling in front of a Gatherers' Garden, crying. This certainly gives a great deal of insight into the motivation of the protagonist.
- Even when Ragna is utterly exhausted, his left arm destroyed, and would probably like a good long rest after changing Mu-12 back into Noel, its not going to stop Noel from crying, screaming, and calling him stupid at the top of her lungs.
- Serra from Fire Emblem Elibe, during her A supports with either Hector, Oswin and Lucius. Fan interpretation suggests this happens in her A support with Erk as well, which considering the circumstances may not be that far from the truth.
- Severa in Fire Emblem Awakening gets this in her A support with Owain, and in her supports with her parents.
- Rare male example in Fire Emblem: Three Houses: Sylvain Jose Gautier in his A support with Mercedes von Martriz. While he does show emotion at other points during the game, he's known for putting forth a devil-may-care skirt-chasing front as a way of avoiding his issues. Mercedes, though, sees right through him and tells him so in a blunt but gentle manner. He's so touched by how even with all his faults and irritating quirks she still cares for him, and breaks down in tears.
- Started for girly girls by Chun-Li in Street Fighter II In the defeat screens while other fighters look beat up to certain degrees (with M. Bison looking absolutely wrecked) Chun-Li only has a bump on her head and is visibly crying. The CPS II games extend this by making Chun look less beat up but amplify the crying. Cammy being the Tomboy looks more beat up than Chun.
- Ibuki took over this role during the first two games of the Street Fighter III, she also has a visible bump on her head but has a notable stream of tears on her face. Aside from the bump and some cuts on her hips she doesn't look anywhere near wrecked as many other fighters including the initial tomboy of this series Elena.
- The defeated Sailor Scout in the Famicom version of Sailor Moon cries like this when her HP runs out, though strangely despite only Moon being the crybaby in the show this extends to all scouts here.
- Marie Rose from Dead or Alive does this when she is defeated, though she looks up seemingly implying she is faking.
- Fate/stay night in its Unlimited Blade Works route has Rin doing this after Shirou stumbles out of bed after getting nearly chopped in half the day before, only to look around for her in a pained stupor and risk his life to save her when he does find her.
- Claire from the Fading Hearts Visual Novel manages this in most scenarios, when she's not putting up a tough front with Ryou.
- Franziska Von Karma at the end of Phoenix Wright Ace Attorney: Justice for All.
- Caius from Frozen Essence completely breaks down in his Light path after Mina almost dies saving him, pinpointing the moment where he goes from a Jerk with a Heart of Jerk to a Jerk with a Heart of Gold.
- Tsugumi in Ever 17 as an example where the character genuinely stops being a Jerkass. There were signs beforehand that she wasn't, sure, and they were even getting more common. Seeing her cry basically makes you forget her doing stuff like pretending to push Takeshi down an elevator shaft for shits and giggles or randomly sucker punching him at the beginning, though. Mostly applicable to Takeshi's routes so they could spring a whole bunch of surprise reveals on you by letting her stay a jerk in The Kid's.
- Maji De Watashi Ni Koi Shinasai has two notable examples:
- Momoyo, while definitely a hero, is a Badass Blood Knight whose soft side is strictly limited to flirting with cute girls, but in one of the routes when her sister Wanko runs away and Momoyo meets up with her, she cries for probably the only time in the entire series. Everyone is surprised. She's not all that happy about Yamato praising her for it, though.
- Kokoro Fushikawa is a haughty Ojou, but one time when she cries in the anime, Yamato calls her cute. Her reaction, quite unlike Momoyo, is shown as a shot by a Cupid's arrow.
- In Girl Genius, Bangladesh Dupree of all people starts crying and actually collapses in Gil's arms when he confronts her for not being there when the Great Hospital was attacked and his father apparently killed- which she reveals was at the Baron's own orders. She does threaten to kill him for making her cry, but it seems to be more for form's sake than anything else.
- Ren of The Ren and Stimpy Show used to have these moments fairly often. Although it was not John Kricfalusi's attempt to make the character more sympathetic, but rather a case of Executive Meddling. They requested for a softer side to Ren, which John K criticized from the beginning (in the Adult Party Cartoon episodes, unsupervised by Nickelodeon, he changed Ren's personality into a Jerkass with no redeeming qualities - it did not turn out well). However, the show undeniably benefitted from this change, thus creating several Crowning Moments Of Heartwarming that the audience and executives were very pleased with.
- As an example, perhaps the most notable one is "Stimpy's Fan Club", where Ren is miserable upon discovering the fact that Stimpy is a more well-liked character than him and is jealous of the tons of fanmail that he receives. After having pondered murder and several other less radical methods of making himself more popular, Ren eventually gets a fan letter himself and starts rubbing it in Stimpy's nose... before realizing it was from Stimpy himself. Ren breaks down into tears and cries on Stimpy's chest, sobbing about how pitiful his actions were.
- "Ren's Toothache" is a very good example too. While the conclusion isn't quite as heartwarming as the episode mentioned above, it has a breakdown scene when all of Ren's teeth fall out.
- "Son of Stimpy" also featured Ren crying immensely after Stimpy had left for his search for his fart... I mean, son, Stinky.
- Many Adventure Time fans agree that The Earl of Lemongrab invoked this trope in "Too Young". He constantly screams at people and sends them to the dungeon for very petty crimes. To make him leave the kingdom, Finn and PB dress up as bedsheet ghosts. Instead of scaring him, they punch him and push him onto the floor. Based on his usual angry, shrill reactions, one would expect him to freak out and scream at the kids. Instead, he starts crying; a very pitiful, childish, soft whimpering, as tears stream from his eyes. Whether or not he really deserved that is up to debate, and whether it's funny or adorable/sad to see LG cry is also debatable. However, AT fans agree that in that moment, he went from Jerkass to Jerkass Woobie.
- In one episode of Taz-Mania, Digeri Dingo uses this tactic as a kid for Taz to get his ball that he kicked off a cliff.
- June from Ka Blam! is usually portrayed as an adorable Tsundere...but when Henry left in Won't Stick to Most Dental Work!, she was in tears because she really missed him.
- In the season 1 finale of Wakfu Evangelyne has two adorable moments like this, one in episode 25, one in 26. But while the first is a Crowning Moment of Heartwarming, the second is a Tear Jerker. She's talking to the same person, but with one big difference...
- A male variant happens with Roger Klotz in Doug, when he breaks down sobbing at learning something might be wrong with his beloved cat Stinky.
- Beebe Bluff has one in "Doug's First Kiss" when he confronts her gently about the love letters she left in his locker...but not for the reason he thinks. It turns out she meant to give them to Skeeter and thought he was rejecting her through Doug! She'd left the notes in Doug's locker by mistake.
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In 1973, Stephen Shore left New York City and set out on a voyage to photograph America through the eyes of an ordinary tourist.
Just 25, Shore was already a rising star in the art world, fresh off an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art—where, at the time, he was only the second living photographer to have had his own solo show. He was also a protege of Andy Warhol, who had taught him to appreciate the artistic value of random, everyday things—or what Warhol described as “radical inclusiveness.”
With that aesthetic in mind, Shore, now 65, chose to document his trip the way an average person would: with a simple point-and-shoot camera aimed at the everyday banalities of the American road—where anything, he believed, could be fodder for art.
That work is the centerpiece of a new exhibition opening on Tuesday at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York called “Everyday Epiphanies: Photography and Daily Life Since 1969.” The exhibit aims to show how subjects close to home have influenced modern photography. It includes works from artists including Shore, William Eggleston, Nan Goldin and Gregory Crewdson.
The exhibit displays 36 photos Shore took for his on-the-road project, called “American Surfaces.” Shore took pictures of the people he met, the meals he ate, the places he stayed and the streets he navigated. He developed the hundreds of photos he took just as regular people at the time would: by mailing them to a Kodak processing lab, which sent back packets of 3x5 color photos.
“He wanted to make sure that both the camera that he used was related to the vernacular of everyday, snapshot photography and also that the prints weren’t fine art prints,” said Doug Eklund, the exhibit’s curator.
While Shore’s road trip photos have since become icons of the early color photography era, “American Surfaces” wasn’t immediately embraced by the art world. Critics raised questions about the project’s simple subject matter and debated whether photos taken with simple point-and-shoot cameras should be considered high art.
It’s a debate similar to one happening today as a growing number of photographers embrace tools like iPhones to make images. The spirit of Shore’s project bears more than a passing resemblance to how modern-day photographers have embraced social media like Instagram to document daily life.
The Met’s exhibit also includes several recent works that show how technology has changed the medium, including a video project called “Not Human.” For this project, Los Angeles-based photographer Brandon Lattu fed thousands of photographs of street ads and other daily life into facial-recognition software to see how it would try to distinguish people in the pictures.
While Instagram and other photography through social media go unrepresented in the exhibition, Eklund thinks it’s only a matter of time before art created through apps is embraced by museums like The Met.
“People always ask, ‘Is photography dead? Did digital photography kill analog photography?’” Eklund said, adding that he thinks that way of thinking is a “mistake.”
“Photography is really a technology or a way of using light to illuminate a subject. And it’s not so important what the camera is or what the F stop is or what exposure is. It’s much more about using whatever the most current technology is at the time,” he said. “I think that if I had found an artist who was using their iPhone or Instagram [and] doing it in a fantastic way I would have included them, [but] I haven’t seen that yet.”
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This delightful book is packed with wonderful language and characters, especially the Big Friendly Giant (BFG), who talks in a whimsical manner that really brings the character to life. This Roald Dahl classic is an absolute must have in any child's life.
A bottle used to teach children how far litter can travel ended up on Scottish beach after 8,700-mile journey.
Confused Apple customers are finding coins in their MacBooks.
High levels of iron help prevent hearing loss, a study has claimed.
A software engineer has constructed a fingernail-sized engine made of paper and it totally works!
Conspiracy theorists claim that there is a mysterious alien based pyramid in the Antarctic.
Toblerone design shape change angers some loyal chocolate lovers in the UK.0 comments
Britain to experience up to 120 days of snow in coldest conditions in years.
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Most people probably think that libraries are all about being quiet, studying for tests and finding places to hang out with your friends… but there’s more to libraries than just that. Take these photos for example of incredible architecture and design.
No, these aren’t scenes from dramatic movies or prototypes of what libraries could look like. Each and every one of these formidable rooms exist somewhere in the world. They are home to books, knowledge and beauty… they aren’t your average public library.
1.) Beinecke Library
2.) Iowa State Capital Law Library
3.) Stuttgart City Library
4.) New York Public Library
5.) The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County
6.) Melk Abbey
7.) University of Coimbra Library
8.) Prague Clementinum (National Library)
9.) The Vatican Apostolic Library
10.) George Peabody Library
11.) Zurich B2 Boutique Hotel
12.) Admont Abbey Library
13.) Our Lady of Einseldeln Archabbey Library
14.) The Austrian National Library
15.) Trinity College Library of Dublin
16.) The Providence Athenaeum
17.) Stockholm Public Library
Libraries aren’t just about getting shushed. They store and protect priceless knowledge around the world. Not only that, but people have spent centuries building beautiful libraries, letting their architecture be defined by these buildings. Absolutely incredible.
This article first appeared on Viral Nova
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What if you put on one of the most exciting art exhibits in the North Bay and no one came? Aside from a handful of students and some of the artists themselves, that’s exactly what happened with Sonoma State University Art Gallery's compelling new show, "Projected Image," which opened Feb. 21.
Closing off the gallery spaces to outside light using heavy black curtains, curator Michael Schwager and exhibition coordinator Carla Stone have assembled a compelling selection of new media works concerned with how the projected image mixes with traditional art media and/or prompts fully-realized three-dimensional notions of its own.
The work of conceptual artist Paul Kos introduces the exhibit, his two paintings (Sierra Snowstorm, Drips and Drops) fluidly sluiced with pulsing light as though they were at the bottom of a sunlit creek bed or, indeed in a high Sierra snowstorm. Kos, a longtime instructor at the SF Art Institute, is known as a pioneer of Bay Area conceptual art who often appropriates technologies devised for industrial purposes into his artwork. His reworking of Chartres Cathedral (below) is one of the many pleasures of the di Rosa Preserve.
Around the corner are two installations by San Jose-based digital artist Jesus Aguilar, a recent MFA graduate who completed a full year as an artist-in-residence at the Headlands Center for the Arts, is interested in the collision of technology with our innate humanness. In one instance, he has done as we all have and Googled himself.
While some of us, say, have a doppelganger who loves to row, Aguilar’s namesakes include a Cuban boxer, a mathematician, personal trainer, a classical guitarist, and a death row prisoner. Aguilar was at the opening reception and said that his interest was piqued by the differences in his namesake’s lives and their sheer humanity.
His other piece in "Projected Image,"Dante’s Inferno in 8 Minutes 34 Seconds takes the entirety of Dante’s text and mashes it up upon itself. Aguilar purposefully chose a very narrative ancient work that is meaningful to him purposefully to chew through with a computer; the words that are revealed in the mash were photographed from the screen, making it just that more of a step away from human touch.
Also present at the opening was Jeanne C. Finley, whose collaborative effort with John MuseCatapult, uses old discarded windows found during their own residency at the Headlands Center and uses them to refract and tunnel the images of flight and water that they project on to them. (Other of their collaborative work is seen above, with the butterfly image.) "The windows are just perfect!" Finley told me. Why? Because of the old glass in them? "No," she replied with a laugh. "Because they’re so dirty."
Finley and Muse also scavenged a wrecked old chandelier from the Headlands and have that on a rotating motor so that it swings slowly from the ceiling behind the exhibit, which is physically composed of some 12 old glass windows hanging from the ceiling. It’s treacherous to navigate through, a point Finley concedes. That is, after all, part of the point of this work, which examines escape and constriction through a Victorian-style lens. The artists have taken "The Blue Danube" as a mix, overlaying several different performances of the song so that the sound is haunting and almost familiar, but difficult to place.
Other work in the show is contributed by Rebecca Bollinger whose suburban photos collected as Here to There is projected onto boxes that butts objects against each other in the unusual setting of 3-D "canvas," and Tony Oursler ’s talking sculptural loop, Ligloc."Projected Image" shows through March 16. See it. SSU Art Gallery, 1801 E. Cotati Ave., Rohnert Park. 707.664.2295.
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Improvement in Technical Support Technology
The improvement in technology has given rise to various new products and services. They have improved the daily tasks and work. Now, for almost every task the individuals and businesses heavily rely on the role of computers.
There has been a tremendous growth in the number of computer users. So, the technology should be capable of providing the solutions to their issues and technical complaints at the earliest. However, there is some or other kind of limitation on the ability of handling the technical complaints of all the users. For instance, if you are facing any kind of software related technical complaint or performance related issue; you do not have to wander in search of the service centers for getting your technical problems resolved. You can get it resolved by just allowing a technical specialist to remotely access your computer system and solve it. It depends on the service provider, what kind of service they are providing, at what cost, and how efficiently they are able to resolve your technical complaints.
The market is crowded with several online technical service providers. Various companies are proving customer service free of cost to solve the technical problems of their customers.
For example, you can choose for the annual unlimited PC support from iYogi, which is a global leader in providing online tech support at just $169 dollars 99 cents for a year. You are eligible for being getting unlimited access to customer support 24/7 all year long, getting an antivirus and antispyware protection along with securing your data and online identity, and keeping your PC fast. Also, it provides a comprehensive support for variety of technologies products ranging from computers, digital camera, printers, MP3 players, and a wide variety of other software applications. It has been named Top 100 Global Company.
The technical support is a very broad category which includes system optimization support, data recovery support in case of any major data loss event or system crash. It also includes the support for installation, reinstallation and un-installation of applications, programs, operating systems and other utilities, support for identity protection, keeping the data secure, and the tools for running the PC safe, secure and toned.
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Pregnancy Learning Center
You feel sick but happy. You're tired but excited about the future. Your body is changing and your moods are volatile. You are pregnant. Are you ready? Learn about what's happening to you and your baby at the Pregnancy Learning Center.
Find out how to tell when abdominal pain during pregnancy is a sign of a serious
problem and how to ease cramps when they're ordinary discomfort.
ChameleonsEye/Shutterstock Some abdominal pain during pregnancy is normal:
After all, your organs are constantly shifting, your uterus is expanding, and ...
Stomach cramps in early pregnancy are fairly common. ... Some women
experience cramps when they have an orgasm during sex – this can be a little
scary, but ...
Are you experiencing abdominal pain during pregnancy? If so this article covers
common causes and treatment of abdominal pain during pregnancy.
Abdominal cramps and pain during pregnancy are common, but sometimes can
be a serious problem. Learn about the causes, treatment and warning signs.
Jun 18, 2015 ... Gas pain is common during pregnancy. Sometimes, though, your stomach pain
could be a sign of something more serious.
Abdominal pain during pregnancy is a common presenting complaint. There are
many conditions specific to and related only to pregnancy. However, it is ...
Most symptoms begin around 6 weeks of pregnancy, peak around 8-10 weeks,
and ... Most abdominal discomfort during pregnancy is a result of the normal ...
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The Training of a Secretary:
An Ancient Profession
Secretary In Literature
Universality Of The Vocation
Other Duties As May Be Assigned By The Board Of Directors
Taking The Minutes
Preservation Of The Minutes
Minutes, Meetings And Manners
Read More Articles About: The Training of a Secretary
( Originally Published 1922 )
I have in my library a collection of the constitutions and by-laws of a number of organizations varying from an athletic club to a railroad and including societies of local, national and international repute. From these there have been selected a few paragraphs defining the duties of the Secretary where they vary, as they do vary slightly, from the example already given:
A CRICKET CLUB
It shall be the duty of the Secretary to attend all meetings of the Club and of the Board of Directors, and to keep minutes of the proceedings in a book provided for that purpose; to certify to the Treasurer all resolutions passed by the Club or by the Board of Directors directing the payment or expenditure of the moneys of the Club; to preserve all letters, records and data of interest ; to notify members of their election or expulsion, and to notify the Treasurer of the same ; to send newly-elected members copies of the By-Laws of the club; to send to active and Life Members notices f the times and places of meetings to keep in a book provided for that purpose the names, addresses and dates of election of all members; to keep a, record of all matches, and to publish those f interest, and to perform such other similar duties as the Board of Directors may from time to time require, or as are provided for in these By-Laws.
The Secretary shall keep regular minutes of the Club and of the Board of Governors and shall send all such notices as are required to be given to the members. He shall have charge f the seal of the Club, and of all records not specially belonging to other officers. He shall report at the annual meeting of the Club and shall enter upon the minutes the names of those members who have died, and the names of those whose resignations have been accepted by him during the year.
He shall certify to the Treasurer all resolutions passed by the Club directing or authorizing the payment or expenditure of the moneys of the Club. He shall send to the Treasurer the names of all persons elected to membership immediately after their election, and perform such other duties as the Board may from time to time direct.
A CLUB OF MEN SINGERS
The Secretary shall make and preserve full and complete records of all business meetings of the Club and f the Executive Committee. These and the books and the papers relating to the Club, except the Treastirer's books and the music shall be in his custody and open to the inspection of active members. He shall notify active members of the time and place of all business meetings and the object for which any special meeting may be called. Whenever an extra rehearsal shall be appointed, or any change made in time or place f rehearsal, he shall notify all singing member's. He shall, when so directed by the Executive Committee, notify applicants of the day and hour appointed by the Conductor for their examination, and advise members f their election, and of the steps necessary to complete their membership. He shall call the roll at meetings, rehearsals, and concerts, note all absences and latenesses, and report the same after each rehearsal and concert to the Executive Committee. If called for he shall, at every meeting, read aloud and present the minutes of all preceding meetings which have not already been read and approved, and the names of those absent or late at roll call without valid excuses. He shall attest the seal f the Club upon all executed papers, and shall perform such other duties as may properly pertain to his office and as may be assigned to him by the club, the Executive Committee, or the By-Laws. He shall be the custodian of the seal of the Club.
A YACHT CLUB
It shall be the duty of the secretary :
To keep minutes of all meetings of the Club, and of the Board of Trustees, and to have the custody of all reports and documents connected with the business f the Club.
To keep a correct roll of the members, together with the dates of their election.
He shall receive all proposals for membership in writing, as called for by Section—, Article—, and shall mail these proposals to all members for their comments and shall lay the proposals, together with any comments received before the Board of Trustees at their next meeting. He shall notify the members elect of their election, and when the latter have complied with the regulations for the admission of members he shall furnish them with a copy of the Club book.
To keep a correct list of the name, ownership, dimensions and rig of each yacht enrolled in the Club.
To conduct the correspondence of the Club, to prepare and have printed the Club Book, and to issue notices of all meetings of the Club and of the Board of Trustees.
To present a written report at the annual meeting.
A UNIVERSITY CLUB
The Secretary shall give; notice of all meetings of the Club and of the Board of Governors. He shall conduct the correspondence and keep the records and Seal of the Club. He shall notify persons elected to membership of their election, and also advise the Treasurer thereof.
A LITERARY CLUB
The President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer shall perform the duties, usually appertaining to their respective offices.
AN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
The Secretary of the Institute shall be a per-son of scientific and literary attainments, and shall receive such annual compensation for his services as may be fixed by the Board of Managers.
His duty shall be to receive members and strangers visiting the Institute; to take charge of the library, cabinets and other property of the Institute under the direction of the various committees and Curators ; to present and read at each meeting of the Institute a statement of such scientific discoveries, mechanical improvements, or novelties in arts or engineering, as he may deem of interest to the members ; and to perform such other duties as he may deem advisable to promote the objects of the Institute, or such as may, from time to time, be designated by the Institute. He shall also answer all letters addressed to the Institute, except those relating to stock, finance, or of a business character; open and maintain such correspondence as may promote its interest ; notify honorary and corresponding members of their election, and committees of the Institute of their appointment, and acknowledge all donations to the library or cabinets in the Journal, and to the donors thereof at his discretion. He shall report or cause to be reported, the proceedings of the Institute and shall deliver the report thereof, or an abstract of it, to the editor for publication.
In case of the absence or sickness of the Secretary, it shall be the duty of the President to appoint a person to perform the duties of the position pro tempore.
A suitable person shall be appointed by the Secretary, with the sanction of the Board, to act as Librarian.
A BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATION
The regular meetings of this Association shall be. held on the second Monday of each month, from 7.00 to 9.30 o'clock in the evening, for the purpose of receiving the monthly payments from its members. The meeting in May shall be the General Annual Meeting.
The members shall be invited by the Secretary to attend the general annual meeting, by advertising, at least twice in two daily newspapers of Philadelphia. The Association shall not be responsible for payments which are not made in the regular monthly meeting and which are not receipted at the time of such meeting.
Upon the written application of ten members, the President and Secretary shall call a special meeting by means of two daily newspapers, stating time and object of such meeting.
The Secretary shall keep correct minutes of all proceedings of the Association and Board of Directors in books provided for that purpose, and keep an accurate account with all stockholders; he shall attest all orders drawn on the Treasurer by the Board of Directors, have the safe-keeping of the seal and books of the Association (the receipt book excepted), and deliver the same over to his successor in office ; he shall at any time be prepared to inform the Board of Directors of the financial condition of the Association, and shall furnish a detailed statement thereof for the annual meeting of the stockholders. He shall receive such compensation as shall be determined by the Board of Directors.
A CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
The Secretary shall keep a record of all the meetings, conduct the correspondence, keep a correct list of the members, notify all Committees of their appointments, and act as' Secretary to all Committees.
He shall draw all orders upon the Treasurer, and perform such other duties as the Board may direct.
He shall collect all fees and dues, And when the amount in hand exceeds one hundred (100) dollars, shall deposit the same to the credit of the Chamber of Commerce in such banking institution as the Board may designate.
He shall, when required, deliver to the Board or his successor in office, all the moneys, books, valuables and papers belonging to the Chamber of Commerce, which may be in his possession.
He shall give good and sufficient bond for the faithful performance of his duties and the safe custody of the funds under his control, in such sum as the Board of Directors may require, and shall receive such salary for his services as it shall direct.
The Board of Directors shall meet on the second Thursday of each month, to transact business that may come before it. Such meetings may be omitted by action of the Board during July, August and September. Due notice of the meetings shall be mailed by the Secretary.
The Secretary shall give notice to the members of the Board of Directors and all Committees thereof of all meetings, attend the same, and record the proceedings thereof.
He shall have custody of the minutes of the Board, and its Committees, which shall be open to inspection of the members of the Board only, except upon the written order of the President, or one of the Vice-Presidents, and shall not be removed from his custody except upon a like written order.
He shall notify the several officers of the Company of all the action taken by the Board, or any of its Committees, concerning matters in their respective Departments, and transmit to the Comptroller for proper record copies of all con-tracts providing for the payment of money to or by the Company.
The issue and transfer of certificates of the Capital Stock of the Company, and the books showing the ownership thereof, shall be under his charge. He shall sign the certificates of the Capital Stock, and keep a registry of the same. He shall also have certificates duly registered and signed by the Registrar.., before delivering the same to the stockholders.
When application is made for the issue of a stock certificate in lieu of one lost or destroyed, the Secretary shall furnish the General Counsel such information as is necessary for the preparation of the required bond of indemnity.
The Secretary shall approve for voucher bills of the General Expense Account connected with the operation and maintenance of the General Office Building, when examined and approved by the Incidental Business Committee.
He shall have the custody of the originals of all contracts and agreements authorized by the Board, including patent licenses, and of other valuable papers of the Company, and, when directed by the President, or a Vice-President, shall have leases, contracts, and agreements running for a term of years, printed in pamphlet form for distribution to the proper officers.
He shall give twenty-days' notice by newspaper advertisement of the Annual Meeting and Annual Election, and ten days' notice of other general or special meetings of the stockholders
He shall have general supervision of the minutes and records pertaining to the offices of the Secretaries of the Companies operated by this Company, and shall see that a uniform system is pursued in the preparation of the same, and that proper safeguards are provided for their protection and preservation.
He shall have charge of the General Office of the Company, and of other buildings, or parts thereof, used for a like purpose, including the Executive and Stock Transfer Offices of the heating and' lighting thereof, and of all employes necessary for the proper care and operation of the same. All repairs to, alterations in, and purchases for the same, shall be made under his direction. He shall perform such other duties as the President, or the Board, may assign to him.
He shall nominate to the President, for his approval and confirmation by the Board, his subordinate officers, and shall have authority, with the approval of the President, to appoint all employes necessary for the transaction of the business under his charge.
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Next I turn to Superior: the return of race science by Angela Saini, having recently read Inferior by the same author. Inferior discusses how men of science have been obsessed with finding differences in all manner of human abilities on the basis of gender. Superior does the same for race.
In both cases largely male, white scientists spend inordinate amounts of time and effort trying to demonstrate the superiority of white males. There is a still pervasive view amongst scientists that what they do is objective and somehow beyond the reach of society. However, there is a a choice to be made in what is studied which goes beyond the bounds of science. Unlike Inferior, Superior reveals explicit funding and political support for racist ideas which stretch to the present day.
For Saini this is somewhat personal since she is of Indian origin, and considered a “Black member” by the NUJ. This highlights one of the core issues with race. The limited palette of races introduced in the 18th century ignored the huge variations across Africa and Indian to render the world down to White, Black, Indian, Chinese.
Furthermore the genetic variations within races, are bigger than those between races. Race was a construct invented long before we knew anything about genes, and it was a construct assembled for specific geopolitical purposes. The fundamental problem with race science is that it is literally skin deep, you might as well try to establish the superiority or otherwise of people having brown eyes, or red hair. The variations in genes amongst red-heads are as large as those between red-heads and blondes.
The account is historical, starting with the first “research” into race, when Britain, France and other countries where building empires by colonisation and the slave trade was burgeoning. It became important to rationalise the mistreatment of people from other countries, and race was the way to do it. White scientists neatly delineated races, and asserted that the white race was at the top of the pile, and thus had the right to take the land of other races, who were not using it correctly, and subjugate them as slaves.
Darwin’s work on evolution in the 19th century gave race science new impetus, white superiority could be explained in terms of survival of the fittest – a natural law. These ideas grew into the science of eugenics which had the idea of improving human stock through breeding. This wasn’t a science practiced in the margins, still renowned figures at the heart of statistics and biology were eugenicists.
Eugenics increased in importance prior to the Second World War but the behaviour of Hitler and the Nazis meant it fell out of favour thereafter. This is not to say race science disappeared. In 1961 a number of academics set up the journal Mankind Quarterly, funded by Wickliffe Draper’s Pioneer Fund. This had the appearance of a respectable academic journal but was in fact an echo chamber for what was essentially white supremacists. Similar echo chambers were set up by the tobacco and oil industries on for smoking and climate change. They look sufficiently like academic science to fool outsiders, and for politicians to cite them in times of need but the rest of their parent fields look on in horror. Mankind Quarterly is still published to this day, in fact within the last couple of years Toby Young was forced to resign as director of the Office for Students having attended meetings at University College London organised by Mankind Quarterly. University College London has a troubled relationship with race science.
This isn’t to say that all race science is maliciously racist. The human genome project led to plans to establish the diversity of the human species by sequencing the DNA of “isolated” groups, this typically meant indigenous people. Those promoting this diversity work were largely liberal, well-meaning if not somewhat paternalistic but their work was riven by ethical concerns and the natural concerns of indigenous people who they sought to sample.
Touching on origins Saini observes, once Neanderthal DNA was found in white Western Europeans the species experienced something of revival in reputation. Once a by-word for well, being Neanderthal, they are now seen as rather more sophisticated. It turns out the 10,000 year old Cheddar man was surprisingly dark-skinned certainly to Britons wishing to maintain their ancestry was white. The key revelation for me in this section was the realisation that large scale migration in prehistoric times was on on-going affair, not a one off. Waves of people moved around the continents, replacing and merging with their predecessors.
It has been observed that some races are prone to particular medical conditions (at least if they are living in certain countries, which should be a clue) therefore we seek a genetic explanation for these differences. This approach is backed by the FDAs approval of a drug combination specifically marketed to African Americans for hypertension. Essentially this was a marketing ploy. African Americans experience significant environmental challenges which are risk factors for hypertension, hypertension is a complex condition for which there is no simple genetic explanation.
Even for sickle cell anaemia, for which there is a strong genetic basis, using race as a proxy is far from ideal – the rate of the sickle cell anaemia gene varies a great deal across Africa and is also common in Saudi Arabia and India. A former colleague of mine from Northern Italy had the condition.
For a middle-aged white Western European male scientist Superior is salutatory reading. As for Inferior people men like me have repeatedly asked “What makes us so special?”, it is long past time to stop.
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Gardai review CCTV footage after Battle of Kinsale tourist signs stolen
Published 06/09/2016 | 10:28
Gardai have launched an investigation into the theft of a number of signs at a popular Irish heritage site.
Local historians have called for action after at least three signs marking the historical Battle of Kinsale have gone missing.
CCTV footage in the area is currently being reviewed and enquiries are being made being made, a garda spokesperson told independent.ie.
Members of the Kinsale History Society previously called attention to the "atrocious state" of signage erected to mark the 1601 battle.
The Battle of Kinsale was one of the most important in Irish history when a Spanish fleet occupied the historic Co Cork port.
Last month, the society called on the Cork County Council to improve this signage - and to alert them to the fact that at least two signs located around the harbour town had gone "missing".
"The society is appalled by the current condition of the historical markers," it said in early August.
However, last week, the society turned to social media to complain that another sign had been stolen on the morning of September 3.
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You are here:
A wide programme of events are available for families and young people. Go to Families & Children
Explore the collection through lectures, tours, drawing classes, study days, workshops and much more...
The Gallery's Schools Programme offers a service to pre-school, primary and secondary students and teachers.
Find out more about the variety of events organised by the Community Engagement service.Go to Community Engagement
Symposia & Roundtable Proceedings available to download
The proceedings of a number of symposia and roundtables held in the National Gallery since 1998 are now available to download online.
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Home | About Us | Plan a Visit | What's On | Exhibitions | Collection | Conservation | Learning | Research | Support Us
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Recently, Megan invited Extend Fertility—the egg-banking company launched last summer by Christy Jones, who developed the business plan as part of her Harvard M.B.A.—to present an egg-freezing explainer session for “85 Broads,” an elite network of women who hold M.B.A.’s from top programs. On the night of the program, there was a torrential downpour, the kind that cancels flights across the metro area and floods the subways. Megan assumed no one would show up, but the Cornell Club was packed with women—some in their twenties, some pushing 40, some married, some single, all panicked.
“When we turned it over for questions,” says a nurse who spoke at the session, “25 hands shot up immediately. ‘I’m 34. How much time do I have left?’ . . . ‘I’m 32, and I’m on a partner track. What can I do?’ ”
What if it were possible to stop eggs from aging, to keep them in suspended animation? A 47-year-old woman could be her own egg donor—a gift from her 30-year-old self.
Nadine, who was in the crowd, says that the worst moment was when an Extend Fertility doctor started throwing out statistics about how swiftly fertility plummets as women approach 40. “Everyone gasped,” she says. “Your normal gynecologist will say you are young and healthy and take care of yourself. But it doesn’t matter how healthy you are—those eggs are 35!”
“I think for successful women this is the piece that doesn’t fit into the equation,” says Megan. “It comes time for us to have kids and you’re looking around saying, ‘But I’m still working so hard! This doesn’t fit in.’ ” Or worse, you look around and realize that you can’t have kids anymore. “This is a topic that really gets people emotional,” she says. “These issues play on women’s fears. The idea that there is this option is just huge.”
Egg extraction is far from a Penthouse-and-a-plastic-cup experience, so every candidate for freezing must attend a self-medication seminar run by a nurse. A few weeks after our first meeting, I join Nette at NYU for her training day.
She’s in good spirits. Her hair is in a glammy twist, but her casual Friday flip-flops and army-green Capris make it look like she’ll cut out to the beach when this is done. She’s brought a pregnant friend along for moral support, and we three are brought into a boardroom with a movie screen. Nette is handed a complex four-page consent form to sign. In bold letters on page one, it says, “I understand that there is no guarantee my eggs will survive the freezing and/or thawing processes.”
The nurse explains that because egg freezing is so new, we’ll be seeing the standard IVF PowerPoint presentation; she’ll just tell us what to ignore. The process is very similar: There are two weeks of self-administered gonadotropins—hormone shots—which are used to stimulate the ovaries and prompt the maturation of multiple egg-laden follicles in a cycle, rather than the one or two women normally produce each month. The eggs are then sucked out through the vaginal wall with a needle while the patient is under anesthesia.
The nurse casually mentions that the drugs can cost several thousand dollars—beyond the other costs of extraction and storage. Nette looks a little green. “I thought it would be a couple hundred dollars,” she says, looking across the table at her friend. The nurse plunges on, reminding her that she is required to come in daily for ultrasounds and blood work to monitor progress and watch for “hyperstimulation syndrome,” a condition in which too many eggs are released, making the woman very ill. She explains that the daily shots Nette will be giving herself must be mixed carefully and taken at exactly the right time. Otherwise, she could screw up her cycle.
Nette is asked to pick which brand of hormones she wants to take. It’s not clear, other than cost, how she is supposed to choose. Nette picks Gonal-F, a syringe-and-vial kit, based on the fact that she will only have to stick herself once a day. The nurse mimes mixing and administering the drugs using empty bottles, real syringes, and a rubber abdomen. “I have a gut,” says the nurse, cheerfully grabbing her own stomach, “but I prefer to give it in the leg.” The final shot must be delivered intramuscularly, in the patient’s backside, with a needle that’s several inches long. Nette looks nauseated. Her BlackBerry whirs beneath the table, unchecked.
At the end of the two-and-a-half-hour session, Nette is led to a billing cubby where she learns that payment is due—in full—at the start of treatment. “It’s just overwhelming,” she says in a small voice, before hailing a cab.
A week later, she calls with bad news. She’s not stimulating well. “They only found five follicles,” she says, trying to sound upbeat, “and I’m in the seventh day of the fourteen-day cycle.” She should have had more by now, she says, and she might have to cancel and start again, perhaps with a higher hormone dosage, rather than go through with the expensive extraction with so few eggs. According to NYU, she needs ten, at least, by the end of the cycle. The outlook is grim.
Many people in the fertility field believe that women like Nette are setting themselves up for disappointment. “Especially in our field, sometimes the technology gets ahead of the findings,” says Kutluk Oktay, Rosenwaks’s colleague at Cornell and one of the doctors who helped shape the ASRM’s cautious position on egg freezing. “Egg storage does not equal pregnancy.”
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Did you know?
- The MediaWiki community includes about 506 code contributors active in the past 12 months. A total of 884 developers have contributed code to Wikimedia projects since the first MediaWiki commit in April 2003. The total sum appears to be 5,6 million lines of code written for the MediaWiki core engine, extension, mobile applications, server tools, etc.
- 42,016 reports have been filed to MediaWiki’s bug reporting tool since its opening in August 2004. From those, 20,057 have been fixed, 8619 are still open and 2315 never got an answer from anyone.
- Brion Vibber is the top reporter with 881 bugs filed. Roan Kattouw is the top bug fixer identified with 667 reports resolved, although no less than 12,149 have been fixed by “Nobody”.
Community metrics are helpful to understand the size and scope of an open source project. Since most activities are public, it is possible to retrieve plenty of raw data. The problem is to decide what data to look for and why, and how to process and interpret it.
In our case, a short-term motivation is to describe all the activities going on in the areas of software development, testing and documentation. What projects are doing well? What projects need a push? Where are the spots where new contributors can make their first steps?
In the past months, we have got three new sources of MediaWiki community data:
- Gerrit-stats is a prototype developed by the Wikimedia Foundation to retrieve data from our code repositories (read more).
- The Wikimedia stats in Ohloh have been very useful to pool the data of hundreds of projects hosted in our own repositories and GitHub.
- The Wikipedia Signpost has published a useful series of reports about code review times, also based on actual data.
- The Spanish company Bitergia has just started generating automatic analysis reports about MediaWiki as a showcase of their set of open source tools.
Our metrics reports are still a work in progress. Do you find these numbers helpful? What story do you think they tell? What other metrics would you like to see included? Your feedback and help is welcome!
Technical Contributor Coordinator (IT Communications Manager)
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Balancing State Flexibility Without Weakening SNAP’s Success
Testimony of Stacy Dean, Vice President for Food Assistance Policy,
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities,
Before the House Committee on Agriculture
U.S. House of Representatives
Thank you for the opportunity to testify today. I am Stacy Dean, Vice President for Food Assistance Policy at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, an independent, non-profit, nonpartisan policy institute located here in Washington. The Center conducts research and analysis on a range of federal and state policy issues affecting low- and moderate-income families. The Center’s food assistance work focuses on improving the effectiveness of the major federal nutrition programs, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). I have worked on SNAP policy and operations for more than 20 years. Much of my work is providing technical assistance to state officials who wish to explore options and policy to improve their program operations in order to more efficiently serve eligible households. I also lead our work on program integration and efforts to facilitate and streamline low-income people’s enrollment into the package of benefits for which they are eligible. This work has included directing technical assistance to state officials through the Work Support Strategies Initiative run by the Urban Institute and the Center for Law and Social Policy. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities receives no government funding.
My testimony today is divided into two sections: 1) SNAP’s role in our country as a federal nutrition program; and 2) an overview of state flexibility and options in SNAP.
SNAP Plays a Critical Role in Our Country
Before turning to today’s hearing topic of SNAP’s state options and flexibility, I think it is important to review some of SNAP’s most critical features. The program is a highly effective anti-hunger program that is administered with relatively low overhead and a high degree of accuracy. Much of the program’s success is due to a consistent national benefit structure, rigorous requirements on states and clients to ensure a high degree of program integrity and a focus on providing food assistance. Congress and USDA have sought to provide states flexibility where it would enhance the program and without weakening SNAP’s success.
As of November of last year, SNAP was helping more than 45 million low-income Americans to afford a nutritionally adequate diet by providing them with benefits via a debit card that can be used only to purchase food. On average, SNAP recipients receive about $1.41 per person per meal in food benefits. One in seven Americans is participating in SNAP — a figure that speaks both to the extensive need across our country and to SNAP’s important role in addressing it.
Policymakers created SNAP to help low-income families and individuals purchase an adequate diet. It does an admirable job of providing poor households with basic nutritional support and has largely eliminated severe hunger and malnutrition in the United States.
When the program was first established, hunger and malnutrition were much more serious problems in this country than they are today. A team of Field Foundation-sponsored doctors who examined hunger and malnutrition among poor children in the South, Appalachia, and other very poor areas in 1967 (before the Food Stamp Program was widespread in these areas) and again in the late 1970s (after the program had been instituted nationwide) found marked reductions over this ten-year period in serious nutrition-related problems among children. The doctors gave primary credit for this reduction to the Food Stamp Program (as the program was then named). Findings such as this led then-Senator Robert Dole to describe the Food Stamp Program as the most important advance in the nation’s social programs since the creation of Social Security.
Consistent with its original purpose, SNAP continues to provide a basic nutrition benefit to low-income families, elderly, and people with disabilities who cannot afford an adequate diet. In some ways, particularly in its administration, today’s program is stronger than at any previous point. By taking advantage of modern technology and business practices, SNAP has become substantially more efficient, accurate, and effective. While many low-income Americans continue to struggle, this would be a very different country without SNAP.
SNAP Protects Families From Hardship and Hunger
SNAP benefits are an entitlement, which means that anyone who qualifies under the program’s rules can receive benefits. This is the program’s most powerful feature; it enables SNAP to respond quickly and effectively to support low-income families and communities during times of economic downturn and increased need. Enrollment expands when the economy weakens and contracts when the economy recovers. (See Figure 1.)
As a result, SNAP can respond immediately to help families and to bridge temporary periods of unemployment or a family crisis. A U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) study of SNAP participation over the late 2000’s found that slightly more than half of all new entrants to SNAP participated for less than one year and then left the program when their immediate need passed.
SNAP’s ability to serve as an automatic responder is also important when natural disasters strike. States can provide emergency SNAP within a matter of days to help disaster victims purchase food. In 2014 and 2015, for example, it helped households in the Southeast affected by severe storms and flooding and households on the west coast affected by wildfires.
SNAP’s caseloads grew in recent years primarily because more households qualified for SNAP because of the recession, and because more eligible households applied for help. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has confirmed that “the primary reason for the increase in the number of participants was the deep recession . . . and subsequent slow recovery; there were no significant legislative expansions of eligibility.”
While this increase in participation and spending was substantial, SNAP participation and spending have begun to decline as the economic recovery has begun to reach low-income SNAP participants. In 2014 and 2015 SNAP caseloads declined in most states; as a result, the national SNAP caseload fell by 2 percent both years. Nationally, for more than two years fewer people have participated in SNAP each month than in the same month of the prior year; about 2.5 million fewer people participated in SNAP in recent months than in December 2012, when participation peaked.
As a result of this caseload decline, spending on SNAP as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) fell by 4 percent in 2015. In 2014 it fell by 11 percent, largely due to the expiration of the Recovery Act’s SNAP benefit increase. CBO predicts that this trend will continue, and that SNAP spending as a share of GDP will fall to its 1995 levels by 2020.
SNAP Lessens the Extent and Severity of Poverty and Unemployment
SNAP targets benefits on those most in need and least able to afford an adequate diet. Its benefit formula considers a household’s income level as well as its essential expenses, such as rent, medicine, and child care. Although a family’s total income is the most important factor affecting its ability to purchase food, it is not the only factor. For example, a family spending two-thirds of its income on rent and utilities will have less money to buy food than a family that has the same income but lives in public or subsidized housing.
While the targeting of benefits adds some complexity to the program and is an area where states sometimes seek to simplify, it helps ensure that SNAP provides the most assistance to the poorest families with the greatest needs.
This makes SNAP a powerful tool in fighting poverty. A CBPP analysis using the government’s Supplemental Poverty Measure, which counts SNAP as income, and that corrects for underreporting of public benefits in survey data, found that SNAP kept 10.3 million people out of poverty in 2012, including 4.9 million children. SNAP lifted 2.1 million children above 50 percent of the poverty line in 2012, more than any other benefit program.
SNAP is also effective in reducing extreme poverty. A recent study by the National Poverty Center estimated the number of U.S. households living on less than $2 per person per day, a classification of poverty that the World Bank uses for developing nations. The study found that counting SNAP benefits as income cut the number of extremely poor households in 2011 by nearly half (from 1.6 million to 857,000) (see Figure 2) and cut the number of extremely poor children by more than half (from 3.6 million to 1.2 million).
SNAP is able to achieve these results because it is so targeted at very low-income households. Roughly 93 percent of SNAP benefits goes to households with incomes below the poverty line, and 58 percent goes to households with incomes below half of the poverty line (about $10,045 for a family of three in 2016). (See Figure 3.)
During the deep recession and still-incomplete recovery, SNAP has become increasingly valuable for the long-term unemployed as it is one of the few resources available for jobless workers who have exhausted their unemployment benefits. Long-term unemployment hit record highs in the recession and remains unusually high; in January 2016, more than a quarter (26.9 percent) of the nation’s 7.8 million unemployed workers had been looking for work for 27 weeks or longer. That’s much higher than it’s ever been (in data back to 1948) when overall unemployment has been so low.
SNAP also protects the economy as a whole by helping to maintain overall demand for food during slow economic periods. In fact, SNAP benefits are one of the fastest, most effective forms of economic stimulus because they get money into the economy quickly. Moody’s Analytics estimates that in a weak economy, every $1 increase in SNAP benefits generates about $1.70 in economic activity (i.e. increase in economic activity and employment per budgetary dollar spent) among a broad range of policies for stimulating economic growth and creating jobs in a weak economy.
SNAP Improves Long-term Health and Self-sufficiency
While reducing hunger and food insecurity and lifting millions out of poverty in the short run, SNAP also brings important long-run benefits.
A recent National Bureau of Economic Research study examined what happened when government introduced food stamps in the 1960s and early 1970s and concluded that children who had access to food stamps in early childhood and whose mothers had access during their pregnancy had better health outcomes as adults years later, compared with children born at the same time in counties that had not yet implemented the program. Along with lower rates of “metabolic syndrome” (obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes), adults who had access to food stamps as young children reported better health, and women who had access to food stamps as young children reported improved economic self-sufficiency (as measured by employment, income, poverty status, high school graduation, and program participation). (See Figure 4.)
Supporting and Encouraging Work
In addition to acting as a safety net for people who are elderly, disabled, or temporarily unemployed, SNAP is designed to supplement the wages of low-income workers.
The number of SNAP households that have earnings while participating in SNAP has more than tripled — from about 2 million in 2000 to about 7 million in 2014. The share of SNAP families that are working while receiving SNAP assistance has also been rising — while only about 28 percent of SNAP families with an able-bodied adult had earnings in 1990, 57 percent of those families were working in 2014. (See Figure 5.)
The SNAP benefit formula contains an important work incentive. For every additional dollar a SNAP recipient earns, her benefits decline by only 24 to 36 cents — much less than in most other programs. Families that receive SNAP thus have a strong incentive to work longer hours or to search for better-paying employment. States further support work through the SNAP Employment and Training program, which funds training and work activities for unemployed adults who receive SNAP.
Most SNAP recipients who can work do so. Among SNAP households with at least one working-age, non-disabled adult, more than half work while receiving SNAP — and more than 80 percent work in the year prior to or the year after receiving SNAP. The rates are even higher for families with children. (See Figure 6.) (About two-thirds of SNAP recipients are not expected to work, primarily because they are children, elderly, or disabled.)
Strong Program Integrity
SNAP has one of the most rigorous payment error measurement systems of any public benefit program. Each year states take a representative sample of SNAP cases (totaling about 50,000 cases nationally) and thoroughly review the accuracy of their eligibility and benefit decisions. Federal officials re-review a subsample of the cases to ensure accuracy in the error rates. States are subject to fiscal penalties if their error rates are persistently higher than the national average.
The percentage of SNAP benefit dollars issued to ineligible households or to eligible households in excessive amounts fell for seven consecutive years and stayed low in 2014 at 2.96 percent, USDA data show. The underpayment error rate also stayed low at 0.69 percent. The combined payment error rate — that is, the sum of the overpayment and underpayment error rates — was 3.66 percent, low by historical standards. Less than 1 percent of SNAP benefits go to households that are ineligible. (See Figure 7.)
If one subtracts underpayments (which reduce federal costs) from overpayments, the net loss to the government last year from errors was 2.27 percent of benefits.
In comparison, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimates a tax noncompliance rate of 16.9 percent in 2006 (the most recently studied year). This represents a $450 billion loss to the federal government in one year. Underreporting of business income alone cost the federal government $122 billion in 2006, and small businesses report less than half of their income.
The overwhelming majority of SNAP errors that do occur result from mistakes by recipients, eligibility workers, data entry clerks, or computer programmers, not dishonesty or fraud by recipients. In addition, states have reported that almost 60 percent of the dollar value of overpayments and almost 90 percent of the dollar value of underpayments were their fault, rather than recipients’ fault. Much of the rest of overpayments resulted from innocent errors by households facing a program with complex rules.
Finally, SNAP has low administrative overhead. About 90 percent of federal SNAP spending goes to providing benefits to households for purchasing food. Of the remaining 10 percent, about 7 percent was used for state and federal administrative costs, including eligibility determinations, employment and training and nutrition education for SNAP households, and anti-fraud activities. About 3 percent went for other food assistance programs, such as the block grant for food assistance in Puerto Rico and American Samoa, commodity purchases for the Emergency Food Assistance Program (which helps food pantries and soup kitchens across the country), and commodities for the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations.
Balancing State Flexibility With Effective National Standards
While SNAP is a national program with relatively uniform eligibility standards and basic parameters for program administration and program integrity, it is administered by states, which share in the costs of administering the program. States are a key partner in the program’s success and one of their primary considerations is that they do not administer SNAP in a vacuum or under a consistent set of local circumstances. All states have integrated SNAP into their broader health and/or human service systems for both efficiency and service considerations. In most places, SNAP is co-administered with many other programs.
While Medicaid is the program with the most significant overlap with SNAP (about three-quarters of households receiving SNAP benefits in 2014 had at least one member receiving health coverage through Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program), states also co-administer SNAP with other programs including child care, cash assistance, and refugee assistance. That means that they often are using the same set of staff, computer systems, local offices, and forms for many different programs. States are constantly working to integrate the major safety net programs into a coherent package for families, in order to support their stability while improving efficiency and program integrity.
As a result, the program provides states with flexibility in how they operate the program to respond to local circumstances, particularly with respect to harmonizing SNAP operations with Medicaid and other local programs.
In other cases, states have identified program rules that conflict with the program’s core goals. One of the key examples of this was in the late 1990’s after the passage of the 1996 welfare reform law. As many low-income families with children were leaving cash assistance as a result of policy changes to that program and the booming economy, states also saw a drop-off in food stamp enrollment that could not be explained by a drop in the share of eligible individuals. Many families were leaving cash assistance for work but were not earning wages that would disqualify them from SNAP. States began to see that some of SNAP’s eligibility and administrative requirements were undermining their ability to serve working-poor families. As a result, Congress enacted numerous new state options in the 2002 and 2008 Farm Bills designed to allow states to improve service to working families.
And, states often have ideas for ways to improve program administration or design that were not envisioned by Congress or USDA and that merit accommodation or testing. In many cases, the program allows for local customization. When flexibility is not explicitly provided, USDA has the authority to waive its SNAP requirements when it believes the requested change would be in the program’s best interest. Typically, USDA is cautious about allowing unproven sweeping new changes into the program. The department often seeks early innovators to test ideas and then identifies the best means to integrate (or reject) the ideas as state options.
Congress and USDA have had to weigh states’ and localities’ requests for flexibility with other core values and considerations, most notably:
- At its core, SNAP is a food assistance program. How it assesses what comprises a household, and a household’s ability to purchase food, is necessarily different than how we might measure the same group of people’s obligation and ability to provide for each other’s health care or child care.
- SNAP is a national program meant to respond as consistently as possible to the needs of low-income people and families who cannot afford a basic diet no matter where they live. Currently, families with the same economic circumstances in two states can expect the same level of SNAP benefits under this national framework. The same is not true of many state-operated human services and income support programs. In fact, SNAP plays a key role in leveling out the disparate level of wages and support available to poor families and individuals across states.
- The program is a highly effective intervention that protects vulnerable families, seniors, people with disabilities, and others from hunger and hardship. Flexibility and state variation must be carefully considered as to whether it will augment the program’s ability to meet these basic needs or put needy people at greater risk.
- SNAP benefits are paid entirely by the federal government. Federal SNAP rules require the highest level of rigor of any major benefit program; with respect to assessing eligibility and determining benefit levels to ensure that states are properly administering federal funds. And, SNAP rules generally require a detailed assessment of a household’s current financial situation. Few other programs operated by states meet these standards.
- A consistent framework for customer service standards, such as the requirements for states to process applications within 30 days of receipt and for households to provide documentation of their income and circumstances, is important to ensure a shared sense of program requirements across states. Early experience with the program demonstrated that states were extremely uneven in how they operated the program and, in some cases, access was extremely limited.
There can be a tension between remaining true to SNAP’s goals of addressing food insecurity and hunger and providing states with flexibility to set SNAP policy. While the discussion and debate around the appropriate level of state flexibility is an ongoing one, I believe that Congress and USDA have struck a reasonable balance in maintaining SNAP as a high performing national program while according states sufficient flexibility. The program has valued maintaining a generally consistent national eligibility and benefit structure that demands a high level of rigor and integrity when assessing eligibility, as well as a common framework of what’s expected of clients and states in administering the program. Flexibility has been provided in a number of areas detailed in the section below.
As you assess suggestions for further flexibility or modifications to the program, we encourage you to ensure that those proposals do not undermine SNAP’s strengths as a food assistance program targeted to individuals and families with the least ability to purchase food. Proposals to sweep away some of SNAP’s key features or that would shift benefits away from food assistance to other purposes would run counter to the program’s goals and proven success. Block grants, capped funding, or merged funding streams all would eliminate the most important features of SNAP — its national entitlement structure. Any of these types of changes to SNAP’s structure must be avoided.
To be sure, despite the level of flexibility offered in SNAP, it is less flexible than various other programs state-administered health and human services programs. Programs with capped federal funding such as the child care development block grant or the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant offer states more flexibility in setting program rules. Of course, those programs are extremely limited in in their reach and impact. And, programs that states administer that require a significant state financial contribution, such as Medicaid, establish basic minimum federal standards but give states flexibility to expand the program’s eligibility and benefit package as well as tailor administration and operations within more general federal guidelines. Because states also operate these other programs, SNAP can strike them as significantly less flexible by comparison.
Areas of Flexibility in SNAP
SNAP’s statute, regulations, and waivers provide state agencies with various policy options. State agencies use this flexibility to adapt their programs to meet the needs of their eligible, low‐income residents. Certain options may facilitate program design goals, such as removing or reducing barriers to access for low‐income families and individuals, or providing better support for those working or looking for work. Others focus on streamlining and coordinating SNAP with other programs, such as Medicaid. This flexibility helps states better target benefits to those most in need, streamline program administration and field operations, and coordinate SNAP activities with those of other programs.
The following are several categories of flexibility within the program, with examples of the types of flexibility available in each category. The list is meant to provide a flavor of the available options versus providing an exhaustive catalogue within each category.
Options that Provide Flexibility in Eligibility or Benefit Calculation Policy
As a part of and since the passage of the 1996 welfare law, Congress has offered states several options to adopt less restrictive eligibility and benefit calculation rules in SNAP in order to coordinate SNAP with other programs, such as TANF cash assistance and Medicaid. In addition, this flexibility has made it much easier for states to serve working families.
- Vehicle asset test: Federal rules for counting the value of cars and other vehicles toward SNAP eligibility are restrictive and outdated. The Food Stamp Act of 1977 required states to count the fair market value of a car as a resource to the extent that it exceeded $4,500, an amount not indexed to inflation that has been raised by only $150 in almost 40 years. Because federal policy was viewed as preventing low-income households, especially working families, from owning reliable means of transportation, and because many states had addressed this concern in other programs for which they set eligibility rules, in 2000 Congress gave states flexibility to craft a food stamp vehicle asset rule that suits their needs. Instead of the federal rules, states may use in SNAP the method for valuing vehicles that the state has established under a TANF-funded cash or non-cash assistance program so long as it is not more restrictive than federal food stamp rules. After this change, many states imported into SNAP the vehicle rules they used in their TANF cash assistance or TANF-funded child care programs. Within a few years of the change, every state had modified its rules for counting the value of vehicles so that participants could own a more reliable car.
Categorical eligibility: The 1996 welfare law provided states with an option to align two aspects of SNAP eligibility rules — the gross income eligibility limit and the asset test — with the eligibility rules they use in programs financed under their TANF block grant. Over 40 states have adopted this option to simplify their programs, reduce administrative costs, and broaden SNAP eligibility to certain families in need, primarily low-wage working families.
States use the categorical eligibility option to enable households with gross incomes modestly above 130 percent of the poverty line (up to 200 percent of poverty in a few states) but disposable income below the poverty line — or with savings modestly above $2,250 (an asset limit that has declined by about 50 percent in real, i.e., inflation-adjusted, terms since 1986) — to qualify for SNAP assistance in recognition of their need.
In states that take the option, households must still apply through the regular application process, which has rigorous procedures for documenting applicants’ income and circumstances. But the option allows states to provide SNAP to certain working families with children or to households that have built a modest amount of savings who otherwise would not qualify for help affording food.
- Flexibility with the gross income limit favors low-income households with modest incomes and high living expenses. About $9 of every $10 in SNAP benefits that are provided to low-income households who qualify for SNAP because their state uses this option are provided to low-income working households. About $8 of every $10 in such benefits go to families with children. About two-thirds of these benefits go to households with gross income below 150 percent of the federal poverty line.
- Without this option, states cannot provide SNAP to poor families who have managed to save as little as $2,251 or to seniors or people with disabilities who have saved as little as $3,251. Building assets helps low-income households invest in their future, avert a financial crisis that can push them deeper into poverty or even lead them to become homeless, avoid accumulating debt that can impede economic mobility, and have a better chance of avoiding poverty and greater reliance on government in old age.
- Despite some claims, categorical eligibility was not the major driver of increased caseloads during the recent economic downturn. The economy and increased poverty as well as a rise in the participation rate among eligible people were the overwhelming drivers of caseload increases during the recession. Economists Peter Ganong and Jeffrey Liebman found that increased adoption of broad-based categorical eligibility accounted for 8 percent of the caseload increase. (Because households eligible as a result of broad-based categorical eligibility receive lower-than-average benefits, this change accounted for a smaller share of the cost increase during the same period.)
- Transitional benefits: A change in the 2002 Farm Bill allows states to provide up to five months of transitional SNAP benefits to families that leave states’ TANF cash assistance programs. The provision was enacted in response to research that found that fewer than half of households that left TANF cash assistance stayed connected to SNAP, despite earning low wages and (in most cases) remaining eligible for SNAP benefits. The option allows states to continue a family’s SNAP benefits when a family gains a job and leaves TANF cash assistance, based on information the state already has and without requiring the family to reapply or submit additional paperwork at that time. The continuity of SNAP can reward work and help make clear to families that SNAP is available to low-income families that do not receive cash assistance. Helping families retain benefits can help make the transition to work more successful and ensure that families are better off working than on welfare. In 2013, 20 states had adopted the option.
- Simplified income and resources: Two other provisions of the 2002 farm bill allowed states to simplify which income and resources count toward SNAP eligibility by excluding uncommon forms of income and/or resources that they exclude in their TANF cash assistance or Medicaid programs. More than half the states have taken advantage of the option to exclude such income or resources. The change has allowed states to simplify forms and reduce the administrative burdens of tracking down and verifying these obscure forms of income or assets.
State Options Within SNAP’s Three-Month Time Limit
Able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs) are limited to three months of SNAP in any three-year period unless they are working at least half time, participating in a qualifying job training activities for an average of 20 hours a week, or doing workfare. States and localities are not required to help the affected people find jobs or provide a place in a job training program that would allow them to keep benefits. Very few do so, leaving it to the participants to find enough work or training to keep their benefits. As a result, states’ first choice within the time limit policy is whether to operate the rule as a work requirement — whereby they provide work slots to those willing to work — or as a time limit where they cut off individuals after three months regardless of their willingness to work and whether they are searching for a job. Most elect to operate the rule as a time limit.
As a result, the three-month time limit for childless, non-disabled adults who are unable to find 20 hours a week of work is one of the harshest provisions in SNAP. By 2000, three years after it was first implemented, an estimated 900,000 individuals had lost benefits. Since the time limit has been in effect, it has severely restricted this group’s access to the program. Many of those who have lost benefits have faced serious hardship and have not been eligible for other kinds of public assistance.
In addition to the choice of whether to operate the rule as a time limit or a work requirement, states have two main options within this program rule:
Waivers for areas with sustained levels of relatively high unemployment. The authors of the provision in 1996, Reps. Kasich and Ney, included some modest state flexibility related to this provision. States can waive the time limit in areas with high unemployment, meaning that individuals residing in a waived area are not subject to the time limit. States request these waivers by submitting evidence to FNS that areas within the state, such as counties, cities, or tribal reservations, have high and sustained unemployment.
In the past few years, the three-month limit hasn’t been in effect in many states. Many states qualified to waive the time limit throughout the state due to high unemployment rates during and since the Great Recession. But as unemployment rates have fallen, fewer areas are qualifying for statewide waivers (though in most states there are some counties or other localities that remain eligible for waivers because they continue to have high unemployment).
In 2016, the time limit will be in effect in more than 40 states. In 23 states, it will be the first time the time limit has been in effect since before the recession. (See Figure 9.) Of these states, 19 must reimpose the time limit in at least part of the state; another four are electing to reimpose the time limit despite qualifying for a statewide waiver from the time limit because of continued high unemployment.
- Individual exemptions. In addition to the mandated exemptions from the time limit (for example, disability and pregnancy), states have additional flexibility to set their own exemption criteria. Each year, a state can exempt roughly 15 percent of its caseload that is subject to the time limit. Once a year, FNS estimates the number of ABAWDs who are subject to the three-month time limit who are not living in a waived area and calculates exemptions representing 15 percent of that number. Each exemption may be used to exempt one individual for one month, though states can grant continuing exemptions to a single individual to exempt that person for a number of months. Many states find this flexibility difficult to use and do not take advantage of this option at all.
State Options Within Disqualification and Sanction Policy
SNAP gives states flexibility, within federally proscribed parameters, to tailor SNAP’s disqualification and sanction policy for participants’ noncompliance with certain program rules, including work requirements. The 1996 welfare law included several state options to ensure that states could coordinate sanction policy across cash and food assistance and options for additional SNAP-only sanctions.
- State options to conform SNAP sanctions with TANF work rules. The 1996 welfare law included three state options to ensure that SNAP work rules and sanctions complement, rather than undermine, the rules states establish in their TANF cash assistance programs. First, states have the option to disqualify an individual from SNAP if she or he has been disqualified from TANF for failure to comply with TANF work requirements. States also have the option to decrease a household’s SNAP benefits by up to 25 percent when the household’s TANF benefits have been cut due to non-compliance with a TANF work requirement. Finally, states must impose SNAP sanctions on certain TANF households who do not comply with TANF work requirements. States have an option to disqualify SNAP benefits for the entire family for up to six months (unless the family has a child under age 6).
- State options for sanctions for non-compliance with SNAP work requirements. For SNAP households that do not include TANF recipients, the 1996 welfare law also gave states more discretion over penalties for violating SNAP’s various work-related requirements (which are separate and distinct from the three-month time limit that childless adults face.) Under SNAP’s rules, an individual who does not comply with SNAP’s work requirements is ineligible for a designated period of time, with the duration of the sanction increasing with successive offenses. States have options for how many months the disqualification lasts and whether to terminate SNAP for just that individual or the entire household (for up to six months).
- Behavior-related sanctions. States have several state options related to behavior other than work.
- First, for TANF recipients who are sanctioned for violating a TANF requirement related to conduct other than a work requirement (i.e., where a family’s children who are students are required to stay in school or risk losing some of the households’ cash assistance benefit) the household cannot receive increased SNAP benefits because of the TANF benefit cut and states may cut the household’s SNAP benefit by up to 25 percent or import the TANF disqualification into SNAP (for the individual disqualified from TANF).
- States may disqualify from SNAP parents who are not complying with Child Support Enforcement. This includes custodial parents who are not cooperating with states’ efforts to establish the paternity of the child and obtain support payments, and non-custodial parents who are not cooperating or paying child support. States also have the option to sanction non-custodial parents who are in arrears on their child support payments.
- Prohibition on convicted drug felons participating in the program. A provision of the 1996 welfare law permanently disqualifies individuals from SNAP (and TANF) if they are convicted of a state or federal felony related to possession, distribution, or use of controlled substances after August 1996 (the date of enactment of the welfare law). States may pass legislation to opt out of this provision. They also may impose certain conditions on former felons who seek SNAP. For example, a state may require the individual to periodically submit to a drug test. Or a state may opt to impose the ban on people whose offense was selling (rather than only possessing) drugs. Several states, including Alabama, Missouri, and Texas, have recently modified the drug felon ban (almost 20 years after it went into effect) as part of broad criminal justice reforms.
It is important to note that the primary goal of sanctions is to provide a mechanism to help bring the household into compliance with what is being asked of them rather than as a means to punish households who fail to perform required tasks. Very little research has been undertaken in SNAP to assess the overall effectiveness of sanctions on incentivizing the desired results. Research in the TANF program suggests that a large proportion of families that are sanctioned for failing to comply with program activities are those with barriers to employment such as health and substance abuse problems or low levels of education. These findings suggest that work barriers can impede a recipient’s ability to meet program requirements and may be the cause of the failure to comply with requirements, rather than a willful refusal to comply. This may be because the particular work activities to which a recipient has been assigned are inappropriate, based on her individual circumstances, or that appropriate supportive services to help the recipient overcome her employment barriers are not in place. Placement in an inappropriate activity could arise because the states failed to identify the recipient as having a barrier, or a state may not have appropriate activities available for individuals whom it identifies as having particular barriers to employment.
Application Requirement Flexibility
In addition to flexibility regarding certain eligibility and benefit rules, SNAP affords states considerable flexibility, within federal standards, in the application and certification requirements they apply to households (for example, how often states require households to reapply for benefits, and which households they offer a telephone interview at application in lieu of a face-to-face interview.) This is an area of the program where the “flavor and feel” of the program can vary quite a bit across states.
This flexibility is bounded by program integrity standards and backed up by fiscal penalties on states for poor payment accuracy. SNAP’s Quality Control (QC) system has long been one of the most rigorous systems of any public benefit program in ensuring payment accuracy. Every month states select a representative sample of SNAP cases (totaling about 50,000 cases nationally over the year) and have independent state reviewers check the accuracy of the state’s eligibility and benefit decisions within federal guidelines. Federal officials then re-review a subsample of the cases to ensure accuracy in the error rates. States are subject to fiscal penalties if their error rates are persistently above the national average.
In many areas, because of this rigorous QC backstop, federal rules allow states flexibility in the procedures they apply to households. For example:
- Certification period length. States have options for how often they require households to reapply and have their eligibility reassessed. Federal rules require households be certified for fixed periods of time. States must require most households to reapply for SNAP at least annually, though states may allow households with more stable circumstances (i.e., households with elderly or disabled members who have fixed incomes) to reapply every two years. Within these federal rules states have flexibility for determining how often different types of households must reapply.
- Reporting changes. SNAP participants also are required to keep the state informed between eligibility reviews about certain changes in household circumstances (such as in income or household members). Federal rules present two basic reporting systems ¾ change reporting (changes must be reported within ten days), and periodic reporting (which requires reports periodically, usually every six months, though states may require reports monthly) ¾ and allow states to determine which households they assign to which type of system. SNAP households are frequently subject to other programs’ reporting requirements as well, most notably Medicaid but also child care and cash assistance through TANF or Supplemental Security Income (SSI).
- In-person or telephone interviews. SNAP rules require households to be interviewed at initial certification, and most households must be interviewed at least once a year thereafter. In recent years, in recognition of the burden that traveling to a local office can present to working families, seniors, and people with disabilities, and those with limited access to transportation, FNS has given states more flexibility in determining which households must visit an office for an in-person interview and for which households a telephone interview may be conducted.
- Verification. In SNAP certain items such as income, identity, and questionable information must be verified, either through a data match, household documents, or a contact with a reliable source. But states have a wide degree of latitude on what other items they require to be verified.
As mentioned, all of these choices operate within federal standards, and the rigorous QC system provides assurances that states make carefully considered choices that protect federal fiscal interests.
State Operations and Basic Business Model
Like with application and certification rules, states have a wide degree of flexibility for how they set up their SNAP program operations. Federal rules proscribe certain basic customer service standards; for example, most eligible households are expected to be provided benefits within 30 days of application (and, for the most destitute within seven days). And, of course, states cannot discriminate, cannot turn people seeking help away, and must comply with other laws that protect privacy and people with disabilities, for example.
But beyond these basic protections and standards, states have enormous flexibility to tailor their program operations — for example, how they staff their offices, coordinate with other programs, and deliver SNAP benefits. As a result, SNAP participants experience a wide range of different programs across the United States, and even within a given state, different counties and local offices may differ dramatically in their look and feel. Below are a series of examples of state flexibility in operations.
- Office structures. States have wide latitude over how they staff and structure their offices and develop and operate their own technology systems. So, for example, many, but all not all, states have online applications and other services such as the ability for applicants and participants to check their benefits online. Some states use call centers to centralize telephone operations, while others route inquiry calls to local eligibility offices.
- Staffing model. States can assign households to a particular eligibility worker or can operate on a “task model,” more like an assembly line, where staff share cases and different workers specialize in different certification activities, such as intake, interviewing, and case processing. Some might assign specially trained staff to address the particular needs of seniors or refugee groups. Some states make broad use of clerical staff, while others fully train almost all staff on the program’s eligibility rules.
- Coordination with other programs. States may offer SNAP as a stand-alone program, or may coordinate SNAP eligibility with other human services programs. Almost every state coordinates eligibility for SNAP with eligibility for TANF cash assistance (though employment and training may be separate), and about 40 states coordinate with health coverage through Medicaid. Some states also operate their energy assistance, child care, and/or refugee assistance programs in the same offices and using the same staff and eligibility systems as SNAP.
- Business process philosophy. Some states handle applications, mandated renewals or matches that require resolution as they come to the state. Other states seek to anticipate work and get ahead of it. For example if a client calls to report a change, a call-center worker might also check to see if the client is due for a renewal soon. If so, the worker could use that opportunity to conduct a quick interview with the client, run data matches and successfully complete the renewal. This proactive approach typically reduces workload for the state and provides better service to citizens.
- Speed of application processing. Even within the seven- and 30-day federal processing standards, states vary significantly on how quickly they determine eligibility. Some states, for example Idaho, focus on same-day services ¾ aiming to “touch” each case only once, and finalize the eligibility determination for as many cases as possible the same day. Other states take the full 30 days allowed under federal rules, waiting several weeks to schedule interviews and process verification. Both types of states are operating within federal standards.
- Benefit issuance. States also have flexibility in how they time benefit issuance. Each household receives its benefits monthly, but some states spread the date of issuance out over the first week of the month or the first 20 days, for example.
- Technology. One of the areas where states diverge the most from each other is the quality of their technology. Some states use a single modernized computer system across multiple programs. These systems offer them the ability to undertake speedy data matches (while on the phone with a client), review scanned client documents, chat with clients and accurately apply current eligibility rules. Work can be moved to where resources are available because it is all digitized. Clients have access to online accounts where they can transact business and may even have a mobile app on their phones where they can upload documents or quickly answer the states’ questions. Call centers answer the phone within minutes and have access to the necessary information to complete tasks with clients over the phone rather than forcing the client to take time off of work and travel to the local welfare office. Other states are working with decades-old systems, paper files, traditional phones (i.e., no headsets for workers on the phone) and have to wait for batch matching with third-party data systems such as the Social Security system to be undertaken by a central office. These differences are substantial and have a large impact on how the state conducts its business and how flexible and nimble it can be. For states with old computer systems, the reprogramming necessary to simplify program rules or align SNAP with other programs can be very difficult, if not impossible, or take years to implement.
Regulatory Waiver Authority
Under federal law, USDA can allow states to waive certain SNAP regulatory requirements in an effort to test innovative ways to improve program efficiency and to enhance client access. FNS has approved countless waivers using this authority. It keeps a public database of regulatory waivers; currently, there appear to be over 400 approved waivers.
For example, states have waivers to issue electronic notices to households that request them, in lieu of paper notices and to dispense with requirements on scheduling interviews if they commit to interview applicants “on demand” when they call a call center. Other examples are modest variations on benefit policy such as with respect to the calculation for how to average a student’s work hours. We would expect that early testing on electronic notices with a few states would result in guidance to all states on the use of such notices if they wish to use them. Similarly, the waivers on averaging student work hours might result in a revised policy that reflects states’ requests for more flexibility in that area.
Demonstration Waiver Authority
SNAP law has many state options built into its basic structure. In addition, in 1996, as part of the welfare law, Congress substantially expanded the program’s waiver authority to allow for greater state experimentation in SNAP. States can seek waivers to change virtually any aspect of the benefit structure and delivery system. The few limitations that Congress decided to retain after careful consideration are necessary to preserve the program’s fiscal integrity and to maintain SNAP as a nutritional safety net.
For example, to preserve fiscal integrity, the 1996 welfare law prohibited states from waiving the requirement that states contribute half of administrative costs. Without this restriction, states could seek waivers that entail cutting benefits and converting the savings into an enhanced administrative matching rate. Similarly, states cannot waive the prohibition against giving SNAP to residents of most institutions. Without this prohibition, states could use benefits to fund meals in state prisons or mental hospitals and offset the costs through SNAP benefit cuts.
To maintain the nutritional safety net, a handful of critical program rules cannot be waived. These include:
- The individual entitlement to benefits for eligible persons who are not violating work or other conduct requirements. Without this protection, states could make various categories of households ineligible for benefits or establish waiting lists in order to secure a source of funds for other purposes.
- The gross income limit for households that do not include elderly and disabled members. Without this prohibition, states could reduce benefits for poor and near-poor households to provide benefits for some groups of households at higher income levels, or could reduce the income limit for everyone to shift resources from SNAP benefits to other uses.
- Provision of timely service, such as the right to apply for SNAP when a household first contacts the SNAP office and to receive benefits within 30 days if eligible. Without these provisions, households in severe need could have to wait for long periods before receiving assistance.
Another important provision in current waiver authority appropriately distinguishes between demonstration projects that operate in several counties and are designed to test new approaches and waivers that simply allow a state to alter on a statewide basis a federal policy it does not favor. In the first type of waiver, which represents the type of approach followed over the years in a number of carefully evaluated pilot projects in various low-income programs, states are allowed broad discretion to alter the program’s benefit structure. (States may not make entire categories of low-income households ineligible for SNAP if these households are fully complying with all work and other behavioral requirements, but they can test changes that result in large changes in the benefits levels for which households qualify.) In the latter type of waiver involving statewide policy changes, states can still change many program rules, but there is a limit on the proportion of a state’s caseload whose benefits can be cut by more than 20 percent.
This provision was included in the 1996 welfare law to ensure that waivers cannot simply eliminate or sharply reduce SNAP on a statewide basis for major categories of low-income households so long as the households are faithfully complying with program rules. Congress included it as an appropriate protection for a program that is designed to enable poor families and individuals to obtain a minimum adequate diet and in which the federal government pays 100 percent of the benefit costs.
Examples of demonstration waivers under this authority include demonstrations to test:
- the impact of simplifying the process by which eligible households can claim the medical expense deduction, and
- a simplified application process for seniors who qualify for SSI to be enrolled into SNAP.
While not required under federal law, USDA has consistently required that these demonstration projects be cost neutral to the federal government to ensure that this authority is not abused to expand or contract the program.
SNAP Employment and Training Programs
SNAP employment and training (E&T) is one of the most flexible program features of SNAP. This ensures that states can design programs that are suited to their local economic conditions in terms of which populations they target with services, what services to offer, and in which localities. The primary limitation states experience under employment and training is limited federal grant funds. States are, however, eligible for unlimited federal matching funds to double state investments in operate SNAP employment and training programs. Under SNAP rules, all adult recipients are required to register for work unless they are elderly, disabled, caring for a child under age six, already complying with a TANF or unemployment compensation work requirement, or otherwise not expected to work. States have very broad discretion to require work registrants to look for jobs, to participate in employment and training activities, or to work off their benefits.
In 1996, Congress restructured the SNAP E&T program to serve primarily unemployed childless adults. As mentioned above, under the welfare law, such individuals may receive SNAP benefits for only three months out of any three-year period unless they are participating in a work program. States criticized the provisions directing most federal SNAP E&T money to unemployed childless adults as overly restrictive, and the reauthorization legislation enacted in May 2002 as part of the Farm Bill returned the E&T program to its prior, more flexible design. States once again have almost complete flexibility over how they operate their E&T programs. They may determine which populations to serve (for example, parents in families with children or unemployed childless adults) and select what types of employment and training services to provide. They may access federal matching funds for these employment and training services and related work support services, including transportation and child care.
As part of the 2013 Farm Bill, Congress authorized ten pilot projects to test whether SNAP E&T could more effectively connect unemployed and underemployed recipients to work. The selected pilots, announced in March 2015, include a mix of mandatory and voluntary E&T programs. Several of the pilots target individuals who face significant barriers to employment, including homeless adults, the long-term unemployed, individuals in the correctional system, and individuals with substance addiction. Each pilot involves multiple partners to connect workers to resources and services already available in the community. These pilots will help both states and the federal government understand how SNAP E&T can best contribute to recipients ultimately securing jobs that provide economic security and end their need for SNAP.
As I noted above, this section is meant to give a sense of the categories of flexibility in the program rather than a comprehensive catalogue of all the state options and choices within SNAP. Within each category there are other examples, many of them less significant or less popular than the listed items. And, other program features provide flexibility as well. SNAP provides a nutrition education grant to states under which states can pursue nutrition education programming of their choice so long as it is evidence based. States also have flexibility in establishing and operating outreach services to help connect eligible but unenrolled individuals and families with SNAP. And, if a state experiences a natural disaster, states have the option to establish special disaster-SNAP (D-SNAP) that is customized to the needs in the impacted community within certain parameters.
States Are Not Always Aware of SNAP’s Flexibility
I have worked on SNAP for more than 20 years. Much of my work is providing technical assistance to state officials who wish to explore options to improve their program operations. It has been my great pleasure to visit local offices and work with states all around the country. Most recently, I led technical assistance to states as a part of the Work Support Strategies Initiative (WSS) — a multi-year, multi-state initiative to help low-income working families obtain the package of work supports for which they are eligible, while enabling states to streamline administration. WSS worked directly with Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and South Carolina since 2011. Through grants and expert technical assistance, WSS helps states reform and align their systems for delivering work-support programs intended to increase families’ well-being and stability — particularly SNAP, Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and child care assistance through the Child Care and Development Block Grant. Through WSS, states seek to streamline and integrate service delivery, use 21st Century technology, and apply innovative business practices to improve administrative efficiency and reduce burdens on both states and working families.
Based on my experience, many states are not fully aware of the level of flexibility available to them. They often assume that their states’ SNAP program rules are mandated by the federal government. Instead, their program is a mixture of federal rules and a set of choices by their predecessors in the state that was informed by circumstances or limitations that may no longer be relevant. This is particularly true of state computer systems — when states purchase systems that are inflexible, they often call on the federal agencies to provide flexibility to let them align the programs with their technology.
It also can be difficult for state officials to assess which rules were mandated and which are the result of prior state choices – now codified in state manuals and computer programming. This doesn’t mean there aren’t federal requirements in SNAP and other health and human services programs — there certainly are. But, often states perceive SNAP as far more rigid than it is. One of the biggest areas that states struggle with is how to coordinate policies and procedures across programs. Perfect alignment isn’t possible, but there’s far more opportunity for coordination than many realize. We saw this recently when we interviewed states and conducted site visits on how states coordinate SNAP and Medicaid renewals. In many cases, the limitations of their computer systems were driving policy decisions, rather than policy choices driving the state’s computer system design.
As states work to better coordinate their systems, they are discovering that there is often far more flexibility in federal programs to align and coordinate, or cross-leverage, information than they thought. Often disconnects are the result of their own making or a lack of understanding of the flexibility available to them. Other times, differences between programs are by design and originate from the programs’ differing goals. And, there are times when states discover differences between programs that raise reasonable questions. For example, several states have asked if they can use the wage and unemployment data that employers report to states and Social Security Administration to help verify household income as the basis for eligibility and benefit-level determination. Traditionally, this would not be allowed in SNAP because the data would be consider too old (up to four or five months) to use as a current assessment of household circumstances. Nevertheless, USDA is allowing a few states to test this approach in an effort to determine if this approach is workable, particularly for households with very stable income. Another example is that Medicaid allows and encourages states to use third-party data matches to verify income even if the information is a little dated, while SNAP historically has required states to gather current information, even from households with very stable employment arrangements. In such a case, the federal government can grant states waivers from federal SNAP requirements to test whether allowing SNAP to use other programs’ rules is appropriate and cost effective. I believe Texas is currently testing this approach, which may help USDA determine whether and under what conditions this approach may be workable in SNAP.
USDA can do more to assist states’ efforts to administer SNAP as part of the larger health and human services system. First and foremost, USDA’s oversight and policy development would be strengthened if its staff developed more expertise in other federal assistance programs. When SNAP policy is different from policy in another major program such as Medicaid, it would be helpful for USDA to be aware of those differences, to flag them for states, and to be able to advise states on the flexibility they may have to harmonize the rules across programs. (The same holds true for HHS.) State and local governments, even individual caseworkers, ought not to be left on their own to disentangle differing federal rules and regulations. It seems reasonable for the federal agencies to navigate what we ask their state counterparts to manage. That having been said, USDA has taken steps to engage SNAP agencies in a conversation about how recent changes in Medicaid could be affecting SNAP operations at the local level. USDA can do more here, and I encourage them to do so.
SNAP is an efficient and effective program. It alleviates hunger and poverty and has positive impacts on the long-term outcomes of those who receive its benefits. And, SNAP has exacting standards with respect to eligibility determinations.
Congress and USDA have worked hard to balance the need to maintain SNAP’s successful structure and design with some state flexibility to ensure the program is able to adapt to local circumstances, respond to the needs of underserved groups such as working families and seniors, and test new ideas to improve the program’s efficiency without compromising its effectiveness. In general, these options are meant to augment SNAP, rather than weaken or compromise its ability to meet the basic nutrition needs of struggling Americans. As you consider state flexibility and state options in the program, I urge you to keep that goal as your priority.
Congressional Budget Office, “The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program,” April 2012, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/04-19-SNAP.pdf.
Hilary W. Hoynes, Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, and Douglas Almond, “Long Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 18535, 2012, www.nber.org/papers/w18535.
For both SNAP and taxes the figures represent gross estimates (i.e., before SNAP households repay overpayments, taxpayers make voluntary late payments, or consideration of IRS enforcement activities.) The net costs are somewhat lower. See: Internal Revenue Service, “Tax Gap for Tax Year 2006, Overview,” January 6, 2012, http://www.irs.gov/pub/newsroom/overview_tax_gap_2006.pdf.
CBPP analysis of the Census Bureau’s March 2015 Current Population Survey. See Jennifer Wagner and Alicia Huguelet, “Opportunities for States to Coordinate Medicaid and SNAP Renewals,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, February 5, 2016, https://www.cbpp.org/research/health/opportunities-for-states-to-coordinate-medicaid-and-snap-renewals.
Peter Ganong and Jeffrey B. Liebman, “The Decline, Rebound, and Further Rise in SNAP Enrollment: Disentangling Business Cycle Fluctuations and Policy Changes,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 19363, August 2013, http://www.nber.org/papers/w19363.pdf?new_window=1. See Dottie Rosenbaum and Brynne Keith-Jennings, “SNAP Costs and Caseloads Declining,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, updated February 10, 2016, https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/snap-costs-and-caseloads-declining.
“Imposing a Time Limit on Food Stamp Receipt: Implementation of the Provision and Effects on Participation,” Mathematica Policy Research, 2001, available at: http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/abawd.pdf.
Ed Bolen, et al., “More Than 500,000 Adults Will Lose SNAP Benefits in 2016 as Waivers Expire,” Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, updated January 21, 2016, https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/more-than-500000-adults-will-lose-snap-benefits-in-2016-as-waivers-expire.
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Saving Rüppell’s Vultures, One Breeding Cliff at a Time
As Africa’s vultures decline, protecting their remaining breeding sites magnifies in importance.
The road to Kwenia is long and dilapidated. As the miles accumulate, the potholes grow in circumference and number until swerving across the road ceases to be an option. Unflinching donkeys stand defiant across the center of the road, while emaciated cows seek out roadside grass courtesy of the just-begun rains.
In this little-travelled region of southwestern Kenya the railway cars still carry salt from the nearby Magadi Soda Company, the children wave exuberantly as if you are a rock star, and the storm clouds race across the horizon teasing the perennially thirsty landscape. One can imagine this scenario has withstood the test of time.
The vultures too have persevered. Over the previous century their predecessors reaped from the bountiful losses caused by the rinderpest epidemic. The most recent generation has watched as the masses of grazing gazelles and zebras dwindled into the present day masses of cattle and goats, and as the tin buildings have proliferated from the foundations of the traditional manyatta.
For the critically endangered Rüppell’s vultures that raise their young on the heights of the surrounding 300-foot cliff, this is a change they have endured—at least until recently. From their nests scattered across the cliff face, the location of which is strikingly obvious thanks to the prolific whitewash, Rüppell’s Vultures continue to come and go daily in search of food.
Where they go is becoming less and less of a mystery thanks to new technology that allows scientists —> Read More
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The last U.S. federal government shutdown started on December 22, 2018, and ended on January 25, 2019. The 35 days made it the longest U.S. government shutdown in history.
So how did the shutdown affect small businesses during the 35 days?
According to a new BizBuySell survey of small business owners, it didn’t have any impact at all for 79% of the owners. Only 18% of small businesses said the impact was negative, with a small 4% claiming it was positive.
Of those negatively impacted, 40% said they still haven’t recovered from the shutdown. The remaining 60% said they have recovered.
Impact of Government Shutdown to Overall Economy
In the overall economy, the shutdown cost the U.S. GDP $3 billion. The data comes from a report by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO).
The CBO said, “The shutdown dampened economic activity mainly because of the loss of furloughed federal workers’ contribution to GDP, the delay in federal spending on goods and services, and the reduction in aggregate demand.”
As the survey also points out, the negative impact was essentially limited to businesses who were dealing with government workers.
BizBuySell surveyed more than 1,000 small business owners across the U.S. on a range of issues. The goal was to get their perspective on recent events such as the government shutdown, tax reform and more.
Negatively Impacted Businesses
Businesses who had a negative experience identified several different factors. Again, it was in great part driven by businesses who lost federal workers as customers.
More than half or 56% said it was because customers who lost wages couldn’t purchase their product or service. Along those lines, another 26% said closed offices meant fewer customers in their location.
The closed federal offices were responsible for losing government contracts and loan delays. Eighteen percent of businesses said they lost contracts and 13% responded there were SBA Loan delays.
Regarding other issues, 10% of businesses experienced disruption in the delivery of their products. And an equal number also said travel was more difficult, which was in part due to federal employees not working.
On the topic of taxes, businesses were asked how the new regulations of the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act affected them this year.
The largest percentage of the responses came from 33% of owners who said their taxes remained the same. An almost equal number or 30% said they were not sure. The remaining respondents (14%) said it raised their taxes, while 22% said it lowered their taxes.
Their sentiment about the Tax Cuts & Jobs Act was also a mixed bag of opinions. When asked how it affected their business 35% said positive, 20% negative, and 45% said it had no impact.
It was noticeably different when it came to men and women. More men (38%) said it was positive compared to women (22%). The answer about the negative impact was higher with women at 28% and only 17% of men felt the same way.
An almost equal number of men and women felt it had no impact at all. Half of all the business women owners (50%) said the Act didn’t have any impact and 45% of men said the same.
This article, “Wow! 40% of Small Businesses STILL Haven’t Recovered from the Government Shutdown” was first published on Small Business Trends
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The International Monetary Fund delivered slightly improved growth forecasts on Thursday for Italy’s economy in 2021 and 2022 as it gradually recovers from the coronavirus crisis with support from increased fiscal spending.
The IMF now sees Italy’s gross domestic product up 4.3% and 4% in 2021 and 2022 respectively, revised up from an April estimate of 4.2% and 3.6%, and closer to the government’s projections of growth of 4.5% this year and 4.8% next year.
“A robust recovery is expected in 2021 supported by ongoing vaccinations although large uncertainty remains,” the Fund said in statement released at the end of its annual visit to Italy.
“Continued policy support will be necessary until the recovery takes hold”, IMF added.
Italy’s economy grew by 0.1% in the first quarter this year from the previous three months due to higher investments and inventories, national statistics bureau ISTAT said on Tuesday, sharply raising a preliminary estimate for a 0.4% contraction.
The unusually strong revisions, which took the country out of recession, increase the possibility of meeting the government’s full year growth forecast of 4.5%, following a 8.9% contraction last year when the economy was hobbled by coronavirus lockdowns.
The Fund said Italy’s budget deficit for 2021 was now seen at 11.8% of GDP, up from 8.8% projected in April, and in line with a government’s estimate for a double-digit deficit, which was last experienced in the early 1990s.
As the coronavirus crisis pushes up government spending, the Fund also revised up the fiscal gap for 2022 to 6% from 5.5% of GDP, near Rome’s projection of 5.9%.
Debt levels in Italy, proportionally the highest in the euro zone after those of Greece, were forecast at 159.9% of GDP for this year, broadly in line with a 159.8% government estimate, the highest level in Italy’s post-war history. For 2022 the IMF expects public debt to stand at 157.9% of GDP, above Italy’s estimate of 156.3%.
Reporting by Maria Pia Quaglia, Editing by Alison Williams & Simon Cameron-Moore
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https://www.gurutrade.com/news/imf-sees-italy-gdp-up-4-3-budget-deficit-at-11-8-gdp-1622717885.html
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With 467 million users, India is one of the largest markets for social media. Indians, on an average, are known to spend as much as 2.36 hours per day on various social media platforms, engaging with friends and family, expressing themselves on topics of interest, and providing sneak peeks into their trendy lifestyles. With increased internet penetration and an aspiration to engage and connect with the world out there, the time spent, and the number of users would only increase in the years to come.
Therefore, it is crucial for a country the size of India to become self-reliant and have its own indigenous social media platforms. Presently, social media is dominated by platforms built in the West, which have largely remained beyond the scope of native language speakers. This includes 90% of the population in India which speaks a native language. Individuals who are not proficient in English but are tech-savvy, and who otherwise leverage the internet to shop or transact, hesitate to join social platforms where conversations and expression is largely English-driven. Native speakers often feel alienated on English-first, Western platforms.
To harness social media for public good, it is imperative to empower every internet user – whether they speak English or any other language. This is especially true for India, where nine out of every 10 new internet users speak a native language. India needs platforms that understand the intrinsic needs of a multi-lingual population and design experiences that enable people to freely express themselves in their mother tongue, discover their own language communities and be a part of the social media revolution which is quickly transforming the larger world.
From India for the world
For decades now, India has been a service provider for the rest of the world. But when it comes to tech products, the country has largely relied on Western products, designed to suit the requirements of English speakers. The time has arrived for the country to build and scale its own social media, which will not only cater to the dynamics of a native population, but also address the needs of internet users elsewhere in the world who yearn to experience digital freedom of expression.
Like India, 80% of the world comprises non-English speakers. And multi-lingual expression on social media carries tremendous importance for populations in South East Asia, Europe, Africa and elsewhere.
A world that speaks multiple languages needs social platforms that enable every person to freely express themselves in their mother tongue, interact and hold meaningful conversations with like-minded individuals.
And Indians, by virtue of being multi-lingual and multi-cultural, can better understand the nuances of native language speakers, and hence design and build inclusive social products that can digitally connect the world.
Today, India is only the third country globally, after the United States and China, to have an indigenous social media platform which is consumed by not only its own citizens, but also the citizens of another country. This is a turning point for the country, as it will gradually transform India from a service provider to a product creator, which will build tech-driven platforms that can be easily adapted to suit the requirements of a global population.
In addition to making India self-reliant when it comes to something as basic as ‘digital expression’, indigenous social media platforms will make India shine by breaking the dominance of global platforms. Platforms built with an ‘inclusivist’ approach will empower native language speakers everywhere to let go of their inhibitions, come online, and share their thoughts and opinions in their mother tongue.
India-made platforms will bridge the language divide, champion digital empowerment and democratize the voice of billions across the world. This ‘techade’ would indeed belong to India!
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Here we have a picture of a frog and a bug. Now what do we do everyday that the frog has to do? No, we do not have to hop. We have to eat. If we do not eat, what will happen to us? That’s right, we will die. What happens to a frog if he does not eat? He will also die (or croak).
What does a frog have in his mouth? A tongue. A long sticky tongue. So he reaches out and……Zap! That’s lunch! Right? Well, not quite. The creature I really wanted to talk to you about is not the frog, but the bug. Because……
Look what happens to the frog. He is sticking his tongue out, saying, “Blah” and “Yeech!” The bug is walking off the stage! So what happened? The frog ran into my little friend here, the bombardier beetle.
Here is what the beetle looks like. At his head you find his eyes and antennae. At the other end the beetle has two cannons that he shoots gases out of. He is very good with his cannons. He can shoot between his legs, over his back, and around his sides. He can shoot 360 degrees all around him, and he never misses! Now when I say he is shooting gases, I don’t mean that he is just going “Phttttt.” If you were to see this happen you would hear a loud “pop”. In fact, you might hear a lot of “pops” because he can set them off like a machine gun. Pow, Pow, Pow……. The beetle is making an explosion come out of his backside. ’ He is making a bomb! That is why he is named the bombardier beetle.
We are talking about a beetle that is only about half an inch long. So how does he make a bomb? To find out, we must look inside Boomer, a bombardier beetle.
When we look inside Boomer we find he has some very special equipment. Boomer has special glands that produce special chemicals. If threatened, these chemicals are squirted into a mixing chamber where the chemicals are thoroughly mixed. When danger is eminent, Boomer opens up some sphincter muscles between the mixing chamber and an explosion sac. Once the chemicals are in the explosion chamber (which can withstand high pressures) a chemical called a catalyst is added. This catalyst reacts with the other chemicals, producing a rapid chemical reaction that produces intense heat (212 degrees Fahrenheit), steam, and an explosion that shoots out the cannons into the face of the enemy! Take a look at all the special equipment of the bombardier beetle. Does this look like something that happened by chance and accident? It looks like the bombardier beetle was created by special design!
Evolution would teach that at one time, the bombardier beetle did not have all that special equipment; that he evolved it over millions of years. Pretend along with me….
Mr. Beetle was sick and tired that every time he went for a walk, somebody was trying to eat him. So he got this bright idea. He would make himself a defense mechanism; something to protect himself. He went to the laboratory and began to play with chemicals. After many trials and errors, he finally found the right two chemicals by chance and accident. And what do you think happened? That’s right….
We are left with one blown up beetle. Do you see a problem with this evolutionary story? How can the beetle tell his children, “Now kids, don’t play with chemicals without parental supervision.”? He cannot, because he’s dead! Can he tell his friends, “Hey, I found the right two chemicals, but boy, you better have a mixing chamber to put them in, and some special sphincter muscles to keep the explosion from blowing the wrong way. Oh yeah, by the way, you also better have an explosion sac that can withstand high pressures, a special catalyst, and special cannons to direct the bomb.”Can he tell his friends that? No, because he is dead! When you look at the bombardier beetle you see a bug that never could have happened by chance and accident, because you can’t make mistakes when you are playing with bombs. When you look at the bombardier beetle I see a creature that only could have been created by design. That design had to work the very first time, and every time thereafter, or we would not even see a bombardier beetle around today. So when I look at the bombardier beetle, I see the hand of God!
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http://www.discovercreation.org/kids/amazing-creatures/bombardier-beetle/
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Get to know the supportive YSU faculty who will prepare you for excellence.
"This program is designed to prepare potential educational leaders for the rigors of modern-day school administration at the building or district level."
In which online degree program do you teach?
Which classes do you teach online?
EDAD 6947: School Building Operations and Management
What do you want students to take away from your classes?
What are the roles and responsibilities of today's building leaders? What characteristics do successful leaders reflect? Students will gain valuable decision-making skills through real-world activities and lessons and will study examples of building leadership and relate to their own experiences.
What advice would you give to those considering the online M.S.Ed. – Educational Administration program?
This program is designed to prepare potential educational leaders for the rigors of modern-day school administration at the building or district level. A comprehensive program of administrative theory and practical application is centered around coursework in school law, finance and marketing as well as philosophical foundations in school administration. Graduate candidates in this program will be prepared to successfully pass the Ohio Assessment for Educators Educational Leadership exam, required for Ohio principal licensure.
What do you think is the biggest challenge that teachers and educators face today?
The rigors of integrating new standards and associated assessments into existing programs. Most graduate students are working full time and find the demands of graduate coursework difficult to incorporate into their busy work schedules. The advent of hybrid and online course offerings does alleviate some of the anxiety for students as they pursue additional educational degrees.
Why did you start teaching?
Beginning in 1963, I found that I enjoyed working with students in an educational setting. That feeling has never changed, only expanded to teaching adults. Even as an administrator for many years, I never lost my desire to teach whenever the opportunity arose.
What is the one book you think everyone should read?
"Leading in a Culture of Change"
Tell us something interesting about yourself that your students might not know.
I like to fly airplanes, drive sports cars and listen to classical music. I played baseball for many years before having to retire due to work-related responsibilities.
Please fill out the form and start the online application process. For help with any questions you have, call:
|
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://online.ysu.edu/faculty/charles-jeffords/
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| 0.959514
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