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2,330,200 | HDL: Hybrid Deep Learning for the Synthesis of Myocardial Velocity Maps in Digital Twins for Cardiac Analysis. | Synthetic digital twins based on medical data accelerate the acquisition, labelling and decision making procedure in digital healthcare. A core part of digital healthcare twins is modelbased data synthesis, which permits the generation of realistic medical signals without requiring to cope with the modelling complexity of anatomical and biochemical phenomena producing them in reality. Unfortunately, algorithms for cardiac data synthesis have been so far scarcely studied in the literature. An important imaging modality in the cardiac examination is three-directional CINE multislice myocardial velocity mapping (3Dir MVM), which provides a quantitative assessment of cardiac motion in three orthogonal directions of the left ventricle. The long acquisition time and complex acquisition produce make it more urgent to produce synthetic digital twins of this imaging modality. In this study, we propose a hybrid deep learning (HDL) network, especially for synthetic 3Dir MVM data. Our algorithm is featured by a hybrid UNet and a Generative Adversarial Network with a foreground-background generation scheme. The experimental results show that from temporally down-sampled magnitude CINE images (six times), our proposed algorithm can still successfully synthesise high temporal resolution 3Dir MVM CMR data (PSNR=42.32) with precise left ventricle segmentation (DICE=0.92). These performance scores indicate that our proposed HDL algorithm can be implemented in real-world digital twins for myocardial velocity mapping data simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first one in the literature investigating digital twins of the 3Dir MVM CMR, which has shown great potential for improving the efficiency of clinical studies via synthesised cardiac data. |
2,330,201 | A Retrospective Study of Intrathecal Pemetrexed Combined With Systemic Therapy for Leptomeningeal Metastasis of Lung Cancer. | <b>Objective</b> This retrospective study aimed to investigate the clinical features of lung cancer patients with leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) and explore the clinical efficacy and tolerance of intrathecal pemetrexed (IP) combined with systemic antitumor therapy. <b>Methods</b> Thirty-four lung cancer patients (11 men, 23 women) with LM receiving IP at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed between August 2018 and December 2019. Identified cases showed either positive cerebrospinal fluid cytology or typical findings (leptomeningeal enhancement or ventricle broadening) upon imaging examination. <b>Results</b> Before the diagnosis of LM, 24 (70.6%) patients received EGFR-TKI therapy with or without other agents (antivascular therapy, or chemotherapy), 5 (14.7%) patients received chemotherapy, 1 (2.9%) patient received antivascular therapy, and 3 (8.8%) patients received ALK inhibitors. Fourteen (41.2%) patients did not change the systematic regimen at the beginning of IP, while 20 (58.8%) patients changed to antitumor agents. IP was administered for a median of 3 times (range, 1-12 times). The IP dose was 15, 20, 25, 30, and 40 mg in 8 (23.5%), 21 (58.8%), 2 (5.9%), 2 (5.9%), and 1 (5.9%) patient, respectively. In all IP dose levels, the major adverse events were myelosuppression and elevation of hepatic aminotransferases (EHA). Grade 1/2 myelosuppression occurred in 4 (11.8%) patients. Grade 1/2 EHA also occurred in 4 (11.8%) patients. Grades 3/4 adverse events were not observed. After IP and systematic therapy, the clinical manifestations related to LM in 26 (76.5%) patients improved. In the whole cohort, the median overall survival was 20 months. The median time from the initial IP administration until death or the last follow-up was 3.5 months. <b>Conclusions</b> IP showed controllable toxicity and good efficacy, prolonged the survival time, and improved the quality of life when combined with tailored systemic antitumor therapy in lung cancer patients. |
2,330,202 | Edible folic acid and medicinal folinic acid produce cardioprotective effects in late-stage triple-transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mice by suppressing cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.<Pagination><StartPage>1740</StartPage><EndPage>1749</EndPage><MedlinePgn>1740-1749</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1002/tox.23521</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Some clinical studies have indicated the patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) display an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, to examine the relationship between AD and CVDs, we investigated the changes in heart function in triple-transgenic late-stage AD model mice (3× Tg-AD; APPSwe, PS1M146V, and tauP301L). We fed the AD mice folic acid (FA) or folinic acid (FN) and analyzed the protective effects of the compounds on the heart; specifically, 20-month-old triple-transgenic AD mice, weighing 34-55 g, were randomly allocated into three groups-the AD, AD + FA, and AD + FN groups-and subject to gastric feeding with FA or FN once daily at 12 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 3 months. Mouse BWs were assessed throughout the trial, at the end of which the animals were sacrificed using carbon dioxide suffocation. We found that BW, whole-heart weight, and left-ventricle weight were reduced in the AD + FA and AD + FN groups as compared with the measurements in the AD group. Furthermore, western blotting of excised heart tissue revealed that the levels of the hypertrophy-related protein markers phospho(p)-p38 and p-c-Jun were markedly decreased in the AD + FA group, whereas p-GATA4, and ANP were strongly reduced in the AD + FN group. Moreover, the fibrosis-related proteins uPA, MMP-2, MEK1/2 and SP-1 were decreased in the heart in both AD + FN group. In summary, our results indicate that FA and FN can exert anti-cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis effects to protect the heart in aged triple-transgenic AD model mice, particular in FN.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Chih-Yang</ForeName><Initials>CY</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2347-0411</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Su</LastName><ForeName>Yi-Chen</ForeName><Initials>YC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lu</LastName><ForeName>Cheng-You</ForeName><Initials>CY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chiu</LastName><ForeName>Ping-Ling</ForeName><Initials>PL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ept Douliu Chinese Medical Clinic, Douliu, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chang</LastName><ForeName>Yung-Ming</ForeName><Initials>YM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1PT Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ju</LastName><ForeName>Da-Tong</ForeName><Initials>DT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Ray-Jade</ForeName><Initials>RJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Liang-Yo</ForeName><Initials>LY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ho</LastName><ForeName>Tsung-Jung</ForeName><Initials>TJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, HualienTzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Post-Baccalaure-ate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kao</LastName><ForeName>Hui-Chuan</ForeName><Initials>HC</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4924-1943</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><Agency>Asia University</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><Agency>China Medical University</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><Agency>China Medical University Hospital</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><Agency>Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation</Agency><Country/></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>14</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Environ Toxicol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100885357</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1520-4081</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>935E97BOY8</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005492">Folic Acid</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>Q573I9DVLP</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002955">Leucovorin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000544" MajorTopicYN="Y">Alzheimer Disease</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006332" MajorTopicYN="N">Cardiomegaly</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004195" MajorTopicYN="N">Disease Models, Animal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005355" MajorTopicYN="N">Fibrosis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005492" MajorTopicYN="N">Folic Acid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002955" MajorTopicYN="N">Leucovorin</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D051379" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008822" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice, Transgenic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Alzheimer's disease</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiac fibrosis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiac hypertrophy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">folic acid</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">folinic acid</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>6</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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Cell Physiol Biochem. 2012;29(1-2):51-60.</Citation></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Automated"><PMID Version="1">35285831</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2022</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1940-087X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Issue>180</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>25</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Vis Exp</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | Some clinical studies have indicated the patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) display an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, to examine the relationship between AD and CVDs, we investigated the changes in heart function in triple-transgenic late-stage AD model mice (3× Tg-AD; APPSwe, PS1M146V, and tauP301L). We fed the AD mice folic acid (FA) or folinic acid (FN) and analyzed the protective effects of the compounds on the heart; specifically, 20-month-old triple-transgenic AD mice, weighing 34-55 g, were randomly allocated into three groups-the AD, AD + FA, and AD + FN groups-and subject to gastric feeding with FA or FN once daily at 12 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 3 months. Mouse BWs were assessed throughout the trial, at the end of which the animals were sacrificed using carbon dioxide suffocation. We found that BW, whole-heart weight, and left-ventricle weight were reduced in the AD + FA and AD + FN groups as compared with the measurements in the AD group. Furthermore, western blotting of excised heart tissue revealed that the levels of the hypertrophy-related protein markers phospho(p)-p38 and p-c-Jun were markedly decreased in the AD + FA group, whereas p-GATA4, and ANP were strongly reduced in the AD + FN group. Moreover, the fibrosis-related proteins uPA, MMP-2, MEK1/2 and SP-1 were decreased in the heart in both AD + FN group. In summary, our results indicate that FA and FN can exert anti-cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis effects to protect the heart in aged triple-transgenic AD model mice, particular in FN.<CopyrightInformation>© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Huang</LastName><ForeName>Chih-Yang</ForeName><Initials>CY</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-2347-0411</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center of General Education, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Su</LastName><ForeName>Yi-Chen</ForeName><Initials>YC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lu</LastName><ForeName>Cheng-You</ForeName><Initials>CY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chiu</LastName><ForeName>Ping-Ling</ForeName><Initials>PL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ept Douliu Chinese Medical Clinic, Douliu, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chang</LastName><ForeName>Yung-Ming</ForeName><Initials>YM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>1PT Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ju</LastName><ForeName>Da-Tong</ForeName><Initials>DT</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chen</LastName><ForeName>Ray-Jade</ForeName><Initials>RJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yang</LastName><ForeName>Liang-Yo</ForeName><Initials>LY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Laboratory for Neural Repair, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ho</LastName><ForeName>Tsung-Jung</ForeName><Initials>TJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Integration Center of Traditional Chinese and Modern Medicine, HualienTzu Chi Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Chinese Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Post-Baccalaure-ate Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kao</LastName><ForeName>Hui-Chuan</ForeName><Initials>HC</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-4924-1943</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><Agency>Asia University</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><Agency>China Medical University</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><Agency>China Medical University Hospital</Agency><Country/></Grant><Grant><Agency>Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation</Agency><Country/></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>14</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Environ Toxicol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100885357</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1520-4081</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>935E97BOY8</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D005492">Folic Acid</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>Q573I9DVLP</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D002955">Leucovorin</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000544" MajorTopicYN="Y">Alzheimer Disease</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="N">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006332" MajorTopicYN="N">Cardiomegaly</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004195" MajorTopicYN="N">Disease Models, Animal</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005355" MajorTopicYN="N">Fibrosis</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005492" MajorTopicYN="N">Folic Acid</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000627" MajorTopicYN="N">therapeutic use</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002955" MajorTopicYN="N">Leucovorin</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D051379" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008822" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice, Transgenic</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Alzheimer's disease</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiac fibrosis</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiac hypertrophy</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">folic acid</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">folinic acid</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>6</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>10</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>14</Day><Hour>12</Hour><Minute>14</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35286012</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1002/tox.23521</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Title>REFERENCES</Title><Reference><Citation>Jeyapalan JC, Sedivy JM. 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Cell Physiol Biochem. 2012;29(1-2):51-60.</Citation></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Automated"><PMID Version="1">35285831</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2022</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>13</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1940-087X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Issue>180</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>25</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Vis Exp</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>In vitro Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation Using Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3791/63491</ELocationID><Abstract>Aortic regurgitation (AR) refers to backward blood flow from the aorta into the left ventricle (LV) during ventricular diastole. The regurgitant jet arising from the complex shape is characterized by the three-dimensional flow and high-velocity gradient, sometimes limiting an accurate measurement of the regurgitant volume using 2D echocardiography. Recently developed four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) enables three-dimensional volumetric flow measurements, which can be used to accurately quantify the amount of the regurgitation. This study focuses on (i) magnetic resonance compatible AR model fabrication (dilatation, perforation, and prolapse) and (ii) systematic analysis of the performance of 4D flow MRI in AR quantification. The results indicated that the formation of the forward and backward jets over time was highly dependent on the types of AR origin. The amount of regurgitation volume bias for the model types were -7.04%, -33.21%, 6.75%, and 37.04% compared to the ground truth (48 mL) volume measured from the pump stroke volume. The largest error of the regurgitation fraction was around 12%. These results indicate that careful selection of imaging parameters is required when absolute regurgitation volume is important. The suggested in vitro flow phantom can easily be modified to simulate other valvular diseases such as aortic stenosis or bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and can be used as a standard platform to test different MRI sequences in the future. |
2,330,203 | The right ventricle under pressure: Anatomy and imaging in sickness and health. | The right ventricle (RV) is an important structure which serves a multitude of vital physiological functions in health. For many years, the left ventricle has dominated the focus of understanding in both biology and pathophysiology and the RV was felt to be more of a passive structure which rarely had an effect on disease states. However, it is increasingly recognised that the RV is essential to the homoeostasis of normal physiology and disturbances in RV structure and function have a substantial effect on patient outcomes. Indeed, the prognosis of diseases of lung diseases affecting the pulmonary vasculature and left heart disease is intimately linked to the function of the right ventricle. This review sets out to describe the developmental and anatomical complexities of the right ventricle while exploring the modern techniques employed to image and understand its function from a clinical perspective. |
2,330,204 | Risk factors for postresection shunting in children with suprasellar tumor: a retrospective analysis of 124 patients. | Hydrocephalus is one of the most significant comorbidities of pediatric suprasellar tumors. Up to 37.5-68.0% of patients were diagnosed with hydrocephalus at admission. However, after surgical resection of the tumor, 9.3-51.4% of the hydrocephalus will persist and require a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with postresection shunting in children with suprasellar tumors.</AbstractText>We conducted a retrospective analysis of children who underwent surgery for suprasellar tumors at our department from February 2011 to December 2020. We used univariate and multivariate analysis to screen the factors that might be correlated with postoperative shunt placement, taking into account patients' characteristics, tumor histology/size/calcification, the severity of preoperative hydrocephalus, the involvement of ventricles, external ventricular drainage (EVD) placement, postoperative intraventricular hematoma, the extent of resection, and other surgical details.</AbstractText>A total of 124 children who underwent surgery for suprasellar tumors were included in our study. Hydrocephalus was present in 55 patients (44.3%) at admission; 23 patients (18.5%) received VPS implantation after tumor removal. Univariate analysis showed that the involvement of ventricles (p = 0.002), moderate/severe preoperative hydrocephalus (p = 0.001), postoperative intraventricular hematoma (p = 0.005), and EVD implantation (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with postoperative VPS. Multivariate analysis confirmed that only ventricle involvement (p = 0.002; OR = 5.6; 95%CI 1.8-17.2) and intraventricular hematoma (p = 0.01; OR = 10.7; 95%CI 1.8-64.2) were independent risk factors for postresection shunting.</AbstractText>Ventricle involvement and intraventricular hematoma can be identified as independent predictors for postoperative shunting in pediatric suprasellar tumors.</AbstractText>© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,205 | Spectroscopic second and third harmonic generation microscopy using a femtosecond laser source in the third near-infrared (NIR-III) optical window. | In this study, second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) spectroscopic imaging were performed on biological samples using a femtosecond laser source in the third near-infrared (NIR) optical window (NIR-III). Using a visible-NIR spectrometer, the SHG and THG signals were simultaneously detected and were extracted using spectral analysis. Visualization of biological samples such as cultured cells (HEK293 T), mouse brain slices, and the nematode <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> was performed in a label-free manner. In particular, in an SHG image of an entire coronal brain section (8 × 6 mm<sup>2</sup>), we observed mesh-like and filamentous structures in the arachnoid mater and wall of the cerebral ventricle, probably corresponding to the collagen fibers, cilia, and rootlet. Moreover, the THG images clearly depicted the densely packed axons in the white matter and cell nuclei at the cortex of the mouse brain slice sample and lipid-rich granules such as lipid droplets inside the nematode. The observations and conclusions drawn from this technique confirm that it can be utilized for various biological applications, including <i>in vivo</i> label-free imaging of living animals. |
2,330,206 | Meridianins Rescue Cognitive Deficits, Spine Density and Neuroinflammation in the 5xFAD Model of Alzheimer's Disease. | Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a core protein, with a relevant role in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. The enzyme has been largely studied as a potential therapeutic target for several neurological diseases. Unfortunately, preclinical and clinical studies with several GSK3β inhibitors have failed due to many reasons such as excessive toxicity or lack of effects in human subjects. We previously reported that meridianins are potent GSK3β inhibitors without altering neuronal viability. In the present work, we examine whether meridianins are capable to inhibit neural GSK3β <i>in vivo</i> and if such inhibition induces improvements in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease. Direct administration of meridianins in the third ventricle of 5xFAD mice induced robust improvements of recognition memory and cognitive flexibility as well as a rescue of the synaptic loss and an amelioration of neuroinflammatory processes. In summary, our study points out meridianins as a potential compound to treat neurodegenerative disorders associated with an hyperactivation of GSK3β such as Alzheimer's disease. |
2,330,207 | The Clinical and Prognostic Impact of the Choice of Surgical Approach to Fourth Ventricular Tumors in a Single-Center, Single-Surgeon Cohort of 92 Consecutive Pediatric Patients. | A single-institution cohort of 92 consecutive pediatric patients harboring tumors involving the fourth ventricle, surgically treated via</i> the telovelar or transvermian approach, was retrospectively reviewed in order to analyze the impact of surgical route on surgery-related outcomes and cumulative survival.</AbstractText>Clinical, radiological, surgical, and pathology details were retrospectively analyzed. We selected n = 6 surgery-related clinical and radiological outcomes: transient and permanent neurological deficits, duration of assisted ventilation, postoperative new onset medical events, postoperative cerebellar mutism, and extent of resection. We built univariate and multivariate logistic models to analyze the significance of relationships between the surgical routes and the outcomes. Cumulative survival (CS) was estimated by the cohort approach.</AbstractText>There were 53 girls and 39 boys (mean age, 83 months). Telovelar approach was performed in 51 cases and transvermian approach in 41 cases. Early postoperative MRI studies showed complete removal in 57 cases (62%) and measurable residual tumor in 35 cases (38%). The average tumor residual volume was 1,316 cm3</sup> (range, 0.016-4.231 cm3</sup>; median value, 0.9875 cm3</sup>). Residual disease was more often detected on immediate postop MRI after telovelar approach, but the difference was not significant. Cerebellar mutism was observed in 10 cases (11%). No significant difference in the onset of cerebellar mutism was detected between telovelar and transvermian approach. The choice of surgical approach did not significantly modify any other postoperative outcome and 1-/3-year CS of high-grade surgically treated tumors.</AbstractText>With the limitation of a single-center, single-surgeon retrospective series, our findings offer significant data to reconsider the real impact of the choice of the surgical route to the fourth ventricle on the incidence of cerebellar mutism and surgery-related morbidity. This seems to be in line with some recent reports in the literature. Surgical approach to the fourth ventricle should be individualized according to the location of the tumor, degree of vermian infiltration, and lateral and upward extension. Telovelar and transvermian approaches should not be considered alternative but complementary. Pediatric neurosurgeons should fully master both approaches and choose the one that they consider the best for the patient based on a thorough and careful evaluation of pre-operative imaging.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 Onorini, Spennato, Orlando, Savoia, Calì, Russo, De Martino, de Santi, Mirone, Ruggiero, Quaglietta and Cinalli.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,208 | Intrauterine inflammation exacerbates maladaptive remodeling of the immature myocardium after preterm birth in lambs. | Antenatal conditions that are linked with preterm birth, such as intrauterine inflammation, can influence fetal cardiac development thereby rendering the heart more vulnerable to the effects of prematurity. We aimed to investigate the effect of intrauterine inflammation, consequent to lipopolysaccharide exposure, on postnatal cardiac growth and maturation in preterm lambs.</AbstractText>Preterm lambs (~129 days gestational age) exposed antenatally to lipopolysaccharide or saline were managed according to contemporary neonatal care and studied at postnatal day 7. Age-matched fetal controls were studied at ~136 days gestational age. Cardiac tissue was sampled for molecular analyses and assessment of cardiac structure and cardiomyocyte maturation.</AbstractText>Lambs delivered preterm showed distinct ventricular differences in cardiomyocyte growth and maturation trajectories as well as remodeling of the left ventricular myocardium compared to fetal controls. Antenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide resulted in further collagen deposition in the left ventricle and a greater presence of immune cells in the preterm heart.</AbstractText>Adverse impacts of preterm birth on cardiac structure and cardiomyocyte growth kinetics within the first week of postnatal life are exacerbated by intrauterine inflammation. The maladaptive remodeling of the cardiac structure and perturbed cardiomyocyte growth likely contribute to the increased vulnerability to cardiac dysfunction following preterm birth.</AbstractText>Preterm birth induces maladaptive cardiac remodeling and adversely impacts cardiomyocyte growth kinetics within the first week of life in sheep. These effects of prematurity on the heart are exacerbated when preterm birth is preceded by exposure to intrauterine inflammation, a common antecedent of preterm birth. Inflammatory injury to the fetal heart coupled with preterm birth consequently alters neonatal cardiac growth and maturation and thus, may potentially influence long-term cardiac function and health.</AbstractText>© 2022. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,209 | A pictorial account of the human embryonic heart between 3.5 and 8 weeks of development. | Heart development is topographically complex and requires visualization to understand its progression. No comprehensive 3-dimensional primer of human cardiac development is currently available. We prepared detailed reconstructions of 12 hearts between 3.5 and 8 weeks post fertilization, using Amira® 3D-reconstruction and Cinema4D®-remodeling software. The models were visualized as calibrated interactive 3D-PDFs. We describe the developmental appearance and subsequent remodeling of 70 different structures incrementally, using sequential segmental analysis. Pictorial timelines of structures highlight age-dependent events, while graphs visualize growth and spiraling of the wall of the heart tube. The basic cardiac layout is established between 3.5 and 4.5 weeks. Septation at the venous pole is completed at 6 weeks. Between 5.5 and 6.5 weeks, as the outflow tract becomes incorporated in the ventricles, the spiraling course of its subaortic and subpulmonary channels is transferred to the intrapericardial arterial trunks. The remodeling of the interventricular foramen is complete at 7 weeks. |
2,330,210 | Morphometric study of the ventricular indexes in healthy ovine BRAIN using MRI. | Sheep (Ovis aries) have been largely used as animal models in a multitude of specialties in biomedical research. The similarity to human brain anatomy in terms of brain size, skull features, and gyrification index, gives to ovine as a large animal model a better translational value than small animal models in neuroscience. Despite this evidence and the availability of advanced imaging techniques, morphometric brain studies are lacking. We herein present the morphometric ovine brain indexes and anatomical measures developed by two observers in a double-blinded study and validated via an intra- and inter-observer analysis.</AbstractText>For this retrospective study, T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans were performed at 1.5 T on 15 sheep, under general anaesthesia. The animals were female Ovis aries, in the age of 18-24 months. Two observers assessed the scans, twice time each. The statistical analysis of intra-observer and inter-observer agreement was obtained via the Bland-Altman plot and Spearman rank correlation test. The results are as follows (mean ± Standard deviation): Indexes: Bifrontal 0,338 ± 0,032 cm; Bicaudate 0,080 ± 0,012 cm; Evans' 0,218 ± 0,035 cm; Ventricular 0,241 ± 0,039 cm; Huckman 1693 ± 0,174 cm; Cella Media 0,096 ± 0,037 cm; Third ventricle ratio 0,040 ± 0,007 cm. Anatomical measures: Fourth ventricle length 0,295 ± 0,073 cm; Fourth ventricle width 0,344 ± 0,074 cm; Left lateral ventricle 4175 ± 0,275 cm; Right lateral ventricle 4182 ± 0,269 cm; Frontal horn length 1795 ± 0,303 cm; Interventricular foramen left 1794 ± 0,301 cm; Interventricular foramen right 1,78 ± 0,317 cm.</AbstractText>The present study provides baseline values of linear indexes of the ventricles in the ovine models. The acquisition of these data contributes to filling the knowledge void on important anatomical and morphological features of the sheep brain.</AbstractText>© 2022. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,211 | LA-ICP-MS bioimaging demonstrated disturbance of metal ions in the brain of Parkinson's disease model mouse undergoing manganese-enhanced MRI. | Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) is a powerful tool to study neuronal activity and microarchitecture in vivo. Yet the influence of exogenous manganese on the brain of the Parkinson's disease (PD) model mouse is poorly understood. Laser ablation connected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) imaging for tissue section is an ideal tool to simultaneously analyze the metabolism of endogenous metal ions. In this study, DJ-1 knockout PD model mice were subjected to an MnCl<sub>2</sub> saline treatment and the distribution of Mn and several other endogenous metal ions in brain regions was assessed by MEMRI and LA-ICP-MS imaging. The results demonstrated that Mn mainly deposited in subcortical regions, such as ventricles, hippocampus (HC), medial preoptic nucleus (MPO), lateral septal nucleus (LS), and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). The enhanced signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) determined by MEMRI for Mn is closely related to the signal in LA-ICP-MS imaging. Significantly, the treatment of MnCl<sub>2</sub> disturbs the homeostasis of iron, zinc, copper, and calcium in the DJ-1 mouse, which could result in more severe symptoms of PD. Therefore, the application of MEMRI in the study of neurological disease must be made with caution. |
2,330,212 | Intraventricular hemorrhage as complication after spinal surgery. Case report. | Remote intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a rare but dreaded complication after spinal surgery. The physiopathology of this phenomenon is closely related to a loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after an incidental durotomy during spine surgery. The most common remote ICH location is cerebellar, but few articles report intraventricular hemorrhage. Its clinic is associated with cerebral hypotension due to decreased CSF, mainly headache, dysarthria, hemiparesis, an impaired level of awareness and seizures. The diagnosis of remote ICH after a non-cranial surgery can be a challenge to anesthesiologists, this pathology should be suspected face an immediate neurological deterioration after anesthetic awakening. Non-specific symptoms make it difficult to identify the origin of intracranial hemorrhagic from other differential diagnoses. We present a patient with an impaired level of awareness and seizures who suffered a hemorrhage in the right ventricle with cerebral and cerebellar edema in the immediate postoperative period after spinal surgery. |
2,330,213 | Protective effect of antioxidants on cardiac function in adult offspring exposed to prenatal overnutrition. | Maternal overnutrition-induced fetal programming predisposes offspring to cardiovascular health issues throughout life. Understanding how these adverse cardiovascular effects are regulated at the maternal-fetal crosstalk will provide insight into the mechanisms of these cardiovascular diseases, which will help in further identifying potential targets for intervention. Here, we uncover a role of oxidative stress caused by prenatal overnutrition in governing cardiac damage. Mice exposed to maternal obesity showed remarkable pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (<i>p</i><sub>male</sub> < 0.001, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>male</sub> = 1.77; <i>p</i><sub>female</sub> < 0.001, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>female</sub> = 1.94), increased collagen content (<i>p</i><sub>male</sub> < 0.001, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>male</sub> = 2.13; <i>p</i><sub>female</sub> < 0.001, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>female</sub> = 2.71), and increased levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) (<i>p</i><sub>male</sub> < 0.001, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>male</sub> = 3.02; <i>p</i><sub>female</sub> < 0.001, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>female</sub> = 4.52), as well as left ventricular dysfunction in adulthood. To cope with increased oxidative stress in the myocardial tissue of offspring from obese mothers, we sought to decrease the effect of oxidative stress and prevent the development of these cardiovascular conditions with use of the antioxidant <i>N</i>-acetylcysteine during pregnancy. As predicted, after treatment with the antioxidant, there was greatly mitigated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (<i>p</i><sub>male</sub> < 0.001, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>male</sub> = 1.31; <i>p</i><sub>female</sub> < 0.001, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>female</sub> = 0.82) and cardiac fibrosis, including decreased composition of collagen fibers (<i>p</i><sub>male</sub> < 0.01, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>male</sub> = 1.45; <i>p</i><sub>female</sub> < 0.05, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>female</sub> = 1.23) and reduced levels of TGF-β (<i>p</i><sub>male</sub> < 0.05, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>male</sub> = 1.83; <i>p</i><sub>female</sub> < 0.01, Cohen's <i>d</i><sub>female</sub> = 3.81). We also observed improved left ventricle contractile function together with the alleviation of enhanced oxidative stress in the myocardial tissue of offspring. Collectively, these results established a crucial role of oxidative stress in prenatal overnutrition-associated ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Our findings provided an important target for intervention of cardiovascular disease in overnutrition-related fetal programming. |
2,330,214 | Sonography of fetal holoprosencephaly: a guide to recognize the lesser varieties. | Alobar holoprosencephaly (HPE) is easily detected during a first-trimester screening examination, conversely, recognizing the lesser varieties may be difficult even in the second trimester.</AbstractText>To describe the imaging findings of a cohort of fetuses with holoprosencephaly (HPE) and to elucidate the appearances of the different anatomical varieties.</AbstractText>We reviewed medical records and stored images of pregnant women referred to our clinic because of a diagnosis or the suspicion of various forms of HPE. We reported the imaging characteristics, the presence of other associated anomalies, magnetic resonance findings, karyotype and autoptic examinations when available.</AbstractText>Alobar forms show great distortion of normal brain anatomy, with a single ventricle detectable during the first trimester of pregnancy. Extracerebral, face and karyotype abnormalities are often associated. In semilobar and lobar forms the septum pellucidum is typically absent in axial planes, with fused frontal horns, while posterior fossa is often normal. At multiplanar neurosonogram, anomalies involving corpus callosum and cortex development can be detected. Face abnormalities are mild in lobar forms: receding forehead, various degrees of hypotelorism and the presence of a single central maxillary incisor are reported.</AbstractText>The alobar forms are detectable since the first trimester, with a peculiar single ventricle and extremely frequent extracerebral and karyotype abnormalities. The semilobar and lobar forms are more challenging and the diagnosis is easily missed in a mid-trimester screening exam unless a careful evaluation of both cavum septi pellucidi</i> and frontal horns as well is conducted.</AbstractText> |
2,330,215 | The Daily Expression of ABCC4 at the BCSFB Affects the Transport of Its Substrate Methotrexate. | The choroid plexuses (CPs), located in the brain ventricles, form an interface between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid named the blood-cerebrospinal barrier, which, by the presence of tight junctions, detoxification enzymes, and membrane transporters, limits the traffic of molecules into the central nervous system. It has already been shown that sex hormones regulate several CP functions, including the oscillations of its clock genes. However, it is less explored how the circadian rhythm regulates CP functions. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sex hormones and circadian rhythms on the function of CP membrane transporters. The 24 h transcription profiles of the membrane transporters rAbca1, rAbcb1, rAbcc1, rAbcc4, rAbcg2, rAbcg4, and rOat3 were characterized in the CPs of intact male, intact female, sham-operated female, and gonadectomized rats. We found that rAbcc1 is expressed in a circadian way in the CPs of intact male rats, rAbcg2 in the CPs of intact female rats, and both rAbcc4 and rOat3 mRNA levels were expressed in a circadian way in the CPs of intact male and female rats. Next, using an in vitro model of the human blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, we also found that methotrexate (MTX) is transported in a circadian way across this barrier. The circadian pattern of Abcc4 found in the human CP epithelial papilloma cells might be partially responsible for MTX circadian transport across the basal membrane of CP epithelial cells. |
2,330,216 | Extracellular Matrix in Aging Aorta. | The aging population is booming all over the world and arterial aging causes various age-associated pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aorta is the largest elastic artery, and transforms pulsatile flow generated by the left ventricle into steady flow to maintain circulation in distal tissues and organs. Age-associated structural and functional changes in the aortic wall such as dilation, tortuousness, stiffening and losing elasticity hamper stable peripheral circulation, lead to tissue and organ dysfunctions in aged people. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network of macromolecules produced by resident cells. The composition and organization of key ECM components determine the structure-function relationships of the aorta and therefore maintaining their homeostasis is critical for a healthy performance. Age-associated remodeling of the ECM structural components, including fragmentation of elastic fibers and excessive deposition and crosslinking of collagens, is a hallmark of aging and leads to functional stiffening of the aorta. In this mini review, we discuss age-associated alterations of the ECM in the aortic wall and shed light on how understanding the mechanisms of aortic aging can lead to the development of efficient strategy for aortic pathologies and CVDs. |
2,330,217 | Rosette Forming Glioneural Tumor Treated with Conformal Radiation. | Rosette forming glioneural tumors (RGNT) are a rare type of low-grade brain tumor included in 2007 in WHO classification. Given the benign nature of the disease, a complete surgical excision has been considered optimum. However, a handful of cases have reported the locally aggressive nature of RGNT. In addition, radiation may also be considered for a tumor located in areas where surgical excision is difficult. We present a similar case, where surgical risk was weighed against resection and we treated the patient with conformal radiation. |
2,330,218 | Exercise Rehabilitation and/or Astragaloside Attenuate Amyloid-beta Pathology by Reversing BDNF/TrkB Signaling Deficits and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. | We aim to investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise rehabilitation (ER) and/or astragaloside (AST) in counteracting amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology. Aβ oligomers were microinjected into the bilateral ventricles to induce Aβ neuropathology in rats. Neurobehavioral functions were evaluated. Cortical and hippocampal expressions of both BDNF/TrkB and cathepsin D were determined by the western blotting method. The rat primary cultured cortical neurons were incubated with BDNF and/or AST and ANA12 followed by exposure to aggregated Aβ for 24 h. In vivo results showed that ER and/or AST reversed neurobehavioral disorders, downregulation of cortical and hippocampal expression of both BDNF/TrkB and cathepsin D, neural pathology, Aβ accumulation, and altered microglial polarization caused by Aβ. In vitro studies also confirmed that topical application of BDNF and/or AST reversed the Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, mitochondrial distress, and synaptotoxicity and decreased expression of p-TrkB, p-Akt, p-GSK3β, and β-catenin in rat cortical neurons. The beneficial effects of combined ER (or BDNF) and AST therapy in vivo and in vitro were superior to ER (or BDNF) or AST alone. Furthermore, we observed that any gains from ER (or BDNF) and/or AST could be significantly eliminated by ANA-12, a potent BDNF/TrkB antagonist. These results indicate that whereas ER (or BDNF) and/or AST attenuate Aβ pathology by reversing BDNF/TrkB signaling deficits and mitochondrial dysfunction, combining these two potentiates each other's therapeutic effects. In particular, AST can be an alternative therapy to replace ER. |
2,330,219 | Semi-supervised segmentation of echocardiography videos via noise-resilient spatiotemporal semantic calibration and fusion.<Pagination><StartPage>102397</StartPage><MedlinePgn>102397</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.media.2022.102397</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S1361-8415(22)00049-4</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>We present a novel model for left ventricle endocardium segmentation from echocardiography video, which is of great significance in clinical practice and yet a challenging task due to (1) the severe speckle noise in echocardiography videos, (2) the irregular motion of pathological heart, and (3) the limited training data caused by high annotation cost. The proposed model has three compelling characteristics. First, we propose a novel adaptive spatiotemporal semantic calibration method to align the feature maps of consecutive frames, where the spatiotemporal correspondences are figured out based on feature maps instead of pixels, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of speckle noise in the calibration. Second, we further learn the importance of each feature map of neighbouring frames to the current frame from the temporal perspective so as to distinctively rather than uniformly harness the temporal information to tackle the irregular and anisotropic motions. Third, we integrate these techniques into the mean teacher semi-supervised architecture to leverage a large amount of unlabeled data to improve the segmentation accuracy. We extensively evaluate the proposed method on two public echocardiography video datasets (EchoNet-Dynamic and CAMUS), where the average dice coefficient on the left ventricular endocardium segmentation achieves 92.87% and 93.79%, respectively. Comparisons with state-of-the-art methods also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by achieving a better segmentation performance with a faster speed.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wu</LastName><ForeName>Huisi</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China. Electronic address: hswu@szu.edu.cn.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Jiasheng</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Xiao</LastName><ForeName>Fangyan</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wen</LastName><ForeName>Zhenkun</ForeName><Initials>Z</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cheng</LastName><ForeName>Lan</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Mathematics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Qin</LastName><ForeName>Jing</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Smart Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>25</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Med Image Anal</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>9713490</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1361-8415</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D002138" MajorTopicYN="N">Calibration</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004452" MajorTopicYN="Y">Echocardiography</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006321" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012660" MajorTopicYN="Y">Semantics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Deep learning</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Echocardiography</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Spatiotemporal semantic calibration</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Spatiotemporal semantic fusion</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Temporal context extraction</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Video semantic segmentation</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>10</Month><Day>27</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2022</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>14</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>18</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>9</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>22</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>20</Hour><Minute>12</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35259635</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.media.2022.102397</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S1361-8415(22)00049-4</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Automated"><PMID Version="1">35259148</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2022</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2023</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>19</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1940-087X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Issue>178</Issue><PubDate><Year>2021</Year><Month>Dec</Month><Day>14</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Vis Exp</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>3D Echocardiography: Toward a Better Understanding of Cardiac Anatomy and Function. | We present a novel model for left ventricle endocardium segmentation from echocardiography video, which is of great significance in clinical practice and yet a challenging task due to (1) the severe speckle noise in echocardiography videos, (2) the irregular motion of pathological heart, and (3) the limited training data caused by high annotation cost. The proposed model has three compelling characteristics. First, we propose a novel adaptive spatiotemporal semantic calibration method to align the feature maps of consecutive frames, where the spatiotemporal correspondences are figured out based on feature maps instead of pixels, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of speckle noise in the calibration. Second, we further learn the importance of each feature map of neighbouring frames to the current frame from the temporal perspective so as to distinctively rather than uniformly harness the temporal information to tackle the irregular and anisotropic motions. Third, we integrate these techniques into the mean teacher semi-supervised architecture to leverage a large amount of unlabeled data to improve the segmentation accuracy. We extensively evaluate the proposed method on two public echocardiography video datasets (EchoNet-Dynamic and CAMUS), where the average dice coefficient on the left ventricular endocardium segmentation achieves 92.87% and 93.79%, respectively. Comparisons with state-of-the-art methods also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by achieving a better segmentation performance with a faster speed. |
2,330,220 | Dirofilaria immitis in an Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) from southeastern Louisiana, United States. | A single, male Dirofilaria immitis was found in the right ventricle of a captive, 10-month-old female Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) from East Feliciana parish in Louisiana, USA. Molecular analysis was performed for unequivocal species level identification using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) region of the mitochondrial DNA and comparing to known D. immitis cox1 sequences available on GenBank to which the specimen had a 99.54-100% pair wise identity. As there is no safe adulticidal treatment for D. immitis in mustelids, chemoprophylaxis using macrocyclic lactones is recommended to prevent infection. Further studies are needed to better characterize D. immitis infection and its propensity to cause disease in the Asian small-clawed otter. |
2,330,221 | Influence of dietary lycopene on growth performance, antioxidant status, blood parameters and mortality in broiler chicken with cold-induced ascites. | The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on growth performance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens exposed to cold environment to induce ascites. Three hundred male chickens were exposed full-day to cold stress (CT, 10°C) starting from day 15 of age until the end of experiment at day 42, while a positive control group (NT, 100 birds) was kept under normal temperature (23-25°C). The CT groups (three treatments and five replicates of 20 birds) were as follows: negative control (basal diet, CT) and CT + 200 or 400 mg lycopene per kg diet from 15 to 42 d of age. Results showed that CT without lycopene supplementation caused a reduction of feed intake and weight gain and increased the feed conversion ratio. Supplementation of lycopene during CT restored the performance to levels of the positive control, lowered the index of right ventricles/total ventricles and ascites mortality. Birds reared under CT had lower serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration than birds reared under the NT environment. With lycopene supplementation, serum MDA level significantly decreased and the activity of SOD and GPx increased. Blood concentration of haematocrit, haemoglobin and red blood cells were decreased by the highest lycopene supplementation to a level comparable to NT. Moreover, increasing dietary lycopene level suppressed serum concentrations of cholesterol and enhanced high-density lipoproteins levels in blood. In conclusion, lycopene supplementation alleviates adverse effects of cold stress on performance through modulating activity of antioxidant enzymes in broiler chickens. |
2,330,222 | Protective Effects of a synthetic glycosaminoglycan mimetic (OTR4132) in a rat immunotoxic lesion model of septohippocampal cholinergic degeneration. | Using a partial hippocampal cholinergic denervation model, we assessed the effects of the RGTA<sup>®</sup> named OTR4132, a synthetic heparan-mimetic biopolymer with neuroprotective/neurotrophic properties. Long-Evans male rats were injected with the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (0.37 µg); vehicle injections served as controls. Immediately after surgery, OTR4132 was injected into the lateral ventricles (0.25 µg/5 µl/rat) or intramuscularly (1.5 mg/kg). To determine whether OTR4132 reached the lesion site, some rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) or intramuscular (I.M.) injections of fluorescent OTR4132. Rats were sacrificed at 4, 10, 20, or 60 days post-lesion (DPL). Fluorescein-labeled OTR4132 injected ICV or I.M. was found in the lesion from 4 to 20 DPL. Rats with partial hippocampal cholinergic denervation showed decreases in hippocampal acetylcholinesterase reaction products and in choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the medial septum. These lesions were the largest at 10 DPL and then remained stable until 60 DPL. Both hippocampal acetylcholinesterase reaction products and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the medial septum effects were significantly attenuated in OTR4132-treated rats. These effects were not related to competition between OTR4132 and 192 IgG-saporin for the neurotrophin receptor P75 (p75<sup>NTR</sup>), as OTR4132 treatment did not alter the internalization of Cy3-labelled 192 IgG. OTR4132 was more efficient at reducing the acetylcholinesterase reaction products and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons than a comparable heparin dose used as a comparator. Using the slice superfusion technique, we found that the lesion-induced decrease in muscarinic autoreceptor sensitivity was abolished by intramuscular OTR4132. After partial cholinergic damage, OTR4132 was able to concentrate at the brain lesion site possibly due to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier and to exert structural and functional effects that hold promises for neuroprotection/neurotrophism. |
2,330,223 | A Targeted Association Study of Blood-Brain Barrier Gene SNPs and Brain Atrophy. | The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by a high-density lining of endothelial cells, providing a border between circulating blood and the brain interstitial fluid. This structure plays a key role in protecting the brain microenvironment by restricting passage of certain molecules and circulating pathogens.</AbstractText>To identify associations between brain volumetric changes and a set of 355 BBB-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).</AbstractText>In a population of 721 unrelated individuals, linear mixed effect models were used to assess if specific variants were linked to regional rates of atrophy over a 12-year time span. Four brain regions were investigated, including cortical grey matter, cortical white matter, ventricle, and hippocampus. Further, we also investigated the potential impact of history of hypertension, diabetes, and the incidence of stroke on regional brain volume change.</AbstractText>History of hypertension, diabetes, and stroke was not associated with longitudinal brain volume change. However, we identified a series of genetic variants associated with regional brain volume changes. The associations were independent of variation due to the APOEɛ4 allele and were significant post correction for multiple comparisons.</AbstractText>This study suggests that key genes involved in the regulation of BBB integrity may be associated with longitudinal changes in specific brain regions. The derived polygenic risk scores indicate that these interactions are multigenic. Further research needs to be conducted to investigate how BBB functions maybe compromised by genetic variation.</AbstractText> |
2,330,224 | A Multielement Prognostic Nomogram Based on a Peripheral Blood Test, Conventional MRI and Clinical Factors for Glioblastoma. | Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most malignant types of tumors in the central nervous system, and the 5-year survival remains low. Several studies have shown that preoperative peripheral blood tests and preoperative conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examinations affect the prognosis of GBM patients. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a risk score based on a preoperative peripheral blood test and conventional MRI and develop a multielement prognostic nomogram for GBM.</AbstractText>This study retrospectively analyzed 131 GBM patients. Determination of the association between peripheral blood test variables and conventional MRI variables and prognosis was performed by univariate Cox regression. The nomogram model, which was internally validated using a cohort of 56 GBM patients, was constructed by multivariate Cox regression. RNA sequencing data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA datasets were used to determine peripheral blood test-related genes based on GBM prognosis.</AbstractText>The constructed risk score included the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), albumin/fibrinogen (AFR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and center point-to-ventricle distance (CPVD). A final nomogram was developed using factors associated with prognosis, including age, sex, the extent of tumor resection, IDH mutation status, radiotherapy status, chemotherapy status, and risk. The Area Under Curve (AUC) values of the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve were 0.876 (12-month ROC), 0.834 (24-month ROC) and 0.803 (36-month ROC) in the training set and 0.906 (12-month ROC), 0.800 (18-month ROC) and 0.776 (24-month ROC) in the validation set. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was closely associated with NLR and LMR and identified as the most central negative gene related to the immune microenvironment and influencing immune activities.</AbstractText>The risk score was established as an independent predictor of GBM prognosis, and the nomogram model exhibit appropriate predictive power. In addition, VEGFA is the key peripheral blood test-related gene that is significantly associated with poor prognosis.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 Rao, Jin, Lu, Wang, Wu, Zhu, Tu, Su and Li.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,225 | Optimization of Left Ventricle Pace Maker Location Using Echo-Based Fluid-Structure Interaction Models. | Cardiac pacing has been an effective treatment in the management of patients with bradyarrhythmia and tachyarrhythmia. Different pacemaker location has different responses, and pacemaker effectiveness to each individual can also be different. A novel image-based ventricle animal modeling approach was proposed to optimize ventricular pacemaker site for better cardiac outcome.</AbstractText>One health female adult pig (weight 42.5 kg) was used to make a pacing animal model with different ventricle pacing locations. Ventricle surface electric signal, blood pressure and echo image were acquired 15 min after the pacemaker was implanted. Echo-based left ventricle fluid-structure interaction models were constructed to perform ventricle function analysis and investigate impact of pacemaker location on cardiac outcome. With the measured electric signal map from the pig associated with the actual pacemaker site, electric potential conduction of myocardium was modeled by material stiffening and softening in our model, with stiffening simulating contraction and softening simulating relaxation. Ventricle model without pacemaker (NP model) and three ventricle models with the following pacemaker locations were simulated: right ventricular apex (RVA model), posterior interventricular septum (PIVS model) and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT model). Since higher peak flow velocity, flow shear stress (FSS), ventricle stress and strain are linked to better cardiac function, those data were collected for model comparisons.</AbstractText>At the peak of filling, velocity magnitude, FSS, stress and strain for RVOT and PIVS models were 13%, 45%, 18%, 13% and 5%, 30%, 10%, 5% higher than NP model, respectively. At the peak of ejection, velocity magnitude, FSS, stress and strain for RVOT and PIVS models were 50%, 44%, 54%, 59% and 23%, 36%, 39%, 53% higher than NP model, respectively. RVA model had lower velocity, FSS, stress and strain than NP model. RVOT model had higher peak flow velocity and stress/strain than PIVS model. It indicated RVOT pacemaker site may be the best location.</AbstractText>This preliminary study indicated that RVOT model had the best performance among the four models compared. This modeling approach could be used as "virtual surgery" to try various pacemaker locations and avoid risky and dangerous surgical experiments on real patients.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 Fan, Yao, Wang, Xu and Tang.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,226 | MRI-Based Classification of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients With Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning. | <AbstractText Label="INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic auto-immune disease with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, including heterogeneous neuropsychiatric (NP) syndromes. Structural brain abnormalities are commonly found in SLE and NPSLE, but their role in diagnosis is limited, and their usefulness in distinguishing between NPSLE patients and patients in which the NP symptoms are not primarily attributed to SLE (non-NPSLE) is non-existent. Self-supervised contrastive learning algorithms proved to be useful in classification tasks in rare diseases with limited number of datasets. Our aim was to apply self-supervised contrastive learning on T1</sub>-weighted images acquired from a well-defined cohort of SLE patients, aiming to distinguish between NPSLE and non-NPSLE patients.</AbstractText>We used 3T MRI T1</sub>-weighted images of 163 patients. The training set comprised 68 non-NPSLE and 34 NPSLE patients. We applied random geometric transformations between iterations to augment our data sets. The ML pipeline consisted of convolutional base encoder and linear projector. To test the classification task, the projector was removed and one linear layer was measured. Validation of the method consisted of 6 repeated random sub-samplings, each using a random selection of a small group of patients of both subtypes.</AbstractText>In the 6 trials, between 79% and 83% of the patients were correctly classified as NPSLE or non-NPSLE. For a qualitative evaluation of spatial distribution of the common features found in both groups, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Maps (Grad-CAM) were examined. Thresholded Grad-CAM maps show areas of common features identified for the NPSLE cohort, while no such communality was found for the non-NPSLE group.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">The self-supervised contrastive learning model was effective in capturing common brain MRI features from a limited but well-defined cohort of SLE patients with NP symptoms. The interpretation of the Grad-CAM results is not straightforward, but indicates involvement of the lateral and third ventricles, periventricular white matter and basal cisterns. We believe that the common features found in the NPSLE population in this study indicate a combination of tissue loss, local atrophy and to some extent that of periventricular white matter lesions, which are commonly found in NPSLE patients and appear hypointense on T1</sub>-weighted images.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 Inglese, Kim, Steup-Beekman, Huizinga, van Buchem, de Bresser, Kim and Ronen.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,227 | Current Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Healthcare-Associated Ventriculitis and Meningitis. | Ventriculitis or post-neurosurgical meningitis or healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis (VM) is a severe infection that complicates central nervous system operations or is related to the use of neurosurgical devices or drainage catheters. It can further deteriorate patients who have already presented significant neurologic injury and is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and poor functional outcome. VM can be difficult to distinguish from aseptic meningitis, inflammation that follows hemorrhagic strokes and neurosurgical operations. The associated microorganisms can be either skin flora or nosocomial pathogens, most commonly, Gram-negative bacteria. Classical microbiology can fail to isolate the culprit pathogen. Novel cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and molecular microbiology can fill the diagnostic gap and expedite pathogen identification and treatment. The pathogens may demonstrate significant resistant patterns and their antibiotic treatment can be difficult, as many important drug classes, including the beta-lactams and the glycopeptides, hardly penetrate to the CSF, and do not achieve therapeutic levels at the site of the infection. Treatment modifications, such as higher daily dose and prolonged or continuous administration, might increase antibiotic levels in the site of infection and facilitate pathogens clearance. However, in the case of therapeutic failure or infection due to difficult-to-treat bacteria, the direct antibiotic instillation into the CSF, in addition to the intravenous antibiotic delivery, may help in the resolution of infection. However, intraventricular antibiotic therapy may result in aseptic meningitis and seizures, concerning the administration of aminoglycosides, polymyxins, and vancomycin. Meanwhile, bacteria form biofilms on the catheter or the device that should routinely be removed. Novel neurosurgical treatment modalities comprise endoscopic evacuation of debris and irrigation of the ventricles. VM prevention includes perioperative antibiotics, antimicrobial impregnated catheters, and the implementation of standardized protocols, regarding catheter insertion and manipulation. |
2,330,228 | MicroRNA-193b-3p reduces oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the seven in absentia homolog 1/Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. | Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and disability among adults. This study sought to explore the mechanism of microRNA (miR)-193b-3p in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The cerebral I/R injury models of rats were established using the suture-occluded method. The pathological changes were observed, and oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial function indexes in rat brain tissue were examined. The levels of miR-193b-3p and seven in absentia homolog 1 (SIAH1) were detected. miR-193b-3p agomir or antagomir was injected into the lateral ventricle of I/R rats to overexpress or inhibit miR-193b-3p expression. The targeting relationship between miR-193b-3p and SIAH1 was verified. The effect of SIAH1 overexpression on brain injury in I/R rats was investigated by injecting the lentivirus vector into the lateral ventricle. The phosphorylation level of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was identified. miR-193b-3p was lowly expressed in I/R rats. Overexpression of miR-193b-3p alleviated the pathological damage of I/R rats and limited the OS and mitochondrial damage. miR-193b-3p targeted SIAH1. Overexpression of SIAH1 partially reversed the protection of miR-193b-3p overexpression against cerebral I/R injury. p-JNK was up-regulated in I/R rats and overexpression of miR-193b-3p inhibited p-JNK. Overall, overexpression of miR-193b-3p targeted SIAH1 to inhibit the activation of the JNK pathway and protect rats against cerebral I/R injury. |
2,330,229 | Clinical characteristics of glioblastoma with metastatic spinal dissemination. | Metastatic spinal dissemination (MSD) is a rare phenomenon in glioblastoma (GBM). The study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of GBM patients with MSD.</AbstractText>Fifteen GBM patients with MSD, who were treated and followed up with at the Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2012 to February 2021, were selected for this study. Clinical data, such as demographic characteristics, clinical manifestation, imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), treatment and prognosis data, were retrospectively analyzed. The time to MSD and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier plotting. A univariate analysis was performed using a logarithmic-rank test, and a multivariate analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards models.</AbstractText>Of the 15 GBM patients with MSD (9 males and 6 females), the primary lesions were located supratentorial region in 12 cases, and subtentorial region in 3 cases. After surgery, the ventricles were open and closed in 7 and 8 cases, respectively. There were 10 cases, 2 cases, 2 cases, and 1 case of MSD in the full spinal cord (FSC), FSC with spinal cord intramedullary infiltration, cervical spinal cord intramedullary infiltration, and cervical/thoracic MSD, respectively. Whole spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed dotted-line, nodules, and mixed patterns in 3, 2, and 10 cases, respectively. The average CSF protein level during MSD was 2.49 (range, 0.42-6.68) g/L, and the average CSF d-dimer level was 23,718 (range, 4,056-69,000) ng/L. By the end of the follow-up period, all the patients had died. The median OS of all patients, the median time from surgery to diagnosis of MSD, and the median time after MSD to death was 15.0 (range, 8-52), 10.0 (range, 1-49), and 4.0 (range, 1-14) months, respectively.</AbstractText>MSD is a rare, metastasized type of GBM. The OS after MSD in GBM patients is very short. Whole spinal cord-enhanced MRI may be the best way to determine the range of MSD.</AbstractText> |
2,330,230 | Efficacy and safety of intraventricular polymyxin B plus continuous ventricular drainage for the treatment of intracranial infection caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. | The bacterial resistance rate has risen in recent years, and polymyxin B has been used more frequently to treat severe intracranial infection. This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy and safety profiles of intraventricular polymyxin B plus continuous ventricular drainage for the treatment of intracranial infection caused by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (DR-AB).</AbstractText>A retrospective study was performed on 21 patients who had an intracranial infection caused by DR-AB after neurosurgery at our hospital from May 2017 to July 2020. These patients were treated by intraventricular polymyxin B plus continuous ventricular drainage. The clinical features, treatment, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-related indicators, outcomes, and prognosis of these patients were analyzed.</AbstractText>The external drainage tubes inserted into the lateral ventricle were kept unobstructed in all 21 patients. These patients received intraventricular polymyxin B 5 mg/day plus intravenous antibiotics. The treatment with intraventricular polymyxin B lasted for 18.19±12.36 days. The time to positive CSF culture was 10.50±10.60 days. The bacterial clearance rate of CSF was 95.2% (20/21). The clinical cure rate was 81.0% (17/21), and the mortality rate was 19.0% (4/21). As for the causes of death, 1 case died from purulent CSF with cerebral abscess, which was considered to be caused by extensive brain parenchymal infection, 2 cases died from spontaneous intraventricular hemorrhage after returning negative for CSF cultures, and 1 case died from secondary massive cerebral infarction after returning negative for CSF cultures. There were no significant changes in the serum creatinine level before and after treatment.</AbstractText>For intracranial infection caused by DR-AB, early intraventricular polymyxin B plus continuous ventricular drainage could effectively clear the drug-resistant bacteria from CSF, thereby improving efficacy and reducing mortality. Renal functions before and after treatment were not changed significantly, proving that this combined treatment was safe and effective.</AbstractText> |
2,330,231 | Endoscopic Management of Quadrigeminal Arachnoid Cyst with Neuronavigation Guidance. | Quadrigeminal cistern arachnoid cysts (ACs) are usually asymptomatic, may be accidental findings during radiological evaluation, and are rare (5%-10% of all intracranial ACs). We report a case of type I quadrigeminal cistern AC managed via navigation-guided cystoventriculostomy followed by endoscopic third ventriculostomy (Video 1). A 0° rod-lens endoscope was used. Different types of cysts may require different endoscopic approaches, and our procedure was facilitated by the presence of significant ventriculomegaly.<sup>1</sup> The endoscopic procedure was completed uneventfully; navigation was used to limit ventricular exploration and find the thinnest point for cystoventriculostomy. A bipolar without cautery may be used for fenestration in both cyst and third ventricle floor, which is ultimately expanded with a Fogarty balloon. This increases the eventual size of the cystoventriculostomy and hence the long-term patency rate.<sup>2</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>3</sup> Another marker of the success of the fenestration is the presence of a cerebrospinal fluid flow void on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging,<sup>3</sup> both of which are demonstrated in the video. The cyst collapsed during follow-up after the endoscopic procedure with a reduction in hydrocephalus and opening up of the aqueduct. The patient's headache disappeared, visual symptoms showed remarkable improvement. Quadrigeminal cistern AC is one type of pineal region AC, and it is advisable to plan the operative approach before the endoscopic procedure according to the different types of pineal region ACs. Pineal region ACs and associated hydrocephalus can be successfully treated with simple, minimally invasive endoscopic procedures. Navigation assistance may not be necessary in all cases, but it allows for safe, rapid location of the fenestration site. A minimally invasive route and attention to smaller nuances of anatomy are key to safe management of these benign conditions. |
2,330,232 | Single cardiomyocytes from papillary muscles show lower preload-dependent activation of force compared to cardiomyocytes from the left ventricular free wall.<Pagination><StartPage>127</StartPage><EndPage>136</EndPage><MedlinePgn>127-136</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.02.008</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0022-2828(22)00036-0</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Efficient pumping of the healthy left ventricle (LV) requires heterogeneities in mechanical function of individual cardiomyocytes (CM). Deformation of sub-endocardial (Endo) tissue is greater than that of sub-epicardial (Epi) regions. Papillary muscles (PM), often considered to be part of Endo tissue, show lower beat-by-beat length variation than Epi (or Endo) regions, even though they contribute to the shift in atrio-ventricular valve plane, which is essential for LV pump function. Thus far, no comparative assessment of CM mechanics for PM and LV free wall has been published. Here, we investigate contractility and cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>c</sub>) transients in rabbit single CM, freshly isolated from PM, Endo and Epi regions of the LV (free wall tissue was further subdivided into near-basal [Base], equatorial [Centre], and near-apical [Apex] parts). Functional parameters were measured in the absence of external mechanical loads (non-loaded), or during afterloaded (auxotonic) CM contractions, initiated from different levels of preload (diastolic axial stretch), using the carbon fibre technique. We note significant differences in time-course and amplitudes of sarcomere shortening between PM, Endo and Epi CM. In non-loaded CM, sarcomere shortening between regions compares as follows: Endo > Epi and Endo > PM. During afterloaded contractions, the slope of auxotonic tension-length relation and the Frank-Starling gain index (preload-dependent increase in tension and shortening) follow the sequence of Endo > Epi > PM. In terms of apico-basal gradients, time-to-peak sarcomere shortening was greater in Apex compared to Centre and Base in non-loaded CM only. Thus, CM from PM show the least pronounced preload-dependent activation of force across the LV regions assessed, while CM from Endo regions show the strongest response. This is in keeping with prior in situ observations on the smaller extent of PM shortening and their thus lower functional requirement for sensitivity to preload, compared to LV free wall. The here identified regional differences in cellular Frank-Starling responses illustrate the extent to which CM mechanical responses appear to be in keeping with in situ differences in mechanical demand.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khokhlova</LastName><ForeName>Anastasia</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; Ural Federal University, Mira 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia. Electronic address: a.d.khokhlova@urfu.ru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Solovyova</LastName><ForeName>Olga</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; Ural Federal University, Mira 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kohl</LastName><ForeName>Peter</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Str. 2Q, 79110 Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany; CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzle Str. 18, 79110 Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peyronnet</LastName><ForeName>Rémi</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Str. 2Q, 79110 Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>04</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Mol Cell Cardiol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0262322</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0022-2828</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004699" MajorTopicYN="N">Endocardium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009200" MajorTopicYN="N">Myocardial Contraction</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032383" MajorTopicYN="Y">Myocytes, Cardiac</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010210" MajorTopicYN="N">Papillary Muscles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011817" MajorTopicYN="N">Rabbits</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Apico-basal heterogeneity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Cardiomyocyte mechanics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Papillary muscle</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Tension-length relations</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Transmural heterogeneity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ventricular free wall</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>5</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>20</Hour><Minute>29</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35248551</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.02.008</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0022-2828(22)00036-0</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">35248358</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>06</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1097-685X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>02</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Prognostic impact of the E/e' ratio in patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation undergoing aortic valve replacement. | Efficient pumping of the healthy left ventricle (LV) requires heterogeneities in mechanical function of individual cardiomyocytes (CM). Deformation of sub-endocardial (Endo) tissue is greater than that of sub-epicardial (Epi) regions. Papillary muscles (PM), often considered to be part of Endo tissue, show lower beat-by-beat length variation than Epi (or Endo) regions, even though they contribute to the shift in atrio-ventricular valve plane, which is essential for LV pump function. Thus far, no comparative assessment of CM mechanics for PM and LV free wall has been published. Here, we investigate contractility and cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>c</sub>) transients in rabbit single CM, freshly isolated from PM, Endo and Epi regions of the LV (free wall tissue was further subdivided into near-basal [Base], equatorial [Centre], and near-apical [Apex] parts). Functional parameters were measured in the absence of external mechanical loads (non-loaded), or during afterloaded (auxotonic) CM contractions, initiated from different levels of preload (diastolic axial stretch), using the carbon fibre technique. We note significant differences in time-course and amplitudes of sarcomere shortening between PM, Endo and Epi CM. In non-loaded CM, sarcomere shortening between regions compares as follows: Endo > Epi and Endo > PM. During afterloaded contractions, the slope of auxotonic tension-length relation and the Frank-Starling gain index (preload-dependent increase in tension and shortening) follow the sequence of Endo > Epi > PM. In terms of apico-basal gradients, time-to-peak sarcomere shortening was greater in Apex compared to Centre and Base in non-loaded CM only. Thus, CM from PM show the least pronounced preload-dependent activation of force across the LV regions assessed, while CM from Endo regions show the strongest response. This is in keeping with prior in situ observations on the smaller extent of PM shortening and their thus lower functional requirement for sensitivity to preload, compared to LV free wall. The here identified regional differences in cellular Frank-Starling responses illustrate the extent to which CM mechanical responses appear to be in keeping with in situ differences in mechanical demand.<CopyrightInformation>Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Khokhlova</LastName><ForeName>Anastasia</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; Ural Federal University, Mira 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia. Electronic address: a.d.khokhlova@urfu.ru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Solovyova</LastName><ForeName>Olga</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pervomajskaya 106, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; Ural Federal University, Mira 19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kohl</LastName><ForeName>Peter</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Str. 2Q, 79110 Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany; CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzle Str. 18, 79110 Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Peyronnet</LastName><ForeName>Rémi</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Elsässer Str. 2Q, 79110 Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>04</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>J Mol Cell Cardiol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0262322</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0022-2828</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004699" MajorTopicYN="N">Endocardium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009200" MajorTopicYN="N">Myocardial Contraction</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032383" MajorTopicYN="Y">Myocytes, Cardiac</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010210" MajorTopicYN="N">Papillary Muscles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011817" MajorTopicYN="N">Rabbits</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Apico-basal heterogeneity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Cardiomyocyte mechanics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Papillary muscle</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Tension-length relations</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Transmural heterogeneity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Ventricular free wall</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>23</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>5</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>26</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>20</Hour><Minute>29</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35248551</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.02.008</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0022-2828(22)00036-0</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">35248358</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>06</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1097-685X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>02</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Prognostic impact of the E/e' ratio in patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation undergoing aortic valve replacement.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">S0022-5223(22)00114-3</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.01.036</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">The study objective was to evaluate the clinical implication of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation undergoing aortic valve replacement.<AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">We reviewed the medical records of 323 patients (age, 56.3 ± 14.1 years; 111 female) who underwent aortic valve replacement for chronic severe aortic regurgitation between 2005 and 2019. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was assessed by the ratio of peak left ventricular inflow velocity over mitral annular velocity (E/e'). The study end point was the composite of death and heart failure requiring hospital admission.<AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The E/e' ratio was significantly correlated with age, left atrial dimension, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, mitral regurgitation grade, and tricuspid regurgitation grade (all P < .001). During follow-up (1748.3 patient-years), death and heart failure occurred in 36 patients (2.06/patient-year) and 9 patients (0.53/patient-year), respectively. In multivariable analysis, E/e' ratio (per 5 increment, hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.71; P = .03), age (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.10; P < .001), and left ventricular ejection fraction (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-0.98; P = .002) were independent predictors of death and heart failure. The 5-year heart failure-free survival was 94.9% ± 1.7% in patients with E/e' less than 15% and 84.2% ± 4.2% in patients with E/e' 15 or greater (P < .001).<AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">The E/e' ratio was significantly associated with adverse outcomes in patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation undergoing aortic valve replacement and may be useful as a prognostic marker in such patients. |
2,330,233 | 3-Step didactic white matter dissection of human cerebellum: Micro-neuroanatomical training. | A thorough understanding of cerebellum anatomy is essential in 4th ventricle approaches (more frequent in pediatric neurosurgery), avoiding relevant complications such as cerebellar mutism. The aim of the present work is to show the feasibility of a didactic dissection of human cerebellum focusing on cerebellar peduncles and dentate nucleus (DN), which are structures at high risk during these surgical procedures.</AbstractText>The cerebellum was dissected according to the Klingler method for white matter, using standard and specific microsurgery tools. Surgical microscope magnification (×6-×40) provided by a D.F. Vasconcellos M900 was required. A Canon EOS T7 18-55 mm digital camera was used and Adobe Lightroom Classic CC and Keynote were selected as photo enhancing software. Special methods such as LED light endoscopic transillumination were used for photographical reasons.</AbstractText>DN dissection was successfully achieved and the relations between these nucleus and the cerebellar peduncles, inferior vermis and medullary velums were described. Through this three steps dissection guide (1. tentorial surface; 2. suboccipital surface; 3. 4th ventricle structures), the most relevant anatomical structures were shown and its implications in different 4th ventricle approaches were characterised.</AbstractText>3 D perspective provided by real specimen anatomical dissection is critical for learning neuroanatomy. LED transillumination was shown as a useful technique for the 4th ventricle structures photographic documentation which improves spatial recognition. This benefit can be applied for the study of the relations between the medullary velums and the rhomboid fossa foramina, which are permeable to light. The proposed three-steps dissection guide helps to a better understanding of human cerebellum and to gain self-confidence, allowing safer practice for neurosurgeons in all stages of their career.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2020 Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,234 | Multiple-mouse magnetic resonance imaging with cryogenic radiofrequency probes for evaluation of brain development. | Multiple-mouse magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) increases scan throughput by imaging several mice simultaneously in the same magnet bore, enabling multiple images to be obtained in the same time as a single scan. This increase in throughput enables larger studies than otherwise feasible and is particularly advantageous in longitudinal study designs where frequent imaging time points result in high demand for MRI resources. Cryogenically-cooled radiofrequency probes (CryoProbes) have been demonstrated to have significant signal-to-noise ratio benefits over comparable room temperature coils for in vivo mouse imaging. In this work, we demonstrate implementation of a multiple-mouse MRI system using CryoProbes, achieved by mounting four such coils in a 30-cm, 7-Tesla magnet bore. The approach is demonstrated for longitudinal quantification of brain structure from infancy to early adulthood in a mouse model of Sanfilippo syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type III), generated by knockout of the Hgsnat gene. We find that Hgsnat<sup>-/-</sup> mice have regionally increased growth rates compared to Hgsnat<sup>+/+</sup> mice in a number of brain regions, notably including the ventricles, amygdala and superior colliculus. A strong sex dependence was also noted, with the lateral ventricle volume growing at an accelerated rate in males, but several structures in the brain parenchyma growing faster in females. This approach is broadly applicable to other mouse models of human disease and the increased throughput may be particularly beneficial in studying mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders. |
2,330,235 | Irx5 and transient outward K<sup>+</sup> currents contribute to transmural contractile heterogeneities in the mouse ventricle. | Previous studies have established that transmural gradients of the fast transient outward K<sup>+</sup> current (<i>I</i><sub>to,f</sub>) correlate with regional differences in action potential (AP) profile and excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) with high <i>I</i><sub>to,f</sub> expression in the epimyocardium (EPI) being associated with short APs and low contractility and vice versa. Herein, we investigated the effects of altering the <i>I</i><sub>to,f</sub> gradients on transmural contractile properties using mice lacking <i>Irx5</i> (Irx5-KO) or lacking <i>Kcnd2</i> (K<sub>V</sub>4.2-KO) or both. Irx5-KO mice exhibited decreased global LV contractility in association with elevated <i>I</i><sub>to,f</sub>, as well as reduced cell shortening and Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient amplitudes in cardiomyocytes isolated from the endomyocardium (ENDO) but not in cardiomyocytes from the EPI. Transcriptional profiling revealed that the primary effect of <i>Irx5</i> ablation on ECC-related genes was to increase <i>I</i><sub>to,f</sub> gene expression (i.e., <i>Kcnd2</i> and <i>Kcnip2</i>) in the ENDO, but not the EPI. By contrast, K<sub>V</sub>4.2-KO mice showed selective increases in cell shortening and Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients in isolated EPI cardiomyocytes, leading to enhanced ventricular contractility and mice lacking both <i>Irx5</i> and <i>Kcnd2</i> displayed elevated ventricular contractility, comparable to K<sub>V</sub>4.2-KO mice, demonstrating a dominant role of <i>Irx5</i>-dependent modulation of <i>I</i><sub>to,f</sub> in the regulation of contractility. Our findings show that the transmural electromechanical heterogeneities in the healthy ventricles depend on the <i>Irx5</i>-dependent <i>I</i><sub>to,f</sub> gradients. These observations provide a useful framework for assessing the molecular mechanisms underlying the alterations in contractile heterogeneity seen in the diseased heart.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Irx5 is a vital transcription factor that establishes the transmural heterogeneity of ventricular myocyte contractility, thereby ensuring proper contractile function in the healthy heart. Regional differences in excitation-contraction coupling in the ventricular myocardium are primarily mediated through the inverse relationship between Irx5 and the fast transient outward K<sup>+</sup> current (<i>I</i><sub>to,f</sub>) across the ventricular wall. |
2,330,236 | Normal pressure hydrocephalus: Neurophysiological and neuropsychological aspects: a narrative review. | Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a syndrome that affects elderly people and is characterized by excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. Diagnosis is based on the evaluation of clinical symptoms, which consists of a classic triad (Hakim triad), gait disturbances, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence. However, this complete triad is not always seen; therefore, it is difficult to make the diagnosis. NPH can be divided into primary or idiopathic NPH and secondary NPH. Diagnostic criteria for NPH remain a topic of discussion; however, the development of diagnostic techniques has brought new opportunities for diagnosis. The aim of this review is to present an overview of neurophysiological and neuropsychological approaches to support the clinical evaluation of patients with NPH and contribute to the differential diagnosis of NPH and dementia, as the clinical symptoms of NPH may resemble other neurodegenerative disorders. |
2,330,237 | Intracranial Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumor with superimposed cryptococcal infection: A case report. | Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors (EBV-SMT) are rare, virally-induced malignancies that occur almost exclusively in immunocompromised individuals. We report a very rare case of a dura-based EBV-SMT with superimposed local cryptococcal infection.</AbstractText>An adult male with a history of untreated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presented to our hospital with worsening headaches, diarrhea, and diffuse myalgias.</AbstractText>Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans serum antigen. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed 2 adjacent enhancing masses in the right temporal lobe, perilesional edema, and mass effect of the right lateral ventricle. Histological examination and immunohistochemical stains of the surgical specimen were consistent with EBV-SMT. Cryptococcus organisms were identified within the neoplasm.</AbstractText>The patient underwent complete tumor resection, received an extended course of amphotericin and flucytosine, and was restarted on antiretroviral therapy.</AbstractText>The patient was discharged from the hospital with no focal neurological deficits.</AbstractText>Epstein-Barr virus associated smooth muscle tumors are rare malignancies that occur in immunocompromised patients. Prognosis is largely dependent on immune reconstitution and treatment of concomitant infections.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,238 | Familial colloid cysts: not a chance occurrence. | Colloid cysts are rare, benign brain tumors of the third ventricle with an estimated population prevalence of 1 in 5800. Sudden deterioration and death secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus are well-described presentations in patients with a colloid cyst. Although historically conceptualized as driven by sporadic genetic events, a growing body of literature supports the possibility of an inherited predisposition.</AbstractText>A prospective registry of patients with colloid cysts was maintained between 1996 and 2021. Data pertaining to a family history of colloid cyst was collected retrospectively; self-reporting was validated in each case by medical record or imaging review. Frequency of patients with a documented first-degree family member with a colloid cyst based on self-reporting was calculated. The rate of familial co-occurrence within our series was then compared to a systematic literature review and aggregation of familial case studies, as well as population-based prevalence rates of sporadic colloid cysts.</AbstractText>Thirteen cases with affected first-degree relatives were identified in our series. Of the entire cohort, 19/26 were symptomatic from the lesion (73%), 12/26 (46.2%) underwent resection, and 2/26 (7.7%) had sudden death from presumed obstructive hydrocephalus. The majority of transmission patterns were between mother and child (9/13). Compared with the estimated prevalence of colloid cysts, our FCC rate of 13 cases in 383 (3.4%) estimates a greater-than-chance rate of co-occurrence.</AbstractText>Systematic screening for FCCs may facilitate early recognition and treatment of indolent cysts, thereby preventing the rapid deterioration that can occur with an unrecognized third ventricular tumor. Furthermore, identifying a transmission pattern may yield more insight into the molecular and genetic underpinnings of colloid cysts.</AbstractText>© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,239 | Regulation of collagen deposition in the trout heart during thermal acclimation. | The passive mechanical properties of the vertebrate heart are controlled in part by the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Changes in the ECM, caused by increased blood pressure, injury or disease can affect the capacity of the heart to fill with blood during diastole. In mammalian species, cardiac fibrosis caused by an increase in collagen in the ECM, leads to a loss of heart function and these changes in composition are considered to be permanent. Recent work has demonstrated that the cardiac ventricle of some fish species have the capacity to both increase and decrease collagen content in response to thermal acclimation. It is thought that these changes in collagen content help maintain ventricle function over seasonal changes in environmental temperatures. This current work reviews the cellular mechanisms responsible for regulating collagen deposition in the mammalian heart and proposes a cellular pathway by which a change in temperature can affect the collagen content of the fish ventricle through mechanotransduction. This work specifically focuses on the role of transforming growth factor β1, MAPK signaling pathways, and biomechanical stretch in regulating collagen content in the fish ventricle. It is hoped that this work increases the appreciation of the use of comparative models to gain insight into phenomenon with biomedical relevance. |
2,330,240 | Dihydroquercetin ameliorates LPS-induced neuroinflammation and memory deficit. | Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) is a pentahydroxyflavanone that has been used as an important suppliment against oxidative stress related inflammation and neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation, which is the activation of the defense mechanism of the central nervous system, upon exposure to stimuli like amyloid β, Lewy bodies, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and reactive oxygen species. It is an important pathophysiological mediator of a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and others. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of DHQ, a potent antioxidant molecule, against LPS induced neuroinflammation. On the first day of the experiment (day-1), neuroinflammation was induced through intracerebroventricular injection of LPS (5 ​μg/5 μl) into each lateral ventricle in the rats. DHQ-0.5, 1 and 2 ​μg/kg was injected into the tail vein in respective groups from day-2 to day-10. Behavioral studies showed that DHQ attenuated the LPS-induced loss in long-term memory and working memory as evaluated by elevated plus maze and Y-maze test, respectively. Further, the biochemical estimations revealed that DHQ dose-dependently attenuated the LPS-induced decrease in acetylcholine level and increased in the acetylcholine-esterase activity in the hippocampal region. DHQ also increased the catalase activity and decreased nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation altered by LPS injection. DHQ also attenuated interleukin-6 in the brain, which has elevated upon LPS induction. The decrease in IL-6 is attributed to its antioxidant activity. Hence, DHQ could be a potential therapeutic candidate in the management of neuroinflammation and related neurodegenerative disorders. |
2,330,241 | Deficiency of <i>nde1</i> in zebrafish induces brain inflammatory responses and autism-like behavior. | The cytoskeletal protein NDE1 plays an important role in chromosome segregation, neural precursor differentiation, and neuronal migration. Clinical studies have shown that NDE1 deficiency is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. Here, we generated <i>nde1</i> homologous deficiency zebrafish (<i>nde1</i> <sup><i>-/-</i></sup> ) to elucidate the cellular molecular mechanisms behind it. <i>nde1</i> <sup><i>-/-</i></sup> exhibit increased neurological apoptotic responses at early infancy, enlarged ventricles, and shrank valvula cerebelli in adult brain tissue. Behavioral analysis revealed that <i>nde1</i> <sup><i>-/-</i></sup> displayed autism-like behavior traits such as increased locomotor activity and repetitive stereotype behaviors and impaired social and kin recognition behaviors. Furthermore, <i>nde1</i> mRNA injection rescued apoptosis in early development, and minocycline treatment rescued impaired social behavior and overactive motor activity by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we revealed that <i>nde1</i> homozygous deletion leads to abnormal neurological development with autism-related behavioral phenotypes and that inflammatory responses in the brain are an important molecular basis behind it. |
2,330,242 | Cerebellar liponeurocytoma with an unusual metastatic CSF spinal seeding. | Cerebellar liponeurocytoma is rare intracranial tumor appearing mostly in the posterior fossa.</AbstractText>We hereby report a long follow-up of a case of cerebellar liponeurocytoma in a 60-year-old female. At first, she presented in March of 2010 with the symptoms of hydrocephalus and was found to have a lesion located in the fourth ventricle. The tumor was resected with a small remnant around the brainstem which grew on serial imaging. Due to slow tumor growth, the patient was treated with conformal radiotherapy and was kept under follow-up with both outpatient visits and serial brain imaging. In 2018, due to low back pain and lumbar radicular pain, a new set of images of the spine was obtained which revealed multilevel intradural tumor spinal dissemination. The patient further underwent an open spinal biopsy at the level of L5 which revealed the same pathology of the intracranial tumor. The patient went on to receive total spine irradiation.</AbstractText>This case report describes a rare metastatic phenomenon to the spinal cord of the exact same pathology and grade of an intracranial cerebellar liponeurocytoma tumor.</AbstractText>Copyright: © 2022 Surgical Neurology International.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,243 | Numerical biomechanics modelling of indirect mitral annuloplasty treatments for functional mitral regurgitation.<Pagination><StartPage>211464</StartPage><MedlinePgn>211464</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">211464</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1098/rsos.211464</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is a common valvular heart disease where an improper closure leads to leakage from the left ventricle into the left atrium. There is a need for less-invasive treatments such as percutaneous repairs for a large inoperable patient population. The aim of this study is to compare several indirect mitral annuloplasty (IMA) percutaneous repair techniques by finite-element analyses. Two types of generic IMA devices were considered, based on coronary sinus vein shortening (IMA-CS) to reduce the annulus perimeter and based on shortening of the anterior-posterior diameter (IMA-AP). The disease, its treatments, and the heart function post-repair were modelled by modifying the living heart human model (Dassault Systèmes). A functional MR pathology that represents ischaemic MR was generated and the IMA treatments were simulated in it, followed by heart function simulations with the devices and leakage quantification from blood flow simulations. All treatments were able to reduce leakage, the IMA-AP device achieved better sealing, and there was a correlation between the IMA-CS device length and the reduction in leakage. The results of this study can help in bringing IMA-AP to market, expanding the use of IMA devices, and optimizing future designs of such devices.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2022 The Authors.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Galili</LastName><ForeName>Lee</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>White Zeira</LastName><ForeName>Adi</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marom</LastName><ForeName>Gil</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3130-3402</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><DataBankList CompleteYN="Y"><DataBank><DataBankName>figshare</DataBankName><AccessionNumberList><AccessionNumber>10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5769744</AccessionNumber></AccessionNumberList></DataBank><DataBank><DataBankName>Dryad</DataBankName><AccessionNumberList><AccessionNumber>10.5061/dryad.bzkh1899d</AccessionNumber></AccessionNumberList></DataBank></DataBankList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>12</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>R Soc Open Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101647528</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2054-5703</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">biomechanics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiovascular devices</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">indirect mitral annuloplasty (IMA)</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">mitral valve</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">numerical models</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>9</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>14</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>40</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35242347</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8753151</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1098/rsos.211464</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">rsos211464</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Trochu JN, Le Tourneau T, Obadia JF, Caranhac G, Beresniak A. 2015. 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(10.5061/dryad.bzkh1899d)</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5061/dryad.bzkh1899d</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8753151</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35242347</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">35241202</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>04</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1467-1107</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Mar</Month><Day>04</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Cardiology in the young</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Cardiol Young</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Reference centiles for left ventricular longitudinal global and regional systolic strain by automated functional imaging in healthy Egyptian children. | Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is a common valvular heart disease where an improper closure leads to leakage from the left ventricle into the left atrium. There is a need for less-invasive treatments such as percutaneous repairs for a large inoperable patient population. The aim of this study is to compare several indirect mitral annuloplasty (IMA) percutaneous repair techniques by finite-element analyses. Two types of generic IMA devices were considered, based on coronary sinus vein shortening (IMA-CS) to reduce the annulus perimeter and based on shortening of the anterior-posterior diameter (IMA-AP). The disease, its treatments, and the heart function post-repair were modelled by modifying the living heart human model (Dassault Systèmes). A functional MR pathology that represents ischaemic MR was generated and the IMA treatments were simulated in it, followed by heart function simulations with the devices and leakage quantification from blood flow simulations. All treatments were able to reduce leakage, the IMA-AP device achieved better sealing, and there was a correlation between the IMA-CS device length and the reduction in leakage. The results of this study can help in bringing IMA-AP to market, expanding the use of IMA devices, and optimizing future designs of such devices.<CopyrightInformation>© 2022 The Authors.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Galili</LastName><ForeName>Lee</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>White Zeira</LastName><ForeName>Adi</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Marom</LastName><ForeName>Gil</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3130-3402</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><DataBankList CompleteYN="Y"><DataBank><DataBankName>figshare</DataBankName><AccessionNumberList><AccessionNumber>10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5769744</AccessionNumber></AccessionNumberList></DataBank><DataBank><DataBankName>Dryad</DataBankName><AccessionNumberList><AccessionNumber>10.5061/dryad.bzkh1899d</AccessionNumber></AccessionNumberList></DataBank></DataBankList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>12</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>R Soc Open Sci</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101647528</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2054-5703</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">biomechanics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiovascular devices</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">indirect mitral annuloplasty (IMA)</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">mitral valve</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">numerical models</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>9</Month><Day>9</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>14</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>4</Day><Hour>5</Hour><Minute>40</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>5</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>1</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35242347</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8753151</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1098/rsos.211464</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">rsos211464</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Trochu JN, Le Tourneau T, Obadia JF, Caranhac G, Beresniak A. 2015. 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(10.5061/dryad.bzkh1899d)</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5061/dryad.bzkh1899d</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8753151</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35242347</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">35241202</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>04</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1467-1107</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Mar</Month><Day>04</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Cardiology in the young</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Cardiol Young</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Reference centiles for left ventricular longitudinal global and regional systolic strain by automated functional imaging in healthy Egyptian children.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>1</StartPage><EndPage>9</EndPage><MedlinePgn>1-9</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1017/S1047951122000129</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography-derived left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain is an important myocardial deformation parameter for assessing the systolic function of the left ventricle. Strain values differ according to the vendor machine and software. This study aimed to provide normal reference values for global and regional left ventricular longitudinal systolic strain in Egyptian children using automated functional imaging software integrated into the General Electric healthcare machine and to study the correlation between the global longitudinal left ventricular systolic strain and age, body size, vital data, and some echocardiographic parameters.<AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">Healthy children (250) aged from 1 to 16 years were included. Conventional echocardiography was done to measure the left ventricular dimensions and function. Automated functional imaging was performed to measure the global and regional peak longitudinal systolic strain.<AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">The global longitudinal strain was -21.224 ± 1.862%. The regional strain was -20.68 ± 2.11%, -21.06 ± 1.84%, and -21.86 ± 2.71% at the basal, mid, and apical segments, respectively. The mean values of the systolic longitudinal strain become significantly more negative from base to apex. Age differences were found as regard to global and regional longitudinal strain parameters but no gender differences. The global peak longitudinal systolic strain correlated positively with age. No correlations were found with either the anthropometric parameters or the vital data.<AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Age-specific normal values for two-dimensional speckle tracking-derived left ventricular longitudinal regional and global systolic strain are established using automated functional imaging. |
2,330,244 | Microsurgical Technique for Resection of a Cerebellopontine Angle Epidermoid Tumor. | Epidermoid tumors are slow-growing, benign, congenital lesions.<sup>1</sup> They commonly arise in the cerebellopontine angle, fourth ventricle, suprasellar region, or spinal cord.<sup>2</sup> Symptoms may include hearing loss, facial pain, and headaches. The management options include observation or surgical resection. If the patient has symptoms, surgical resection is the treatment option of choice with the goal of gross total resection. In Video 1, we discuss the microsurgical technique for the resection of a right cerebellopontine angle epidermoid tumor. A 22-year-old male patient presented with chronic headache, decreased right-sided hearing, right facial pain, and right facial twitching. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the characteristic finding of an epidermoid tumor, which appeared as isointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2 with diffusion-weighted imaging. The patient was taken to the operating room, and a retrosigmoid craniotomy was performed on the basis of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses. The tumor capsule was opened, and the tumor was decompressed by removing the internal components consisting of epithelial keratin and cholesterol crystals, allowing for a gross total resection to be achieved. The patient's postoperative computed tomography scan showed no residual tumor, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 1 in stable condition. |
2,330,245 | Heterogeneity of quiescent and active neural stem cells in the postnatal brain. | In the postnatal mammalian brain, neurogenic activity is retained in anatomically restricted areas, driven by pools of Neural Stem Cells (NSCs). These cells and their progeny have been studied intensively as potential targets for regenerative treatments, aiming at either their <i>in situ</i> manipulation or their use as sources of cells for transplantation-based strategies. Although their full identity, heterogeneity and differentiation potential remain elusive, due to the absence of specific cell-type markers, our knowledge of their properties is constantly expanding. Here, we focus on the NSC niche that is located at the Subependymal Zone (SEZ/ also known as Subventricular Zone) of the lateral ventricles of the brain. We review, summarize and explain the different faces of the NSC, as they have been described, using a wide range of experimental approaches, over a time-frame of three decades: the primitive, definitive, quiescent or activated NSC. We also review the growing evidence of the existence of latent NSCs outside of niches, in the brain parenchyma, that constitute promising new therapeutic targets, complemented by the novel technologies of <i>in vivo</i> cell reprogramming. |
2,330,246 | p140Cap Controls Female Fertility in Mice Acting <i>via</i> Glutamatergic Afference on Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons. | p140Cap, encoded by the gene <i>SRCIN1</i> (<i>SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1)</i>, is an adaptor/scaffold protein highly expressed in the mouse brain, participating in several pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms. <i>p140Cap</i> knock-out (KO) female mice show severe hypofertility, delayed puberty onset, altered estrus cycle, reduced ovulation, and defective production of luteinizing hormone and estradiol during proestrus. We investigated the role of p140Cap in the development and maturation of the hypothalamic gonadotropic system. During embryonic development, migration of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) neurons from the nasal placode to the forebrain in <i>p140Cap</i> KO mice appeared normal, and young <i>p140Cap</i> KO animals showed a normal number of GnRH-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons. In contrast, adult <i>p140Cap</i> KO mice showed a significant loss of GnRH-ir neurons and a decreased density of GnRH-ir projections in the median eminence, accompanied by reduced levels of GnRH and LH mRNAs in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, respectively. We examined the number of kisspeptin (KP) neurons in the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle, the number of KP-ir fibers in the arcuate nucleus, and the number of KP-ir punctae on GnRH neurons but we found no significant changes. Consistently, the responsiveness to exogenous KP <i>in vivo</i> was unchanged, excluding a cell-autonomous defect on the GnRH neurons at the level of KP receptor or its signal transduction. Since glutamatergic signaling in the hypothalamus is critical for both puberty onset and modulation of GnRH secretion, we examined the density of glutamatergic synapses in <i>p140Cap</i> KO mice and observed a significant reduction in the density of VGLUT-ir punctae both in the preoptic area and on GnRH neurons. Our data suggest that the glutamatergic circuitry in the hypothalamus is altered in the absence of p140Cap and is required for female fertility. |
2,330,247 | Subcortical volume reduction and cortical thinning 3 months after switching to clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia. | The neurobiological effects of clozapine are under characterised. We examined the effects clozapine treatment on subcortical volume and cortical thickness and investigated whether macrostructural changes were linked to alterations in glutamate or N-acetylaspartate (NAA). Data were acquired in 24 patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia before and 12 weeks after switching to clozapine. During clozapine treatment we observed reductions in caudate and putamen volume, lateral ventricle enlargement (P < 0.001), and reductions in thickness of the left inferior temporal cortex, left caudal middle frontal cortex, and the right temporal pole. Reductions in right caudate volume were associated with local reductions in NAA (P = 0.002). None of the morphometric changes were associated with changes in glutamate levels. These results indicate that clozapine treatment is associated with subcortical volume loss and cortical thinning and that at least some of these effects are linked to changes in neuronal or metabolic integrity. |
2,330,248 | The dysfunctional right ventricle: the importance of multi-modality imaging.<Pagination><StartPage>885</StartPage><EndPage>897</EndPage><MedlinePgn>885-897</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/ehjci/jeac037</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Assessment of right ventricular (RV) function is crucial for the evaluation of the dyspnoeic patient and/or with systemic venous congestion and provides powerful prognostic insights. It can be performed using different imaging modalities including standard and advanced echocardiographic techniques, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and radionuclide techniques, which should be used in a complementary fashion. Each modality has strengths and weaknesses based on which the choice of their use and in which combination may vary according to the different clinical scenarios as will be detailed in this review. The conclusions from multiple studies using different imaging techniques are concordant: RV function can be reliably assessed and is a critical predictor of clinical outcomes.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Surkova</LastName><ForeName>Elena</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-5334-8551</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Cardiac Division, Department of Echocardiography, Royal Brompton Hospital, Part of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cosyns</LastName><ForeName>Bernard</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-9419-8019</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Brussels University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gerber</LastName><ForeName>Bernhard</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc, Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Av Hippocrate, 10/2806 Brussels, Belgium.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gimelli</LastName><ForeName>Alessia</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3378-1723</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Via Moruzzi, 1, Pisa 56124, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>La Gerche</LastName><ForeName>Andre</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3906-3784</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ajmone Marsan</LastName><ForeName>Nina</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-7208-5769</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Abinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101573788</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2047-2404</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004452" MajorTopicYN="N">Echocardiography</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000379" MajorTopicYN="N">methods</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006321" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D064847" MajorTopicYN="N">Multimodal Imaging</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018497" MajorTopicYN="Y">Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000000981" MajorTopicYN="N">diagnostic imaging</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016278" MajorTopicYN="N">Ventricular Function, Right</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">arterial-ventricular coupling</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">multi-modality imaging</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">myocardial function</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">right ventricle</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>2</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>9</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>3</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>6</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>12</Hour><Minute>19</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35234853</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9212350</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeac037</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">6540684</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>MacNee W. 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AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:77–86.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">21178050</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">35234681</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1536-5166</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>25</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Neuroophthalmol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Intermittent Syncope and Downbeat Nystagmus in Fourth Ventricle Choroid Plexus Papilloma. | Assessment of right ventricular (RV) function is crucial for the evaluation of the dyspnoeic patient and/or with systemic venous congestion and provides powerful prognostic insights. It can be performed using different imaging modalities including standard and advanced echocardiographic techniques, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and radionuclide techniques, which should be used in a complementary fashion. Each modality has strengths and weaknesses based on which the choice of their use and in which combination may vary according to the different clinical scenarios as will be detailed in this review. The conclusions from multiple studies using different imaging techniques are concordant: RV function can be reliably assessed and is a critical predictor of clinical outcomes. |
2,330,249 | Reduction in the cerebrospinal fluid protein level after bevacizumab treatment in patients with optic pathway low-grade gliomas. | Optic pathway gliomas (OPG) can cause elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentrations. We report on two patients with suprasellar low-grade gliomas and high CSF protein levels (590 and 551 mg/dl) that precluded shunt implantation. After two and three doses of bevacizumab, respectively, the levels dropped dramatically to 191 and 178 mg/dl, respectively. Bevacizumab treatment was associated with a decrease in CSF protein level, allowing successful shunt placement. Our results are consistent with the pharmacological mechanism of bevacizumab, which decreases protein leakage from blood vessels to the ventricles. |
2,330,250 | Bifocal lesions have a poorer treatment outcome than a single lesion in adult patients with intracranial germinoma. | Intracranial germinoma (IG) rarely occurs in adults. Its optimal treatment strategy is unclear. We evaluated the outcomes of radiotherapy in adults with intracranial germinoma. Data of 29 adult patients (age, 18-52 years; median age, 24.3 years) with IG treated with radiotherapy at Taipei Veterans General Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. They were followed up for a median time of 5.9 years (range, 1.0-12.8 years). We used the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models to identify the factors affecting PFS. PFS and OS were compared between adult and pediatric patients with IG. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year PFS rates were 96.6%, 85.8%, and 77.8%, respectively, in the adult patients, and the OS rate were all 100%. Seven patients (24.1%) experienced recurrence, and in six of them, salvage therapy successfully controlled the disease. Two patients (6.9%) died after 5 years of follow-up due to disease progression and central pontine myelinolysis. In the univariate and multivariate Cox analysis, bifocal lesions had a significantly lower PFS than those with single lesions (p = 0.008). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that adult patients had a poorer PFS (p = 0.06) and OS (p = 0.025) than pediatric patients. Our study showed bifocal lesions were associated with lower PFS than a single lesion among adult IG patients, and adult IG patients tended to have poorer PFS and OS compared to pediatric IG patients. For adult patients with bifocal IG, we recommend treatment with craniospinal irradiation, whole ventricle irradiation (WVI) with chemotherapy, or frequent spine images follow-up for patients who received only WVI. |
2,330,251 | Anemia and outcomes following left ventricular assist device implantation.<Pagination><StartPage>1626</StartPage><EndPage>1635</EndPage><MedlinePgn>1626-1635</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1111/aor.14224</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Patients with concomitant anemia and congestive heart failure have poor outcomes. The prevalence and clinical risk of anemia in patients receiving durable left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) remain unknown.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent LVAD implantation between 2014 and 2018. The association between hemoglobin level at the time of index discharge and the one-year composite endpoint of heart failure readmissions or hemocompatibility-related adverse events was investigated.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">A total of 168 patients (57 [48, 66] years old, 123 males) were included and stratified into a classification of anemia (hemoglobin <9.7 g/dl, N = 99) or non-anemia (N = 69). The anemia group had a higher one-year incidence of the composite endpoint (56% vs 36%, p = .013) with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.83 (95% confidence interval 1.08-2.82). Patients with anemia also experienced suboptimal bi-ventricular unloading.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Anemia was prevalent in LVAD patients and associated with a greater risk of heart failure and hemocompatibility-related adverse events. The optimal threshold for therapeutic intervention in response to post-LVAD anemia needs further investigation.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© 2022 International Center for Artificial Organ and Transplantation (ICAOT) and Wiley Periodicals LLC.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Imamura</LastName><ForeName>Teruhiko</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-7294-7637</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Narang</LastName><ForeName>Nikhil</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Besser</LastName><ForeName>Stephanie</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rodgers</LastName><ForeName>Daniel</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Combs</LastName><ForeName>Pamela</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Siddiqi</LastName><ForeName>Umar</ForeName><Initials>U</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3710-2444</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Stonebraker</LastName><ForeName>Corinne</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jeevanandam</LastName><ForeName>Valluvan</ForeName><Initials>V</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>04</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Artif Organs</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>7802778</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0160-564X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006333" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart Failure</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000150" MajorTopicYN="N">complications</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000601" MajorTopicYN="N">surgery</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006353" MajorTopicYN="Y">Heart-Assist Devices</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="N">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008297" MajorTopicYN="N">Male</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012189" MajorTopicYN="N">Retrospective Studies</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016896" MajorTopicYN="N">Treatment Outcome</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">heart failure</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">hemocompatibility</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">hemodynamics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">mechanical circulatory support</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>13</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>22</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>2</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>12</Hour><Minute>19</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35230709</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/aor.14224</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Title>REFERENCES</Title><Reference><Citation>Mehra MR, Uriel N, Naka Y, Cleveland JC Jr, Yuzefpolskaya M, Salerno CT, et al. 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The cardiac output in patients with chronic anemia as measured by the technique of right atrial catheterization. J Clin Invest. 1945;24(3):332-6.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Madden JL, Drakos SG, Stehlik J, McKellar SH, Rondina MT, Weyrich AS, et al. Baseline red blood cell osmotic fragility does not predict the degree of post-LVAD hemolysis. ASAIO J. 2014;60(5):524-8.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Imamura T, Nguyen A, Kim G, Raikhelkar J, Sarswat N, Kalantari S, et al. Optimal haemodynamics during left ventricular assist device support are associated with reduced haemocompatibility-related adverse events. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(5):655-62.</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Kansagara D, Dyer E, Englander H, Fu R, Freeman M, Kagen D. Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease: a systematic review. 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JACC Heart Fail. 2015;3(2):146-53.</Citation></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">35230568</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>01</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1875-8312</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Mar</Month><Day>01</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The international journal of cardiovascular imaging</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Int J Cardiovasc Imaging</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Right ventricle systolic function and right ventricle-pulmonary artery coupling in patients with severe aortic stenosis and the early impact of TAVI. | Few data are available on the prevalence of right ventricle (RV) systolic dysfunction, assessed including RV strain, and RV to pulmonary artery (PA) coupling in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) submitted to TAVI and the early effect of the procedure. We performed standard and speckle tracking echocardiography in 80 patients with severe AS the day before TAVI and within 48 h after TAVI. In all patients we measured TAPSE/PASP (cut-off for RV-PA uncoupling 0.31) and in 60/80 we were able to analyze RV global longitudinal strain (RV-GLS) and RV free wall strain (RV-FWS). RVFAC and TAPSE were impaired in 8.3% while RV-GLS and RV-FWS in 45% and 33.3% respectively before TAVI. TAPSE/PASP < 0.31 was documented in 7/80 patients (8.7%) before TAVI. These subjects differed from patients with TAPSE/PASP ≥ 0.31 for: enlarged left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes (p < 0.001), worst LV ejection fraction (p < 0.001) and RVFAC (p < 0.001), worst RV-GLS and RV-FWS (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03) and bigger right atrium (RA) area (p < 0.001). After TAVI, RV systolic function did not improve while PASP significantly decreased (p = 0.005) driving the improvement of TAPSE/PASP (p = 0.01). Patients with TAPSE/PASP improvement (51%) differed from the others for worst pre-TAVI diastolic function (E/e' p = 0.045), RVFAC (p = 0.042), RV-GLS (p = 0.049) and RA area (p = 0.02). RV-GLS unveils RV systolic dysfunction in as much as 45% of patients with AS vs only 8.3% revealed by conventional echocardiography. RV systolic function does not significantly improve early after TAVI while RV-PA coupling does. Patients with lower TAPSE/PASP at baseline have worst LV and RV systolic function as well as larger RA. Patients who improve TAPSE/PASP after TAVI are those with worst diastolic function, RV systolic function and larger RA at baseline. |
2,330,252 | Effects of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 on NLRC4 inflammasome in brain tissues of transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat. | To explore whether LPA5 was involved in the inflammatory responses in CI/R injury by regulation of NLRC4.</AbstractText>The cerebral I/R model in rats was constructed with ischemia of 2h and different time points of reperfusion. After that, western blot was used to determine protein expression (LPA5, NLRC4, AIM2, caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, mature IL-1β, and precursor IL-1β). And LPA5 and NLRC4 expression were also detected by using immunofluorescence experiment. Afterward, two sequence of LPA5-siRNA were injected into rats via intracerebroventricular administration. TTC staining and HE staining were performed.</AbstractText>As the reperfusion time was prolonged, LPA5 content was continuously increased, and the highest expression of NLRC4 was found at 4h of reperfusion. And protein expression of AIM2, cleaved-caspase-1, and mature IL-1β was also at highest level at 4h. And after reperfusion of 4h, LPA5 siRNA1# or 2# was injected into lateral ventricles. LPA5 silence markedly reduced the infract volume and improved the histological change of ischemic zone. And LPA5 silence significantly downregulated NLRC4, AIM2, and the ratio of cleaved-caspase-1/caspase-1 and mature IL-1β/precursor IL-1β. And compared with LPA5-siRNA2#, LPA5-siRNA1# exerted a more significant effect.</AbstractText>Low expression of LPA5 can protect against the inflammatory responses in CI/R model of rats through inhibiting NLRC4 inflammasomes.</AbstractText> |
2,330,253 | Heart injuries related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a risk often overlooked. | Current studies focus primarily on skeletal injuries following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Few studies report on intrathoracic injuries (ITI) and none, to our knowledge, focus exclusively on cardiovascular injuries related to cardiac massage. This study was based on autopsy findings and assessed the incidence of non-skeletal CPR related injuries related to chest compression.</AbstractText>This was a retrospective forensic autopsy cohort study conducted in a single institution after resuscitation. Pathologists recorded autopsy data using standardized protocol contained information from external and internal examination of the body.</AbstractText>Thirty-eight autopsy reports (21 males and 17 females), post- CPR-failure were studied. Heart lesions were reported in 19 patients (group A). The average age was 65.7 years (69.05 group A and 66.5 group B). Median weight was 75.2 Kg and was significantly higher in group B (p</i> = 0.01). Pericardial lesions were identified in 6 patients in group A and 2 in group B (p</i> = 0.2 ns). No significant difference was observed among the two groups (Table 4) with the exception of the average number of rib fractures which was higher in group A (p</i> = 0.04). Autopsy findings revealed heart injuries in 50% of patients with a high prevalence (52.6%) of left ventricle injuries.</AbstractText>Cardiac lesions represent frequent and serious complications of unsuccessful CPR. Correct performance of chest compressions according to guidelines is the best way to avoid these complications.</AbstractText>© 2022 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,254 | AI-based medical e-diagnosis for fast and automatic ventricular volume measurement in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. | Based on CT and MRI images acquired from normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients, using machine learning methods, we aim to establish a multimodal and high-performance automatic ventricle segmentation method to achieve an efficient and accurate automatic measurement of the ventricular volume. First, we extract the brain CT and MRI images of 143 definite NPH patients. Second, we manually label the ventricular volume (VV) and intracranial volume (ICV). Then, we use the machine learning method to extract features and establish automatic ventricle segmentation model. Finally, we verify the reliability of the model and achieved automatic measurement of VV and ICV. In CT images, the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman analysis of the automatic and manual segmentation result of the VV were 0.95, 0.99, 0.99, and 4.2 ± 2.6, respectively. The results of ICV were 0.96, 0.99, 0.99, and 6.0 ± 3.8, respectively. The whole process takes 3.4 ± 0.3 s. In MRI images, the DSC, ICC, Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman analysis of the automatic and manual segmentation result of the VV were 0.94, 0.99, 0.99, and 2.0 ± 0.6, respectively. The results of ICV were 0.93, 0.99, 0.99, and 7.9 ± 3.8, respectively. The whole process took 1.9 ± 0.1 s. We have established a multimodal and high-performance automatic ventricle segmentation method to achieve efficient and accurate automatic measurement of the ventricular volume of NPH patients. This can help clinicians quickly and accurately understand the situation of NPH patient's ventricles. |
2,330,255 | Intracranial ependymal cyst - A modern systematic review with a pathway to diagnosis. | Intracranial ependymal cysts (IECs) are rare, histologically benign neuroepithelial cysts that mostly occur in the cerebral parenchyma. The majority of these cysts are clinically silent and discovered incidentally, but when symptomatic they may compress surrounding structures, thus surgical intervention is needed. The current data in the literature about ECs is very scarce, and many are misdiagnosed, once they share many radiological characteristics with a variety of intracranial benign cysts. Also their terminology is confusing, and its definitive diagnosis can only be made through a thorough histopathological study, hence a detailed description about these uncommon lesions is necessary. The correct identification of the lesion lead to our better understanding of the condition and further improvement of the patient's prognosis.</AbstractText>A descriptive case is presented; moreover, a detailed PubMed search according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was performed. The data found was analyzed by various criteria in order to correctly describe the characteristics of this lesion.</AbstractText>The literature review gathered 9 descriptions of patients with IECs with a diverse range anatomopathological and clinical manifestations. All of the included studies found were case reports. Moreover, the authors suggest an updated classification of the lesion, involving their immunohistochemical characteristics.</AbstractText>The information obtained from this study highlights IECs rarity and their inaccurately classification. We propose that the definitive diagnosis of IECs shall be made upon histopathological confirmation of an ependyma-lined cyst along with a positive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,256 | Influence of interaction of cerebral fluids on ventricular deformation: A mathematical approach. | This paper describes the effects of the interaction of cerebral fluids (arterial, capillary and venous blood, cerebrospinal fluid) on ventricular wall displacement and periventricular pressure using a mathematical multiphase poroelasticity model for the cerebral parenchyma. The interaction of cerebral fluids is given by a set of four numerical coefficients. A multiple linear regression with interaction is constructed that allows us to quantify the effect of these coefficients on the average ventricular wall displacement. The prevailing influence of an arterial-liquor component was observed. The sets of coefficients associated with such pathological conditions were found: normal pressure hydrocephalus, intracranial hypertension, and replacement ventriculomegaly under a prolonged hypoperfusion. |
2,330,257 | Assessing Fluid Intolerance with Doppler Ultrasonography: A Physiological Framework.<ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">12</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3390/medsci10010012</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Ultrasonography is becoming the favored hemodynamic monitoring utensil of emergentologists, anesthesiologists and intensivists. While the roles of ultrasound grow and evolve, many clinical applications of ultrasound stem from qualitative, image-based protocols, especially for diagnosing and managing circulatory failure. Often, these algorithms imply or suggest treatment. For example, intravenous fluids are opted for or against based upon ultrasonographic signs of preload and estimation of the left ventricular ejection fraction. Though appealing, image-based algorithms skirt some foundational tenets of cardiac physiology; namely, (1) the relationship between cardiac filling and stroke volume varies considerably in the critically ill, (2) the correlation between cardiac filling and total vascular volume is poor and (3) the ejection fraction is not purely an appraisal of cardiac function but rather a measure of coupling between the ventricle and the arterial load. Therefore, management decisions could be enhanced by quantitative approaches, enabled by Doppler ultrasonography. Both fluid 'responsiveness' and 'tolerance' are evaluated by Doppler ultrasound, but the physiological relationship between these constructs is nebulous. Accordingly, it is argued that the link between them is founded upon the Frank-Starling-Sarnoff relationship and that this framework helps direct future ultrasound protocols, explains seemingly discordant findings and steers new routes of enquiry.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kenny</LastName><ForeName>Jon-Emile S</ForeName><Initials>JS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3654-1146</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Flosonics Medical, 325 Front Street, 4th Floor, Toronto, ON M5V 2Y1, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>09</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Med Sci (Basel)</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101629322</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2076-3271</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006439" MajorTopicYN="Y">Hemodynamics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013318" MajorTopicYN="N">Stroke Volume</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014463" MajorTopicYN="N">Ultrasonography</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018608" MajorTopicYN="N">Ultrasonography, Doppler</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016277" MajorTopicYN="Y">Ventricular Function, Left</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Doppler ultrasound</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Starling curve</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">fluid responsiveness</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">fluid tolerance</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">hemodynamics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">point-of-care ultrasound</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">review</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Jon-Emile S. Kenny is the co-founder and chief medical officer of Flosonics Medical in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 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The TV consists of three leaflets, each with unique mechanical behaviors. These variations among the three TV leaflets can be further understood by examining their four anatomical layers, which are the atrialis (A), spongiosa (S), fibrosa (F), and ventricularis (V). While these layers are present in all three TV leaflets, there are differences in their thicknesses and microstructural constituents that further influence their respective mechanical behaviors. This protocol includes four steps to elucidate the layer-specific differences: (i) characterize the mechanical and collagen fiber architectural behaviors of the intact TV leaflet, (ii) separate the composite layers (A/S and F/V) of the TV leaflet, (iii) carry out the same characterizations for the composite layers, and (iv) perform post-hoc histology assessment. This experimental framework uniquely allows the direct comparison of the intact TV tissue to each of its composite layers. As a result, detailed information regarding the microstructure and biomechanical function of the TV leaflets can be collected with this protocol. Such information can potentially be used to develop TV computational models that seek to provide guidance for the clinical treatment of TV disease.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Casey</LastName><ForeName>Katherine M</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Laurence</LastName><ForeName>Devin W</ForeName><Initials>DW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName><ForeName>Mulan</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Chung-Hao</ForeName><Initials>CH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (IBEST), The University of Oklahoma; ch.lee@ou.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D059040">Video-Audio Media</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>10</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>J Vis Exp</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101313252</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1940-087X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005109" MajorTopicYN="N">Extracellular Matrix</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D042282" MajorTopicYN="Y">Microdissection</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013314" MajorTopicYN="N">Stress, Mechanical</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014261" MajorTopicYN="Y">Tricuspid Valve</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000601" MajorTopicYN="N">surgery</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>16</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35225276</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3791/63522</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Automated"><PMID Version="1">35225267</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2022</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>21</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1940-087X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Issue>180</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>09</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Vis Exp</ISOAbbreviation></Journal>Isolation of Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Adult, Juvenile, Larval and Embryonic Zebrafish for Electrophysiological Studies.<ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3791/63225</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the zebrafish cardiovascular tissues have been limiting in studying their electrophysiological properties. Previous methods have been described for dissection of zebrafish hearts and isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes. However, the isolation of zebrafish atrial and vascular myocytes for electrophysiological characterization was not detailed. This work describes new and modified enzymatic protocols that routinely provide isolated juvenile and adult zebrafish ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, as well as vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells from the bulbous arteriosus, suitable for patch-clamp experiments. There has been no literary evidence of electrophysiological studies on zebrafish cardiovascular tissues isolated at embryonic and larval stages of development. Partial dissociation techniques that allow patch-clamp experiments on individual cells from larval and embryonic hearts are demonstrated.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Singareddy</LastName><ForeName>Soma S</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McClenaghan</LastName><ForeName>Conor</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roessler</LastName><ForeName>Helen I</ForeName><Initials>HI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tryon</LastName><ForeName>Robert</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nichols</LastName><ForeName>Colin G</ForeName><Initials>CG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis; cnichols@wustl.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>R00 HL150277</GrantID><Acronym>HL</Acronym><Agency>NHLBI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R35 HL140024</GrantID><Acronym>HL</Acronym><Agency>NHLBI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D059040">Video-Audio Media</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>09</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>J Vis Exp</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101313252</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1940-087X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007814" MajorTopicYN="N">Larva</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009131" MajorTopicYN="Y">Muscle, Smooth, Vascular</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032383" MajorTopicYN="N">Myocytes, Cardiac</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015027" MajorTopicYN="Y">Zebrafish</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>16</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35225267</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="mid">NIHMS1854013</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9764968</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3791/63225</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Vascotto SG, Beckham Y, Kelly GM The zebrafish's swim to fame as an experimental model in biology. 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While the roles of ultrasound grow and evolve, many clinical applications of ultrasound stem from qualitative, image-based protocols, especially for diagnosing and managing circulatory failure. Often, these algorithms imply or suggest treatment. For example, intravenous fluids are opted for or against based upon ultrasonographic signs of preload and estimation of the left ventricular ejection fraction. Though appealing, image-based algorithms skirt some foundational tenets of cardiac physiology; namely, (1) the relationship between cardiac filling and stroke volume varies considerably in the critically ill, (2) the correlation between cardiac filling and total vascular volume is poor and (3) the ejection fraction is not purely an appraisal of cardiac function but rather a measure of coupling between the ventricle and the arterial load. Therefore, management decisions could be enhanced by quantitative approaches, enabled by Doppler ultrasonography. Both fluid 'responsiveness' and 'tolerance' are evaluated by Doppler ultrasound, but the physiological relationship between these constructs is nebulous. Accordingly, it is argued that the link between them is founded upon the Frank-Starling-Sarnoff relationship and that this framework helps direct future ultrasound protocols, explains seemingly discordant findings and steers new routes of enquiry.</Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kenny</LastName><ForeName>Jon-Emile S</ForeName><Initials>JS</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3654-1146</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Health Sciences North Research Institute, 56 Walford Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Flosonics Medical, 325 Front Street, 4th Floor, Toronto, ON M5V 2Y1, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016454">Review</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>09</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Med Sci (Basel)</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101629322</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2076-3271</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006439" MajorTopicYN="Y">Hemodynamics</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013318" MajorTopicYN="N">Stroke Volume</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014463" MajorTopicYN="N">Ultrasonography</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D018608" MajorTopicYN="N">Ultrasonography, Doppler</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D016277" MajorTopicYN="Y">Ventricular Function, Left</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Doppler ultrasound</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Starling curve</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">fluid responsiveness</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">fluid tolerance</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">hemodynamics</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">point-of-care ultrasound</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">review</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>Jon-Emile S. 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The TV consists of three leaflets, each with unique mechanical behaviors. These variations among the three TV leaflets can be further understood by examining their four anatomical layers, which are the atrialis (A), spongiosa (S), fibrosa (F), and ventricularis (V). While these layers are present in all three TV leaflets, there are differences in their thicknesses and microstructural constituents that further influence their respective mechanical behaviors. This protocol includes four steps to elucidate the layer-specific differences: (i) characterize the mechanical and collagen fiber architectural behaviors of the intact TV leaflet, (ii) separate the composite layers (A/S and F/V) of the TV leaflet, (iii) carry out the same characterizations for the composite layers, and (iv) perform post-hoc histology assessment. This experimental framework uniquely allows the direct comparison of the intact TV tissue to each of its composite layers. As a result, detailed information regarding the microstructure and biomechanical function of the TV leaflets can be collected with this protocol. Such information can potentially be used to develop TV computational models that seek to provide guidance for the clinical treatment of TV disease.</Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Casey</LastName><ForeName>Katherine M</ForeName><Initials>KM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Laurence</LastName><ForeName>Devin W</ForeName><Initials>DW</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tang</LastName><ForeName>Mulan</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lee</LastName><ForeName>Chung-Hao</ForeName><Initials>CH</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Biomechanics and Biomaterials Design Laboratory (BBDL), School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (IBEST), The University of Oklahoma; ch.lee@ou.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D059040">Video-Audio Media</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>10</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>J Vis Exp</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101313252</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1940-087X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005109" MajorTopicYN="N">Extracellular Matrix</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D042282" MajorTopicYN="Y">Microdissection</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013314" MajorTopicYN="N">Stress, Mechanical</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014261" MajorTopicYN="Y">Tricuspid Valve</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000601" MajorTopicYN="N">surgery</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>16</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35225276</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3791/63522</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Automated"><PMID Version="1">35225267</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2022</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>07</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>21</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1940-087X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Issue>180</Issue><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>09</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE</Title><ISOAbbreviation>J Vis Exp</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Isolation of Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Adult, Juvenile, Larval and Embryonic Zebrafish for Electrophysiological Studies.</ArticleTitle><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3791/63225</ELocationID><Abstract>Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the zebrafish cardiovascular tissues have been limiting in studying their electrophysiological properties. Previous methods have been described for dissection of zebrafish hearts and isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes. However, the isolation of zebrafish atrial and vascular myocytes for electrophysiological characterization was not detailed. This work describes new and modified enzymatic protocols that routinely provide isolated juvenile and adult zebrafish ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, as well as vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells from the bulbous arteriosus, suitable for patch-clamp experiments. There has been no literary evidence of electrophysiological studies on zebrafish cardiovascular tissues isolated at embryonic and larval stages of development. Partial dissociation techniques that allow patch-clamp experiments on individual cells from larval and embryonic hearts are demonstrated.</Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Singareddy</LastName><ForeName>Soma S</ForeName><Initials>SS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>McClenaghan</LastName><ForeName>Conor</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Roessler</LastName><ForeName>Helen I</ForeName><Initials>HI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tryon</LastName><ForeName>Robert</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Nichols</LastName><ForeName>Colin G</ForeName><Initials>CG</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Cell Biology and Physiology and Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis; cnichols@wustl.edu.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>R00 HL150277</GrantID><Acronym>HL</Acronym><Agency>NHLBI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>R35 HL140024</GrantID><Acronym>HL</Acronym><Agency>NHLBI NIH HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D059040">Video-Audio Media</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>09</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>J Vis Exp</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101313252</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1940-087X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006352" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Ventricles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007814" MajorTopicYN="N">Larva</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009131" MajorTopicYN="Y">Muscle, Smooth, Vascular</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D032383" MajorTopicYN="N">Myocytes, Cardiac</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015027" MajorTopicYN="Y">Zebrafish</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>16</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>1</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>8</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35225267</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="mid">NIHMS1854013</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9764968</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3791/63225</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Vascotto SG, Beckham Y, Kelly GM The zebrafish's swim to fame as an experimental model in biology. 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Understanding the architectural and compositional properties of diseased tissue is critical to determine their interactions with arrhythmic behavior. Microscale tissue remodeling, below the clinical resolution, is emerging as an important source of lethal arrhythmia, with high prevalence in young adults. Challenges remain in obtaining high imaging contrast at sufficient microscale resolution for preclinical models, such as large mammalian whole hearts. Moreover, tissue composition-selective contrast enhancement for three-dimensional high-resolution imaging is still lacking. Non-destructive imaging using micro-computed tomography shows promise for high-resolution imaging. The objective was to alleviate sufferance from X-ray over attenuation in large biological samples. Hearts were extracted from healthy pigs (N = 2), and sheep (N = 2) with either induced chronic myocardial infarction and fibrotic scar formation or induced chronic atrial fibrillation. Excised hearts were perfused with: a saline solution supplemented with a calcium ion quenching agent and a vasodilator, ethanol in serial dehydration, and hexamethyldisilizane under vacuum. The latter reinforced the heart structure during air-drying for 1 week. Collagen-dominant tissue was selectively bound by an X-ray contrast-enhancing agent, phosphomolybdic acid. Tissue conformation was stable in air, permitting long-duration microcomputed tomography acquisitions to obtain high-resolution (isotropic 20.7 µm) images. Optimal contrast agent loading by diffusion showed selective contrast enhancement of the epithelial layer and sub-endocardial Purkinje fibers in healthy pig ventricles. Atrial fibrillation (AF) hearts showed enhanced contrast accumulation in the posterior walls and appendages of the atria, attributed to greater collagen content. Myocardial infarction hearts showed increased contrast selectively in regions of cardiac fibrosis, which enabled the identification of interweaving surviving myocardial muscle fibers. Contrast-enhanced air-dried tissue preparations enabled microscale imaging of the intact large mammalian heart and selective contrast enhancement of underlying disease constituents. |
2,330,258 | Laryngeal Cavernous Lymphangioma in an Adult Patient. | Lymphangiomas are uncommon congenital lesions of the lymphatic system, and most of them are detected by the second year of life. Although head and neck region is the most common location, laryngeal involvement isextremely rare, and the literature is largely limited to few case reports.</AbstractText>A 51-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital with clinical history of hoarseness. Performed direct laryngoscopy revealed a pedunculated cystic mass located in the right ventricle of the larynx. The mass was totally excised, and the case was reported as cavernous lymphangioma.</AbstractText>Isolated laryngeal lymphangioma is extremely rare in adults. The other benign lesions or inflammatory processes in this region can mimic laryngeal lymphangioma. Therefore, this entity should be kept in mind in differential diagnosis especially in adults, to avoid overtreatment.</AbstractText> |
2,330,259 | Fetal Ventriculomegaly: A Review of Literature. | Fetal ventriculomegaly refers to ventricular enlargement that is diagnosed prenatally. It is one of the most common fetal anomalies. The diagnosis is made by ultrasound when the arterial diameter of the ventricle is more than 10 mm. Once it is diagnosed, further evaluation by detailed ultrasound, fetal MRI, and genetic studies is required. Prenatal surgical management of fetal ventriculomegaly is still limited and associated with high risks. Postnatal management is similar to the treatment of other types of hydrocephalus. Fetal ventriculomegaly is a heterogeneous condition with various etiologies and a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental outcomes. The outcomes depend mainly on the severity of ventriculomegaly and associated structural abnormalities. This article aims to review the literature about various aspects of fetal ventriculomegaly. |
2,330,260 | miR-155-5p in Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Choroid Plexus Epithelial Cells Promotes Autophagy and Inflammation to Aggravate Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice. | Ischemic stroke is a common disease of the central nervous system, and ischemic brain injury (IBI) is its main manifestation. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been strongly related to the diagnosis and treatment of IBI. However, the underlying mechanism of their effects remains enigmatic. In the present study, we aimed to study how miR-155-5p plays a role in choroid plexus epithelial (CPE) cell-derived EVs in IBI pathology. We found that miR-155-5p expression was enriched in CPE cell-derived EVs, which were subsequently internalized by neurons, enabling the delivery of miR-155-5p into neurons. An inducible oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model was developed to mimic ischemic neuronal injury <i>in vitro</i>. miR-155-5p overexpression led to reduced neuron viability, promoted apoptosis, elevated autophagic proteins' expression, and activated NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3- (NLRP3-) related inflammasomes, thereby aggravating OGD-induced neuronal injury. A dual-luciferase reporter assay exhibited that miR-155-5p could inhibit the Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb) expression, a mechanism critical for miR-155-5p-mediated neuronal injury. Furthermore, a mouse IBI model was developed using the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) method. Animal experiments verified that miR-155p delivery via CPE cell-derived EVs aggravated IBI by suppressing Rheb expression. In conclusion, miR-155-5p in CPE-derived EVs can aggravate IBI pathology by suppressing Rheb expression and promoting NLRP3-mediated inflammasomes, suggesting its role as a potential therapeutic target in IBI. |
2,330,261 | Alzheimer's disease protease-containing plasma extracellular vesicles transfer to the hippocampus via the choroid plexus. | Plasma extracellular vesicles (pEV) can harbor a diverse array of factors including active proteases and the amyloid-precursor-protein (APP) cleavage product Aβ, involved in plaque formation in Alzheimer`s diseases (AD). A potential role of such vesicles in AD pathology is unexplored.</AbstractText>In a case-control study of randomly selected patients with AD and other neurological diseases (n = 14), and healthy controls (n = 7), we systematically analyzed the content of pEV, using different assay systems. In addition, we determined their entry path into brain tissue, employing animal (mice) injection experiments with ex vivo generated EV that were similar to AD-pEV, followed by multi antigen analysis (MAA) of brain tissue (n = 4 per condition). The results were compared with an IHC staining of human brain tissue in a small cohort of AD patients (n = 3) and controls with no neurodegenerative diseases (n = 3).</AbstractText>We show that pEV levels are considerably upregulated in AD patients. Besides numerous inflammatory effectors, AD-pEV contained α-, β- and γ-secretases, able to cleave APP in in target cells. In vitro generated EV with similar characteristics as AD-pEV accumulated in the choroid plexus (CP) of injected animals and reached primarily hippocampal neurons. Corroborating findings were made in human brain samples. An inhibitor of hyaluronic-acid-synthetase (HAS) blocked uploading of proteases and Hyaluronan onto EV in vitro and abolished CP targeting in animal injection experiments.</AbstractText>We conclude that protease-containing pEV could be part of a communication axis between the periphery and the brain that could be become detrimental depending on pEV concentration and duration of target cell impact.</AbstractText>See the Acknowledgements section.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,262 | Comparison of microscopic and endoscopic resection of third-ventricular colloid cysts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | Colloid cysts are uncommon benign lesions. There is a lack of consensus regarding the preferred surgical strategy for colloid cyst resection; the technique with the optimal rates of remission, recurrence, mortality, and complications is debatable.</AbstractText>To determine surgical outcomes, we performed a systematic review of the published literature on Colloid cysts. Eligible studies (n = 63) with a prospective or retrospective evaluation of endoscopic or microscopic resection of third ventricle colloid cysts were included, which contained data describing extents of resection, seizures, meningitis, and tumor recurrence. A total of 3143 patients (1741 microscopically and 1402 endoscopically operated) were included in the final analysis.</AbstractText>According to the results of the meta-analysis, there was a higher rate of gross total resection (GTR) (98.15% versus 91.29%, p = 0.00), need for shunting (4.75% versus 1.46%, p = 0.04), postoperative complications (20.68% versus 10.42%, P = 0.03), mean operating time (194.18 versus 113.04 min), and duration of hospitalization (7.85 versus 4.69 days) for microscopic resection compared with endoscopic resection. While endoscopic resection is associated with a higher rate of cyst recurrence (1.78% versus 0.00%, P = 0.00), there was no difference in reoperation rate (0.49% for endoscopic versus 0.09% for microscopic resection).</AbstractText>Microsurgical resection of third ventricle colloid cysts was associated with a higher rate of GTR and a lower rate of recurrence, while there was a lower rate of postoperative complications, duration of surgery, and shorter hospitalization period in the endoscopic group.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,263 | Inhibiting microRNA-142-5p improves learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease rats via targeted regulation of the PTPN1-mediated Akt pathway. | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as possible biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). MiR-142-5p has been reported to be abnormally expressed in brain tissues. However, the role of miR-142-5p in AD pathogenesis keeps unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of miR-142-5p on the learning and memory of AD rats via regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 1 (PTPN1)-mediated protein kinase B (Akt) pathway.</AbstractText>The AD model was established by injection of Aβ1-42</sub> oligomer once into the lateral ventricle of rats, and the spatial learning and memory ability of rats was measured. AD rats were injected with miR-142-5p or PTPN1 vectors to explore their functions in inflammation, Aβ, p-tau protein, apoptosis in brain tissues, and the effects on Akt pathway. The targeting relationship between miR-142-5p and PTPN1 was detected.</AbstractText>Overexpressed miR-142-5p, down-regulated PTPN1 and inactivated Akt pathway were exhibited in AD. MiR-142-5p targeted PTPN1 to mediate Akt pathway. Reduced miR-142-5p and elevated PTPN1 improved the behavior of AD rats. MiR-142-5p targeted PTPN1 to effectively inhibit Aβ formation and abnormal phosphorylation of p-tau protein, suppress the inflammation in the brain tissues of AD rat, and improve the survival rate of brain tissue cells. MiR-142-5p regulated PTPN1 to activate the Akt pathway, further inhibiting the apoptosis of brain neurons in AD rats.</AbstractText>Down-regulating miR-142-5p targets PTPN1 to activate Akt pathway, thus improving the learning and memory of AD rats and playing an anti-AD role.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,264 | A potential future Fontan modification: preliminary in vitro data of a pressure-generating tube from engineered heart tissue. | Univentricular malformations are severe cardiac lesions with limited therapeutic options and a poor long-term outcome. The staged surgical palliation (Fontan principle) results in a circulation in which venous return is conducted to the pulmonary arteries via passive laminar flow. We aimed to generate a contractile subpulmonary neo-ventricle from engineered heart tissue (EHT) to drive pulmonary flow actively.</AbstractText>A three-dimensional tubular EHT (1.8-cm length, 6-mm inner diameter, ca. 1-mm wall thickness) was created by casting human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (0.9 ml, 18 mio/ml) embedded in a fibrin-based hydrogel around a silicone tube. EHTs were cultured under continuous, pulsatile flow through the silicone tube for 23 days.</AbstractText>The constructs started to beat macroscopically at days 8-14 and remained stable in size and shape over the whole culture period. Tubular EHTs showed a coherent beating pattern after 23 days in culture, and isovolumetric pressure measurements demonstrated a coherent pulsatile wave formation with an average frequency of 77 ± 5 beats/min and an average pressure of 0.2 mmHg. Histological analysis revealed cardiomyocytes mainly localized along the inner and outer curvature of the tubular wall with mainly longitudinal alignment. Cell density in the center of the tubular wall was lower.</AbstractText>A simple tube-shaped contractile EHT was generated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells and developed a synchronous beating pattern. Further steps need to focus on optimizing support materials, flow rates and geometry to obtain a construct that creates sufficient pressures to support a directed and pulsatile blood flow.</AbstractText>© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,265 | Choroid Plexus Volume in Multiple Sclerosis vs Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Retrospective, Cross-sectional Analysis. | The choroid plexus has been shown to play a crucial role in CNS inflammation. Previous studies found larger choroid plexus in multiple sclerosis (MS) compared with healthy controls. However, it is not clear whether the choroid plexus is similarly involved in MS and in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the choroid plexus volume in MS and NMOSD.</AbstractText>In this retrospective, cross-sectional study, patients were included by convenience sampling from 4 international MS centers. The choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles was segmented fully automatically on T1-weighted MRI sequences using a deep learning algorithm (Multi-Dimensional Gated Recurrent Units). Uni- and multivariable linear models were applied to investigate associations between the choroid plexus volume, clinically meaningful disease characteristics, and MRI parameters.</AbstractText>We studied 180 patients with MS and 98 patients with NMOSD. In total, 94 healthy individuals and 47 patients with migraine served as controls. The choroid plexus volume was larger in MS (median 1,690 µL, interquartile range [IQR] 648 µL) than in NMOSD (median 1,403 µL, IQR 510 µL), healthy individuals (median 1,533 µL, IQR 570 µL), and patients with migraine (median 1,404 µL, IQR 524 µL; all p</i> < 0.001), whereas there was no difference between NMOSD, migraine, and healthy controls. This was also true when adjusted for age, sex, and the intracranial volume. In contrast to NMOSD, the choroid plexus volume in MS was associated with the number of T2-weighted lesions in a linear model adjusted for age, sex, total intracranial volume, disease duration, relapses in the year before MRI, disease course, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, disease-modifying treatment, and treatment duration (beta 4.4; 95% CI 0.78-8.1; p</i> = 0.018).</AbstractText>This study supports an involvement of the choroid plexus in MS in contrast to NMOSD and provides clues to better understand the respective pathogenesis.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,266 | Delayed Minocycline Treatment Ameliorates Hydrocephalus Development and Choroid Plexus Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. | Hydrocephalus is a complicated disorder that affects both adult and pediatric populations. The mechanism of hydrocephalus development, especially when there is no mass lesion present causing an obstructive, is poorly understood. Prior studies have demonstrated that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) develop hydrocephalus by week 7, which was attenuated with minocycline. The aim of this study was to determine sex differences in hydrocephalus development and to examine the effect of minocycline administration after hydrocephalus onset. Male and female Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) and SHRs underwent magnetic resonance imaging at weeks 7 and 9 to determine ventricular volume. Choroid plexus epiplexus cell activation, cognitive deficits, white matter atrophy, and hippocampal neuronal loss were examined at week 9. In the second phase of the experiment, male SHRs (7 weeks old) were treated with either saline or minocycline (20 mg/kg) for 14 days, and similar radiologic, histologic, and behavior tests were performed. Hydrocephalus was present at week 7 and increased at week 9 in both male and female SHRs, which was associated with greater epiplexus cell activation than WKYs. Male SHRs had greater ventricular volume and epiplexus cell activation compared to female SHRs. Minocycline administration improved cognitive function, white matter atrophy, and hippocampal neuronal cell loss. In conclusion, while both male and female SHRs developed hydrocephalus and epiplexus cell activation by week 9, it was more severe in males. Delayed minocycline treatment alleviated hydrocephalus, epiplexus macrophage activation, brain pathology, and cognitive impairment in male SHRs. |
2,330,267 | Severe Acute Hepatic Dysfunction Induced by Ammonium Acetate Treatment Results in Choroid Plexus Swelling and Ventricle Enlargement in the Brain. | Hepatic encephalopathy is a major cause of liver failure. However, the pathophysiological role of ventricle enlargement in brain edema remains unclear. Here, we used an acute hepatic encephalopathy mouse model to examine the sequential pathological changes in the brain associated with this condition. We collected tissue samples from experimental animals treated with ammonium acetate at 3 and 24 h post-injection. Despite the normalization of the animal's ammonia levels, samples taken at 24 h after injection exhibited distinct enlargement of lateral ventricles. The choroid plexus samples obtained at 3 h post-ammonium acetate treatment indicated enlargement; however, this swelling was reduced at the later timepoint. The aquaporin-1 proteins that regulate the choroid plexus were localized both in the apical membrane and the cytoplasm of the epithelia in the control; however, they translocated to the apical membranes of the epithelia in response to ammonia treatment. Therefore, severe acute hepatic encephalopathy induced by ammonium acetate administration caused enlargement of the ventricles, through swelling of the choroid plexus and aquaporin-1 transport and aggregation within the apical membranes. |
2,330,268 | Visualization of the Third Ventricle, the Future Cavum Septi Pellucidi, and the Cavum Veli Interpositi at 11+3 to 13+6 Gestational Weeks on 3D Transvaginal Ultrasound Including Normative Data. | To show the development of the third ventricle, commissural plate, future cavum septi pellucidi, and cavum veli interpositi in weeks 12-14 by transvaginal 3D ultrasound.</AbstractText>This is a prospective transvaginal 3D study carried out to define the third ventricle and the diencephalic midline structures surrounding it. 93 of 387 fetuses in which the commissural plate with the future cavum septi pellucidi, cavum veli interpositi, and the roof of the third ventricle could be well visualized, were selected with the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the pituitary gland serving as leading structures. In a small number of fetuses, the optic chiasm could also be displayed. In addition, the following measurements were performed: third ventricle craniocaudal and anteroposterior, roof of the third ventricle/cavum veli interpositi, and fcsp.</AbstractText>The sonomorphologic characteristics of the commissural plate, the future cavum septi pellucidi, and the cavum veli interpositi are described IN 9% OF THE FETUSES examined. Measurements of the third ventricle, cavum veli interpositi, and the roof of the third ventricle show the following results: 3rd V cc = 3.895 + 0.091*CRL mm; 3rd V ap = 4.175 + 0.036*CRL mm; CVI ap = 2.223 + 0.029*CRL mm; CVI cc = 0.139 + 0.02*CRL mm.</AbstractText>Transvaginal neurosonography enables visualization and measurement of the normal fetal third ventricle at 12-14 weeks of gestation including visualization of the future cavum septi pellucidi and the cavum veli interpositi. BEFORE USE IN PATIENTS CAN BE CONSIDERED, FURTHER SCIENTIFIC WORK IS REQUIRED.</AbstractText>Thieme. All rights reserved.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,269 | Semi-Quantitative Scoring of Late Gadolinium Enhancement of the Left Ventricle in Patients with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Improving Interobserver Reliability and Agreement Using Consensus Guidance from the Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging-Practical Tutorial (ASCI-PT) 2020. | This study aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing the consensus statement from the Asian Society of Cardiovascular Imaging-Practical Tutorial 2020 (ASCI-PT 2020) on the reliability of cardiac MR with late gadolinium enhancement (CMR-LGE) myocardial viability scoring between observers in the context of ischemic cardiomyopathy.</AbstractText>A total of 17 cardiovascular imaging experts from five different countries evaluated CMR obtained in 26 patients (male:female, 23:3; median age [interquartile range], 55.5 years [50-61.8]) with ischemic cardiomyopathy. For LGE scoring, based on the 17 segments, the extent of LGE in each segment was graded using a five-point scoring system ranging from 0 to 4 before and after exposure according to the consensus statement. All scoring was performed via web-based review. Scores for slices, vascular territories, and total scores were obtained as the sum of the relevant segmental scores. Interobserver reliability for segment scores was assessed using Fleiss' kappa, while the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used for slice score, vascular territory score, and total score. Inter-observer agreement was assessed using the limits of agreement from the mean (LoA).</AbstractText>Interobserver reliability (Fleiss' kappa) in each segment ranged 0.242-0.662 before the consensus and increased to 0.301-0.774 after the consensus. The interobserver reliability (ICC) for each slice, each vascular territory, and total score increased after the consensus (slice, 0.728-0.805 and 0.849-0.884; vascular territory, 0.756-0.902 and 0.852-0.941; total score, 0.847 and 0.913, before and after implementing the consensus statement, respectively. Interobserver agreement in scoring also improved with the implementation of the consensus for all slices, vascular territories, and total score. The LoA for the total score narrowed from ± 10.36 points to ± 7.12 points.</AbstractText>The interobserver reliability and agreement for CMR-LGE scoring for ischemic cardiomyopathy improved when following guidance from the ASCI-PT 2020 consensus statement.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 The Korean Society of Radiology.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,270 | Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides to the Mouse Brain by Intracerebroventricular Injections. | The use of antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for central nervous system disorders. However, the delivery of AONs to the central nervous system is challenging because their size does not allow them to diffuse over the blood-brain barrier (BBB) when injected systemically. The BBB can be bypassed by administering directly into the brain. Here we describe a method to perform single and repeated intracerebroventricular injections into the lateral ventricle of the mouse brain. |
2,330,271 | An audit of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in a regional paediatric neurosurgical centre assessing the accuracy and feasibility of the ETV success score. | Endoscopic third ventriculostomy success score (ETVss) is widely utilised to predict outcomes for ETV. Accurate prediction of success for a procedure is of vital importance both for selecting the optimal management plan and for obtaining informed consent. Existing literature demonstrates a variety of opinions on the accuracy of the currently utilised ETVss and recommends a range of techniques to reduce the number of subsequent ventriculo-peritoneal (VP)-shunt insertions, prompting the present study.</AbstractText>We retrospectively analysed data for ETV cases since 2007 to review success rate in our regional paediatric neurosurgical centre and if the currently utilised ETVss successfully predicted outcomes. Failed ETV cases were defined as any patient who received a VP-shunt at any time following ETV. Data was analysed with MS ExcelR</sup> and RStudioR</sup>.</AbstractText>44 ETVs were performed over 13 years with approximately equal distribution between male and female patients; median age 7 years (IQR 4-13 years). Overall, mean ETVss for these 44 procedures was 78%; actual success rate was 70% with no statistically significant difference between them (p = 0.286; Welch two sample t-test). Accuracy of ETVss varied with pathology: tectal gliomas (mean ETVss 75% and actual success 78%); cerebellar tumours (mean ETVss 85% and actual success 81%); other tumours (mean ETVss 75% and actual success 81%); aqueduct stenosis (mean ETVss 71% and actual success 69%); and other pathologies (mean ETVss 70% and actual success 60%). < 1 month and 1-6 months and 1-10 years and > 10 years contributed equally to the accuracy of ETVss.</AbstractText>Non-telencephalon tumours and obstruction at the level of the mid-brain are most strongly associated with successful ETV outcome. These findings can be used to modify the currently utilised ETVss to further improve accuracy of outcome prediction. We recommend a modified-ETVss (m-ETVss) and a future larger adequately powered prospective study to validate this.</AbstractText>© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,272 | A Rare Case of Dandy-Walker Syndrome. | Dandy-Walker syndrome (DWS) is a rare congenital malformation characterized by hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and its upward rotation and cystic enlargement of the fourth ventricle. The clinical manifestations include psychomotor retardation, ataxia and hydrocephalus. We report a case of 16-year-old female patient in Ali Abad Teaching Hospital who was suffering from unsteady gait, memory deterioration and urinary incontinence. A brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed enlarged cystic posterior fossa, dilated fourth ventricles and upward rotated cerebellar vermis which were indicating DWS. The patient prepared for planned surgical operation and a written informed consent was obtained from her parents for surgery and general anesthesia. A cystoperitoneal (CP) shunt was placed and then the patient transferred to recovery room. After recovery and hospital stay, the patient discharged with improved clinical symptoms. |
2,330,273 | Single-cell profiling of human subventricular zone progenitors identifies SFRP1 as a target to re-activate progenitors. | Following the decline of neurogenesis at birth, progenitors of the subventricular zone (SVZ) remain mostly in a quiescent state in the adult human brain. The mechanisms that regulate this quiescent state are still unclear. Here, we isolate CD271<sup>+</sup> progenitors from the aged human SVZ for single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. Our transcriptome data reveal the identity of progenitors of the aged human SVZ as late oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. We identify the Wnt pathway antagonist SFRP1 as a possible signal that promotes quiescence of progenitors from the aged human SVZ. Administration of WAY-316606, a small molecule that inhibits SFRP1 function, stimulates activation of neural stem cells both in vitro and in vivo under homeostatic conditions. Our data unravel a possible mechanism through which progenitors of the adult human SVZ are maintained in a quiescent state and a potential target for stimulating progenitors to re-activate. |
2,330,274 | Treatment of Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus. | The incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) has overall declined to 15% to 20% of preterm infants with birth weight less than 1500 g. One of the major complications of severe IVH is posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation (PHVD). Nearly 10% of all infants with IVH and 20% of infants with severe IVH will develop progressive PHVD requiring surgical intervention to prevent parenchymal damage in the developing brain. This review focuses on the controversies regarding posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus interventions with a focus on how to interpret recent data from trials that some have seen as heralding a call toward more aggressive intervention. |
2,330,275 | Impact of IFN-γ Deficiency on the Cardiomyocyte Function in the First Stage of Experimental Chagas Disease. | Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the parasitic protozoan <i>T. cruzi.</i> The progression of CD in ~30% of patients results in Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (CCM). Currently, it is known that the inflammatory system plays a significant role in the CCM. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is the major cytokine involved in parasitemia control but has also been linked to CCM. The L-type calcium current (I<sub>Ca,L</sub>) is crucial in the excitation/contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes. Thus, we compared I<sub>Ca,L</sub> and the mechanical properties of cardiomyocytes isolated from infected wild type (WT) and IFN-γ<sup>(-/-)</sup> mice in the first stage of <i>T. cruzi</i> infection. Using the patch clamp technique, we demonstrated that the infection attenuated I<sub>Ca,L</sub> in isolated cardiomyocytes from the right and left ventricles of WT mice at 15 days post-infection (dpi), which was not observed in the IFN-γ<sup>(</sup><sup>-/-</sup><sup>)</sup> cardiomyocytes. However, I<sub>Ca,L</sub> was attenuated between 26 and 30 dpi in both experimental groups. Interestingly, the same profile was observed in the context of the mechanical properties of isolated cardiomyocytes from both experimental groups. Simultaneously, we tracked the mortality and MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-10 serum levels in the infected groups. Importantly, the IFN-γ<sup>(-/-)</sup> and WT mice presented similar parasitemia and serum inflammatory markers at 10 dpi, indicating that the modifications in the cardiomyocyte functions observed at 15 dpi were directly associated with IFN-γ<sup>(</sup><sup>-/-</sup><sup>)</sup> deficiency. Thus, we showed that IFN-γ plays a crucial role in the electromechanical remodeling of cardiomyocytes during experimental <i>T. cruzi</i> infection in mice. |
2,330,276 | Resolution of Papilledema Following Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt or Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy for Obstructive Hydrocephalus: A Pilot Study. | <i>Background and Objectives:</i> Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VPS) and Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) are both gold standard procedures to reduce intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus, which often results in papilledema. This comparative study was carried out at the Department of Neurosurgery of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital to compare the efficacy of VPS and ETV in the resolution of papilledema in 18 patients with obstructive hydrocephalus. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> The success of CSF diversion was evaluated by a decrease in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and modified Frisen grading of papilledema at the same time. The statistical analyses were carried out by using paired sample t test and the Spearman's correlation coefficient test. The level of significance (<i>p</i> value) was set at <0.05. <i>Results:</i> After 7 days, both VPS and ETV were able to reduce RNFL thickness of both eyes with a <i>p</i> value = 0.016 (right eye) and 0.003 (left eye) in group A (VPS) and with a <i>p</i> value <0.001 (both eyes) in group B (ETV). Change of Frisen grading after CSF diversion was not satisfying for both the procedures with <i>p</i> value > 0.05. Further, the inter-group comparison between VPS and ETV showed no difference in decreasing RNFL thickness and modified Frisen grading (<i>p</i> value = 0.56). <i>Conclusion:</i> VPS and ETV procedures both appear very efficient in treating obstructive hydrocephalus, which in turn reduces papilledema in these patients. This paper is preliminary and requires further work. |
2,330,277 | Comparison of the Functional State and Motor Skills of Patients after Cerebral Hemisphere, Ventricular System, and Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor Surgery. | Brain tumor location is an important factor determining the functional state after brain tumor surgery. We assessed the functional state and course of rehabilitation of patients undergoing surgery for brain tumors and assessed the location-dependent risk of loss of basic motor skills and the time needed for improvement after surgery. There were 835 patients who underwent operations, and 139 (16.6%) required rehabilitation during the inpatient stay. Karnofsky Performance Scale, Barthel Index, and the modified Rankin scale were used to assess functional status, whereas Gait Index was used to assess gait efficiency. Motor skills, overall length of stay (LOS) in hospital, and LOS after surgery were recorded. Patients were classified into four groups: cerebral hemisphere (CH), ventricular system (VS), and cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors; and a control group not requiring rehabilitation. VS tumor patients had the lowest scores in all domains compared with the other groups before surgery (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Their performance further deteriorated after surgery and by the day of discharge. They most often required long-lasting postoperative rehabilitation and had the longest LOS (35 days). Operation was most often required for CH tumors (77.7%), and all metrics and LOS parameters were better in these patients (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Patients with CPA tumors had the best outcomes (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Most patients (83.4%) with brain tumors did not require specialized rehabilitation, and LOS after surgery in the control group was on average 5.1 days after surgery. VS tumor patients represent a rehabilitation challenge. Postoperative rehabilitation planning must take the tumor site and preoperative condition into account. |
2,330,278 | Surgical Treatment of Long-Standing Overt Ventriculomegaly in Adults (LOVA): A Comparative Case Series between Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VPS) and Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV). | <i>Background:</i> Long-standing overt ventriculomegaly in adults (LOVA) is an uncommon type of adult chronic hydrocephalus. In recent years, conflicting case series described different outcomes after treatment of LOVA with endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) or ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). The aim of this study is to report a single institutional surgical experience of patients with LOVA in order to evaluate the clinical outcome of those patients treated with one or, sometimes, both surgical procedures, analyzing the main clinical features of these patients, before and after surgery. <i>Methods:</i> We conducted a retrospective study on 31 patients with diagnosis of LOVA, who were treated in our University Hospital between December 2010 and October 2020. We reported gender, age, clinical presentation, surgical treatment, and clinical outcome according to the Kiefer index (KI). Evans' index, head circumference, aqueductal stenosis and expanded/destroyed sella turcica were assessed on preoperative MRI. <i>Results:</i> The most common clinical manifestation was gait disturbances (100%) followed by urinary incontinence in 23 (74.2%) patients and cognitive deficits in 22 (71%) patients. On preoperative MRI, the overall mean Evans's Index was 0.49, whereas the overall mean head circumference was 57.3 cm. Twenty-three patients (74.2%) had obliterated cortical sulci, 20 (64.5%) patients had aqueductal stenosis, and 22 (71%) patients had an expanded/destroyed sella turcica on preoperative MRI. Fifteen (48.4%) patients underwent ETV and sixteen (51.6%) were treated with VPS as first surgical procedure. Four (26.6%) out of fifteen patients treated with ETV required a subsequent VPS. The overall median age of patients was 64 (IQR: 54.5-74) and the overall median follow-up was 57 months (IQR 21.5-81.5). Overall morbidity was 22.5%. Mean recovery index (RI), according to KI, was 3.8 ± 4.3 and 2.2 ± 5.6 (<i>p</i> = 0.05) at last follow-up in patients treated with ETV and VPS, respectively. <i>Conclusions:</i> The choice of surgical treatment of LOVA remains under discussion. Although EVT is a tempting option for patients with LOVA, conversion to VP shunt is not uncommon. |
2,330,279 | Expanding the Clinical Phenotype of 19q Interstitial Deletions: A New Case with 19q13.32-q13.33 Deletion and Short Review of the Literature. | 19q13 microdeletion syndrome is a very rare genetic disease characterized by pre- and postnatal growth retardation, intellectual disability, expressive language impairment, ectodermal dysplasia, and slender habitus. Since the description of the first case in 1998, less than 30 cases have been reported worldwide. This article aims to review the knowledge gathered so far on this subject and to present the case of a 10-year-old girl admitted to the National University Center for Children Neurorehabilitation "Dr. Nicolae Robanescu" in November of 2018 who presented a slender habitus, growth retardation, facial dysmorphism, skeletal abnormalities, and ectodermal dysplasia. Array-CGH analysis revealed a 1.53 Mb deletion in the 19q13.32-q13.33 region. MLPA for the FKRP gene revealed that the microdeletion was de novo. The patient's phenotype overlapped with the clinical features of 19q13 microdeletion syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first case of 19q13 microdeletion syndrome to ever be reported in Romania. We believe our case presents additional features that have never been previously reported in this syndrome, namely, dilatation of the third ventricle and subependymal cyst, left iris coloboma, and tracheomalacia. Moreover, unlike the other 19q13 microdeletion cases that presented with dystonia, our patient also presented dystonia but, interestingly, without having haploinsufficiency of the KMT2B gene. |
2,330,280 | Diagnostic Value of Preoperative Electrodiagnostic Analysis in a Patient with Facial Palsy and a Large Vestibular Schwannoma: Case Report. | Although radiologic methods confirm the diagnosis of patients with large vestibular schwannomas, these methods usually indicate only the size of the tumor and its possible nerve compression. Electrodiagnostic methods can reveal the functional state of the nerves, particularly the trigeminal and facial nerves, as well as providing a basis for objectively evaluating nerve injury. Due to the lack of an established objective evaluation method, electrodiagnostic methods were utilized to assess injury to the cranial nerve in a patient with a large vestibular schwannoma. A 79-year-old woman presented with a one-month history of right facial palsy, vertigo, dizziness, right postauricular pain, and right-sided hearing disturbance. Physical examination suggested injuries to the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves. Magnetic resonance imaging identified a vestibular schwannoma and showed that the tumor mass was affecting the brainstem, including the fourth ventricle, resulting in mild obstructive hydrocephalus. Preoperative electrodiagnostic evaluation identified asymptomatic trigeminal neuropathy accompanying a vestibular schwannoma. The patient underwent surgery, consisting of a suboccipital craniotomy with additional gamma knife radiosurgery. Postoperatively, she demonstrated significant recovery from right facial palsy and partial improvement of her neurologic symptoms. Large vestibular schwannomas with facial paralysis may be accompanied by additional entrapment neuropathy. Routine preoperative electrophysiological evaluation is recommended to establish a definitive diagnosis and evaluate the function of the trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, and brainstem in patients with large and compressive vestibular schwannomas. |
2,330,281 | Quantifying Myocardial Strain of the Left Ventricle in Normal People Using Feature-Tracking Based on Computed Tomography Imaging. | The objective was to evaluate the normal value of left ventricular myocardial strain using the computed tomography feature-tracking technique and to explore the correlation between myocardial strains and cardiac function parameters.</AbstractText>Participants suspected of coronary heart disease were selected from 17 August 2020 to 5 November 2020 to undergo coronary computed tomography angiography using a third-generation dual-source CT scanner. Data were imported into a commercial software (Medis) after multiphase reconstruction. The cardiac function parameters, radial (Err), circumferential (Ecc), and longitudinal strain (Ell) of the left ventricle were recorded.</AbstractText>A total of 87 normal subjects were enrolled, including 41 males and 46 females. For healthy subjects, the global radial strain (GRS), circumferential strain (GCS), and longitudinal strain (GLS) of the left ventricle were 74.5 ± 15.2%, -22.7 ± 3.0%, and -26.6 ± 3.2%, respectively. The Err and Ecc absolute values (|Ecc|) were the largest at the apex, and the |Ell| gradually increased from the base to the apex. The Err and |Ecc| were the largest in the lateral and inferior wall, respectively. |Ell| showed a clockwise decrease from the lateral wall in the short axis. Meanwhile, the GRS and |GLS| in females were higher than that in males. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that both SV and LVEF were the independent determinants of GRS, GCS, and GLS. BMI and CO were the independent determined factors of GCS.</AbstractText>At a reasonable radiation dose, CT feature-tracking is a feasible and reproducible method to analyze left ventricular myocardial strain. Left ventricular myocardial strain in normal subjects varies in gender, segments, levels, and regions.</AbstractText> |
2,330,282 | Cardiac Computed Tomography Radiomics-Based Approach for the Detection of Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Arterial Hypertension. | The aim of the study is to verify the feasibility of a radiomics based approach for the detection of LV remodeling in patients with arterial hypertension. Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT) and clinical data of patients with and without history of arterial hypertension were collected. In one image per patient, on a 4-chamber view, left ventricle (LV) was segmented using a polygonal region of interest by two radiologists in consensus. A total of 377 radiomics features per region of interest were extracted. After dataset splitting (70:30 ratio), eleven classification models were tested for the discrimination of patients with and without arterial hypertension based on radiomics data. An Ensemble Machine Learning (EML) score was calculated from models with an accuracy >60%. Boruta algorithm was used to extract radiomic features discriminating between patients with and without history of hypertension. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess correlation between EML score and septum width in patients included in the test set. EML showed an accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 0.7. Correlation between EML score and LV septum width was 0.53 (<i>p</i>-value < 0.0001). We considered LV septum width as a surrogate of myocardial remodeling in our population, and this is the reason why we can consider the EML score as a possible tool to evaluate myocardial remodeling. A CCT-based radiomic approach for the identification of LV remodeling is possible in patients with past medical history of arterial hypertension. |
2,330,283 | Oxidative Stress and Diseases Associated with High-Altitude Exposure. | Several diseases associated with high-altitude exposure affect unacclimated individuals. These diseases include acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), chronic mountain sickness (CMS), and, notably, high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH), which can eventually lead to right ventricle hypertrophy and heart failure. The development of these pathologies involves different molecules and molecular pathways that might be related to oxidative stress. Studies have shown that acute, intermittent, and chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia induce oxidative stress, causing alterations to molecular pathways and cellular components (lipids, proteins, and DNA). Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss the oxidative molecules and pathways involved in the development of high-altitude diseases. In summary, all high-altitude pathologies are related to oxidative stress, as indicated by increases in the malondialdehyde (MDA) biomarker and decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) antioxidant activity. In addition, in CMS, the levels of 8-iso-PGF2α and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> are increased, and evidence strongly indicates an increase in Nox4 activity in HAPH. Therefore, antioxidant treatments seem to be a promising approach to mitigating high-altitude pathologies. |
2,330,284 | <i>mdka</i> Expression Is Associated with Quiescent Neural Stem Cells during Constitutive and Reactive Neurogenesis in the Adult Zebrafish Telencephalon. | In contrast to mammals, adult zebrafish display an extraordinary capacity to heal injuries and repair damage in the central nervous system. Pivotal for the regenerative capacity of the zebrafish brain at adult stages is the precise control of neural stem cell (NSC) behavior and the maintenance of the stem cell pool. The gene <i>mdka</i>, a member of a small family of heparin binding growth factors, was previously shown to be involved in regeneration in the zebrafish retina, heart, and fin. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of the gene <i>mdka</i> and its paralogue <i>mdkb</i> in the zebrafish adult telencephalon under constitutive and regenerative conditions. Our findings show that only <i>mdka</i> expression is specifically restricted to the telencephalic ventricle, a stem cell niche of the zebrafish telencephalon. In this brain region, <i>mdka</i> is particularly expressed in the quiescent stem cells. Interestingly, after brain injury, <i>mdka</i> expression remains restricted to the resting stem cell, which might suggest a role of <i>mdka</i> in regulating stem cell quiescence. |
2,330,285 | Mitochondrial Metabolism, Redox, and Calcium Homeostasis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. | Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, secondary to sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and excessive obliterative pulmonary vascular remodeling. Work over the last decade has led to the identification of a critical role for metabolic reprogramming in the PAH pathogenesis. It is becoming clear that in addition to its role in ATP generation, the mitochondrion is an important organelle that regulates complex and integrative metabolic- and signal transduction pathways. This review focuses on mitochondrial metabolism alterations that occur in deranged pulmonary vessels and the right ventricle, including abnormalities in glycolysis and glucose oxidation, fatty acid oxidation, glutaminolysis, redox homeostasis, as well as iron and calcium metabolism. Further understanding of these mitochondrial metabolic mechanisms could provide viable therapeutic approaches for PAH patients. |
2,330,286 | Genetic Complementation of ATP Synthase Deficiency Due to Dysfunction of TMEM70 Assembly Factor in Rat. | Mutations of the <i>TMEM70</i> gene disrupt the biogenesis of the ATP synthase and represent the most frequent cause of autosomal recessive encephalo-cardio-myopathy with neonatal onset. Patient tissues show isolated defects in the ATP synthase, leading to the impaired mitochondrial synthesis of ATP and insufficient energy provision. In the current study, we tested the efficiency of gene complementation by using a transgenic rescue approach in spontaneously hypertensive rats with the targeted <i>Tmem70</i> gene (SHR-<i>Tmem70<sup>ko</sup></i><sup>/<i>ko</i></sup>), which leads to embryonic lethality. We generated SHR-<i>Tmem70<sup>ko</sup></i><sup>/<i>ko</i></sup> knockout rats expressing the <i>Tmem70</i> wild-type transgene (SHR-<i>Tmem70<sup>ko</sup></i><sup>/<i>ko,tg</i>/<i>tg</i></sup>) under the control of the EF-1α universal promoter. Transgenic rescue resulted in viable animals that showed the variable expression of the <i>Tmem70</i> transgene across the range of tissues and only minor differences in terms of the growth parameters. The TMEM70 protein was restored to 16-49% of the controls in the liver and heart, which was sufficient for the full biochemical complementation of ATP synthase biogenesis as well as for mitochondrial energetic function in the liver. In the heart, we observed partial biochemical complementation, especially in SHR-<i>Tmem70<sup>ko</sup></i><sup>/<i>ko,tg</i>/<i>0</i></sup> hemizygotes. As a result, this led to a minor impairment in left ventricle function. Overall, the transgenic rescue of <i>Tmem70</i> in SHR-<i>Tmem70<sup>ko</sup></i><sup>/<i>ko</i></sup> knockout rats resulted in the efficient complementation of ATP synthase deficiency and thus in the successful genetic treatment of an otherwise fatal mitochondrial disorder. |
2,330,287 | Choroid Plexus in Alzheimer's Disease-The Current State of Knowledge. | The choroid plexus (CP), located in each of the four ventricles of the brain, is formed by a monolayer of epithelial cells that surrounds a highly vascularized connective tissue with permeable capillaries. These cells are joined by tight junctions forming the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which strictly regulates the exchange of substances between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The primary purpose of the CP is to secrete CSF, but it also plays a role in the immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS) and in the removal of neurotoxic compounds from the CSF. According to recent findings, the CP is also involved in the modulation of the circadian cycle and neurogenesis. In diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), the function of the CP is impaired, resulting in an altered secretory, barrier, transport, and immune function. This review describes the current state of knowledge concerning the roles of the CP and BCSFB in the pathophysiology of AD and summarizes recently proposed therapies that aim to restore CP and BCSFB functions. |
2,330,288 | Generation and Characterization of an Inducible Cx43 Overexpression System in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. | Connexins (Cx) are a large family of membrane proteins that can form intercellular connections, so-called gap junctions between adjacent cells. Cx43 is widely expressed in mammals and has a variety of different functions, such as the propagation of electrical conduction in the cardiac ventricle. Despite Cx43 knockout models, many questions regarding the biology of Cx43 in health and disease remain unanswered. Herein we report the establishment of a Cre-inducible Cx43 overexpression system in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. This enables the investigation of the impact of Cx43 overexpression in somatic cells. We utilized a double reporter system to label Cx43-overexpressing cells via mCherry fluorescence and exogenous Cx43 via fusion with P2A peptide to visualize its distribution pattern. We proved the functionality of our systems in ES cells, HeLa cells, and 3T3-fibroblasts and demonstrated the formation of functional gap junctions based on dye diffusion and FRAP experiments. In addition, Cx43-overexpressing ES cells could be differentiated into viable cardiomyocytes, as shown by the formation of cross striation and spontaneous beating. Analysis revealed faster and more rhythmic beating of Cx43-overexpressing cell clusters. Thus, our Cx43 overexpression systems enable the investigation of Cx43 biology and function in cardiomyocytes and other somatic cells. |
2,330,289 | Regional brain development in fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation: A volumetric fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging study. | Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) is a common prenatally diagnosed cerebellar malformation, characterized by cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle, upward rotation of the hypoplastic vermis, and posterior fossa enlargement with torcular elevation. DWM is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities such as cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments, which cannot be explained solely by cerebellar malformations. Notably, the pathogenesis of these symptoms remains poorly understood. This study investigated whether fetal structural developmental abnormalities in DWM extended beyond the posterior fossa to the cerebrum even in fetuses without apparent cerebral anomalies. Post-acquisition volumetric fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis was performed in 12 fetuses with DWM and 14 control fetuses. Growth trajectories of the volumes of the cortical plate, subcortical parenchyma, cerebellar hemispheres, and vermis between 18 and 33 weeks of gestation were compared. The median (interquartile range) gestational ages at the time of MRI were 22.4 (19.4-24.0) and 23.9 (20.6-29.2) weeks in the DWM and control groups, respectively (p = 0.269). Eight of the 12 fetuses with DWM presented with associated cerebral anomalies, including hydrocephalus (n = 3), cerebral ventriculomegaly (n = 3), and complete (n = 2) and partial (n = 2) agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC); 7 presented with extracerebral abnormalities. Chromosomal abnormalities were detected by microarray analysis in 4 of 11 fetuses with DWM, using amniocentesis. Volumetric analysis revealed that the cortical plate was significantly larger in fetuses with DWM than in controls (p = 0.040). Even without ACC, the subcortical parenchyma, whole cerebrum, cerebellar hemispheres, and whole brain were significantly larger in fetuses with DWM (n = 8) than in controls (p = 0.004, 0.025, 0.033, and 0.026, respectively). In conclusion, volumetric fetal MRI analysis demonstrated that the development of DWM extends throughout the brain during the fetal period, even without apparent cerebral anomalies. |
2,330,290 | Effector mechanisms in the baroreceptor control of blood pressure. | While the effects of changing heart rate and systemic vascular resistance have been generally understood and appreciated, the effects of changes in left ventricular contractility on end-systolic volume may have been less understood and appreciated and the effects of changes in venous capacitance on end-diastolic volume may have been unknown to many readers. Herein, we have provided a brief review for the medical student and beginning graduate student highlighting these sometimes-complex relationships. |
2,330,291 | No evidence for pericardial restraint in the snapping turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>) following pharmacologically induced bradycardia at rest or during exercise.<Pagination><StartPage>R389</StartPage><EndPage>R399</EndPage><MedlinePgn>R389-R399</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1152/ajpregu.00004.2022</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Most animals elevate cardiac output during exercise through a rise in heart rate (<i>f</i><sub>H</sub>), whereas stroke volume (V<sub>S</sub>) remains relatively unchanged. Cardiac pacing reveals that elevating <i>f</i><sub>H</sub> alone does not alter cardiac output, which is instead largely regulated by the peripheral vasculature. In terms of myocardial oxygen demand, an increase in <i>f</i><sub>H</sub> is more costly than that which would incur if V<sub>S</sub> instead were to increase. We hypothesized that <i>f</i><sub>H</sub> must increase because any substantial rise in V<sub>S</sub> would be constrained by the pericardium. To investigate this hypothesis, we explored the effects of pharmacologically induced bradycardia, with ivabradine treatment, on V<sub>S</sub> at rest and during exercise in the common snapping turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>) with intact or opened pericardium. We first showed that, in isolated myocardial preparations, ivabradine exerted a pronounced positive inotropic effect on atrial tissue but only minor effects on ventricle. Ivabradine reduced <i>f</i><sub>H</sub> in vivo, such that exercise tachycardia was attenuated. Pulmonary and systemic V<sub>S</sub> rose in response to ivabradine. The rise in pulmonary V<sub>S</sub> largely compensated for the bradycardia at rest, leaving total pulmonary flow unchanged by ivabradine, although ivabradine reduced pulmonary blood flow during swimming (exercise × ivabradine interaction, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Although systemic V<sub>S</sub> increased, systemic blood flow was reduced by ivabradine both at rest and during exercise, despite ivabradine's potential to increase cardiac contractility. Opening the pericardium had no effect on <i>f</i><sub>H</sub>, V<sub>S</sub>, or blood flows before or after ivabradine, indicating that the pericardium does not constrain VS in turtles, even during pharmacologically induced bradycardia.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>Brandt</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Crossley</LastName><ForeName>Dane A</ForeName><Initials>DA</Initials><Suffix>2nd</Suffix><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-9683-7013</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Tobias</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Joyce</LastName><ForeName>William</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3782-1641</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>24</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100901230</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0363-6119</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3H48L0LPZQ</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000077550">Ivabradine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001919" MajorTopicYN="N">Bradycardia</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000139" MajorTopicYN="N">chemically induced</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006339" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Rate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000077550" MajorTopicYN="N">Ivabradine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010496" MajorTopicYN="N">Pericardium</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014426" MajorTopicYN="Y">Turtles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Testudines</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">activity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiovascular</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ectotherm</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">reptile</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>25</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>12</Hour><Minute>18</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35200048</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9018006</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1152/ajpregu.00004.2022</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Hedrick MS, Hancock TV, Hillman SS. 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Cardiac pacing reveals that elevating <i>f</i><sub>H</sub> alone does not alter cardiac output, which is instead largely regulated by the peripheral vasculature. In terms of myocardial oxygen demand, an increase in <i>f</i><sub>H</sub> is more costly than that which would incur if V<sub>S</sub> instead were to increase. We hypothesized that <i>f</i><sub>H</sub> must increase because any substantial rise in V<sub>S</sub> would be constrained by the pericardium. To investigate this hypothesis, we explored the effects of pharmacologically induced bradycardia, with ivabradine treatment, on V<sub>S</sub> at rest and during exercise in the common snapping turtle (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>) with intact or opened pericardium. We first showed that, in isolated myocardial preparations, ivabradine exerted a pronounced positive inotropic effect on atrial tissue but only minor effects on ventricle. Ivabradine reduced <i>f</i><sub>H</sub> in vivo, such that exercise tachycardia was attenuated. Pulmonary and systemic V<sub>S</sub> rose in response to ivabradine. The rise in pulmonary V<sub>S</sub> largely compensated for the bradycardia at rest, leaving total pulmonary flow unchanged by ivabradine, although ivabradine reduced pulmonary blood flow during swimming (exercise × ivabradine interaction, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Although systemic V<sub>S</sub> increased, systemic blood flow was reduced by ivabradine both at rest and during exercise, despite ivabradine's potential to increase cardiac contractility. Opening the pericardium had no effect on <i>f</i><sub>H</sub>, V<sub>S</sub>, or blood flows before or after ivabradine, indicating that the pericardium does not constrain VS in turtles, even during pharmacologically induced bradycardia.</Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>Brandt</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Crossley</LastName><ForeName>Dane A</ForeName><Initials>DA</Initials><Suffix>2nd</Suffix><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0001-9683-7013</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wang</LastName><ForeName>Tobias</ForeName><Initials>T</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Joyce</LastName><ForeName>William</ForeName><Initials>W</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0002-3782-1641</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>24</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>100901230</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0363-6119</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>3H48L0LPZQ</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000077550">Ivabradine</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D001919" MajorTopicYN="N">Bradycardia</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000139" MajorTopicYN="N">chemically induced</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006339" MajorTopicYN="N">Heart Rate</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000077550" MajorTopicYN="N">Ivabradine</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010496" MajorTopicYN="N">Pericardium</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014426" MajorTopicYN="Y">Turtles</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">Testudines</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">activity</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">cardiovascular</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">ectotherm</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">reptile</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, are declared by the authors.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>25</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>15</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2022</Year><Month>2</Month><Day>24</Day><Hour>12</Hour><Minute>18</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">35200048</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC9018006</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1152/ajpregu.00004.2022</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Hedrick MS, Hancock TV, Hillman SS. 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Determination of cardiac output by equating venous return curves with cardiac response curves. Physiol Rev 35: 123–129, 1955. doi:10.1152/physrev.1955.35.1.123.</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1152/physrev.1955.35.1.123</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">14356924</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle><PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="Publisher" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">35199637</PMID><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>24</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1467-1107</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><PubDate><Year>2022</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>24</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Cardiology in the young</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Cardiol Young</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Chromosome 22q11 copy number variants and single ventricle CHD.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>1</StartPage><EndPage>5</EndPage><MedlinePgn>1-5</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1017/S1047951122000385</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">CHD is an important phenotypic feature of chromosome 22q11.2 copy number variants. Biventricular repair is usually possible, however there are rare reports of patients with chromosome 22q copy number variants and functional single ventricle cardiac disease.<AbstractText Label="METHODS" NlmCategory="METHODS">This is a single centre retrospective review of patients with chromosome 22q copy number variants who underwent staged single ventricle reconstructive surgery between 1 July, 1984 and 31 December, 2020.<AbstractText Label="RESULTS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Seventeen patients met inclusion criteria. The most common diagnosis was hypoplastic left heart syndrome (n = 8) and vascular anomalies were present in 13 patients. A microdeletion of the chromosome 22 A-D low-copy repeat was present in 13 patients, and the remaining had a duplication. About half of the patients had documented craniofacial abnormalities and/or hypocalcaemia, and developmental delay was very common. Fifteen patients had a Norwood operation, 10 patients had a superior cavopulmonary anastomosis, and 7 patients had a Fontan. Two patients had cardiac transplantation after Fontan. Overall survival is 64% at 1 year, and 58% at 5 and 10 years. Most deaths occurred following Norwood operation (n = 5).<AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">CHD necessitating single ventricle reconstruction associated with chromosome 22q copy number variants is not common, but typically occurs as a variant of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with the usual cytogenetic microdeletion. The most common neonatal surgical intervention performed is the Norwood, where most of the mortality burden occurs. Associated anomalies and medical issues may cause additional morbidity after cardiac surgery, but survival is similar to infants with other types of single ventricle disease. |
2,330,292 | Persisting embryonal infundibular recess in a case of TITF-1 gene mutation. | The thyroid transcription factor 1 (TITF-1) gene plays an important role in the development of the ventral forebrain, thyroid and lungs. Mutations of this gene are known to cause benign hereditary chorea (BHC) and can cause the full spectrum of abnormalities seen in the brain-thyroid-lung syndrome. Abnormalities of the ventral forebrain on imaging have been variably documented in the literature. Multiple previous reports describe a cystic pituitary mass, as well as duplication of the pituitary stalk and communication between an intrasellar cyst and the third ventricle. The initial MRI performed in our case was interpreted as an intrasellar cyst, but the high-resolution MRI performed later was able to resolve this as a persisting embryonal infundibular recess (PEIR), rather than the cystic pituitary mass which has previously been described. This case illustrates the role of the TITF-1 gene in the development of the pituitary and hypothalamus. |
2,330,293 | Seasonal changes of electrophysiological heterogeneities in the rainbow trout ventricular myocardium. | Thermal adaptation in fish is accompanied by morphological and electrophysiological changes in the myocardium. Little is known regarding seasonal changes of spatiotemporal organization of ventricular excitation and repolarization processes. We aimed to evaluate transmural and apicobasal heterogeneity of depolarization and repolarization characteristics in the rainbow trout in-situ ventricular myocardium in summer and winter conditions.</AbstractText>The experiments were done in summer-acclimatized (SA, 18°C, n = 8) and winter-acclimatized (WA, 3°C, n = 8) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>). 24 unipolar electrograms were recorded with 3 plunge needle electrodes (eight lead terminals each) impaled into the ventricular wall. Activation time (AT), end of repolarization time (RT), and activation-repolarization interval (ARI, a surrogate for action potential duration) were determined as dV/dt min during QRS-complex, dV/dt max during T-wave, and RT-AT difference, respectively.</AbstractText>The SA fish demonstrated relatively flat apicobasal and transmural AT and ARI profiles. In the WA animals, ATs and ARIs were longer as compared to SA animals (p≤0.001), ARIs were shorter in the compact layer than in the spongy layer (p≤0.050), and within the compact layer, the apical region had shorter ATs and longer ARIs as compared to the basal region (p≤0.050). In multiple linear regression analysis, ARI duration was associated with RR-interval and AT in SA and WA animals. The WA animals additionally demonstrated an independent association of ARIs with spatial localization across the ventricle.</AbstractText>Cold conditions led to the spatial redistribution of repolarization durations in the rainbow trout ventricle and the formation of repolarization gradients typically observed in mammalian myocardium.</AbstractText>© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,294 | Ventricular Infusion and Nanoprobes Identify Cerebrospinal Fluid and Glymphatic Circulation in Human Nerves. | Growing evidence suggests that cerebrospinal fluid circulates in human nerves. Several conditions encountered by the plastic surgeon may be related to dysregulation of this system, including nerve transection, stretch injuries, and peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to show how ventricular infusion and nanoprobes identify CSF and glymphatic circulation in neural sheaths of human nerves.</AbstractText>The technique of ventricular infusion using buffered saline was developed in 2017. The technique was used in a series of eight fresh cadavers before dissection of the median nerve, and combined with fluorescent imaging and nanoprobe injections in selected specimens.</AbstractText>Eight cadaver specimens underwent ventricular infusion. There were six female and two male specimens, ages 46-97 (mean 76.6). Ventricular cannulation was performed successfully using coordinates 2 cm anterior to coronal suture and 2.5 cm lateral to sagittal suture. Depth of cannulation ranged from 44 to 56 mm (mean 49.7). Ventricular saline infusion complemented by nanoprobe injection suggests CSF flows in neural sheaths, including pia meninges, epineurial channels, perineurium, and myelin sheaths (neurolemma).</AbstractText>Ventricular infusion and nanoprobes identify CSF flow in neural sheaths of human nerves. CSF flow in nerves is an open circulatory system that occurs via channels, intracellular flow, and cell-to-cell transport associated with glial cells. Neural sheaths, including neurolemma, may participate in glucose and solute transport to axons. These techniques may be used in anatomic dissection and live animal models, and have been extended to the central nervous system to identify direct ventricle-to-pia meninges CSF pathways.</AbstractText>Copyright © 2022 The Author. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,295 | Altered subcortical and cortical brain morphology in adult women with 47,XXX: a 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging study. | Triple X syndrome (47,XXX) is a relatively common sex chromosomal aneuploidy characterized by the presence of a supernumerary X chromosome in females and has been associated with a variable cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric phenotype. 47,XXX may serve as a suitable model for studying the effect of genetic architecture on brain morphology. Previous studies have shown alterations in brain structure in 47,XXX particularly in childhood and adolescence. In this study, we examined subcortical and cortical brain morphology in adult women with 47,XXX using ultra-high field 7T MRI. Given previous evidence of impaired social functioning and emotion recognition in adults with 47,XXX, we also investigated the relationship of these functions with brain morphology.</AbstractText>Twenty-one adult women with 47,XXX and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included. Structural T1-weighted images were acquired using a 7-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. Measures of subcortical brain volumes, cortical surface area and thickness, and cortical folding were obtained and compared between the groups using general linear models. Additionally, we examined potential relationships between brain outcome measures and social functioning and social cognition in 47,XXX using correlation analyses.</AbstractText>Adults with 47,XXX showed lower volumes of the thalamus, caudate, putamen, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and pallidum, and larger lateral ventricle volumes. Lower surface area was found in the superior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus in 47,XXX participants compared to healthy controls. Altered cortical thickness and cortical folding were not present in 47,XXX. Cortical thickness was associated with social cognition in 47,XXX.</AbstractText>Results suggest that a supernumerary X chromosome in females affects subcortical and lateral ventricle volumes, and cortical surface area in adulthood. 47,XXX may serve as a suitable model for studying genetic influences on structural brain morphology across developmental stages in order to understand neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive and behavioural impairments.</AbstractText>© 2022. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,296 | Live Tissue Imaging Reveals Distinct Transcellular Pathways for Organic Cations and Anions at the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier. | Formed by the choroid plexus epithelial (CPE) cells, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) plays an active role in removing drugs, toxins, and metabolic wastes from the brain. Several organic cation and anion transporters are expressed in the CPE cells, but how they functionally mediate transepithelial transport of organic cations and anions remain unclear. In this study, we visualized the transcellular transport of fluorescent organic cation and organic anion probes using live tissue imaging in freshly isolated mouse choroid plexuses (CPs). The cationic probe, 4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (IDT307) was transported into CPE cells at the apical membrane and highly accumulated in mitochondria. Consistent with the lack of expression of organic cation efflux transporters, there was little efflux of IDT307 into the blood capillary space. Furthermore, IDT307 uptake and intracellular accumulation was attenuated by approximately 70% in CP tissues from mice with targeted deletion of the plasma membrane monoamine transporter (Pmat). In contrast, the anionic probe fluorescein-methotrexate (FL-MTX) was rapidly transported across the CPE cells into the capillary space with little intracellular accumulation. Rifampicin, an inhibitor of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), completely blocked FL-MTX uptake into the CPE cells whereas MK-571, a pan-inhibitor of multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRPs), abolished basolateral efflux of FL-MTX. In summary, our results suggest distinct transcellular transport pathways for organic cations and anions at the BCSFB and reveal a pivotal role of PMAT, OATP and MRP transporters in organic cation and anion transport at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid interface. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Live tissue imaging revealed that while organic cations are transported from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the choroid plexus epithelial cells by plasma membrane monoamine transporter without efflux into the blood, amphipathic anions in the CSF are efficiently transported across the BCSFB through the collaborated function of apical organic anion transporting polypeptides and basolateral multidrug resistance associated proteins. These findings contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the molecular and cellular pathways for choroid plexus clearance of solutes from the brain. |
2,330,297 | Acquired hydrocephalus is associated with neuroinflammation, progenitor loss, and cellular changes in the subventricular zone and periventricular white matter. | Hydrocephalus is a neurological disease with an incidence of 80-125 per 100,000 births in the United States. Neuropathology comprises ventriculomegaly, periventricular white matter (PVWM) alterations, inflammation, and gliosis. We hypothesized that hydrocephalus in a pig model is associated with subventricular and PVWM cellular alterations and neuroinflammation that could mimic the neuropathology described in hydrocephalic infants.</AbstractText>Hydrocephalus was induced by intracisternal kaolin injections in 35-day old female pigs (n = 7 for tissue analysis, n = 10 for CSF analysis). Age-matched sham controls received saline injections (n = 6). After 19-40 days, MRI scanning was performed to measure the ventricular volume. Stem cell proliferation was studied in the Subventricular Zone (SVZ), and cell death and oligodendrocytes were examined in the PVWM. The neuroinflammatory reaction was studied by quantifying astrocytes and microglial cells in the PVWM, and inflammatory cytokines in the CSF.</AbstractText>The expansion of the ventricles was especially pronounced in the body of the lateral ventricle, where ependymal disruption occurred. PVWM showed a 44% increase in cell death and a 67% reduction of oligodendrocytes. In the SVZ, the number of proliferative cells and oligodendrocyte decreased by 75% and 57% respectively. The decrease of the SVZ area correlated significantly with ventricular volume increase. Neuroinflammation occurred in the hydrocephalic pigs with a significant increase of astrocytes and microglia in the PVWM, and high levels of inflammatory interleukins IL-6 and IL-8 in the CSF.</AbstractText>The induction of acquired hydrocephalus produced alterations in the PVWM, reduced cell proliferation in the SVZ, and neuroinflammation.</AbstractText>© 2022. The Author(s).</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,298 | Four-dimensional computed tomography of the left ventricle, Part II: Estimation of mechanical activation times. | We demonstrate the viability of a four-dimensional X-ray computed tomography (4DCT) imaging system to accurately and precisely estimate mechanical activation times of left ventricular (LV) wall motion. Accurate and reproducible timing estimates of LV wall motion may be beneficial in the successful planning and management of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).</AbstractText>We developed an anthropomorphically accurate in silico LV phantom based on human CT images with programmed septal-lateral wall dyssynchrony. Twenty-six temporal phases of the in silico phantom were used to sample the cardiac cycle of 1 s. For each of the 26 phases, 1 cm thick axial slabs emulating axial CT image volumes were extracted, 3D printed, and imaged using a commercially available CT scanner. A continuous dynamic sinogram was synthesized by blending sinograms from these static phases; the synthesized sinogram emulated the sinogram that would be acquired under true continuous phantom motion. Using the synthesized dynamic sinogram, images were reconstructed at 70 ms intervals spanning the full cardiac cycle; these images exhibited expected motion artifact characteristics seen in images reconstructed from real dynamic data. The motion corrupted images were then processed with a novel motion correction algorithm (ResyncCT) to yield motion corrected images. Five pairs of motion uncorrected and motion corrected images were generated, each corresponding to a different starting gantry angle (0 to 180 degrees in 45 degree increments). Two line profiles perpendicular to the endocardial surface were used to sample local myocardial motion trajectories at the septum and the lateral wall. The mechanical activation time of wall motion was defined as the time at which the endocardial boundary crossed a fixed position defined on either of the two line profiles while moving toward the center of the LV during systolic contraction. The mechanical activation times of these myocardial trajectories estimated from the motion uncorrected and the motion corrected images were then compared with those derived from the static images of the 3D printed phantoms (ground truth). The precision of the timing estimates was obtained from the five different starting gantry angle simulations.</AbstractText>The range of estimated mechanical activation times observed across all starting gantry angles was significantly larger for the motion uncorrected images than for the motion corrected images (lateral wall: 58 ± 15 ms vs 12 ± 4 ms, p < 0.005; septal wall: 61 ± 13 ms vs 13 ± 9 ms, p < 0.005).</AbstractText>4DCT images processed with the ResyncCT motion correction algorithm yield estimates of mechanical activation times of LV wall motion with significantly improved accuracy and precision. The promising results reported in this study highlight the potential utility of 4DCT in estimating the timing of mechanical events of interest for CRT guidance.</AbstractText>© 2022 American Association of Physicists in Medicine.</CopyrightInformation> |
2,330,299 | Persisting embryonal infundibular recess (PEIR) and transsphenoidal-transsellar encephaloceles: distinct entities or constituents of one continuum? | Persisting embryonal infundibular recess (PEIR) is a very rare anomaly of the floor of the third ventricle in which the embryonic morphology of the infundibular recess (IR) persists. The exact underlying mechanism of development of PEIR is unknown, and the anomaly has been reported as an isolated finding or in association with other conditions. On the other hand, trans-sphenoidal encephaloceles are the rarest form of basal encephaloceles. The trans-sphenoidal trans-sellar encephalocele (TSE) is the least common variant in which the pituitary gland, pituitary stalk, optic pathways, parts of the third ventricle and IR may be present within the encephalocele. We recently treated one patient with TSE. Based on the observed morphological similarity of the IR in our patient and in the published cases of PEIR, we reviewed the literature in order to validate the hypothesis that PEIR and TSE may possibly belong to one spectrum of malformations. Across the published reports, the morphology of the IR in TSE is very closely similar to PEIR. Moreover, radiological, patho-anatomical, and embryological evidence is in support to our hypothesis that PEIR and TSE are most likely the two extremes of the same continuum of malformations. |
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