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112,603 | I'm an undergraduate student that was offered a role researching for a grant. I was able to get authorship status on a paper and will be attending a conference for it later this year. The professor I am working for connected me with another student at a different university in order to share a hotel room. We will both be staying for the entire week and are responsible for booking our own reservations. Unfortunately, the centre the conference is located at is booked, with only a single-bed room available that we would be required to vacate on Wednesday then move back in.
This student was fine with booking the room and asked me if I was okay with it, but after I realized that it is a very small, dorm-like room with a small bed and no futon I counter-offered a reasonably-priced room at another hotel a half-mile away with two beds that we would not need to move out of midweek. I thought this would be well-received, however the student pushed back saying that the other room had a better price (of course, as it was intended for one person or a couple) and we would have better involvement with the conference (doubtful, as long as we show up on time).
Besides already being an incredibly poor sleeper, I'm otherwise just uncomfortable sharing a small bed with another student I don't know, and the room is small enough that I can't confidently say a hotel cot would fit. However, I also don't feel comfortable making this a bigger conflict than necessary, and I don't want to upset my professor by costing our grant more money than necessary by booking my own room at twice the cost. On the other hand, I do feel I have the right to request sleeping accommodations that I am comfortable with. How can I handle this appropriately without offending anyone? | 2018/07/12 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/112603",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/94956/"
] | You don't mention what country you're in and perhaps it might matter, that what's acceptable in one country might not be in another. Here in the US, it's not uncommon to be asked to share a room at a conference or in other professional situations with another attendee of the same sex. But it would never be considered appropriate to ask anyone to share a bed. Never. Period. It would only happen if a supervisor, e.g., your department chair was unaware it was happening.
So, if you're here in the US, I would be firm. Send an email to your professor, pointing out that sharing a room is okay, but sharing a bed is not and insist on your solution, the room with two beds at the other hotel. I would not feel guilty even for one second about the extra cost. You're entitled to your own bed. If your professor insists you share a bed, I would report this to your department chair and request help. | You may just need to come to the conclusion that no negotiation is possible and make your own arrangements. No one should be offended by someone who wants to preserve their personal space and privacy.
I doubt that your professor, who is the only one, other than yourself who matters much here, would think less of you if you don't yield to a situation you find somewhere between uncomfortable and untenable.
There is the financial issue of course, but your privacy is likely worth the cost and you will have a much better experience at the conference if you are comfortable personally. While cost isn't a factor for me anymore I often tell family (cousins, kids, etc) I'd rather get a hotel than use their guest room. Privacy, comfort, personal space.
That said, you might take a bit of time at the conference to see if the other student is someone you might want to be friends and colleagues with generally, but that is a question for the future.
---
Due to a comment, perhaps I should be more clear and explicit. This is not something you should accept if you have any reservations. You are perfectly correct to reject it. |
112,603 | I'm an undergraduate student that was offered a role researching for a grant. I was able to get authorship status on a paper and will be attending a conference for it later this year. The professor I am working for connected me with another student at a different university in order to share a hotel room. We will both be staying for the entire week and are responsible for booking our own reservations. Unfortunately, the centre the conference is located at is booked, with only a single-bed room available that we would be required to vacate on Wednesday then move back in.
This student was fine with booking the room and asked me if I was okay with it, but after I realized that it is a very small, dorm-like room with a small bed and no futon I counter-offered a reasonably-priced room at another hotel a half-mile away with two beds that we would not need to move out of midweek. I thought this would be well-received, however the student pushed back saying that the other room had a better price (of course, as it was intended for one person or a couple) and we would have better involvement with the conference (doubtful, as long as we show up on time).
Besides already being an incredibly poor sleeper, I'm otherwise just uncomfortable sharing a small bed with another student I don't know, and the room is small enough that I can't confidently say a hotel cot would fit. However, I also don't feel comfortable making this a bigger conflict than necessary, and I don't want to upset my professor by costing our grant more money than necessary by booking my own room at twice the cost. On the other hand, I do feel I have the right to request sleeping accommodations that I am comfortable with. How can I handle this appropriately without offending anyone? | 2018/07/12 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/112603",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/94956/"
] | You may just need to come to the conclusion that no negotiation is possible and make your own arrangements. No one should be offended by someone who wants to preserve their personal space and privacy.
I doubt that your professor, who is the only one, other than yourself who matters much here, would think less of you if you don't yield to a situation you find somewhere between uncomfortable and untenable.
There is the financial issue of course, but your privacy is likely worth the cost and you will have a much better experience at the conference if you are comfortable personally. While cost isn't a factor for me anymore I often tell family (cousins, kids, etc) I'd rather get a hotel than use their guest room. Privacy, comfort, personal space.
That said, you might take a bit of time at the conference to see if the other student is someone you might want to be friends and colleagues with generally, but that is a question for the future.
---
Due to a comment, perhaps I should be more clear and explicit. This is not something you should accept if you have any reservations. You are perfectly correct to reject it. | I do not know this person, but I would simply say it honestly. It's perfectly professional. Say something like "I understand that the room is a bit more expensive, but I would much rather find a room that accommodates two people and does not force us to share a bed. This room is the best I could find, but if you can find a similar one for a better price, send me a link."
This is a perfectly normal and reasonable thing to want, it places no obligation on you to pay a greater share, and it should not offend any person who is there in a professional capacity. |
112,603 | I'm an undergraduate student that was offered a role researching for a grant. I was able to get authorship status on a paper and will be attending a conference for it later this year. The professor I am working for connected me with another student at a different university in order to share a hotel room. We will both be staying for the entire week and are responsible for booking our own reservations. Unfortunately, the centre the conference is located at is booked, with only a single-bed room available that we would be required to vacate on Wednesday then move back in.
This student was fine with booking the room and asked me if I was okay with it, but after I realized that it is a very small, dorm-like room with a small bed and no futon I counter-offered a reasonably-priced room at another hotel a half-mile away with two beds that we would not need to move out of midweek. I thought this would be well-received, however the student pushed back saying that the other room had a better price (of course, as it was intended for one person or a couple) and we would have better involvement with the conference (doubtful, as long as we show up on time).
Besides already being an incredibly poor sleeper, I'm otherwise just uncomfortable sharing a small bed with another student I don't know, and the room is small enough that I can't confidently say a hotel cot would fit. However, I also don't feel comfortable making this a bigger conflict than necessary, and I don't want to upset my professor by costing our grant more money than necessary by booking my own room at twice the cost. On the other hand, I do feel I have the right to request sleeping accommodations that I am comfortable with. How can I handle this appropriately without offending anyone? | 2018/07/12 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/112603",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/94956/"
] | You don't mention what country you're in and perhaps it might matter, that what's acceptable in one country might not be in another. Here in the US, it's not uncommon to be asked to share a room at a conference or in other professional situations with another attendee of the same sex. But it would never be considered appropriate to ask anyone to share a bed. Never. Period. It would only happen if a supervisor, e.g., your department chair was unaware it was happening.
So, if you're here in the US, I would be firm. Send an email to your professor, pointing out that sharing a room is okay, but sharing a bed is not and insist on your solution, the room with two beds at the other hotel. I would not feel guilty even for one second about the extra cost. You're entitled to your own bed. If your professor insists you share a bed, I would report this to your department chair and request help. | >
> The professor I am working for connected me with another student at a different university in order to share a hotel room.
>
>
>
I think this is the key point. The professor, who is your supervisor and is in charge of the grant funds, is sending you to the conference, and *it is their responsibility to ensure you have safe, reasonable accommodations during the trip.* Their proposed solution involving shared accommodations with the student they connected you with might have seemed reasonable when they suggested it, but it is becoming clear that it isn’t. Certainly asking that you share a hotel bed or other uncomfortably close quarters with a complete stranger is way outside the norm in almost all areas of academia (the only exceptions I can think of being a few disciplines like archaeology, paleontology and such where hardy researchers sometimes go on field studies in very spartan environments), and not something you should be expected to accept as a condition for attending a conference.
The conclusion is simple. You should email the professor, explain that you have not been able to find an acceptable arrangement to share accommodations with the other student, and ask him to help you find an alternative solution involving an acceptable level of comfort and privacy. Such a request, if phrased politely, would be completely reasonable and professional, and I’m sure any half-decent professor would not be fazed by it or have any trouble addressing the problem.
Good luck, and have fun at the conference. |
112,603 | I'm an undergraduate student that was offered a role researching for a grant. I was able to get authorship status on a paper and will be attending a conference for it later this year. The professor I am working for connected me with another student at a different university in order to share a hotel room. We will both be staying for the entire week and are responsible for booking our own reservations. Unfortunately, the centre the conference is located at is booked, with only a single-bed room available that we would be required to vacate on Wednesday then move back in.
This student was fine with booking the room and asked me if I was okay with it, but after I realized that it is a very small, dorm-like room with a small bed and no futon I counter-offered a reasonably-priced room at another hotel a half-mile away with two beds that we would not need to move out of midweek. I thought this would be well-received, however the student pushed back saying that the other room had a better price (of course, as it was intended for one person or a couple) and we would have better involvement with the conference (doubtful, as long as we show up on time).
Besides already being an incredibly poor sleeper, I'm otherwise just uncomfortable sharing a small bed with another student I don't know, and the room is small enough that I can't confidently say a hotel cot would fit. However, I also don't feel comfortable making this a bigger conflict than necessary, and I don't want to upset my professor by costing our grant more money than necessary by booking my own room at twice the cost. On the other hand, I do feel I have the right to request sleeping accommodations that I am comfortable with. How can I handle this appropriately without offending anyone? | 2018/07/12 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/112603",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/94956/"
] | >
> The professor I am working for connected me with another student at a different university in order to share a hotel room.
>
>
>
I think this is the key point. The professor, who is your supervisor and is in charge of the grant funds, is sending you to the conference, and *it is their responsibility to ensure you have safe, reasonable accommodations during the trip.* Their proposed solution involving shared accommodations with the student they connected you with might have seemed reasonable when they suggested it, but it is becoming clear that it isn’t. Certainly asking that you share a hotel bed or other uncomfortably close quarters with a complete stranger is way outside the norm in almost all areas of academia (the only exceptions I can think of being a few disciplines like archaeology, paleontology and such where hardy researchers sometimes go on field studies in very spartan environments), and not something you should be expected to accept as a condition for attending a conference.
The conclusion is simple. You should email the professor, explain that you have not been able to find an acceptable arrangement to share accommodations with the other student, and ask him to help you find an alternative solution involving an acceptable level of comfort and privacy. Such a request, if phrased politely, would be completely reasonable and professional, and I’m sure any half-decent professor would not be fazed by it or have any trouble addressing the problem.
Good luck, and have fun at the conference. | I do not know this person, but I would simply say it honestly. It's perfectly professional. Say something like "I understand that the room is a bit more expensive, but I would much rather find a room that accommodates two people and does not force us to share a bed. This room is the best I could find, but if you can find a similar one for a better price, send me a link."
This is a perfectly normal and reasonable thing to want, it places no obligation on you to pay a greater share, and it should not offend any person who is there in a professional capacity. |
112,603 | I'm an undergraduate student that was offered a role researching for a grant. I was able to get authorship status on a paper and will be attending a conference for it later this year. The professor I am working for connected me with another student at a different university in order to share a hotel room. We will both be staying for the entire week and are responsible for booking our own reservations. Unfortunately, the centre the conference is located at is booked, with only a single-bed room available that we would be required to vacate on Wednesday then move back in.
This student was fine with booking the room and asked me if I was okay with it, but after I realized that it is a very small, dorm-like room with a small bed and no futon I counter-offered a reasonably-priced room at another hotel a half-mile away with two beds that we would not need to move out of midweek. I thought this would be well-received, however the student pushed back saying that the other room had a better price (of course, as it was intended for one person or a couple) and we would have better involvement with the conference (doubtful, as long as we show up on time).
Besides already being an incredibly poor sleeper, I'm otherwise just uncomfortable sharing a small bed with another student I don't know, and the room is small enough that I can't confidently say a hotel cot would fit. However, I also don't feel comfortable making this a bigger conflict than necessary, and I don't want to upset my professor by costing our grant more money than necessary by booking my own room at twice the cost. On the other hand, I do feel I have the right to request sleeping accommodations that I am comfortable with. How can I handle this appropriately without offending anyone? | 2018/07/12 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/112603",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/94956/"
] | You don't mention what country you're in and perhaps it might matter, that what's acceptable in one country might not be in another. Here in the US, it's not uncommon to be asked to share a room at a conference or in other professional situations with another attendee of the same sex. But it would never be considered appropriate to ask anyone to share a bed. Never. Period. It would only happen if a supervisor, e.g., your department chair was unaware it was happening.
So, if you're here in the US, I would be firm. Send an email to your professor, pointing out that sharing a room is okay, but sharing a bed is not and insist on your solution, the room with two beds at the other hotel. I would not feel guilty even for one second about the extra cost. You're entitled to your own bed. If your professor insists you share a bed, I would report this to your department chair and request help. | I do not know this person, but I would simply say it honestly. It's perfectly professional. Say something like "I understand that the room is a bit more expensive, but I would much rather find a room that accommodates two people and does not force us to share a bed. This room is the best I could find, but if you can find a similar one for a better price, send me a link."
This is a perfectly normal and reasonable thing to want, it places no obligation on you to pay a greater share, and it should not offend any person who is there in a professional capacity. |
119,334 | I came across an [article on Kataku](http://kotaku.com/5952572/my-awesome-new-borderlands-2-gun-wont-stop-judging-me) and it showed a sniper rifle (not sure which one) that actually talked while reloading, and shooting. [Here](http://youtu.be/jlAUpuNAyfQ) is a video the writer posted of it in action.
I actually have a few small questions *(I don't want to spam them in separate questions)*:
* Which weapons/shields/items/etc. talk to you? *(mention if I need DLC)*
* Do the weapons/shields/items/etc. that talk depend on which character you have? *(mention if I need DLC)* | 2013/06/05 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/119334",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/-1/"
] | I am aware of three weapons, and a shield.
### Weapons
* [Shotgun 1340](http://borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/Shotgun_1340)
* [Morningstar](http://borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/Morningstar)
* [The Bane](http://borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/Bane)
### Shield
* [1340 Shield](http://borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/1340_Shield)
You can find more borderlands trivia [here](http://borderlands.wikia.com/) | List of all guns and shields with voice modules <http://borderlands.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Items_with_voice_modules> |
29,510 | One of the rooms in my house has a 20A circuit. I plugged an 11A device to one of the receptacles in that room for the entire day. Walked away, came back and that device was powered down. I connected something else to the same receptacle to test it and the receptacle is dead.
All other receptacles in the same room and on the same circuit are working fine.
Is it possible this receptacle (120V, standard US) has its own fuse, and could that fuse be tripped by a device running constantly but without apparent fluctuations in current draw? | 2013/07/10 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/29510",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/13919/"
] | I'm new to the US and wasn't aware of the fact that in many houses the light switch on the wall actually controls one of the electric receptacle in the room. It was just off. | It would be unusual for a US receptacle to have an internal fuse or circuit breaker, although if it was a GFCI outlet (the kind with the "test" and "reset" buttons that you see in kitchens and bathrooms), it could've detected a ground fault and shut off. (It's also possible for several regular outlets to be wired to a single GFCI outlet, so check any nearby GFCI outlets to see if they've been tripped.)
It sounds like you went to your circuit breaker panel and checked that none of the circuits are tripped, but you may want to double-check that. Even if a device is on constantly doesn't mean its electrical draw is constant. E.g. fridges and air conditioners are highly variable in their power consumption from minute-to-minute. (For that matter, anything with a motor like a fridge can nuisance-trip a GFCI outlet...)
I suppose it is possible that you had excessive current burn out an old outlet or a bad connection. You could take the cover off the outlet to look for any signs of smoke or burning that might accompany such a failure.
If you see no signs of electrical damage and can't find any circuit breakers or GFCI outlets that are tripped, I would say you should replace the outlet. |
21,248 | I have been looking for a writing software, but while I have seen a number of mentions about how this or that program helps you keep track of characters, I haven't seen any mentions of ones that are good at helping you keep track of information.
I am writing a Man vs. Nature story. There are only a few characters other than the protagonist, and they don't take much time on stage. What I need to keep track of is **data** - what food is available, how much of certain limited resources he has used, tracking his travel, that sort of thing. Are there any writing programs that would help with this?
If there are no writing programs that would do this, are there any other (non-writing) programs that could help me track this kind of information? Or even any techniques that would work well? I'm almost at the tearing-my-hair stage on this. | 2016/03/05 | [
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/21248",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/users/16548/"
] | I have self-published several erotica titles under a pen name through KDP, and I've participated in a number of discussions about this in a writer's forum that I frequent. What we have seen over time is that there are certain topics that Amazon considers taboo, and those are pretty certain to get you banned. These topics include bestiality, incest, and non-consensual sex of pretty much any kind. There may be some writers who have managed to sneak in a book that might cross those lines, but these seem to be the main red flags.
As far as the graphic nature of your content, Amazon doesn't seem to be too restrictive unless it happens to cross into one of those forbidden territories. They don't have the resources to read and analyze every title submitted to them, so it would be hard for them to screen every erotic title that comes their way. The main thing they focus on initially will be your description, so make sure that you aren't too graphic there and that your description isn't offensive.
Something even more critical than the content, however, is the cover of your book. If it depicts anything blatantly sexual or shows too much flesh, then it could get your book blocked or, even worse, labeled as an "Adult" title. If your book falls into that category, then it will usually be blocked from pretty much all search results and will find it harder to make any recommended lists. | I have had a book blocked by KDP. It consisted of a number of images of a nude man, not particularly sexual, but many close-ups of his penis. The form letter said the company had concerns about porn and/or copyright. I could not figure whether it was either or both of these.
Amazon sells books that are highly sexual, but I assume that is a separate matter from publishing. |
21,248 | I have been looking for a writing software, but while I have seen a number of mentions about how this or that program helps you keep track of characters, I haven't seen any mentions of ones that are good at helping you keep track of information.
I am writing a Man vs. Nature story. There are only a few characters other than the protagonist, and they don't take much time on stage. What I need to keep track of is **data** - what food is available, how much of certain limited resources he has used, tracking his travel, that sort of thing. Are there any writing programs that would help with this?
If there are no writing programs that would do this, are there any other (non-writing) programs that could help me track this kind of information? Or even any techniques that would work well? I'm almost at the tearing-my-hair stage on this. | 2016/03/05 | [
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/questions/21248",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com",
"https://writers.stackexchange.com/users/16548/"
] | I have self-published several erotica titles under a pen name through KDP, and I've participated in a number of discussions about this in a writer's forum that I frequent. What we have seen over time is that there are certain topics that Amazon considers taboo, and those are pretty certain to get you banned. These topics include bestiality, incest, and non-consensual sex of pretty much any kind. There may be some writers who have managed to sneak in a book that might cross those lines, but these seem to be the main red flags.
As far as the graphic nature of your content, Amazon doesn't seem to be too restrictive unless it happens to cross into one of those forbidden territories. They don't have the resources to read and analyze every title submitted to them, so it would be hard for them to screen every erotic title that comes their way. The main thing they focus on initially will be your description, so make sure that you aren't too graphic there and that your description isn't offensive.
Something even more critical than the content, however, is the cover of your book. If it depicts anything blatantly sexual or shows too much flesh, then it could get your book blocked or, even worse, labeled as an "Adult" title. If your book falls into that category, then it will usually be blocked from pretty much all search results and will find it harder to make any recommended lists. | Here’s the thing: KDP is quite different from books on Amazon in general. Those are Kindle Direct Publishing rules, but, say, books published by a publishing company that was added on Amazon by default would refer to a different rule book. Hope this helps! |
290,354 | I was fighting a Draugr Deathlord in a dungeon (where they are mostly found), and I'd been disarmed. I used unrelenting force to shout him onto a ledge. I took the opportunity to heal myself with some Magicka, and I realized that it was not depleting despite my having used the spell. The Draugr was stuck on the ledge for some reason, so I bombarded him with flames until he died, still having full Magicka despite having used flames.
Has anyone else experienced this? If so, have they figured out how to replicate it? I know it's a glitch, but some glitches can be enacted on purpose. | 2016/11/04 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/290354",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/170437/"
] | It is possible to reach 100% magic cost reduction with "Fortify" enchantments for up to two magic types. You need enchanting skill 100 with the final perk to do this.
For only one magic type you can reach 100% reduction via enchantments by using "Fortify Enchantment" potions to max out you skill.
What I think might have happened here is that you already had some fortify enchants on your gear (not necessarily enchanted by you, there is a lot of gear that already has that) and use of a potion pushed you over the edge for 100% cost reduction.
Another option would be that your mana regeneration rate has become high enough to offset the cost of you heal and flames almost immediately, making it seem like no mana was used. This could also be achieved by a mix of enchants and potions.
A third option would be a combination of the first two. Strong spell cost reduction combined with fast mana regeneration could also make it seem like there was no mana consumed. | My guess would be maybe you have an extremely high magic stat or maybe it just bugged out and didn't show the magic bar as moving. I've never heard off that glitch before. I wish you good luck friend, Talos be with you. |
5,685,572 | The code in its derivatives MultiServiceResolver and SingleServiceResolver are highly compact and can somebody explain what they are doing or their purposes are and the role played by them in dependency resolution? | 2011/04/16 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/5685572",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/38807/"
] | They're the ones responsible of going to the DependencyResolver and ask it to resolve the types they asks for (i/e IViewEngine or IControllerFactory).
more info about the DependencyResolver can be found here:
<http://bradwilson.typepad.com/blog/2010/10/service-location-pt5-idependencyresolver.html>
Basically SingleServiceResolver calls GetSingleService from the dependencyResolver, and MultiServiceResolver calls GetServices. You can set your own DependencyResolver to use your own IOC container (AutoFac/Ninject/StructureMap etc.) using the SetResolver method in the DependencyResolver static class. by default (If you don't override it) the resolver doesn't resolve any types.
Basically this decouples the implementations of some types (i/e ViewEngines/Collection or ValueProviderFactories/ValueProviderFactoryCollections) that use the ServiceLocator pattern in the ASP.NET MVC pipeline from the ASP.NET MVC implementation and the DependencyResolver static class. | Recently, I've created a blog post that a little explains MultiServiceResolver and SingleServiceResolver.
<http://www.beletsky.net/2011/08/inside-aspnet-mvc-iresolver-and-its.html> |
210,679 | Alright so as I am learning this I have learned that electrons are arracted to the postive side.
So when I seen this photo it confused me why the resistor is on the postive terminal side. (When electricity flows from negative to postive [at least from what I read])
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ONMNr.png)
So I've researched a lot and some people say batteries travel from postive to negative and others say they travel from negative to postive.
So here is my what I think:
The energy is flowing from the postive to negative: It limits it to the correct voltage to not damage the LED.
Or
The energy is flowing from the negative to postive and this example is showing the voltage pass through the LED then uses the resistor to eliminate the remaining voltage before it reaches the postive terminal. (Doesn't make sense to me much)
By the way can someone tell me how a resistor would prevent a battery from shorting out? | 2016/01/11 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/210679",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/96767/"
] | The electrons flow from negative to positive. Definition of current is the movement of the positives charges or "holes" (the move of an electron in one directions can be seen as the move of a hole in the opposite way).
About the resistor, in this case does not matter in wich side you put it. Its function is to limit the current.
**Observation:** Voltage DOESN'T flow!! ("the voltage pass through the LED then uses the resistor to eliminate the remaining voltage before it reaches the postive terminal") | A very basic law in electrical engineering is ohm law which says:
V = I \* R
V : is the voltage of the battery.
I : is the current that flow in the wires, the resistor, and the led.
R : is the total resistance of the circuit.
Let's calculate it first then understand why the resistor is at the positive terminal:
You are using 2 \* AA battery. Each AA battery has 1.5 volts. It means the total voltage is 3 volts because you are using two batteries.
V = 3 volts
I assume that you use 100 ohm resistor.
The current that should flow in the circuit = 3 / 100 = 0.03 ampere
Now, The resistors control the current of the circuit and the amount of current should be 0.03 ampere. In Which direction?
The real electrons moves from the negative terminal to positive terminal. But that does **not** mean we should put the resistor at the negative terminal. Current pass or flow inside the wire and If you want to put something to interrupt it or make it slow down, you can put it in any place in series with the wire and it will interrupt the current. Think of a water pipe, If you want to slow the speed of water that pass through the pipe, you can put a rock (or something) inside the water pipe (No matter the place is) and the water will be interrupted.
If you are confused about the direction of flow of current: The real electrons moves from negative to positive. and We can imagine that there is positive charges movies from positive to negative, the imaginary positive charges move in the opposite direction of the negative charges. Now, I think it make sense. Why we imagine the direction of positive charges? because it is easier when you deal with complicated circuits and Circuits that have a lot of resistors, leds, capacitors and so on.
The answer of your second question "how a resistor would prevent a battery from shorting out?" is Ohms law.
The voltage of the battery does NOT vary. and the led have low resistance. so the current will be very high. High currents generate heat quickly and may damage leds and other similar components.
Now we have to solutions, to decrease the voltage of the battery (it is impossible in many cases) and the other solution is to increase the resistance which what you have done.
The equation of ohm's law is described in the following picture in a funny way:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/s7eD5.gif) |
524,090 | I'm normally pretty good with grammar, but this one just stumped me. I was trying to write something similar to "you're one of the only people who [is/are] nice to me", but I'm not sure if I should use "is" or "are".
Which sentence is correct, and why?
>
> You're one of the only people who is nice to me.
>
>
> You're one of the only people who are nice to me.
>
>
> | 2020/01/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/524090",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/204513/"
] | Correct Sentence is **You're one of the only people who are nice to me.**
That is because in this sentence we check agreement of the *verb* **are** with the *plural noun* **people**.
Here the [verb depends on agreement with the noun](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/sub-verb.htm) i.e Plural Noun - Plural Verb or Singular Noun - Singular Verb | The sentence makes no sense as it stands. Perhaps you mean something like this?
You're one of few people who are nice to me.
You're one of only a few people who are nice to me.
It's not clear what you mean, but at least your words "one of ... people" shows that you are speaking of the other person as one of some plural group of people who are nice. As Mohsin Kamal says, this means that the verb should be "are". But "only" makes no sense. Only what? "Only a few", perhaps? "Only" and then some number, perhaps? |
524,090 | I'm normally pretty good with grammar, but this one just stumped me. I was trying to write something similar to "you're one of the only people who [is/are] nice to me", but I'm not sure if I should use "is" or "are".
Which sentence is correct, and why?
>
> You're one of the only people who is nice to me.
>
>
> You're one of the only people who are nice to me.
>
>
> | 2020/01/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/524090",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/204513/"
] | To determine agreement, you need to find the head noun being modified by the relative clause *who is/are nice to me*. First let's find the **head noun** candidates . . .
>
> You're one of the only [**people**] [who are nice to me].
>
>
> You're [**one**] of the only people [who is nice to me].
>
>
>
Now let's test them . . .
>
> You're one of the only **people who are nice to me**. --> Of the
> only **people who are nice to me**, you're one.
>
>
> You're **one** of the only people **who is nice to me**. --> Of the only
> people, you're **one who is nice to me**.\* (incorrect—which only people?)
>
>
>
Sometimes you do have a choice! Here are some more **head noun** candidates . . .
>
> Gruyère is one of the Swiss [**cheeses**] [that are used in fondue].
>
>
> Gruyère is [**one**] of the Swiss cheeses [that is used in fondue].
>
>
>
Again, let's test them . . .
>
> Gruyère is one of the Swiss **cheeses that are used in fondue**. -->
> Of the Swiss **cheeses that are used in fondue**, Gruyère is one.
>
>
> Gruyère is **one** of the Swiss cheeses **that is used in fondue**.
> --> Of the Swiss cheeses, Gruyère is **one that is used in fondue**.
>
>
>
Deciding whether something (e.g. *one*) is a pre-modifying quantifier or a head noun can be tricky. I imagine any rule that might exist would be way more complicated than applying the tests. Meanwhile, you can always write your way out of the situation . . .
>
> You're among the few people who are nice to me.
>
>
>
---
Further reading:
[Quantity Phrase Nouns—Agreement with Verb in Relative Clause](https://www.grammar-quizzes.com/agree4b.html#quantityphrase) | Correct Sentence is **You're one of the only people who are nice to me.**
That is because in this sentence we check agreement of the *verb* **are** with the *plural noun* **people**.
Here the [verb depends on agreement with the noun](https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/sub-verb.htm) i.e Plural Noun - Plural Verb or Singular Noun - Singular Verb |
524,090 | I'm normally pretty good with grammar, but this one just stumped me. I was trying to write something similar to "you're one of the only people who [is/are] nice to me", but I'm not sure if I should use "is" or "are".
Which sentence is correct, and why?
>
> You're one of the only people who is nice to me.
>
>
> You're one of the only people who are nice to me.
>
>
> | 2020/01/31 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/524090",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/204513/"
] | To determine agreement, you need to find the head noun being modified by the relative clause *who is/are nice to me*. First let's find the **head noun** candidates . . .
>
> You're one of the only [**people**] [who are nice to me].
>
>
> You're [**one**] of the only people [who is nice to me].
>
>
>
Now let's test them . . .
>
> You're one of the only **people who are nice to me**. --> Of the
> only **people who are nice to me**, you're one.
>
>
> You're **one** of the only people **who is nice to me**. --> Of the only
> people, you're **one who is nice to me**.\* (incorrect—which only people?)
>
>
>
Sometimes you do have a choice! Here are some more **head noun** candidates . . .
>
> Gruyère is one of the Swiss [**cheeses**] [that are used in fondue].
>
>
> Gruyère is [**one**] of the Swiss cheeses [that is used in fondue].
>
>
>
Again, let's test them . . .
>
> Gruyère is one of the Swiss **cheeses that are used in fondue**. -->
> Of the Swiss **cheeses that are used in fondue**, Gruyère is one.
>
>
> Gruyère is **one** of the Swiss cheeses **that is used in fondue**.
> --> Of the Swiss cheeses, Gruyère is **one that is used in fondue**.
>
>
>
Deciding whether something (e.g. *one*) is a pre-modifying quantifier or a head noun can be tricky. I imagine any rule that might exist would be way more complicated than applying the tests. Meanwhile, you can always write your way out of the situation . . .
>
> You're among the few people who are nice to me.
>
>
>
---
Further reading:
[Quantity Phrase Nouns—Agreement with Verb in Relative Clause](https://www.grammar-quizzes.com/agree4b.html#quantityphrase) | The sentence makes no sense as it stands. Perhaps you mean something like this?
You're one of few people who are nice to me.
You're one of only a few people who are nice to me.
It's not clear what you mean, but at least your words "one of ... people" shows that you are speaking of the other person as one of some plural group of people who are nice. As Mohsin Kamal says, this means that the verb should be "are". But "only" makes no sense. Only what? "Only a few", perhaps? "Only" and then some number, perhaps? |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Create or become a meme, it's a sure fire way.
But jokes aside, just be consistent, friendly and helpful. The main thing is that you're there, a lot. If people can think "Hey, this is a great question for X, because he helped me in the past" then you're on your way.
Another thing. Mod != High rep user. A mod is a person that can be counted on to be there and can be trusted to do their job. So having a history of being awesome helps a lot. | I hear that Jeff likes waffles.. Figure out his address and send him some waffles. Bribing is **always** the way to go |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Being active on SU is more likely to get you noticed than being active on MSO. There are relatively few of us that spend any real time here, and everyone gets just one vote for a moderator. | I hear that Jeff likes waffles.. Figure out his address and send him some waffles. Bribing is **always** the way to go |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Use what abilities you have. Right now you can vote to close/reopen, edit, and retag. Do those things effectively and people will start to notice. You can also flag things for moderator attention to get noticed by the current mods.
**Note:** Do these things poorly and you'll naturally be shooting yourself in the foot.
You'll also want to keep asking/answering questions to get your rep up to the 10k level so you can start using *those* tools.
Basically, just be as generally helpful on SU as possible. | I hear that Jeff likes waffles.. Figure out his address and send him some waffles. Bribing is **always** the way to go |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Put a beaver on your avatar. | I hear that Jeff likes waffles.. Figure out his address and send him some waffles. Bribing is **always** the way to go |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Use what abilities you have. Right now you can vote to close/reopen, edit, and retag. Do those things effectively and people will start to notice. You can also flag things for moderator attention to get noticed by the current mods.
**Note:** Do these things poorly and you'll naturally be shooting yourself in the foot.
You'll also want to keep asking/answering questions to get your rep up to the 10k level so you can start using *those* tools.
Basically, just be as generally helpful on SU as possible. | Create or become a meme, it's a sure fire way.
But jokes aside, just be consistent, friendly and helpful. The main thing is that you're there, a lot. If people can think "Hey, this is a great question for X, because he helped me in the past" then you're on your way.
Another thing. Mod != High rep user. A mod is a person that can be counted on to be there and can be trusted to do their job. So having a history of being awesome helps a lot. |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Create or become a meme, it's a sure fire way.
But jokes aside, just be consistent, friendly and helpful. The main thing is that you're there, a lot. If people can think "Hey, this is a great question for X, because he helped me in the past" then you're on your way.
Another thing. Mod != High rep user. A mod is a person that can be counted on to be there and can be trusted to do their job. So having a history of being awesome helps a lot. | Put a beaver on your avatar. |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Use what abilities you have. Right now you can vote to close/reopen, edit, and retag. Do those things effectively and people will start to notice. You can also flag things for moderator attention to get noticed by the current mods.
**Note:** Do these things poorly and you'll naturally be shooting yourself in the foot.
You'll also want to keep asking/answering questions to get your rep up to the 10k level so you can start using *those* tools.
Basically, just be as generally helpful on SU as possible. | Being active on SU is more likely to get you noticed than being active on MSO. There are relatively few of us that spend any real time here, and everyone gets just one vote for a moderator. |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Being active on SU is more likely to get you noticed than being active on MSO. There are relatively few of us that spend any real time here, and everyone gets just one vote for a moderator. | Put a beaver on your avatar. |
1,039 | I'm a pretty avid user of SU. However, I spend most of my time there rather than here in the meta discussions.
I would be very willing and happy to become a moderator there to help even more, but I feel that lack of 'meta activity' would hinder that chance.
This isn't a cry for me to become a moderator, but just a general question as to how one can be 'noticed' if they aren't heavy meta users? | 2010/04/23 | [
"https://meta.superuser.com/questions/1039",
"https://meta.superuser.com",
"https://meta.superuser.com/users/4626/"
] | Use what abilities you have. Right now you can vote to close/reopen, edit, and retag. Do those things effectively and people will start to notice. You can also flag things for moderator attention to get noticed by the current mods.
**Note:** Do these things poorly and you'll naturally be shooting yourself in the foot.
You'll also want to keep asking/answering questions to get your rep up to the 10k level so you can start using *those* tools.
Basically, just be as generally helpful on SU as possible. | Put a beaver on your avatar. |
247,244 | I am trying to connect to a Windows based SSTP VPN network. I am using OS X Yosemite, I was wondering if there is any solution that can allow me to connect to a SSTP based VPN.
For the record, I have already tried using EasyVPN, iSSTP, iSSTP2. all of which failed to connect, and they all seem to be not supported anymore. | 2016/07/25 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/247244",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/193571/"
] | Your best bet is [iSSTP - a SSTP client for Mac OS X](https://www.axot.org/2015/03/03/isstp-a-sstp-client-for-mac-osx/).
>
> This is a sstp GUI client for Mac, use a modified sstp-client as backend which support server-name TLS extension. Some servers(ex: \*.vpnazure.net) require server-name, otherwise the sstp connection will be rejected.
>
>
>
The reason for being the best bet is that this is the only one (to my knowledge) SSTP client for Mac up to now. | I think you will find [Tunnelblick](https://tunnelblick.net/%20%22Tunnelblick) will do it without any problems. It's well supported and has good documentation on the site. |
247,244 | I am trying to connect to a Windows based SSTP VPN network. I am using OS X Yosemite, I was wondering if there is any solution that can allow me to connect to a SSTP based VPN.
For the record, I have already tried using EasyVPN, iSSTP, iSSTP2. all of which failed to connect, and they all seem to be not supported anymore. | 2016/07/25 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/247244",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/193571/"
] | Please check my answer here - <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40590806/windows-sstp-vpn-connect-from-mac/40590807#40590807>
There I explained how I connect Mac to Windows SSTP (probably threads should be merged) | I think you will find [Tunnelblick](https://tunnelblick.net/%20%22Tunnelblick) will do it without any problems. It's well supported and has good documentation on the site. |
247,244 | I am trying to connect to a Windows based SSTP VPN network. I am using OS X Yosemite, I was wondering if there is any solution that can allow me to connect to a SSTP based VPN.
For the record, I have already tried using EasyVPN, iSSTP, iSSTP2. all of which failed to connect, and they all seem to be not supported anymore. | 2016/07/25 | [
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/247244",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com",
"https://apple.stackexchange.com/users/193571/"
] | Please check my answer here - <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/40590806/windows-sstp-vpn-connect-from-mac/40590807#40590807>
There I explained how I connect Mac to Windows SSTP (probably threads should be merged) | Your best bet is [iSSTP - a SSTP client for Mac OS X](https://www.axot.org/2015/03/03/isstp-a-sstp-client-for-mac-osx/).
>
> This is a sstp GUI client for Mac, use a modified sstp-client as backend which support server-name TLS extension. Some servers(ex: \*.vpnazure.net) require server-name, otherwise the sstp connection will be rejected.
>
>
>
The reason for being the best bet is that this is the only one (to my knowledge) SSTP client for Mac up to now. |
212,194 | I try add sandbox solution to SharePoint 2013 on subsite with event reciver on list, and don't work ;(
On Root Web is O.K. event fired and do something what I wont, but when I activate feature on subsite then list was created but event don't working.
Does anyone know why? I don't have access to Farm server, so I can't doing something on web.config or Central Administration. | 2017/04/03 | [
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/212194",
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com",
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/30394/"
] | No, it's not possible as certain Windows Server role/feature installation methods have changed. | I have tried to install Foundation 2013 onto Windows 2016 server, and Windows 2012 server, both with SQL 2016. So far, the installation including prerequisities was successful after some workarounds (installing prereq to 2016 according this <http://yamanxworld.blogspot.cz/2016/11/sharepoint-foundation-2013-and-windows.html>), and doing that .net 4.6 thing (<https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/3087184/sharepoint-2013-or-project-server-2013-setup-error-if-the-.net-framework-4.6-is-installed>).
PSConfig went fine.
Now trying to deploy custom solutions. |
212,194 | I try add sandbox solution to SharePoint 2013 on subsite with event reciver on list, and don't work ;(
On Root Web is O.K. event fired and do something what I wont, but when I activate feature on subsite then list was created but event don't working.
Does anyone know why? I don't have access to Farm server, so I can't doing something on web.config or Central Administration. | 2017/04/03 | [
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/212194",
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com",
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/30394/"
] | No, it's not possible as certain Windows Server role/feature installation methods have changed. | Yes it posible with some change in installations files. You need to install prereq manual and download update for .net and put it install files.
In windows 2019 it isnt work. Only win 2016 |
212,194 | I try add sandbox solution to SharePoint 2013 on subsite with event reciver on list, and don't work ;(
On Root Web is O.K. event fired and do something what I wont, but when I activate feature on subsite then list was created but event don't working.
Does anyone know why? I don't have access to Farm server, so I can't doing something on web.config or Central Administration. | 2017/04/03 | [
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/212194",
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com",
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/30394/"
] | No, it's not possible as certain Windows Server role/feature installation methods have changed. | You can install SharePoint 2013 on Windows Server 2016:
<http://win66.ru/microsoft/sharepoint/85-sharepoint-2013-windows-server-2016> |
212,194 | I try add sandbox solution to SharePoint 2013 on subsite with event reciver on list, and don't work ;(
On Root Web is O.K. event fired and do something what I wont, but when I activate feature on subsite then list was created but event don't working.
Does anyone know why? I don't have access to Farm server, so I can't doing something on web.config or Central Administration. | 2017/04/03 | [
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/212194",
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com",
"https://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/users/30394/"
] | No, it's not possible as certain Windows Server role/feature installation methods have changed. | Yes It possible but some difficult you wait
<https://sharepoint-ru.blogspot.com/2021/07/sharepoint-2013-windows-server-20162019.html> |
369,900 | I’m looking for a word in English for men and women that beg money from people in the street. But they are not really poor, they are just pretending, and it’s their job actually.
As far as I know if they are really poor we called them “beggars” or “panhandler“, but what if they are not? | 2017/01/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/369900",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/14211/"
] | You can use ***professional beggar***, a term of heavy irony.
A beggar is anyone who begs or asks for money from strangers. The term implies poverty — who else would want to beg for money publicly? — but does not define the beggar as poor. The word ***professional*** alerts the reader to the irony of begging that involves expertise.
In the play *Fiddler on the Roof*, a beggar complains about a smaller-than-usual handout from a regular, who then attributes his stinginess to a slow week. The beggar argues, "Because you had a bad week, I should suffer?" And there you have the hallmark of a professional beggar. He may even be in need, but the entitled attitude does not befit a beggar. | Scammer maybe?
1. a confidence game or other fraudulent scheme, especially for making a quick profit; swindle. verb (used with object), scammed, scamming. 2. to cheat or defraud with a scam. |
369,900 | I’m looking for a word in English for men and women that beg money from people in the street. But they are not really poor, they are just pretending, and it’s their job actually.
As far as I know if they are really poor we called them “beggars” or “panhandler“, but what if they are not? | 2017/01/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/369900",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/14211/"
] | In idiomatic U.S. English, a common term that may apply to the situation you ask about is *freeloader*. Here is the entry for *freeload* as a verb in *Merriam-Webster's Eleventh Collegiate Dictionary* (2003):
>
> **freeload** *vi* (ca. 1934) : to impose upon another's generosity or hospitality without sharing in the cost or responsibility involved : SPONGE — **freeloader** *n*
>
>
>
The noun *sponge* or *sponger* (used in an allied sense) likewise has no inherent element of poverty. Again from the *Eleventh Collegiate*:
>
> **sponge** *n* ... **3 :** one who lives on others : SPONGER [where the verb *sponge*, to which *sponger* is attached, means "to get something from or live on another by imposing on hospitality or good nature {*sponged* off his sister}"]
>
>
>
A person who doesn't suffer any serious privation but subsists by asking others (whether friends, relatives, or strangers) for money, food, lodging, etc., may well be called a *freeloader* or *sponger*. | Scammer maybe?
1. a confidence game or other fraudulent scheme, especially for making a quick profit; swindle. verb (used with object), scammed, scamming. 2. to cheat or defraud with a scam. |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | I think it is clear from the *Culture* novels that there are various mega-structures that are found in the culture universe, including spheres, rings, orbitals, shellworlds and mega-ships like GSVs that can accommodate billions of people themselves.
It seems clear from their regular appearance in the novels, that orbitals are relatively common. @DanielRoseman's excellent answer quoting Banks describes that pretty well - but from this description and the novels we find that Orbitals are ring shaped structures, in orbit around a star (not surrounding a star). They are sometimes complete and continuous (like Vavatch) and sometimes not complete or finished, and comprise 'plates' that people live on - such as the Chiark Orbital from *Player Of Games*. Orbitals tend to have a 'hub' comprising a mind located at the point that it revolves around.
I think the description in *Consider Phlebas* is a little confusing, but it is meant to distinguish orbitals (these *relatively* small structures in orbit around a star) from a 'true' ring in the sense of a [Niven Ringworld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld), or a sphere, by which I presume is referring to a [Dyson Sphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere). A Niven Ringworld is a vastly bigger structure than an orbital - a ring at Earth orbital distance around a star would be over 900 million kilometers in circumference - much larger than the 3 million kilometers that Banks describes an orbital. Rings if they are rotated for gravity, unfortunately take the laws of physics to breaking point - Niven had to invent magical new materials for it to be made from. In the Culture however, perhaps (equally magical) force fields can be used in place of unrealistically strong materials.
I think we are meant to presume that rings and spheres are known in the Culture Universe, but perhaps much, much less common than orbitals. | As others have mentioned, it's a large ring which rotates to generate centrifugal force to simulate gravity on the inner wall. The ring is in orbit around a star like a planet orbits a star (with the star far outside the circumference of the ring itself). In this way, the inhabitants inside the ring can watch the sun rise and set as the ring turns (imagine "midnight" as the time when they are closest to the sun, their feet pointed toward the sun, and it is obscured by the floor. And "noon" as when they are furthest from the sun, their feet pointed away from it, and it can be seen roughly overhead).
Other responses have neglected to mention that the surface of the orbital is also sloped toward the edges so that the inner surface looks like a parenthesis in cross-section. (If you were on the inner surface, with both edges equal distances, you would need to "climb" to escape the ring). This is explained as the principle reason the atmosphere stays inside the ring, as there's no solid ceiling. There is also a layer of artificial dust suspended in a magnetic field to shield the inner wall from solar radiation and create different climates. |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | There's an illustration (by [Mark Salwowski](https://www.salwowski.com/)) of Vavatch on the cover of the 1988 Orbit (UK) paperback edition of the novel:
The first description of the Orbital in the book also gives its dimensions:
>
> Vavatch lay in space like a god’s bracelet. The fourteen-million kilometre hoop glittered and sparkled, blue and gold against the jet-black gulf of space beyond. As the *Clear Air Turbulence* warped in towards the Orbital, most of the Company watched their goal approach on the main screen in the mess. The aquamarine sea, which covered most of the surface of the artefact’s ultradense base material, was spattered with white puffs of cloud, collected in huge storm systems or vast banks, some of which seemed to stretch right across the full thirty-five-thousand-kilometre breadth of the slowly turning Orbital.
>
>
>
So it's 35,000 km wide and 14,000,000 km in circumference (4,500,000 km in diameter), giving it a surface area of 4.9 × 1011 km2, about 960 times the surface area of Earth. A ship taking an (Earth) century to circumnavigate Vavatch would need to travel at an average speed of about 16 km/hour (8.6 kt). | There is definitely no air in the middle, since the rotation pushes the air towards the inner surface.
However, you do not need a ceiling; only walls to keep the air in.
See [*Elysium*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium_%28film%29) for a demonstration of the idea. |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | Here's how Banks describes Orbitals himself, in his essay [*A Few Notes On The Culture*](http://www.vavatch.co.uk/books/banks/cultnote.htm) :
>
> Perhaps the easiest way to envisage an Orbital is to compare it to the idea that inspired it (this sounds better than saying; Here's where I stole it from). If you know what a Ringworld is - invented by Larry Niven; a segment of a Dyson Sphere - then just discard the shadow-squares, shrink the whole thing till it's about three million kilometres across, and place in orbit around a suitable star, tilted just off the ecliptic; spin it to produce one gravity and that gives you an automatic 24-hour day-night cycle (roughly; the Culture's day is actually a bit longer). An elliptical orbit provides seasons.
>
>
> | [Look to Windward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_to_Windward) contains a description of an Orbital in chapter 12
>
> 'It is what they call an Orbital; a band of matter in the shape of a very thin bracelet, orbiting around a sun - in this case the star Lacelere - in the same zone one would expect to find an habitable planet.
>
>
> 'Orbitals are on a different scale from our own space habitats; Masaq', like most Culture Orbitals, has a diameter of approximately three million kilometers and therefore a circumference of nearly ten million kilometers. Its width at the foot of its containing walls is about six thousand kilometers. Those walls are about a thousand kilometers high, and open at the top; the atmosphere is held in by the apparent gravity created by the world's spin.
>
>
> 'The size of the structure is not arbitrary; Culture Orbitals are built so that the same speed of revolution which produces one standard gravity also creates a day-night cycle of one of their standard days. Local night is produced when any given part of the Orbital's interior is facing directly away from the sun. They are made from exotic materials and held together principally by force fields.
>
>
> [...]
>
>
> 'Each Orbital is different and each Hub has its own personality. Some Orbitals have only a few components of land; these are usually square parcels of ground and sea called Plates. On an Orbital as broad as Masaq' these are normally synonymous with continents. Before an Orbital is finished, in the sense of forming a closed loop like Masaq', they can be as small as two Plates, still three million kilometers apart but joined only by force fields. Such an Orbital might have a total population of just ten million humans. Masaq' is toward the other end of the scale, with over fifty billion people.
>
>
> |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | [Look to Windward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_to_Windward) contains a description of an Orbital in chapter 12
>
> 'It is what they call an Orbital; a band of matter in the shape of a very thin bracelet, orbiting around a sun - in this case the star Lacelere - in the same zone one would expect to find an habitable planet.
>
>
> 'Orbitals are on a different scale from our own space habitats; Masaq', like most Culture Orbitals, has a diameter of approximately three million kilometers and therefore a circumference of nearly ten million kilometers. Its width at the foot of its containing walls is about six thousand kilometers. Those walls are about a thousand kilometers high, and open at the top; the atmosphere is held in by the apparent gravity created by the world's spin.
>
>
> 'The size of the structure is not arbitrary; Culture Orbitals are built so that the same speed of revolution which produces one standard gravity also creates a day-night cycle of one of their standard days. Local night is produced when any given part of the Orbital's interior is facing directly away from the sun. They are made from exotic materials and held together principally by force fields.
>
>
> [...]
>
>
> 'Each Orbital is different and each Hub has its own personality. Some Orbitals have only a few components of land; these are usually square parcels of ground and sea called Plates. On an Orbital as broad as Masaq' these are normally synonymous with continents. Before an Orbital is finished, in the sense of forming a closed loop like Masaq', they can be as small as two Plates, still three million kilometers apart but joined only by force fields. Such an Orbital might have a total population of just ten million humans. Masaq' is toward the other end of the scale, with over fifty billion people.
>
>
> | I pictured it as a HUGE ring, but ring in the sense of the thing on your finger, it orbits itself, the slow rotation causes things to fall, but doesn't generate gravity due to having limited mass (compared to a GSV or planet), the "surface" is either the inside "up" or the outside "down", I'm guessing the outside would be unlivable.
The "inside", if you will, is a huge expanse slowly curving upwards, like our planets horizon curves downwards, but as it is so vast the curvature happens outside humans fields of vision, appearing to be a flat ocean etc. Imagine a perfect skateboard ramp circle, with open ends, and possibly the width of a planet, but with nothing Inside but space & air.. (maybe not even air in the middle).. |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | I think it is clear from the *Culture* novels that there are various mega-structures that are found in the culture universe, including spheres, rings, orbitals, shellworlds and mega-ships like GSVs that can accommodate billions of people themselves.
It seems clear from their regular appearance in the novels, that orbitals are relatively common. @DanielRoseman's excellent answer quoting Banks describes that pretty well - but from this description and the novels we find that Orbitals are ring shaped structures, in orbit around a star (not surrounding a star). They are sometimes complete and continuous (like Vavatch) and sometimes not complete or finished, and comprise 'plates' that people live on - such as the Chiark Orbital from *Player Of Games*. Orbitals tend to have a 'hub' comprising a mind located at the point that it revolves around.
I think the description in *Consider Phlebas* is a little confusing, but it is meant to distinguish orbitals (these *relatively* small structures in orbit around a star) from a 'true' ring in the sense of a [Niven Ringworld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld), or a sphere, by which I presume is referring to a [Dyson Sphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere). A Niven Ringworld is a vastly bigger structure than an orbital - a ring at Earth orbital distance around a star would be over 900 million kilometers in circumference - much larger than the 3 million kilometers that Banks describes an orbital. Rings if they are rotated for gravity, unfortunately take the laws of physics to breaking point - Niven had to invent magical new materials for it to be made from. In the Culture however, perhaps (equally magical) force fields can be used in place of unrealistically strong materials.
I think we are meant to presume that rings and spheres are known in the Culture Universe, but perhaps much, much less common than orbitals. | There is definitely no air in the middle, since the rotation pushes the air towards the inner surface.
However, you do not need a ceiling; only walls to keep the air in.
See [*Elysium*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium_%28film%29) for a demonstration of the idea. |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | I think it is clear from the *Culture* novels that there are various mega-structures that are found in the culture universe, including spheres, rings, orbitals, shellworlds and mega-ships like GSVs that can accommodate billions of people themselves.
It seems clear from their regular appearance in the novels, that orbitals are relatively common. @DanielRoseman's excellent answer quoting Banks describes that pretty well - but from this description and the novels we find that Orbitals are ring shaped structures, in orbit around a star (not surrounding a star). They are sometimes complete and continuous (like Vavatch) and sometimes not complete or finished, and comprise 'plates' that people live on - such as the Chiark Orbital from *Player Of Games*. Orbitals tend to have a 'hub' comprising a mind located at the point that it revolves around.
I think the description in *Consider Phlebas* is a little confusing, but it is meant to distinguish orbitals (these *relatively* small structures in orbit around a star) from a 'true' ring in the sense of a [Niven Ringworld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld), or a sphere, by which I presume is referring to a [Dyson Sphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere). A Niven Ringworld is a vastly bigger structure than an orbital - a ring at Earth orbital distance around a star would be over 900 million kilometers in circumference - much larger than the 3 million kilometers that Banks describes an orbital. Rings if they are rotated for gravity, unfortunately take the laws of physics to breaking point - Niven had to invent magical new materials for it to be made from. In the Culture however, perhaps (equally magical) force fields can be used in place of unrealistically strong materials.
I think we are meant to presume that rings and spheres are known in the Culture Universe, but perhaps much, much less common than orbitals. | I pictured it as a HUGE ring, but ring in the sense of the thing on your finger, it orbits itself, the slow rotation causes things to fall, but doesn't generate gravity due to having limited mass (compared to a GSV or planet), the "surface" is either the inside "up" or the outside "down", I'm guessing the outside would be unlivable.
The "inside", if you will, is a huge expanse slowly curving upwards, like our planets horizon curves downwards, but as it is so vast the curvature happens outside humans fields of vision, appearing to be a flat ocean etc. Imagine a perfect skateboard ramp circle, with open ends, and possibly the width of a planet, but with nothing Inside but space & air.. (maybe not even air in the middle).. |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | I think it is clear from the *Culture* novels that there are various mega-structures that are found in the culture universe, including spheres, rings, orbitals, shellworlds and mega-ships like GSVs that can accommodate billions of people themselves.
It seems clear from their regular appearance in the novels, that orbitals are relatively common. @DanielRoseman's excellent answer quoting Banks describes that pretty well - but from this description and the novels we find that Orbitals are ring shaped structures, in orbit around a star (not surrounding a star). They are sometimes complete and continuous (like Vavatch) and sometimes not complete or finished, and comprise 'plates' that people live on - such as the Chiark Orbital from *Player Of Games*. Orbitals tend to have a 'hub' comprising a mind located at the point that it revolves around.
I think the description in *Consider Phlebas* is a little confusing, but it is meant to distinguish orbitals (these *relatively* small structures in orbit around a star) from a 'true' ring in the sense of a [Niven Ringworld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringworld), or a sphere, by which I presume is referring to a [Dyson Sphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere). A Niven Ringworld is a vastly bigger structure than an orbital - a ring at Earth orbital distance around a star would be over 900 million kilometers in circumference - much larger than the 3 million kilometers that Banks describes an orbital. Rings if they are rotated for gravity, unfortunately take the laws of physics to breaking point - Niven had to invent magical new materials for it to be made from. In the Culture however, perhaps (equally magical) force fields can be used in place of unrealistically strong materials.
I think we are meant to presume that rings and spheres are known in the Culture Universe, but perhaps much, much less common than orbitals. | "Consider Phlebas" calls Vavatch a hoop on page 255:
>
> Vavatch, that fourteen-million-kilometre hoop, was starting to
> uncoil. A chain, it had been cut
>
>
> |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | Here's how Banks describes Orbitals himself, in his essay [*A Few Notes On The Culture*](http://www.vavatch.co.uk/books/banks/cultnote.htm) :
>
> Perhaps the easiest way to envisage an Orbital is to compare it to the idea that inspired it (this sounds better than saying; Here's where I stole it from). If you know what a Ringworld is - invented by Larry Niven; a segment of a Dyson Sphere - then just discard the shadow-squares, shrink the whole thing till it's about three million kilometres across, and place in orbit around a suitable star, tilted just off the ecliptic; spin it to produce one gravity and that gives you an automatic 24-hour day-night cycle (roughly; the Culture's day is actually a bit longer). An elliptical orbit provides seasons.
>
>
> | I pictured it as a HUGE ring, but ring in the sense of the thing on your finger, it orbits itself, the slow rotation causes things to fall, but doesn't generate gravity due to having limited mass (compared to a GSV or planet), the "surface" is either the inside "up" or the outside "down", I'm guessing the outside would be unlivable.
The "inside", if you will, is a huge expanse slowly curving upwards, like our planets horizon curves downwards, but as it is so vast the curvature happens outside humans fields of vision, appearing to be a flat ocean etc. Imagine a perfect skateboard ramp circle, with open ends, and possibly the width of a planet, but with nothing Inside but space & air.. (maybe not even air in the middle).. |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | There's an illustration (by [Mark Salwowski](https://www.salwowski.com/)) of Vavatch on the cover of the 1988 Orbit (UK) paperback edition of the novel:
The first description of the Orbital in the book also gives its dimensions:
>
> Vavatch lay in space like a god’s bracelet. The fourteen-million kilometre hoop glittered and sparkled, blue and gold against the jet-black gulf of space beyond. As the *Clear Air Turbulence* warped in towards the Orbital, most of the Company watched their goal approach on the main screen in the mess. The aquamarine sea, which covered most of the surface of the artefact’s ultradense base material, was spattered with white puffs of cloud, collected in huge storm systems or vast banks, some of which seemed to stretch right across the full thirty-five-thousand-kilometre breadth of the slowly turning Orbital.
>
>
>
So it's 35,000 km wide and 14,000,000 km in circumference (4,500,000 km in diameter), giving it a surface area of 4.9 × 1011 km2, about 960 times the surface area of Earth. A ship taking an (Earth) century to circumnavigate Vavatch would need to travel at an average speed of about 16 km/hour (8.6 kt). | "Consider Phlebas" calls Vavatch a hoop on page 255:
>
> Vavatch, that fourteen-million-kilometre hoop, was starting to
> uncoil. A chain, it had been cut
>
>
> |
32,182 | In [Iain M. Banks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Banks), fairly rockin' [Culture novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Culture), [*Consider Phlebas*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consider_Phlebas) a good third of the book takes place on what is called the **"Vavatch Orbital"**. An orbital is apparently a massive artificially created megastructure, similar to the [Death Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star) or the titular [Halo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_%28megastructure%29).
At one point in the book the Vavatch Orbital is described as a minor orbital, not as big as a ring or a sphere. Then later it is almost directly described as having a ring shape. Still earlier in the story it is described as a bucket being swung in circles, though this description maybe used only to describe how the orbital uses centrifugal force instead of actual gravity.
Whatever the size, the orbital has to have enough sea space for a Megaship (a city sized ocean ship) to travel for more than a century before reaching land again.
[Wikipedia tends to suggest that all orbitals are rings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_%28The_Culture%29), but then why the mention of a sphere, or that Vavatch is not big enough to be a ring? | 2013/02/24 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/32182",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/35/"
] | There is definitely no air in the middle, since the rotation pushes the air towards the inner surface.
However, you do not need a ceiling; only walls to keep the air in.
See [*Elysium*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium_%28film%29) for a demonstration of the idea. | As others have mentioned, it's a large ring which rotates to generate centrifugal force to simulate gravity on the inner wall. The ring is in orbit around a star like a planet orbits a star (with the star far outside the circumference of the ring itself). In this way, the inhabitants inside the ring can watch the sun rise and set as the ring turns (imagine "midnight" as the time when they are closest to the sun, their feet pointed toward the sun, and it is obscured by the floor. And "noon" as when they are furthest from the sun, their feet pointed away from it, and it can be seen roughly overhead).
Other responses have neglected to mention that the surface of the orbital is also sloped toward the edges so that the inner surface looks like a parenthesis in cross-section. (If you were on the inner surface, with both edges equal distances, you would need to "climb" to escape the ring). This is explained as the principle reason the atmosphere stays inside the ring, as there's no solid ceiling. There is also a layer of artificial dust suspended in a magnetic field to shield the inner wall from solar radiation and create different climates. |
32,233 | A genetic mutation is causing people to have a [cerebrovascular accident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke) as soon as they think or do something considered immoral by the society in which they live.
For instance, in most countries, in the following situations, these people would immediately die of stroke:
* Someone sees a nice watch and he thinks of stealing it.
* Someone is very angry, he thinks of hurting someone else.
* A man sees a women and thinks of cheating on his wife.
In some societies where people have different education and moral values, a similar action would not provoke the death.
* In a tribal village, killing someone else might be considered brave, so thinking about doing it will not provoke a stroke.
* In a terrorist group, thinking of killing your enemy is considered your mission, so it will not provoke a stroke.
While in some other societies where moral rules are more precise, people would die for "minor" thoughts.
* In a religious village, a woman dies when she starts gossiping or judging others.
* Someone dies because he spits on the sidewalk.
All humans have this mutation, it has been triggered by global warming and is irreversible.
What could happen in such a world? Would most people die because of the rule of society? Would small group of link minded individuals flourish? Would people start moving towards other countries to be able to think freely? How could one control its thoughts to avoid dying? | 2015/12/27 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/32233",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/9435/"
] | If one's mortality suddenly respected the morals of the culture which they identify with, then sociopaths and perhaps certain psychopaths would be immune. The human race would therefore survive your moral plague, but they would be thin on the ground after the dying began.
Extreme hermits and maybe megalomaniacs might also survive as the former makes their own rules and the latter holds themselves above all rules.
Now for its effects upon our world, I would assume that nobody, outside of the previously mentioned mentally ill, will survive. Further the accumulation of dead bodies and the resulting decay and bacterial growth, will wipe out the few who remain. This is an E.L.E.
There would be a few lucky ones, who happened to stay pure minded during the initial massive waves of death. In the unlikely event that I was among those survivors and lived long enough to learn that virtue was now a survival skill, I would get and stay so insanely drunk that my moral compass would drown completely. Then, in the inhibition-free zone of the extremely intoxicated, I might live for a few more days, blissfully unaware that I am stretching my culture's expectations to a now fatal level,
...until either my buzz or my liver gave out. | Your question sparks fear in me. It could very well turn the world into a setting like a zombie apocalypse, albeit without zombies. I believe immorality is not just thinking of sin, but as giving in to that temptation and acting on it. Your example seems rather 'unforgiving,' and in my belief, would most undoubtedly lead to the deaths of all humans.
However, practitioners of monasticism, altruism and asceticism might have a longer lifespan.
You may also need to consider 'universal sins.' For example, killing your neighbor out of boredom is, to my knowledge, sinful all over the world. |
32,233 | A genetic mutation is causing people to have a [cerebrovascular accident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke) as soon as they think or do something considered immoral by the society in which they live.
For instance, in most countries, in the following situations, these people would immediately die of stroke:
* Someone sees a nice watch and he thinks of stealing it.
* Someone is very angry, he thinks of hurting someone else.
* A man sees a women and thinks of cheating on his wife.
In some societies where people have different education and moral values, a similar action would not provoke the death.
* In a tribal village, killing someone else might be considered brave, so thinking about doing it will not provoke a stroke.
* In a terrorist group, thinking of killing your enemy is considered your mission, so it will not provoke a stroke.
While in some other societies where moral rules are more precise, people would die for "minor" thoughts.
* In a religious village, a woman dies when she starts gossiping or judging others.
* Someone dies because he spits on the sidewalk.
All humans have this mutation, it has been triggered by global warming and is irreversible.
What could happen in such a world? Would most people die because of the rule of society? Would small group of link minded individuals flourish? Would people start moving towards other countries to be able to think freely? How could one control its thoughts to avoid dying? | 2015/12/27 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/32233",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/9435/"
] | Natural selection:
Here's the crucial part: Most moral systems include a clause that makes it immoral to doubt the moral system.
Result: As immoral thoughts are suddenly deadly, natural selection raises it's ugly head and starts thinning out those who are unable to only have "pure" thoughts. Large parts of society die.
Assuming we don't immediately drop under the repopulation limit, the survivors eventually start rebuilding society. Since society has collapsed enough for normal moral values to become lost, new morals form.
Natural selection again kicks in, favoring those societies with clearly defined, but easy to follow morals (= less strokes) over others. "Evil" societies probably wouldn't strive, due to the inherent problems with maintaining a ordered evil society.
Society reforms, globalization happens, morals shift rapidly, we start the circle anew.
---
Follow up question: What would happen if someone had warned us beforehand? | Your question sparks fear in me. It could very well turn the world into a setting like a zombie apocalypse, albeit without zombies. I believe immorality is not just thinking of sin, but as giving in to that temptation and acting on it. Your example seems rather 'unforgiving,' and in my belief, would most undoubtedly lead to the deaths of all humans.
However, practitioners of monasticism, altruism and asceticism might have a longer lifespan.
You may also need to consider 'universal sins.' For example, killing your neighbor out of boredom is, to my knowledge, sinful all over the world. |
32,233 | A genetic mutation is causing people to have a [cerebrovascular accident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke) as soon as they think or do something considered immoral by the society in which they live.
For instance, in most countries, in the following situations, these people would immediately die of stroke:
* Someone sees a nice watch and he thinks of stealing it.
* Someone is very angry, he thinks of hurting someone else.
* A man sees a women and thinks of cheating on his wife.
In some societies where people have different education and moral values, a similar action would not provoke the death.
* In a tribal village, killing someone else might be considered brave, so thinking about doing it will not provoke a stroke.
* In a terrorist group, thinking of killing your enemy is considered your mission, so it will not provoke a stroke.
While in some other societies where moral rules are more precise, people would die for "minor" thoughts.
* In a religious village, a woman dies when she starts gossiping or judging others.
* Someone dies because he spits on the sidewalk.
All humans have this mutation, it has been triggered by global warming and is irreversible.
What could happen in such a world? Would most people die because of the rule of society? Would small group of link minded individuals flourish? Would people start moving towards other countries to be able to think freely? How could one control its thoughts to avoid dying? | 2015/12/27 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/32233",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/9435/"
] | If one's mortality suddenly respected the morals of the culture which they identify with, then sociopaths and perhaps certain psychopaths would be immune. The human race would therefore survive your moral plague, but they would be thin on the ground after the dying began.
Extreme hermits and maybe megalomaniacs might also survive as the former makes their own rules and the latter holds themselves above all rules.
Now for its effects upon our world, I would assume that nobody, outside of the previously mentioned mentally ill, will survive. Further the accumulation of dead bodies and the resulting decay and bacterial growth, will wipe out the few who remain. This is an E.L.E.
There would be a few lucky ones, who happened to stay pure minded during the initial massive waves of death. In the unlikely event that I was among those survivors and lived long enough to learn that virtue was now a survival skill, I would get and stay so insanely drunk that my moral compass would drown completely. Then, in the inhibition-free zone of the extremely intoxicated, I might live for a few more days, blissfully unaware that I am stretching my culture's expectations to a now fatal level,
...until either my buzz or my liver gave out. | Natural selection:
Here's the crucial part: Most moral systems include a clause that makes it immoral to doubt the moral system.
Result: As immoral thoughts are suddenly deadly, natural selection raises it's ugly head and starts thinning out those who are unable to only have "pure" thoughts. Large parts of society die.
Assuming we don't immediately drop under the repopulation limit, the survivors eventually start rebuilding society. Since society has collapsed enough for normal moral values to become lost, new morals form.
Natural selection again kicks in, favoring those societies with clearly defined, but easy to follow morals (= less strokes) over others. "Evil" societies probably wouldn't strive, due to the inherent problems with maintaining a ordered evil society.
Society reforms, globalization happens, morals shift rapidly, we start the circle anew.
---
Follow up question: What would happen if someone had warned us beforehand? |
13,112 | If I have my website created with a third party company and they are infringing any patent, could I be sue, just to be a user of that software or program? | 2015/06/29 | [
"https://patents.stackexchange.com/questions/13112",
"https://patents.stackexchange.com",
"https://patents.stackexchange.com/users/14490/"
] | You should use the date of the A1 or A2 publication for the earliest publication date of the subject-matter (of the application).
(If you want to know about the granted patent please clarify.)
A1 is a publication of the application with search report (SR).
A2 is the publication without SR.
There will be always only one or the other.
An A3 is published later in case of an A2 as soon as the search has been carried out. See here for more details on the so called kind codes:
<https://register.epo.org/helphttps://register.epo.org/help?lng=en&topic=kindcodes>
18 months after the filing date, an application is published by the EPO according to Article 93(1)(a) EPC:
>
> "The European Patent Office shall publish the European patent application as soon as possible
>
>
> (a) after the expiry of a period of eighteen months from the date of filing or, if priority has been claimed, from the date of priority"
>
>
>
, if not requested earlier. | Always the first one. The follow-ups are for some administrative and/or legal backlogs. |
234,809 | I found the article to be quite informative that addresses the question "Can Microsoft access my private files?" ([Can Microsoft access all private data if a user installs Windows 10?](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/129376/can-microsoft-access-all-private-data-if-a-user-installs-windows-10#new-answer?newreg=50fd2fbccd9c4d3ca90be4d2f44ca55a)), which includes my OneDrive files, but it didn't specifically mention the special folder called Personal Vault. Does Microsoft have just as much capability of accessing the contents of my Personal Vault as it does all my other OneDrive files, or is Personal Vault an exception? | 2020/07/17 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/234809",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/238554/"
] | >
> "Usually I just close the ad"
>
>
>
Well, you *think* you closed the window. What you did was click *on* something, which permitted the download.
Most everyone just looks for the little "X" to close the window. The scammers know this and manipulate what looks like a window so that you actually click a download button. | >
> how a file is automatically downloaded
>
>
>
This kind of abuse and is called [Drive-by downloads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-by_download).
Webpages are made full of tags and attributes which isn't limited, but pop-up windows work differently than normal tabs in the sense that these pop-up screens were already triggered by a click when you see a file is downloading in the pop-up screen, this could have been triggered in a normal browser tab.
>
> when the ad pops up a .exe file is downloaded
>
>
>
So it isn't like you need to see a new window first, then click somewhere in that new screen and the download will start. People can program those attributes to instantly download in a new window instead. |
332,450 | We are using Github as our source control and Drone.io CI/CD pipelines to handle builds and releases to multiple sandbox environments and our production environment. We would like to use destructivechangespre.xml and destructivechangespost.xml to reduce manual work related to each release.
I know that when you deploy a release that contains destructive changes a second time to an environment you will get errors related to not being able to delete the metadata components that are in your destructivechanges file(s) due to them not existing (since they were already deleted during the first deployment, of course). I've also heard that you can get around this issue by appending the --ignorewarnings tag to your deployment command.
My questions are:
1. Is it the --ignorewarnings tag that is appropriate to use for this case or --ignoreerrors?
2. Whichever tag will allow us to circumvent this warning/error, **does it work when deploying to a Production environment?** | 2021/01/26 | [
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/questions/332450",
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com",
"https://salesforce.stackexchange.com/users/44147/"
] | The [Special Behavior of Components](https://developer.salesforce.com/docs/atlas.en-us.packagingGuide.meta/packagingGuide/packaging_component_behavior.htm) in Packages documentation states that:
>
> Changes to standard picklists can’t be packaged and deployed to subscriber orgs and picklist values deleted by the developer are still available in the subscriber’s org.
>
>
>
So - in theory - I should not be able to generate that package version at all.
I added a new custom field to the app with the values I required and removed the Type field references from my local files, and then I generated a new package version with a higher minor version number (1.2.2 -> 1.3.0). Then I was able to generate a new package version using this new version as the ancestor as it should be. | This is a known issue in Salesforce. The root cause is that the StandardValueSets are not supported by 2GP but have somehow been added to the package due to a bug in packaging. You can check the following Known Issue article to check if a fix is available.
<https://trailblazer.salesforce.com/issues_view?id=a1p4V000002BgfoQAC> |
68,843 | >
> One might identify the real-world problem behind this question. I have
> tried to put it forth without naming anyone involved in such situation
> and instead posed it as an imaginary situation. Please answer in a
> general way and not by pointing at any specific instance, person or
> group.
>
>
>
Imagine the following situation in the Catholic Church: Some catholic commits an offense which is punishable with a [latae sententiae exommunication](https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/14846/what-is-latae-sententiae) according to canon law.
As I understand the offender will (at least if the offense is somehow public) be [advised by some authority](http://canonlawmadeeasy.com/2008/01/25/am-i-excommunicated/) (e.g. the pope or the local bishop) that his actions are leading him into excommunication and that he should stop it.
Now let's further imagine that the offender himself argues that his actions were out of grave necessity. In this case he would not be excommunicated latae sententiae (again, according to my understanding of the matter). He thus continues committing the same offense out of perceived necessity.
On the other hand, the relevant authority (pope/bishop) does not accept his arguments and continues to put forth that the offender is excommunicated as long as the offense continues.
This might now lead to a "but he said"-situation where one group claims that the person in question is and the other group that he is not excommunicated, thus leading to major problems concerning the unity of the church.
**My Question:** In such a situation, what mechanism is there to create clarity about the status (excommunicated or not) of the offender for himself and the public? | 2019/02/26 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/68843",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/30619/"
] | This is a basic case of basic canon law. There is no room for 'my opinion' or 'their opinion.'
>
> Canon 1323.
>
>
> The following **are not subject to a penalty** when they have violated a law or precept:
>
>
> 1° a person who has not yet completed the sixteenth year of age;
>
>
> 2° a person who without negligence was ignorant that he or she violated a law or precept; inadvertence and error are equivalent to ignorance;
>
>
> 3° a person who acted due to physical force or a chance occurrence which the person could not foresee or, if foreseen, avoid;
>
>
> 4° a person who acted coerced by grave fear, even if only relatively grave, or due to necessity or grave inconvenience unless the act is intrinsically evil or tends to the harm of souls;
>
>
> 5° a person who acted with due moderation against an unjust aggressor for the sake of legitimate self defense or defense of another;
>
>
> 6° a person who lacked the use of reason, without prejudice to the prescripts of cann. 1324, §1, n. 2 and 1325;
>
>
> 7° a person who without negligence thought that one of the circumstances mentioned in nn. 4 or 5 was present.
>
>
> Canon 1324.
>
>
> §1 The perpretrator of a violation is not exempted from penalty, but the penalty prescribed in the law or precept **must be diminished, or a penance substituted** in its place, if the offence was committed by:
>
>
> 1° one who had only an imperfect use of reason;
>
>
> 2° one who was lacking the use of reason because of culpable drunkenness or other mental disturbance of a similar kind;
>
>
> 3° one who acted in the heat of passion which, while serious, nevertheless did not precede or hinder all mental deliberation and consent of the will, provided that the passion itself had not been deliberately stimulated or nourished
>
>
> 4° a minor who has completed the sixteenth year of age;
>
>
> 5° one who was compelled by grave fear, even if only relative, or by reason of necessity or grave inconvenience, if the act is intrinsically evil or tends to be harmful to souls;
>
>
> 6° one who acted in lawful self-defence or defence of another against an unjust aggressor, but did not observe due moderation;
>
>
> 7° one who acted against another person who was gravely and unjustly provocative;
>
>
> **8° one who erroneously, but culpably, thought that some one of the circumstances existed which are mentioned in Can. 1323, nn. 4 or 5;**
>
>
> 9° one who through no personal fault was unaware that a penalty was attached to the law or precept;
>
>
> 10° one who acted without full imputability, provided it remained grave.
>
>
> §2 A judge can do the same if there is any other circumstance present which would reduce the gravity of the offence.
>
>
> §3 **In the circumstances mentioned in §1, the offender is not bound by a *latae sententiae* penalty.**
>
>
>
You said,
>
> On the other hand, the relevant authority (pope/bishop) **does not accept his arguments** and **continues to put forth** that the offender is excommunicated as long as the offense continues.
>
>
>
The pope may be the supreme judge (i.e. as to having final say, not as to be being the best or most prudent judge of matters), but he is a judge nonetheless: since *latae sententiae* is defined in canon law, **commenting or declaring anything concerning that penalty stands or falls on whether it is what canon law prescribes,** since "x falls under *latae sententiae*" is an assertion—the pope can't make something *true* by simply asserting it. If the pope says, 'the book of Genesis says in verse 78 of chapter 90...' there doesn't suddenly become a 90th chapter of Genesis because the pope asserted there is a 90th chapter of Genesis. Likewise, he cannot say 'x falls under *latae sententiae*' if he in fact does not according to canon law. Moreover, such a mistaken assertion does not automatically convert into a directly imposed excommunication (*ferendae sententiae*).
What you describe is simply a pope who is not going by canon law, which protects the assumed innocence principle *when considering their subjective experience/declared motives* (Can. 1234.8). To ignore a declared subjective motive is to ignore canon law 1234.
>
> In such a situation, what mechanism is there to create clarity about the status (excommunicated or not) of the offender for himself and the public?
>
>
>
There is no other recourse (apart from making an argument from reason, perhaps) apart from simply pointing to established law. | **How are conflicting views concerning latae sententiae excommunications resolved in the Catholic Church?**
[*Latae sententiae* excommunication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latae_sententiae) is the penalty of excommunication that follows [ipso facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto) or automatically, by force of the law itself, when a particular law is contravened. Rome can and has reaffirmed to individuals that a [*latae sententiae* excommuniation](http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html) has been incurred by publicly stating so, especially when a particular case is quite overt. If in this situation the case for which on incurred the excommunication on believes to be unjust; one must make an appeal to Rome in order to prove one's innocence as if it were a *ferendæ sententiæ* excommunication.
to the **Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota**, or the **Apostolic Signatura** or in the case of urgent matters to the pope himself.
Let us look into this matter a little closer:
>
> Latæ and Ferendæ Sententiæ
>
>
> Excommunication, especially a jure, is either latæ or ferendæ sententiæ. The first is incurred as soon as the offence is committed and by reason of the offence itself (eo ipso) without intervention of any ecclesiastical judge; it is recognized in the terms used by the legislator, for instance: "the culprit will be excommunicated at once, by the fact itself [statim, ipso facto]". The second is indeed foreseen by the law as a penalty, but is inflicted on the culprit only by a judicial sentence; in other words, the delinquent is rather threatened than visited with the penalty, and incurs it only when the judge has summoned him before his tribunal, declared him guilty, and punished him according to the terms of the law. It is recognized when the law contains these or similar words: "under pain of excommunication"; "the culprit will be excommunicated".
>
>
> Effects of invalid or unjust excommunication
>
>
> An excommunication is said to be null when it is invalid because of some intrinsic or essential defect, e.g. when the person inflicting it has no jurisdiction, when the motive of the excommunication is manifestly incorrect and inconsistent, or when the excommunication is essentially defective in form. Excommunication is said to be unjust when, though valid, it is wrongfully applied to a person really innocent but believed to be guilty. Here, of course, it is not a question of excommunication latæ sententiæ and in foro interno, but only of one imposed or declared by judicial sentence. It is admitted by all that a null excommunication produces no effect whatever, and may be ignored without sin (cap. ii, de const., in VI). But a case of unjust excommunication brings out in a much more general way the possibility of conflict between the forum internum and the forum externum, between legal justice and the real facts. In chapter xxviii, de sent. excomm. (Lib. V, tit. xxxix), Innocent III formally admits the possibility of this conflict. Some persons, he says, may be free in the eyes of God but bound in the eyes of the Church; vice versa, some may be free in the eyes of the Church but bound in the eyes of God: for God's judgment is based on the very truth itself, whereas that of the Church is based on arguments and presumptions which are sometimes erroneous. He concludes that the chain by which the sinner is bound in the sight of God is loosed by remission of the fault committed, whereas that which binds him in the sight of the Church is severed only by removal of the sentence. **Consequently, a person unjustly excommunicated is in the same state as the justly excommunicated sinner who has repented and recovered the grace of God; he has not forfeited internal communion with the Church, and God can bestow upon him all necessary spiritual help. However, while seeking to prove his innocence, the censured person is meanwhile bound to obey legitimate authority and to behave as one under the ban of excommunication, until he is rehabilitated or absolved.** - [Excommunication](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05678a.htm)
>
>
>
How can one present one's case against an unjust or invalid latæ or ferendæ sententiæ excommunications for a resolution is to appeal to the [Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rota), or the [Apostolic Signatura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura) or if all else fails to the pope himself is the case is serious enough.
Refusal to negotiate with the Holy See would not look good on one's appeal and would show a lack of genuine concern for the case to be resolved. |
68,843 | >
> One might identify the real-world problem behind this question. I have
> tried to put it forth without naming anyone involved in such situation
> and instead posed it as an imaginary situation. Please answer in a
> general way and not by pointing at any specific instance, person or
> group.
>
>
>
Imagine the following situation in the Catholic Church: Some catholic commits an offense which is punishable with a [latae sententiae exommunication](https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/14846/what-is-latae-sententiae) according to canon law.
As I understand the offender will (at least if the offense is somehow public) be [advised by some authority](http://canonlawmadeeasy.com/2008/01/25/am-i-excommunicated/) (e.g. the pope or the local bishop) that his actions are leading him into excommunication and that he should stop it.
Now let's further imagine that the offender himself argues that his actions were out of grave necessity. In this case he would not be excommunicated latae sententiae (again, according to my understanding of the matter). He thus continues committing the same offense out of perceived necessity.
On the other hand, the relevant authority (pope/bishop) does not accept his arguments and continues to put forth that the offender is excommunicated as long as the offense continues.
This might now lead to a "but he said"-situation where one group claims that the person in question is and the other group that he is not excommunicated, thus leading to major problems concerning the unity of the church.
**My Question:** In such a situation, what mechanism is there to create clarity about the status (excommunicated or not) of the offender for himself and the public? | 2019/02/26 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/68843",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/30619/"
] | The answer given by @SolaGratia is nearly perfect. There are a couple of things to add, though.
The point of a *latae sententiae* excommunication is that no one need know about it. This will almost certainly be something that no one other than the individual knows of. In a case of *ferendae sententiae*, as you state, the person's pastor or ordinary will no doubt rebuke them at least once. But in the case you're discussing, there will be no such warning. Thus, the bishop will almost certainly not hear of it—for b ordinary case at least.
Supposing the bishop did come to hear about it, though:what then? Sola's answer invokes canons 1323 note 7 and 1324 note 7; these in turn refer to canon 1323 notes 4 and 5. In particular, the argument runs, the supposed excommunicate is not excommunicated because they were acting, or felt they were acting, out of necessity. But note 4 contains an exception: "... unless the act is intrinsically evil or tends to the harm of souls."
It is normally not difficult to determine that an act is intrinsically evil—but the bishop may feel,and the excommunicate disagree, that it tends to the harm of souls. Or, indeed, the bishop may have a low moral opinion ofthe person, and feel, or even say outright, that they are lying. In this case, there is a disagreement about whether the canons cited even apply. What then?
Fortunately, there is a place to decide these things. The Tribunal of the Roman Rota is the second-highest court of appeals in the Church. For bishops involved in what are called "contentious cases", those requiring a judge, the Rota is the court of first instance—the court to which the case goes right away. If the bishop truly felt that he needed to resolve the problem, he would need to present the case to the Rota. If the other person wanted a resolution, he could request the bishop to do so, and if the bishop refused, the other could bring the issue (not the issue of the excommunication but that of the refusal to request a hearing) to the attention of the Vatican's Congregation of Bishops. The congregation would rule on whether the bishop was obliged to carry out the request.
Once the Rota had the case before it, a panel of three judges would investigate and hand down a ruling based on the evidence offered by each side. If either side felt the ruling was in error, they could appeal the case to the highest court of appeals in the Church: the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura. This court will appoint usually five judges to hear the case. In theory, if they desired, either side could appeal to the Pope: the highest authority. Of course, if the Signatura or the Pope refused to hear the case, the lower court's ruling would stand. | **How are conflicting views concerning latae sententiae excommunications resolved in the Catholic Church?**
[*Latae sententiae* excommunication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latae_sententiae) is the penalty of excommunication that follows [ipso facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto) or automatically, by force of the law itself, when a particular law is contravened. Rome can and has reaffirmed to individuals that a [*latae sententiae* excommuniation](http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html) has been incurred by publicly stating so, especially when a particular case is quite overt. If in this situation the case for which on incurred the excommunication on believes to be unjust; one must make an appeal to Rome in order to prove one's innocence as if it were a *ferendæ sententiæ* excommunication.
to the **Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota**, or the **Apostolic Signatura** or in the case of urgent matters to the pope himself.
Let us look into this matter a little closer:
>
> Latæ and Ferendæ Sententiæ
>
>
> Excommunication, especially a jure, is either latæ or ferendæ sententiæ. The first is incurred as soon as the offence is committed and by reason of the offence itself (eo ipso) without intervention of any ecclesiastical judge; it is recognized in the terms used by the legislator, for instance: "the culprit will be excommunicated at once, by the fact itself [statim, ipso facto]". The second is indeed foreseen by the law as a penalty, but is inflicted on the culprit only by a judicial sentence; in other words, the delinquent is rather threatened than visited with the penalty, and incurs it only when the judge has summoned him before his tribunal, declared him guilty, and punished him according to the terms of the law. It is recognized when the law contains these or similar words: "under pain of excommunication"; "the culprit will be excommunicated".
>
>
> Effects of invalid or unjust excommunication
>
>
> An excommunication is said to be null when it is invalid because of some intrinsic or essential defect, e.g. when the person inflicting it has no jurisdiction, when the motive of the excommunication is manifestly incorrect and inconsistent, or when the excommunication is essentially defective in form. Excommunication is said to be unjust when, though valid, it is wrongfully applied to a person really innocent but believed to be guilty. Here, of course, it is not a question of excommunication latæ sententiæ and in foro interno, but only of one imposed or declared by judicial sentence. It is admitted by all that a null excommunication produces no effect whatever, and may be ignored without sin (cap. ii, de const., in VI). But a case of unjust excommunication brings out in a much more general way the possibility of conflict between the forum internum and the forum externum, between legal justice and the real facts. In chapter xxviii, de sent. excomm. (Lib. V, tit. xxxix), Innocent III formally admits the possibility of this conflict. Some persons, he says, may be free in the eyes of God but bound in the eyes of the Church; vice versa, some may be free in the eyes of the Church but bound in the eyes of God: for God's judgment is based on the very truth itself, whereas that of the Church is based on arguments and presumptions which are sometimes erroneous. He concludes that the chain by which the sinner is bound in the sight of God is loosed by remission of the fault committed, whereas that which binds him in the sight of the Church is severed only by removal of the sentence. **Consequently, a person unjustly excommunicated is in the same state as the justly excommunicated sinner who has repented and recovered the grace of God; he has not forfeited internal communion with the Church, and God can bestow upon him all necessary spiritual help. However, while seeking to prove his innocence, the censured person is meanwhile bound to obey legitimate authority and to behave as one under the ban of excommunication, until he is rehabilitated or absolved.** - [Excommunication](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05678a.htm)
>
>
>
How can one present one's case against an unjust or invalid latæ or ferendæ sententiæ excommunications for a resolution is to appeal to the [Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rota), or the [Apostolic Signatura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura) or if all else fails to the pope himself is the case is serious enough.
Refusal to negotiate with the Holy See would not look good on one's appeal and would show a lack of genuine concern for the case to be resolved. |
68,843 | >
> One might identify the real-world problem behind this question. I have
> tried to put it forth without naming anyone involved in such situation
> and instead posed it as an imaginary situation. Please answer in a
> general way and not by pointing at any specific instance, person or
> group.
>
>
>
Imagine the following situation in the Catholic Church: Some catholic commits an offense which is punishable with a [latae sententiae exommunication](https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/14846/what-is-latae-sententiae) according to canon law.
As I understand the offender will (at least if the offense is somehow public) be [advised by some authority](http://canonlawmadeeasy.com/2008/01/25/am-i-excommunicated/) (e.g. the pope or the local bishop) that his actions are leading him into excommunication and that he should stop it.
Now let's further imagine that the offender himself argues that his actions were out of grave necessity. In this case he would not be excommunicated latae sententiae (again, according to my understanding of the matter). He thus continues committing the same offense out of perceived necessity.
On the other hand, the relevant authority (pope/bishop) does not accept his arguments and continues to put forth that the offender is excommunicated as long as the offense continues.
This might now lead to a "but he said"-situation where one group claims that the person in question is and the other group that he is not excommunicated, thus leading to major problems concerning the unity of the church.
**My Question:** In such a situation, what mechanism is there to create clarity about the status (excommunicated or not) of the offender for himself and the public? | 2019/02/26 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/68843",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/30619/"
] | Short: There is a regular criminal process for that.
---
A latae sententiae penality "is incurred ipso facto when the delict is committed" (can. 1314 [CIC](http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_INDEX.HTM)). But that does not mean that there cannot be a process over the delict. Most times the action leading to the latae sententiae penality is not public, but in foro interno. So the church needs a formal act to be sure if the penality applies. This is one sense of the canonical criminal justice system.
>
> can. 1341 CIC: An ordinary is to take care to initiate a judicial or administrative process to **impose or declare** penalties only after he has ascertained that fraternal correction or rebuke or other means of pastoral solicitude cannot sufficiently repair the scandal, restore justice, reform the offender.
>
>
>
For penalities ferendae sententiae the court/ordinary will *impose* the penality, for penalities latae sentantiae it only has to *declare* the penality. After that the church has a formal act and is sure on the (older) penality.
This declaration can also affect the effect of the penality, e.g. for excommunication the excommunicated is **forbidden** to recieve the sacraments, but if it is **imposed or declared** (-> public) *everyone else* must stop him when trying to recieve the sacraments.
>
> can. 1331 CIC: §1. An excommunicated person is forbidden:
>
>
> 1. to have any ministerial participation in celebrating the sacrifice of the Eucharist or any other ceremonies of worship whatsoever;
> 2. to celebrate the sacraments or sacramentals and to receive the sacraments;
> 3. to exercise any ecclesiastical offices, ministries, or functions whatsoever or to place acts of governance.
>
>
> §2. If the excommunication has been **imposed or declared**, the offender:
>
>
> 1. who wishes to act against the prescript of §1, n. 1 must be prevented from doing so, or the liturgical action must be stopped unless a grave cause precludes this;
> 2. invalidly places acts of governance which are illicit according to the norm of §1, n. 3;
> 3. is forbidden to benefit from privileges previously granted;
> 4. cannot acquire validly a dignity, office, or other function in the Church;
> 5. does not appropriate the benefits of a dignity, office, any function, or pension, which the offender has in the Church.
>
>
>
As stated correct in [Sola's Answer](https://christianity.stackexchange.com/a/68859/42721) there are cases, when the Church does not want the unsure state of a maybe-latae-sententiae-penality. If these conditions are met, can be clarified with authority only in the formal criminal process by the respective authority. In that process also the motives of the offender will be explored.
For the details of such a process (which court, Roman or local, procedure) and possible anomalies for bishops please ask a new question. | **How are conflicting views concerning latae sententiae excommunications resolved in the Catholic Church?**
[*Latae sententiae* excommunication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latae_sententiae) is the penalty of excommunication that follows [ipso facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipso_facto) or automatically, by force of the law itself, when a particular law is contravened. Rome can and has reaffirmed to individuals that a [*latae sententiae* excommuniation](http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jp-ii_motu-proprio_02071988_ecclesia-dei.html) has been incurred by publicly stating so, especially when a particular case is quite overt. If in this situation the case for which on incurred the excommunication on believes to be unjust; one must make an appeal to Rome in order to prove one's innocence as if it were a *ferendæ sententiæ* excommunication.
to the **Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota**, or the **Apostolic Signatura** or in the case of urgent matters to the pope himself.
Let us look into this matter a little closer:
>
> Latæ and Ferendæ Sententiæ
>
>
> Excommunication, especially a jure, is either latæ or ferendæ sententiæ. The first is incurred as soon as the offence is committed and by reason of the offence itself (eo ipso) without intervention of any ecclesiastical judge; it is recognized in the terms used by the legislator, for instance: "the culprit will be excommunicated at once, by the fact itself [statim, ipso facto]". The second is indeed foreseen by the law as a penalty, but is inflicted on the culprit only by a judicial sentence; in other words, the delinquent is rather threatened than visited with the penalty, and incurs it only when the judge has summoned him before his tribunal, declared him guilty, and punished him according to the terms of the law. It is recognized when the law contains these or similar words: "under pain of excommunication"; "the culprit will be excommunicated".
>
>
> Effects of invalid or unjust excommunication
>
>
> An excommunication is said to be null when it is invalid because of some intrinsic or essential defect, e.g. when the person inflicting it has no jurisdiction, when the motive of the excommunication is manifestly incorrect and inconsistent, or when the excommunication is essentially defective in form. Excommunication is said to be unjust when, though valid, it is wrongfully applied to a person really innocent but believed to be guilty. Here, of course, it is not a question of excommunication latæ sententiæ and in foro interno, but only of one imposed or declared by judicial sentence. It is admitted by all that a null excommunication produces no effect whatever, and may be ignored without sin (cap. ii, de const., in VI). But a case of unjust excommunication brings out in a much more general way the possibility of conflict between the forum internum and the forum externum, between legal justice and the real facts. In chapter xxviii, de sent. excomm. (Lib. V, tit. xxxix), Innocent III formally admits the possibility of this conflict. Some persons, he says, may be free in the eyes of God but bound in the eyes of the Church; vice versa, some may be free in the eyes of the Church but bound in the eyes of God: for God's judgment is based on the very truth itself, whereas that of the Church is based on arguments and presumptions which are sometimes erroneous. He concludes that the chain by which the sinner is bound in the sight of God is loosed by remission of the fault committed, whereas that which binds him in the sight of the Church is severed only by removal of the sentence. **Consequently, a person unjustly excommunicated is in the same state as the justly excommunicated sinner who has repented and recovered the grace of God; he has not forfeited internal communion with the Church, and God can bestow upon him all necessary spiritual help. However, while seeking to prove his innocence, the censured person is meanwhile bound to obey legitimate authority and to behave as one under the ban of excommunication, until he is rehabilitated or absolved.** - [Excommunication](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05678a.htm)
>
>
>
How can one present one's case against an unjust or invalid latæ or ferendæ sententiæ excommunications for a resolution is to appeal to the [Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rota), or the [Apostolic Signatura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura) or if all else fails to the pope himself is the case is serious enough.
Refusal to negotiate with the Holy See would not look good on one's appeal and would show a lack of genuine concern for the case to be resolved. |
424,223 | what are the advantages and disadvantages of IPTW (Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting) comparing to PSM (propensity score matching) in dealing with confounding variables? | 2019/08/29 | [
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/424223",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com",
"https://stats.stackexchange.com/users/114489/"
] | Despite some similarities, propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) behave differently, mainly because matching selects some cases/controls and discards others, while IPTW includes all study units.
The scholarly literature suggests indeed that PSM and IPTW have similar accuracy in many cases, but in some specific scenarios PSM behaves better. However, in my experience when there are discrepancies between these methods, eventually the data collection approach and the study itself ends up being less credible and externally valid.
In any case, you can peruse the following works on the subject (it is only a quick selection):
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5564952/>
<https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1347&context=ysphtdl>
<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073510971637036X> | The choice between propensity score matching and weighting seems to be a widely debated topic among statistical sholars. Some thoughts, after having read through many papers of infuriated statisticians:
***Propensity score matching***
*Advantages*:
* Often used, thus familiar to non-statisticians
* Simple and intuitive subject to subject comparison by reducing the multidimensional covariate space to one dimension
*Disadvantages*:
* The imperfect balance of covariates is often ignored (two individuals with the same propensity score are considered equal while they may have a strongly different set of covariates)
* A measure of proximity between propensity scores may be arbitrary
* Some subjects have to be excluded because no match can be found and the analysis is therefore restricted to a sub-population that is not explicitly described.
For a more detailed analysis by the main critics of this method: [1], [2].
***Propensity score weighting / Inverse probability weighting***
*Advantages*
* Explicit global population (if no clipping is used)
* Can be easily combined with more advanced methods (see below)
*Disadvantages*
* Extreme weights at the tails of the propensity score distribution increase the variance and decrease the balance between covariates
Finally, ***both methods*** are subject to significant biases when the propensity score model is misspecified.
Therefore, the use of doubly-robust estimators, a combination of propensity score adjustement and covariable outcome estimation, seems to be becoming standard practice [3]. This combination aims to reduce the risk of bias due to suboptimal specification of the models used to estimate the propensity score or outcome regression. The possible cost of this method to reduce bias is an increase in variance.
References:
1. King, G., & Nielsen, R. (2019). Why Propensity Scores Should Not Be Used for Matching. Political Analysis, 27(4), 435-454. doi:10.1017/pan.2019.11
2. Pearl, J. (2000). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77362-1.
3. Causal Inference: What If. Miguel A. Hernán, James M. Robins. 2020. |
46,819,255 | In symfony framework service's is the same depedency injection ?
What is the difference beetwen service container as Dependency Injection ? | 2017/10/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/46819255",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/8464370/"
] | service container as Dependency Injection is a concept for applications developer. Each langugage paradigm as Java, Python or PHP has a service container (DI for Dependency Injection).
For the framework PHP Symfony it tells that Service Container (or just service). In DI concept you can easily delete the contain. It's a obviousness. Because all DI (Java, Python, etc...) live into a container or just a context.
If you already know language that Java and You want to know how symfony manage DI then I just says :"the service" in symfony is the concept of DI for this framework in PHP language.
You can read this post : [What is Dependency Injection](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/130794/what-is-dependency-injection) | There's pretty much a direct answer in the [Symfony docs](https://symfony.com/doc/current/components/dependency_injection.html):
>
> The DependencyInjection component implements a PSR-11 compatible
> service container that allows you to standardize and centralize the
> way objects are constructed in your application.
>
>
>
Also, take a look at the [Service Container docs](https://symfony.com/doc/current/service_container.html). |
46,819,255 | In symfony framework service's is the same depedency injection ?
What is the difference beetwen service container as Dependency Injection ? | 2017/10/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/46819255",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/8464370/"
] | service container as Dependency Injection is a concept for applications developer. Each langugage paradigm as Java, Python or PHP has a service container (DI for Dependency Injection).
For the framework PHP Symfony it tells that Service Container (or just service). In DI concept you can easily delete the contain. It's a obviousness. Because all DI (Java, Python, etc...) live into a container or just a context.
If you already know language that Java and You want to know how symfony manage DI then I just says :"the service" in symfony is the concept of DI for this framework in PHP language.
You can read this post : [What is Dependency Injection](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/130794/what-is-dependency-injection) | You could probably quibble with this but:
* Dependency injection is a design pattern that you use when writing classes, in which depended upon objects are injected into the instance using a constructor or setter. It is more a concept that you use when thinking about how to write code, but doesn't do anything by itself.
* A service container is an actual thing that is instantiated and creates objects for use in your application. Use of a SC is a design pattern, but the SC is itself instantiated and does things for your application.
* They are related in that the usefulness of a Service Container is (imo) maximized when it is creating objects that leverage the concept of Dependency Injection. |
3,384,434 | What is the best proxy debugger for windows or debian? | 2010/08/02 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/3384434",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/408220/"
] | On windows, I use [Fiddler](http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/) for HTTP(S), which hooks up quite well with Firefox.
For lower level debugging I've used [Wireshark](http://www.wireshark.org/). | Generally I tend to use [YATT](http://www.pocketsoap.com/yatt/) - its simple and works well for me. |
15,435 | Once every decade I get the itch to boot up a Windows 1.0 environment to poke around at it and marvel at how far we've come. However, in any of the environments I've seen (say [PCjs](https://www.pcjs.org/)), they never seem to have anything other than the default applications which came with Windows (e.g. WRITE.EXE, CALC.EXE, etc.)
I've tried using Google to find old Windows 1.0 applications, but what you end up with is simply version 1.0's of applications written for Windows, not applications written **for** Windows 1.0.
So that being said, is anyone aware of a repository of software designed for this ancient version of Windows? Even Windows 2.0 (whether 286 or 386 versions) would probably suffice. | 2020/07/02 | [
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/15435",
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com",
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/users/382/"
] | David Simunič maintains a [website](https://win1.krnl386.com/) dedicated to Windows 1.0, which includes lists of [third-party software](https://win1.krnl386.com/software/thirdparty.html) for it. I don't believe he hosts the software itself, but knowing the names of packages may make it easier to track them down.
The only software from the list that I've personally installed and used is Micrografx In\*a\*Vision. | [Internet Archive](https://archive.org) holds a repository of retrocomputing software, some runnable in browser emulations. Searching for ["Windows 2.0"](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22windows%202.0%22&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22software%22) and ["Windows 1.0"](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22windows%201.0%22&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22software%22) software yields some hits for applications, including CD-ROMs of shareware collections.
(The keyword search is imprecise and also locates software for later versions of Windows, but you may find some surprises.) |
15,435 | Once every decade I get the itch to boot up a Windows 1.0 environment to poke around at it and marvel at how far we've come. However, in any of the environments I've seen (say [PCjs](https://www.pcjs.org/)), they never seem to have anything other than the default applications which came with Windows (e.g. WRITE.EXE, CALC.EXE, etc.)
I've tried using Google to find old Windows 1.0 applications, but what you end up with is simply version 1.0's of applications written for Windows, not applications written **for** Windows 1.0.
So that being said, is anyone aware of a repository of software designed for this ancient version of Windows? Even Windows 2.0 (whether 286 or 386 versions) would probably suffice. | 2020/07/02 | [
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/15435",
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com",
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/users/382/"
] | David Simunič maintains a [website](https://win1.krnl386.com/) dedicated to Windows 1.0, which includes lists of [third-party software](https://win1.krnl386.com/software/thirdparty.html) for it. I don't believe he hosts the software itself, but knowing the names of packages may make it easier to track them down.
The only software from the list that I've personally installed and used is Micrografx In\*a\*Vision. | <https://winworldpc.com/home>
this website has a lot of old software on it, there is some for Windows 1.0. |
15,435 | Once every decade I get the itch to boot up a Windows 1.0 environment to poke around at it and marvel at how far we've come. However, in any of the environments I've seen (say [PCjs](https://www.pcjs.org/)), they never seem to have anything other than the default applications which came with Windows (e.g. WRITE.EXE, CALC.EXE, etc.)
I've tried using Google to find old Windows 1.0 applications, but what you end up with is simply version 1.0's of applications written for Windows, not applications written **for** Windows 1.0.
So that being said, is anyone aware of a repository of software designed for this ancient version of Windows? Even Windows 2.0 (whether 286 or 386 versions) would probably suffice. | 2020/07/02 | [
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/15435",
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com",
"https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/users/382/"
] | [Internet Archive](https://archive.org) holds a repository of retrocomputing software, some runnable in browser emulations. Searching for ["Windows 2.0"](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22windows%202.0%22&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22software%22) and ["Windows 1.0"](https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22windows%201.0%22&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22software%22) software yields some hits for applications, including CD-ROMs of shareware collections.
(The keyword search is imprecise and also locates software for later versions of Windows, but you may find some surprises.) | <https://winworldpc.com/home>
this website has a lot of old software on it, there is some for Windows 1.0. |
7,878,599 | I am using 3 MySQL databases simultaneously. I need to insert 3 rows into 3 different databases.
Is it possible to use one transaction to accomplish this? If not, what would be an alternative method? | 2011/10/24 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7878599",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/569076/"
] | The databases are separate. You cannot use a transaction across them... that is impossible.
All you can do is perform 3 separate INSERTs.
Now, I suppose you could start a transaction on each, insert 3 rows, then end transaction on each, but this may not achieve your ultimate goal, depending on what it is.
---
**Edit:** I may stand corrected. See information here: <http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/xa.html> | PHP does not provide anything that I know of by way of distributed transaction management. You will need to handle this manually...that is if one of the insertions fail you will need to rollback in the other dbs.
If you are not tied to using php, Java EE has support for this. [JTA](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Transaction_API) |
2,091,426 | I know it is not allowed in C++, but why? What if it was allowed, what would the problems be? | 2010/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2091426",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182959/"
] | The problem is simply this:
* what should the program do when an abstract **method** is called?
* and even worse: what should be returned for a non-void **function**?
The application whould proabably have to crash or thow a runtime exception and thus this would cause trouble. You can't dummy-implement every abstract function. | Because logically it does not make any sense.
An abstract class is a description that is incomplete.
It indicates what things need to be filled out to make it complete but without those bits its not complete.
My first example was a chess game:
The game has lots of pieces of different type (King,Queen,Pawn ... etc).
But there are no actual objects of type piece, but all objects are instances of objects derived from piece. How can you have an object of something that is not fully defined. There is not point in creating an object of piece as the game does not know how it moves (that is the abstract part). It knows it can move but not how it does it. |
2,091,426 | I know it is not allowed in C++, but why? What if it was allowed, what would the problems be? | 2010/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2091426",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182959/"
] | A class can simply be declared abstract where it has no abstract methods. I guess that could be instantiated in theory but the class designer doesn't want you to. It may have unintended consequences.
Usually however abstract classes have abstract methods. They can't be instantiated for the simple reason that they're missing those methods. | Basically creation of object is responsible for allocation of memory for member variables and member functions. but here, in pure virtual function we have declaration and defination in derived class.so creation of object generates error. |
2,091,426 | I know it is not allowed in C++, but why? What if it was allowed, what would the problems be? | 2010/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2091426",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182959/"
] | The problem is simply this:
* what should the program do when an abstract **method** is called?
* and even worse: what should be returned for a non-void **function**?
The application whould proabably have to crash or thow a runtime exception and thus this would cause trouble. You can't dummy-implement every abstract function. | Abstract classes are non-instantiable *by definition*. They require that there be derived, concrete classes. What else would an abstract class be if it didn't have pure virtual (unimplemented) functions? |
2,091,426 | I know it is not allowed in C++, but why? What if it was allowed, what would the problems be? | 2010/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2091426",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182959/"
] | A class can simply be declared abstract where it has no abstract methods. I guess that could be instantiated in theory but the class designer doesn't want you to. It may have unintended consequences.
Usually however abstract classes have abstract methods. They can't be instantiated for the simple reason that they're missing those methods. | Abstract classes instantiated would be pretty useless, because you would be seeing a lot more of "pure virtual function called". :)
It's like: we all know that a car would have 3 pedals and a steering wheel and a gear stick. Now, if that would be it, and there'd be an instance of 3 pedals and gear stick and a wheel, I'm not buying it, I want a car, like with seats, doors, AC etc. with pedals actually doing something apart from being in existence and that's what abstract class doesn't promise me, the ones *implementing* it do. |
2,091,426 | I know it is not allowed in C++, but why? What if it was allowed, what would the problems be? | 2010/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2091426",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182959/"
] | Because logically it does not make any sense.
An abstract class is a description that is incomplete.
It indicates what things need to be filled out to make it complete but without those bits its not complete.
My first example was a chess game:
The game has lots of pieces of different type (King,Queen,Pawn ... etc).
But there are no actual objects of type piece, but all objects are instances of objects derived from piece. How can you have an object of something that is not fully defined. There is not point in creating an object of piece as the game does not know how it moves (that is the abstract part). It knows it can move but not how it does it. | Basically creation of object is responsible for allocation of memory for member variables and member functions. but here, in pure virtual function we have declaration and defination in derived class.so creation of object generates error. |
2,091,426 | I know it is not allowed in C++, but why? What if it was allowed, what would the problems be? | 2010/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2091426",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182959/"
] | Abstract classes are non-instantiable *by definition*. They require that there be derived, concrete classes. What else would an abstract class be if it didn't have pure virtual (unimplemented) functions? | It's the same class of question as why can't I change the value of a const variable, why can't I access private class members from other classes or why can't I override final methods.
Because that's the purpose of these keywords, to prevent you from doing so. Because the author of the code deemed doing so dangerous, undesired or simply impossible due to some abstract reasons like lack of essential functions that need to be added by specific child classes. It isn't really that you can't instantiate because a class is virtual. It's that inability to instantiate a class defines it as virtual (and if a class that can't be instantiated isn't virtual, it's an error. Same goes the other way, if instance of given class makes sense, it shouldn't be marked as virtual) |
2,091,426 | I know it is not allowed in C++, but why? What if it was allowed, what would the problems be? | 2010/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2091426",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182959/"
] | It's the same class of question as why can't I change the value of a const variable, why can't I access private class members from other classes or why can't I override final methods.
Because that's the purpose of these keywords, to prevent you from doing so. Because the author of the code deemed doing so dangerous, undesired or simply impossible due to some abstract reasons like lack of essential functions that need to be added by specific child classes. It isn't really that you can't instantiate because a class is virtual. It's that inability to instantiate a class defines it as virtual (and if a class that can't be instantiated isn't virtual, it's an error. Same goes the other way, if instance of given class makes sense, it shouldn't be marked as virtual) | Basically creation of object is responsible for allocation of memory for member variables and member functions. but here, in pure virtual function we have declaration and defination in derived class.so creation of object generates error. |
2,091,426 | I know it is not allowed in C++, but why? What if it was allowed, what would the problems be? | 2010/01/19 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2091426",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/182959/"
] | Because logically it does not make any sense.
An abstract class is a description that is incomplete.
It indicates what things need to be filled out to make it complete but without those bits its not complete.
My first example was a chess game:
The game has lots of pieces of different type (King,Queen,Pawn ... etc).
But there are no actual objects of type piece, but all objects are instances of objects derived from piece. How can you have an object of something that is not fully defined. There is not point in creating an object of piece as the game does not know how it moves (that is the abstract part). It knows it can move but not how it does it. | It's the same class of question as why can't I change the value of a const variable, why can't I access private class members from other classes or why can't I override final methods.
Because that's the purpose of these keywords, to prevent you from doing so. Because the author of the code deemed doing so dangerous, undesired or simply impossible due to some abstract reasons like lack of essential functions that need to be added by specific child classes. It isn't really that you can't instantiate because a class is virtual. It's that inability to instantiate a class defines it as virtual (and if a class that can't be instantiated isn't virtual, it's an error. Same goes the other way, if instance of given class makes sense, it shouldn't be marked as virtual) |
48,948 | [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/iUpNM.png)
Solve 36 puzzles (or more) to find the final 6 letter answer. | 2017/02/10 | [
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/48948",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com",
"https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/users/32596/"
] | Wrap-up: The Making Of *GRID-THIRTY-SIX*
========================================
*This is not a solution to the puzzle, but provides notes from its poser. This type of answer has been [approved by the community](http://meta.puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/5420/).*
***Caution:** This post may contain spoilers.*
---
### The first thing I did was "made a mistake"
Yup! The italicised and struck-through 'made a mistake' was a prototypical cryptic from a while back, but it kinda broke too many rules. Given the current fortnightly challenge, I realised it worked perfectly as a double clued rebus, and from there, the concept of the orange rebuses was born.
With the answer to that first rebus, 'skewered', I couldn't help but notice the word 'sewer' hidden in there... and fairly quickly noted that sewer could lead to a nice little double def cryptic. So now I had some cryptics to make! At this point, I realised I was making a big puzzle, and I couldn't make a big puzzle without including some grid-deduction, could I? It needed to be a little unusual, so I put it on a cube, of course :P
### A very sixy puzzle
Once I decided on making a cubic grid-logic puzzle, it evolved naturally that each set of puzzles would be a sextet. Not only that, but it'd look great if there were six sets of six!
However, if I wanted cross puzzle connections, I would need to put in a little bit of guidance, so I set the first row of 6 to be instructions. Obviously, the instructions couldn't just be straightforwardly readable, so I made a little rebus to even show that they were instructions!
Now, I needed some row to somehow clue the cube net, as I didn't want the grid logic puzzle to be obviously assemble-able. I toyed around with the idea of having edge markings, etc. but it was all either too obvious or too handwavy. How could I make pieces fit together in a non-obvious way... maybe there is something else that needs to be constructed?
I had a few spare cryptic clues (also from a while back), so it suddenly struck me that I could make a jigsaw crossword! This solved the issue of it being too easy to assemble, because usually jigsaw crosswards usually don't have joins which are super obvious, but it also meant that it was clear that the pieces had to be put together, and the clues would ensure only one way to do this.
But I realised that with the enumerations, and maybe a clue or two, the crossword would be fairly easy to assemble without solving the clues. Since I didn't want any part of this puzzle to be skippable, somehow I needed to make the answers to those clues useful too.
Aha! Let's do the classic thing and highlight some letters. Somehow, these letters would need to carry infomation that could relate each face of the cube net to something else. Naturally, the numbers 1-6 came to mind, but the problem is in most languages we either get an x or a q in those numbers. Apart from Japanese, where the worst letter to include is K! Not bad at all. With a few new clues, and some more shuffling around, the broken crossword was complete.
### Putting things together
Now I realised that the rebus/cryptic connection would be clear to someone who solved pirate and irate, and that the length of the extra letters could link these to the cube net! A few rebuses had to be replaced, and 'LIAR' had to be replaced by 'IN' for LINEAR to make this step work.
Once this was done, I just needed to connect the masyu to either the rebuses or the cryptics (connecting the masyu straight to the crossword would of course render all these intermediary steps pointless, which I didn't want).
At this point, I was a little low on the creative juices and decided that taking the initials of the clues was enough work for this step :P
### Wait, what do I do with the last row?
All that was left to do was actually design the cubic logic puzzle, design a sixth row, and work out the extraction.
I wanted the 6x6 format of the puzzle to have a purpose somehow, and having a 6x6 grid of letters where the inter-row relationship would be useful seemed like a logical sub-puzzle to make. The concept of purple 5 got created, and then it seemed likely that the rest of the puzzles in that row should be 6x6 grids of letters too!
What do grids of letters remind you of? That's right, the childhood fave, wordsearches :) ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE SIX was an obvious choice. I didn't want to do any others based off numbers, but somehow the words would need to be recognizable without extra clues. Phonetic alphabet seemed like a nice choice, but perhaps too obvious? Taking off the first letter seemed to work, as strings like OMEO and HARLIE would be enough of a signpost.
I wanted to use EVERYTHING in this puzzle. Nothing should be wasted! So, of course, I took those leftover letters from the rebuses-cryptics, and put them into a wordsearch. You might notice that MULPI and BCERIA are in 'obvious' orientations - this is so that it becomes a little more recognizable and less of a leap that you need to find those strings, especially since BCERIA should look really really familiar after solving those rebuses!
Then, I wanted to subvert expectations a little by having a not-wordsearch. But what else can you fit into a 6x6 grid of letters? Suddenly, I realised that braille letters would fit wonderfully into a 6x6 grid, but that the bumps and flats would need to be somehow clued by letters. I toyed with a vowel/consonant split, but then it wasn't obvious which letters were bumps or flats. How can I make a split where there is no ambiguity as to what each letter corresponded to? Oh. BUMPs and FLATs.
If these were all little subpuzzles, the last purple one would somehow need to bring them together, as I felt like getting a meta from 6 purple answers would be a little mean and unmotivated (especially since there was no rebus or cryptic meta). Fitting answers into a mostly empty grid seemed like the logical path to go down, so it was decided all the purple answers would be 6 letters long. I thought of the clue phrase, 'SENARY', and since Y was the most difficult letter there, it was to be the given line.
Since I had quite a bit of freedom with the purple answers, I tried to choose words with multiple letters in common with SENARY to make the last grid very difficult to fill out until you literally had all the purple answers. This seemed to work beautifully as the first 4 purples to get solved still left a lot of room for shuffling.
### Extraction
Huh. So how would a grid of 36 letters be useful? Oh, maybe make them a vigenere key. But for what?
The only unused element I had left was the Masyu. So maybe the Masyu passes over letters...
Designing the single solution Masyu on a non-euclidean and edgeless grid was an *ordeal* especially once I decided the solution path should pass over exactly 36 letters!!! 3x3 faces made the most sense with that length of solution path, and suffice to say the Masyu was probably the most difficult part of this puzzle to design.
Thinking of the final message was also quite difficult. It seemed clunky to me if it just gave words for a final meta, 36 letters was more than enough for a short message! But I felt like a puzzle like this needed a final bit of zing, a single word answer that fit the theme. First letters would be a bit boring... how about missing letters? Once SEXTET was decided as the final answer, the message grew off the fact that the missing X would have to be clued by GRID THIRTY SI.
### Other thoughts
One of the goals of GRID-THIRTY-SIX was to be a non-linear variety mix, so that people with different strengths could all chip in and solve a sub-puzzle or two. I'd like to think that this puzzle mostly achieved this goal, and as you can see, many names are credited in Deus' answer! If this puzzle gave everyone just a little bit of fun, and gave a few people some memorable 'aha' moments, then the time I've spent on this puzzle hasn't been wasted :) There's nothing better than to see solvers enjoying the experience. | Has been solved in TSL and on Google Docs by Deusovi, Beastly Gerbil, elias, Sid, boboquack and Rubio
[Communal spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1h5S-zutb37pzUWQjFiaax0-ZwOgAdXvK7jqBJv60L-I/edit#gid=0)
### Main steps (Deus will be doing a proper write-up later this morning (UTC):
>
> The first rebus for black is 'BLACK IS in STRUCT + IONS'
>
>
>
> Deciphering the other black squares gives us some basic instructions on how to solve it.
>
>
>
> The red squares are cryptic clues. Solving the top two allows us to fill in the crossword, which needs to be assembled into a cube net from the blue squares. The yellow cells give Japanese numbers 1-6.
>
>
>
> The orange squares are double rebuses, encrypted in two ways. They take the form of last red cryptic clue + letters (will be used later) = orange rebus. The letters have lengths 1 through 6 = the yellow cells on the crossword.
>
>
>
> The green masyu has 3-letter codes corresponding to the initials of the red cryptics. So we can link the blue net to a new green net by the orange rebuses and the red cryptics. Then we can solve the masyu to get a 36-letter string.
>
>
>
> Meanwhile, the first 3 purples are word-searches of varying types. One of them uses the spare letters from the orange rebuses. The fourth purple is Braille using the letters BUMP and FLAT. The second-last has letters we have to arrange in order, by the 1-6 numbers again. We have to arrange the colours as per the instructions. Taking the last letters of the uncompleted words, we get another word.
>
>
>
> Each of the first 5 purple grids clues a word, which we can insert into the sixth grid. Then, using the 36-letters there as a string, we can decode the masyu text to get a string with missing letters, which we have to take to get the answer.
>
>
> |
179,684 | Can a webpage track that I have downloaded the page source/webarchive?
Specifically on Safari. I understand that accessing a webpage via GET is already traceable back to the requester (me), but if I download the page itself, will it send another request or use a specific header to indicate that I have downloaded it? | 2018/02/13 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/179684",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/169503/"
] | When a HTTP client wants a resource, it issues a GET request. If it after retrieving the response saves it to disk or just keeps it in memory while it is viewed in the browser is irrelevant. That is not a concern that the HTTP protocol is designed to deal with.
So saving a page for offline viewing shouldn't be easily distinguishable from just visiting it. The browser might fetch some of the resources again if they are not cached localy, but that would look no different to the server than if you had just reloaded the page.
That said, it might be possible to detect a "download" by doing some carefull traffic analysis, looking at timing or whatever. But that would require quite some work and would be highly dependent on what browser you are using, and I find it hard to believe anyone would ever think it was worth the effort.
So no, I wouldn't worry about the owner of the page knowing that I specifically downloaded it as opposed to just viewed it. | There are several methods to track the requests, google analytics is one of the kind.
when you download a web page, obviously it can be tracked by the page owner if he want.
if you download it from web archive or any proxy, it will be difficult to track as it is from you(your IP), how ever if the page has any analytic scripts etc they will be executed when you download that page from web archive also. |
168,109 | In some appratus for the Young's double slit experiment a collimating lens is used infront of the double slits, meaning plane wavefronts hit the double slits. But why do we need/want plane wavefronts hitting the slit in the first place, won't spherical wavefronts work just as well? Also if we did not have plane wavefronts would we still get Fraunhofer diffraction (I assume we will since we will still be viewing the image in the image plane). | 2015/03/03 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/168109",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/70392/"
] | It depends on the coherence length of the light source. If the wavefronts are curved, and it's difficult to ensure that light generated at the same time is impinging on the slits at the same time -- you need a relatively precise alignment in both the centre of the lens and the angle.
If you collimate a beam, the wavefronts are planar, so it's less sensitive to a movement of the centre of the lens. | Plane wavefronts ensure that the field at the apertures are in phase and coherent and thus the interference pattern is produced (see Fig.[1](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)).
Non planar input to an aperture equals a case where the point oscillators at the apertures are not in phase and depending on the coherence length of the incoming field, might not be coherent (see Fig.[1](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)). Thus, the interference pattern will change, position will shift and visibility will decrease.
Read for example
[Lasse-Petteri Leppänen et. al., New J. Phys. 16 113059, (2014)](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/11/113059)
[E. Hecht, “Optics.,” Addison Wesley, 2002](http://books.google.fi/books/about/Optics.html?id=7aG6QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y)
![Line of coherent point sources[3]](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)
[Line of coherent point sources](http://books.google.fi/books/about/Optics.html?id=7aG6QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y) |
168,109 | In some appratus for the Young's double slit experiment a collimating lens is used infront of the double slits, meaning plane wavefronts hit the double slits. But why do we need/want plane wavefronts hitting the slit in the first place, won't spherical wavefronts work just as well? Also if we did not have plane wavefronts would we still get Fraunhofer diffraction (I assume we will since we will still be viewing the image in the image plane). | 2015/03/03 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/168109",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/70392/"
] | It depends on the coherence length of the light source. If the wavefronts are curved, and it's difficult to ensure that light generated at the same time is impinging on the slits at the same time -- you need a relatively precise alignment in both the centre of the lens and the angle.
If you collimate a beam, the wavefronts are planar, so it's less sensitive to a movement of the centre of the lens. | Does a spherical wave-front, as you describe it, require at minimum 2 spherical bursts from a single atom? If spherical wave-fronts form as energy bursts that are independent in nature, with time greater than 0 (t>0) between each burst, and each burst being equal in energy, then in order to adhere to E=hv, might determining the frequency and energy of a photon be simply number of bursts equals total energy per unit time, and frequency determined by the gap between bursts. The reason for the question is that the second burst would allow the photon, if in the visible spectrum as an instance, to be realized, but also create the interference pattern. This perhaps aids in the description of a photon if the above is acceptable. At minimum, a photon exists when a minimum of 2 spherical bursts occur from a reference atom, the distance between bursts determines the frequency, the summation of energy per burst determines E. If acceptable, a photon is simply 2 independent bursts of spherical energy from a single atom. |
168,109 | In some appratus for the Young's double slit experiment a collimating lens is used infront of the double slits, meaning plane wavefronts hit the double slits. But why do we need/want plane wavefronts hitting the slit in the first place, won't spherical wavefronts work just as well? Also if we did not have plane wavefronts would we still get Fraunhofer diffraction (I assume we will since we will still be viewing the image in the image plane). | 2015/03/03 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/168109",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/70392/"
] | It depends on the coherence length of the light source. If the wavefronts are curved, and it's difficult to ensure that light generated at the same time is impinging on the slits at the same time -- you need a relatively precise alignment in both the centre of the lens and the angle.
If you collimate a beam, the wavefronts are planar, so it's less sensitive to a movement of the centre of the lens. | It depends on the coherence length of the light source. If the wavefronts are curved, and it’s difficult to ensure that light generated at the same time is impinging on the slits at the same time — you need a relatively precise alignment in both the centre of the lens and the angle.
If you collimate a beam, the wavefronts are planar, so it’s less sensitive to a movement of the centre of the lens. |
168,109 | In some appratus for the Young's double slit experiment a collimating lens is used infront of the double slits, meaning plane wavefronts hit the double slits. But why do we need/want plane wavefronts hitting the slit in the first place, won't spherical wavefronts work just as well? Also if we did not have plane wavefronts would we still get Fraunhofer diffraction (I assume we will since we will still be viewing the image in the image plane). | 2015/03/03 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/168109",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/70392/"
] | Plane wavefronts ensure that the field at the apertures are in phase and coherent and thus the interference pattern is produced (see Fig.[1](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)).
Non planar input to an aperture equals a case where the point oscillators at the apertures are not in phase and depending on the coherence length of the incoming field, might not be coherent (see Fig.[1](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)). Thus, the interference pattern will change, position will shift and visibility will decrease.
Read for example
[Lasse-Petteri Leppänen et. al., New J. Phys. 16 113059, (2014)](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/11/113059)
[E. Hecht, “Optics.,” Addison Wesley, 2002](http://books.google.fi/books/about/Optics.html?id=7aG6QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y)
![Line of coherent point sources[3]](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)
[Line of coherent point sources](http://books.google.fi/books/about/Optics.html?id=7aG6QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y) | Does a spherical wave-front, as you describe it, require at minimum 2 spherical bursts from a single atom? If spherical wave-fronts form as energy bursts that are independent in nature, with time greater than 0 (t>0) between each burst, and each burst being equal in energy, then in order to adhere to E=hv, might determining the frequency and energy of a photon be simply number of bursts equals total energy per unit time, and frequency determined by the gap between bursts. The reason for the question is that the second burst would allow the photon, if in the visible spectrum as an instance, to be realized, but also create the interference pattern. This perhaps aids in the description of a photon if the above is acceptable. At minimum, a photon exists when a minimum of 2 spherical bursts occur from a reference atom, the distance between bursts determines the frequency, the summation of energy per burst determines E. If acceptable, a photon is simply 2 independent bursts of spherical energy from a single atom. |
168,109 | In some appratus for the Young's double slit experiment a collimating lens is used infront of the double slits, meaning plane wavefronts hit the double slits. But why do we need/want plane wavefronts hitting the slit in the first place, won't spherical wavefronts work just as well? Also if we did not have plane wavefronts would we still get Fraunhofer diffraction (I assume we will since we will still be viewing the image in the image plane). | 2015/03/03 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/168109",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/70392/"
] | Plane wavefronts ensure that the field at the apertures are in phase and coherent and thus the interference pattern is produced (see Fig.[1](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)).
Non planar input to an aperture equals a case where the point oscillators at the apertures are not in phase and depending on the coherence length of the incoming field, might not be coherent (see Fig.[1](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)). Thus, the interference pattern will change, position will shift and visibility will decrease.
Read for example
[Lasse-Petteri Leppänen et. al., New J. Phys. 16 113059, (2014)](http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/16/11/113059)
[E. Hecht, “Optics.,” Addison Wesley, 2002](http://books.google.fi/books/about/Optics.html?id=7aG6QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y)
![Line of coherent point sources[3]](https://i.stack.imgur.com/jDRIx.png)
[Line of coherent point sources](http://books.google.fi/books/about/Optics.html?id=7aG6QgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y) | It depends on the coherence length of the light source. If the wavefronts are curved, and it’s difficult to ensure that light generated at the same time is impinging on the slits at the same time — you need a relatively precise alignment in both the centre of the lens and the angle.
If you collimate a beam, the wavefronts are planar, so it’s less sensitive to a movement of the centre of the lens. |
7,514 | UPDATED: 1/15/2014
I originally wrote this post in 2010, when I was looking for alternative ways to store and transport papers. I had my laptop, but due to its weight, limited battery life, and the LCD screen, an e-reader such as Kindle seemed like a good idea at the time. (Also, at the time of the original post, I had never owned a smartphone, let alone a tablet.)
Aside from the Kindle, are there any other electronic tablet or pads, or other devices that you'd recommend for this type of purpose? What are some of your experiences?
As for my self, I purchased a Pocketbook Reader 602 from [PocketBook International](http://www.pocketbook-int.com/us) four years ago. At the time, it seemed like a smart purchase, as it PBR handles a while array of file formats without needing to convert anything. However, I don't use the device as nearly as much as I thought I would.
The device itself works the way it should. It is a bit slow with the page rotation. And as user641 points out, the PBR can be a bit sluggish with larger files. The text-to-speech feature is completely useless when it comes to reading math. I tried utilizing the internet connectivity. While it is amusing to see websites in e-ink, in the end it's too sluggish to be of any use.
Here are a few things that I had originally thought would be convenient, but wound up being an annoyance instead.
1. **Lack of Touch Screen Capability.** I purposely chose the model that didn't have a touch screen capability. Reports of glare and the idea of getting smudge on the screen led me to that. However, the alternative is an extremely painful, unintuitive, tedious navigation.
2. **Small Size.** I opted for the small size of PBR 602 for its portability. While I have no problem reading novels, for math this is just unbearable. The slow page turn / search interface / zoom makes the problem even worse. Basically, reading anything that requires jumping from one part to another, looking up index or keywords, is extremely painful.
Note that the small size wouldn't be as big of an issue, if the interface was quick and seamless. For instance, I don't find reading math on my smartphone as painful.
I still use my PBR 602 from time to time. In fact, I go through periods where I would use it extensively. Unfortunately, its inconveniences prevents it from regular usage. | 2010/10/22 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/7514",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2499/"
] | Following suggestions in an MO discussion of "tablets" good for math, I spent a few dollars and acquired "GoodReader" and "iAnnotate PDF" and "Note Taker HD". I already had "Pages" on my iPad ("1", not "2"), as well as iBooks.
With the "zoom" capability, they're all at-least-ok for reading PDFs. The iBooks is obviously not really aimed at this application. The "GoodReader" has functionality similar to the parts of Adobe Acrobat Pro that I use on my desktop Mac to mark up drafts (and other), in touch-screen form. Easy to organize files, too, at least in the sense that the interface for doing so is consonant with other interfaces familiar to me. The "Pages" creation of PDFs is not so much what I use, tho' it is the only way I can really produce PDFs *on* the iPad. I've not had occasion to compare iAnnotate yet.
The "note-taker HD" is quite striking, tho' I've not yet tried using it seriously. I do intend to attempt some note-taking (writing with my finger!): the resulting PDF file can be emailed, scp'd, etc., rather than needing photocopying... even if one eventually retypes-and-discards it.
In summary, despite the relative tininess, zoom makes it hugely better than lugging stacks of paper, to begin with. A very small laptop might compete, if it had "zoom", to make it worthwhile carrying the extra pound of weight... In fact, tablets fit under airplane seats much-much-much better than even small laptops. Battery life is much better, too.
I intend to try taking notes with the "note taker HD" sometime soon, to gauge the feasibility of writing as fast with my finger (stylus?) as with a pen. Obviously some of the issue is the feedback loop.
I believe that if one acquires the correct cable, that wide-plug from an iPad can run a TV/projector (tho' of course the battery life will be worse).
The combination experiment, which I may perform this coming academic year, is using the mark-on-it-with-your-finger possibility, together with the projection possibility, to give lectures via iPad. My previous objection to "projector" talks has mainly been the static-ness (at least as the state most speakers default into) and non-adaptibility. Being able to scribble and high-light a projected typset screen, as well as "writing in the margin" (with my finger...or stylus) *may* allow a sufficiently dynamic version...
... not to mention allowing preservation of the marked-up version as a PDF, made available on-line for students, etc.
That is, an iPad with a teensy further investment in "apps", at least if one has a Mac machine to sync it with, seems quite excellent given the trade-offs.
Edit (14 Oct 2012): Used "Note Taker HD" all last year, 2011-2012, and it worked pretty well, although since I was just marking on PDFs I didn't get around to using the "zoom" feature to make small, precise marks. Since then, I've experimented further with various further possibilities: Penultimate (no small writing, but trivially easy to use), Notes Plus (pretty-good small writing), Notability (acquired recently), and just now, at the urging of hhh, "UPad". As suggested by hhh, the "small writing" (a.k.a. "zoom") in UPad is somewhat better quality than the others, insofar as it remains equally responsive to stylus pressure, etc., rather than losing that granularity of control.
I note that a somewhat different style of writing/note-taking seems necessary/better with these devices rather than paper-and-pen/pencil, namely, that color-emphasis, highlighting, cut-and-relocate, and "undo" change the ground-rules significantly. I do not claim to have figured it out...
The possibility of making a recording (of someone's talk) syncrhonized with note-taking exists in many of these apps, but there *is* the complication that most speakers do not anticipate that anyone is recording them, etc., either in terms of intellectual property or "attributable quotes", so I've not touched that. | I have the previous-generation Kindle, though I think the software and screen are essentially the same. I think PDF would probably be the only convenient format and letter-size PDFs are a bit small to read without having to zoom and pan. Personally, I wouldn't want to deal with a textbook on it—in fact, I wouldn't want to deal with textbooks on any tablet device I've seen thus far because you lose physical features like looking at two books at once and flipping through the book—but I'd certainly consider using it for articles or other shorter works. |
7,514 | UPDATED: 1/15/2014
I originally wrote this post in 2010, when I was looking for alternative ways to store and transport papers. I had my laptop, but due to its weight, limited battery life, and the LCD screen, an e-reader such as Kindle seemed like a good idea at the time. (Also, at the time of the original post, I had never owned a smartphone, let alone a tablet.)
Aside from the Kindle, are there any other electronic tablet or pads, or other devices that you'd recommend for this type of purpose? What are some of your experiences?
As for my self, I purchased a Pocketbook Reader 602 from [PocketBook International](http://www.pocketbook-int.com/us) four years ago. At the time, it seemed like a smart purchase, as it PBR handles a while array of file formats without needing to convert anything. However, I don't use the device as nearly as much as I thought I would.
The device itself works the way it should. It is a bit slow with the page rotation. And as user641 points out, the PBR can be a bit sluggish with larger files. The text-to-speech feature is completely useless when it comes to reading math. I tried utilizing the internet connectivity. While it is amusing to see websites in e-ink, in the end it's too sluggish to be of any use.
Here are a few things that I had originally thought would be convenient, but wound up being an annoyance instead.
1. **Lack of Touch Screen Capability.** I purposely chose the model that didn't have a touch screen capability. Reports of glare and the idea of getting smudge on the screen led me to that. However, the alternative is an extremely painful, unintuitive, tedious navigation.
2. **Small Size.** I opted for the small size of PBR 602 for its portability. While I have no problem reading novels, for math this is just unbearable. The slow page turn / search interface / zoom makes the problem even worse. Basically, reading anything that requires jumping from one part to another, looking up index or keywords, is extremely painful.
Note that the small size wouldn't be as big of an issue, if the interface was quick and seamless. For instance, I don't find reading math on my smartphone as painful.
I still use my PBR 602 from time to time. In fact, I go through periods where I would use it extensively. Unfortunately, its inconveniences prevents it from regular usage. | 2010/10/22 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/7514",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2499/"
] | I have the previous-generation Kindle, though I think the software and screen are essentially the same. I think PDF would probably be the only convenient format and letter-size PDFs are a bit small to read without having to zoom and pan. Personally, I wouldn't want to deal with a textbook on it—in fact, I wouldn't want to deal with textbooks on any tablet device I've seen thus far because you lose physical features like looking at two books at once and flipping through the book—but I'd certainly consider using it for articles or other shorter works. | For e-Ink, and math documents, you either want a larger or better screen. Curiously, Kindle no longer uses the highest resolution screens. That honor now goes to the [iRiver Story](http://www.iriver.com/product/view.asp?pCode=002&pNo=86). |
7,514 | UPDATED: 1/15/2014
I originally wrote this post in 2010, when I was looking for alternative ways to store and transport papers. I had my laptop, but due to its weight, limited battery life, and the LCD screen, an e-reader such as Kindle seemed like a good idea at the time. (Also, at the time of the original post, I had never owned a smartphone, let alone a tablet.)
Aside from the Kindle, are there any other electronic tablet or pads, or other devices that you'd recommend for this type of purpose? What are some of your experiences?
As for my self, I purchased a Pocketbook Reader 602 from [PocketBook International](http://www.pocketbook-int.com/us) four years ago. At the time, it seemed like a smart purchase, as it PBR handles a while array of file formats without needing to convert anything. However, I don't use the device as nearly as much as I thought I would.
The device itself works the way it should. It is a bit slow with the page rotation. And as user641 points out, the PBR can be a bit sluggish with larger files. The text-to-speech feature is completely useless when it comes to reading math. I tried utilizing the internet connectivity. While it is amusing to see websites in e-ink, in the end it's too sluggish to be of any use.
Here are a few things that I had originally thought would be convenient, but wound up being an annoyance instead.
1. **Lack of Touch Screen Capability.** I purposely chose the model that didn't have a touch screen capability. Reports of glare and the idea of getting smudge on the screen led me to that. However, the alternative is an extremely painful, unintuitive, tedious navigation.
2. **Small Size.** I opted for the small size of PBR 602 for its portability. While I have no problem reading novels, for math this is just unbearable. The slow page turn / search interface / zoom makes the problem even worse. Basically, reading anything that requires jumping from one part to another, looking up index or keywords, is extremely painful.
Note that the small size wouldn't be as big of an issue, if the interface was quick and seamless. For instance, I don't find reading math on my smartphone as painful.
I still use my PBR 602 from time to time. In fact, I go through periods where I would use it extensively. Unfortunately, its inconveniences prevents it from regular usage. | 2010/10/22 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/7514",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2499/"
] | Following suggestions in an MO discussion of "tablets" good for math, I spent a few dollars and acquired "GoodReader" and "iAnnotate PDF" and "Note Taker HD". I already had "Pages" on my iPad ("1", not "2"), as well as iBooks.
With the "zoom" capability, they're all at-least-ok for reading PDFs. The iBooks is obviously not really aimed at this application. The "GoodReader" has functionality similar to the parts of Adobe Acrobat Pro that I use on my desktop Mac to mark up drafts (and other), in touch-screen form. Easy to organize files, too, at least in the sense that the interface for doing so is consonant with other interfaces familiar to me. The "Pages" creation of PDFs is not so much what I use, tho' it is the only way I can really produce PDFs *on* the iPad. I've not had occasion to compare iAnnotate yet.
The "note-taker HD" is quite striking, tho' I've not yet tried using it seriously. I do intend to attempt some note-taking (writing with my finger!): the resulting PDF file can be emailed, scp'd, etc., rather than needing photocopying... even if one eventually retypes-and-discards it.
In summary, despite the relative tininess, zoom makes it hugely better than lugging stacks of paper, to begin with. A very small laptop might compete, if it had "zoom", to make it worthwhile carrying the extra pound of weight... In fact, tablets fit under airplane seats much-much-much better than even small laptops. Battery life is much better, too.
I intend to try taking notes with the "note taker HD" sometime soon, to gauge the feasibility of writing as fast with my finger (stylus?) as with a pen. Obviously some of the issue is the feedback loop.
I believe that if one acquires the correct cable, that wide-plug from an iPad can run a TV/projector (tho' of course the battery life will be worse).
The combination experiment, which I may perform this coming academic year, is using the mark-on-it-with-your-finger possibility, together with the projection possibility, to give lectures via iPad. My previous objection to "projector" talks has mainly been the static-ness (at least as the state most speakers default into) and non-adaptibility. Being able to scribble and high-light a projected typset screen, as well as "writing in the margin" (with my finger...or stylus) *may* allow a sufficiently dynamic version...
... not to mention allowing preservation of the marked-up version as a PDF, made available on-line for students, etc.
That is, an iPad with a teensy further investment in "apps", at least if one has a Mac machine to sync it with, seems quite excellent given the trade-offs.
Edit (14 Oct 2012): Used "Note Taker HD" all last year, 2011-2012, and it worked pretty well, although since I was just marking on PDFs I didn't get around to using the "zoom" feature to make small, precise marks. Since then, I've experimented further with various further possibilities: Penultimate (no small writing, but trivially easy to use), Notes Plus (pretty-good small writing), Notability (acquired recently), and just now, at the urging of hhh, "UPad". As suggested by hhh, the "small writing" (a.k.a. "zoom") in UPad is somewhat better quality than the others, insofar as it remains equally responsive to stylus pressure, etc., rather than losing that granularity of control.
I note that a somewhat different style of writing/note-taking seems necessary/better with these devices rather than paper-and-pen/pencil, namely, that color-emphasis, highlighting, cut-and-relocate, and "undo" change the ground-rules significantly. I do not claim to have figured it out...
The possibility of making a recording (of someone's talk) syncrhonized with note-taking exists in many of these apps, but there *is* the complication that most speakers do not anticipate that anyone is recording them, etc., either in terms of intellectual property or "attributable quotes", so I've not touched that. | The link <https://mathoverflow.net/questions/30511/ebook-readers-for-mathematics> really answers my original question.
I wanted to say that I ended up purchasing the Pocketbook Reader 602, and I've been using it to read math papers and textbooks. There have been some issues with the firmware and wifi connectivity. I actually had to send it back because of a broken reset button. The bluetooth file transferring interface and program could be a bit better. But overall, I'm very happy with the device.
<http://www.pocketbook-usa.com/support/pocketbook-602/>
Some of the complains my friends had were that it wasn't touch screen and that the screen was too small. I actually did not want a touch screen, and I opted for the smaller device for the portability.
I personally have no problems with the screen size. The only times this ever became an issue was when the file had too much white blank space. I used a pdf editor and cut out the white space, and now it's totally readable. I have a lot of djvu and ps files, and so far PBR has had no problems handling them without having to convert them.
EDIT: When I first made the purchase, I was somewhat disappointed by the flimsiness (the reset button broke off) and issues with the software (bluetooth working sporadically, wifi issues, inaccurate battery meter), the page loading time was a tad too slow, the text wasn't dark enough, the automatic screen rotation was not working, etc etc etc...
Yes, it is a good e-reader, and yes, I think at the time I made this post, I think it was better than some of the other e-readers I've seen being used for math. But ultimately it was more of a toy than a tool. The device had been collecting dust for most of the part.
But, then there was a firmware update.
The update fixed most of the issues I mentioned above. I haven't really used the wifi, but the bluetooth now works reliably. The overall performance of the device was greatly enhanced. Page turning is a lot faster, the text is clearer and darker. And the battery meter seems to be working in order too.
Now I use this device seriously, and it has been of a great use. The new interface looks a bit cartoony, but it is a lot more user friendly. |
7,514 | UPDATED: 1/15/2014
I originally wrote this post in 2010, when I was looking for alternative ways to store and transport papers. I had my laptop, but due to its weight, limited battery life, and the LCD screen, an e-reader such as Kindle seemed like a good idea at the time. (Also, at the time of the original post, I had never owned a smartphone, let alone a tablet.)
Aside from the Kindle, are there any other electronic tablet or pads, or other devices that you'd recommend for this type of purpose? What are some of your experiences?
As for my self, I purchased a Pocketbook Reader 602 from [PocketBook International](http://www.pocketbook-int.com/us) four years ago. At the time, it seemed like a smart purchase, as it PBR handles a while array of file formats without needing to convert anything. However, I don't use the device as nearly as much as I thought I would.
The device itself works the way it should. It is a bit slow with the page rotation. And as user641 points out, the PBR can be a bit sluggish with larger files. The text-to-speech feature is completely useless when it comes to reading math. I tried utilizing the internet connectivity. While it is amusing to see websites in e-ink, in the end it's too sluggish to be of any use.
Here are a few things that I had originally thought would be convenient, but wound up being an annoyance instead.
1. **Lack of Touch Screen Capability.** I purposely chose the model that didn't have a touch screen capability. Reports of glare and the idea of getting smudge on the screen led me to that. However, the alternative is an extremely painful, unintuitive, tedious navigation.
2. **Small Size.** I opted for the small size of PBR 602 for its portability. While I have no problem reading novels, for math this is just unbearable. The slow page turn / search interface / zoom makes the problem even worse. Basically, reading anything that requires jumping from one part to another, looking up index or keywords, is extremely painful.
Note that the small size wouldn't be as big of an issue, if the interface was quick and seamless. For instance, I don't find reading math on my smartphone as painful.
I still use my PBR 602 from time to time. In fact, I go through periods where I would use it extensively. Unfortunately, its inconveniences prevents it from regular usage. | 2010/10/22 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/7514",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2499/"
] | The link <https://mathoverflow.net/questions/30511/ebook-readers-for-mathematics> really answers my original question.
I wanted to say that I ended up purchasing the Pocketbook Reader 602, and I've been using it to read math papers and textbooks. There have been some issues with the firmware and wifi connectivity. I actually had to send it back because of a broken reset button. The bluetooth file transferring interface and program could be a bit better. But overall, I'm very happy with the device.
<http://www.pocketbook-usa.com/support/pocketbook-602/>
Some of the complains my friends had were that it wasn't touch screen and that the screen was too small. I actually did not want a touch screen, and I opted for the smaller device for the portability.
I personally have no problems with the screen size. The only times this ever became an issue was when the file had too much white blank space. I used a pdf editor and cut out the white space, and now it's totally readable. I have a lot of djvu and ps files, and so far PBR has had no problems handling them without having to convert them.
EDIT: When I first made the purchase, I was somewhat disappointed by the flimsiness (the reset button broke off) and issues with the software (bluetooth working sporadically, wifi issues, inaccurate battery meter), the page loading time was a tad too slow, the text wasn't dark enough, the automatic screen rotation was not working, etc etc etc...
Yes, it is a good e-reader, and yes, I think at the time I made this post, I think it was better than some of the other e-readers I've seen being used for math. But ultimately it was more of a toy than a tool. The device had been collecting dust for most of the part.
But, then there was a firmware update.
The update fixed most of the issues I mentioned above. I haven't really used the wifi, but the bluetooth now works reliably. The overall performance of the device was greatly enhanced. Page turning is a lot faster, the text is clearer and darker. And the battery meter seems to be working in order too.
Now I use this device seriously, and it has been of a great use. The new interface looks a bit cartoony, but it is a lot more user friendly. | For e-Ink, and math documents, you either want a larger or better screen. Curiously, Kindle no longer uses the highest resolution screens. That honor now goes to the [iRiver Story](http://www.iriver.com/product/view.asp?pCode=002&pNo=86). |
7,514 | UPDATED: 1/15/2014
I originally wrote this post in 2010, when I was looking for alternative ways to store and transport papers. I had my laptop, but due to its weight, limited battery life, and the LCD screen, an e-reader such as Kindle seemed like a good idea at the time. (Also, at the time of the original post, I had never owned a smartphone, let alone a tablet.)
Aside from the Kindle, are there any other electronic tablet or pads, or other devices that you'd recommend for this type of purpose? What are some of your experiences?
As for my self, I purchased a Pocketbook Reader 602 from [PocketBook International](http://www.pocketbook-int.com/us) four years ago. At the time, it seemed like a smart purchase, as it PBR handles a while array of file formats without needing to convert anything. However, I don't use the device as nearly as much as I thought I would.
The device itself works the way it should. It is a bit slow with the page rotation. And as user641 points out, the PBR can be a bit sluggish with larger files. The text-to-speech feature is completely useless when it comes to reading math. I tried utilizing the internet connectivity. While it is amusing to see websites in e-ink, in the end it's too sluggish to be of any use.
Here are a few things that I had originally thought would be convenient, but wound up being an annoyance instead.
1. **Lack of Touch Screen Capability.** I purposely chose the model that didn't have a touch screen capability. Reports of glare and the idea of getting smudge on the screen led me to that. However, the alternative is an extremely painful, unintuitive, tedious navigation.
2. **Small Size.** I opted for the small size of PBR 602 for its portability. While I have no problem reading novels, for math this is just unbearable. The slow page turn / search interface / zoom makes the problem even worse. Basically, reading anything that requires jumping from one part to another, looking up index or keywords, is extremely painful.
Note that the small size wouldn't be as big of an issue, if the interface was quick and seamless. For instance, I don't find reading math on my smartphone as painful.
I still use my PBR 602 from time to time. In fact, I go through periods where I would use it extensively. Unfortunately, its inconveniences prevents it from regular usage. | 2010/10/22 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/7514",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2499/"
] | Following suggestions in an MO discussion of "tablets" good for math, I spent a few dollars and acquired "GoodReader" and "iAnnotate PDF" and "Note Taker HD". I already had "Pages" on my iPad ("1", not "2"), as well as iBooks.
With the "zoom" capability, they're all at-least-ok for reading PDFs. The iBooks is obviously not really aimed at this application. The "GoodReader" has functionality similar to the parts of Adobe Acrobat Pro that I use on my desktop Mac to mark up drafts (and other), in touch-screen form. Easy to organize files, too, at least in the sense that the interface for doing so is consonant with other interfaces familiar to me. The "Pages" creation of PDFs is not so much what I use, tho' it is the only way I can really produce PDFs *on* the iPad. I've not had occasion to compare iAnnotate yet.
The "note-taker HD" is quite striking, tho' I've not yet tried using it seriously. I do intend to attempt some note-taking (writing with my finger!): the resulting PDF file can be emailed, scp'd, etc., rather than needing photocopying... even if one eventually retypes-and-discards it.
In summary, despite the relative tininess, zoom makes it hugely better than lugging stacks of paper, to begin with. A very small laptop might compete, if it had "zoom", to make it worthwhile carrying the extra pound of weight... In fact, tablets fit under airplane seats much-much-much better than even small laptops. Battery life is much better, too.
I intend to try taking notes with the "note taker HD" sometime soon, to gauge the feasibility of writing as fast with my finger (stylus?) as with a pen. Obviously some of the issue is the feedback loop.
I believe that if one acquires the correct cable, that wide-plug from an iPad can run a TV/projector (tho' of course the battery life will be worse).
The combination experiment, which I may perform this coming academic year, is using the mark-on-it-with-your-finger possibility, together with the projection possibility, to give lectures via iPad. My previous objection to "projector" talks has mainly been the static-ness (at least as the state most speakers default into) and non-adaptibility. Being able to scribble and high-light a projected typset screen, as well as "writing in the margin" (with my finger...or stylus) *may* allow a sufficiently dynamic version...
... not to mention allowing preservation of the marked-up version as a PDF, made available on-line for students, etc.
That is, an iPad with a teensy further investment in "apps", at least if one has a Mac machine to sync it with, seems quite excellent given the trade-offs.
Edit (14 Oct 2012): Used "Note Taker HD" all last year, 2011-2012, and it worked pretty well, although since I was just marking on PDFs I didn't get around to using the "zoom" feature to make small, precise marks. Since then, I've experimented further with various further possibilities: Penultimate (no small writing, but trivially easy to use), Notes Plus (pretty-good small writing), Notability (acquired recently), and just now, at the urging of hhh, "UPad". As suggested by hhh, the "small writing" (a.k.a. "zoom") in UPad is somewhat better quality than the others, insofar as it remains equally responsive to stylus pressure, etc., rather than losing that granularity of control.
I note that a somewhat different style of writing/note-taking seems necessary/better with these devices rather than paper-and-pen/pencil, namely, that color-emphasis, highlighting, cut-and-relocate, and "undo" change the ground-rules significantly. I do not claim to have figured it out...
The possibility of making a recording (of someone's talk) syncrhonized with note-taking exists in many of these apps, but there *is* the complication that most speakers do not anticipate that anyone is recording them, etc., either in terms of intellectual property or "attributable quotes", so I've not touched that. | For e-Ink, and math documents, you either want a larger or better screen. Curiously, Kindle no longer uses the highest resolution screens. That honor now goes to the [iRiver Story](http://www.iriver.com/product/view.asp?pCode=002&pNo=86). |
7,514 | UPDATED: 1/15/2014
I originally wrote this post in 2010, when I was looking for alternative ways to store and transport papers. I had my laptop, but due to its weight, limited battery life, and the LCD screen, an e-reader such as Kindle seemed like a good idea at the time. (Also, at the time of the original post, I had never owned a smartphone, let alone a tablet.)
Aside from the Kindle, are there any other electronic tablet or pads, or other devices that you'd recommend for this type of purpose? What are some of your experiences?
As for my self, I purchased a Pocketbook Reader 602 from [PocketBook International](http://www.pocketbook-int.com/us) four years ago. At the time, it seemed like a smart purchase, as it PBR handles a while array of file formats without needing to convert anything. However, I don't use the device as nearly as much as I thought I would.
The device itself works the way it should. It is a bit slow with the page rotation. And as user641 points out, the PBR can be a bit sluggish with larger files. The text-to-speech feature is completely useless when it comes to reading math. I tried utilizing the internet connectivity. While it is amusing to see websites in e-ink, in the end it's too sluggish to be of any use.
Here are a few things that I had originally thought would be convenient, but wound up being an annoyance instead.
1. **Lack of Touch Screen Capability.** I purposely chose the model that didn't have a touch screen capability. Reports of glare and the idea of getting smudge on the screen led me to that. However, the alternative is an extremely painful, unintuitive, tedious navigation.
2. **Small Size.** I opted for the small size of PBR 602 for its portability. While I have no problem reading novels, for math this is just unbearable. The slow page turn / search interface / zoom makes the problem even worse. Basically, reading anything that requires jumping from one part to another, looking up index or keywords, is extremely painful.
Note that the small size wouldn't be as big of an issue, if the interface was quick and seamless. For instance, I don't find reading math on my smartphone as painful.
I still use my PBR 602 from time to time. In fact, I go through periods where I would use it extensively. Unfortunately, its inconveniences prevents it from regular usage. | 2010/10/22 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/7514",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2499/"
] | Following suggestions in an MO discussion of "tablets" good for math, I spent a few dollars and acquired "GoodReader" and "iAnnotate PDF" and "Note Taker HD". I already had "Pages" on my iPad ("1", not "2"), as well as iBooks.
With the "zoom" capability, they're all at-least-ok for reading PDFs. The iBooks is obviously not really aimed at this application. The "GoodReader" has functionality similar to the parts of Adobe Acrobat Pro that I use on my desktop Mac to mark up drafts (and other), in touch-screen form. Easy to organize files, too, at least in the sense that the interface for doing so is consonant with other interfaces familiar to me. The "Pages" creation of PDFs is not so much what I use, tho' it is the only way I can really produce PDFs *on* the iPad. I've not had occasion to compare iAnnotate yet.
The "note-taker HD" is quite striking, tho' I've not yet tried using it seriously. I do intend to attempt some note-taking (writing with my finger!): the resulting PDF file can be emailed, scp'd, etc., rather than needing photocopying... even if one eventually retypes-and-discards it.
In summary, despite the relative tininess, zoom makes it hugely better than lugging stacks of paper, to begin with. A very small laptop might compete, if it had "zoom", to make it worthwhile carrying the extra pound of weight... In fact, tablets fit under airplane seats much-much-much better than even small laptops. Battery life is much better, too.
I intend to try taking notes with the "note taker HD" sometime soon, to gauge the feasibility of writing as fast with my finger (stylus?) as with a pen. Obviously some of the issue is the feedback loop.
I believe that if one acquires the correct cable, that wide-plug from an iPad can run a TV/projector (tho' of course the battery life will be worse).
The combination experiment, which I may perform this coming academic year, is using the mark-on-it-with-your-finger possibility, together with the projection possibility, to give lectures via iPad. My previous objection to "projector" talks has mainly been the static-ness (at least as the state most speakers default into) and non-adaptibility. Being able to scribble and high-light a projected typset screen, as well as "writing in the margin" (with my finger...or stylus) *may* allow a sufficiently dynamic version...
... not to mention allowing preservation of the marked-up version as a PDF, made available on-line for students, etc.
That is, an iPad with a teensy further investment in "apps", at least if one has a Mac machine to sync it with, seems quite excellent given the trade-offs.
Edit (14 Oct 2012): Used "Note Taker HD" all last year, 2011-2012, and it worked pretty well, although since I was just marking on PDFs I didn't get around to using the "zoom" feature to make small, precise marks. Since then, I've experimented further with various further possibilities: Penultimate (no small writing, but trivially easy to use), Notes Plus (pretty-good small writing), Notability (acquired recently), and just now, at the urging of hhh, "UPad". As suggested by hhh, the "small writing" (a.k.a. "zoom") in UPad is somewhat better quality than the others, insofar as it remains equally responsive to stylus pressure, etc., rather than losing that granularity of control.
I note that a somewhat different style of writing/note-taking seems necessary/better with these devices rather than paper-and-pen/pencil, namely, that color-emphasis, highlighting, cut-and-relocate, and "undo" change the ground-rules significantly. I do not claim to have figured it out...
The possibility of making a recording (of someone's talk) syncrhonized with note-taking exists in many of these apps, but there *is* the complication that most speakers do not anticipate that anyone is recording them, etc., either in terms of intellectual property or "attributable quotes", so I've not touched that. | I will share my experience here.
At first I also bought a Pocketbook e-reader, specifically the 902, which has a larger screen. It handled both DJVU and PDF files, which was important to me. The DJVU rendering was slow, however, and it had serious lag issues with large files. But all the math was perfectly rendered, zoom worked, etc.
I eventually got rid of my Pocketbook because I found the device somewhat unreliable. It was also clear that reading DJVU files on an e-reader is not the joy you might think it is. Specifically, these are normal (A4) sized pages, being shrunk to fit the screen. I downloaded a few programs to help with the margins, but still, it was difficult/not worth it to read DJVU files this way.
I then purchased a Kindle DX, which can handle PDF files, but not DJVUs. The Kindle is an incredible product, and works very well. Still, it will lag on larger PDF files, and several times I have had to trim margins on my laptop before putting them on the Kindle. This is really nothing to do with math however: I don't think there are any e-readers out there which handle PDF files like this well.
Now there a couple of options. One is to convert the PDF files to an AZW (or even MOBI) file. In my experience, this fails miserably. Even without any formulas/math type, the spacing and sentence structure is essentially ruined. With math? disastrous results. And if there are pictures, forget it.
The other option, which isn't always available, is to get your hands on the TeX source. I use this option for any arXiv papers I download, for example. There you can resize the font, margins, etc., to optimize for Kindle viewing. There are measurements out there which give exact dimensions for the viewing window of a Kindle. This option (which again, isn't always a possibility) is certainly the best. Reading a paper on the Kindle this way is just as enjoyable as reading a hard copy.
In the end, the books I do have as PDF files I trim myself (using pdfTK and a Java program called Briss), and then put them on the Kindle as PDF files. I view it rotated 90degrees, because this increases the magnification.
The articles I can get as TeX files, I adjust the margins/font size etc. (this is based on the paper itself; for example, large figures require different processing than a short, all-text paper). Then I convert to PDF and put on my Kindle. Again, these are the nicest PDFs on my Kindle.
Finally, I would like to mention that several prominent math books (a few by John Stillwell for example) are now available in Kindle format on Amazon. I haven't purchased any of these, but presumably the publisher simply changed the margins/text size in the TeX file, as I do for the articles. |
7,514 | UPDATED: 1/15/2014
I originally wrote this post in 2010, when I was looking for alternative ways to store and transport papers. I had my laptop, but due to its weight, limited battery life, and the LCD screen, an e-reader such as Kindle seemed like a good idea at the time. (Also, at the time of the original post, I had never owned a smartphone, let alone a tablet.)
Aside from the Kindle, are there any other electronic tablet or pads, or other devices that you'd recommend for this type of purpose? What are some of your experiences?
As for my self, I purchased a Pocketbook Reader 602 from [PocketBook International](http://www.pocketbook-int.com/us) four years ago. At the time, it seemed like a smart purchase, as it PBR handles a while array of file formats without needing to convert anything. However, I don't use the device as nearly as much as I thought I would.
The device itself works the way it should. It is a bit slow with the page rotation. And as user641 points out, the PBR can be a bit sluggish with larger files. The text-to-speech feature is completely useless when it comes to reading math. I tried utilizing the internet connectivity. While it is amusing to see websites in e-ink, in the end it's too sluggish to be of any use.
Here are a few things that I had originally thought would be convenient, but wound up being an annoyance instead.
1. **Lack of Touch Screen Capability.** I purposely chose the model that didn't have a touch screen capability. Reports of glare and the idea of getting smudge on the screen led me to that. However, the alternative is an extremely painful, unintuitive, tedious navigation.
2. **Small Size.** I opted for the small size of PBR 602 for its portability. While I have no problem reading novels, for math this is just unbearable. The slow page turn / search interface / zoom makes the problem even worse. Basically, reading anything that requires jumping from one part to another, looking up index or keywords, is extremely painful.
Note that the small size wouldn't be as big of an issue, if the interface was quick and seamless. For instance, I don't find reading math on my smartphone as painful.
I still use my PBR 602 from time to time. In fact, I go through periods where I would use it extensively. Unfortunately, its inconveniences prevents it from regular usage. | 2010/10/22 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/7514",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/2499/"
] | I will share my experience here.
At first I also bought a Pocketbook e-reader, specifically the 902, which has a larger screen. It handled both DJVU and PDF files, which was important to me. The DJVU rendering was slow, however, and it had serious lag issues with large files. But all the math was perfectly rendered, zoom worked, etc.
I eventually got rid of my Pocketbook because I found the device somewhat unreliable. It was also clear that reading DJVU files on an e-reader is not the joy you might think it is. Specifically, these are normal (A4) sized pages, being shrunk to fit the screen. I downloaded a few programs to help with the margins, but still, it was difficult/not worth it to read DJVU files this way.
I then purchased a Kindle DX, which can handle PDF files, but not DJVUs. The Kindle is an incredible product, and works very well. Still, it will lag on larger PDF files, and several times I have had to trim margins on my laptop before putting them on the Kindle. This is really nothing to do with math however: I don't think there are any e-readers out there which handle PDF files like this well.
Now there a couple of options. One is to convert the PDF files to an AZW (or even MOBI) file. In my experience, this fails miserably. Even without any formulas/math type, the spacing and sentence structure is essentially ruined. With math? disastrous results. And if there are pictures, forget it.
The other option, which isn't always available, is to get your hands on the TeX source. I use this option for any arXiv papers I download, for example. There you can resize the font, margins, etc., to optimize for Kindle viewing. There are measurements out there which give exact dimensions for the viewing window of a Kindle. This option (which again, isn't always a possibility) is certainly the best. Reading a paper on the Kindle this way is just as enjoyable as reading a hard copy.
In the end, the books I do have as PDF files I trim myself (using pdfTK and a Java program called Briss), and then put them on the Kindle as PDF files. I view it rotated 90degrees, because this increases the magnification.
The articles I can get as TeX files, I adjust the margins/font size etc. (this is based on the paper itself; for example, large figures require different processing than a short, all-text paper). Then I convert to PDF and put on my Kindle. Again, these are the nicest PDFs on my Kindle.
Finally, I would like to mention that several prominent math books (a few by John Stillwell for example) are now available in Kindle format on Amazon. I haven't purchased any of these, but presumably the publisher simply changed the margins/text size in the TeX file, as I do for the articles. | For e-Ink, and math documents, you either want a larger or better screen. Curiously, Kindle no longer uses the highest resolution screens. That honor now goes to the [iRiver Story](http://www.iriver.com/product/view.asp?pCode=002&pNo=86). |
1,961,429 | I can't really say I fully understand hopw they interact.
Especially when I say if(Page.IsPostBack) in an ASCX Load event, what does it mean. The parent ASPX is postback?
thanks in advance | 2009/12/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/1961429",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/238211/"
] | You are correct. The bool property Page.IsPostBack will tell you if the aspx page containing the ascx control has been submitted to itself. The Page object refers to the aspx page. | This might help you understand the process:
Put a breakpoint on Page\_Load on the .aspx page, and another breakpoint on the load event in the user control. Run the app and view the sequence of events.
It might also be helpful to create Init events in both places, just so you can step through them and see the differences.
If your current code is a bit complex, you might want to create a separate sample project just for this purpose. Make a "Hello world" .ascx and put it on a "Welcome" .aspx, set all the breakpoints and step through the code.
Personally, I think this approach is easier to understand and remember than just reading about it. |
84,850 | I've been offered a position in the lab I worked in as an undergrad, starting this spring upon graduation. One of the perks of my position would be that I get to register for 5 credits (~one class) per quarter for free.
Let's say I want to take advantage of this, and my boss in the lab is willing. I see I have three options to take classes this way:
1. I could take more classes in my major (linguistics) that I didn't take before I graduated.
2. I could take classes that would prepare me for the sort of work I want to do in graduate school (closer to psychology than theoretical linguistics) beyond what I already have done and learn in the lab.
3. I could take entirely unrelated classes I have interests in but didn't take in undergrad. For me, I would probably take a language class. It keeps me sane, and they're often scheduled early in the day so I would miss less work.
All else being equal, how would a graduate admissions committee look on me for choosing each of these paths for a year or two before I apply for grad school? I imagine (2) would be best, but there's still lots of interesting classes in (1)
and (3) that are hard to pass up.
I do want to say I'm not just doing this to make my grad school apps look better. There a lot of undergrad classes I'd love to take in both options (1) and (2), and like I said, learning a language keeps me sane, but I thought I'd get all the variables before I did anything. | 2017/02/10 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/84850",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/37441/"
] | Linguistics professor here (at a big public university in the U.S.). I think this is an excellent question.
The first thing I want to point out is that all else being equal, that extra year of lab work is going to be an asset when it comes to graduate applications. It attests to you having research experience and lends additional credibility to the areas of interest that you point toward on your statement of purpose. A big extra plus is if the extra year helps to net you any presentations or publications.
That aside, this is an interesting dilemma. On the one hand, this is your last real chance to enroll in classes outside your major; a Ph.D. in linguistics would not typically leave any room for it. Having other interests is still possible in grad school, but a reasonable expectation is that they will be squeezed into a corner (you might read the occasional book about them, for instance). On the other hand, an admissions committee will see your entire transcript, and if you take courses to help you prepare for graduate school, that will not go unnoticed.
My advice is as follows: compile a list of Ph.D. programs that you want to apply to, and then pay very close attention to the preparation they want to see among applicants to their program. Do they strongly advise applicants to have completed a class in linguistic field methods? Do they like seeing applicants with background in (e.g.) phonology or syntax or morphology beyond the introductory courses in those subfields? Is having training in statistics an advantage?
If you've already maxed out on the requirements for the program(s) you apply to, then you have some freedom to select other classes. If you are missing something recommended (or optional but clearly well regarded by the department you're applying to), this is a chance to fill in the gap and become a more competitive applicant. Similarly, one of my colleagues tells gap-year applicants that if they have completed a core linguistics class but scored below about the B-minus level, taking that class again in an attempt to mitigate the weak spot on the transcript is advisable. | If you have time, you could audit one class and take one for credit. A language class is particularly well suited to auditing. Taking two classes might work best if the language class isn't very challenging.
The advice given in a comment of trying out one approach during the next quarter and then adjusting your direction as needed seems sound.
In terms of preparation for grad school, you might be able to detect one or two particularly helpful courses by looking carefully at the program of studies and the sequence of prerequisites in a couple of target programs. |
83,885 | I am new to design and looking to get more familiar with different materials available to print on, different paper weights, learn about vinyls, etc. Does anyone know of some good sources to learn more about this? | 2017/01/24 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/83885",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/84814/"
] | Modern machines can print on pretty much anything, the best thing to do is find a **local print supplier** and have a look at some items they produced. Some large printers can send you actual [samples of different material](https://www.psprint.com/samples1005/index.asp).
Another thing you can do is look for a **[trade show](http://www.seexpo.com/index.php/index/Search/industry/fid/90/sid/370)** in your area, these are multi-day events where all these providers and equipment makers will show off their tools and techniques. There will possibly be seminars and live demos you can attend. The [Inprint](http://www.inprintshow.com/germany/english/inprint/photos/) trade show in Munich, Germany is one good example.
One thing i did recently was order a **free business card sample pack** from [Moo](https://www.moo.com/uk/free-sample-business-cards.html) which includes different types of paper and other finishes like varnish, silver layer, gold finish, etc. | The printing methodology is something that evolves and changes quickly, any current statement in materials and printing systems may be outdated in months, specially for the digital and 3d printing systems. If you have the opportunity, the best formula to keep abreast of the most current is going to an exhibition of printing, graphics and publishing. I had the opportunity to go to a super fair in Milan, and I can assure that a whole day in one of these fairs is the equivalent of two years of a postgraduate degree in Design Technology applied to printing. Here is a website with an agenda of the main exhibitions:
<http://tofairs.com/fairs.php?fld=&rg=&cnt=&cty=&sct=167>
This is a blog and calendar of one of the international main printing fairs:
<https://www.industrialprintblog.com/> |
580,142 | I want to detect and delete duplicate files (same size) along local Disks and Nas Disks (The Nas Disks are mounted using Samba)
I found the [How to find and delete duplicate diles](https://askubuntu.com/questions/3865/how-to-find-and-delete-duplicate-files) answer but I'm unable to run most of the tools mentioned in the answer :
all the programs mentioned in the "programs/scripts/bash-solutions" solution (dupedit, dupseek, rmdup etc)
I'm able to use fslint but this one takes ages to detect duplicate files.
Can anybody help me to find to proper and faster detect and propose me to delete duplicate files. | 2015/01/31 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/580142",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/229318/"
] | I've installed Ubuntu aside Windows on my TP300LD: installation process runs smoothly, it recognizes wifi card so you can download latest updates during installation.
Keep in mind: Asus doesn’t support Linux and uses proprietary hardware. Ubuntu runs well but cannot get maximum gain.
Thus:
* ATK (touchpad) is used as PS/2 mouse so you cannot use gesture (the biggest issue, on my opinion);
* several key on the keyboard aren't available;
* Fliplock or similar doesn’t exist;
* monitor doesn't rotate;
* monitor auto-backlight doesn't work. | You can install Ubuntu offline (with the live cd). After the installation you can connect to your wifi with ubuntu - if ubuntu does not find your wifi during the installation. |
557,068 | Working on new project, which requires- 1st port is for HOST function with Type A connector and 2nd is for Device function with Type B connector & not support USB host port and device port at the same time. how that can be design with PIC controller. | 2021/03/29 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/557068",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/281469/"
] | Your problem isn't so much the scope probes as the breadboard.
The breadboard adds series inductance (as though you had installed coils in series with the SPI signals) and parallel capacitance (as though you had put small capacitors from the SPI signals to ground.) This will slow the rising and falling edges, making it more difficult to detect level changes. The inductance can also cause ringing - there can be false level transitions from the ringing.
Attach your probes directly to the SPI signals, right at the point where the wires connect to one of your boards.
Use 10X probes if you have them - they are less of a load on the signal lines.
---
[SPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface) uses relatively fast signals, and isn't intended to be used between circuit boards.
It is intended for use on a single board with short connections.
The wires between the boards are probably making your SPI signals "unhappy," never mind the breadboard and the additional load of the oscilloscope.
1. Use short wires.
2. Keep the circuit neat.
3. Use straight wires rather than letting things twist around and get tangled.
---
Put the breadboard down and back away slowly. Nobody has to be injured here. | The thing to look out for is the parasitic capacitance you create on the communication lines.
* I would suggest to keep the lines short and maybe try to bypass the breadboard.
* Does it work with the breadboard without the scope connected ?
* Do you see some signal on the scope ?
Also how is your oscilloscope grounded ? Make sure you clip the ground probe somewhere. If your device under test is floating, you can't rely on the earth reference. |
557,068 | Working on new project, which requires- 1st port is for HOST function with Type A connector and 2nd is for Device function with Type B connector & not support USB host port and device port at the same time. how that can be design with PIC controller. | 2021/03/29 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/557068",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/281469/"
] | The thing to look out for is the parasitic capacitance you create on the communication lines.
* I would suggest to keep the lines short and maybe try to bypass the breadboard.
* Does it work with the breadboard without the scope connected ?
* Do you see some signal on the scope ?
Also how is your oscilloscope grounded ? Make sure you clip the ground probe somewhere. If your device under test is floating, you can't rely on the earth reference. | While other answers are fairly correct, in my experience the big problem with breadboards, especially the cheap ones, is that as soon as you use wires of different sizes, it spreads apart the breadboard spring plates and causes bad contacting.
My guess is when you insert your scope wire into the breadboard, this is exactly what happens. Try to probe a different way, use a higher quality breadboard, or solder your circuit on a test PCB (they are cheap these days).
Personally, I mostly stopped working with breadboard altogether because of these issues, and as the cost of PCBs has become so low that you can just make a PCB for 5$, and there are fewer and fewer DIP components. |
557,068 | Working on new project, which requires- 1st port is for HOST function with Type A connector and 2nd is for Device function with Type B connector & not support USB host port and device port at the same time. how that can be design with PIC controller. | 2021/03/29 | [
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/557068",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com",
"https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/281469/"
] | Your problem isn't so much the scope probes as the breadboard.
The breadboard adds series inductance (as though you had installed coils in series with the SPI signals) and parallel capacitance (as though you had put small capacitors from the SPI signals to ground.) This will slow the rising and falling edges, making it more difficult to detect level changes. The inductance can also cause ringing - there can be false level transitions from the ringing.
Attach your probes directly to the SPI signals, right at the point where the wires connect to one of your boards.
Use 10X probes if you have them - they are less of a load on the signal lines.
---
[SPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface) uses relatively fast signals, and isn't intended to be used between circuit boards.
It is intended for use on a single board with short connections.
The wires between the boards are probably making your SPI signals "unhappy," never mind the breadboard and the additional load of the oscilloscope.
1. Use short wires.
2. Keep the circuit neat.
3. Use straight wires rather than letting things twist around and get tangled.
---
Put the breadboard down and back away slowly. Nobody has to be injured here. | While other answers are fairly correct, in my experience the big problem with breadboards, especially the cheap ones, is that as soon as you use wires of different sizes, it spreads apart the breadboard spring plates and causes bad contacting.
My guess is when you insert your scope wire into the breadboard, this is exactly what happens. Try to probe a different way, use a higher quality breadboard, or solder your circuit on a test PCB (they are cheap these days).
Personally, I mostly stopped working with breadboard altogether because of these issues, and as the cost of PCBs has become so low that you can just make a PCB for 5$, and there are fewer and fewer DIP components. |
128,491 | My passport was stolen yesterday (16 Dec 2018) in Barcelona. As a consequence I missed my flight yesterday night to Stockholm and I am stuck in Spain. I have all the copies of my documents (passport, visa, airline tickets, Police Report etc) with me. I am not sure if the Indian consulate in Barcelona will provide a travel document for me to fly back to Stockholm. I need to immediately get back to Sweden-Stockholm, because I have a return flight next week (23 Dec 2018). Also I try to get a temporary passport from Indian Embassy in Stockholm which is easier for me. I was on a business trip and all my belongings are in Stockholm hotel.
I am stuck and helpless. Not sure if I have to travel to Indian Embassy in Madrid for a duplicate/temporary passport or if I will get a travel document from the Indian consulate in Barcelona. Has anybody faced the same issue? I will update on my progress. Didn't see it coming.
Sorry if this is a duplicate, my brain is just blank. | 2018/12/17 | [
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/128491",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com",
"https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/89384/"
] | Below is from the [Embassy's website](https://www.eoimadrid.gov.in/consular-services/passport-services). You will need to go to Madrid but there are other things you need to do too, like filing a police report.
>
> i. If your passport is lost or stolen you must immediately report this
> to your nearest police station (Comisaría) and file a report
> (denuncia).
>
>
> ii. After filed a police report, you are required to personally visit
> Embassy of India, Madrid, for obtaining replacement passport or
> Emergency Certificate to continue with their travel out of Spain. The
> procedure with regard to issue of Emergency Certificate & Duplicate
> Passport are as follows:
>
>
> PROCEDURE FOR ISSUE OF EMERGENCY CERTIFICATE IN LIEU OF LOST PASSPORT:
>
>
> In the event of loss of passport in the case of an Indian tourist who
> wishes to return directly to India, he/she may opt for getting an
> Emergency Certificate issued (which is a one time travel document
> valid for only one journey to a destination in India). The journey is
> possible with a connecting flight without need to leave the airport at
> intermediate country. Emergency Certificate will be issued on same
> day. The procedure for issue of an Emergency Certificate is as
> follows:
>
>
> [Emergency Certificate checklist](https://www.eoimadrid.gov.in/archives/documents/Emergency-Certificate-Checklist.pdf)
>
>
> PROCEDURE FOR ISSUE OF DUPLICATE
> PASSPORT IN LIEU OF LOST PASSPORT:
>
>
> In the event of loss of passport in the case of an Indian tourist who
> wishes to travel to a country other than India, he/she will be issued
> a passport. Passports are printed in India. The procedure for issue of
> a Duplicate Passport is as follows:
>
>
> [Passport application checklist](https://www.eoimadrid.gov.in/archives/documents/Passport-APPLICATION-CHECKLIST.pdf)
>
>
> Please Note:
>
>
> * Please bear in mind this facility is applicable only for Indian
> nationals who are visiting Spain temporarily for purpose of tourism
> or business.
> * Issue of duplicate passport/one way travel document depends on the confirmation of authencity of the previous passport, nationality and
>
> clear police verification reports etc. The processing may take longer
> time in case we have to seek clarification/confirmation from other
>
> PIOs/Missions.
> * You may need to arrange a new flight to allow you time to obtain a travel document.
>
>
> | Summary and solution of the ordeal
After obtaining the Police Report it was too late so went back and booked the same hotel. Rushed to the Barcelona consulate for some ID letters, instead they suggested me to try my luck with the airlines which didn't happen.
No airlines allowed me to fly based on the Police Report and the document printouts I had.
Took the afternoon train to Madrid and booked AirBnB near Usera in Madrid. Went to Indian Embassy the next day and after a lot of hassle(since I had no CASH(15-Euros) to pay for the Emergency certificates, for which the Embassy DEMANDED that I give them the same in a written affidavit) got my Emergency Certificates(WHITE PASSPORT valid for a month).
Paid $180 extra and rescheduled my Stockholm Emirates tickets from Madrid (to Bengaluru via Dubai) and flew back to India. Also I was advised to take either direct flights or flights via GULF countries and strictly AVOID via LONDON.
Some friends even suggested train route from Madrid to Stockholm(almost 25+ hrs with ID checks at borders). Multiple trains, random ID checks and almost 500 euros trip was not consoling for me :)
Also initially when asked for an ID to travel back to Sweden, the Indian Embassy said their ID letter to an India lady with a similar case(passport stolen in Barcelona), who wanted to fly to Sweden didn't work. Airlines didn't allow her to fly back to Sweden. This was a day before I went to the Embassy. I am not sure if there are any lucky devils who pulled it off. Document checks are very strict for Indians.
**NOTE TO INDIANS:**
As an Indian we expect people of Indian Embassy to be KIND towards us. But please DON'T make that MISTAKE. They are ruthless in their execution. They will make you realize that you have committed THE BIGGEST CRIME BY LOSING YOUR PASSPORT. I was wandering for 15 euros and a couple of euros for that automated photo-vending machine. ATMs are rare and I was not even sure if my card would work for cash withdrawal. I offered to pay an Indian staff personnel via PayPal in exchange for some cash, but in vain. Finally got help from some restaurant, swiped card for coffee and some cash. Spaniards were helpful and that wiped off all my grudge :0)
**REFERENCES LINKS**
* <https://www.eoimadrid.gov.in/consular-services/passport-loss-by-tourist-business-to-spain>
* <https://www.eoimadrid.gov.in/consular-services/contacts-for-consular-services>
* <https://corpocrat.com/2017/03/05/lost-your-indian-passport-abroad-here-is-what-you-need-to-do/> |
53,025 | I am learning to play guitar by myself, and it is hard to understand some theory about how guitar chords are built. For example let's look at a G chord. I have found two of the most simple definitions:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zP4WA.png)
If we write down corresponding notes for both of them we will get:
* **G B D G** for the former
* **G B G** for the latter
But as I understand major chords are built from 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the major scale, which is:
**G A B C D E F# C**
Therefore it should be **G B D**. Where am I wrong?
The same question is about E chord.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FyV4T.gif)
Notes are: **E B G** whereas according to the scale **E F# G# A B C# D# E** it should be **E G# B**.
And one more question. How is it possible for chord to have more than 3 notes, like the G chord on the 3rd fret, if the chord is a triad? | 2017/02/05 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/53025",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/36655/"
] | >
> How is it possible for chord to have more than 3 notes, like for G chord on 3rd fret, if chord is a triad?
>
>
>
A chord with three scale degrees doesn't have to only have three notes - it can contain repetitions of those notes in different octaves.
>
> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zP4WA.png)
>
>
> If we write down corresponding notes for both of them we will get:
>
>
> * **G B D G** for the former
> * **G B G** for the latter
>
>
>
In both of these diagrams, you can play *all* the strings - not just the ones you put your fingers on! So actually you have
* **G B D G D G** for the former
* **G B D G B G** for the latter
So, you see that these chords *are* made up of the notes G, B, D - it's just that some of them are repeated.
So, how do you know when you can play the open strings (the ones without your finger on?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8yTgF.png)
Take a look at this picture. The G string (that you *should* play) has a **O** symbol, which means you should play the string. But the E strings have an **X** symbol, meaning that you shouldn't. | It's a strange concept for beginners to grasp, but yes, you're correct, a triad chord has three notes. However (there's usually one of those), there's nothing to say *how many* of each there are. One of each is fine - without all three, it's not a triad - but we then get into *voicing*, which makes each chord sound subtly different.
Guitar is really a special case, because of the 6 strings. What I do with students at some point is to present a triad. Let's say C major, CEG. Take each string in turn, and find a C, E or G playable on it. Obviously when the notes have been found, they must be playable simultaneously, otherwise it can't be a 6 string guitar chord.
6th string could be E or G. 5th is C. 4th makes E. 3rd, open is G. 2nd finds another C, and top can be E or G. So now we have 4 different versions of Cmaj. All with *some* Cs, *some* Es and *some* Gs. All can be classed as correct, but some sound better in certain songs than others. |
53,025 | I am learning to play guitar by myself, and it is hard to understand some theory about how guitar chords are built. For example let's look at a G chord. I have found two of the most simple definitions:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zP4WA.png)
If we write down corresponding notes for both of them we will get:
* **G B D G** for the former
* **G B G** for the latter
But as I understand major chords are built from 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the major scale, which is:
**G A B C D E F# C**
Therefore it should be **G B D**. Where am I wrong?
The same question is about E chord.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FyV4T.gif)
Notes are: **E B G** whereas according to the scale **E F# G# A B C# D# E** it should be **E G# B**.
And one more question. How is it possible for chord to have more than 3 notes, like the G chord on the 3rd fret, if the chord is a triad? | 2017/02/05 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/53025",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/36655/"
] | >
> How is it possible for chord to have more than 3 notes, like for G chord on 3rd fret, if chord is a triad?
>
>
>
A chord with three scale degrees doesn't have to only have three notes - it can contain repetitions of those notes in different octaves.
>
> [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zP4WA.png)
>
>
> If we write down corresponding notes for both of them we will get:
>
>
> * **G B D G** for the former
> * **G B G** for the latter
>
>
>
In both of these diagrams, you can play *all* the strings - not just the ones you put your fingers on! So actually you have
* **G B D G D G** for the former
* **G B D G B G** for the latter
So, you see that these chords *are* made up of the notes G, B, D - it's just that some of them are repeated.
So, how do you know when you can play the open strings (the ones without your finger on?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/8yTgF.png)
Take a look at this picture. The G string (that you *should* play) has a **O** symbol, which means you should play the string. But the E strings have an **X** symbol, meaning that you shouldn't. | While there is the triad, there is all the other notes in the scale that you can add to change how chord sounds. Such as a dominant 7 on top of the triad to make the chord sound bluesy. Or a maj7 which makes the chord sound jazzy. Those are just the start to add on notes but is another way a chord could have more than just the basic triad. Learning more about the add ons and experimenting with them in progressions and such can really spice up your playing. Also it actually helps a lot with soloing on chords. |
53,025 | I am learning to play guitar by myself, and it is hard to understand some theory about how guitar chords are built. For example let's look at a G chord. I have found two of the most simple definitions:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zP4WA.png)
If we write down corresponding notes for both of them we will get:
* **G B D G** for the former
* **G B G** for the latter
But as I understand major chords are built from 1st, 3rd and 5th notes of the major scale, which is:
**G A B C D E F# C**
Therefore it should be **G B D**. Where am I wrong?
The same question is about E chord.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/FyV4T.gif)
Notes are: **E B G** whereas according to the scale **E F# G# A B C# D# E** it should be **E G# B**.
And one more question. How is it possible for chord to have more than 3 notes, like the G chord on the 3rd fret, if the chord is a triad? | 2017/02/05 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/53025",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/36655/"
] | It's a strange concept for beginners to grasp, but yes, you're correct, a triad chord has three notes. However (there's usually one of those), there's nothing to say *how many* of each there are. One of each is fine - without all three, it's not a triad - but we then get into *voicing*, which makes each chord sound subtly different.
Guitar is really a special case, because of the 6 strings. What I do with students at some point is to present a triad. Let's say C major, CEG. Take each string in turn, and find a C, E or G playable on it. Obviously when the notes have been found, they must be playable simultaneously, otherwise it can't be a 6 string guitar chord.
6th string could be E or G. 5th is C. 4th makes E. 3rd, open is G. 2nd finds another C, and top can be E or G. So now we have 4 different versions of Cmaj. All with *some* Cs, *some* Es and *some* Gs. All can be classed as correct, but some sound better in certain songs than others. | While there is the triad, there is all the other notes in the scale that you can add to change how chord sounds. Such as a dominant 7 on top of the triad to make the chord sound bluesy. Or a maj7 which makes the chord sound jazzy. Those are just the start to add on notes but is another way a chord could have more than just the basic triad. Learning more about the add ons and experimenting with them in progressions and such can really spice up your playing. Also it actually helps a lot with soloing on chords. |
412,221 | *Life* is singular but the noun *adventures* is plural, so which sentence is correct?
>
> * *Life full of adventures are waiting for us.*
> * *Life full of adventures is waiting for us.*
>
>
> | 2017/10/01 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/412221",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/259822/"
] | It should be the second one. Because life is singular and that is the subject of the sentence.
Correct answer is: Life full of adventures is waiting for us. | We are talking about ***life*** which is singular and using verb ***is*** for some.
Hence it should be: **Life full of adventures is waiting for us.**
If we were using verb for plural form of a noun then it will be ***are***. |
412,221 | *Life* is singular but the noun *adventures* is plural, so which sentence is correct?
>
> * *Life full of adventures are waiting for us.*
> * *Life full of adventures is waiting for us.*
>
>
> | 2017/10/01 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/412221",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/259822/"
] | We are talking about ***life*** which is singular and using verb ***is*** for some.
Hence it should be: **Life full of adventures is waiting for us.**
If we were using verb for plural form of a noun then it will be ***are***. | Try some basic variations to get the answer.
>
> "A great life is waiting for **me**"
>
> "A life which is great is waiting for me"
>
> "An adventurous life is waiting for me"
>
> "A life, which is full of adventures, is waiting for me"
>
> **"A life, full of adventures, is waiting for me"**
>
> Singular "life" (with Singular "me") : use Singular "is".
>
>
>
Now, this Question mentions "waiting for **us**", which slightly complicates the Issue. Is it still referring to one life or many lives ? If it had been "a house" , then many persons can still occupy it, but each person requires his own life.
>
> **"A house, full of toys, is waiting for us"**
>
> Singular "house" (with Plural "us") : use Singular "is".
>
>
>
In case of "life", each person requires his own life, but there may be some cases (eg husband & wife or parents & children) where the "life" is joined and shared.
>
> (A) **"A life, full of adventures, is waiting for us"**
>
> Singular "life" (with Plural "us") : use Singular "is".
>
>
> (B) **"Lives full of adventures are waiting for us"**
>
> Plural "lives" (with Plural "us") : use Plural "are".
>
>
>
**Conclusion** : Depending on **context**, (A) or (B) can be taken as valid answers or alternatives to this Question. |
412,221 | *Life* is singular but the noun *adventures* is plural, so which sentence is correct?
>
> * *Life full of adventures are waiting for us.*
> * *Life full of adventures is waiting for us.*
>
>
> | 2017/10/01 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/412221",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/259822/"
] | It should be the second one. Because life is singular and that is the subject of the sentence.
Correct answer is: Life full of adventures is waiting for us. | Try some basic variations to get the answer.
>
> "A great life is waiting for **me**"
>
> "A life which is great is waiting for me"
>
> "An adventurous life is waiting for me"
>
> "A life, which is full of adventures, is waiting for me"
>
> **"A life, full of adventures, is waiting for me"**
>
> Singular "life" (with Singular "me") : use Singular "is".
>
>
>
Now, this Question mentions "waiting for **us**", which slightly complicates the Issue. Is it still referring to one life or many lives ? If it had been "a house" , then many persons can still occupy it, but each person requires his own life.
>
> **"A house, full of toys, is waiting for us"**
>
> Singular "house" (with Plural "us") : use Singular "is".
>
>
>
In case of "life", each person requires his own life, but there may be some cases (eg husband & wife or parents & children) where the "life" is joined and shared.
>
> (A) **"A life, full of adventures, is waiting for us"**
>
> Singular "life" (with Plural "us") : use Singular "is".
>
>
> (B) **"Lives full of adventures are waiting for us"**
>
> Plural "lives" (with Plural "us") : use Plural "are".
>
>
>
**Conclusion** : Depending on **context**, (A) or (B) can be taken as valid answers or alternatives to this Question. |
145,711 | There is no fruit jet pack. I can't get it. How do I get it? I looked at the jetpacks many times. There are none. | 2013/12/11 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/145711",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/63646/"
] | As of Version 1.5, Halfbrick (the developers) have been **rolling inventory.** The inventory of items to purchase will be different every week and completing the cycle in 22 weeks.
>
> Our new Jetpack Joyride update is jam-packed with content! We’ve added
> a new vehicle, more jetpacks, several outfits and that’s just the
> beginning! There’s still plenty to come thanks to our all-new rolling
> inventory system which adds new content every week. Read on for all
> the details!
>
>
> **How does it work?**
>
>
> All jetpacks and outfits, both new and old, are now on a giant loop.
> There will always be a set number of items available for purchase and
> these will be rotated on a weekly basis.
>
>
> As new items are added, others will be cycled out. These could be
> completely new items or fan-favourites returning to the game. The
> process continues until we’re back at the beginning.
>
>
> **What happens if I miss an item? Is it gone for good?**
>
>
> Nope! It’s important to note that no items have been permanently
> removed from the game. Items which are currently missing will
> eventually return as the cycle progresses.
>
>
>
[Source](http://halfbrick.com/jetpack-joyride/jetpack-joyride-1-5-rolling-inventory-faq/)
If you don't see it now, keep checking every week as new inventory will be in stock to purchase.
**Once the Fruit Jetpack is available in the store, purchase it (20,000 coins), have it equipped, ride Mr. Cuddles** and the achievement will pop.
 | Well, comparing my iPhone 5 to my Windows 8 computer versions of Jetpack Joyride, my computer has the Fruit Jetpack, but my iPhone does not... This may only be a computer feature, but if you see this achievement on Game Center then it is probably the creators fault that must be fixed by them. Maybe post a review on the game about it and read others to see if anyone else is having similiar problems |
145,711 | There is no fruit jet pack. I can't get it. How do I get it? I looked at the jetpacks many times. There are none. | 2013/12/11 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/145711",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/63646/"
] | As of Version 1.5, Halfbrick (the developers) have been **rolling inventory.** The inventory of items to purchase will be different every week and completing the cycle in 22 weeks.
>
> Our new Jetpack Joyride update is jam-packed with content! We’ve added
> a new vehicle, more jetpacks, several outfits and that’s just the
> beginning! There’s still plenty to come thanks to our all-new rolling
> inventory system which adds new content every week. Read on for all
> the details!
>
>
> **How does it work?**
>
>
> All jetpacks and outfits, both new and old, are now on a giant loop.
> There will always be a set number of items available for purchase and
> these will be rotated on a weekly basis.
>
>
> As new items are added, others will be cycled out. These could be
> completely new items or fan-favourites returning to the game. The
> process continues until we’re back at the beginning.
>
>
> **What happens if I miss an item? Is it gone for good?**
>
>
> Nope! It’s important to note that no items have been permanently
> removed from the game. Items which are currently missing will
> eventually return as the cycle progresses.
>
>
>
[Source](http://halfbrick.com/jetpack-joyride/jetpack-joyride-1-5-rolling-inventory-faq/)
If you don't see it now, keep checking every week as new inventory will be in stock to purchase.
**Once the Fruit Jetpack is available in the store, purchase it (20,000 coins), have it equipped, ride Mr. Cuddles** and the achievement will pop.
 | Well you see... Halfbrick has announced that the jetpacks are on a huge loop...meaning you can get different Jetpacks every Friday for purchase in the stash. Not sure when jetpack will be released but it shall be released in the next 22 weeks because that's how long the loop takes to release every jetpack. I am also needing this challenge so... I'm waiting on the fruit jetpack too. Hopefully they will release the jetpack soon. Be sure to save up 20,000 coins for the fruit jetpack and good luck accomplishing the achievement. ^\_^ |
6,219,203 | I'm writing a web app in ASP.Net that creates a licence key for a Windows app written in Delphi. For simplicity I'm going to use a email address and date.
I want to encrypt it in C# and email that info to the person then when the Windows app starts up the person enters in the encrypted string.
Every time the Windows app starts it checks that licence by decrypting it and comparing to todays date.
How can I do this to ensure the C# encryption will decrpyt succesffuly in Delphi? | 2011/06/02 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6219203",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84539/"
] | [AES for Delphi](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3872336/delphi-aes-library-rijndael-tested-with-kat-vectors) and [AES for C#](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/273452/c-implementations-of-aes-encryption). | Use the same encryption / decryption algorithm in both delphi and c#.
You can either find the code for an encryption algorithm for C# and then convert the code in the decryption algorithm into Delphi. Likely if you pick a popular encryption you'll be able to find both encryption and decryption algorithms already in many different languages. |
6,219,203 | I'm writing a web app in ASP.Net that creates a licence key for a Windows app written in Delphi. For simplicity I'm going to use a email address and date.
I want to encrypt it in C# and email that info to the person then when the Windows app starts up the person enters in the encrypted string.
Every time the Windows app starts it checks that licence by decrypting it and comparing to todays date.
How can I do this to ensure the C# encryption will decrpyt succesffuly in Delphi? | 2011/06/02 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6219203",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84539/"
] | You can use standard RSA or DSA signature algorithms to do what you want. For C#, these are standard algorithms built into the runtime. For Delphi, you have some choices. See [Free Encryption library for Delphi](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1402380/encryption-library-for-delphi).
Once you have chosen an encryption library for Delphi, you can now do the following:
1. The C# server signs the user's e-mail address and date using the chosen signature algorithm with your private key.
2. The Delphi client verifies the license using the same signature algorithm.
3. Once the Delphi client knows the signature is valid, you can then test the e-mail address / date and decide whether or not to allow your program to run.
I have done exactly the kind of signature verification you want/need using the DSA algorithm, LockBox, and C#.
One thing to be aware of is that C# encryption uses big-endian numbers, while LockBox / Windows CryptoAPI uses little-endian numbers. This probably means you need to reverse endian-ness of both the public key variables and the signature itself before sending it to the Delphi client for verification. Check your crypto library documentation.
One last note: others have proposed using symmetric encryption algorithms like AES / 3DES / etc. The problem with this approach is that your "secret" encryption key is shared between server and client. It is possible that someone could recover the key by reverse-engineering your compiled EXE and then create a "key generator" - a worst-case scenario being a fake activation server that passes out "authentic" encrypted licenses. By using assymetric crypto and keeping the private key secret, you won't have this problem. Users would have to crack every new version of your EXE or else pass around signed authentic licenses - much more inconvenient. | Use the same encryption / decryption algorithm in both delphi and c#.
You can either find the code for an encryption algorithm for C# and then convert the code in the decryption algorithm into Delphi. Likely if you pick a popular encryption you'll be able to find both encryption and decryption algorithms already in many different languages. |
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