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933,148	I'm looking at designing some core information systems at a new company I'm working at (described one of my ideas here [Workflow system](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/908705/workflow-system)) I've thought a bit more, and am strongly considering using sharepoint for a lot of the heavy lifting seeing as it comes with so much out of the box. However, I'm not sure how it will handle the high volume of data we'll be throwing at it. I read the MS whitepaper (<http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=95450&clcid=0x409>), and it says about 2000 items in a list is about the limit using traditional design methods. But first a bit of info on my plan and data structures : We have multiple clients. Each client has multiple applications. Each application will have multiple, ongoing jobs (or process runs). Each application will store significant correspondence and documentation. Each job represents the processing of a data file on a single run, and stores information about the job such as the postscript file, postal manifests, etc. Job volume will be about 50 - 100 a day. Each job will have a workflow, triggered by external programs. Then, say on a "job scheduler" page, production staff can schedule the jobs and perform custom actions on the job (written as plugins). I was thinking the jobs would sit outside and accessed via the BDC, but I would still like them represented in sharepoint lists, to add in sharepoint functionality and reporting, and they'd be accessible in multiple places e.g. * Application portal - see jobs for application * Production scheduler - see lists of upcoming jobs, assign to resources, trigger other functionality (e.g. copy print file to printer, produce mailing machine file) * Invoicing view - view completed but uninvoiced jobs, export to accounting package * Client view - client portal displays jobs, invoices, stock levels (from external warehouse system), documentation, change register / helpdesk So basic info about the job would sit in the BDC, but then sharepoint would capture additional metadata about each job. Also, down the line we might put in more advanced workflows using WF or something like K2 blackpoint / blackpearl. Is this feasible? Any resources you'd recommend to read to get up to speed?	2009/05/31	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/933148", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/112311/" ]	To use SharePoint, you should concentrate on what SharePoint is good at and what it is designed for. SharePoint is a great collaboration portal, it is not so good as a simple high volume database. So... You can setup a small site for each client and subsites for each job. The goal of the "job site" is to display (using a webpart perhaps) the relevant upcoming jobs, a list of job errors/exceptions and relevant team documentation on each job. Separate sites can be created to give a particular "view" of the jobs. E.g an "Invoicing" site can be created to give a view again from BDC webparts of what is requiring invoicing. <https://iwsolve.partners.extranet.microsoft.com/SDPS/> may provide some help. Don't try and store huge amounts of information in a SharePoint list, just because it may be possible to "tag" it with meta data. A database table is perfectly able to include columns supplying additional information if required. Think about it this way. If you are creating 50-100 jobs a day, putting that data into a list pre-supposes your sites users are going to want to enter metadata on those jobs manually. I thought not, so create systems you need in order to get the metadata stored correctly at source, or store metadata about the "types" of jobs within a SharePoint list and allow SharePoint to match the job type with jobs in the BDC. SharePoint will help you to integrate all your systems information together, but unfortunately it looks like you have a lot of work to do just planning what information should go where and how each type of use will view it.	Please take a look at this [blog post](http://sharepoint.microsoft.com/blogs/GetThePoint/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=162) I wrote on managing large SharePoint lists for better performance- it might offer a bit of an explanation for the 2,000 items issue, which is not actually a hard limit on the number of items in a list, as SharePoint will support up to 5 million items per list. One way around this would be to create and maintain different views that filter by an indexed field to show you different items, up to 2,000 at a time. Hope that helps. Dina Ayoub Program Manager Windows SharePoint Services
200,796	While trying to understand the circuit below in [this question](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/41945/can-someone-help-me-understand-this-h-bridge) I got the idea that PNP base current is going into NPN base terminal. This way, you drive 2 transistors with only one base current. With R3 and R2 you prevent the ringing from dis/charging base capacitance. Simulating this I could get voltages all across the circuit. But how to manually calculate the voltage at PNP and NPN h bridge's bases? My thought is, if transistor are voltage switches, although BJT are current driven, where does the voltage base to saturate they come from ? ![circuit](https://i.stack.imgur.com/6mK4q.png)	2015/11/14	[ "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/200796", "https://electronics.stackexchange.com", "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/71020/" ]	Assume each base has 0.7V across it when activated then, with T2 (or T1) activated, (dropping about 0.2V from collector to emitter), the current through R3 (or R2) is about (12V - 2\*0.7V - 0.2)/33 Ω = 315 mA. The BJT is a voltage driven device but the voltage is limited by the forward diode junction from base to emitter. If I assumed 1V across the base-emitter junctions, the current would only be a couple of tens of mA smaller into the bases.	If you care about leakage currents, and perhaps the switching speed of the circuit, I would suggest adding pull-down resistors between the base and emitters of each of the 4 H-Bridge transistors. Anything between 1k and 100 ohm would be suitable.
27,904	In a "list of publications" (e.g. for a PhD thesis), should a conference paper which is published as "proceedings" in a peer-reviewed journal be categorized as a "journal article"? (I'm from Liquid Crystals field.)	2014/09/02	[ "https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/27904", "https://academia.stackexchange.com", "https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/21343/" ]	Unless I'm missing something here, you mean the conference proceedings were published in the conference series of some journal. If this is the case, what is published is certainly peer-reviewed, but is certainly not a journal publication. A classic example in my field (Physics) is the [Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics](http://iopscience.iop.org/0954-3899). But there is a clear line of demarcation here - whenever the proceedings of any conference get published with J. Phys., they are in the [Journal of Physics :Conference Proceedings](http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/). This leaves no ambiguity - what is published in the latter in certainly a conference proceeding and can't be classified as a journal article. (Actually, articles in the latter carry that identifier. e.g. have a look at [this one](http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/531/1/012001).) I appreciate your concern - the only precaution that one has to take here is, not to mention an article in a manner that gives a wrong impression. This is because the rigor of reviewing process is different for a journal article and a conference proceeding (in general). For example, if the same article gets loosely mentioned as a ''Journal of Physics article'', it is inappropriate because it gives the impression that it is a journal article. That's why people divide generally divide into categories - journal articles, conference proceedings, conference talks, ''poster presented and abstract published'' sort of a thing. But of course, if you clearly mention/ the same gets clearly mentioned via some identifier that the article in question is a conference article, there is no harm in putting it under the heading of peer-reviewed articles. It certainly is peer-reviewed. Hope that helps.	As long as you don't say anything that is not true, and do not go against your university's regulations, you can use the layout that you like the best. In my thesis I categorized publications into: * Peer-reviewed articles * Conference talks * Conference posters In "Peer-reviewed articles" I included any papers, including proceedings, that had been peer reviewed (i.e. I received an anonymous referee report for them). Anyone interested in reading my thesis will be familiar enough with the journals to know which ones are a conference proceedings venue. Certainly my thesis examiners were.
27,904	In a "list of publications" (e.g. for a PhD thesis), should a conference paper which is published as "proceedings" in a peer-reviewed journal be categorized as a "journal article"? (I'm from Liquid Crystals field.)	2014/09/02	[ "https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/27904", "https://academia.stackexchange.com", "https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/21343/" ]	As counter-intuitive as it sounds, there is no absolute rule for what is considered a "journal" and what is considered "conference proceedings". In most cases the distinction is trivial. Most journals are not associated with a specific event, and paper submission and review are entirely unrelated from any conference or meeting. Contrary, most events have dedicated proceedings, which contain all and only the accompanying papers to the presented talks. However, there are curious cases where the line blurs. Some conference proceedings have self-styled themselves as "journals", presumably in an attempt to make their publications seem more important. A slightly different case is [VLDB](http://www.vldb.org), which basically does not do actual peer-review of conference submissions anymore. Instead, you submit to the VLDB journal, your submission gets the traditional journal peer-review process, and once a year the authors of all papers accepted in this year for the journal are invited to present their paper at the annual meeting. This is all to say that I think the "clear line of demarcation" isn't quite as clear as New\_new\_newbie says. > > In a "list of publications" (e.g. for a PhD thesis), should a conference paper which is published as "proceedings" in a peer-reviewed journal be categorized as a "journal article"? > > > If it is called "proceedings", I would put it to the other conference papers. However, to be on the safe side, you can always just check how other authors of this conference are referring to their paper. Are they treating it as a conference talk, or a journal submission?	As long as you don't say anything that is not true, and do not go against your university's regulations, you can use the layout that you like the best. In my thesis I categorized publications into: * Peer-reviewed articles * Conference talks * Conference posters In "Peer-reviewed articles" I included any papers, including proceedings, that had been peer reviewed (i.e. I received an anonymous referee report for them). Anyone interested in reading my thesis will be familiar enough with the journals to know which ones are a conference proceedings venue. Certainly my thesis examiners were.
27,904	In a "list of publications" (e.g. for a PhD thesis), should a conference paper which is published as "proceedings" in a peer-reviewed journal be categorized as a "journal article"? (I'm from Liquid Crystals field.)	2014/09/02	[ "https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/27904", "https://academia.stackexchange.com", "https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/21343/" ]	Allow me to disagree with @xLeitix. No. It's a conference paper. ---------------------------- A paper qualifies as a "journal publication" if (and only if) it passes through the standard peer-review process for the journal in which the paper is published. If a paper is reviewed only by the program committee for a conference, it's a conference paper, even if the proceedings are published in a journal. As a particularly confusing example, consider [SIGGRAPH](http://www.siggraph.org/), the flagship conference in computer graphics. For many many years, SIGGRAPH has published its proceedings as a standard issue of the journal ACM Transactions on Graphics (aka "TOG"). SIGGRAPH accepts two types of papers: (1) direct submissions to the conference in response to the call for papers and (2) papers published in TOG in the last 12 months. Papers accepted from TOG are clearly journal publications, because they went through the standard TOG refereeing process. (Those papers are not republished in the proceedings issue of TOG, but they are listed in the "table of contents".) But direct submissions accepted by the program committee are not journal publications, because they did not go through the standard TOG refereeing process, even though they are published in TOG. The distinction is all the more confused by the facts that in the graphics community, "SIGGRAPH paper" is a considerably more valuable label than "journal paper", in part because the reviewing process for SIGGRAPH is (or has been historically) considered more rigorous than the refereeing process for graphics journals. Of course, the rest of the world doesn't share this preference—or perhaps more accurately, doesn't believe that anyone sane could have such a preference—which is precisely why SIGGRAPH publishes their proceedings in a journal. Put bluntly, the graphics community chose to defend itself against lazy scholars who value the imprimatur of a journal above the quality and impact of the work through deception. Or if you prefer a slightly less inflammatory term: camouflage. It's worth noting that [ACM now explicitly forbids conferences from publishing proceedings in an ACM journal](http://www.acm.org/publications/policies/conference-proceedings-in-acm-journals). (SIGGRAPH's practice is grandfathered.) But this doesn't stop non-ACM conferences like [VLDB](http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~LEY/db/conf/vldb/index.html) from wearing similar camouflage.	As long as you don't say anything that is not true, and do not go against your university's regulations, you can use the layout that you like the best. In my thesis I categorized publications into: * Peer-reviewed articles * Conference talks * Conference posters In "Peer-reviewed articles" I included any papers, including proceedings, that had been peer reviewed (i.e. I received an anonymous referee report for them). Anyone interested in reading my thesis will be familiar enough with the journals to know which ones are a conference proceedings venue. Certainly my thesis examiners were.
27,904	In a "list of publications" (e.g. for a PhD thesis), should a conference paper which is published as "proceedings" in a peer-reviewed journal be categorized as a "journal article"? (I'm from Liquid Crystals field.)	2014/09/02	[ "https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/27904", "https://academia.stackexchange.com", "https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/21343/" ]	Unless I'm missing something here, you mean the conference proceedings were published in the conference series of some journal. If this is the case, what is published is certainly peer-reviewed, but is certainly not a journal publication. A classic example in my field (Physics) is the [Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics](http://iopscience.iop.org/0954-3899). But there is a clear line of demarcation here - whenever the proceedings of any conference get published with J. Phys., they are in the [Journal of Physics :Conference Proceedings](http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/). This leaves no ambiguity - what is published in the latter in certainly a conference proceeding and can't be classified as a journal article. (Actually, articles in the latter carry that identifier. e.g. have a look at [this one](http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/531/1/012001).) I appreciate your concern - the only precaution that one has to take here is, not to mention an article in a manner that gives a wrong impression. This is because the rigor of reviewing process is different for a journal article and a conference proceeding (in general). For example, if the same article gets loosely mentioned as a ''Journal of Physics article'', it is inappropriate because it gives the impression that it is a journal article. That's why people divide generally divide into categories - journal articles, conference proceedings, conference talks, ''poster presented and abstract published'' sort of a thing. But of course, if you clearly mention/ the same gets clearly mentioned via some identifier that the article in question is a conference article, there is no harm in putting it under the heading of peer-reviewed articles. It certainly is peer-reviewed. Hope that helps.	As counter-intuitive as it sounds, there is no absolute rule for what is considered a "journal" and what is considered "conference proceedings". In most cases the distinction is trivial. Most journals are not associated with a specific event, and paper submission and review are entirely unrelated from any conference or meeting. Contrary, most events have dedicated proceedings, which contain all and only the accompanying papers to the presented talks. However, there are curious cases where the line blurs. Some conference proceedings have self-styled themselves as "journals", presumably in an attempt to make their publications seem more important. A slightly different case is [VLDB](http://www.vldb.org), which basically does not do actual peer-review of conference submissions anymore. Instead, you submit to the VLDB journal, your submission gets the traditional journal peer-review process, and once a year the authors of all papers accepted in this year for the journal are invited to present their paper at the annual meeting. This is all to say that I think the "clear line of demarcation" isn't quite as clear as New\_new\_newbie says. > > In a "list of publications" (e.g. for a PhD thesis), should a conference paper which is published as "proceedings" in a peer-reviewed journal be categorized as a "journal article"? > > > If it is called "proceedings", I would put it to the other conference papers. However, to be on the safe side, you can always just check how other authors of this conference are referring to their paper. Are they treating it as a conference talk, or a journal submission?
27,904	In a "list of publications" (e.g. for a PhD thesis), should a conference paper which is published as "proceedings" in a peer-reviewed journal be categorized as a "journal article"? (I'm from Liquid Crystals field.)	2014/09/02	[ "https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/27904", "https://academia.stackexchange.com", "https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/21343/" ]	Allow me to disagree with @xLeitix. No. It's a conference paper. ---------------------------- A paper qualifies as a "journal publication" if (and only if) it passes through the standard peer-review process for the journal in which the paper is published. If a paper is reviewed only by the program committee for a conference, it's a conference paper, even if the proceedings are published in a journal. As a particularly confusing example, consider [SIGGRAPH](http://www.siggraph.org/), the flagship conference in computer graphics. For many many years, SIGGRAPH has published its proceedings as a standard issue of the journal ACM Transactions on Graphics (aka "TOG"). SIGGRAPH accepts two types of papers: (1) direct submissions to the conference in response to the call for papers and (2) papers published in TOG in the last 12 months. Papers accepted from TOG are clearly journal publications, because they went through the standard TOG refereeing process. (Those papers are not republished in the proceedings issue of TOG, but they are listed in the "table of contents".) But direct submissions accepted by the program committee are not journal publications, because they did not go through the standard TOG refereeing process, even though they are published in TOG. The distinction is all the more confused by the facts that in the graphics community, "SIGGRAPH paper" is a considerably more valuable label than "journal paper", in part because the reviewing process for SIGGRAPH is (or has been historically) considered more rigorous than the refereeing process for graphics journals. Of course, the rest of the world doesn't share this preference—or perhaps more accurately, doesn't believe that anyone sane could have such a preference—which is precisely why SIGGRAPH publishes their proceedings in a journal. Put bluntly, the graphics community chose to defend itself against lazy scholars who value the imprimatur of a journal above the quality and impact of the work through deception. Or if you prefer a slightly less inflammatory term: camouflage. It's worth noting that [ACM now explicitly forbids conferences from publishing proceedings in an ACM journal](http://www.acm.org/publications/policies/conference-proceedings-in-acm-journals). (SIGGRAPH's practice is grandfathered.) But this doesn't stop non-ACM conferences like [VLDB](http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~LEY/db/conf/vldb/index.html) from wearing similar camouflage.	As counter-intuitive as it sounds, there is no absolute rule for what is considered a "journal" and what is considered "conference proceedings". In most cases the distinction is trivial. Most journals are not associated with a specific event, and paper submission and review are entirely unrelated from any conference or meeting. Contrary, most events have dedicated proceedings, which contain all and only the accompanying papers to the presented talks. However, there are curious cases where the line blurs. Some conference proceedings have self-styled themselves as "journals", presumably in an attempt to make their publications seem more important. A slightly different case is [VLDB](http://www.vldb.org), which basically does not do actual peer-review of conference submissions anymore. Instead, you submit to the VLDB journal, your submission gets the traditional journal peer-review process, and once a year the authors of all papers accepted in this year for the journal are invited to present their paper at the annual meeting. This is all to say that I think the "clear line of demarcation" isn't quite as clear as New\_new\_newbie says. > > In a "list of publications" (e.g. for a PhD thesis), should a conference paper which is published as "proceedings" in a peer-reviewed journal be categorized as a "journal article"? > > > If it is called "proceedings", I would put it to the other conference papers. However, to be on the safe side, you can always just check how other authors of this conference are referring to their paper. Are they treating it as a conference talk, or a journal submission?
428,938	I used to work for a restaurant that had waiter teams. There were three roles: Aid, Lead, and Follow-up. * The Aid was basically the busboy. * The Lead greeted the customers, took the drink orders, got the drinks, and took the food orders (most of the time). * The Aid and Lead were often out of sight to the customers, getting stuff outside the section. * The Follow-up handled the flow of the service, quality control, customer relations, and getting paid. The Follow-up never left the section, and was usually the most experienced waiter. Described here it sounds stilted, but it wasn't: it worked very well. I am looking for a word to replace "follow-up" that is more elegant to hear and see, and that reflects the seniority and sophistication of the role.	2018/01/31	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/428938", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/279215/" ]	Absolutely not. Pronunciation never determines spelling in English. Spelling has its own ancient history, one far removed from any attempt to encode pronunciation. There are all schwas: * Alan * mountain * kitten * cetacean * foreign * satin * atomician * motion * lemon * autumn * Eryn * rhythm * acre * little In the case of the two most commonly misspelled words in the English language, separate and occurrence, these are spelled that way because of how Latin respectively spelled sēparāre < sē + parāre and occurrencia < occurrentia. The same sort of thing is true with a very great many other words in English. You have to understand their history to understand their spelling. Pronunciation is virtually immaterial.	The schwa predicts the spelling to some extent, although highly inconsistent in most cases. [Hanna et al. (1966)](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED128835.pdf) found that phoneme to grapheme correspondence is dependent upon the position of the phoneme within the syllable. An algorithm scored whether a phoneme occurred in the first, the middle, or in the final part of a syllable. For instance the word 'string' would be separated into initial: S T R, medial: I, and final: NG. The phonemes were matched to the graphemes of the words based on the Zipfian least effort principle. Based on phonological information alone about 49 percent of the 17,000 words in the corpus could be spelled correctly. Below is a table with the 7 most popular graphemic options for the schwa sound in relation to the position within a syllable, adapted from Hanna et al. (1966, p. 59): ![schwa-grapheme-Hanna](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nSq7b.png) From this table we can calculate the schwa-letter correspondence: O \| 26.79% A \| 23.91% I \| 22.40% E \| 12.68% OU \| 5.58% U \| 4.93% E-E \| 1.67% The schwa sound is about twice as likely to correspond to the letter "A" (23.9%) than to the letter "E" (12.7%). When the schwa is in the final part of a syllable the most probable candidate for spelling is the letter "A" (1419/3023 \* 100 = 47.3%) followed by the letter "I" (1332/3023 \* 100 = 44.1%). However, the probability of the schwa being an "A" in a middle part of a syllable is less than one percent (only 13 occurrences). There's a ~99% chance that the schwa does not represent an "A" or "I" in the first or middle part of syllables. Now what does this mean in practice? Consider the word separate. It can be divided into seven phonemes and three syllables: S E3 P - SWA - R A T (verb) S E3 P - SWA - R I3 T (adj) Six phonemes with the [R-colored vowel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored_vowel) instead of the schwa ([cmudict-0.7b](http://svn.code.sf.net/p/cmusphinx/code/trunk/cmudict/)): S EH1 P - ER0 - EY2 T (verb) S EH1 P - ER0 - IH0 T (adj) Or six phonemes and two syllables: S EH1 P - R AH0 T (adj) In the adjective version the second syllable may not be pronounced. In other cases the schwa phoneme or the R-vowel is used in the second syllable. When the schwa is in medial position (i.e. the middle of syllable) the predicted spelling would be an "O" (1176/2046 \* 100% = 57.5%) or an "E" (420/2046 \* 100% = 20.5%). It might be useful to instruct English writers with exceptions to phoneme-grapheme correspondence, particularly schwa-A (19 words) and schwa-I (15 words). Hanna et al. has a list of those words, some of them are questionable: Schwa spelled "A": * initial position of the syllable (p. 1423): anarchist, anarchy, ballast, damask, harass, palatable. * medial position of the syllable (p. 1423): breakfast, canvas, canvass, carcass, compass, cutlass, encompass, pampas, purchaser, trespass, trespasser, windlass. Schwa spelled "I": * initial position of the syllable (p. 1437): basil, civil, gossip, imperil, peril, vigil. * medial position of the syllable (p. 1437): council, moccasin, nostril, pencil, stencil, tendril, tonsil, tulip, turnip. In some dialects a word may not actually be pronounced with a schwa such as with anarchy. And the syllabification in some cases is questionable such as with palatable. This makes it more difficult to generate a reliable spelling rule based on pronunciation across dialects.
428,938	I used to work for a restaurant that had waiter teams. There were three roles: Aid, Lead, and Follow-up. * The Aid was basically the busboy. * The Lead greeted the customers, took the drink orders, got the drinks, and took the food orders (most of the time). * The Aid and Lead were often out of sight to the customers, getting stuff outside the section. * The Follow-up handled the flow of the service, quality control, customer relations, and getting paid. The Follow-up never left the section, and was usually the most experienced waiter. Described here it sounds stilted, but it wasn't: it worked very well. I am looking for a word to replace "follow-up" that is more elegant to hear and see, and that reflects the seniority and sophistication of the role.	2018/01/31	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/428938", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/279215/" ]	Absolutely not. Pronunciation never determines spelling in English. Spelling has its own ancient history, one far removed from any attempt to encode pronunciation. There are all schwas: * Alan * mountain * kitten * cetacean * foreign * satin * atomician * motion * lemon * autumn * Eryn * rhythm * acre * little In the case of the two most commonly misspelled words in the English language, separate and occurrence, these are spelled that way because of how Latin respectively spelled sēparāre < sē + parāre and occurrencia < occurrentia. The same sort of thing is true with a very great many other words in English. You have to understand their history to understand their spelling. Pronunciation is virtually immaterial.	In some accents, schwa is less likely to be written with "i" or "y" ------------------------------------------------------------------- This depends partly on one's accent. Some accents maintain a somewhat (although not entirely) stable phonemic distinction in some words between two types of "weak" or "reduced" vowels: a more front one, usually identified with the strong/unreduced vowel found in the word "kit" (/ɪ/), and a more central one, usually identifed with the "schwa" symbol /ə/, and often thought of as being similar to the strong/unreduced vowel found in the word "strut". But speakers of some other accents feel that there is (at least in general) no stable phonemic distinction like this between different kinds of weak/reduced vowels. The absence of a phonemic distinction between weak /ɪ/ and /ə/ has been called the "[weak vowel merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_high_front_vowels#Weak_vowel_merger)". You can see from the discussion beneath tchrist's answer that FumbleFingers does not seem to have this merger, while tchrist does have this merger. My understanding is that the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) uses transcriptions that assume that an American English speaker will have the weak vowel merger, but a British English speaker may or may not have the merger. The symbol /ᵻ/ is used in OED transcriptions to indicate a vowel that may be pronounced as /ɪ/ or as /ə/; in contemporary British English, this usually corresponds to a word that was considered to have "weak" /ɪ/ in "RP" English. * I believe the letter "i" in an unstressed syllable often, although not always, corresponds to /ɪ/ rather than /ə/ for a speaker without the weak vowel merger. The same goes for "y". The OED transcribes the verb "predicate" as "/ˈprɛdᵻkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈprɛdəˌkeɪt/", and the verb "carboxylate" as "Brit. /kɑːˈbɒksᵻleɪt/, U.S. /ˌkɑrˈbɑksəˌleɪt/". Word-internally, it is possible for "i" to correspond to /ɪ/ before /r/, as in "perspirate" (OED: "Brit. /ˈpəːspᵻreɪt/, U.S. /ˈpərspəˌreɪt/") or "hydrargyrum" (OED (1899): /hʌɪˈdrɑːdʒɪrəm/). * The situation with "e" seems to be more complicated, but in at least some circumstances it can correspond to weak /ɪ/ rather than /ə/. The OED transcribes the verb "aggregate" as "Brit. /ˈaɡrᵻɡeɪt/, U.S. /ˈæɡrəˌɡeɪt/". However, it seems like "e" is generally pronounced /ə/ before /r/ , even in accents without the weak vowel merger: the OED transcribes "generate" as "Brit. /ˈdʒɛnəreɪt/, U.S. /ˈdʒɛnəˌreɪt/". * I am not aware of any case where the letter "o" corresponds to weak /ɪ/. There might be a few, but it doesn't seem to be a regular correspondence. The OED transcribes the verb "advocate" as "Brit. /ˈadvəkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈædvəˌkeɪt/". * I think the letter "a" typically can only correspond to weak /ɪ/ in word-final syllables with a consonant after the "a" (such as "-ace" in "palace" (OED "Brit. /ˈpalᵻs/, U.S. /ˈpæləs/") and "-age" in "manage" (OED "Brit. /ˈrʌmɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈrəmədʒ/"; oddly, the OED entry for "manage" says "Brit. /ˈmanɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈmænɪdʒ/"). * I think the letter "u" can only correspond to weak /ɪ/ in a few words, such as "minute' (OED "Brit. /ˈmɪnɪt/, U.S. /ˈmɪnᵻt/"), but not in words like "adjuvate" (v.), which the OED transcribes "Brit. /ˈadʒᵿveɪt/, U.S. /ˈædʒəˌveɪt/" (the symbol ᵿ in OED transcriptions is a shorthand for "/ʊ/ or /ə/"). However, in an accent without the weak vowel merger, the digraphs "ir" and "yr" (with no pronounced /r/ consonant sound) can represent schwa (e.g. in "elixir", "satyr", "martyr", "confirmation"). The linked Wikipedia article about the "weak vowel merger" also mentions "The use of final /əl/ in words like evil and pencil is now extremely common in both General American and RP, to the extent that the alternative /ɪl/ can sound archaic or stilted." Accents with the weak vowel merger ---------------------------------- As you can see from the above, in an accent with the weak vowel merger (like the accent that the OED chooses as representative of the U.S.), schwa may correspond to any of the letters a, e, i, o, u, y (or even, as tchrist points out, a combination of multiple letters). There is a tendency for /-ər-/ to be spelled "-er-" --------------------------------------------------- The tendency that you have observed for some people to write "separate" as "seperate" may be due to a few factors: * The letter ["e" seems to be more common than the letter "a"](http://letterfrequency.org) in general in English. * The spelling pattern "er" = /ər/ is fairly common. It occurs in the common suffix "-er", as well as showing up word-internally before a vowel in many words from French and/or Latin such as general, federal, mineral, lateral, literal, several, generous, numerous, moderate, operate, desperate, temperate, temperature, refrigerate, different. In fact, in non-initial syllables, the sequence "erV" was more common than many other VrV sequences in Latin words because of historical sound changes of vowel reduction that caused short vowels to change to "e" in this context. The word "separate" does not in fact come from a Latin word with a reduced vowel in the second syllable (probably due to its origins as a compound word, although I don't know the details), but an English speaker is unlikely to have an intuitive sense of which non-final syllables in words from Latin went through the process of vowel reduction and which did not. The web page "[Spelling the Vowels of English Received Pronunciation](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/)" (which seems to be based on date from one of the projects of [Washington University in St. Louis’s Reading and Language Lab](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu)) has some notes that seem consistent with what I say above (there is also a link to the [statistics](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/perVowelTables/@.html) that these notes are based on): > > /ə/ as in adore > --------------- > > > ### Rules > > > 1. <a> normally; > > > [...] > > > 6. <e> in medial syllables before /r/; > > > [...] > > > ### Exegesis > > > 1. <a> is by far the most common spelling for /ə/ in the general case (saliva), but 8 or 9 other spellings are also quite common, including > <o> (daffodil), *<er> (clever), <e> (shellac), <or> (forbid), <u> > (triumph), <ar> (cellar), <re> (fibre), <ur> (pursue). > > > [...] > > > 6. This pattern depends to a large extent on the fact that Latin mostly had <e> in this position (camera, viscera). Otherwise <a> > (minaret), and <o> (calorie) are quite common as well.* > > > (bolding added by me) So in fact, it seems like the common misspelling "seperate" may use a spelling of schwa that is in this context (before an intervocalic /r/) somewhat more common than the "a" used in the standard spelling "separate" (although the "a" spelling is also noted to be "quite common" in this context). 16 rules for going from sound to spelling for schwa in "RP" ----------------------------------------------------------- The linked web page lists 16 total rules of thumb for spelling schwa; you can see that this is a complicated area of English spelling. Note that the analysis is of the "RP" ("Received Pronunciation") accent of English, which is "non-rhotic" ("data" and "corner" both end in schwa), so a considerable amount of the spellings that are discussed include "r". An analysis of a rhotic accent such as "General American" English would surely have significantly different results in many places. The full set of identified tendencies for the spelling of schwa in RP, along with the explanations: > > 1. <a> normally; > 2. <u> after initial /s/; > 3. <o> after initial /k/; > 4. <o> before /n/; > 5. <o> in medial syllables before /l/; > 6. <e> in medial syllables before /r/; > 7. <e> before final /nt/; > 8. <o> before final /k/, /p/, /t/, or /m/; > 9. Unspelt in final /zəm/; > 10. <u> before final <s>; > 11. <e> before final /l/; > 12. <ar> before final /d/; > 13. <er> after /t/, when word-final or preceding /n/; > 14. <er> word-finally after /d/; > 15. <er> word-finally after /ð/; > 16. <er> word-finally after /p/. > > > ### Exegesis > > > [Statistics](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/perVowelTables/@.html). Schwa appears only in unstressed syllables, but is very > frequent there. Some care should be taken here, in that northern > speech often has a full vowel where RP, and therefore this list, has a > schwa. > > > 1. <a> is by far the most common spelling for /ə/ in the general case (saliva), but 8 or 9 other spellings are also quite common, including > <o> (daffodil), <er> (clever), <e> (shellac), <or> (forbid), <u> > (triumph), <ar> (cellar), <re> (fibre), <ur> (pursue). > 2. This case is due mostly to forms of the Latin prefix sub-. These forms have a tendency to be pronounced with /ʊ/ in the north. A few > words in <a> (saloon) and <o> (solicit) are also found. > 3. This case is due mostly to forms of the Latin prefix con- (commence, condense). These forms have a tendency to be pronounced > with /ɒ/ in the north. In other forms, the spelling <a> is most common > (casino). > 4. This pattern emerges in part beceause it recapitulates the con- rules above (confide), in part because final /ən/ is > disproportionately common (apron). This is only partly due to the > Greek ending -on (rhododendron). The spellings <a> (pagan), <e> > (token), and <er> (lantern) are also quite common. Note that no > particular effort has been made here to distinguish the sequence /ən/ > from syllabic /n̩/. > 5. This pattern is due mostly to an Italian diminutive pattern (tremolo); otherwise <a> (buffalo), and <e> (procelain) are quite > common as well. Note that it is not unusual for vowels to disappear > entirely in such words. > 6. This pattern depends to a large extent on the fact that Latin mostly had <e> in this position (camera, viscera). Otherwise <a> > (minaret), and <o> (calorie) are quite common as well. > 7. This depends on a common Latin pattern (aliment, silent), but there is also a prolific competing French pattern in -ant (tenant). > 8. In general, <o> is used before word-final voiceless or nasal stops. This rule doesn't generalize to voiced stops, however; in particular, > note the rule for final /d/ below. Other spellings are possible, but > the default spelling <a> is surprisingly rare before voiceless stops. > 9. An exception to the general rule for final /m/ (prism, spasm). > 10. This pattern is due to the many Latin loans in -us. A more typical English spelling is with <a> (carcass, compass, terrace). > 11. -el is a common native ending, but there are also many words in Latinate -al. > 12. A few words use <o> or <a>. > 13. Although <ter> (bitter) and <tern> (lantern) are common patterns, there are also many words in <ta> (data), <tan> (titan), <tre> > (centre), <tar> (altar), <ton> (carton), and <tor> (motor). > 14. <der> is most common in native words (murder), but there are many Latin and Romance words in <da> (agenda, armada). > 15. This is a particularly reliable pattern in that there are a dozen words meeting it, and no exceptions. On the other hand, most of the > words are like either in being grammatical. > 16. There are only a handful of exceptions, like pupa. > > >
428,938	I used to work for a restaurant that had waiter teams. There were three roles: Aid, Lead, and Follow-up. * The Aid was basically the busboy. * The Lead greeted the customers, took the drink orders, got the drinks, and took the food orders (most of the time). * The Aid and Lead were often out of sight to the customers, getting stuff outside the section. * The Follow-up handled the flow of the service, quality control, customer relations, and getting paid. The Follow-up never left the section, and was usually the most experienced waiter. Described here it sounds stilted, but it wasn't: it worked very well. I am looking for a word to replace "follow-up" that is more elegant to hear and see, and that reflects the seniority and sophistication of the role.	2018/01/31	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/428938", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/279215/" ]	Absolutely not. Pronunciation never determines spelling in English. Spelling has its own ancient history, one far removed from any attempt to encode pronunciation. There are all schwas: * Alan * mountain * kitten * cetacean * foreign * satin * atomician * motion * lemon * autumn * Eryn * rhythm * acre * little In the case of the two most commonly misspelled words in the English language, separate and occurrence, these are spelled that way because of how Latin respectively spelled sēparāre < sē + parāre and occurrencia < occurrentia. The same sort of thing is true with a very great many other words in English. You have to understand their history to understand their spelling. Pronunciation is virtually immaterial.	The other answers answer the question I think, but just as regards to "separate", it is possible that people who misspell it aren't predicting an "e" from the schwa sound (after all, Boondoggle's data shows that "o" would make as much if not more sense there as "e" does), but are spelling by analogy with the word/syllable "per", which is pronounced with a schwa/r-colored vowel the same way as the "par" in "separate", whereas the word/syllable "par" in isolation is not.
428,938	I used to work for a restaurant that had waiter teams. There were three roles: Aid, Lead, and Follow-up. * The Aid was basically the busboy. * The Lead greeted the customers, took the drink orders, got the drinks, and took the food orders (most of the time). * The Aid and Lead were often out of sight to the customers, getting stuff outside the section. * The Follow-up handled the flow of the service, quality control, customer relations, and getting paid. The Follow-up never left the section, and was usually the most experienced waiter. Described here it sounds stilted, but it wasn't: it worked very well. I am looking for a word to replace "follow-up" that is more elegant to hear and see, and that reflects the seniority and sophistication of the role.	2018/01/31	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/428938", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/279215/" ]	The schwa predicts the spelling to some extent, although highly inconsistent in most cases. [Hanna et al. (1966)](https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED128835.pdf) found that phoneme to grapheme correspondence is dependent upon the position of the phoneme within the syllable. An algorithm scored whether a phoneme occurred in the first, the middle, or in the final part of a syllable. For instance the word 'string' would be separated into initial: S T R, medial: I, and final: NG. The phonemes were matched to the graphemes of the words based on the Zipfian least effort principle. Based on phonological information alone about 49 percent of the 17,000 words in the corpus could be spelled correctly. Below is a table with the 7 most popular graphemic options for the schwa sound in relation to the position within a syllable, adapted from Hanna et al. (1966, p. 59): ![schwa-grapheme-Hanna](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nSq7b.png) From this table we can calculate the schwa-letter correspondence: O \| 26.79% A \| 23.91% I \| 22.40% E \| 12.68% OU \| 5.58% U \| 4.93% E-E \| 1.67% The schwa sound is about twice as likely to correspond to the letter "A" (23.9%) than to the letter "E" (12.7%). When the schwa is in the final part of a syllable the most probable candidate for spelling is the letter "A" (1419/3023 \* 100 = 47.3%) followed by the letter "I" (1332/3023 \* 100 = 44.1%). However, the probability of the schwa being an "A" in a middle part of a syllable is less than one percent (only 13 occurrences). There's a ~99% chance that the schwa does not represent an "A" or "I" in the first or middle part of syllables. Now what does this mean in practice? Consider the word separate. It can be divided into seven phonemes and three syllables: S E3 P - SWA - R A T (verb) S E3 P - SWA - R I3 T (adj) Six phonemes with the [R-colored vowel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored_vowel) instead of the schwa ([cmudict-0.7b](http://svn.code.sf.net/p/cmusphinx/code/trunk/cmudict/)): S EH1 P - ER0 - EY2 T (verb) S EH1 P - ER0 - IH0 T (adj) Or six phonemes and two syllables: S EH1 P - R AH0 T (adj) In the adjective version the second syllable may not be pronounced. In other cases the schwa phoneme or the R-vowel is used in the second syllable. When the schwa is in medial position (i.e. the middle of syllable) the predicted spelling would be an "O" (1176/2046 \* 100% = 57.5%) or an "E" (420/2046 \* 100% = 20.5%). It might be useful to instruct English writers with exceptions to phoneme-grapheme correspondence, particularly schwa-A (19 words) and schwa-I (15 words). Hanna et al. has a list of those words, some of them are questionable: Schwa spelled "A": * initial position of the syllable (p. 1423): anarchist, anarchy, ballast, damask, harass, palatable. * medial position of the syllable (p. 1423): breakfast, canvas, canvass, carcass, compass, cutlass, encompass, pampas, purchaser, trespass, trespasser, windlass. Schwa spelled "I": * initial position of the syllable (p. 1437): basil, civil, gossip, imperil, peril, vigil. * medial position of the syllable (p. 1437): council, moccasin, nostril, pencil, stencil, tendril, tonsil, tulip, turnip. In some dialects a word may not actually be pronounced with a schwa such as with anarchy. And the syllabification in some cases is questionable such as with palatable. This makes it more difficult to generate a reliable spelling rule based on pronunciation across dialects.	In some accents, schwa is less likely to be written with "i" or "y" ------------------------------------------------------------------- This depends partly on one's accent. Some accents maintain a somewhat (although not entirely) stable phonemic distinction in some words between two types of "weak" or "reduced" vowels: a more front one, usually identified with the strong/unreduced vowel found in the word "kit" (/ɪ/), and a more central one, usually identifed with the "schwa" symbol /ə/, and often thought of as being similar to the strong/unreduced vowel found in the word "strut". But speakers of some other accents feel that there is (at least in general) no stable phonemic distinction like this between different kinds of weak/reduced vowels. The absence of a phonemic distinction between weak /ɪ/ and /ə/ has been called the "[weak vowel merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_high_front_vowels#Weak_vowel_merger)". You can see from the discussion beneath tchrist's answer that FumbleFingers does not seem to have this merger, while tchrist does have this merger. My understanding is that the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) uses transcriptions that assume that an American English speaker will have the weak vowel merger, but a British English speaker may or may not have the merger. The symbol /ᵻ/ is used in OED transcriptions to indicate a vowel that may be pronounced as /ɪ/ or as /ə/; in contemporary British English, this usually corresponds to a word that was considered to have "weak" /ɪ/ in "RP" English. * I believe the letter "i" in an unstressed syllable often, although not always, corresponds to /ɪ/ rather than /ə/ for a speaker without the weak vowel merger. The same goes for "y". The OED transcribes the verb "predicate" as "/ˈprɛdᵻkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈprɛdəˌkeɪt/", and the verb "carboxylate" as "Brit. /kɑːˈbɒksᵻleɪt/, U.S. /ˌkɑrˈbɑksəˌleɪt/". Word-internally, it is possible for "i" to correspond to /ɪ/ before /r/, as in "perspirate" (OED: "Brit. /ˈpəːspᵻreɪt/, U.S. /ˈpərspəˌreɪt/") or "hydrargyrum" (OED (1899): /hʌɪˈdrɑːdʒɪrəm/). * The situation with "e" seems to be more complicated, but in at least some circumstances it can correspond to weak /ɪ/ rather than /ə/. The OED transcribes the verb "aggregate" as "Brit. /ˈaɡrᵻɡeɪt/, U.S. /ˈæɡrəˌɡeɪt/". However, it seems like "e" is generally pronounced /ə/ before /r/ , even in accents without the weak vowel merger: the OED transcribes "generate" as "Brit. /ˈdʒɛnəreɪt/, U.S. /ˈdʒɛnəˌreɪt/". * I am not aware of any case where the letter "o" corresponds to weak /ɪ/. There might be a few, but it doesn't seem to be a regular correspondence. The OED transcribes the verb "advocate" as "Brit. /ˈadvəkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈædvəˌkeɪt/". * I think the letter "a" typically can only correspond to weak /ɪ/ in word-final syllables with a consonant after the "a" (such as "-ace" in "palace" (OED "Brit. /ˈpalᵻs/, U.S. /ˈpæləs/") and "-age" in "manage" (OED "Brit. /ˈrʌmɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈrəmədʒ/"; oddly, the OED entry for "manage" says "Brit. /ˈmanɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈmænɪdʒ/"). * I think the letter "u" can only correspond to weak /ɪ/ in a few words, such as "minute' (OED "Brit. /ˈmɪnɪt/, U.S. /ˈmɪnᵻt/"), but not in words like "adjuvate" (v.), which the OED transcribes "Brit. /ˈadʒᵿveɪt/, U.S. /ˈædʒəˌveɪt/" (the symbol ᵿ in OED transcriptions is a shorthand for "/ʊ/ or /ə/"). However, in an accent without the weak vowel merger, the digraphs "ir" and "yr" (with no pronounced /r/ consonant sound) can represent schwa (e.g. in "elixir", "satyr", "martyr", "confirmation"). The linked Wikipedia article about the "weak vowel merger" also mentions "The use of final /əl/ in words like evil and pencil is now extremely common in both General American and RP, to the extent that the alternative /ɪl/ can sound archaic or stilted." Accents with the weak vowel merger ---------------------------------- As you can see from the above, in an accent with the weak vowel merger (like the accent that the OED chooses as representative of the U.S.), schwa may correspond to any of the letters a, e, i, o, u, y (or even, as tchrist points out, a combination of multiple letters). There is a tendency for /-ər-/ to be spelled "-er-" --------------------------------------------------- The tendency that you have observed for some people to write "separate" as "seperate" may be due to a few factors: * The letter ["e" seems to be more common than the letter "a"](http://letterfrequency.org) in general in English. * The spelling pattern "er" = /ər/ is fairly common. It occurs in the common suffix "-er", as well as showing up word-internally before a vowel in many words from French and/or Latin such as general, federal, mineral, lateral, literal, several, generous, numerous, moderate, operate, desperate, temperate, temperature, refrigerate, different. In fact, in non-initial syllables, the sequence "erV" was more common than many other VrV sequences in Latin words because of historical sound changes of vowel reduction that caused short vowels to change to "e" in this context. The word "separate" does not in fact come from a Latin word with a reduced vowel in the second syllable (probably due to its origins as a compound word, although I don't know the details), but an English speaker is unlikely to have an intuitive sense of which non-final syllables in words from Latin went through the process of vowel reduction and which did not. The web page "[Spelling the Vowels of English Received Pronunciation](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/)" (which seems to be based on date from one of the projects of [Washington University in St. Louis’s Reading and Language Lab](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu)) has some notes that seem consistent with what I say above (there is also a link to the [statistics](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/perVowelTables/@.html) that these notes are based on): > > /ə/ as in adore > --------------- > > > ### Rules > > > 1. <a> normally; > > > [...] > > > 6. <e> in medial syllables before /r/; > > > [...] > > > ### Exegesis > > > 1. <a> is by far the most common spelling for /ə/ in the general case (saliva), but 8 or 9 other spellings are also quite common, including > <o> (daffodil), *<er> (clever), <e> (shellac), <or> (forbid), <u> > (triumph), <ar> (cellar), <re> (fibre), <ur> (pursue). > > > [...] > > > 6. This pattern depends to a large extent on the fact that Latin mostly had <e> in this position (camera, viscera). Otherwise <a> > (minaret), and <o> (calorie) are quite common as well.* > > > (bolding added by me) So in fact, it seems like the common misspelling "seperate" may use a spelling of schwa that is in this context (before an intervocalic /r/) somewhat more common than the "a" used in the standard spelling "separate" (although the "a" spelling is also noted to be "quite common" in this context). 16 rules for going from sound to spelling for schwa in "RP" ----------------------------------------------------------- The linked web page lists 16 total rules of thumb for spelling schwa; you can see that this is a complicated area of English spelling. Note that the analysis is of the "RP" ("Received Pronunciation") accent of English, which is "non-rhotic" ("data" and "corner" both end in schwa), so a considerable amount of the spellings that are discussed include "r". An analysis of a rhotic accent such as "General American" English would surely have significantly different results in many places. The full set of identified tendencies for the spelling of schwa in RP, along with the explanations: > > 1. <a> normally; > 2. <u> after initial /s/; > 3. <o> after initial /k/; > 4. <o> before /n/; > 5. <o> in medial syllables before /l/; > 6. <e> in medial syllables before /r/; > 7. <e> before final /nt/; > 8. <o> before final /k/, /p/, /t/, or /m/; > 9. Unspelt in final /zəm/; > 10. <u> before final <s>; > 11. <e> before final /l/; > 12. <ar> before final /d/; > 13. <er> after /t/, when word-final or preceding /n/; > 14. <er> word-finally after /d/; > 15. <er> word-finally after /ð/; > 16. <er> word-finally after /p/. > > > ### Exegesis > > > [Statistics](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/perVowelTables/@.html). Schwa appears only in unstressed syllables, but is very > frequent there. Some care should be taken here, in that northern > speech often has a full vowel where RP, and therefore this list, has a > schwa. > > > 1. <a> is by far the most common spelling for /ə/ in the general case (saliva), but 8 or 9 other spellings are also quite common, including > <o> (daffodil), <er> (clever), <e> (shellac), <or> (forbid), <u> > (triumph), <ar> (cellar), <re> (fibre), <ur> (pursue). > 2. This case is due mostly to forms of the Latin prefix sub-. These forms have a tendency to be pronounced with /ʊ/ in the north. A few > words in <a> (saloon) and <o> (solicit) are also found. > 3. This case is due mostly to forms of the Latin prefix con- (commence, condense). These forms have a tendency to be pronounced > with /ɒ/ in the north. In other forms, the spelling <a> is most common > (casino). > 4. This pattern emerges in part beceause it recapitulates the con- rules above (confide), in part because final /ən/ is > disproportionately common (apron). This is only partly due to the > Greek ending -on (rhododendron). The spellings <a> (pagan), <e> > (token), and <er> (lantern) are also quite common. Note that no > particular effort has been made here to distinguish the sequence /ən/ > from syllabic /n̩/. > 5. This pattern is due mostly to an Italian diminutive pattern (tremolo); otherwise <a> (buffalo), and <e> (procelain) are quite > common as well. Note that it is not unusual for vowels to disappear > entirely in such words. > 6. This pattern depends to a large extent on the fact that Latin mostly had <e> in this position (camera, viscera). Otherwise <a> > (minaret), and <o> (calorie) are quite common as well. > 7. This depends on a common Latin pattern (aliment, silent), but there is also a prolific competing French pattern in -ant (tenant). > 8. In general, <o> is used before word-final voiceless or nasal stops. This rule doesn't generalize to voiced stops, however; in particular, > note the rule for final /d/ below. Other spellings are possible, but > the default spelling <a> is surprisingly rare before voiceless stops. > 9. An exception to the general rule for final /m/ (prism, spasm). > 10. This pattern is due to the many Latin loans in -us. A more typical English spelling is with <a> (carcass, compass, terrace). > 11. -el is a common native ending, but there are also many words in Latinate -al. > 12. A few words use <o> or <a>. > 13. Although <ter> (bitter) and <tern> (lantern) are common patterns, there are also many words in <ta> (data), <tan> (titan), <tre> > (centre), <tar> (altar), <ton> (carton), and <tor> (motor). > 14. <der> is most common in native words (murder), but there are many Latin and Romance words in <da> (agenda, armada). > 15. This is a particularly reliable pattern in that there are a dozen words meeting it, and no exceptions. On the other hand, most of the > words are like either in being grammatical. > 16. There are only a handful of exceptions, like pupa. > > >
428,938	I used to work for a restaurant that had waiter teams. There were three roles: Aid, Lead, and Follow-up. * The Aid was basically the busboy. * The Lead greeted the customers, took the drink orders, got the drinks, and took the food orders (most of the time). * The Aid and Lead were often out of sight to the customers, getting stuff outside the section. * The Follow-up handled the flow of the service, quality control, customer relations, and getting paid. The Follow-up never left the section, and was usually the most experienced waiter. Described here it sounds stilted, but it wasn't: it worked very well. I am looking for a word to replace "follow-up" that is more elegant to hear and see, and that reflects the seniority and sophistication of the role.	2018/01/31	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/428938", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/279215/" ]	The other answers answer the question I think, but just as regards to "separate", it is possible that people who misspell it aren't predicting an "e" from the schwa sound (after all, Boondoggle's data shows that "o" would make as much if not more sense there as "e" does), but are spelling by analogy with the word/syllable "per", which is pronounced with a schwa/r-colored vowel the same way as the "par" in "separate", whereas the word/syllable "par" in isolation is not.	In some accents, schwa is less likely to be written with "i" or "y" ------------------------------------------------------------------- This depends partly on one's accent. Some accents maintain a somewhat (although not entirely) stable phonemic distinction in some words between two types of "weak" or "reduced" vowels: a more front one, usually identified with the strong/unreduced vowel found in the word "kit" (/ɪ/), and a more central one, usually identifed with the "schwa" symbol /ə/, and often thought of as being similar to the strong/unreduced vowel found in the word "strut". But speakers of some other accents feel that there is (at least in general) no stable phonemic distinction like this between different kinds of weak/reduced vowels. The absence of a phonemic distinction between weak /ɪ/ and /ə/ has been called the "[weak vowel merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_high_front_vowels#Weak_vowel_merger)". You can see from the discussion beneath tchrist's answer that FumbleFingers does not seem to have this merger, while tchrist does have this merger. My understanding is that the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) uses transcriptions that assume that an American English speaker will have the weak vowel merger, but a British English speaker may or may not have the merger. The symbol /ᵻ/ is used in OED transcriptions to indicate a vowel that may be pronounced as /ɪ/ or as /ə/; in contemporary British English, this usually corresponds to a word that was considered to have "weak" /ɪ/ in "RP" English. * I believe the letter "i" in an unstressed syllable often, although not always, corresponds to /ɪ/ rather than /ə/ for a speaker without the weak vowel merger. The same goes for "y". The OED transcribes the verb "predicate" as "/ˈprɛdᵻkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈprɛdəˌkeɪt/", and the verb "carboxylate" as "Brit. /kɑːˈbɒksᵻleɪt/, U.S. /ˌkɑrˈbɑksəˌleɪt/". Word-internally, it is possible for "i" to correspond to /ɪ/ before /r/, as in "perspirate" (OED: "Brit. /ˈpəːspᵻreɪt/, U.S. /ˈpərspəˌreɪt/") or "hydrargyrum" (OED (1899): /hʌɪˈdrɑːdʒɪrəm/). * The situation with "e" seems to be more complicated, but in at least some circumstances it can correspond to weak /ɪ/ rather than /ə/. The OED transcribes the verb "aggregate" as "Brit. /ˈaɡrᵻɡeɪt/, U.S. /ˈæɡrəˌɡeɪt/". However, it seems like "e" is generally pronounced /ə/ before /r/ , even in accents without the weak vowel merger: the OED transcribes "generate" as "Brit. /ˈdʒɛnəreɪt/, U.S. /ˈdʒɛnəˌreɪt/". * I am not aware of any case where the letter "o" corresponds to weak /ɪ/. There might be a few, but it doesn't seem to be a regular correspondence. The OED transcribes the verb "advocate" as "Brit. /ˈadvəkeɪt/, U.S. /ˈædvəˌkeɪt/". * I think the letter "a" typically can only correspond to weak /ɪ/ in word-final syllables with a consonant after the "a" (such as "-ace" in "palace" (OED "Brit. /ˈpalᵻs/, U.S. /ˈpæləs/") and "-age" in "manage" (OED "Brit. /ˈrʌmɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈrəmədʒ/"; oddly, the OED entry for "manage" says "Brit. /ˈmanɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈmænɪdʒ/"). * I think the letter "u" can only correspond to weak /ɪ/ in a few words, such as "minute' (OED "Brit. /ˈmɪnɪt/, U.S. /ˈmɪnᵻt/"), but not in words like "adjuvate" (v.), which the OED transcribes "Brit. /ˈadʒᵿveɪt/, U.S. /ˈædʒəˌveɪt/" (the symbol ᵿ in OED transcriptions is a shorthand for "/ʊ/ or /ə/"). However, in an accent without the weak vowel merger, the digraphs "ir" and "yr" (with no pronounced /r/ consonant sound) can represent schwa (e.g. in "elixir", "satyr", "martyr", "confirmation"). The linked Wikipedia article about the "weak vowel merger" also mentions "The use of final /əl/ in words like evil and pencil is now extremely common in both General American and RP, to the extent that the alternative /ɪl/ can sound archaic or stilted." Accents with the weak vowel merger ---------------------------------- As you can see from the above, in an accent with the weak vowel merger (like the accent that the OED chooses as representative of the U.S.), schwa may correspond to any of the letters a, e, i, o, u, y (or even, as tchrist points out, a combination of multiple letters). There is a tendency for /-ər-/ to be spelled "-er-" --------------------------------------------------- The tendency that you have observed for some people to write "separate" as "seperate" may be due to a few factors: * The letter ["e" seems to be more common than the letter "a"](http://letterfrequency.org) in general in English. * The spelling pattern "er" = /ər/ is fairly common. It occurs in the common suffix "-er", as well as showing up word-internally before a vowel in many words from French and/or Latin such as general, federal, mineral, lateral, literal, several, generous, numerous, moderate, operate, desperate, temperate, temperature, refrigerate, different. In fact, in non-initial syllables, the sequence "erV" was more common than many other VrV sequences in Latin words because of historical sound changes of vowel reduction that caused short vowels to change to "e" in this context. The word "separate" does not in fact come from a Latin word with a reduced vowel in the second syllable (probably due to its origins as a compound word, although I don't know the details), but an English speaker is unlikely to have an intuitive sense of which non-final syllables in words from Latin went through the process of vowel reduction and which did not. The web page "[Spelling the Vowels of English Received Pronunciation](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/)" (which seems to be based on date from one of the projects of [Washington University in St. Louis’s Reading and Language Lab](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu)) has some notes that seem consistent with what I say above (there is also a link to the [statistics](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/perVowelTables/@.html) that these notes are based on): > > /ə/ as in adore > --------------- > > > ### Rules > > > 1. <a> normally; > > > [...] > > > 6. <e> in medial syllables before /r/; > > > [...] > > > ### Exegesis > > > 1. <a> is by far the most common spelling for /ə/ in the general case (saliva), but 8 or 9 other spellings are also quite common, including > <o> (daffodil), *<er> (clever), <e> (shellac), <or> (forbid), <u> > (triumph), <ar> (cellar), <re> (fibre), <ur> (pursue). > > > [...] > > > 6. This pattern depends to a large extent on the fact that Latin mostly had <e> in this position (camera, viscera). Otherwise <a> > (minaret), and <o> (calorie) are quite common as well.* > > > (bolding added by me) So in fact, it seems like the common misspelling "seperate" may use a spelling of schwa that is in this context (before an intervocalic /r/) somewhat more common than the "a" used in the standard spelling "separate" (although the "a" spelling is also noted to be "quite common" in this context). 16 rules for going from sound to spelling for schwa in "RP" ----------------------------------------------------------- The linked web page lists 16 total rules of thumb for spelling schwa; you can see that this is a complicated area of English spelling. Note that the analysis is of the "RP" ("Received Pronunciation") accent of English, which is "non-rhotic" ("data" and "corner" both end in schwa), so a considerable amount of the spellings that are discussed include "r". An analysis of a rhotic accent such as "General American" English would surely have significantly different results in many places. The full set of identified tendencies for the spelling of schwa in RP, along with the explanations: > > 1. <a> normally; > 2. <u> after initial /s/; > 3. <o> after initial /k/; > 4. <o> before /n/; > 5. <o> in medial syllables before /l/; > 6. <e> in medial syllables before /r/; > 7. <e> before final /nt/; > 8. <o> before final /k/, /p/, /t/, or /m/; > 9. Unspelt in final /zəm/; > 10. <u> before final <s>; > 11. <e> before final /l/; > 12. <ar> before final /d/; > 13. <er> after /t/, when word-final or preceding /n/; > 14. <er> word-finally after /d/; > 15. <er> word-finally after /ð/; > 16. <er> word-finally after /p/. > > > ### Exegesis > > > [Statistics](http://spell.psychology.wustl.edu/EnglandSpellConsistency/perVowelTables/@.html). Schwa appears only in unstressed syllables, but is very > frequent there. Some care should be taken here, in that northern > speech often has a full vowel where RP, and therefore this list, has a > schwa. > > > 1. <a> is by far the most common spelling for /ə/ in the general case (saliva), but 8 or 9 other spellings are also quite common, including > <o> (daffodil), <er> (clever), <e> (shellac), <or> (forbid), <u> > (triumph), <ar> (cellar), <re> (fibre), <ur> (pursue). > 2. This case is due mostly to forms of the Latin prefix sub-. These forms have a tendency to be pronounced with /ʊ/ in the north. A few > words in <a> (saloon) and <o> (solicit) are also found. > 3. This case is due mostly to forms of the Latin prefix con- (commence, condense). These forms have a tendency to be pronounced > with /ɒ/ in the north. In other forms, the spelling <a> is most common > (casino). > 4. This pattern emerges in part beceause it recapitulates the con- rules above (confide), in part because final /ən/ is > disproportionately common (apron). This is only partly due to the > Greek ending -on (rhododendron). The spellings <a> (pagan), <e> > (token), and <er> (lantern) are also quite common. Note that no > particular effort has been made here to distinguish the sequence /ən/ > from syllabic /n̩/. > 5. This pattern is due mostly to an Italian diminutive pattern (tremolo); otherwise <a> (buffalo), and <e> (procelain) are quite > common as well. Note that it is not unusual for vowels to disappear > entirely in such words. > 6. This pattern depends to a large extent on the fact that Latin mostly had <e> in this position (camera, viscera). Otherwise <a> > (minaret), and <o> (calorie) are quite common as well. > 7. This depends on a common Latin pattern (aliment, silent), but there is also a prolific competing French pattern in -ant (tenant). > 8. In general, <o> is used before word-final voiceless or nasal stops. This rule doesn't generalize to voiced stops, however; in particular, > note the rule for final /d/ below. Other spellings are possible, but > the default spelling <a> is surprisingly rare before voiceless stops. > 9. An exception to the general rule for final /m/ (prism, spasm). > 10. This pattern is due to the many Latin loans in -us. A more typical English spelling is with <a> (carcass, compass, terrace). > 11. -el is a common native ending, but there are also many words in Latinate -al. > 12. A few words use <o> or <a>. > 13. Although <ter> (bitter) and <tern> (lantern) are common patterns, there are also many words in <ta> (data), <tan> (titan), <tre> > (centre), <tar> (altar), <ton> (carton), and <tor> (motor). > 14. <der> is most common in native words (murder), but there are many Latin and Romance words in <da> (agenda, armada). > 15. This is a particularly reliable pattern in that there are a dozen words meeting it, and no exceptions. On the other hand, most of the > words are like either in being grammatical. > 16. There are only a handful of exceptions, like pupa. > > >
1,222,529	I have attempted to create a scheduled task to start the w32\_time task when I log on, since my windows installation - seems to want to ignore that real dst settings for my locale when I reboot - and I have to force a time update to get the clock right. My user is an Admin user - and I can run the task manually from the an administrator command prompt. In the scheduled task it has 'Run with highest privileges' set on - but the task fails with return code 2147943456 - which as far as I can tell means Access Denied; I am assuming this is due to a privelege issue. This happens regardless of 'Run when user is logged on' is set or not. If this matters; the task is scheduled to run when a user logs in.	2017/06/25	[ "https://superuser.com/questions/1222529", "https://superuser.com", "https://superuser.com/users/742057/" ]	An (untested) idea: Try making a shortcut icon to run the program, and have the shortcut icon run with UAC elevation; then have Task Scheduler run that shortcut.	So I've had these issues before and had to go back to my notepad to find the references, that helped explain things for me. This isn't specifically for Windows 10, but it may help answer some of the things that happen behind the scenes and it provides some tips to "debug" what's happening. <https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askperf/2015/02/18/help-my-scheduled-task-does-not-run/> by [Blake Morrison](https://social.technet.microsoft.com/profile/Blake+Morrison) in Windows Server Performance Team
1,222,529	I have attempted to create a scheduled task to start the w32\_time task when I log on, since my windows installation - seems to want to ignore that real dst settings for my locale when I reboot - and I have to force a time update to get the clock right. My user is an Admin user - and I can run the task manually from the an administrator command prompt. In the scheduled task it has 'Run with highest privileges' set on - but the task fails with return code 2147943456 - which as far as I can tell means Access Denied; I am assuming this is due to a privelege issue. This happens regardless of 'Run when user is logged on' is set or not. If this matters; the task is scheduled to run when a user logs in.	2017/06/25	[ "https://superuser.com/questions/1222529", "https://superuser.com", "https://superuser.com/users/742057/" ]	An (untested) idea: Try making a shortcut icon to run the program, and have the shortcut icon run with UAC elevation; then have Task Scheduler run that shortcut.	I had the same problem trying to sync on startup. Looked everywhere. Eventually I learned enough to succeed, but not from any single source. I hope this will help those looking for answers. * Run Task Scheduler as admin: + right-click "taskschd.msc" in "C:\Windows\System32" and choose Run as Admin. * Create basic task: in "Task Scheduler Library -> Microsoft -> Windows -> Time Synchronization" + right-click to choose "Create Basic Task". + Follow the instructions and choose what you intend to do: Start a program "C:\Windows\System32\w32tm.exe". + Add arguments: "/resync" (without quotes, of course). * In Properties of your created basic task: + Choose "Change User or Group". + Where it says "Enter the object name to select", type in "LOCAL SERVICE". + It'll be changed to "nt authority/local service". Click OK. + It'll be shown as "LOCAL SERVICE" just like other Windows 10 tasks. + Check "whether user is logged on or not" and check "Run with highest privileges". + Check Configure for: "Windows 10".This is how you run scheduled task as admin! * Under Conditions, check "Start only if the following network connection is available: any connection". + Check each tab to be sure they are configured the way you want.
1,222,529	I have attempted to create a scheduled task to start the w32\_time task when I log on, since my windows installation - seems to want to ignore that real dst settings for my locale when I reboot - and I have to force a time update to get the clock right. My user is an Admin user - and I can run the task manually from the an administrator command prompt. In the scheduled task it has 'Run with highest privileges' set on - but the task fails with return code 2147943456 - which as far as I can tell means Access Denied; I am assuming this is due to a privelege issue. This happens regardless of 'Run when user is logged on' is set or not. If this matters; the task is scheduled to run when a user logs in.	2017/06/25	[ "https://superuser.com/questions/1222529", "https://superuser.com", "https://superuser.com/users/742057/" ]	So I've had these issues before and had to go back to my notepad to find the references, that helped explain things for me. This isn't specifically for Windows 10, but it may help answer some of the things that happen behind the scenes and it provides some tips to "debug" what's happening. <https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/askperf/2015/02/18/help-my-scheduled-task-does-not-run/> by [Blake Morrison](https://social.technet.microsoft.com/profile/Blake+Morrison) in Windows Server Performance Team	I had the same problem trying to sync on startup. Looked everywhere. Eventually I learned enough to succeed, but not from any single source. I hope this will help those looking for answers. * Run Task Scheduler as admin: + right-click "taskschd.msc" in "C:\Windows\System32" and choose Run as Admin. * Create basic task: in "Task Scheduler Library -> Microsoft -> Windows -> Time Synchronization" + right-click to choose "Create Basic Task". + Follow the instructions and choose what you intend to do: Start a program "C:\Windows\System32\w32tm.exe". + Add arguments: "/resync" (without quotes, of course). * In Properties of your created basic task: + Choose "Change User or Group". + Where it says "Enter the object name to select", type in "LOCAL SERVICE". + It'll be changed to "nt authority/local service". Click OK. + It'll be shown as "LOCAL SERVICE" just like other Windows 10 tasks. + Check "whether user is logged on or not" and check "Run with highest privileges". + Check Configure for: "Windows 10".This is how you run scheduled task as admin! * Under Conditions, check "Start only if the following network connection is available: any connection". + Check each tab to be sure they are configured the way you want.
61,558	Can anyone give a real life example of where SELinux saved their security bacon? (or AppArmour if you wish). If not your own, a pointer to someone with a credible experience? Not a lab test, not a white paper, not a best practice, not a CERT advisory, but a real example, something like audit2why showing a real hacking attempt stopped in its tracks? (If you have no example, please keep commentary in comments instead of Answers.) Thanks!	2009/09/02	[ "https://serverfault.com/questions/61558", "https://serverfault.com", "https://serverfault.com/users/10798/" ]	How about this from [Russell Coker](http://www.coker.com.au/selinux/play.html)? It is a real life example as he has invited everyone onto his machine as root. At first glance I thought this was nuts but then you realize the power of SELinux to make root somewhat useless. Here are some real life [examples](http://doc.coker.com.au/computers/se-linux-saves/) from his site.	SELinux isn't necessarily about protection from hackers; it's about documenting and enforcing policy for how a system behaves. It's a tool in the toolbox that is valuable, but requires skill to use well. A real life example of how it saves you is something like this: > > A vulnerability in an FTP daemon > allows an anonymous user to gain root > privileges. An attacker uses that > vulnerability to access user home > directories and steal SSH private > keys, some of which do not have a > passphrase. > > > --- If SELinux is configured to disallow the "Allow ftp services to read and write files in user home directories" policy, the exploit would not be successful, and the policy violation would be logged.
61,558	Can anyone give a real life example of where SELinux saved their security bacon? (or AppArmour if you wish). If not your own, a pointer to someone with a credible experience? Not a lab test, not a white paper, not a best practice, not a CERT advisory, but a real example, something like audit2why showing a real hacking attempt stopped in its tracks? (If you have no example, please keep commentary in comments instead of Answers.) Thanks!	2009/09/02	[ "https://serverfault.com/questions/61558", "https://serverfault.com", "https://serverfault.com/users/10798/" ]	How about this from [Russell Coker](http://www.coker.com.au/selinux/play.html)? It is a real life example as he has invited everyone onto his machine as root. At first glance I thought this was nuts but then you realize the power of SELinux to make root somewhat useless. Here are some real life [examples](http://doc.coker.com.au/computers/se-linux-saves/) from his site.	Here's a detailed write-up of an attack that SELinux stopped in its tracks, with log details and an explanation of the forensic techniques used. I got this article published in Linux Journal: <http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9176> Here's an excerpt from the beginning: > > If you operate Internet-connected servers, chances are you eventually will have to deal with a successful attack. Last year, I discovered that despite the multilayered defenses in place on a test Web server (targetbox), an attacker had managed to use an exploit in a partially successful attempt to gain access. This server was running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 (RHEL 4) and the Mambo content management system. It had multiple defenses in place, including Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux). SELinux prevented the attacker from executing the second stage of the attack, possibly preventing a root compromise. > > > This article presents a case study of the intrusion response, explaining how I discovered the intrusion, what steps I took to identify the exploit, how I recovered from the attack and what lessons I learned regarding system security. I've changed machine names and IP addresses for privacy reasons. > > >
61,558	Can anyone give a real life example of where SELinux saved their security bacon? (or AppArmour if you wish). If not your own, a pointer to someone with a credible experience? Not a lab test, not a white paper, not a best practice, not a CERT advisory, but a real example, something like audit2why showing a real hacking attempt stopped in its tracks? (If you have no example, please keep commentary in comments instead of Answers.) Thanks!	2009/09/02	[ "https://serverfault.com/questions/61558", "https://serverfault.com", "https://serverfault.com/users/10798/" ]	SELinux isn't necessarily about protection from hackers; it's about documenting and enforcing policy for how a system behaves. It's a tool in the toolbox that is valuable, but requires skill to use well. A real life example of how it saves you is something like this: > > A vulnerability in an FTP daemon > allows an anonymous user to gain root > privileges. An attacker uses that > vulnerability to access user home > directories and steal SSH private > keys, some of which do not have a > passphrase. > > > --- If SELinux is configured to disallow the "Allow ftp services to read and write files in user home directories" policy, the exploit would not be successful, and the policy violation would be logged.	Here's a detailed write-up of an attack that SELinux stopped in its tracks, with log details and an explanation of the forensic techniques used. I got this article published in Linux Journal: <http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9176> Here's an excerpt from the beginning: > > If you operate Internet-connected servers, chances are you eventually will have to deal with a successful attack. Last year, I discovered that despite the multilayered defenses in place on a test Web server (targetbox), an attacker had managed to use an exploit in a partially successful attempt to gain access. This server was running Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 (RHEL 4) and the Mambo content management system. It had multiple defenses in place, including Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux). SELinux prevented the attacker from executing the second stage of the attack, possibly preventing a root compromise. > > > This article presents a case study of the intrusion response, explaining how I discovered the intrusion, what steps I took to identify the exploit, how I recovered from the attack and what lessons I learned regarding system security. I've changed machine names and IP addresses for privacy reasons. > > >
99,790	I'm temporarily without the use of my left, non-dominant, hand (broken shoulder after a bike crash). Obviously my cooking will be rather limited but I still want to make some home made food. What should I be careful of? I'm mainly thinking of main meals - baking is right out. For example a veggie chilli. Safety is my main concern, but I wouldn't want to be stuck with something I couldn't move half cooked. Some things I've thought of: * plan how to avoid moving heavy dishes * don't reckon on chopping hard veg, or veg that rolls (buy frozen ready-chopped etc. when possible) * everything will take longer But I'm sure I've missed a lot, the question is what.	2019/06/27	[ "https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/99790", "https://cooking.stackexchange.com", "https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/20413/" ]	I can give some general recommendations, but if I had some specific recipes that you were considering, I might be able to give more specific recommendations. First, I'd avoid using any tool that I can't clean one-handed. If you have a dish-washer, this might not be a problem, but even things like a blender you might have difficulty disassembling and re-assembling one handed, as you can't screw on/off the bottom. Likewise, most jars and screw-top bottles will be a problem. There are [items that can be mounted under a cabinet to help with opening screw-tops](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B01GEVLJPI), but most of them are only intended for opening ... they wouldn't work for closing the jar after you've used it. (and they'd be almost impossible to install one-handed. VHB or other mounting tape might work, but they tend to fail in torsion, so you'd need to stick the perimeter down well, and maybe add a nail or screw to prevent rotation)) Canned items are likewise out, unless you have an electric can-opener. (that being said -- check thrift stores. They often show up there). It might be possible to use an old school [claw-style can opener](https://homequicks.com/types-of-can-openers) opener on larger cans, but smaller cans are just going to move around on you too much. The ones built into pocket knives might work better, as they have a little bit that catches underneath can lip, but getting the tool opened one-handed is going to be a problem. I would invest in some 'non-slip' shelf liner. (I like the stuff that seems to be a grid of drops of rubber. ([This stuff might be it](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B00PY3IA4Q), but I couldn't be absolutely sure from the picture.) It could be placed under bowls that you can't stabilize with your off hand while you mix things, and it might work to place in the sink so that you can scrub a pot one-handed. This is going to be counter-intuitive, but I'd actually use heavier pans. You want something that's not going to move around on the stove as you're trying to stir things or scrape up fond when deglasing. This might also be a good time to [learn how to flip your food one-handed](https://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/11170/67). You can avoid some heavy lifting by only moving empty pots & pans: * Put the empty vessel on the stove * Fill the vessel * Ladle cooked food out of the vessel * Move the empty vessel to the sink (or dishwasher) to clean it If you have tongs, you can also do this with strand-type pasta, and if you have a good spider you can make shaped pasta. (I prefer a basket-style spider, as I don't take so long to get it all out that half of it is overcooked). You can use a pitcher to get the water into the pot, and a large pyrex measuring cup to get most of it out. (or wait for it to cool, and use whatever you have that you can dip in). You can avoid some knife work by using ground meats. (if you're a meat-eater. If not, well, avoid large blocks of firm tofu) This will both avoid cutting while cooking, but also while eating. If you do need to cut things up, I'd recommend kitchen scissors. You can use them to cut up cooked meats, but they fail at things like cutting up peppers and onions. (although they might be okay for green onions / scallions) I would actually avoid anything large that you'd have to move while hot. This would include casseroles. If you really want to make something like that, I'd invest in some serving-sized ramekins and make individual portions. (and possibly put a silicone pot-holder under the ramekin when eating) You also have to consider eating -- you might be able to cook a steak one-handed, but you're not going to be able to eat it easily. If you're a meat eater, I'd probably work with boneless, skinless chicken thighs. They're relatively easy to cook one-handed with tongs, and you can easily cut them up with scissors or turn them into shredded chicken with a potato masher. (and they're way more difficult to overcook than breasts) --- This could also be a good time to call on your friends, and or make some new friends. (This might work as a pick-up line ... approach someone you're interested in, and ask them if they'd help you cook in exchange for cooking lessons and/or a meal. If you do this, I'd suggest asking them what foods they like). You could use your friends for some partial meal prep ... things like dicing or slicing up peppers, onions, or other ingredients so you'll have them for later meals. Or you could look into making a few single-serve casseroles (large casseroles are going to be impossible to move one-handed) or other dishes that just need to be re-heated so you have meals for a few days. If you go the second route, you can also send the friend home with a few meals in exchange.	Sorry about the accident :-(.. If it's your non-dominant hand that's useless, you shouldn't be quite so limited. You might still be able to do some amount of light chopping by using your left hand more as a prop than an active participant. You can still stir quite well, and saute and so on. What you won't be able to do is to lift anything 2-handed, so you maybe should consider primarily keeping pots small and quantities limited? Something routine and easy like pasta might not work if you think of lifting a heavy pot of boiling water across the kitchen to drain.. No need to add to your injuries. On the other hand a pot of rice should be easier to handle if you only fill it a cup at a time and serve it in installments. And baking small quantities should still work, single potatoes rather than big lasagna pans, individual quiches? You can also forget any can opening.. So it's frozen for you if you want to have more variety than you can cook.
99,790	I'm temporarily without the use of my left, non-dominant, hand (broken shoulder after a bike crash). Obviously my cooking will be rather limited but I still want to make some home made food. What should I be careful of? I'm mainly thinking of main meals - baking is right out. For example a veggie chilli. Safety is my main concern, but I wouldn't want to be stuck with something I couldn't move half cooked. Some things I've thought of: * plan how to avoid moving heavy dishes * don't reckon on chopping hard veg, or veg that rolls (buy frozen ready-chopped etc. when possible) * everything will take longer But I'm sure I've missed a lot, the question is what.	2019/06/27	[ "https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/99790", "https://cooking.stackexchange.com", "https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/20413/" ]	I can give some general recommendations, but if I had some specific recipes that you were considering, I might be able to give more specific recommendations. First, I'd avoid using any tool that I can't clean one-handed. If you have a dish-washer, this might not be a problem, but even things like a blender you might have difficulty disassembling and re-assembling one handed, as you can't screw on/off the bottom. Likewise, most jars and screw-top bottles will be a problem. There are [items that can be mounted under a cabinet to help with opening screw-tops](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B01GEVLJPI), but most of them are only intended for opening ... they wouldn't work for closing the jar after you've used it. (and they'd be almost impossible to install one-handed. VHB or other mounting tape might work, but they tend to fail in torsion, so you'd need to stick the perimeter down well, and maybe add a nail or screw to prevent rotation)) Canned items are likewise out, unless you have an electric can-opener. (that being said -- check thrift stores. They often show up there). It might be possible to use an old school [claw-style can opener](https://homequicks.com/types-of-can-openers) opener on larger cans, but smaller cans are just going to move around on you too much. The ones built into pocket knives might work better, as they have a little bit that catches underneath can lip, but getting the tool opened one-handed is going to be a problem. I would invest in some 'non-slip' shelf liner. (I like the stuff that seems to be a grid of drops of rubber. ([This stuff might be it](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B00PY3IA4Q), but I couldn't be absolutely sure from the picture.) It could be placed under bowls that you can't stabilize with your off hand while you mix things, and it might work to place in the sink so that you can scrub a pot one-handed. This is going to be counter-intuitive, but I'd actually use heavier pans. You want something that's not going to move around on the stove as you're trying to stir things or scrape up fond when deglasing. This might also be a good time to [learn how to flip your food one-handed](https://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/11170/67). You can avoid some heavy lifting by only moving empty pots & pans: * Put the empty vessel on the stove * Fill the vessel * Ladle cooked food out of the vessel * Move the empty vessel to the sink (or dishwasher) to clean it If you have tongs, you can also do this with strand-type pasta, and if you have a good spider you can make shaped pasta. (I prefer a basket-style spider, as I don't take so long to get it all out that half of it is overcooked). You can use a pitcher to get the water into the pot, and a large pyrex measuring cup to get most of it out. (or wait for it to cool, and use whatever you have that you can dip in). You can avoid some knife work by using ground meats. (if you're a meat-eater. If not, well, avoid large blocks of firm tofu) This will both avoid cutting while cooking, but also while eating. If you do need to cut things up, I'd recommend kitchen scissors. You can use them to cut up cooked meats, but they fail at things like cutting up peppers and onions. (although they might be okay for green onions / scallions) I would actually avoid anything large that you'd have to move while hot. This would include casseroles. If you really want to make something like that, I'd invest in some serving-sized ramekins and make individual portions. (and possibly put a silicone pot-holder under the ramekin when eating) You also have to consider eating -- you might be able to cook a steak one-handed, but you're not going to be able to eat it easily. If you're a meat eater, I'd probably work with boneless, skinless chicken thighs. They're relatively easy to cook one-handed with tongs, and you can easily cut them up with scissors or turn them into shredded chicken with a potato masher. (and they're way more difficult to overcook than breasts) --- This could also be a good time to call on your friends, and or make some new friends. (This might work as a pick-up line ... approach someone you're interested in, and ask them if they'd help you cook in exchange for cooking lessons and/or a meal. If you do this, I'd suggest asking them what foods they like). You could use your friends for some partial meal prep ... things like dicing or slicing up peppers, onions, or other ingredients so you'll have them for later meals. Or you could look into making a few single-serve casseroles (large casseroles are going to be impossible to move one-handed) or other dishes that just need to be re-heated so you have meals for a few days. If you go the second route, you can also send the friend home with a few meals in exchange.	From personal experience, when I had surgery and was without my right (dominant) hand for 6 weeks. I invested in a couple of new tools for the kitchen which helped me with prepping veggies and smaller food stuffs. * A slap chopper --- which dices as you press down the lever. Some even have different blades for different sizes of dicing (I can cook but I don't know jargon, sorry). * A cheap wooden spoon that I used as a spacer if I wanted to score things almost all the way through but didn't trust my non-dominant hand. * A veggie cleaner that spun lettuce and what not around as I had a cast and couldn't wash by hand efficiently (which is my preference). More to the point of safety, I would be concerned about lifting things out of the oven (which could be countered by making a smaller sized dish). I also learned how to better cook out of a wok which is easier for "tossing" to stir. Funny enough, it was this need for creativity that got me really into cooking, and I know enjoy it.
55,274	Can I use 15w40 synthetic oil in my 2015 vw jetta tdi and how long can go between oil changes?	2018/06/20	[ "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/55274", "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com", "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/38434/" ]	Replace the battery and those issues will stop. Reason? The bad battery is so discharged after starting the engine the alternator takes a few seconds to bring the system voltage high enough for some electronics to work properly.	The same belt is possibly driving the power steering pump and the alternator. If the belt is slipping when you first start the engine, then the power steering will not work correctly and the alternator will not be providing power. Friction on the slipping belt may then make it heat up and start to grip. The power steering would then start operating and the alternator start producing power. The increase in voltage when the alternator starts working would make the AC fans run faster. You may need to re-tension the belt, or replace it. If this car has an electric power steering pump, then alternator belt could still be slipping and would therefore not be able to supply enough power to the electric pump and the AC fans until the belt stared to grip. Either way, I would check the belt before replacing the battery.
55,274	Can I use 15w40 synthetic oil in my 2015 vw jetta tdi and how long can go between oil changes?	2018/06/20	[ "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/55274", "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com", "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/38434/" ]	The same belt is possibly driving the power steering pump and the alternator. If the belt is slipping when you first start the engine, then the power steering will not work correctly and the alternator will not be providing power. Friction on the slipping belt may then make it heat up and start to grip. The power steering would then start operating and the alternator start producing power. The increase in voltage when the alternator starts working would make the AC fans run faster. You may need to re-tension the belt, or replace it. If this car has an electric power steering pump, then alternator belt could still be slipping and would therefore not be able to supply enough power to the electric pump and the AC fans until the belt stared to grip. Either way, I would check the belt before replacing the battery.	For my 2000 toyota sienna (which has belt+fluid driven power steering) doing a complete fluid flush helped (turn the wheel back and forth 10x afterward to flush out air bubbles), FWIW...also probably worth making sure fluid isn't low first... After that it's replace hoses, then replace pump, I guess. ref: <https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090412100118AA3kc5m>
55,274	Can I use 15w40 synthetic oil in my 2015 vw jetta tdi and how long can go between oil changes?	2018/06/20	[ "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/55274", "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com", "https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/users/38434/" ]	Replace the battery and those issues will stop. Reason? The bad battery is so discharged after starting the engine the alternator takes a few seconds to bring the system voltage high enough for some electronics to work properly.	For my 2000 toyota sienna (which has belt+fluid driven power steering) doing a complete fluid flush helped (turn the wheel back and forth 10x afterward to flush out air bubbles), FWIW...also probably worth making sure fluid isn't low first... After that it's replace hoses, then replace pump, I guess. ref: <https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090412100118AA3kc5m>
72,242	I like to have folders in my theme folder for scripts and styles, but I can't access these folders in the "Edit Themes" interface. This is problematic for clients that don't give me FTP access. Is there a way to see these folders and the files in them from the Wordpress admin section?	2012/11/11	[ "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/72242", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/22912/" ]	I face the same problem almost every day with our WordPress customers. I use a plugin that allows you to edit all files of WordPress. But it is not safe for accounts on shared hosting (sometimes plugin allow edit any files on whole server). This plugin has been removed from wordpress.org (I think for security reasons) and the author's domain now expired. I've found small review here: <http://www.themepremium.com/access-ftp-from-wordpress-dashboard-using-myftp-wordpress-plugin/> Below I'll post a link to a copy of the plugin. NOTE: I haven't any relations to the author of this plugin and have not modified it. I will not be held responsible for how you use the plugin. ["myftp" plugin](https://dl.dropbox.com/u/4075272/myftp.zip)	If a client won't or can't give you FTP access then you shouldn't be working for them. You could take the time it would take to hack the core and just find better clients.
72,242	I like to have folders in my theme folder for scripts and styles, but I can't access these folders in the "Edit Themes" interface. This is problematic for clients that don't give me FTP access. Is there a way to see these folders and the files in them from the Wordpress admin section?	2012/11/11	[ "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/72242", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/22912/" ]	The [Advanced Code Editor](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/advanced-code-editor) plugin provides this functionality. From the plugin description: > > Enables syntax highlighting in the integrated themes and plugins source code editors. Supports PHP, HTML, CSS and JS. > > Effectively edit your themes or plugins when you only have access to a browser, by enabling syntax highlighting in WordPress integrated source code editors. Supports PHP, HTML, CSS and JavaScript > > > --- Edit: The plugin mentioned above doesn't seem to have the directory tree for themes; only plugins. There is, however, another plugin that does provide this functionallity: [WPide](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wpide/) From the plugin description: > > File tree allowing you to access and edit any file in your wp-content folder (plugins, themes, uploads etc) > > > There has also been a [trac ticket](http://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/4131) on this topic; hopefully this will be fixed in a future version of WordPress.	I do the same thing as you and organize things in folders. I never use that editor but I just took a look at one of my sites and I can see the files but not the directories. That is, the files are listed as present and are editable, but they are not displayed by directory. You can't tell what folder they are in unless you read the URL for the links. If you are talking about a child theme, I am having trouble seeing some of the files and I don't know why. The owner, group, and permissions match on the parent theme, whose files I can see, and the child theme, some of whose files I can't see. I'd never noticed the issue until this question came up.
72,242	I like to have folders in my theme folder for scripts and styles, but I can't access these folders in the "Edit Themes" interface. This is problematic for clients that don't give me FTP access. Is there a way to see these folders and the files in them from the Wordpress admin section?	2012/11/11	[ "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/72242", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/22912/" ]	For those looking for more recent information, AceIDE (forked from the now unmaintained WPide) works pretty well for quick and dirty edits. Keep in mind that theme and plugin edits will be overwritten by updates, so editing this way is bad practice.	If a client won't or can't give you FTP access then you shouldn't be working for them. You could take the time it would take to hack the core and just find better clients.
72,242	I like to have folders in my theme folder for scripts and styles, but I can't access these folders in the "Edit Themes" interface. This is problematic for clients that don't give me FTP access. Is there a way to see these folders and the files in them from the Wordpress admin section?	2012/11/11	[ "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/72242", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/22912/" ]	The [Advanced Code Editor](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/advanced-code-editor) plugin provides this functionality. From the plugin description: > > Enables syntax highlighting in the integrated themes and plugins source code editors. Supports PHP, HTML, CSS and JS. > > Effectively edit your themes or plugins when you only have access to a browser, by enabling syntax highlighting in WordPress integrated source code editors. Supports PHP, HTML, CSS and JavaScript > > > --- Edit: The plugin mentioned above doesn't seem to have the directory tree for themes; only plugins. There is, however, another plugin that does provide this functionallity: [WPide](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wpide/) From the plugin description: > > File tree allowing you to access and edit any file in your wp-content folder (plugins, themes, uploads etc) > > > There has also been a [trac ticket](http://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/4131) on this topic; hopefully this will be fixed in a future version of WordPress.	I face the same problem almost every day with our WordPress customers. I use a plugin that allows you to edit all files of WordPress. But it is not safe for accounts on shared hosting (sometimes plugin allow edit any files on whole server). This plugin has been removed from wordpress.org (I think for security reasons) and the author's domain now expired. I've found small review here: <http://www.themepremium.com/access-ftp-from-wordpress-dashboard-using-myftp-wordpress-plugin/> Below I'll post a link to a copy of the plugin. NOTE: I haven't any relations to the author of this plugin and have not modified it. I will not be held responsible for how you use the plugin. ["myftp" plugin](https://dl.dropbox.com/u/4075272/myftp.zip)
72,242	I like to have folders in my theme folder for scripts and styles, but I can't access these folders in the "Edit Themes" interface. This is problematic for clients that don't give me FTP access. Is there a way to see these folders and the files in them from the Wordpress admin section?	2012/11/11	[ "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/72242", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/22912/" ]	The [Advanced Code Editor](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/advanced-code-editor) plugin provides this functionality. From the plugin description: > > Enables syntax highlighting in the integrated themes and plugins source code editors. Supports PHP, HTML, CSS and JS. > > Effectively edit your themes or plugins when you only have access to a browser, by enabling syntax highlighting in WordPress integrated source code editors. Supports PHP, HTML, CSS and JavaScript > > > --- Edit: The plugin mentioned above doesn't seem to have the directory tree for themes; only plugins. There is, however, another plugin that does provide this functionallity: [WPide](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wpide/) From the plugin description: > > File tree allowing you to access and edit any file in your wp-content folder (plugins, themes, uploads etc) > > > There has also been a [trac ticket](http://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/4131) on this topic; hopefully this will be fixed in a future version of WordPress.	For those looking for more recent information, AceIDE (forked from the now unmaintained WPide) works pretty well for quick and dirty edits. Keep in mind that theme and plugin edits will be overwritten by updates, so editing this way is bad practice.
72,242	I like to have folders in my theme folder for scripts and styles, but I can't access these folders in the "Edit Themes" interface. This is problematic for clients that don't give me FTP access. Is there a way to see these folders and the files in them from the Wordpress admin section?	2012/11/11	[ "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/72242", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com", "https://wordpress.stackexchange.com/users/22912/" ]	The [Advanced Code Editor](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/advanced-code-editor) plugin provides this functionality. From the plugin description: > > Enables syntax highlighting in the integrated themes and plugins source code editors. Supports PHP, HTML, CSS and JS. > > Effectively edit your themes or plugins when you only have access to a browser, by enabling syntax highlighting in WordPress integrated source code editors. Supports PHP, HTML, CSS and JavaScript > > > --- Edit: The plugin mentioned above doesn't seem to have the directory tree for themes; only plugins. There is, however, another plugin that does provide this functionallity: [WPide](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/wpide/) From the plugin description: > > File tree allowing you to access and edit any file in your wp-content folder (plugins, themes, uploads etc) > > > There has also been a [trac ticket](http://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/4131) on this topic; hopefully this will be fixed in a future version of WordPress.	If a client won't or can't give you FTP access then you shouldn't be working for them. You could take the time it would take to hack the core and just find better clients.
6,267,340	According to the Netbeans site (http://netbeans.org/features/javascript/index.html), Netbeans can be used for "Developing with HTML, JavaScript, and CSS". However, the IDE does not ship with a project type just for this. Instead, there is a project type for PHP or (if you have a release before 7.0), Ruby etc. However, I just want to create a rich web application with Javascript/HTML/CSS. Perhaps there is a plugin for such a project type?	2011/06/07	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6267340", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/274354/" ]	As far as I know, there is no plugin to create HTML project or General project (as in Eclipse). But for this I use Favorites tab: 1. Display tab Favorites Windows > Favorites 2. Find your directory for your html project 3. Right click to directory and choose "Add To Favorites" ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/95xrp.png)	You can just create a PHP project and then not create any PHP code. You will need the PHP plugin installed first. Source: <http://forums.netbeans.org/post-32661.html>
6,267,340	According to the Netbeans site (http://netbeans.org/features/javascript/index.html), Netbeans can be used for "Developing with HTML, JavaScript, and CSS". However, the IDE does not ship with a project type just for this. Instead, there is a project type for PHP or (if you have a release before 7.0), Ruby etc. However, I just want to create a rich web application with Javascript/HTML/CSS. Perhaps there is a plugin for such a project type?	2011/06/07	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6267340", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/274354/" ]	As far as I know, there is no plugin to create HTML project or General project (as in Eclipse). But for this I use Favorites tab: 1. Display tab Favorites Windows > Favorites 2. Find your directory for your html project 3. Right click to directory and choose "Add To Favorites" ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/95xrp.png)	If your still looking you could try this plugin: <http://weblogs.java.net/blog/timboudreau/archive/2006/08/netbeans_module.html>
6,267,340	According to the Netbeans site (http://netbeans.org/features/javascript/index.html), Netbeans can be used for "Developing with HTML, JavaScript, and CSS". However, the IDE does not ship with a project type just for this. Instead, there is a project type for PHP or (if you have a release before 7.0), Ruby etc. However, I just want to create a rich web application with Javascript/HTML/CSS. Perhaps there is a plugin for such a project type?	2011/06/07	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6267340", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/274354/" ]	As far as I know, there is no plugin to create HTML project or General project (as in Eclipse). But for this I use Favorites tab: 1. Display tab Favorites Windows > Favorites 2. Find your directory for your html project 3. Right click to directory and choose "Add To Favorites" ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/95xrp.png)	This isn't relevant to Netbeans 6.9, but [Netbeans 7.3](http://netbeans.org/community/releases/73/index.html) (in beta as of 11 January 2012) has support for strict HTML/JavaScript projects.
6,267,340	According to the Netbeans site (http://netbeans.org/features/javascript/index.html), Netbeans can be used for "Developing with HTML, JavaScript, and CSS". However, the IDE does not ship with a project type just for this. Instead, there is a project type for PHP or (if you have a release before 7.0), Ruby etc. However, I just want to create a rich web application with Javascript/HTML/CSS. Perhaps there is a plugin for such a project type?	2011/06/07	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6267340", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/274354/" ]	You can just create a PHP project and then not create any PHP code. You will need the PHP plugin installed first. Source: <http://forums.netbeans.org/post-32661.html>	If your still looking you could try this plugin: <http://weblogs.java.net/blog/timboudreau/archive/2006/08/netbeans_module.html>
6,267,340	According to the Netbeans site (http://netbeans.org/features/javascript/index.html), Netbeans can be used for "Developing with HTML, JavaScript, and CSS". However, the IDE does not ship with a project type just for this. Instead, there is a project type for PHP or (if you have a release before 7.0), Ruby etc. However, I just want to create a rich web application with Javascript/HTML/CSS. Perhaps there is a plugin for such a project type?	2011/06/07	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6267340", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/274354/" ]	This isn't relevant to Netbeans 6.9, but [Netbeans 7.3](http://netbeans.org/community/releases/73/index.html) (in beta as of 11 January 2012) has support for strict HTML/JavaScript projects.	If your still looking you could try this plugin: <http://weblogs.java.net/blog/timboudreau/archive/2006/08/netbeans_module.html>
125,287	According to [the FAQ](https://stackoverflow.com/faq#reputation): > > You can only earn a maximum of +1000 total reputation through > suggested edits > > > and on Stack Overflow I have earned 882 reputation from suggested edits (according to [/reputation](https://stackoverflow.com/reputation)). This should mean that I can get reputation from 59 more edits ((1000-882)/2) as long as I do not hit 2000 reputation. But in the last couple of days (since Mar 8 around 18:00) I have not gotten reputation from my suggested edits that has been accepted. To see this, compare [my suggested edits](https://stackoverflow.com/users/789593/n-n?tab=activity&sort=suggestions) and [my reputation history](https://stackoverflow.com/users/789593/n-n?tab=reputation). Am I getting something wrong or is this a bug? As [suggested by Dennis](https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/125311/163868) it might be that I already got 1000 reputation from suggested edits. In that case [/reputation](https://stackoverflow.com/reputation) is clearly wrong in reporting that I have earned only 882 reputation from suggested edits.	2012/03/11	[ "https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/125287", "https://meta.stackexchange.com", "https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/163868/" ]	There were 2 bugs here, one fixed 2 days ago one fixed just a few moments ago. First, post deletions weren't immediately affecting your rep as they should have (it was getting skewed) - that was fixed 2 days ago. Second, the "do you have 1,000 rep from suggested edits?" check wasn't paying attention to deleted posts, so it was giving a false positive and stopped awarding early (if you reached 1000, but then lost some due to post deletions, it still said 1,000). Going forward, you can re-cap to 1,000 if a post gets deleted. We'll auto-recalc and restore rep from what were post-1000-rep suggested edits when deletions happen. If you still have room before reaching 1,000 after that, future suggestions will continue to award +2 until you reach it. Also, with the next build reputation for all pre-reputation-from-suggested-edits...edits will be awarded (it's easier to do this than not to do it). And those few users who capped at 1,000 but then lost some rep due to post deletions will get any post-1,000-rep-suggestion approval +2 rep entries back up to 1,000 again (think daily rep cap, up to 200 in a day, but 1,000 for all time, same behavior). If any of the above doesn't make sense, you're probably not crazy and I've looked at too many numbers today.	As Oded suspected, you have already more than 500 suggested edits approved. According to your edit stats (you can see them [here](https://stackoverflow.com/suggested-edits/218607)): > > N.N. had 518 edit suggestions approved, and 66 edit suggestions rejected. > > >
7,977	I am over weight (1.85m/6 ft 1" and 105 kgs/231 oz). I started working out 8 months ago and I have lost 25kgs/55 pounds. Over the last 2 months I am focusing on muscle exercises as much as cardio and aerobic ones. My question is this: What exercises would you suggest for the upper bottom/seat/buttocks area. I am doing squats. But apart from that, are there any additional exercises that can help tone that area?	2012/09/06	[ "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/7977", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/4201/" ]	Back squats are a great start, but I would also suggest doing front squats because it's feasible to go much deeper with them, and going very deep (ass to calves) with a front squat uses your hamstrings more than the back squat to just below parallel. The deadlift works your lower back more, so by adding both front squats and deadlifts you're approaching the butt area from both sides. Also, the deadlift and front squat are quite good for a lot of other muscles, so you'll be ending up in better shape overall. There might be some isolation exercises you could do, but I prefer to see what benefits can be achieved from compound exercises, and only resort to isolation exercises if absolutely necessary - I like to spend as little time working out as possible. If you're doing multiple work sets of back squats now, I would recommend against suddenly throwing on an equal number of sets for the front squat and the deadlift. If, for example, you're doing 4 sets now, cut it down to 2, so you're doing 6 sets total for the 3 lifts.	The website ExRx (<http://www.exrx.net>) has a long list of exercises and descriptions, which you can sort by muscle group. Here's there list of exercises that work the butt (gluteus maximus): <http://exrx.net/Lists/ExList/HipsWt.html#anchor169231> Doing anything on that list should help work that area.
7,977	I am over weight (1.85m/6 ft 1" and 105 kgs/231 oz). I started working out 8 months ago and I have lost 25kgs/55 pounds. Over the last 2 months I am focusing on muscle exercises as much as cardio and aerobic ones. My question is this: What exercises would you suggest for the upper bottom/seat/buttocks area. I am doing squats. But apart from that, are there any additional exercises that can help tone that area?	2012/09/06	[ "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/7977", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/4201/" ]	The website ExRx (<http://www.exrx.net>) has a long list of exercises and descriptions, which you can sort by muscle group. Here's there list of exercises that work the butt (gluteus maximus): <http://exrx.net/Lists/ExList/HipsWt.html#anchor169231> Doing anything on that list should help work that area.	When you ask about "toning" one area, it sounds to me like you are really talking about losing fat from that one area. If that is the case, the answer is that you cannot as stated by the answers to this question: [Is working out localized muscle going to help burn fat in that area more than building up overall muscle mass?](https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/8207/is-working-out-localized-muscle-going-to-help-burn-fat-in-that-area-more-than-bu) So the best you can do is to continue to lose weight and your body will decide which places it will remove the fat from. Sorry for the bad news...
7,977	I am over weight (1.85m/6 ft 1" and 105 kgs/231 oz). I started working out 8 months ago and I have lost 25kgs/55 pounds. Over the last 2 months I am focusing on muscle exercises as much as cardio and aerobic ones. My question is this: What exercises would you suggest for the upper bottom/seat/buttocks area. I am doing squats. But apart from that, are there any additional exercises that can help tone that area?	2012/09/06	[ "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/7977", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/4201/" ]	Back squats are a great start, but I would also suggest doing front squats because it's feasible to go much deeper with them, and going very deep (ass to calves) with a front squat uses your hamstrings more than the back squat to just below parallel. The deadlift works your lower back more, so by adding both front squats and deadlifts you're approaching the butt area from both sides. Also, the deadlift and front squat are quite good for a lot of other muscles, so you'll be ending up in better shape overall. There might be some isolation exercises you could do, but I prefer to see what benefits can be achieved from compound exercises, and only resort to isolation exercises if absolutely necessary - I like to spend as little time working out as possible. If you're doing multiple work sets of back squats now, I would recommend against suddenly throwing on an equal number of sets for the front squat and the deadlift. If, for example, you're doing 4 sets now, cut it down to 2, so you're doing 6 sets total for the 3 lifts.	Stiff-leg deadlifts, that will work your butt lots. There are many different exercises, but sticking to the basics is what usually works: 1. Back squats 2. Stiff-leg deadlifts
7,977	I am over weight (1.85m/6 ft 1" and 105 kgs/231 oz). I started working out 8 months ago and I have lost 25kgs/55 pounds. Over the last 2 months I am focusing on muscle exercises as much as cardio and aerobic ones. My question is this: What exercises would you suggest for the upper bottom/seat/buttocks area. I am doing squats. But apart from that, are there any additional exercises that can help tone that area?	2012/09/06	[ "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/7977", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/4201/" ]	Back squats are a great start, but I would also suggest doing front squats because it's feasible to go much deeper with them, and going very deep (ass to calves) with a front squat uses your hamstrings more than the back squat to just below parallel. The deadlift works your lower back more, so by adding both front squats and deadlifts you're approaching the butt area from both sides. Also, the deadlift and front squat are quite good for a lot of other muscles, so you'll be ending up in better shape overall. There might be some isolation exercises you could do, but I prefer to see what benefits can be achieved from compound exercises, and only resort to isolation exercises if absolutely necessary - I like to spend as little time working out as possible. If you're doing multiple work sets of back squats now, I would recommend against suddenly throwing on an equal number of sets for the front squat and the deadlift. If, for example, you're doing 4 sets now, cut it down to 2, so you're doing 6 sets total for the 3 lifts.	Squats, lunges, and deadlifts are all great at targeting the buttock (if done right). "Doing them right" entails: 1) Proper warmup and activation 2) Proper form Most people have "sleepy butts" (from sitting all day) and need to activate their glutes before they can use them. If they don't do this and lack the proper activation, other muscles (like hamstrings and quads) will simply take over the movement. Before we do glute activation (such as [this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJUPEnX_1TA&list=PL1B50D5C362CC6527&index=14&feature=plpp_video)), however, we need loosen up our hips (with an exercise such as [this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of6OYuyYCxE)) With proper activation, your form should be immediately cleaned up. But if you have any doubt, I suggest you check out [Bret Contrera's videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/bretcontreras1?feature=CAkQwRs=).
7,977	I am over weight (1.85m/6 ft 1" and 105 kgs/231 oz). I started working out 8 months ago and I have lost 25kgs/55 pounds. Over the last 2 months I am focusing on muscle exercises as much as cardio and aerobic ones. My question is this: What exercises would you suggest for the upper bottom/seat/buttocks area. I am doing squats. But apart from that, are there any additional exercises that can help tone that area?	2012/09/06	[ "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/7977", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/4201/" ]	Back squats are a great start, but I would also suggest doing front squats because it's feasible to go much deeper with them, and going very deep (ass to calves) with a front squat uses your hamstrings more than the back squat to just below parallel. The deadlift works your lower back more, so by adding both front squats and deadlifts you're approaching the butt area from both sides. Also, the deadlift and front squat are quite good for a lot of other muscles, so you'll be ending up in better shape overall. There might be some isolation exercises you could do, but I prefer to see what benefits can be achieved from compound exercises, and only resort to isolation exercises if absolutely necessary - I like to spend as little time working out as possible. If you're doing multiple work sets of back squats now, I would recommend against suddenly throwing on an equal number of sets for the front squat and the deadlift. If, for example, you're doing 4 sets now, cut it down to 2, so you're doing 6 sets total for the 3 lifts.	When you ask about "toning" one area, it sounds to me like you are really talking about losing fat from that one area. If that is the case, the answer is that you cannot as stated by the answers to this question: [Is working out localized muscle going to help burn fat in that area more than building up overall muscle mass?](https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/8207/is-working-out-localized-muscle-going-to-help-burn-fat-in-that-area-more-than-bu) So the best you can do is to continue to lose weight and your body will decide which places it will remove the fat from. Sorry for the bad news...
7,977	I am over weight (1.85m/6 ft 1" and 105 kgs/231 oz). I started working out 8 months ago and I have lost 25kgs/55 pounds. Over the last 2 months I am focusing on muscle exercises as much as cardio and aerobic ones. My question is this: What exercises would you suggest for the upper bottom/seat/buttocks area. I am doing squats. But apart from that, are there any additional exercises that can help tone that area?	2012/09/06	[ "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/7977", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/4201/" ]	Stiff-leg deadlifts, that will work your butt lots. There are many different exercises, but sticking to the basics is what usually works: 1. Back squats 2. Stiff-leg deadlifts	When you ask about "toning" one area, it sounds to me like you are really talking about losing fat from that one area. If that is the case, the answer is that you cannot as stated by the answers to this question: [Is working out localized muscle going to help burn fat in that area more than building up overall muscle mass?](https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/8207/is-working-out-localized-muscle-going-to-help-burn-fat-in-that-area-more-than-bu) So the best you can do is to continue to lose weight and your body will decide which places it will remove the fat from. Sorry for the bad news...
7,977	I am over weight (1.85m/6 ft 1" and 105 kgs/231 oz). I started working out 8 months ago and I have lost 25kgs/55 pounds. Over the last 2 months I am focusing on muscle exercises as much as cardio and aerobic ones. My question is this: What exercises would you suggest for the upper bottom/seat/buttocks area. I am doing squats. But apart from that, are there any additional exercises that can help tone that area?	2012/09/06	[ "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/7977", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com", "https://fitness.stackexchange.com/users/4201/" ]	Squats, lunges, and deadlifts are all great at targeting the buttock (if done right). "Doing them right" entails: 1) Proper warmup and activation 2) Proper form Most people have "sleepy butts" (from sitting all day) and need to activate their glutes before they can use them. If they don't do this and lack the proper activation, other muscles (like hamstrings and quads) will simply take over the movement. Before we do glute activation (such as [this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJUPEnX_1TA&list=PL1B50D5C362CC6527&index=14&feature=plpp_video)), however, we need loosen up our hips (with an exercise such as [this](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of6OYuyYCxE)) With proper activation, your form should be immediately cleaned up. But if you have any doubt, I suggest you check out [Bret Contrera's videos](https://www.youtube.com/user/bretcontreras1?feature=CAkQwRs=).	When you ask about "toning" one area, it sounds to me like you are really talking about losing fat from that one area. If that is the case, the answer is that you cannot as stated by the answers to this question: [Is working out localized muscle going to help burn fat in that area more than building up overall muscle mass?](https://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/8207/is-working-out-localized-muscle-going-to-help-burn-fat-in-that-area-more-than-bu) So the best you can do is to continue to lose weight and your body will decide which places it will remove the fat from. Sorry for the bad news...
177,929	Do I need to use any or the before other in the following sentence when comparing things? Here are the examples: * Moscow is bigger than any other city in the world. * Moscow is bigger than other cities in the world. * Moscow is bigger than the other cities in the world. Some more examples: * John is taller than other boys. * John is taller than any other boy.	2018/08/29	[ "https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/177929", "https://ell.stackexchange.com", "https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/61403/" ]	All of your sentences are grammatical, whether other is preceded by any, the, or nothing at all. I, personally, find the second sentence the most natural, followed closely by the first, and, finally, the third. But all sound quite natural to me nonetheless. Of course, that's subjective. Different people will have different reactions to them.	Yes, you do. Without 'any', 'the', 'other' it would be quite vague as to what the comparison is referring to. Note: bigger is a bit vague. Do you mean big is in land mass, population? etc.
177,929	Do I need to use any or the before other in the following sentence when comparing things? Here are the examples: * Moscow is bigger than any other city in the world. * Moscow is bigger than other cities in the world. * Moscow is bigger than the other cities in the world. Some more examples: * John is taller than other boys. * John is taller than any other boy.	2018/08/29	[ "https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/177929", "https://ell.stackexchange.com", "https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/61403/" ]	All of your sentences are grammatical, whether other is preceded by any, the, or nothing at all. I, personally, find the second sentence the most natural, followed closely by the first, and, finally, the third. But all sound quite natural to me nonetheless. Of course, that's subjective. Different people will have different reactions to them.	Where Moscow is concerned, your first example is idiomatic (regardless of whether you are referring to the size of the population or the extent of the city). That's how most people would construct the sentence.The other two are grammatically correct but unusually phrased. Native English speakers would be unlikely to use them except in certain hypothetical contexts such as: Moscow is smaller than the vast metropolis on the moon but it is bigger than other cities in the world. Where John's height is concerned, both examples are correct and idiomatic but likely to be used in slightly different contexts, for example: > > John is taller than other boys of his age > > > John is taller than any other boy in his class > > > The choice here is a matter of nuance and preference.
514,944	There are definitely at least two ways in which the word "are" is used. Consider the following: > > Book A and Book B are red. > > > vs > > Book A and Book B are similar. > > > In the first use, it is applying an adjective independently to multiple objects. You can view it as syntactic sugar for > > Book A is red and Book B is red. > > > However, the second sentence doesn't allow such an expansion. Now, I come from a CS and math background, so my view of this is a bit theoretical (to me, it seems that there is a difference in composition between the two example sentences). Grammatically or linguistically, is there such a concept as the difference I have described?	2019/10/08	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/514944", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/116986/" ]	> > [1] Book A and Book B are red. > > > [2] Book A and Book B are similar. > > > Yes, there is a difference. Example [1] is called distributive coordination, while [2] is called joint coordination. In [1] the property of being red applies to book A and book B separately -- it is distributed between them; whereas in [2] the property of being similar applies to the two books jointly, as a group.	Both "are" and "is" are tenses of "be", and "be" can mean several things. The definitions of "be" (from [Merriam-Webster](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/be)) we are concerned with is: > > D: to have a specified qualification or characterization > > > Your first and third examples are: > > Book A and Book B are red. > > > Book A is red and Book B is red. > > > This is the English language equivalent of the distributive property. If Book A and book B are red, then I can distribute the verb and adjective to both while conveying the same meaning. Instead of a compound subject, I now create a compound sentence. This is exactly what you describe in your question. Your second example is: > > Book A and Book B are similar. > > > "Similar" describes a relational characteristic. You cannot distribute "similar" to apply to each noun individually (without additional context) because it requires two objects to form a comparison. To explain in CS terms, think of it as "are" being a token that relies on the following token to define its own behavior. Certain following words may define characteristics of each of the preceding nouns: > > These books are expensive. > > > Others may define characteristics between each of the preceding nouns ( > > These two are lovers. > > > Lack of a following word may describe its inclusion in a previous statement > > Which books are on sale? > > > These books are. > > >
514,944	There are definitely at least two ways in which the word "are" is used. Consider the following: > > Book A and Book B are red. > > > vs > > Book A and Book B are similar. > > > In the first use, it is applying an adjective independently to multiple objects. You can view it as syntactic sugar for > > Book A is red and Book B is red. > > > However, the second sentence doesn't allow such an expansion. Now, I come from a CS and math background, so my view of this is a bit theoretical (to me, it seems that there is a difference in composition between the two example sentences). Grammatically or linguistically, is there such a concept as the difference I have described?	2019/10/08	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/514944", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/116986/" ]	> > [1] Book A and Book B are red. > > > [2] Book A and Book B are similar. > > > Yes, there is a difference. Example [1] is called distributive coordination, while [2] is called joint coordination. In [1] the property of being red applies to book A and book B separately -- it is distributed between them; whereas in [2] the property of being similar applies to the two books jointly, as a group.	The flaw in your question is assuming the answer has anything to do with the properties of the verb to be. Rather, it's your choice of adjective that is not allowing you to use the transitive property on these sentences. Your first example uses a simple descriptive adjective. Red It requires no comparison to work. Hence, the logic: > > A is C. B is C. A & B are C. > > > Your second example is a different type of adjective. It's a comparative adjective. The logic still applies. > > A is similar. B is similar. A & B are similar. > > > But, because you used a comparison you're left asking similar to what? if you view it as two singles. You'd have similar issues with any comparison. Taller, greasier, stinkier, uglier, etc.
112,052	Anyone used to get certification of Magento 2. May you show me how to get certification of Magento 2 ?	2016/04/22	[ "https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/112052", "https://magento.stackexchange.com", "https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/36577/" ]	1. Before appearing for the exam we need to prepare the for the exam * *Examination Syllabus Details* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://spark.adobe.com/page/87jLctNB6KxM0/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/saM506xrYKi0p/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/lJWBfPhvp5npA/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/ZDus3If2u1rQf/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - 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Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-frontend-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-javascript-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-cloud-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-professional-developer-plus-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Free / Open Source Materials* + AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) - [Magento Cloud Notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-cloud-developer-notes) - [Cloud Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/en/quiz/17576116/cloud-developer-exam-test-01-magento-2-certified-professional) + AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) - [Magento Developer Plus Study Notes](https://github.com/roma-glushko/magento2-dev-plus-exam) + AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) - [Associate Developer Study Notes](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1t61AugL-wE2B7uBzw5ak_ZQTo3Yju_sjb42ecjnWkpc/edit) + AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) - [magento-lucknow/certification-notes](https://magento-lucknow.github.io/certification-notes/) - [magento-notes/magento2-exam-notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-exam-notes) - [df2k2/m2cert](https://github.com/df2k2/m2cert.git) - [Decimadigital Mock Questions](https://m2exam.decimadigital.com/learning-magento-2-training-with-questions-list) - [colinmurphy/magento-exam-notes](https://github.com/colinmurphy/magento-exam-notes) (Outdated) + AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) - [Frontend Developer Training Material by FishEye](https://github.com/fisheye-academy/m2cpfed-training) - [Frontend Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/p/15702242-magento-2-front-end-developer-certification-practice-exam-quizzes) + *Other Paid Magento Training Materials* - [Magento trainings on the Adobe Digital Learning Platform](https://learning.adobe.com/catalog.html?solution=Adobe%20Magento%20Commerce) - [Magemastery](https://magemastery.net/) - [Magento training by Yireo](https://www.yireo.com/magento) - [M.academy](https://m.academy/) - [Mage2TV](https://www.mage2.tv/) 2. Exam Vouchers * [Exam Voucher](https://market.xvoucher.com/adobe/home) (Get 50% discount on your first purchase using Holiday22 coupon code. The promo is valid till December 31, 2022)	i would like to recommand you this all-in-one blog post: <https://firebearstudio.com/blog/how-to-pass-the-magento-2-certification.html> it's a very good starting point to get a clear and concise overview of the official Magento Certification program with few pointers to good materials on internet (blogs, youtube channels, alternative options for training courses ..) to start your preparation. also have a look at the official [Magento certification directory](https://u.magento.com/certification/directory) and try to get touch with those who already get certified in order to get feedback, hints, advises and some encouragement. and last but not least START with the official devdocs.
112,052	Anyone used to get certification of Magento 2. May you show me how to get certification of Magento 2 ?	2016/04/22	[ "https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/112052", "https://magento.stackexchange.com", "https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/36577/" ]	1. Before appearing for the exam we need to prepare the for the exam * *Examination Syllabus Details* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://spark.adobe.com/page/87jLctNB6KxM0/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/saM506xrYKi0p/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/lJWBfPhvp5npA/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/ZDus3If2u1rQf/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/GrkbPktpWMkkb/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E707 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Order Management Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/K2Wjl6Na3BY0h/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Order Management Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://spark.adobe.com/page/PTidDHsT5JgyB/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Premium ($$) Study Materials and Mock Tests (By [Swift Otter](https://swiftotter.com/))* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-certified-solution-specialist-exam-study-guide#/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-certified-associate-study-guide#/) Developer(previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-frontend-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-javascript-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-cloud-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-professional-developer-plus-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Free / Open Source Materials* + AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) - [Magento Cloud Notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-cloud-developer-notes) - [Cloud Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/en/quiz/17576116/cloud-developer-exam-test-01-magento-2-certified-professional) + AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) - [Magento Developer Plus Study Notes](https://github.com/roma-glushko/magento2-dev-plus-exam) + AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) - [Associate Developer Study Notes](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1t61AugL-wE2B7uBzw5ak_ZQTo3Yju_sjb42ecjnWkpc/edit) + AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) - [magento-lucknow/certification-notes](https://magento-lucknow.github.io/certification-notes/) - [magento-notes/magento2-exam-notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-exam-notes) - [df2k2/m2cert](https://github.com/df2k2/m2cert.git) - [Decimadigital Mock Questions](https://m2exam.decimadigital.com/learning-magento-2-training-with-questions-list) - [colinmurphy/magento-exam-notes](https://github.com/colinmurphy/magento-exam-notes) (Outdated) + AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) - [Frontend Developer Training Material by FishEye](https://github.com/fisheye-academy/m2cpfed-training) - [Frontend Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/p/15702242-magento-2-front-end-developer-certification-practice-exam-quizzes) + *Other Paid Magento Training Materials* - [Magento trainings on the Adobe Digital Learning Platform](https://learning.adobe.com/catalog.html?solution=Adobe%20Magento%20Commerce) - [Magemastery](https://magemastery.net/) - [Magento training by Yireo](https://www.yireo.com/magento) - [M.academy](https://m.academy/) - [Mage2TV](https://www.mage2.tv/) 2. Exam Vouchers * [Exam Voucher](https://market.xvoucher.com/adobe/home) (Get 50% discount on your first purchase using Holiday22 coupon code. The promo is valid till December 31, 2022)	I purchased Magento Certification Voucher (After Magento Purchase by Adobe ) from below link. <https://market.xvoucher.com/adobe> and you will get mail after successfully place voucher order.In that mail step by step info to book exam date on below site <https://auth.services.adobe.com/en_US/index.html/>
112,052	Anyone used to get certification of Magento 2. May you show me how to get certification of Magento 2 ?	2016/04/22	[ "https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/112052", "https://magento.stackexchange.com", "https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/36577/" ]	1. Before appearing for the exam we need to prepare the for the exam * *Examination Syllabus Details* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://spark.adobe.com/page/87jLctNB6KxM0/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/saM506xrYKi0p/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/lJWBfPhvp5npA/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/ZDus3If2u1rQf/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/GrkbPktpWMkkb/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E707 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Order Management Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/K2Wjl6Na3BY0h/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Order Management Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://spark.adobe.com/page/PTidDHsT5JgyB/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Premium ($$) Study Materials and Mock Tests (By [Swift Otter](https://swiftotter.com/))* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-certified-solution-specialist-exam-study-guide#/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-certified-associate-study-guide#/) Developer(previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-frontend-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-javascript-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-cloud-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-professional-developer-plus-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Free / Open Source Materials* + AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) - [Magento Cloud Notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-cloud-developer-notes) - [Cloud Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/en/quiz/17576116/cloud-developer-exam-test-01-magento-2-certified-professional) + AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) - [Magento Developer Plus Study Notes](https://github.com/roma-glushko/magento2-dev-plus-exam) + AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) - [Associate Developer Study Notes](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1t61AugL-wE2B7uBzw5ak_ZQTo3Yju_sjb42ecjnWkpc/edit) + AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) - [magento-lucknow/certification-notes](https://magento-lucknow.github.io/certification-notes/) - [magento-notes/magento2-exam-notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-exam-notes) - [df2k2/m2cert](https://github.com/df2k2/m2cert.git) - [Decimadigital Mock Questions](https://m2exam.decimadigital.com/learning-magento-2-training-with-questions-list) - [colinmurphy/magento-exam-notes](https://github.com/colinmurphy/magento-exam-notes) (Outdated) + AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) - [Frontend Developer Training Material by FishEye](https://github.com/fisheye-academy/m2cpfed-training) - [Frontend Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/p/15702242-magento-2-front-end-developer-certification-practice-exam-quizzes) + *Other Paid Magento Training Materials* - [Magento trainings on the Adobe Digital Learning Platform](https://learning.adobe.com/catalog.html?solution=Adobe%20Magento%20Commerce) - [Magemastery](https://magemastery.net/) - [Magento training by Yireo](https://www.yireo.com/magento) - [M.academy](https://m.academy/) - [Mage2TV](https://www.mage2.tv/) 2. Exam Vouchers * [Exam Voucher](https://market.xvoucher.com/adobe/home) (Get 50% discount on your first purchase using Holiday22 coupon code. The promo is valid till December 31, 2022)	Developer Certification is released. <https://u.magento.com/magento-2-certified-professional-developer> Solution specialist certification also available <https://u.magento.com/certified-magento2-solution-specialist>
112,052	Anyone used to get certification of Magento 2. May you show me how to get certification of Magento 2 ?	2016/04/22	[ "https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/112052", "https://magento.stackexchange.com", "https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/36577/" ]	1. Before appearing for the exam we need to prepare the for the exam * *Examination Syllabus Details* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://spark.adobe.com/page/87jLctNB6KxM0/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/saM506xrYKi0p/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/lJWBfPhvp5npA/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/ZDus3If2u1rQf/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/GrkbPktpWMkkb/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E707 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Order Management Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/K2Wjl6Na3BY0h/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Order Management Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://spark.adobe.com/page/PTidDHsT5JgyB/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Premium ($$) Study Materials and Mock Tests (By [Swift Otter](https://swiftotter.com/))* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-certified-solution-specialist-exam-study-guide#/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-certified-associate-study-guide#/) Developer(previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-frontend-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-javascript-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-cloud-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-professional-developer-plus-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Free / Open Source Materials* + AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) - [Magento Cloud Notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-cloud-developer-notes) - [Cloud Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/en/quiz/17576116/cloud-developer-exam-test-01-magento-2-certified-professional) + AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) - [Magento Developer Plus Study Notes](https://github.com/roma-glushko/magento2-dev-plus-exam) + AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) - [Associate Developer Study Notes](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1t61AugL-wE2B7uBzw5ak_ZQTo3Yju_sjb42ecjnWkpc/edit) + AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) - [magento-lucknow/certification-notes](https://magento-lucknow.github.io/certification-notes/) - [magento-notes/magento2-exam-notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-exam-notes) - [df2k2/m2cert](https://github.com/df2k2/m2cert.git) - [Decimadigital Mock Questions](https://m2exam.decimadigital.com/learning-magento-2-training-with-questions-list) - [colinmurphy/magento-exam-notes](https://github.com/colinmurphy/magento-exam-notes) (Outdated) + AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) - [Frontend Developer Training Material by FishEye](https://github.com/fisheye-academy/m2cpfed-training) - [Frontend Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/p/15702242-magento-2-front-end-developer-certification-practice-exam-quizzes) + *Other Paid Magento Training Materials* - [Magento trainings on the Adobe Digital Learning Platform](https://learning.adobe.com/catalog.html?solution=Adobe%20Magento%20Commerce) - [Magemastery](https://magemastery.net/) - [Magento training by Yireo](https://www.yireo.com/magento) - [M.academy](https://m.academy/) - [Mage2TV](https://www.mage2.tv/) 2. Exam Vouchers * [Exam Voucher](https://market.xvoucher.com/adobe/home) (Get 50% discount on your first purchase using Holiday22 coupon code. The promo is valid till December 31, 2022)	You can register for Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist (Beta) exam. Registration begins August 4 2017. Test dates for this Beta exam will be August 14-25. More Info on registration and certification is available at: <https://u.magento.com/certification>
112,052	Anyone used to get certification of Magento 2. May you show me how to get certification of Magento 2 ?	2016/04/22	[ "https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/112052", "https://magento.stackexchange.com", "https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/36577/" ]	1. Before appearing for the exam we need to prepare the for the exam * *Examination Syllabus Details* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://spark.adobe.com/page/87jLctNB6KxM0/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/saM506xrYKi0p/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/lJWBfPhvp5npA/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/ZDus3If2u1rQf/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/GrkbPktpWMkkb/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E707 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Order Management Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/K2Wjl6Na3BY0h/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Order Management Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://spark.adobe.com/page/PTidDHsT5JgyB/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Premium ($$) Study Materials and Mock Tests (By [Swift Otter](https://swiftotter.com/))* + [AD0-E700 Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Business Practitioner](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-certified-solution-specialist-exam-study-guide#/) (previously - Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist) + [AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-certified-associate-study-guide#/) Developer(previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) + [AD0-E701 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Front-End Developer](https://swiftotter.com/technical/certifications/magento-2-frontend-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Front End Developer) + [AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer](https://spark.adobe.com/page/OwpmK2JcACwhl/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) + [AD0-E705 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-javascript-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional JavaScript Developer) + [AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-cloud-developer-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) + [AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect](https://swiftotter.com/certifications/magento-2-professional-developer-plus-study-guide#/) (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) * *Free / Open Source Materials* + AD0-E706 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Cloud Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Cloud Developer) - [Magento Cloud Notes](https://github.com/magento-notes/magento2-cloud-developer-notes) - [Cloud Developer Mock Questions](https://www.goconqr.com/en/quiz/17576116/cloud-developer-exam-test-01-magento-2-certified-professional) + AD0-E704 Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer Plus) - [Magento Developer Plus Study Notes](https://github.com/roma-glushko/magento2-dev-plus-exam) + AD0-E702 Adobe Certified Professional - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Associate Developer) - [Associate Developer Study Notes](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1t61AugL-wE2B7uBzw5ak_ZQTo3Yju_sjb42ecjnWkpc/edit) + AD0-E703 Adobe Certified Expert - Magento Commerce Developer (previously Magento 2 Certified Professional Developer) - [magento-lucknow/certification-notes](https://magento-lucknow.github.io/certification-notes/) - 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112,052	Anyone used to get certification of Magento 2. May you show me how to get certification of Magento 2 ?	2016/04/22	[ "https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/112052", "https://magento.stackexchange.com", "https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/36577/" ]	You can register for Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist (Beta) exam. Registration begins August 4 2017. Test dates for this Beta exam will be August 14-25. More Info on registration and certification is available at: <https://u.magento.com/certification>	MAGENTO 2 CERTIFIED SOLUTION SPECIALIST (BETA EXAM) is from August 14th to August 25th, 2017 * This Beta exam will be limited to 200 registrants. * exam at a discounted rate of $130 * 150 Multiple Choice items/180 minutes to complete the exam * All questions are valid for Magento Community Edition (2.0.x/2.1.x) and Magento Enterprise Edition (2..0.x/2.1.x). Register fast as this Beta exam will be limited to 200 registrants. Link : <https://u.magento.com/certification-magento2-solution-specialist-1>
112,052	Anyone used to get certification of Magento 2. May you show me how to get certification of Magento 2 ?	2016/04/22	[ "https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/112052", "https://magento.stackexchange.com", "https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/36577/" ]	You can register for Magento 2 Certified Solution Specialist (Beta) exam. Registration begins August 4 2017. Test dates for this Beta exam will be August 14-25. More Info on registration and certification is available at: <https://u.magento.com/certification>	i would like to recommand you this all-in-one blog post: <https://firebearstudio.com/blog/how-to-pass-the-magento-2-certification.html> it's a very good starting point to get a clear and concise overview of the official Magento Certification program with few pointers to good materials on internet (blogs, youtube channels, alternative options for training courses ..) to start your preparation. also have a look at the official [Magento certification directory](https://u.magento.com/certification/directory) and try to get touch with those who already get certified in order to get feedback, hints, advises and some encouragement. and last but not least START with the official devdocs.
112,052	Anyone used to get certification of Magento 2. May you show me how to get certification of Magento 2 ?	2016/04/22	[ "https://magento.stackexchange.com/questions/112052", "https://magento.stackexchange.com", "https://magento.stackexchange.com/users/36577/" ]	You can check details from magento site. [magento certifications link](https://learning.adobe.com/certification.html) [Magento Certifications for Developer](https://learning.adobe.com/certification.html?solution=Adobe%20Magento%20Commerce&language=English) 1. Adobe Certified Expert-Magento Commerce Order Management Developer 2. Adobe Certified Expert-Magento Commerce Developer 3. Adobe Certified Expert-Magento Commerce Business Practitioner 4. Adobe Certified Professional—Magento Commerce Developer 5. Adobe Certified Master Magento Commerce Architect 6. Adobe Certified Expert-Magento Commerce Front-End Developer 7. Adobe Certified Expert-Magento Commerce JavaScript Developer 6. Adobe Certified Expert Magento Commerce Cloud Developer	I purchased Magento Certification Voucher (After Magento Purchase by Adobe ) from below link. <https://market.xvoucher.com/adobe> and you will get mail after successfully place voucher order.In that mail step by step info to book exam date on below site <https://auth.services.adobe.com/en_US/index.html/>
8,806	I'm currently working on my MS in CS and have developed an interest in astrophysics. Luckily one of my professors is a astrophysicist and is currently doing research through computational physics and he agreed to help me get started. I'm currently reading through Tao Pang's "An Introduction to Computational Physics" ([TOC](http://www.physics.unlv.edu/~pang/cp2_cont.html)), but the book's lack of detail on the mathematical methods used leaves me pretty lost at times. My question is, are there any books that cover the topics in a more in-depth fashion or any books that I could use as a reference for the mathematical methods? EDIT: The best way to describe my mathematical background is that I've studied calculus, linear algebra and differential equations, but remember very little.	2013/10/20	[ "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/8806", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/users/5415/" ]	From skimming the table of contents to the book you listed, I'd say that computational books of that type for physics (or in my case, engineering, since that is my background) tend to sacrifice depth and quality of explanation for breadth. The best book of this ilk I can think of is probably Strang's [Computational Science and Engineering](http://math.mit.edu/cse/), because he's a great writer of mathematics. Many "numerical methods" classes geared towards scientists and engineers tend to teach just enough math in whatever topics they feel the intended audience needs to get by, and cobble together a bunch of notes. (Or they punt, and teach out of [Burden and Faires](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0495114766), or worse, rely on [Numerical Recipes](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0521880688).) To get better explanations and depth, you'll probably need to get access to more specialized textbooks, such as: * dense linear algebra: probably [Numerical Linear Algebra](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898713617) by Trefethen and Bau, though I've also heard good things about [Applied Numerical Linear Algebra](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898713897) by Demmel, and [Matrix Computations](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1421407949) by Golub and van Loan * sparse linear algebra: for iterative methods, Saad's [Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems](http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~saad/IterMethBook_2ndEd.pdf), for direct methods, Davis' [Direct Methods for Sparse Linear Systems](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898716136), for multigrid, [A Multigrid Tutorial](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898714621), among others * solving ODEs: [Computer Methods for Ordinary Differential and Differential-Algebraic Equations](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898714125) by Ascher and Petzold; also see the book by Lambert, the two volume series by Hairer and Wanner, and Butcher's book A list could be created for optimization (Nocedal's textbook is a good start), finite volume methods (LeVeque's books), finite difference methods (again, LeVeque has another good book, or the book by Strikwerda), finite element methods (not an expert here), and so on. The tradeoff is depth (and quality of explanation) for time. I agree with Pedro that you'll probably be able to make the largest contributions right away in the algorithms and data structures used to implement physics. If you really want to dig into the math, though, I'd pick one of the specialty books that you think will be most useful to you and start reading it.	Short answer: No, at least not that I know of. I'm a Computer Scientist who, for the past year and a half, has been working with Astrophysicists on writing faster simulation codes. I spent quite a bit of time looking for books on the topic to provide some sort of overview, and found nothing convincing. Most of what I now know about Astrophysics, I learnt from asking Astrophysicists directly. There are a number of good review papers on specific topics, e.g. Daniel Price's papers on [SPH](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothed-particle_hydrodynamics), e.g. [here](http://scholar.google.ch/scholar?cluster=15225120919672653172&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5), or [Walter Dehnen's papers](http://scholar.google.ch/scholar?cluster=5726569702248161437&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5) on N-body solvers, e.g. [here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body_simulation), but I still rely on my colleagues in that field for the details. What I think you should keep in mind, though, is that most of the interesting computational problems don't involve that much physics or even maths, but algorithms and data structures. Keep in mind that most physics codes (or books on physics codes) were written not by Computer Scientists, but by Physicists. That doesn't necessarily mean they are bad, but given the choice, would you rather buy a physics book written by a Computer Scientist, or by a Physicist? As a Computer Scientist, you have an edge with regards to algorithms and data structures, and there are loads of low-hanging fruit there. In most of my own work in this area, I have not had to tweak the physics of any problem at all, just the algorithms implementing them. Simply getting the algorithms right can already lead to [massive speedups](https://www.dur.ac.uk/pedro.gonnet/?p=290). In summary: If you have close collaborators who are Astrophysicists, rely on them to get the physics right, but keep in mind that you will probably be able to make the largest contributions in the algorithms and data structures used to implement said physics.
8,806	I'm currently working on my MS in CS and have developed an interest in astrophysics. Luckily one of my professors is a astrophysicist and is currently doing research through computational physics and he agreed to help me get started. I'm currently reading through Tao Pang's "An Introduction to Computational Physics" ([TOC](http://www.physics.unlv.edu/~pang/cp2_cont.html)), but the book's lack of detail on the mathematical methods used leaves me pretty lost at times. My question is, are there any books that cover the topics in a more in-depth fashion or any books that I could use as a reference for the mathematical methods? EDIT: The best way to describe my mathematical background is that I've studied calculus, linear algebra and differential equations, but remember very little.	2013/10/20	[ "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/8806", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/users/5415/" ]	Short answer: No, at least not that I know of. I'm a Computer Scientist who, for the past year and a half, has been working with Astrophysicists on writing faster simulation codes. I spent quite a bit of time looking for books on the topic to provide some sort of overview, and found nothing convincing. Most of what I now know about Astrophysics, I learnt from asking Astrophysicists directly. There are a number of good review papers on specific topics, e.g. Daniel Price's papers on [SPH](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothed-particle_hydrodynamics), e.g. [here](http://scholar.google.ch/scholar?cluster=15225120919672653172&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5), or [Walter Dehnen's papers](http://scholar.google.ch/scholar?cluster=5726569702248161437&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5) on N-body solvers, e.g. [here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body_simulation), but I still rely on my colleagues in that field for the details. What I think you should keep in mind, though, is that most of the interesting computational problems don't involve that much physics or even maths, but algorithms and data structures. Keep in mind that most physics codes (or books on physics codes) were written not by Computer Scientists, but by Physicists. That doesn't necessarily mean they are bad, but given the choice, would you rather buy a physics book written by a Computer Scientist, or by a Physicist? As a Computer Scientist, you have an edge with regards to algorithms and data structures, and there are loads of low-hanging fruit there. In most of my own work in this area, I have not had to tweak the physics of any problem at all, just the algorithms implementing them. Simply getting the algorithms right can already lead to [massive speedups](https://www.dur.ac.uk/pedro.gonnet/?p=290). In summary: If you have close collaborators who are Astrophysicists, rely on them to get the physics right, but keep in mind that you will probably be able to make the largest contributions in the algorithms and data structures used to implement said physics.	You might look at James Nearing's book. It's available [Here](http://www.physics.miami.edu/~nearing/mathmethods/). I don't think it's very academic, but I learned a lot from it. [One reviewer](http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week260.html) said about it: Unlike the usual dry and formal textbook, it reads like a friendly uncle explaining things in plain English, trying to cut through the red tape and tell you how to actually think about this stuff. The graphic about the Taylor's series of a sine function is actually quite moving. For free, what could go wrong?
8,806	I'm currently working on my MS in CS and have developed an interest in astrophysics. Luckily one of my professors is a astrophysicist and is currently doing research through computational physics and he agreed to help me get started. I'm currently reading through Tao Pang's "An Introduction to Computational Physics" ([TOC](http://www.physics.unlv.edu/~pang/cp2_cont.html)), but the book's lack of detail on the mathematical methods used leaves me pretty lost at times. My question is, are there any books that cover the topics in a more in-depth fashion or any books that I could use as a reference for the mathematical methods? EDIT: The best way to describe my mathematical background is that I've studied calculus, linear algebra and differential equations, but remember very little.	2013/10/20	[ "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/8806", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/users/5415/" ]	Short answer: No, at least not that I know of. I'm a Computer Scientist who, for the past year and a half, has been working with Astrophysicists on writing faster simulation codes. I spent quite a bit of time looking for books on the topic to provide some sort of overview, and found nothing convincing. Most of what I now know about Astrophysics, I learnt from asking Astrophysicists directly. There are a number of good review papers on specific topics, e.g. Daniel Price's papers on [SPH](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothed-particle_hydrodynamics), e.g. [here](http://scholar.google.ch/scholar?cluster=15225120919672653172&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5), or [Walter Dehnen's papers](http://scholar.google.ch/scholar?cluster=5726569702248161437&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5) on N-body solvers, e.g. [here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-body_simulation), but I still rely on my colleagues in that field for the details. What I think you should keep in mind, though, is that most of the interesting computational problems don't involve that much physics or even maths, but algorithms and data structures. Keep in mind that most physics codes (or books on physics codes) were written not by Computer Scientists, but by Physicists. That doesn't necessarily mean they are bad, but given the choice, would you rather buy a physics book written by a Computer Scientist, or by a Physicist? As a Computer Scientist, you have an edge with regards to algorithms and data structures, and there are loads of low-hanging fruit there. In most of my own work in this area, I have not had to tweak the physics of any problem at all, just the algorithms implementing them. Simply getting the algorithms right can already lead to [massive speedups](https://www.dur.ac.uk/pedro.gonnet/?p=290). In summary: If you have close collaborators who are Astrophysicists, rely on them to get the physics right, but keep in mind that you will probably be able to make the largest contributions in the algorithms and data structures used to implement said physics.	You might try: Bertil Gustafsson: Fundamentals of Scientific Computing to get an overview, and for a more encyclopaedic treatment of the mathematical methods Gander, Gander, Kwok: Scientific Computing.
8,806	I'm currently working on my MS in CS and have developed an interest in astrophysics. Luckily one of my professors is a astrophysicist and is currently doing research through computational physics and he agreed to help me get started. I'm currently reading through Tao Pang's "An Introduction to Computational Physics" ([TOC](http://www.physics.unlv.edu/~pang/cp2_cont.html)), but the book's lack of detail on the mathematical methods used leaves me pretty lost at times. My question is, are there any books that cover the topics in a more in-depth fashion or any books that I could use as a reference for the mathematical methods? EDIT: The best way to describe my mathematical background is that I've studied calculus, linear algebra and differential equations, but remember very little.	2013/10/20	[ "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/8806", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/users/5415/" ]	From skimming the table of contents to the book you listed, I'd say that computational books of that type for physics (or in my case, engineering, since that is my background) tend to sacrifice depth and quality of explanation for breadth. The best book of this ilk I can think of is probably Strang's [Computational Science and Engineering](http://math.mit.edu/cse/), because he's a great writer of mathematics. Many "numerical methods" classes geared towards scientists and engineers tend to teach just enough math in whatever topics they feel the intended audience needs to get by, and cobble together a bunch of notes. (Or they punt, and teach out of [Burden and Faires](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0495114766), or worse, rely on [Numerical Recipes](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0521880688).) To get better explanations and depth, you'll probably need to get access to more specialized textbooks, such as: * dense linear algebra: probably [Numerical Linear Algebra](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898713617) by Trefethen and Bau, though I've also heard good things about [Applied Numerical Linear Algebra](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898713897) by Demmel, and [Matrix Computations](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1421407949) by Golub and van Loan * sparse linear algebra: for iterative methods, Saad's [Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems](http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~saad/IterMethBook_2ndEd.pdf), for direct methods, Davis' [Direct Methods for Sparse Linear Systems](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898716136), for multigrid, [A Multigrid Tutorial](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898714621), among others * solving ODEs: [Computer Methods for Ordinary Differential and Differential-Algebraic Equations](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898714125) by Ascher and Petzold; also see the book by Lambert, the two volume series by Hairer and Wanner, and Butcher's book A list could be created for optimization (Nocedal's textbook is a good start), finite volume methods (LeVeque's books), finite difference methods (again, LeVeque has another good book, or the book by Strikwerda), finite element methods (not an expert here), and so on. The tradeoff is depth (and quality of explanation) for time. I agree with Pedro that you'll probably be able to make the largest contributions right away in the algorithms and data structures used to implement physics. If you really want to dig into the math, though, I'd pick one of the specialty books that you think will be most useful to you and start reading it.	You might look at James Nearing's book. It's available [Here](http://www.physics.miami.edu/~nearing/mathmethods/). I don't think it's very academic, but I learned a lot from it. [One reviewer](http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week260.html) said about it: Unlike the usual dry and formal textbook, it reads like a friendly uncle explaining things in plain English, trying to cut through the red tape and tell you how to actually think about this stuff. The graphic about the Taylor's series of a sine function is actually quite moving. For free, what could go wrong?
8,806	I'm currently working on my MS in CS and have developed an interest in astrophysics. Luckily one of my professors is a astrophysicist and is currently doing research through computational physics and he agreed to help me get started. I'm currently reading through Tao Pang's "An Introduction to Computational Physics" ([TOC](http://www.physics.unlv.edu/~pang/cp2_cont.html)), but the book's lack of detail on the mathematical methods used leaves me pretty lost at times. My question is, are there any books that cover the topics in a more in-depth fashion or any books that I could use as a reference for the mathematical methods? EDIT: The best way to describe my mathematical background is that I've studied calculus, linear algebra and differential equations, but remember very little.	2013/10/20	[ "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/8806", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/users/5415/" ]	From skimming the table of contents to the book you listed, I'd say that computational books of that type for physics (or in my case, engineering, since that is my background) tend to sacrifice depth and quality of explanation for breadth. The best book of this ilk I can think of is probably Strang's [Computational Science and Engineering](http://math.mit.edu/cse/), because he's a great writer of mathematics. Many "numerical methods" classes geared towards scientists and engineers tend to teach just enough math in whatever topics they feel the intended audience needs to get by, and cobble together a bunch of notes. (Or they punt, and teach out of [Burden and Faires](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0495114766), or worse, rely on [Numerical Recipes](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0521880688).) To get better explanations and depth, you'll probably need to get access to more specialized textbooks, such as: * dense linear algebra: probably [Numerical Linear Algebra](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898713617) by Trefethen and Bau, though I've also heard good things about [Applied Numerical Linear Algebra](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898713897) by Demmel, and [Matrix Computations](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/1421407949) by Golub and van Loan * sparse linear algebra: for iterative methods, Saad's [Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems](http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~saad/IterMethBook_2ndEd.pdf), for direct methods, Davis' [Direct Methods for Sparse Linear Systems](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898716136), for multigrid, [A Multigrid Tutorial](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898714621), among others * solving ODEs: [Computer Methods for Ordinary Differential and Differential-Algebraic Equations](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0898714125) by Ascher and Petzold; also see the book by Lambert, the two volume series by Hairer and Wanner, and Butcher's book A list could be created for optimization (Nocedal's textbook is a good start), finite volume methods (LeVeque's books), finite difference methods (again, LeVeque has another good book, or the book by Strikwerda), finite element methods (not an expert here), and so on. The tradeoff is depth (and quality of explanation) for time. I agree with Pedro that you'll probably be able to make the largest contributions right away in the algorithms and data structures used to implement physics. If you really want to dig into the math, though, I'd pick one of the specialty books that you think will be most useful to you and start reading it.	You might try: Bertil Gustafsson: Fundamentals of Scientific Computing to get an overview, and for a more encyclopaedic treatment of the mathematical methods Gander, Gander, Kwok: Scientific Computing.
8,806	I'm currently working on my MS in CS and have developed an interest in astrophysics. Luckily one of my professors is a astrophysicist and is currently doing research through computational physics and he agreed to help me get started. I'm currently reading through Tao Pang's "An Introduction to Computational Physics" ([TOC](http://www.physics.unlv.edu/~pang/cp2_cont.html)), but the book's lack of detail on the mathematical methods used leaves me pretty lost at times. My question is, are there any books that cover the topics in a more in-depth fashion or any books that I could use as a reference for the mathematical methods? EDIT: The best way to describe my mathematical background is that I've studied calculus, linear algebra and differential equations, but remember very little.	2013/10/20	[ "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/questions/8806", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com", "https://scicomp.stackexchange.com/users/5415/" ]	You might look at James Nearing's book. It's available [Here](http://www.physics.miami.edu/~nearing/mathmethods/). I don't think it's very academic, but I learned a lot from it. [One reviewer](http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week260.html) said about it: Unlike the usual dry and formal textbook, it reads like a friendly uncle explaining things in plain English, trying to cut through the red tape and tell you how to actually think about this stuff. The graphic about the Taylor's series of a sine function is actually quite moving. For free, what could go wrong?	You might try: Bertil Gustafsson: Fundamentals of Scientific Computing to get an overview, and for a more encyclopaedic treatment of the mathematical methods Gander, Gander, Kwok: Scientific Computing.
48,322	I often come across free will as an Islamic doctrine that is a somewhat central problem/proposed solution to other theological problems. Somehow I only ever see it discussed in terms of dunya, perhaps because those theological problems are mostly matters of dunya. So I'm wondering: Question: What positions do the schools of aqidah hold regarding whether humans will have free will in akhirah? (Possibly this only affects the inhabitants of paradise since the inhabitants of hell aren't really in a situation to fulfill their desires)	2018/05/27	[ "https://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/48322", "https://islam.stackexchange.com", "https://islam.stackexchange.com/users/17702/" ]	It is not kufr to think that there are certain forbidden acts that may not draw any harm in this worldly life and that their punishment is delayed until the Hereafter. Allah ﷻ tells us in the Qur'an that He may defer His punishment until a specified time: > > وَلَوْ يُؤَاخِذُ اللَّهُ النَّاسَ بِمَا كَسَبُوا مَا تَرَكَ عَلَىٰ ظَهْرِهَا مِن دَابَّةٍ وَلَٰكِن يُؤَخِّرُهُمْ إِلَىٰ أَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى ۖ فَإِذَا جَاءَ أَجَلُهُمْ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِعِبَادِهِ بَصِيرًا > > > And if Allah were to impose blame on the people for what they have earned, He would not leave upon the earth any creature. But He defers them for a specified term. And when their time comes, then indeed Allah has ever been, of His servants, Seeing. > > > — [Surat Fatir 35:45](https://quran.com/35/45) > > > If the sinners repent, He may forgive them as He wills, but if He were to impose punishment as sins occur, there would be no creature alive on this Earth. Another verse conveys a similar meaning in Surat Al-Kahf: > > وَرَبُّكَ الْغَفُورُ ذُو الرَّحْمَةِ ۖ لَوْ يُؤَاخِذُهُم بِمَا كَسَبُوا لَعَجَّلَ لَهُمُ الْعَذَابَ ۚ بَل لَّهُم مَّوْعِدٌ لَّن يَجِدُوا مِن دُونِهِ مَوْئِلًا > > > And your Lord is the Forgiving, full of mercy. If He were to impose blame upon them for what they earned, He would have hastened for them the punishment. Rather, for them is an appointment from which they will never find an escape. > > > — [Surat Al-Kahf 18:58](https://quran.com/18/58/) > > > Moreover, to think that certain impermissible acts bring harm as punishment is not entirely accurate as it is not conclusive. The harm may indeed be a form of harm, and it may also be a form of cleansing or a form of test of the faith of a person. Allah ﷻ may, at His own will, bring forth our punishment to this world so that we have no punishable sins on Judgment Day as the Prophet ﷺ said in the following hadith: > > حَدَّثَنَا قُتَيْبَةُ، حَدَّثَنَا اللَّيْثُ، عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ أَبِي حَبِيبٍ، عَنْ سَعْدِ بْنِ سِنَانٍ، عَنْ أَنَسٍ، قَالَ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم: إِذَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ بِعَبْدِهِ الْخَيْرَ عَجَّلَ لَهُ الْعُقُوبَةَ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَإِذَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ بِعَبْدِهِ الشَّرَّ أَمْسَكَ عَنْهُ بِذَنْبِهِ حَتَّى يُوَفَّى بِهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَة.‏ > > > Anas narrated that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "When Allah wants good for his slave, He hastens his punishment in the world. And when He wants bad for His slave, He withholds his sins from him until he appears before Him on the Day of Judgement." > > > — [Jami' at-Tirmidhi, Book 36, Hadith 94](https://www.sunnah.com/tirmidhi/36/94) > > > There are certain sins that may not be expiated through a worldly punishment, and certain other sins that mandate punishment in both worlds. However, I am not sure where you read that consumption of alcohol is one of the sins that its punishment is expedited to this worldly life. There is a hadith by the Prophet ﷺ that lists two sins (oppression and severing family ties) in a non-conclusive form as resulting in punishment in this world in addition to what is stored for such sinners on Judgment Day: > > عن أبي بكرة قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: مَا مِنْ ذَنْبٍ أَجْدَرُ أَنْ يُعَجِّلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى لِصَاحِبِهِ الْعُقُوبَةَ فِي الدُّنْيَا - مَعَ مَا يَدَّخِرُ لَهُ فِي الآخِرَةِ - مِثْلُ الْبَغْىِ وَقَطِيعَةِ الرَّحِمِ > > > Narrated Abu Bakrah: The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "There is no sin more fitted to have punishment meted out by Allah to its perpetrator in advance in this world along with what He stores up for him in the next world than oppression and severing ties of relationship." > > > — [Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 43, Hadith 130](https://sunnah.com/abudawud/43/130) > > > The hadith was graded as sahīh (authentic) by [Muḥammad Nāṣiruddīn al-Albāni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani) in his book [Silsilat al-Aḥādīth aṣ-Ṣaḥīḥa 3/588](https://al-maktaba.org/book/9442/1537#p15), where he also added another narration of a similar hadith that [Aṭ-Ṭabarāni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabarani) that added lying and treason to the list. Based on these two hadiths, one can conclude that the following sins will have both worldly punishments as well as punishment in the Hereafter for those who do not repent: 1. Oppression 2. Severance of family ties 3. Lying 4. Treason. While knowing that the Prophet ﷺ did not list them using conclusive language and that there may be other sins that will draw punishment in both worlds, there is nothing that can affirm that drinking alcohol is one of such sins. There is also nothing that affirms that uttering words of kufr is only punishable in the Hereafter. While it is better for a believer to have one's sins cleansed in this worldly life, this is not a matter that one should ask Allah for. It should be entrusted entirely to Allah's will, and to keep one's supplication to grant us good in this world and in the Hereafter, and to save us from Hellfire as the hadith of the Prophet ﷺ says: > > حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْخَطَّابِ، زِيَادُ بْنُ يَحْيَى الْحَسَّانِيُّ حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي عَدِيٍّ، عَنْ حُمَيْدٍ، عَنْ ثَابِتٍ، عَنْ أَنَسٍ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم عَادَ رَجُلاً مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ قَدْ خَفَتَ فَصَارَ مِثْلَ الْفَرْخِ فَقَالَ لَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم: هَلْ كُنْتَ تَدْعُو بِشَىْءٍ أَوْ تَسْأَلُهُ إِيَّاهُ‏.‏ قَالَ نَعَمْ كُنْتُ أَقُولُ اللَّهُمَّ مَا كُنْتَ مُعَاقِبِي بِهِ فِي الآخِرَةِ فَعَجِّلْهُ لِي فِي الدُّنْيَا.‏ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم: سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ لاَ تُطِيقُهُ - أَوْ لاَ تَسْتَطِيعُهُ - أَفَلاَ قُلْتَ اللَّهُمَّ آتِنَا فِي الدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةً وَفِي الآخِرَةِ حَسَنَةً وَقِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ ‏"‏.‏ قَالَ فَدَعَا اللَّهَ لَهُ فَشَفَاهُ.‏ > > > Anas reported that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) visited a person from amongst the Muslims in order to inquire (about his health) who had grown feeble like the chicken. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: Did you supplicate for anything or beg of Him about that? He said: Yes. I used to utter (these words): Impose punishment upon me earlier in this world, what Thou art going to impose upon me in the Hereafter. Thereupon Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: Hallowed be Allah, you have neither the power nor forbearance to take upon yourself (the burden of His Punishment). Why did you not say this: O Allah, grant us good in the world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the torment of Fire. He (the Holy Prophet) made this supplication (for him) and he was all right. > > > — [Sahih Muslim, Book 48, Hadith 31](https://sunnah.com/muslim/48/31) > > >	The result of most of the sins will appear in this world. Most often we are punished but we do not understand
29,120,202	I know it was answered before but I am still confused, if I should use fragments or activities for navigation drawer. What is better practice? Google does not say anything about it and I am a little dissapointed. Also, if I create a new project from Android studio with navigation drawer template, what I get is one single activity and one single fragment, but there is also separate fragment for navigation drawer and inside it, there is an interface and above it is a comment saying: "Callbacks interface that all activities using this fragment must implement.". It confuses me even more because I think I should use activities, but I am not sure.	2015/03/18	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/29120202", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2202507/" ]	I will keep it very simple: When you switch between activities , user has a bit of feeling as if we are taking him to another view(as if we are making him switch somewhere and the whole view is changed with a sudden blink) but when you do same stuff in one activity and changing views through fragment, it is very smooth. Moreover passing data from one fragment to other is very easy and less expensive as android says activity transactions are expensive. Yet many times it depends on your requirement.	Keep in mind that a nav-drawer can be used for different user interactions. By the common usage as a navigation element, you will implement it by fragment(s). In this approach the drawer is placed on the left side. An other approach can be to perform actions by pressing an drawer entry. In this situation you wont replace any fragments and only implement the drawer to the activities which should be able to perform this particular interaction (maybe: "send contact per a email")
34,253,557	I am trying to add a Microsoft Report Viewer to my project, I am using Visual Studio 2015 and also installed Microsoft Report Viewer 2015 Runtime. My first problem was that I had no ReportViewer in toolbar, but I fixed it by searching it through the list (.NET list), then when I tried to add it on my form, it didn't show up on my form, but it was added to the project (because it appeared at the bottom of the screen, just above output as ReportViewer1). Is there any similar package I can use for reports instead of Microsoft? Or is there any fix for this? ReportViewer version is 11.0.0.	2015/12/13	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/34253557", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/5562950/" ]	If it's not showing up on Toolbar, it probably wasn't picked during your main install. This fixed it for me: 1. Open Control Panel / Programs and Features / "Microsoft Visual Studio 2015" 2. Pick "Change" 3. Wait for splash screen. Press the "Modify" button. 4. Select "Windows and Web Development" Group 5. Check "Microsoft SQL Server Data Tools" 6. Click "Update" After a bit of time configuring itself you should see "Setup Completed!" Reload VS, pick the form and it should be on toolbar under Reports group near bottom.	1. Get the nugget package (sounds like you did this) 2. Add the report viewer to your toolbox. a. Right Click, then Choose Items... b. Browse to the dlls in the package. 3. Put the in control your webform. a. Drag the control from your toolbox onto the form. b. Set the Dock property to fill. c. Add the following code to YourForm.Designer.cs in the InitializeComponent() method. this.Controls.Add(reportViewer1);
94,178	In case of WPA2 using the Radius server, every client gets its own username and password. But what is the case in the WPA2 using a PSK without the authenticating server. In this case also we have a 4 way handshake. But is the PTK derived by all clients different or the same?	2015/07/17	[ "https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/94178", "https://security.stackexchange.com", "https://security.stackexchange.com/users/79515/" ]	The communication between Tor's [exit nodes](https://hackertarget.com/tor-exit-node-visualization/) and the Internet is not different from normal traffic which thing makes Tor also prone to MITM attacks. Entry nodes do not cause a problem, but exit nodes do. To answer straight forward to your question. it depends on what you mean exactly by see my requests. In practice, by design TOR is such that locating the source of such request sthrough the network should be difficult to determine, including your typical case. However relying on unencrypted protocols (such as sending emails using SMTP) leads to your TOR requests being able to be entirely monitored (or seen, in your own vocabulary).	The traffic between your computer and the TOR entry node is encrypted, so it is not possible for someone to see the unencrypted content of your TOR traffic between your PC and the entry node. The traffic between the TOR exit node and the site you are accessing is not always encrypted (depends on the site), so it would be possible for somebody to sniff and see that traffic in unencrypted form.
335,571	I need to install tweaks' packages on an jailbroken iPhone via SSH. But apt-get is not included in mac command line tools. I've found that brew can be used, but it doesn't seem to work when ssh'ing iPhone. Tweaks are installed apt-get install com.author.thweakname How do I execute it in mac Terminal?	2017/01/07	[ "https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/335571", "https://unix.stackexchange.com", "https://unix.stackexchange.com/users/209140/" ]	`apt-get` is a Debian and Debian based tool for package management. It will not run on the iPhone correctly without major efforts to modify the code and packages you are wanting to run/install	I used [fink](http://www.finkproject.org/) on MacOSX in the past as a package installer, but that is many versions of MacOSX ago so might not be available anymore?
66,439	I get why the upper wing of a biplane is a compression member (because the flying wire is attached to it at an angle) but what I fail to understand is why the lower wing is the tension member of a truss of a biplane as explained [here](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/19361/why-do-older-airplanes-have-a-wing-on-both-the-top-and-the-bottom-of-the-aircraf). So my question is why is the lower wing of a biplane referred to as a tension member of a struss? ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/j6s1H.jpg)	2019/07/10	[ "https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/66439", "https://aviation.stackexchange.com", "https://aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34661/" ]	Before even taking off, a pilot is required to get a weather briefing, including winds. Wind speeds are usually predictable and well known. If a pilot was flying against strong headwinds, with no good landing alternate, he screwed up his flight planning before he even started the engine. A headwind doesn't even have to be strong enough for negative GS, just strong enough to cause concern. Winds vary by altitude in both strength and direction. If a pilot does find himself in such a situation, changing altitude by a few thousand feet, higher or lower, can very likely change both the wind direction and speed to something that is manageable.	This question is actually applicable to a power off emergency gliding situation, where your best option may be behind you. The way the question is worded (and one of the reasons light GA air craft are generally designed with one wing and a bit more speed than old time Jennys) is that progress upwind will drain your energy source (be it altitude or fuel) much faster than downwind (note going downwind does not necessarily mean LANDING downwind). Nor is this question in the realm of the impossible, as I once witnessed a light GA (152 or 172) on final inching into a 35 knot headwind in Armarillo, Texas one fine day (windmills are doing great out there). So, going upwind is out. On your way upwind, always try to pick out possible landing sites like open fields or interstate highways. If there is no where to land from where you came from, that would be a poor trip plan. Changing altitude may be an option, though going lower may be more turbulent. Abort ASAP if weather is marginal.
66,439	I get why the upper wing of a biplane is a compression member (because the flying wire is attached to it at an angle) but what I fail to understand is why the lower wing is the tension member of a truss of a biplane as explained [here](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/19361/why-do-older-airplanes-have-a-wing-on-both-the-top-and-the-bottom-of-the-aircraf). So my question is why is the lower wing of a biplane referred to as a tension member of a struss? ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/j6s1H.jpg)	2019/07/10	[ "https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/66439", "https://aviation.stackexchange.com", "https://aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34661/" ]	Before even taking off, a pilot is required to get a weather briefing, including winds. Wind speeds are usually predictable and well known. If a pilot was flying against strong headwinds, with no good landing alternate, he screwed up his flight planning before he even started the engine. A headwind doesn't even have to be strong enough for negative GS, just strong enough to cause concern. Winds vary by altitude in both strength and direction. If a pilot does find himself in such a situation, changing altitude by a few thousand feet, higher or lower, can very likely change both the wind direction and speed to something that is manageable.	If you are flying into a headwind, that means that there is an area of High pressure to your right. Frequently, as you leave move further away from the low pressure area, the winds will diminish. This isn't always the case, but it is the PICs responsibility to check weather conditions along the route and the routes to any alternate destinations.
66,439	I get why the upper wing of a biplane is a compression member (because the flying wire is attached to it at an angle) but what I fail to understand is why the lower wing is the tension member of a truss of a biplane as explained [here](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/19361/why-do-older-airplanes-have-a-wing-on-both-the-top-and-the-bottom-of-the-aircraf). So my question is why is the lower wing of a biplane referred to as a tension member of a struss? ![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/j6s1H.jpg)	2019/07/10	[ "https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/66439", "https://aviation.stackexchange.com", "https://aviation.stackexchange.com/users/34661/" ]	This question is actually applicable to a power off emergency gliding situation, where your best option may be behind you. The way the question is worded (and one of the reasons light GA air craft are generally designed with one wing and a bit more speed than old time Jennys) is that progress upwind will drain your energy source (be it altitude or fuel) much faster than downwind (note going downwind does not necessarily mean LANDING downwind). Nor is this question in the realm of the impossible, as I once witnessed a light GA (152 or 172) on final inching into a 35 knot headwind in Armarillo, Texas one fine day (windmills are doing great out there). So, going upwind is out. On your way upwind, always try to pick out possible landing sites like open fields or interstate highways. If there is no where to land from where you came from, that would be a poor trip plan. Changing altitude may be an option, though going lower may be more turbulent. Abort ASAP if weather is marginal.	If you are flying into a headwind, that means that there is an area of High pressure to your right. Frequently, as you leave move further away from the low pressure area, the winds will diminish. This isn't always the case, but it is the PICs responsibility to check weather conditions along the route and the routes to any alternate destinations.
39,471	I was wondering if "An" should be used with obligatory or "A". I understand that since obligatory begins with a vowel I should use "An" but I see people are using "A" more frequently than "An" To me "A obligatory like" sounds right, as in "a Facebook like". Also .. Is "and a obligatory comment" correct or is it "and an obligatory comment" ?	2014/11/14	[ "https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/39471", "https://ell.stackexchange.com", "https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/8080/" ]	To me only "an obligatory" sounds right. "a obligatory" is not only more difficult to pronounce but also sounds pretty odd (to me at least). [Google ngram](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=an%20obligatory%2C%20a%20obligatory&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Can%20obligatory%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ca%20obligatory%3B%2Cc0) seems to agree with me: ![Google Ngram](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HH7xb.png)	I think an important point is that you "see" this but it "sounds ... unnatural". The pronoun was invented for pronunciation. It prevents the speaker from having to separate the vowels. Since it is not necessary to speak while typing, I suggest that "a obligatory" is an Internet artifact.
39,471	I was wondering if "An" should be used with obligatory or "A". I understand that since obligatory begins with a vowel I should use "An" but I see people are using "A" more frequently than "An" To me "A obligatory like" sounds right, as in "a Facebook like". Also .. Is "and a obligatory comment" correct or is it "and an obligatory comment" ?	2014/11/14	[ "https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/39471", "https://ell.stackexchange.com", "https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/8080/" ]	To me only "an obligatory" sounds right. "a obligatory" is not only more difficult to pronounce but also sounds pretty odd (to me at least). [Google ngram](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=an%20obligatory%2C%20a%20obligatory&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Can%20obligatory%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ca%20obligatory%3B%2Cc0) seems to agree with me: ![Google Ngram](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HH7xb.png)	The indefinite article "a" changes to "an" when used before a word that begins with a, e, i, o, or short u, ignoring any silent consonants. Use "a" for long u, whether it's spelled "eu" or just with a "u." Only use "an" for words that begin with "y" if it's with an initial "y" that sounds like a short i. Words like this are very rare, nonetheless, listen to this [example](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8oYgabMdIQ). (an ytterbium element) Use "a" for w and phrases beginning with one/once > > an honest mistake > > > a universal trait > > > an ugly duckling > > > a euphoric feeling > > > a one-time pad > > > an only child > > > a yes-man > > > an iatrophoic person > > > an idiot > > > a wish upon a star > > > So, an obligatory ... etc.
315,240	> > I noticed that her eyes had been dancing as she looked out at the scenery. > > > It appeared in a state-sponsored high school leaving examination in Slovakia last week and it seems to have been adapted from a short story by a native speaker, so it really ought to be correct, but I don't see how or why. Past continuous seems the obvious choice, this just seems wrong as it's all happening at the same time.	2016/03/22	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/315240", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/166727/" ]	It can be correct but, as with many things in English, it depends upon the context. If the sentence you gave was followed by something like "but now she seemed sad" or a similar alteration in her mood then it would make more sense.	An excellent question, and I think the answer has to do with the fact that this is past report along the lines of indirect speech. (Replace noticed with "I thought to myself that ....") Here are two versions in the present tense of the reported noticing, present progressive/simple present: > > I notice that her eyes are dancing as she looks out at the scenery. > > > The noticing, eye-dancing and scenery-looking are all concomitant, and the tenses cover the same time. When this is reported later, the tenses can be backshifted together, as you suggested, to past progressive/simple past. > > I noticed that her eyes were dancing as she looked out at the scenery. > > > But the narrator may notice something at the time that has already passed as he notices. If you'll allow me some non-artistic license: > > I notice that her eyes were dancing as she looked out at the scenery and then went dull and lifeless when she turned to look at me. > > > Now it's possible to backshift to past perfect progressive/simple past: > > I noticed that her eyes had been dancing as she looked out at the scenery. > > > The problem here (at least for me) is that the past perfect tense generally speaks to time before a fixed past event: > > I had prayed for rain before the storm. > > > Prayer first, followed by a storm. In the given sentence, it's hard to see where to attach the past event. Gazing at the scenery? The as clause implies that the eye-dancing and scenery-looking took place together. The noticing? That's a momentary realization (especially when completed in the past tense), and that seems to clash with the progressive verb form, which describes an ongoing situation.
7,694,434	I'm streaming videos via rtmp from Amazon Cloudfront. Videos are taking a loooong time to start playing, and I don't have any way of figuring out why. Normally I'd use the "Net" panel in Firebug or Web Inspector to get a good first impression of when an asset starts to load and how long it takes to be sent (which can indicate whether the problem is on the server end or network versus the browser rendering). But since the video is played within a Flash player (Flowplayer in this case), it's not possible to glean any info about the status of the stream. Also since it's served from Amazon Cloudfront, I can't put any kind of debugging or measuring tools on the server (if such a tool even exists). So... my question is: what are some ways I can go about investigating this problem? I'm hoping there would be some settings I can tweak on either the front-end (flowplayer) or back-end (Cloudfront), but without being able to measure anything or even understand where the problem is, I'm at a loss as to what those could be. Any ideas for how to troubleshoot streaming video performance?	2011/10/08	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7694434", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/477513/" ]	You can use [WireShark](http://www.wireshark.org/) (can diessect RTMP) or [Fiddler](http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/) to check what is going on... another point (besides the client and the server) to keep in mind is your ISP. To dig deeper you can use this <http://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu/> OR <http://www.fluorinefx.com/> OR <http://www.broccoliproducts.com/softnotebook/rtmpclient/rtmpclient.php>. You need to keep in mind that RTMP isn't ideal since it usually bypasses proxies and tries to make direct connection... if this doesn't work it can fallback, but that means that some time has already passed (it wait for a connection timeout etc.)... if you have an option to set CloudFront/Flowplayer to RTMPT then I would recommend doing so since that uses Port 80 for the connection.	Presumably - if you go and attempt to view a video - then come back 20min later and hit it again - it loads quickly? SAN -> Edge Servers ---> Client This is all well and good in a specific use case (i.e. small filesize of the origin content, large long running cache) - but, it becomes an issue when it's scaled out, with lots of media hosts running content through the system i.e. CloudFront. The media cache they keep on their edge servers gets dumped fairly often - after the cache is filled - start dumping from the oldest file in cache - so if you have large video files that are not viewed often - they won't be sitting in the edge server cache, and take a long time to transfer to the edges - thus, giving an utterly horrific end user experience. The same is true of youtube, for example - go and watch some randomly obscure, high duration video - and try it through a couple of proxies, so you hit different edge servers, you'll see exactly the same thing occur.
7,694,434	I'm streaming videos via rtmp from Amazon Cloudfront. Videos are taking a loooong time to start playing, and I don't have any way of figuring out why. Normally I'd use the "Net" panel in Firebug or Web Inspector to get a good first impression of when an asset starts to load and how long it takes to be sent (which can indicate whether the problem is on the server end or network versus the browser rendering). But since the video is played within a Flash player (Flowplayer in this case), it's not possible to glean any info about the status of the stream. Also since it's served from Amazon Cloudfront, I can't put any kind of debugging or measuring tools on the server (if such a tool even exists). So... my question is: what are some ways I can go about investigating this problem? I'm hoping there would be some settings I can tweak on either the front-end (flowplayer) or back-end (Cloudfront), but without being able to measure anything or even understand where the problem is, I'm at a loss as to what those could be. Any ideas for how to troubleshoot streaming video performance?	2011/10/08	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/7694434", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/477513/" ]	You can use [WireShark](http://www.wireshark.org/) (can diessect RTMP) or [Fiddler](http://www.fiddler2.com/fiddler2/) to check what is going on... another point (besides the client and the server) to keep in mind is your ISP. To dig deeper you can use this <http://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu/> OR <http://www.fluorinefx.com/> OR <http://www.broccoliproducts.com/softnotebook/rtmpclient/rtmpclient.php>. You need to keep in mind that RTMP isn't ideal since it usually bypasses proxies and tries to make direct connection... if this doesn't work it can fallback, but that means that some time has already passed (it wait for a connection timeout etc.)... if you have an option to set CloudFront/Flowplayer to RTMPT then I would recommend doing so since that uses Port 80 for the connection.	I noticed a very noticable lag when streaming RMTP from cloudfront. I found that switching to straight http progressive from the amazon S3 bucket made the lag time go away.
645,053	How can I, by analog means, use a single-pole multi-position rotary switch to both mimic a 100 kΩ logarithmic pot AND progressively / evenly light a circle of LED position indicators from 1 to X and then back to 1 (rotary switch goes back to 1 after X)? Pretend the diodes surround the rotary switch and will indicate movement of the switch until all are lit. To complicate matters, I'd like to use some [Edgelec common cathode tri-color LEDs](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B077X95LRZ) which are R-G-B constant lighting (Red: DC 2.0 - 2.2 V; Blue & Green: DC 3.0 - 3.2 V (IF = 20 mA) / 0.06 Watts / 2-pin / DIP LEDs) so it is a cathode with 3 anodes in one component. I would like to have the first third light up the blue LED, then switch over all bulbs to the green LED for the 2nd third also switching the first positions from blue to green, and similarly for the final third of the rotation all LED lights switch to red. [![trifecta](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bhOFb.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bhOFb.jpg) As a resource: <https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/rotary-switch-potentiometer-hookup-guide/all> and: <https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/BreakoutBoards/Rotary_Switch_Potentiometer_v10.pdf> By using resistors to step gain up in 6db increments, I believe that using the rotary switch I can replicate the behavior of an analog logarithmic pot. My goal is to create a stepped 100 kΩ logarithmic rotary pot for use as a master volume control on a 4-channel, powered, miniature summing mixer which has a preamp, a 4 in to 1 out mixer, and a power amp section - each driven by one of three 4580 op amp chips. Each of the 4 inputs has its own volume control, but there is no master volume. I already have some single-pole, 8-position rotary switches <https://www.adafruit.com/product/2925> but I am considering replacing them with 12-position switches to have a finer degree of gain adjustment. The mixer is powered by 12 Vdc so that will be my source. <https://www.amplifiedparts.com/products/switch-rotary-1-pole-12-positions-14-shaft> Since in theory, however many positions are on the switch, it should be the same logic which supports or disqualifies the possibility of achieving the desired result. I suppose using the 8-position as frame of reference would be best - but that is to say I am undecided on which switch will ultimately be used, so more a general understanding of "is there a way to do both with one switch" is the gist of the question. Unfortunately, I am overambitious and under-educated so please be gentle. As for lighting the LEDs with a rotary switch in the simplest manner possible, I am referencing this Stack Exchange post: [wire rotary switch with leds that turn one at a time](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/614712/wire-rotary-switch-with-leds-that-turn-one-at-a-time) I do realize that my questions have very little to do with that answer, it's simply a frame of reference. Thanks for your patience. Please explain any answer as though Homer Simpson was your target audience.	2022/12/05	[ "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/645053", "https://electronics.stackexchange.com", "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/327648/" ]	You're not paying the big bucks for the engineering, so much as the calibration certificates, and the tracability back to standards. The reason you're having trouble finding BNC standards is that BNC is not a repeatable connector. It cannot be used for precision work. You might just as well use DIY standards, because you are not going to get high repeatability. N-type is far better, it's similar to BNC internally, but with a screw thread to hold it together. APC-7 is best. SMA is very common on VNAs. With a short, the only thing you need to worry about is distance to the reflection plane. You can measure this physically, or calibrate it against a better standard. Dielectric will of course increase the distance. A simple open radiates, making its \|S11\| < 1.000. You can fix this by making a shielded open. It also suffers from a capacitive fringing field, which you can't fix. There are tables to estimate how much this shifts the reflection plane from the physical end of the coax. You would certainly get more repeatable results, and accurate results, and likely more usable results, if you did all your R&D in SMA, even if the final implementation was in BNC. If you do want to make your own BNC standards, then probably the best route is to use connectors to 0.141" or 0.25" semi-rigid. As a hack, I've generally bought a ready made cable, and then cut it in half. Cut your short and open cables to the same length. Solder a short across the end of the cable for the short. This is your good length reference. Shield the open by soldering a copper foil thimble round the end. For shielding, it doesn't matter how far the shield is from the cable open end, however it will affect the estimate of end capacitance. Keep it three or more cable diameters away for negligible impact on the end capacitance, and then look up tables for the end correction. You could make a load, ideally using two 100 Ω resistors in parallel, but it would be easier and more reliable to buy a well-specified load (which wouldn't have much general use) or an attenuator (which will be useful elsewhere in the lab). An unterminated attenuator will have a return loss of twice its attenuation. A loaded attenuator will improve the performance of any rough load it's connected to by twice its attenuation. Generally you'll find the S11 of low value attenuators specified better than high value ones. I've sometimes used a 6dB + 20dB pair of pads, in that order, in a ghetto calibration set. Before you put in a lot of work, try this experiment with your VNA (does it have N, SMA, or APC connectors?) Using a high reflection device (so short or open), break and make a connection several times, to observe the repeatability. Now put a BNC adaptor on it, and do the same with a BNC device. Compare. Can you live with the levels of repeatability you observe?	I haven't ever done any VNA work with BNC connectors, so I can't speak to the specific difficulties related to that connector type, but, ... An open intended for VNA calibration is not simply "no connection". A good one will be carefully calibrated (at the factory) for its parasitic capacitance. Its outer conductor should extend a bit beyond the end of the mating connector to maintain the field pattern of the propagating mode. In olden times they sometimes had a bit of dielectric rod attached to tune the capacitance and to ensure the phase delay of the reflection it produced was correct for the reference plane of the connector being calibrated. The short is simpler, but it must be carefully made to place the terminating surface at the reference plane of the connector it attaches to, so that the reflection it produces has the correct phase delay. In both cases, the vendor will provide a set of correction factors that can be given to the VNA, so that the VNA software can adjust the calibration for slight non-idealities of the standards. The exact definition of these correction factors might be different for different VNA vendors and models.
645,053	How can I, by analog means, use a single-pole multi-position rotary switch to both mimic a 100 kΩ logarithmic pot AND progressively / evenly light a circle of LED position indicators from 1 to X and then back to 1 (rotary switch goes back to 1 after X)? Pretend the diodes surround the rotary switch and will indicate movement of the switch until all are lit. To complicate matters, I'd like to use some [Edgelec common cathode tri-color LEDs](https://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/com/B077X95LRZ) which are R-G-B constant lighting (Red: DC 2.0 - 2.2 V; Blue & Green: DC 3.0 - 3.2 V (IF = 20 mA) / 0.06 Watts / 2-pin / DIP LEDs) so it is a cathode with 3 anodes in one component. I would like to have the first third light up the blue LED, then switch over all bulbs to the green LED for the 2nd third also switching the first positions from blue to green, and similarly for the final third of the rotation all LED lights switch to red. [![trifecta](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bhOFb.jpg)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bhOFb.jpg) As a resource: <https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/rotary-switch-potentiometer-hookup-guide/all> and: <https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/BreakoutBoards/Rotary_Switch_Potentiometer_v10.pdf> By using resistors to step gain up in 6db increments, I believe that using the rotary switch I can replicate the behavior of an analog logarithmic pot. My goal is to create a stepped 100 kΩ logarithmic rotary pot for use as a master volume control on a 4-channel, powered, miniature summing mixer which has a preamp, a 4 in to 1 out mixer, and a power amp section - each driven by one of three 4580 op amp chips. Each of the 4 inputs has its own volume control, but there is no master volume. I already have some single-pole, 8-position rotary switches <https://www.adafruit.com/product/2925> but I am considering replacing them with 12-position switches to have a finer degree of gain adjustment. The mixer is powered by 12 Vdc so that will be my source. <https://www.amplifiedparts.com/products/switch-rotary-1-pole-12-positions-14-shaft> Since in theory, however many positions are on the switch, it should be the same logic which supports or disqualifies the possibility of achieving the desired result. I suppose using the 8-position as frame of reference would be best - but that is to say I am undecided on which switch will ultimately be used, so more a general understanding of "is there a way to do both with one switch" is the gist of the question. Unfortunately, I am overambitious and under-educated so please be gentle. As for lighting the LEDs with a rotary switch in the simplest manner possible, I am referencing this Stack Exchange post: [wire rotary switch with leds that turn one at a time](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/614712/wire-rotary-switch-with-leds-that-turn-one-at-a-time) I do realize that my questions have very little to do with that answer, it's simply a frame of reference. Thanks for your patience. Please explain any answer as though Homer Simpson was your target audience.	2022/12/05	[ "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/645053", "https://electronics.stackexchange.com", "https://electronics.stackexchange.com/users/327648/" ]	You're not paying the big bucks for the engineering, so much as the calibration certificates, and the tracability back to standards. The reason you're having trouble finding BNC standards is that BNC is not a repeatable connector. It cannot be used for precision work. You might just as well use DIY standards, because you are not going to get high repeatability. N-type is far better, it's similar to BNC internally, but with a screw thread to hold it together. APC-7 is best. SMA is very common on VNAs. With a short, the only thing you need to worry about is distance to the reflection plane. You can measure this physically, or calibrate it against a better standard. Dielectric will of course increase the distance. A simple open radiates, making its \|S11\| < 1.000. You can fix this by making a shielded open. It also suffers from a capacitive fringing field, which you can't fix. There are tables to estimate how much this shifts the reflection plane from the physical end of the coax. You would certainly get more repeatable results, and accurate results, and likely more usable results, if you did all your R&D in SMA, even if the final implementation was in BNC. If you do want to make your own BNC standards, then probably the best route is to use connectors to 0.141" or 0.25" semi-rigid. As a hack, I've generally bought a ready made cable, and then cut it in half. Cut your short and open cables to the same length. Solder a short across the end of the cable for the short. This is your good length reference. Shield the open by soldering a copper foil thimble round the end. For shielding, it doesn't matter how far the shield is from the cable open end, however it will affect the estimate of end capacitance. Keep it three or more cable diameters away for negligible impact on the end capacitance, and then look up tables for the end correction. You could make a load, ideally using two 100 Ω resistors in parallel, but it would be easier and more reliable to buy a well-specified load (which wouldn't have much general use) or an attenuator (which will be useful elsewhere in the lab). An unterminated attenuator will have a return loss of twice its attenuation. A loaded attenuator will improve the performance of any rough load it's connected to by twice its attenuation. Generally you'll find the S11 of low value attenuators specified better than high value ones. I've sometimes used a 6dB + 20dB pair of pads, in that order, in a ghetto calibration set. Before you put in a lot of work, try this experiment with your VNA (does it have N, SMA, or APC connectors?) Using a high reflection device (so short or open), break and make a connection several times, to observe the repeatability. Now put a BNC adaptor on it, and do the same with a BNC device. Compare. Can you live with the levels of repeatability you observe?	Be practical. Calibrating at 440 MHz isn't nearly as tricky as 10 GHz. And then, what are you trying to achieve? If the system under test has a BNC connector, well, you're already committed to its limitations. You can use the VNA to see the effect of your termination: how much does the measurement change between calibration using SMA at the end versus through a BNC adapter? Where do you want to know the impedance? Calibrate with open, short, and load as close as practical to there, through the actual hardware you intend to use. And then, the ability of a VNA to measure system properties usually vastly exceeds the significance of the variation in properties. A mismatch factor of 2.6 corresponds to a loss of only 1 dB.
416,876	I cannot grasp any semantic difference, in discussions of grammar matters, between quoting full infinitives (with “to”) or bare infinitives (without “to”). Thus I do not understand why the longer form is used at all. In which circumstances is it better to speak of “the verb to dance” rather than “the verb dance”? Where does the custom of using the full infinitive originate? Dictionary entries for verbs do not seem to include “to”; for instance, in the Merriam-Webster and the Collins (current online editions), “dance” is an entry, but not “to dance”, nor “dance (to)”.	2017/11/03	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/416876", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/213574/" ]	I think there are a few factors here. One is that, despite the use–mention distinction familiar to linguists and philosophers, most people don't fully distinguish uses from mentions; it's most comfortable to define a word by using it as the subject of a sentence, and with verbs that means using either the to-infinitive or the gerund: "To dance is to move your body artistically", "Dancing is moving your body artistically", "Dancing is when you move your body artistically", etc. Another is that, due in large part to analogy with Latin, there's a grammatical tradition of treating the to-infinitive as if it were a single unit that should not be "split" (because its Latin counterpart is a single word: esse "to be", habere "to have", etc.). A third is conventions resulting from the above. You point out that Merriam-Webster has an entry for dance rather than to dance; but its definitions all start with "to"! (Likewise, for the countable noun, the headword is dance rather than a dance, but the definitions all start with "a" or "an".) This distinction is a bit too fine for most people; granted, no one bats an eye at "The verb dance means 'to move one's body rhythmically'", but it's all too natural to make it consistent by dropping a "to" ("The verb dance means 'move one's body rhythmically'") or adding one ("The verb to dance means 'to move one's body rhythmically'"), the latter usage being the one that caught your attention.	So, the verb "to dance" is meant to describe the act of "dancing", which is also a verb. However, the verb "dance" is used to actively convey the action in the present. So, if you were to say that you wanted to "dance", you would then use the phrase "to dance" to help describe your desires. If you wanted to use the word "dance", you would use it when you wanted to actively carry out the action. It's also based on the situation you're using it for. That's the key difference.
416,876	I cannot grasp any semantic difference, in discussions of grammar matters, between quoting full infinitives (with “to”) or bare infinitives (without “to”). Thus I do not understand why the longer form is used at all. In which circumstances is it better to speak of “the verb to dance” rather than “the verb dance”? Where does the custom of using the full infinitive originate? Dictionary entries for verbs do not seem to include “to”; for instance, in the Merriam-Webster and the Collins (current online editions), “dance” is an entry, but not “to dance”, nor “dance (to)”.	2017/11/03	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/416876", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/213574/" ]	I think there are a few factors here. One is that, despite the use–mention distinction familiar to linguists and philosophers, most people don't fully distinguish uses from mentions; it's most comfortable to define a word by using it as the subject of a sentence, and with verbs that means using either the to-infinitive or the gerund: "To dance is to move your body artistically", "Dancing is moving your body artistically", "Dancing is when you move your body artistically", etc. Another is that, due in large part to analogy with Latin, there's a grammatical tradition of treating the to-infinitive as if it were a single unit that should not be "split" (because its Latin counterpart is a single word: esse "to be", habere "to have", etc.). A third is conventions resulting from the above. You point out that Merriam-Webster has an entry for dance rather than to dance; but its definitions all start with "to"! (Likewise, for the countable noun, the headword is dance rather than a dance, but the definitions all start with "a" or "an".) This distinction is a bit too fine for most people; granted, no one bats an eye at "The verb dance means 'to move one's body rhythmically'", but it's all too natural to make it consistent by dropping a "to" ("The verb dance means 'move one's body rhythmically'") or adding one ("The verb to dance means 'to move one's body rhythmically'"), the latter usage being the one that caught your attention.	Use of the infinitive to define verbs is a remnant of classical education. It originates from the conjugation of verbs in Latin. Because Latin uses inflections (or suffix-ish particles) to denote mood, person, number, tense and voice, there are a multitude of possible forms for any one verb, depending on how it is being used. Memorising the conjugations of verbs and the declensions of nouns is therefore essential to comprehension. Fortunately, the full conjugation of a verb can generally be derived from only its Principal Parts (hence this is how a verb appears in a Latin dictionary). These are the the present indicative first person singular, the infinitive, the perfect infinitive first person singular, and the perfect passive participle: amo (I love); amare (to love); amavi (I loved); amatus (loved). Of these Principal Parts, the infinitive is the least liable to variation in usage, and thus it is the most convenient and clear way to describe a verb.
7,024	Do yeast die after bottling? My second batch of beer have been stored in bottles over a month now without producing any co2. I want to add some priming sugar to start the fermentation again, but I'm unsure if it will help.	2012/05/19	[ "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/7024", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/2409/" ]	Yeast will become dormant and eventually die after a few weeks to months, but only after any food sources, like priming sugar, have been consumed. The lack of carbonation after a month could be caused by a number of things * insufficient yeast - normally there is yeast in suspension after primary, but a highly flocculative strain may settle out completely. For bottling, 10,000 cells per ml is considered a typical cell density. * if the priming sugar was added to the entire batch, it may not have been mixed with the beer fully, leaving some bottles without sugar and others an excess. * the bottle caps are not on airtight * your temperature of 19-25c should be warm enough, but typically cold temperatures can hinder fermentation. Adding more priming sugar can be done on a bottle or two as a test, which you can open after 3 days. You should hear a hiss, but the beer itself won't be carbonated unless it's left for another week. But if you get the hiss then the yeast are working it's most likely a problem with distributing the priming sugar evenly. No hiss, and you may need to pitch some more yeast. A tiny pinch of yeast is enough for the entire batch, but putting a tiny pinch of yeast in each bottle will work also.	Yeast are pretty hardy and it takes time before they completely die off. Even when the nutrients are nearly all consumed the yeast simply go dormant. I have cultured yeast out of beer bottles that were at least a year old. Granted the total viability isn't high but they aren't all dead. Alcohol levels, oxygen levels and storage temp plays a big role. In your case, adding more priming sugar should work as I am sure there is plenty of yeast around. Be sure the beer is at 70F/21C before starting. You want the beer at room temp as the yeast see the sugar. For ease you may want to try something like Coopers carb tabs. Little pills of sugar for carbing one bottle at a time.
7,024	Do yeast die after bottling? My second batch of beer have been stored in bottles over a month now without producing any co2. I want to add some priming sugar to start the fermentation again, but I'm unsure if it will help.	2012/05/19	[ "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/7024", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/2409/" ]	Yeast will become dormant and eventually die after a few weeks to months, but only after any food sources, like priming sugar, have been consumed. The lack of carbonation after a month could be caused by a number of things * insufficient yeast - normally there is yeast in suspension after primary, but a highly flocculative strain may settle out completely. For bottling, 10,000 cells per ml is considered a typical cell density. * if the priming sugar was added to the entire batch, it may not have been mixed with the beer fully, leaving some bottles without sugar and others an excess. * the bottle caps are not on airtight * your temperature of 19-25c should be warm enough, but typically cold temperatures can hinder fermentation. Adding more priming sugar can be done on a bottle or two as a test, which you can open after 3 days. You should hear a hiss, but the beer itself won't be carbonated unless it's left for another week. But if you get the hiss then the yeast are working it's most likely a problem with distributing the priming sugar evenly. No hiss, and you may need to pitch some more yeast. A tiny pinch of yeast is enough for the entire batch, but putting a tiny pinch of yeast in each bottle will work also.	The question has essentially been answered, but I'd like to suggest that you also check out the following rather informative write-up regarding the yeast lifecycle which I've found informative: <http://www.beer-brewing.com/beer-brewing/brewers_yeast/yeast_life_cycle.htm>
7,024	Do yeast die after bottling? My second batch of beer have been stored in bottles over a month now without producing any co2. I want to add some priming sugar to start the fermentation again, but I'm unsure if it will help.	2012/05/19	[ "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/7024", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/2409/" ]	Yeast will become dormant and eventually die after a few weeks to months, but only after any food sources, like priming sugar, have been consumed. The lack of carbonation after a month could be caused by a number of things * insufficient yeast - normally there is yeast in suspension after primary, but a highly flocculative strain may settle out completely. For bottling, 10,000 cells per ml is considered a typical cell density. * if the priming sugar was added to the entire batch, it may not have been mixed with the beer fully, leaving some bottles without sugar and others an excess. * the bottle caps are not on airtight * your temperature of 19-25c should be warm enough, but typically cold temperatures can hinder fermentation. Adding more priming sugar can be done on a bottle or two as a test, which you can open after 3 days. You should hear a hiss, but the beer itself won't be carbonated unless it's left for another week. But if you get the hiss then the yeast are working it's most likely a problem with distributing the priming sugar evenly. No hiss, and you may need to pitch some more yeast. A tiny pinch of yeast is enough for the entire batch, but putting a tiny pinch of yeast in each bottle will work also.	I have just revived a liquid yeast that was in the fridge for 2.5 years, I cleaned it up, did a starter and its like new.. I took some microscope samples and didn't see any bacteria infection or mutations and even made a little fun video on it, for anyone interested... [co2 gas bubble moving under the slide, live sample from active fermentation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQQQuAF74Ig)
7,024	Do yeast die after bottling? My second batch of beer have been stored in bottles over a month now without producing any co2. I want to add some priming sugar to start the fermentation again, but I'm unsure if it will help.	2012/05/19	[ "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/7024", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/2409/" ]	Yeast are pretty hardy and it takes time before they completely die off. Even when the nutrients are nearly all consumed the yeast simply go dormant. I have cultured yeast out of beer bottles that were at least a year old. Granted the total viability isn't high but they aren't all dead. Alcohol levels, oxygen levels and storage temp plays a big role. In your case, adding more priming sugar should work as I am sure there is plenty of yeast around. Be sure the beer is at 70F/21C before starting. You want the beer at room temp as the yeast see the sugar. For ease you may want to try something like Coopers carb tabs. Little pills of sugar for carbing one bottle at a time.	The question has essentially been answered, but I'd like to suggest that you also check out the following rather informative write-up regarding the yeast lifecycle which I've found informative: <http://www.beer-brewing.com/beer-brewing/brewers_yeast/yeast_life_cycle.htm>
7,024	Do yeast die after bottling? My second batch of beer have been stored in bottles over a month now without producing any co2. I want to add some priming sugar to start the fermentation again, but I'm unsure if it will help.	2012/05/19	[ "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/7024", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com", "https://homebrew.stackexchange.com/users/2409/" ]	I have just revived a liquid yeast that was in the fridge for 2.5 years, I cleaned it up, did a starter and its like new.. I took some microscope samples and didn't see any bacteria infection or mutations and even made a little fun video on it, for anyone interested... [co2 gas bubble moving under the slide, live sample from active fermentation](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQQQuAF74Ig)	The question has essentially been answered, but I'd like to suggest that you also check out the following rather informative write-up regarding the yeast lifecycle which I've found informative: <http://www.beer-brewing.com/beer-brewing/brewers_yeast/yeast_life_cycle.htm>
32,135,589	What is the best practice to return some error codes like 400, 412, 402 etc. ? Can I return some kind of JSON if I'm creating restfull api ? For example, if I send request POST .../cars/1 and I get 402 then should or could server return to me some kind of JSON if i need data? and I do not want to increase traffic on server too much. tl;dr: Should/could restfull api return data when server send error code for example 4XX [without 404]	2015/08/21	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32135589", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3402502/" ]	It should reply with that code [STATUS](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html) so any client can understand it. And then a good pratice is to check the [Accept header](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html) sent by the client and reply a response encoded with any of the supported format. So for example the client has application/javascript It seems that it is expecting that format.	you make your response object and send status in that for example. { "status":400, data:{ "error":"this is error response", "isSuccess":true } } and send response status in response
54,199	Is there a single word that sums up "taking one for the team"? In this instance specifically doing work alone that would normally be done by a small group, so that others can rest. * Loyalty * Dedication * Integrity * Sacrifice all seem to (me to) be sub-par.	2012/01/10	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/54199", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]	There are a few that would qualify: selflessness, self-denial, self-sacrifice, self-abnegation, etc. They all mean something like this [from NOAD]: > > selflessness > > adjective > > concerned more with the needs and wishes of others than with one's own; unselfish: an act of selfless devotion. > > >	> > 1. take one for the team > > The act of someone willingly making a sacrifice for the benefit of others. > > > Example: There wasn't enough room in the car, so Jerry decided to take one for the team and stayed behind while the rest of us went to the big concert. > > > wingman, team player, sacrificial lamb, good sport, buddy > > self-abnegation n > > > the denial of one's own interests in favour of the interests of others > self-abnegating adj > > > self-renunciation n > > > the renunciation of one's own rights, claims, interest, etc., esp in favour of those of others > self-renunciatory adj > > >
54,199	Is there a single word that sums up "taking one for the team"? In this instance specifically doing work alone that would normally be done by a small group, so that others can rest. * Loyalty * Dedication * Integrity * Sacrifice all seem to (me to) be sub-par.	2012/01/10	[ "https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/54199", "https://english.stackexchange.com", "https://english.stackexchange.com/users/-1/" ]	There are a few that would qualify: selflessness, self-denial, self-sacrifice, self-abnegation, etc. They all mean something like this [from NOAD]: > > selflessness > > adjective > > concerned more with the needs and wishes of others than with one's own; unselfish: an act of selfless devotion. > > >	* [workhorse](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/workhorse), "Anyone or thing that does a lot of work; who works consistently or regularly." * [spearhead](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spearhead), "One who leads or initiates an activity" [Also see point or point-man, quarterback, matador, etc.] * [martyr](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr), "somebody who suffers persecution and death for refusing to renounce... a belief or cause" ["The hero continues, despite knowing the risk, out of commitment to the cause" is listed as characteristic of martyrs] * [lead dog](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lead_dog), "one of the dogs at the front of the team, who set the pace" * [mainspring](http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mainspring), in sense "The most important reason for something", might refer to one who has been a main driver for a project * [yeoman](http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/yeoman), as in yeoman effort, refers to one who has "performed or rendered in a loyal, valiant, useful, or workmanlike manner, especially in situations that involve a great deal of effort or labor" Of course none of the above precisely mean "doing work alone that would normally be done by a small group, so that others can rest", but some suggest hard, faithful, or important work being done, and calling a worker a martyr suggests sacrifice on his or her part. [Helot](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helot) may suggest working like a slave in spite of personal risk, but to some extent suggests a cog, lackey, flunkey, slave, dogsbody.
6,117,568	I've noticed that some recent tweets have media associated with them, for example photos from TwitPic or Flickr and videos from Youtube. You can see them on the Twitter website directly, so it's more than just a link. My thinking is that Twitter has formed these partnerships with these select suppliers of media, being Flickr, Twitpic and such. I'm looking to automate some tweeting from an image gallery. Yet, I do not wish to upload these photos to another place. I want to host them myself and then embed/refer to them from a tweet. Yet, they should also be seen inline. Is such a thing possible?	2011/05/24	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/6117568", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/80969/" ]	2017 edit: Looks like you can get a `media_id` via [POST media/upload](https://dev.twitter.com/rest/reference/post/media/upload) and then pass the id into [POST statuses/update](https://dev.twitter.com/rest/reference/post/statuses/update.html). --- 2014 edit: You can add media to tweets using [POST statuses/update\_with\_media](https://dev.twitter.com/docs/api/1/post/statuses/update_with_media). --- Original 2011 answer: No, you can't embed media into a tweet, nor can you upload photos to Twitter. The "embedded" media you see is just Twitter scraping the URL for the photo or video, and showing it directly within Twitter, saving users from needing to click on the link to view the media. And Twitter only scrapes media for certain popular sites. If you want Twitter.com users to see your images inline, you'll need to upload images to one of the popular image sites you mentioned, and have its URL in your tweet. If you still want to drive traffic to your site, you could also include your gallery's URL within the same tweet. But keep in mind that not everyone uses Twitter via Twitter.com; there are a plethora of Twitter clients available, and I doubt many feature inline media scraping. I'd suggest just linking to your gallery/images, and not worry about uploading them elsewhere.	You can do all this and more. (and Twitter DOES allow you to upload images). Look at the documentation for Twitter cards. <https://dev.twitter.com/docs/cards>
33,903	I lost some of my belongings, including a leather bag, credit card, laptop, etc. As I realized my card is missing, I called the credit company and closed that account, but before that happened, someone used my card to book a hotel in the USA. I got the name of the hotel from the credit company and called them, and they said they booked a room with that card but will cancel it. The info I got from hotel showed that it charged $1 to my card, but the booking is still there. Can the hotel demand that I pay for that booking, as the booking status shows it cannot be cancelled? I have never stayed in hotels or visited the USA.	2014/07/15	[ "https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/33903", "https://travel.stackexchange.com", "https://travel.stackexchange.com/users/18422/" ]	> > The info I got from hotel showed that it charged $1 to my card > > > This is an [authorization](http://www.notionaddicts.com/forums/showthread.php/634-Authorization-vs-Charge-when-purchasing) rather than a charge; it indicates that the hotel checked to see whether your card was valid, but does not tell you whether they submitted an actual charge. As it is only a dollar it will have no practical effect and you should expect it to "fall off" on its own. > > As I realized my card is missing, I called the credit company and closed that account > > > Unless you are using the wrong terminology, this was a mistake on both your part and the card company's CSRs. You should have reported the card lost rather than closing the account; depending on your card issuer's exact policy this will almost certainly reduce your liability for fraudulent charges, even if they were made while the card was still active. > > Can the hotel demand that I pay for that booking, as the booking status shows it cannot be cancelled? > > > They could submit a charge anyway, but they have already told you that they won't do this, and submitting a charge would not force you to pay but rather force you to have to use your card company's dispute resolution process. It seems likely that the hotel's online booking status is telling you "can't be cancelled" in the sense that it couldn't be cancelled at request of the customer; probably their online system doesn't match up perfectly with their actual procedures. It may be advisable to call the hotel back and ask for an official fax on hotel letterhead, or email from a hotel address, confirming in writing the verbal statement from them that they agree not to charge your card for this fraudulent booking. This should protect you if it goes to a dispute. And for goodness sake's, report your card missing properly if you haven't done so already.	I would call your credit card helpdesk for advice. I had a similar issue some time ago and disputed the transaction. That resulted in a reimbursement and a request to the seller (in you case that would be the hotel in the US) to prove that I approved the initial payment with either my signature, official ID or PIN authorized transaction. Usually transactions below a certain threshold are not verified, so these transactions can easily slip through, but the risk then lies with the party accepting the payment. So simply cancel the payment. I assume this is the default global policy of the major credit cards. If it isn't please tell, it would be interesting to know if my cc company has this service only locally.
299,261	Does anyone know tools like [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) to hook processes? The features I would like to have are: * log function calls on other processes * GUI * scriptable * opensource I already looked at some tools like: * [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) * [Detours](http://research.microsoft.com/sn/detours/) * [DynInst](http://www.dyninst.org/) but none really fully satisfies me.	2008/11/18	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/299261", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/14443/" ]	It likely uses the debugging API and places debug hooks at key points in the application to to trap events. You may even be able to do what you want using [ollydbg](http://www.ollydbg.de/). EDIT: I just looked at the site and saw the demonstration videos and I would say that they almost certainly do this through the debugging API. They likely place breakpoints in the target at the desired function entry points. When a trap event fires, it looks like they use an RPC call to notify the user of their API and allow them to look at what happened and potentially modify some things. Sending back what to do next also in an RPC call. A nice design, but just a glorified debugger.	You can look at Detours library from Microsoft Research. Its a generic API Hooking library.
299,261	Does anyone know tools like [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) to hook processes? The features I would like to have are: * log function calls on other processes * GUI * scriptable * opensource I already looked at some tools like: * [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) * [Detours](http://research.microsoft.com/sn/detours/) * [DynInst](http://www.dyninst.org/) but none really fully satisfies me.	2008/11/18	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/299261", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/14443/" ]	It's not Open Source, but other than that [OllyDbg](http://www.ollydbg.de/) might be what you are looking for. Other useful tools and information can be found on [www.openrce.org](http://www.openrce.org/).	You can look at Detours library from Microsoft Research. Its a generic API Hooking library.
299,261	Does anyone know tools like [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) to hook processes? The features I would like to have are: * log function calls on other processes * GUI * scriptable * opensource I already looked at some tools like: * [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) * [Detours](http://research.microsoft.com/sn/detours/) * [DynInst](http://www.dyninst.org/) but none really fully satisfies me.	2008/11/18	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/299261", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/14443/" ]	You can use [Deviare](http://www.nektra.com/products/deviare/) from the same company that've developed SpyStudio. It lets you hook COM Interfaces. [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) uses this API to monitor functions. It has a database of types that lets you get/set parameter values of any type.	You can look at Detours library from Microsoft Research. Its a generic API Hooking library.
299,261	Does anyone know tools like [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) to hook processes? The features I would like to have are: * log function calls on other processes * GUI * scriptable * opensource I already looked at some tools like: * [SpyStudio](http://www.nektra.com/products/spystudio/) * [Detours](http://research.microsoft.com/sn/detours/) * [DynInst](http://www.dyninst.org/) but none really fully satisfies me.	2008/11/18	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/299261", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/14443/" ]	[WinAPIOverride32](http://jacquelin.potier.free.fr/winapioverride32/) The primary usage of WinAPIOverride32 is monitoring/logging function calls of other process. It also has plug-in framework, so you could write your own hook handler. And it is open source (GPL).	You can look at Detours library from Microsoft Research. Its a generic API Hooking library.
32,844,091	Apple recently released a new version of iTunes Connect. I just want to change the primary language of my app, but the documentation (<https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/iTunesConnect_Guide/Chapters/DisplayInMoreLanguages.html> at the bottom) is now deprecated. Anyone solved this problem? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)	2015/09/29	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32844091", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1438334/" ]	I was able to change the primary language after being accepted by the appstore. Despite what the documentation says, it seems that changing the primary language is impossible in "Prepare for submission" state.	My Apps > App Store > App Information > Primary Language [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3aU9Q.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3aU9Q.png) UPDATE: Please check Localization in your project. Maybe only "French" is showing? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z7fj9.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z7fj9.png)
32,844,091	Apple recently released a new version of iTunes Connect. I just want to change the primary language of my app, but the documentation (<https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/iTunesConnect_Guide/Chapters/DisplayInMoreLanguages.html> at the bottom) is now deprecated. Anyone solved this problem? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)	2015/09/29	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32844091", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1438334/" ]	My Apps > App Store > App Information > Primary Language [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3aU9Q.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3aU9Q.png) UPDATE: Please check Localization in your project. Maybe only "French" is showing? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z7fj9.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z7fj9.png)	I had the same problem. My solution was to untick 'Use XXXCOUNTRYXXX Apple Watch' under 'Apple Watch' in Media Manager (and any others that may be ticked by default). I was then able to change the primary language. [![Screenshot of tickbox](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BvFS4.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BvFS4.png)
32,844,091	Apple recently released a new version of iTunes Connect. I just want to change the primary language of my app, but the documentation (<https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/iTunesConnect_Guide/Chapters/DisplayInMoreLanguages.html> at the bottom) is now deprecated. Anyone solved this problem? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)	2015/09/29	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32844091", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1438334/" ]	My Apps > App Store > App Information > Primary Language [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3aU9Q.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/3aU9Q.png) UPDATE: Please check Localization in your project. Maybe only "French" is showing? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z7fj9.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Z7fj9.png)	For those still having problems changing your primary language, you first need to submit a new version of your app which has at least 2 localizations (for me e.g. i started only with german and then german and english). German was my initial primary language. As soon as the version is approved + ready for sale(dont forget to add the localization in your App-Information as well (add new language)) THEN you can change the primary language in the App information. Sorry for my english, new here ;)
32,844,091	Apple recently released a new version of iTunes Connect. I just want to change the primary language of my app, but the documentation (<https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/iTunesConnect_Guide/Chapters/DisplayInMoreLanguages.html> at the bottom) is now deprecated. Anyone solved this problem? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)	2015/09/29	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32844091", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1438334/" ]	I was able to change the primary language after being accepted by the appstore. Despite what the documentation says, it seems that changing the primary language is impossible in "Prepare for submission" state.	I had the same problem. My solution was to untick 'Use XXXCOUNTRYXXX Apple Watch' under 'Apple Watch' in Media Manager (and any others that may be ticked by default). I was then able to change the primary language. [![Screenshot of tickbox](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BvFS4.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BvFS4.png)
32,844,091	Apple recently released a new version of iTunes Connect. I just want to change the primary language of my app, but the documentation (<https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/iTunesConnect_Guide/Chapters/DisplayInMoreLanguages.html> at the bottom) is now deprecated. Anyone solved this problem? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)	2015/09/29	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32844091", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1438334/" ]	I was able to change the primary language after being accepted by the appstore. Despite what the documentation says, it seems that changing the primary language is impossible in "Prepare for submission" state.	For those still having problems changing your primary language, you first need to submit a new version of your app which has at least 2 localizations (for me e.g. i started only with german and then german and english). German was my initial primary language. As soon as the version is approved + ready for sale(dont forget to add the localization in your App-Information as well (add new language)) THEN you can change the primary language in the App information. Sorry for my english, new here ;)
32,844,091	Apple recently released a new version of iTunes Connect. I just want to change the primary language of my app, but the documentation (<https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/iTunesConnect_Guide/Chapters/DisplayInMoreLanguages.html> at the bottom) is now deprecated. Anyone solved this problem? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)	2015/09/29	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32844091", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1438334/" ]	I was able to change the primary language after being accepted by the appstore. Despite what the documentation says, it seems that changing the primary language is impossible in "Prepare for submission" state.	I found a way to make it work without having to get accepted by the App Store. 1. In Localizable Information, click on the language and choose a new language you want to add as primary language. 2. Very important. Hit Save at top right corner. 3. Go down to General Information. You will find now that Primary Language becomes a drop-down menu with new language that you just added. You can proceed to change your primary language and then Save. [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/RTWX9.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/RTWX9.png) [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/unJNz.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/unJNz.png)
32,844,091	Apple recently released a new version of iTunes Connect. I just want to change the primary language of my app, but the documentation (<https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/LanguagesUtilities/Conceptual/iTunesConnect_Guide/Chapters/DisplayInMoreLanguages.html> at the bottom) is now deprecated. Anyone solved this problem? [![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/55D9K.png)	2015/09/29	[ "https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/32844091", "https://Stackoverflow.com", "https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1438334/" ]	For those still having problems changing your primary language, you first need to submit a new version of your app which has at least 2 localizations (for me e.g. i started only with german and then german and english). German was my initial primary language. As soon as the version is approved + ready for sale(dont forget to add the localization in your App-Information as well (add new language)) THEN you can change the primary language in the App information. Sorry for my english, new here ;)	I had the same problem. My solution was to untick 'Use XXXCOUNTRYXXX Apple Watch' under 'Apple Watch' in Media Manager (and any others that may be ticked by default). I was then able to change the primary language. [![Screenshot of tickbox](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BvFS4.png)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BvFS4.png)

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