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25178 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics | Thermodynamics | Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the movement of heat between different objects. Thermodynamics also studies the change in pressure and volume of objects. A branch of math called statistics is often used in thermodynamics to look at the motion of particles.
Thermodynamics is useful because it helps us understand how the world of the very small atoms connects to the large scale world we see everyday.
Thermodynamics also has two main branches called classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics. An important idea in thermodynamics is that of a thermodynamic system.
An example of a thermodynamic system is a brick. A brick is made up of many atoms which all have their own properties. All thermodynamic systems have two kinds of properties, extensive and intensive. For the brick, the extensive properties are the ones you get by adding up all the atoms. Things like the volume, energy, mass, and charge are extensive because two of the same brick put together have twice as much mass as one brick. The intensive properties of the brick are the ones you get by looking at the average over all atoms. Things like temperature, pressure, and density are intensive because two of the same brick still has the same temperature as one brick alone.
Laws of thermodynamics
There are four laws of thermodynamics that say how energy can be moved between two objects in the form of heat.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
If two systems have equal heat flow back and forth and one of the two systems has equal heat flow back and forth with another system, all three systems have equal heat flow with each other.
First law of thermodynamics
An increase in energy in a system is the same as the energy given to a system in the form of heat or work. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed. The amount of energy given to a system is the same amount of energy taken from the surroundings.
Second law of thermodynamics
Given a pair of systems touching with different temperatures, heat will flow from hot to cold until the temperature of the systems becomes equal.
Third law of thermodynamics
When a system has a temperature of 0 kelvin, absolute zero (the lowest temperature), the entropy (energy that cannot be used to do work) is at 0.
Uses of thermodynamics
Earlier, thermodynamics was studied to make steam engines work better. Now, ideas from thermodynamics are used in everything from making engines to studying black holes.
Scientists use thermodynamics for many reasons. One is to make better engines and refrigerators. Another is to understand the properties of everyday materials so that they can make them stronger in the future. Thermodynamics is also used in chemistry to explain which reactions will work and which will not (this study is known as chemical kinetics). Thermodynamics is powerful because simple models for atoms work well in explaining the properties of large systems like bricks.
References
Related pages
Physics |
25182 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhurst%2C%20Wyoming | Brookhurst, Wyoming | Brookhurst is a census-designated place in Natrona County, Wyoming, USA. About 192 people live there.
Census-designated places in Wyoming
Natrona County, Wyoming |
25183 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood | Bollywood | Bollywood, an Indian Hollywood, refers to the Hindi language movie industry in India.
The word is often used to describe Indian cinema as a whole, but more precisely it means Hindi language movies only. The term Bollywood combines Bombay (where most Hindi movies are made) and Hollywood (where most American movies are made).
Bollywood makes many movies each year. Many Bollywood movies are called Masala movies. In Hindi, Masala means spice. These movies usually have higher levels of emotions, songs, revenge and differences between rich and poor in them.
Languages used in Bollywood movies
The movies made in Bollywood are usually in Hindi and Urdu. Some are made in Marathi, which is the main and official language of the state of Maharashtra, where Bollywood is located. Some are also in English. Often, poetic Urdu words are used; see also Lollywood (Pakistan Cinema).
The number of dialogues and songs in English has increased lately. There are movies now where parts of the dialogue are in English. There is also a growing number of movies which are in English. Some movies are also made in more than one language. This is either done with subtitles, or by using several soundtracks.
What Bollywood movies are like
In general, Bollywood movies are like musicals. The audience expects to hear music. There are usually song-and-dance numbers as a part of the script. Often, the success of a movie depends on the quality of these musical numbers. Very often, the movie music is released before the movie. It helps make the audience bigger.
A good entertainer is generally referred to as paisa vasool. This means money's worth. Songs and dances, love triangles, comedy and thrills are all mixed up. Such movies are called masala movies, after the Hindustani word for a spice mixture, masala. Like masalas, these movies are a mixture of many things.
Bollywood movies are often longer than those made in Hollywood. A normal Bollywood movie is about 3 hours long. Bollywood movies are movies made for the masses. Other Indian movies are made inside or outside of the Bollywood tradition. They sometimes try to set higher standards. They often lose out at the box office to movies with more mass appeal.
Bollywood plots are usually melodramatic. They often use common ideas such as star-crossed lovers and angry parents, love triangles, family ties, sacrifice, corrupt politicians, kidnappers, scheming villains, hookers with a heart of gold, long-lost relatives and siblings separated by fate, dramatic reversals of fortune, and convenient coincidences.
Bollywood songs are called Hindi film songs or filmi songs. Most of the movies have songs in them. Bollywood songs along with dances are a characteristic part of Hindi cinema. They give these movies their popular appeal, cultural value and context. Songs are sung by playback singers which actors and actresses lip sync on screen.
Change
Bollywood ways of doing things are changing, however. A large Indian diaspora in English-speaking countries, and increased Western influence at home, have moved Bollywood movies closer to movies made in Hollywood. Kisses in the movies are now allowed. Plots tend to show Westernised city people dating and dancing in discos instead of arranged marriages.
Movie critic Lata Khubchandani writes,"..our earliest movies...(had) liberal doses of sex and kissing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence the censor board came into being and so did all the strictures."
In 2001 five percent on Indian movies were shown in the United Kingdom which has a large Indian minority.
The emergence of streaming media and OTT platforms has disrupted the Bollywood industry as well. With COVID-19 affecting the entertainment industry worldwide, focus has shifted in recent year from cinema to web series. A number of successful web series are produced in Bollywood and overall the trend is shifting from musical films to different genres. This has also given rise to a trend of method acting in Bollywood, which more and more young actors are now taking up.
Related pages
Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema)
Lollywood (Pakistani cinema)
Mollywood (Malayalam cinema)
Tollywood (Telugu cinema)
Hollywood
References
Hindi |
25185 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinah%20Washington | Dinah Washington | Dinah Washington (born Ruth Lee Jones August 24, 1924 - December 14, 1963) was an American R&B and jazz singer. She was an African American who was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama and raised in Chicago. She died of an accidental drug overdose in Detroit.
Other websites
http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19767/m1/
1924 births
1963 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
African American musicians
American jazz musicians
Drug-related accidental deaths
Singers from Alabama
Singers from Chicago
People from Tuscaloosa, Alabama |
25186 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Ward | Robin Ward | Robin Ward (born Jacqueline McDonnell in 1941) was an American singer. She had a hit with her song "Wonderful Summer" in 1963.
singers from Hawaii
1941 births
Living people |
25187 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal%20gland | Adrenal gland | The adrenal gland is a gland in most mammals. It is near the kidneys. Its name tells its position (ad – "near", and renes – "kidneys"). The gland is made up of two types of tissues: the centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla and outside this lies the adrenal cortex.
The adrenal glands are known as "suprarenal glands" in humans. In many animals the glands are next to the kidneys, but they are cap-like structures on top of the kidneys in humans.
The adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) help in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance.
The adrenal gland makes hormones which control stress. It is involved in the production of steroid hormones. Among these hormones are cortisol and adrenaline.
Cortex
The hormones secreted from the cortex region are called adrenocorticosteroids or corticoids. These are the hormones it makes:
Corticosteroids: all corticosteroids are made from cholesterol.
Cortisol / cortisone. These two are in a reversible reaction: they can be changed to each other by an enzyme. Cortisol is the active version, cortisone is the inactive version.
Aldosterone: a hormone which regulates blood pressure.
Androgens: these are intermediate male sex hormones. They are turned into more active hormones in the testes.
Medulla
The adrenal medulla, in the center of the gland, makes:
Adrenaline (U.S = Epinephrine) and noradrenaline (U.S. = norepinephrine): they make the fight or flight response in animals.
References
Glands
Endocrine system |
25188 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiswick | Chiswick | Chiswick is a district in the London Borough of Hounslow in West London. It is most famous as the home of the artist William Hogarth.
Areas of London
London Borough of Hounslow |
25189 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Golden%20Girls | The Golden Girls | The Golden Girls was an American comedy television series. It ran from 1985 to 1992 on NBC. It was about a group of older women who lived in the same house in Miami, Florida. The series was produced by Paul Junger Witt.
Characters
The women were:
Dorothy Zbornak (Bea Arthur) - She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Her parents are Salvatore and Sophia, two Sicilian immigrants. She has a sister Gloria and a brother Phil. She was married with Stan Zbornak for 38 year long. With him she has two children: Kate and Michael Zbornak. After their divorce, she moved to the shared apartment with Blanche and Rose. Her mother Sophia criticized her love-life again and again. In the last episode was Dorothy and Blanche's uncle Lucas a pair. After her marriage she moved out of the house.
Rose Nyland (Betty White) - she grew up with nine children on a farm in Sankt Olaf, Minnesota. She is the outcome of an affair. Her father was a monk and his mother died during Roses childbirth. Nevertheless, she had a happy childhood with their adoptive parents and her two stepsisters Lily and Holly. She was married with an insurance agent called Charlie Nylund, until his died in 1970. They have five children: three daughters called Kirsten, Bridget and Gunilla and two sons called Adam and Charlie jr. Also, she has grandchildren: Charlie and Charlene. She worked as a staff in a counseling center. Sometimes, she works as a volunteers in a hospital. She is an honest Person and loves animals. She tells always about her life in Sankt Olaf.
Blanche Devereaux (Rue McClanahan) - she grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. She has four brothers and sisters. Her both sisters called Charmaine and Virginia. She doesn't like them, but she is nevertheless friendly to them. She has two brothers. Clayton is gay and Tad is a mentally handicapped person. Her father called Big Daddy. Until his death, she was the favourite daughter of him. She is the owner of this shared apartment. At that time, she lived with her husband George in this house. With him she had five children: two daughters called Rebecca and Janet and three sons called Biff, Doug and Skippy and she has four grandchildren: David, Sarah, Melissa and Aurora. She is obsessed with men and had many affairs with them. Blanche feels to old and she is not satisfied with her age.
Sophia Petrillo (Estelle Getty)- is the mother of Dorothy and lived in a nursing home called The Shady Pines. She moved to the three Ladys, after it is burned down. She tells about her nursing home very bad things and she doesn't tell good things. 1906, she was born in sicily and wandered to the USA. She was to married with Salvatore. She has a sister Angela and a brother Angelo. If she tells about her life in Sicily, she begins with this sentence: "Just imagine, Sicily nineteen hundred...!"
Recurring characters
Stanley "Stan" Zbornak (Herb Edelman)- was the classmate of Dorothy. After the High School, she was pregnant of him. Both were 17 years old and Dorothy had to marry him. The marriage was a disaster. He told his children many lies. For example, Christmas will delayed by two days. They were married for 38 years. Nevertheless, he loves them. Also, he is a seller of joke articles and wears a toupé.
Miles Webber (Harold Gould)- is in a relationship with Rose.
Salvatore "Sal" Petrillo (Sid Melton)- was the husband of Sophia. You don't see him in an episode, because he died before the action time.
1985 American television series debuts
1992 television series endings
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
1992 American television series endings
American sitcoms
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Miami, Florida in fiction
NBC network shows
Television series set in Florida
1992 disestablishments in the United States
English-language television programs |
25191 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark | Bark | Bark is the covering of the stems of woody plants, like trees. Bark protects the tree. Bark of different plants and trees can look very different, it can be rough or smooth and can have different colors. It is the outer layer of tree trunks.
Most of the bark grows from the vascular cambium. Some outer parts of the bark sometimes come from a cork cambium. In the bark are lenticels which allow gases to move in and out of those inner tissues which have living cells.
Bark of one kind or another has been on trees from the Carboniferous period. It is obvious on stems and branches, and on some kinds of storage organs.
Plant anatomy
Plant physiology |
25192 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartar | Tartar | Tartar could mean:
The Tatars, an ethnic group in present-day Russia
Hardened dental plaque (see calculus (dental))
Tartar sauce
Salts of tartaric acid:
Cream of tartar
Tartar emetic |
25195 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowboy | Cowboy | Cowboy is a broad term for men who work on ranches. The word "cowboy" was used in England in the early 19th century but its use in the late 19th century in North America comes from the Spanish word vaquero. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas. In the United States the Native Americans and cowboys have a rich history, Still today, Native American cowboys are making a big impact in the world of rodeo.
Over the centuries Movies about cowboys are often called western movies. Movies often show them as fighting rather than working. Cowboys can be recognized by their big brown hats and lassos. Men who do similar work in Australia are called "stockmen."
Common clothing includes a belt with a big buckle, a cowboy hat, a lasso, a buttoned polo shirt, chaps, boots, and sometimes include another belt for carrying things while riding a horse.
Job
A Cowboy is simply a person who works on a ranch and rides on a horse while he herds cattle. However, on the modern day ranch, the job has evolved into more duties such as branding, fencing, hay production, and machine and animal maintenance. Cowboys are also gunfighters, a lawman, outlaw, or a shooting exhibitionist, but was more commonly a hired gun who made a living with his weapons in the Old West.
In American culture
In American culture, the idea of cowboys is of freedom and independence. It is part of the myth of the Wild West. In movies and other stories, white actors usually play cowboys, for example Clint Eastwood and John Wayne. In real life, many cowboys of the 1800s were black or Latino.
The fictional cowboy called Sheriff Woody is played by Tom Hanks.
In British culture
In Britain, a "cowboy" is someone who charges money but is unskilled. For example a "cowboy roofer" is someone who offers to fix a roof but does not know how to fix roofs.
Related pages
Western (genre)
References
Occupations |
25196 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Reno | Janet Reno | Janet Reno (June 21, 1938 – November 7, 2016) was the United States Attorney General from 1993 to 2001, under President Bill Clinton. She was the first woman to ever have this job.
Reno died on November 7, 2016 from complications of Parkinson's disease, aged 78.
References
1938 births
2016 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Politicians from Miami, Florida
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States Attorneys General
US Democratic Party politicians
Lawyers from Miami, Florida |
25208 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1493 | 1493 |
Events
January 4 – Christopher Columbus leaves the New World.
March 15 – Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after his first trip to the Americas.
July 28 – Great fire in Moscow.
September 9 – Battle of Krbava field between defending Croatian nobles and invading Ottoman Turk forces.
November 19 – Christopher Columbus goes ashore on an island he saw for the first time only the day before. He names it San Juan Bautista (later renamed Puerto Rico).
December 23 – Georg Alt's German translation of Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle is published. |
25211 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1285 | 1285 |
Events
January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka orders all priests subject to his bishopry in Poland to deliver sermons in Polish rather than German, thus further unifying the Catholic Church in Poland and fostering a national identity.
April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
September 4 – Roger of Lauria defeats King Philip III of France in a naval battle off of Barcelona.
The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I of England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.
The Second statute of Westminster is passed in England, reforming various laws; it includes the famous clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.
The English romantic poem The Lay of Havelok the Dane is written (approximate date).
Tran Hung Dao leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army. |
25214 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Haley | Alex Haley | Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 – February 10, 1992) was an African-American writer. He also had Irish and, according to his own telling, some Cherokee ancestry. He was born in Ithaca, New York. He is best known for The Autobiography of Malcolm X, which he helped Malcolm X write, and his book Roots: The Saga of an American Family, which was about his family history and inspired a television mini-series. He died of a heart attack in Seattle, Washington.
Haley family lineage
Members of his family lineage that can be confirmed:
Parents: Simon Alexander Haley [1892-1973] married 1919 1st wife Bertha George Palmer [1897-1932]
Paternal Grandparents: Alex Haley [1845-1918] and 2nd wife Queen Jackson [1857-1941] Natural daughter of James Jackson of Alabama [1822-1879]
Maternal Grandparents:Cynthia Babica [Murray] [1875-1949] married to William Edward Palmer [1872-1926][Son of George Palmer and Salena Groves]
Maternal Great Grandparents:Tom Lea/Lea Murray [b.1833-?] married 1859 to Arena Holt [1841-1908] [Daughter of "Hillian" (b.1815)]
Maternal Great Great Grandparents: "Chicken George" Lea [1806-1890] married Mathilda McGreggor Murray Lea [b.1806-?]
Roots
According to Haley, he based his novel Roots on oral tradition and research, including a visit to Africa.
About the first third of the book is of Haley's possible ancestor, Kunta Kinte, growing up in Africa in the 1700s. This part of the book describes the culture he lived in.
When Kinte is a teenager, he is kidnapped and taken across the Atlantic Ocean to Annapolis, Maryland. He is sold in Spotslvania County Virginia to John Waller and then to his brother William Waller. He tries to escape and fails. Part of his foot is cut off as punishment and so he cannot run away again. He marries a female slave cook named Bell. They have a daughter Kizzie who is sold at age sixteen. She is raped by Tom Lea and gives birth to a son, "Chicken George" Lea. Chicken George becomes a famous cockfighter, meaning he trains chickens for people to bet on as they fight. George marries and has six children, but his father sells him to a British man who takes him overseas. While George is away, his family is sold to a slave trader who sells them to the Murray family of Alamance County, North Carolina. George eventually returns to them. After the US Civil War of 1861-1865 rather than sharecrop, the family moves to Henning Tennessee. Chicken George's granddaughter Cynthia marries Will Palmer and they become Alex Haley's grandparents.
Roots won a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book award. It is unusual for a novel to do both.
At first, Haley said Roots was not a novel but non-fiction. But when scholars looked into his facts, they found many of them were wrong. Today, scholars think that the griot, the African scholar who talked to Haley, made up parts of the story. They think Haley was guessing or imagining things as well. Later, Haley would also admit that he copied parts of his book from a 1967 book called The African.
Even though the book is not historically accurate, American scholars still say it is one of the most important novels in the country because it inspired African Americans to write more about Africa and slavery.
Factual accuracy questions
Trying to confirm the facts in Haley novel in regards to Africa and the Waller, Lea, and Murray families raised doubts.
Ironically, the Millses discovered a better fit to the Haley oral history in the written record than Haley himself had found. Dr. William Waller's father was Colonel William Waller, who owned a slave named Hopping George, a description consistent with a foot injury. Colonel Waller also owned a slave named Isbell, who may be the Bell in Haley family legend. Tom Lea's father lived in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, and he may have purchased some of Haley's ancestors from the Wallers. When the Lea family moved to North Carolina, they would have taken their slaves with them. The Leas lived in close proximity to the Murrays and Holts, and there are three Kizzies associated with the Lea and Murray families in the post-Civil War records.
Historian Henry Louis Gates Jr. was a friend of Haley, but years after Haley's death, Gates acknowledged doubts about the author's claims:
Most of us feel it's highly unlikely that Alex found the village whence his ancestors sprang. Roots is a work of the imagination rather than strict historical scholarship. It was an important event because it captured everyone's imagination." Gates later hosted the TV series African American Lives and Finding Your Roots, which used DNA testing to corroborate family histories and genealogies. Haley wrote another novel in regard to his paternal grandmother Queen [Jackson] Haley but died before he could finish it; it was published posthumously as Queen: The Story of an American Family. Ironically Subsequent DNA testing of Alex Haley's nephew Chris Haley revealed that Alec Haley, Alex's paternal grandfather (and Queen Haley's husband) was most likely descended from Scottish ancestors via William Harwell Baugh, an overseer of an Alabama slave plantation.
References
Other websites
African American writers
American novelists
American television producers
American television writers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Writers from New York
1921 births
1992 deaths
People from Ithaca, New York |
25215 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Robbins | Harold Robbins | Harold Robbins (born Harold Rubin; May 21, 1916 – October 14, 1997) was an American author.
References
Writers from New York City
1916 births
1997 deaths |
25219 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | Baptism is a rite or ceremony performed by most Christian churches and denominations. It is done as a cleansing symbol. It shows that the person being baptized has become a follower of Jesus, and it can represent the joining of the Christian family.
Methods
Roman Catholicism baptize infants to mark their becoming members of the church. It is a sacrament usually performed by a priest. In most other churches, it is when the person is old enough to decide that they are ready.
Some religious groups practice baptism by sprinkling a small amount of water on the person, usually their head. Other groups use full immersion, dipping the whole person in the water.
Bible times
In the Old Testament, a similar washing ceremony was done when priests were ordained. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist before he began his ministry. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the person to be immersed totally or partially. But sprinkling, or pouring, was also practiced at an early day with sick and dying persons when total or partial immersion was not practical.
Other websites
"Baptism." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
References
Sacraments |
25220 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalities%20of%20China | Nationalities of China | There are many people in China, more than in any other country. They all have many different cultures, histories and beliefs. The Chinese government officially says there are 56 nationalities. They are called zú or mínzú in China. Of these, almost all of them (about 90%) are Han people (汉族 : Hàn Zú). The rest of these nationalities (called "ethnic minorities"), from biggest to smallest in population, are:
Zhuang (壮族 : Zhuàng Tû
Manchu (满族 : Mǎn Zú)
Hui (回族 : Huí Zú)
Miao (苗族 : Miáo Zú) (Hmong)
Uyghur (维吾尔族 : Wéiwúěr Zú)
Yi (彝族 : Yí Zú)
Tujia (土家族 : Tǔjiā Zú)
Mongol (蒙古族 : Měnggǔ Zú)
Tibetan (藏族 : Zàng Zú)
Buyei (布依族 : Bùyī Zú)
Dong (侗族 : Dòng Zú)
Yao (瑶族 : Yáo Zú)
Korean (朝鲜族 : Cháoxiǎn Zú)
Bai (白族 : Bái Zú)
Hani (哈尼族 : Hāní Zú)
Li (黎族 : Lí Zú), also called Hlai in the ethnic group's language.
Kazak (哈萨克族 : Hāsàkè Zú)
Dai (傣族 : Dǎi Zú, also called Dai Lue, one of the Tai ethnic groups)
She (畲族 : Shē Zú)
Lisu (傈僳族 : Lìsù Zú)
Gelao (仡佬族 : Gēlǎo Zú)
Lahu (拉祜族 : Lāhù Zú)
Dongxiang (东乡族 : Dōngxiāng Zú)
Va (佤族 : Wǎ Zú) (Va)
Sui (水族 : Shuǐ Zú)
Naxi (纳西族 : Nàxī Zú) (includes the Mosuo (摩梭 : Mósuō))
Qiang (羌族 : Qiāng Zú)
Tu (土族 : Tǔ Zú)
Xibe (锡伯族 : Xíbó Zú)
Mulao (仫佬族 : Mùlǎo Zú)
Kirgiz (柯尔克孜族 : Kēěrkèzī Zú)
Daur (达斡尔族 : Dáwòěr Zú)
Jingpo (景颇族 : Jǐngpō Zú)
Salar (撒拉族 : Sǎlá Zú)
Blang (布朗族 : Bùlǎng Zú)
Maonan (毛南族 : Màonán Zú)
Tajik (塔吉克族 : Tǎjíkè Zú)
Pumi (普米族 : Pǔmǐ Zú)
Achang (阿昌族 : Āchāng Zú)
Nu (怒族 : Nù Zú)
Ewenki (鄂温克族 : Èwēnkè Zú)
Gin (京族 : Jīng Zú), meaning Vietnamese or Kinh people.
Jino (基诺族 : Jīnuò Zú)
De'ang (德昂族 : Déáng Zú)
Uzbek (乌孜别克族 : Wūzībiékè Zú)
Russians (俄罗斯族 : Éluōsī Zú)
Yugur (裕固族 : Yùgù Zú)
Bonan (保安族 : Bǎoān Zú)
Monba (门巴族 : Ménbā Zú)
Oroqen (鄂伦春族 : Èlúnchūn Zú)
Derung (独龙族 : Dúlóng Zú)
Tatar (塔塔尔族 : Tǎtǎěr Zú)
Hezhen (赫哲族 : Hèzhé Zú)
Lhoba (珞巴族 : Luòbā Zú)
Gaoshan (高山族 : Gāoshān Zú), meaning Taiwanese aborigines
China |
25221 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang%20Dynasty | Shang Dynasty | The Shang Dynasty (existed from 1600BC - 1046BC) was the second dynasty in China following the Xia dynasty. Most of what we know about the Shang Dynasty is from reading pictures on oracle bones and bronze objects. A dynasty is a series of rulers which are considered to be part of the same family because they are ruling a country(s) over generations. According to tradition, the last Shang king was overthrown in 1046 BC. The succeeding dynasty was called the Zhou Dynasty.
Kings
References
Other websites
Zhengzhou Shang City Site
Chinese dynasties |
25223 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Tang%20of%20Shang%20of%20China | King Tang of Shang of China | King Tang of Shang of China, in Chinese:"湯", born Zi Lu, in Chinese:"子履" (1617 BC - 1588 BC) was the first king of the Shang dynasty in Chinese history. He fought Jie, the last king of the Xia dynasty.
He was the leader of his tribe, or group of people, for more than 17 years. While leader, he made many smart men officials to help fix his government.
When he saw that the Xia Dynasty was starting to be weak, Tang started 16 wars fighting the Xia Dynasty, getting many lands. Tang finally defeated the dynasty in 1600bc.
Many people of his country thought he was a good leader. He made taxes smaller and did not force his people to be soldiers for a long time. He affected many people from foreign places.
1617 BC births
1588 BC deaths
Kings of Shang Dynasty |
25232 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%20Bing | Bu Bing | King Bu Bing of Shang of China, in Chinese:"卜丙", born Zi Sheng, in Chinese:"子勝",. He was the third king of the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). He was the second son of King Tang.
In Records of the Grand Historian, he was recorded as the second king of the Shang Dynasty. In that book he is given the name "Wai Bing", in Chinese:"外丙". But in the oracle script, he was recorded as the third king of the Shang Dynasty. In these records his name is "Bu Bing",in Chinese:"卜丙".
Kings of Shang Dynasty |
25233 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Year%27s%20Eve | New Year's Eve | New Year's Eve is the holiday before New Year's Day, on December 31, the last day of the current year.
Today, Western countries usually celebrate this day with a party which ends with a group countdown to midnight. Party hats, noisemakers, fire crackers and drinking champagne are fairly common during this holiday.
Many towns also have firework shows or other noisy ways to start the new year. Places like Berlin, Chicago, Edinburgh, Los Angeles, London, New York, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Toronto, and Tokyo are well known for their New Year's Eve celebrations.
New Year's Eve is also a work holiday in some countries, such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, France, Mexico, the Philippines, and Venezuela.
Related pages
Chinese New Year
Omisoka (Japan)
Áramótaskaupið (Iceland)
Holidays |
25234 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20dynasty | Chen dynasty | The Chen dynasty 陳朝 (557-589) was the fourth and the last of the southern dynasties in China. It was an ethnic Han dynasty.
Few records survive from the time of the Chen dynasty. However, the records that exist say that the dynasty was strong and rich. Legend says that the Chen dynasty had ten times more wealth than Europe at the time. The Chen dynasty's rulers had a tax system and ruling system similar to the Kang-Qian 'flourishing age'. (The Kang-Qian age was the last and richest Chinese feudal dynasty).
The Chen dynasty took in an enormous amount of silver, which was used as money at the time. The records that still exist say that the dynasty had as much as 30 million taels of silver in their reserves. (A silver tael weighed about 30 grams.) During the Chen dynasty, there was also a huge demand for Chinese silk, spices, porcelain, artwork, and many other products.
In the year 589, the Sui dynasty took over the Chen dynasty after the last Chen Emperor abdicated (gave up his position as Emperor).
Kings
Chinese dynasties
557 establishments
589 disestablishments
6th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in China
Disestablishments in China |
25235 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter%20aircraft | Fighter aircraft | Fighter aircraft are small military planes that are made to fight other airplanes. They are often fast, having aerodynamic shapes (shapes that make them move through air easily) and very powerful engines for their size. They also usually are maneuverable (turn well). Fighters can carry many different kinds of weapons, including missiles, machine guns, and bombs. While fighters may be used as attack aircraft to attack vehicles, soldiers, or buildings on the ground, they are different from bombers because they are mainly designed to fight other airplanes. Specialized fighters have been made, such as night fighters, interceptors, and air superiority fighters.
Examples of fighter aircraft
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
MiG-17
North American P-51 Mustang
SPAD S.XIII
Other websites
WW2DB: List of WW2-era Fighter Aircraft
aircraft fighter: aircraft fighter in the world
Military aviation
Air force |
25236 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft%20carrier | Aircraft carrier | Aircraft carriers are warships that carry airplanes and other aircraft like helicopters. They are used by navies to allow aircraft to fight along with naval warships. Aircraft carriers are usually very large, carrying hundreds or thousands of sailors and tens or hundreds of aircraft.
The top of an aircraft carrier is called the flight deck and looks like a very small airport. Old aircraft carriers carried airplanes that could takeoff and land in the short distance of the flight deck without help. Similarly, small modern aircraft carriers only carry helicopters or specially designed airplanes such as the Harrier that can take off and land straight up and down or in the short distance of the flight deck.
The flight deck of a large, modern aircraft carrier has a landing area and a take-off area. The landing area is in the back and has a short runway. Airplanes stop by using a hook on the back of the airplane to grab wires stretched across the runway. In the front, the flight deck has a steam-powered catapult that connects to the front wheel of an airplane. The catapult pulls and throws the airplane off the deck, helping it take off quickly. So, aircraft carriers are basically small, floating, mobile airports.
Because they are big ships and need much electric power, big modern aircraft carriers have on-board nuclear power plants. Others are powered by oil-burning engines.
Except for their airplanes, aircraft carriers usually have few weapons, so other warships escort them. Together, the aircraft carrier and these warships form a carrier group.
Military aviation
Warships |
25238 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Kasner | Edward Kasner | Edward Kasner (1878–1955) is an American mathematician (person who studies math). He is famous for creating the word googol and the word googolplex.
Kasner went to Columbia University and received his Ph.D. (a degree (measure) of learning) in 1899.
Around 1920, Kasner decided to make a good, catchy name for a very big number (one, followed by a hundred zeros). While he was walking with his nephews Milton (c. 1911–1980) and Edwin Sirotta in New Jersey's Palisades, Kasner asked them to think of good names. Milton was the one who said "googol".
In 1940, with James Roy Newman, Kasner made a book about math called Mathematics and the Imagination . It was in this book that the name "googol" was first used.
The website Google was named after Kasner's number googol.
Books
Other websites
History from the Google website
1878 births
1955 deaths
Kasner, Edward
Columbia University alumni
Scientists from New York City |
25239 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20of%20Bengal | Bay of Bengal | The Bay of Bengal is a bay. It is in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. The bay is also west of the Malay Peninsula and east of India. It looks like a triangle. It is called the "Bay of Bengal", because to the north are the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh.it is an extended part of the Indian ocean. But most of the part the see landed on part of Bangladesh. It has four sea port on part of Bangladesh. Bay of Bengal named on the history of Bangladesh.
References
Bays
Geography of Asia
Indian Ocean |
25240 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay%20Peninsula | Malay Peninsula | The Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu) is a big peninsula in Southeast Asia. The place is divided into three political parts. This includes:
the northwest is the extreme south part of Myanmar
the middle area and northeast is the south part of Thailand
the south is the part of Malaysia called Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia
Geography of Asia
Peninsulas |
25247 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee%20line | Jubilee line | The Jubilee line is a line on the London Underground. It runs from Stanmore in north-west London to Stratford in east London. The colour of the Jubilee line on tube maps is grey.
History
The line opened on 1 May 1979, taking over one of the Bakerloo Line's two branches to relieve the main part of the line. To the Baker Street to Stanmore part a new four-kilometre part into central London was added, terminating at a new station at Charing Cross railway station.
The old Charing Cross station, on the Circle, District, Bakerloo and Northern lines, was renamed Embankment. The new Charing Cross tube station created a new interchange, from the stations of Strand on the Northern Line and Trafalgar Square on the Bakerloo.
The Jubilee Line of 1979 was to be the first part of the project, but because of the lack of money the line stayed the same until the late 1990s. Phase 2 would have extended the line along Fleet Street to stations at Aldwych, Ludgate Circus, Cannon Street, Fenchurch Street, St Katherine's Dock, Wapping and then under the River Thames to New Cross, terminating at Lewisham. An alternative plan was created in the late 1970s to extend the Jubilee Line in parallel with the River Thames, this would taken the Line from Wapping to Thamesmead Via Surrey Docks North, Canary Wharf, North Greenwich, Custom House, Silvertown, Woolwich Arsenal and to Thamesmead. However the 'river line' extension as it was called was too expensive and construction of the extension never started.
Changes in land use, particularly the new areas in the Docklands area, caused the project to change considerably in the 1990s. The Jubilee Line Extension, opened in three stages in 1999, split from the existing line at Green Park, creating a one-station branch to Charing Cross, which is now closed (although it is still sometimes opened for occasional use as a film set). With the extension, the Jubilee Line is the only line on the London Underground network that crosses all other lines.
Trains
When the Jubilee Line was opened, it was run with 1972 trains. In 1984 the 1972 trains were replaced by the new 1983 trains. The old 1972 Stock were used on the Northern Line. The 1983 trains proved to be unreliable in service, with their single doors making passenger loading and unloading slower than on other trains with wider doors. With the opening of the Jubilee Line Extension, the opportunity was taken to introduce new trains, and today the line is worked by 1996 trains.
Map
Stations
Terminus: Stanmore opened December 10, 1932.
Canons Park, opened December 10, 1932 (as Canons Park (Edgware)); renamed 1933.
Queensbury, opened December 16, 1934.
Kingsbury, opened December 10, 1932.
Wembley Park opened October 14, 1893.
Neasden, opened August 2, 1880.
Dollis Hill, opened October 1, 1909.
Willesden Green, opened November 24, 1879.
Kilburn, opened November 24, 1879 (as Kilburn & Brondesbury); renamed September 25, 1950.
West Hampstead, opened June 30, 1879.
Finchley Road, opened June 30, 1879.
Swiss Cottage, opened November 20, 1939.
St. John's Wood, opened November 20, 1939.
Baker Street, opened May 1, 1979.
Bond Street, opened May 1, 1979.
Green Park, opened May 1, 1979.
Charing Cross (former terminus), opened May 1, 1979; closed November 19, 1999
Westminster, opened December 22, 1999.
Waterloo, opened September 24, 1999.
Southwark, opened November 20, 1999.
London Bridge, opened October 7, 1999.
Bermondsey, opened September 17, 1999.
Canada Water, opened September 17, 1999.
Canary Wharf, opened September 17, 1999.
North Greenwich, opened May 14, 1999.
Canning Town, opened May 14, 1999.
West Ham, opened May 14, 1999.
Terminus: Stratford, opened May 14, 1999.
References
Other websites
Jubilee Line , London Underground website
Clive's UndergrounD Line Guides - Jubilee Line
Michael Pead :: Photos of Stratford Market Depot
London Underground lines
Transport in the London Borough of Brent
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Greenwich
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Transport in the City of Westminster
Tunnels underneath the River Thames
1979 establishments in England |
25253 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20emergency | Medical emergency | A medical emergency is an injury or illness that poses an immediate threat to a person's long-term health or life. It needs to be treated immediately. Doctors that are trained in emergency medicine are taught how to react to medical emergencies, and how to resuscitate patients.
Response
When there is a medical emergency, emergency medical services should be notified as soon as possible by calling for help using a local emergency telephone number, such as 911 in the United States or Canada, 112 in most of continental Europe and on GSM cell phones, 999 in the UK and most of its former colonies (112 works as well), 15 in France, 118 in Italy, 119 in South Korea and Japan, 000 in Australia, 101 in Israel and 111 in New Zealand. Calls to emergency services are usually free of charge; they can be made from any phone; in the case of a prepaid phone no credit is required.
The people that answer emergency calls, emergency medical dispatchers, will ask questions about the person who needs immediate treatment; some of the questions are whether the person is conscious, how badly injured they are, their name if it is known, and if they have any other illnesses. They will also ask some basic information about the called, such as the name of the person calling.
People that know first aid are expected to help as much as they can. Moving the victim to a safe place can sometimes do more harm than good, and should be left to people that know how to properly move injured people unless there is no alternative (for example, in wilderness first aid). Many states have laws that protect those helping.
If the victim is not breathing, or if a heartbeat cannot be felt, artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) could be needed to keep a person's blood circulating long enough for medics to attempt revival. Emergency medical technicians, Outdoor Emergency Care technicians or paramedics can use airway management techniques to help a person who is not breathing.
Clinical response
While in a hospital environment, staff members that are on duty are trained to deal with emergency situations. Emergency medical physicians are trained to deal with many medical emergencies, and have up-to-date cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiac life support certificates. In major incidents, most hospitals have protocols to have staff that are not at work at the hospital to go on duty as fast as they can.
Emergency departments follow basic advanced cardiac life support protocols, which include keeping a patient's blood pressure and blood saturation at acceptable levels. Possible exceptions include the clamping of arteries in severe haemorrhage.
Statistics
Most emergencies are quite unspectacular. They will happen close to home.
53% happen at home (or when doing a hobby)
15% happen at school
6% are traffic accidents
Of all emergencies:
49% are illnesses (like a stroke or problems with the heart)
10% are intoxications (like alcohol or other drugs)
12% are accidents (traffic accidents, accidents in the house)
17% are other things (for example, delivering a baby)
15% are false alarms (it looked like an emergency, but it really wasn't). |
25254 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast%20Asia | Southeast Asia | Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia, is the southeastern part of Asia. There are ten countries in this region. All the countries in Southeast Asia are a part of ASEAN, except for East Timor. Some of the countries are mostly on the Asian mainland; they were formerly called Indochina. The others are only on islands. All of the countries in Southeast Asia are in the tropics except for the northernmost areas of Myanmar, which is in the subtropics. These are the countries in Southeast Asia:
Brunei
Cambodia
East Timor
Indonesia
Lao PDR (Laos)
Malaysia
Myanmar (formerly Burma)
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
The United Nations also includes the region of North-east India and Bangladesh traditionally, due to ethnicity similarities and culturally as part of Southeast Asia.
Related pages
Central Asia
East Asia
South Asia
West Asia
References |
25266 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint | Sprint | Sprints are short running races in athletics. They are events in which runners will not have to "pace themselves", but can run as fast as possible for the entire distance. These are often some of the more popular events in the Olympic Games. The most common distances are 60 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters ,400 meters and 1500 metres.
References
Related pages
Middle distance race
Long distance race
Walking race
Hurdle race
Relay
Steeplechase
Cross-country race
Marathon
Running |
25267 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer%20%28dog%29 | Boxer (dog) | The Boxer is a breed of dog. With good care, a Boxer can be an ideal pet and companion.
Characteristics
Boxers are good guard dogs. They are strong and like to run in open spaces. They can have a coat in various colors, such as fawn, brindle, fawn-brindle mix, white, white-fawn mix, and brindle-white mix. Males are 22-25 inches at the withers (tops of the shoulders) and the females are 21-24 inches at the withers. These dogs can range from medium size (65 lbs) to medium large (75 lbs). Boxers are one of the most popular breeds of dogs in the US and over-breeding is a concern.
Boxers are loyal dogs and unlike certain breeds, are not "one-person" dogs. They can become loyal to a person, family or group of persons and family friends. They make friends by nature and are curious dogs who love to explore. They are well-suited to be with children and elderly persons, though they can knock people down playing. These dogs may be feared because of their fearsome stance that can look intimidating. They rarely bark without a reason.
They have a high energy level and require lots of exercise. They love to play and have fun. Owners note that they act "puppy-like" their entire lifetime. Their temperament is jovial. Mean Boxers are a rarity. Boxers love to chase, run, play tag and get any form of attention whenever possible. Boxers are easy to train to do tricks, especially for rewards including attention, love and recognition. They are clever dogs with a good memory. They love to ride in vehicles and are good "road trip" dogs.
These dogs can have some neurotic behaviors and can become anxious if left alone. If they are left alone, "crate-training" is important. Dogs who are crate trained do not mind the practice and often feel secure in a den-like setting. But being in an open house may make the dog agoraphobic, causing them to destroy things. Boxers are easily trained and want to please. While not aggressive, they will show some protective behaviors over their owners and families, especially children. Boxers do well with other dogs and pets such as cats, if they are properly acquainted and socialized. Because Boxers are very bright dogs, they may challenge an owner mentally by being defiant or by being openly obstinate. This type of behavior requires training and patience.
Health and care
Many veterinarians now refuse to crop (cut, bandage and splint to produce points) the Boxer's ears and many owners prefer the "naturally-floppy ears" to avoid painful and possibly cruel cosmetic surgery. Many owners like the cute appearance. Most Boxers have their tail cropped at birth. White Boxers, which were drowned at birth for much of the breed's span, are now sold or allowed to be distributed as pets, though most are neutered or spayed to prevent breeding.
Medical issues common to Boxers include hereditary conditions such as hip dysplasia, certain forms of heart defects and certain forms of cancer. A reputable breeder vs. a "puppy-mill" Boxer is recommended. All dogs should get all necessary and regular vaccinations, have regular veterinarian checkups and teeth cleanings, along with a good diet and plenty of exercise. The average lifespan of a healthy Boxer is 9–11 years. Many people get a Boxer and then may give it to a rescue or pound because they are not ready or willing to devote the time that Boxers require for training and attention. A Boxer will not be ignored and will go to great lengths to draw attention to itself, good or even bad. Jumping on people is a common complaint, so positive reinforcement training is a must. They are affable, lovable, clown-like, yet dedicated dogs who adore their owner(s).
History
The Boxer was bred in Germany and was originally bred for bull-bating and dog fights, but when that was ruled out they were used as hunting dogs and farm dogs and just regular house pets. The Boxer breed was created from the brabanter and Bullenbeiser. Though originally bred to fight and later used as a military sentry or police dog, Boxer owners will confirm that this type of role is no longer suitable for Boxers, as many decades of breeding had produced a dog that is too docile for this type of duty.
Dog breeds
Molossers |
25270 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Graffiti | American Graffiti | American Graffiti is a 1973 American teen comedy-drama movie directed by George Lucas. This was Lucas' second movie and made him very well known. It is about what happens to a group of teenagers one night in August 1962 in Modesto, California, while they are driving around town and listening to radio DJ Wolfman Jack.
Release dates
Other websites
1973 comedy movies
1973 drama movies
1970s comedy-drama movies
1970s teen movies
American comedy-drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by George Lucas
Movies set in California
Movies set in the 1960s
United States National Film Registry movies
Universal Pictures movies
Screenplays by George Lucas |
25275 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Vostok | Lake Vostok | Lake Vostok is the biggest of the seventy lakes in Antarctica that are under sheets of ice. It is at 77° S 105° E. It is under Russia's Vostok Station. It is 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) under Antarctica's surface.
The lake was found by Russian and British scientists. They used radar to find it.
The lake consists of fresh water. The temperature of the water is about -3 °C. The freezing point of water is at 0 °C, but the water in the lake remains liquid because of the high pressure produced by the ice.
There are two separate basins in the lake. These are separated by a ridge. It has been suggested that the ecosystems of the two basins are different.
Pressure and oxygen
Lake Vostok is an oligotrophic extreme environment. It is supersaturated with oxygen. The levels of oxygen are fifty times higher than those typically found in ordinary freshwater lakes on Earth.
The weight of the ice on top of Lake Vostok is believed to add to the high concentration of oxygen. Oxygen from the ice gets dissolved into the water of the lake. Deposits of oxygen and other gases are trapped in the lake as well. The structure that traps them is called a clathrate. Gases trapped in clathrates are enclosed in ice and look like packed snow. These structures form at the high-pressure depths of Lake Vostok; they would become unstable if brought to the surface.
Life
No other natural environment on Earth is as rich in oxygen. For this reason, if there are any forms of life in the lake, they would probably need to have adapted to the high levels of oxygen to be able to survive. Some adaptations might include high concentrations of protective enzymes.
The environment in the lake is very similar to that on Jupiter's moon Europa or Saturn's moon Enceladus. Finding life in the lake would therefore make it more probable that life has existed on one of these moons.
References
Other websites
"Miles Below Antarctic Ice, a Freshwater Lake May Harbor Ancient Life." Robert Lee Hotz, The Los Angeles Times.
Vostok
Geography of Antarctica |
25277 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared | Infrared | Infrared (IR) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation (a wave with electricity) . The wave is longer than light which humans can see and shorter than microwaves. The word infrared means below red. It comes from the Latin word infra (meaning below) and the English word red. (Infrared light has a frequency below the frequency of red light.) Red light has the longest wavelength that human eyes can see. Infrared waves cannot be seen by the eye.
Near-infrared waves are between 800 nm and 1.4 µm. Most infrared from the Sun is near-infrared. Thermal imaging is mostly done with thermal radiation waves between 8 and 15 µm.
People sense infrared as heat.
Most remote controls use infrared to send the control signals. Many missiles for anti-aircraft warfare find their target by infrared.
Telecommunications
Before Bluetooth was invented, some computers, personal digital assistants, and mobile phones used infrared technology to send files to other devices. Bluetooth replaced infrared in the early 2000s. Infrared is limited by the need to have both devices in a "line of sight" with each other.
Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers.
Related pages
Infrared spectroscopy
Infrared telescope
References
Physics
Chemistry |
25289 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities%20of%20Republika%20Srpska | Municipalities of Republika Srpska | In 1994, the "Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government" was created. It made the Republika Srpska into 80 parts, called municipalities. However, because of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1996, there are now 63 parts.
Municipalities (different parts of the land) that still exist
Banja Luka (City status)
Istočno Sarajevo (City status, was also known as Srpsko Sarajevo)
Berkovići
Bijeljina
Bileća
Bosanska Kostajnica (was known as Srpska Kostajnica)
Bosanski Brod (was known as Srpski Brod and simply Brod)
Bratunac
Čajniče
Čelinac
Derventa
Doboj
Donji Žabar (was known as Srpsko Orašje)
Foča (was known as Srbinje)
Gacko
Gradiška
Han Pijesak
Istočna Ilidža (was known as Srpska Ilidža)
Istočni Drvar (was known as Srpski Drvar)
Istočni Mostar (was known as Srpski Mostar)
Istočni Stari Grad (was known as Srpski Stari Grad)
Istočno Novo Sarajevo (was known as Srpsko Novo Sarajevo)
Jezero
Kalinovik
Kneževo
Kotor Varoš
Kozarska Dubica
Krupa na Uni
Kupres
Laktaši
Lopare
Ljubinje
Milići
Modriča
Mrkonjić Grad
Nevesinje
Novi Grad
Novo Goražde (was known as Srpsko Goražde)
Osmaci
Oštra Luka (was known as Srpski Sanski Most)
Pale
Pelagićevo
Petrovac
Petrovo
Prijedor
Prnjavor
Ribnik (was known as Srpski Ključ)
Rogatica
Rudo
Sokolac
Srbac
Srebrenica
Šamac
Šekovići
Šipovo
Teslić
Trebinje
Trnovo
Ugljevik
Višegrad
Vlasenica
Vukosavlje
Zvornik
Renamed municipalities
Old municipalities
Bihać
Centar Sarajevo
Glamoč (part included in Šipovo)
Gradačac (parts included in Modriča and Pelagićevo)
Grahovo (formerly Bosansko Grahovo)
Hadžići
Ilijaš (part included in Sokolac)
Konjic (parts included in Nevesinje)
Lukavac (parts included in Petrovo)
Maglaj (parts included in Doboj)
Olovo (parts included in Sokolac)
Rajlovac
Srbobran (parts included in Šipovo) (formerly Donji Vakuf)
Srebrenik
Tuzla (parts included in Lopare)
Vogošća
Zavidovići
Republika Srpska
Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1994 in Europe
1990s in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
25291 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika%20Srpska | Republika Srpska | Republika Srpska (Serbo-Croatian: Република Српска / Republika Srpska) is one of the two parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The other part is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is also a special city that is not in either, the Brčko District.
Regions
The Republika Srpska has seven main parts (called regions). They are:
Related pages
Municipalities of Republika Srpska
References
Other websites
Regions of Republika Srpska
1995 establishments in Europe
20th century establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
25292 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Branagh | Kenneth Branagh | Sir Kenneth Branagh (born 10 December 1960) is a British actor, movie director and television producer. He played Hamlet. He has directed and acted in many Shakespeare adaptations. He has acted alongside popular actors including: Emma Thompson, Keanu Reeves, Michael Keaton, Maggie Smith and Alan Rickman.
Since Richard Attenborough's death in August 2014, Branagh has been the president of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts in London.
In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award for screenplay writing and earned two Academy Award nominations for his movie Belfast.
Filmography
Other websites
1960 births
Living people
Actors from Northern Ireland
BAFTA Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning directors
British movie actors
British movie directors
British movie producers
British stage actors
British television actors
British television producers
Emmy Award winning actors
People from Belfast
Golden Globe Award winning writers |
25295 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture | Sculpture | Sculpture is a type of art. It must be three-dimensional (meaning it must have height, width, and depth like a cube). There are many kinds of sculptures from different parts of the world, like China and India, or from different time periods, like the renaissance and modern times. The pictures below are of sculptures:
Holograms
Pottery
Glass blowing
Costume
Mask
Doll
Relief
Statue
Examples
References
Non-verbal communication |
25296 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20V%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor | Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor | Charles V (24 February 1500–21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1519, King of Castile and Aragon from 1516, and Lord of the Low Countries as Duke of Burgundy from 1506.
Philip the Handsome (son of Maximilian I of Austria and Mary of Burgundy) and Joanna the Mad (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) were his parents. He ruled Austria, Spain, Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela.
His Majesty or His Imperial Majesty was first used when he was king. His Empire became large and was known as "in which the sun does not set". He was also known as "The Emperor of Universal Dominion."
He divided his empire between his brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II of Spain.
1500 births
1558 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Kings and Queens of Spain
Kings and Queens of Italy
Counts and countesses of Flanders |
25297 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance | Renaissance | The Renaissance is a period in European history that followed the Middle Ages and ended in the 17th century. “Renaissance” is a French word for “rebirth.” During this period, there was a “rebirth” of classical learning. People started relearning the teachings of scholars from Ancient Greece, Rome, and other ancient societies. The Renaissance is often said to be the start of the "modern age".
During the Renaissance, there were many advances in art, literature, the sciences, mathematics, and culture. Many famous artists, writers, philosophers, and scientists lived during this period. A person who is clever at a great number of things is sometimes called a "Renaissance man". The most famous Renaissance man is Leonardo da Vinci, who was a painter, a scientist, a musician and a philosopher.
The Renaissance started in Italy, but soon spread across the whole of Europe. In Italy, the period is divided into three parts:
the Early Renaissance
the High Renaissance
the Late Renaissance <ref></ref> (also called the Mannerist period)
Following the Mannerist period was the Baroque period, which also spread across Europe starting around 1600. Outside Italy, it can be hard to tell where the Renaissance period ends and the Baroque begins.
Causes of the Renaissance
Reading and printing
In the Middle Ages, most artistic, legal, and historical production took place in and around books. Monasteries, churches, universities, and people who could afford them produced and owned books. Books were produced entirely by hand, which is why they were called manuscripts; illuminated manuscripts include hand-colored, drawn, and gilded pictures.
Most books at that time were written in Latin, Greek, and Roman, which was used in the Catholic Church. Only priests and well-educated people read Latin then. People were forbidden by law from translating the Bible into Italian, English, German, French, or other "local" languages.
Around 1440 the first printed books were made in Europe. The printing press made it possible to print copies of large books like the Bible and sell them cheaply. It took 300 calf skins or 100 pig skins to print the Bible. Printers soon began to print everything that they thought was interesting: Ancient Greek and Roman writings, poetry, and plays; stories about the lives of the saints; mathematics textbooks; medical textbooks; Christian stories; erotic stories; books about animals and monsters; maps of the world; and advice to princes about how to rule their people.
Before the invention of the printing press, knowledge had belonged to priests, monasteries and universities. Suddenly many thousands of people, even merchants, could learn far more than they ever could before.
Ancient Roman remainings
From about 400 B.C. to about 400 AD, Europe experienced a Golden Age. In Ancient Greece and Rome, there were many philosophers, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and mathematicians. Things were beautiful, well-organised and well-run.
However, by the year 1400, the city of Rome was in ruins. Inside the broken walls that had been smashed in 410 AD were the remains of huge temples, sports arenas, public baths, apartment blocks and palaces. Nearly all of them were half-buried and ruined, so they could not be used. Many were pulled down to use as building stone.
Among the ruins of this once-great city, the people of Rome lived in cottages. They still went to church in the huge churches (basilicas) built by the first Christian Emperor, Constantine the Great, in the 4th century. They still held market day in the Ancient Roman market place of Campo dei Fiori ("Field of Flowers").
In 1402, Filippo Brunelleschi and a teenage Donatello came to Rome. They were probably the world's first archaeologists. They were fascinated by everything that they saw. They measured ancient ruined buildings, drew things, and dug around for weeks looking for bits of broken statues and painted pottery that they could put back together. By the time they went back home to Florence, they knew more about Ancient Roman architecture and sculpture than anyone had known for about a thousand years. Brunelleschi became a very famous architect and Donatello became a very famous sculptor.
Money and politics
The Renaissance really began in the city of Florence. In those days, Italy was not one single country. It was made of many little states, all governed in different ways. These states were constantly making alliances and fighting with each other.
Rome was politically powerful, because Rome had the Pope, the person in control of the Roman Catholic Church. Because of his very great importance as a spiritual leader, most people and most cities did not want to argue with any pope. After a pope died, a new pope was elected. Everyone who was rich and powerful hoped a member of their family would be chosen. It was always a good idea to have several young men in the family trained as priests, just in case. It also helped to be good friends with other rich families. One way to do this was to have lots of daughters and get them to marry rich powerful men from different cities. This was the way that politics worked.
There were other powerful cities in Italy too. Venice had a large and powerful navy. Milan controlled trade with Northern Europe and was very rich. Genoa was also very rich, because it controlled trade with France and Spain. Florence, where many people say the Renaissance started, was another important city.
Florence’s strength did not come from a strong army, a strong fortress, or control over trade. It came from banking. The Medicis were an important banking family. They helped to make Florence a powerful city and the centre of Renaissance learning.
Capture of Constantinople
List of important events of the Renaissance
In art
[[File:Sandro Botticelli - La nascita di Venere - Google Art Project - edited.jpg|thumb|The Birth of Venus' by Sandro Botticelli]]
1401: Lorenzo Ghiberti wins a competition to create the Florence Baptistry Doors. Over the next 21 years, he creates two famous bronze doors with relief sculptures showing religious scenes.
1420s: Masaccio and Masolino paint the Brancacci Chapel in Florence.
1440s: Donatello makes the statue of Gattamelata on Horseback in Padua.
1470s: Botticelli paints the Birth of Venus in Florence.
1490s: Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa in Milan.
1508-1512: Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel Ceiling in Rome.
In architecture
1420: Workers begin to build The Dome of Florence Cathedral, using Brunelleschi's design.
1420s: Brunelleschi designs the church of Church of San Lorenzo in Florence.
1444: Michelozzo designs the Medici-Riccardi Palace for Cosimo de' Medici.
1471: Alberti designs the Church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua.
1506: Work begins on the new St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
1550: Palladio designs the Villa Rotunda near Vicenza.
In science and technology
Early 1300s: The first guns are made.
1455: Johannes Gutenberg uses the printing press he invented to create the first printed book in Europe.
Late 1400s: The quadrant was developed to help sailors find their way at sea.
1480s: Leonardo da Vinci studies human anatomy.
1550s: Peter Henlein of Nuremberg makes the first watches.
1608: Hans Lippershey of Holland makes the first telescope.
1618, William Harvey discovered that the heart pumps blood.
In thinking
(See illustration above: Raphael's "School of Athens")
Early 1300s: Petrarch publishes writings based on the works of St. Augustine and other classical writers.
Mid 1400s: The Humanist Academy is created to discuss ancient writings and modern ideas. The Medici family supports the Academy financially.
1511: Desiderius Erasmus publishes In Praise of Folly, which satirizes the traditions of the Catholic Church.
1532: Machiavelli publishes The Prince by Machiavelli, which says that people who wish to have political power often do wicked things to get it.
In religion
1382: John Wycliffe first translates the Bible from Latin into English. This begins a movement to translate the Bible into many other European languages.
1454-1455: Johannes Gutenberg prints his famous Bible. The mass production of Bibles begins.
1517: On the door of Wittenberg Castle, Martin Luther posts The Ninety-Five Theses (his ideas about problems in the Church). This is an important event in the Reformation.
1534: Henry VIII splits the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church
1545: Pope Paul III calls the Council of Trent so that Catholic leaders can meet and discuss the problems that the Reformation has caused for to the Catholic Church. This is the beginning of the Counter Reformation.
1559: John Calvin starts the Geneva Theological Academy to teach people new (Reformation) ideas about Christian faith.
In writing
Early 1300s: Dante Alighieri writes The Divine Comedy in Italy.
1348: Giovanni Boccaccio, an Italian, starts writing a collection of stories called The Decameron. 1477: William Caxton publishes The Canterbury Tales, which was written in the 1300s by Geoffrey Chaucer. This is the first important book written in the English language.
1532 and 1534: Francois Rabelais writes Pantagruel and Gargantua in France.
1550: Giorgio Vasari, an Italian, publishes "Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy".
1590-1612: William Shakespeare writes his 37 plays in England.
1605 and 1616: Miguel de Cervantes publishes the tale of Don Quixote, Man of La Mancha in Spain.
In exploration
1487-1488: Bartholomeu Dias sails down the coast of Africa to the Cape of Good Hope.
1492: Christopher Columbus sails from Spain across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies.
1497-1499: Vasco da Gama sails from Portugal to India by going around Africa.
1519-1522: Ferdinand Magellan leads an expedition to sail around the world. The expedition is completed under the command of Juan Sabastian del Cano.
1577-1580: Sir Francis Drake completes the second voyage around the world.
Related pages
Renaissance music
List of Renaissance artists
Medical Renaissance
Duecento
Trecento
References
Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance: an Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus,
Edmond Wright, Ed., The Medieval and Renaissance World, Chartwell Books, Inc.
Margaret Aston, The Fifteenth Century, Tames And Hudson,
Denys Hay and John Law, Italy in the Age of the Renaissance, Longman,
John T. Paoletti and Gary M. Radke, Art in Renaissance Italy, Laurence King Publishing, (2005),
Other websites
Links for Middle School students from the Courtenay Middle School Library Collection''
Renaissance |
25307 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava | Lava | Lava is magma, hot molten rock that flows through holes in the Earth's crust and onto the surface. Like magma, lava can be either viscous (~thick) or fluid (~thin). Blocky lava is so thick and slow that it barely moves along the ground. Other types of lava, like pahoehoe, aa, and pillow lava, are thinner and flow faster. Lava sometimes sets things on fire. Sometimes it even destroys towns.
Types of lava
Blocky lava
Blocky lava is cool, stiff lava that cannot travel far from where it was erupted. Blocky lava usually oozes out from a volcano only after an explosion has let out lots of the gas pressure from the place where there is magma. Blocky lava makes jumbled piles of sharp chunks.
Pahoehoe
Pronounced pah HOY HOY, pahoehoe gets its name from the Hawaiian word for "ropy" because its surface looks like coils of rope. Pahoehoe lava flows slowly, like wax dripping down from a candle, making a glassy surface with round wrinkles.
Aa
Aa is a Hawaiian word that is pronounced AH-AH. This lava that has a sharp, jagged surface. This stiff lava pours out quickly and makes a crust that breaks easily. The crust is torn into sharp pieces as the hot lava underneath still moves.
Pillow lava
Pillow lava is made when lava erupts underwater. It makes round lumps that are the size and shape of pillows. Pillow lava has a round shape because the lava cools very quickly when it touches water.
They occur wherever mafic or intermediate lavas push out under water. This happens along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges. Pillow lavas occur in the oldest preserved volcanic sequences on earth, the Isua and Barberton greenstone belts. This shows that large bodies of water were on the Earth's surface early in the Archaean. Pillow lavas are used generally to show volcanism occurred underwater in metamorphic belts. Pillow lavas are also found where volcanoes were under ice early before an eruption.
Lava tube
A lava tube is a natural channel formed in flowing lava. The lava continues flowing under the tube's upper surface. Later, when the lava is cooled and solid, the tube remains as a feature in the landscape.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Volcanology |
25308 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich%20Village | Greenwich Village | Greenwich Village is an area on the western part of southern/downtown Manhattan. It is sometimes called The Village. The Village is mainly residential.
Greenwich Village is bordered by Broadway to the east, Hudson River to the west, Houston Street to the south and 14th Street to the north.
Originally, Greenwich Village was a hamlet separate to New York City. The grid plan for its streets is less orderly than in parts of Manhattan that were built later.
History
The village is located on what used to be marshland. In the 16th century, Native Americans called it Sapokanikan which means tobacco field. In the 1630s, it was turned into pasture by the Dutch, who called it Noortwyck. In 1664, when the English captured the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, and Greenwich Village developed as a hamlet.
In 1712, it officially became a village, and was named Grin'wich in the 1713 Common Council records. Following a yellow fever epidemic in 1822, many New York residents moved to the healthier air of Greenwich; where many stayed. In the 19th century, it was known as Washington Square.
Other websites
New York Architecture Images- Greenwich Village
Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation
Village Voice
Greenwich Village, by Anna Alice Chapin, 1919, from Project Gutenberg
Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City |
25353 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiki | Yoshiki | is a Japanese musician. He is a co-founder of the Japanese band rock X Japan. He also founded an independent record label Extasy Records. X Japan ended in 1997. They got back together in 2007 and are currently touring worldwide.
Yoshiki's solo career includes two classical studio albums: Eternal Melody (1993), and Eternal Melody II (2005).
References
Musicians from Chiba Prefecture
Living people
1965 births |
25359 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon | Aragon | Aragon is an autonomous community in the northeast of Spain. In the various dialects of Spain it is: in ; in ; in .
Aragon covers the area of the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. It is named after the Aragón river, a tributary of the Ebro.
Aragon has three provinces (from north to south): Huesca, Zaragoza and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza (sometimes called Saragossa in English).
Geography
Aragon is one of the 17 Spanish autonomous communities. It has a surface area of , 9.4 percent of the territory of Spain. By area, it is the fourth largest Spanish autonomous community after Castile and León, Andalusia and Castile-La Mancha.
Aragon is bordered to the north by France (Nouvelle-Aquitaine region). Within Spain, the community is bordered to the east by Catalonia (Lerida and Tarragona provinces), to the south by Valencian Community (Castellón and Valencia provinces) and Castile-La Mancha (Cuenca and Guadalajara provinces), and to the west by Castile and León (Soria province), La Rioja and Navarre.
Relief
Most of Aragon has an altitude of . The highest point is the Aneto peak with high; it is the highest mountain of the Pyrenees.
The lowest point in Aragon is on the Ebro river, close to Zaragoza, with an altitude of high.
The three main geographical regions of Aragon are:
The Aragonese Pyrenees has the highest points of this range that separates Spain from France. The main mountains are Aneto (3,404 m), the highest in the range, Posets Peak (3,375 m), Monte Perdido (3,355 m), Perdiguero (3,222 m), Cotiella (2,912 m), among others. The main Pyrenean valleys, formed by the rivers that are born there, are Ansó (Veral river), Hecho (Aragon Subordán river), Canfranc (Aragón river), Tena (Gállego river) and Broto-Ainsa-Benasque (Ara, Cinca and Ésera rivers). The Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park lies above these valleys.
Further south, the Ebro valley, irrigated by the Ebro river, is a rich and fertile agricultural area covered with vast fields of wheat, barley and other fruit and vegetable crops. Many beautiful and little-known settlements, castles and Roman ruins are found here.
South of Zaragoza and the Ebro valley, the elevation rises again into the Sistema Ibérico, a complex system of mountain ranges that separates the Ebro valley from the Meseta Central and plains of Castile-La Mancha. The highest mountain in this range is the Moncayo with .
Rivers
Most of the Aragonese rivers are tributaries of the Ebro, Spain's largest river in volume and which divides Aragon into two. Some important tributaries on the left side of the river (rivers that come from the Pyrenees) are the Aragón, born in Huesca but flows into the community of Navarre, the Gállego and Cinca, which joins the Segre just before ending up in the Ebro. Right tributaries are the rivers Jalón, Huerva and Guadalupe.
On the Ebro, near the border with Catalonia, lies the Mequinenza Reservoir, with a length of about 110 km, and that is popularly known as the Sea of Aragon.
Climate
Climatically, Aragon can be divided into three areas:
Continental Mediterranean. The Ebro valley. One of the severest climates in Spain and a daily and winter-summer temperature range. Low levels of rainfall which decrease as clouds move east towards Catalonia.
Alpine-mountain climate. Short summers and very cold winters, though with big differences depending on altitude and orientation.
Continental. The Calatayud-Daroca-Teruel region with mountains to the west and east that block the humid winds from the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea. Low rainfall: . Hot summers and very cold winters.
In the middle of Aragon, which is only above sea level, the annual average temperature is around . To the north and south of the Ebro valley, where the elevation rises to above sea level, the temperature drops by two degrees. In the mountains, between , the temperatures are between .
Administrative divisions
Aragon consists of three provinces named after their capitals: Huesca, Teruel and Zaragoza. Each province is divided in comarcas (a comarca is a local administrative division) and these are divided in municipalities.
Population
Aragon has a population, in 2013, of 1,347,150, for a population density of inhabitants/km2, one of the lowest in Spain. The most densely populated areas are around the valley of the Ebro river, particularly around Zaragoza, and in the Pyrenean foothills (the hills at the base of the Pyrenees), while the areas with the fewest inhabitants tend to be those that are higher up in the Pyrenean mountains, and in most of the southern province of Teruel.
The province of Zaragoza is the one with more inhabitants, with 978,638 people living there, representing % of the population of Aragon.
The city with more people living in it is the capital, Zaragoza (620,419). The other provincial capitals Huesca and Teruel have, respectively, 47,923 and 31,506 inhabitants.
Most important cities
The 10 most important cities in the department are:
Language
Spanish is the native language in most of Aragón. The only official language, it is understood and spoken by virtually everyone in the region.Also, Aragonese is still spoken, in several local varieties, in the mountainous northern counties of the Pyrenees, particularly in western Ribagorza, Sobrarbe, Jacetania and Somontano. In the easternmost areas of Aragón, along the border with Catalonia, varieties of Catalan are spoken, including the comarcas of eastern Ribagorza, La Litera, Bajo Cinca, Bajo Aragón-Caspe, Bajo Aragón and Matarraña.
References
Other websites
Government of Aragon
Senderos de Aragón Aragon government tourism site
Guide to the Aragon Pyrenees Mountains
Maps of Aragon |
25360 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragonese%20language | Aragonese language | The Aragonese language is a Romance language spoken in the north of Aragon by 10,000 people.
It is similar to nearby languages: Spanish, Catalan and Occitan. Also, many Aragonese words are similar to Basque words.
History
Aragonese, which developed in parts of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages almost the same as modern Basque might have been spoken before. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) expanded to the south from the mountains. It pushed the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.
The union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two areas; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended when James I of Aragon gave Murcia to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess.
The best-known writer in Aragonese was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote a lot of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).
The spread of Spanish, the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty, and the similarity between Spanish and Aragonese helped the decline of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.
In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in the schools and the institution of Spanish as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707.
In recent times, Aragonese was mostly seen as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. After the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy new books and studies of the language have been published.
References |
25362 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1161 | 1161 |
Events
Bartholomew Iscanus becomes Bishop of Exeter.
1161 |
25363 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1168 | 1168 |
Events
December 22 – Afraid that Old Cairo would be captured by the Crusaders, its Caliph orders the city set afire. The city burns for 54 days.
Prince Richard of England becomes duke of Aquitaine. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
Emperor Takakura ascends to the throne of Japan.
King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in Northern Europe. |
25364 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1178 | 1178 |
Events
June 18 – Five Canterbury monks see what was possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed
The Sung Document written detailing the discovery of "Mu-Lan-Pi" (suggested by some to be California) by Muslim sailors
The Chronicle of Gervase of Canterbury written
The Leaning Tower of Pisa begins to lean as the third level is completed |
25365 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/251 | 251 | 251 (CCLI) was .
Births
Anthony the Great
Deaths
Saint Agatha of Sicily |
25366 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280 | 1280 | Year 1280 (MCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China begins.
The final stage of the Lincoln Cathedral is completed.
King Edward I of England forms the Court of King's Bench. The Bench hears petitions for justice instead of the king hearing them himself.
The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins (approximate date).
The Asen dynasty of tsars of Bulgaria ends.
Syria tries to leave from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt. Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria in the Egyptian sultanate.
The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls is completed. It began in 1279.
Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy. It becomes the capital of the House of Savoy.
Osman starts to rule.
Births
Birger of Sweden (d. 1321)
Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (d. 1354)
Deaths
May 9 – Magnus VI of Norway
August 22 – Pope Nicholas III (b. 1218)
November 15 – Albertus Magnus, German theologian |
25368 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/675 | 675 |
Deaths
Saint Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne
Wulfhere, king of Mercia
Saint Amand |
25369 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1195 | 1195 | 1195 (MCXCV) was .
Events
July 18 – Battle of Alarcos, great victory of Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian King Alfonso VIII.
Priory of St Mary's, Bushmead, founded.
Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II and becomes emperor of Byzantium.
Births
August 15 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (died 1231)
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence (died 1245)
Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (died 1265)
Deaths
August 6 – Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b. 1129)
December 17 – Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut (born 1150)
Gualdim Pais – Great Master of the Templars in Portugal (born 1118)
Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham |
25371 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1106 | 1106 |
Events
September 28 – Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Devizes castle; Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner.
Balaguer, Spain, is captured from the Moors by the count of Urgell.
Boleslaus III of Poland begins a war against his brother Zbigniew for control of Poland. |
25372 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/525 | 525 |
Events
Bernicia settled by the Angles
Ethiopia conquers Yemen
The Daisan river, a tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa and within a couple of hours fills the entire city except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin was discovered during the rebuilding of the city.
Byzantine emperor Justin I rebuilds Anazarbus and renames it Justinopolis.
Dionysius Exiguus produces his tables for computing the date of Easter. |
25373 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1380 | 1380 |
Events
September 8th - Battle of Kulikovo.
Deaths
January 5 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster (born 1355)
April 29 – Catherine of Siena, Italian saint (born 1347)
July 26 – Emperor Komyo of Japan (born 1322)
September 16 – King Charles V of France (born 1338)
Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France
Dafydd ap Gwilym, Welsh poet
Haakon VI of Norway (born 1340)
Nissim of Gerona, rabbi (born 1320) |
25374 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/303 | 303 | Year 303 (CCCIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Roman Empire
Great Persecution: Emperor Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Empire. Hierocles is said to have started the fierce persecution of the Christians under Galerius. They are forbidden to worship in groups, and thousands of them are killed in the next 10 years.
February 24 – Galerius publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.
September 25 – On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France.
November 28 – Diocletian makes a visit to Rome. The Augusti and the Caesars are united for the first time to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Diocletian's accession.
The Triumphal Arch of Maximian is erected in Salonica.
Asia
Sassanid Shah Hormizd II succeeds Narseh.
America
In Mexico the civilization of Teotihuacan flourishes.
By topic
Religion
March 4 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
Births
Magnentius, Roman usurper (d. 353)
Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher (d. 361)
Deaths
April 23 – Saint George, soldier of the Roman Empire
September 25 – Saint Fermin, Roman Catholic saint
Acacius of Byzantium, centurion in the Roman army and martyr
Adrian of Nicomedia, Christian saint
Anthimus of Rome
Cao Huan, last emperor of the Kingdom of Wei
Cessianus, Roman Catholic saint and martyr
Crescentinus, patron saint of Urbino
Erasmus of Formiae
Expeditus, Roman commander and martyr
Felix and Adauctus, Christian martyrs
Lu Ji, Chinese writer and literary critic
Romanus of Caesarea, martyr
Saint Cyriacus
Saint Devota
Saint Pantaleon
Victor Maurus, Christian martyr
Vitus, Christian saint from Sicily
303 |
25375 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/687 | 687 |
Events
December 15 – Sergius succeeds Conon as Pope
King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia. Austrasia and Neustria are combined again; Pepin becomes de facto ruler of both areas.
Egica succeeds Erwig as king of the Visigoths.
Construction of the Dome of the Rock is started.
Adamnan visits the Northumbrian court of Ecgfrith to ransom Irish captives. |
25376 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1221 | 1221 |
Deaths
August 6 – Saint Dominic, Spanish founder of the Dominicans (born 1170)
October 4 – William III Talvas, Count of Ponthieu (born 1179)
October 21 – Alix of Thouars, Duchess of Brittany (born 1201)
Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk |
25377 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1304 | 1304 | 1304 (MCCCIV) was .
Events
20 July – Fall of Stirling Castle: Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold in the Wars of Scottish Independence.
James II of Aragon reconquers Villena, Spain.
Holland and Zeeland are occupied by duke John II of Brabant and Guy of Dampierre. Count John II recovers the counties. |
25379 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1156 | 1156 |
Events
Establishment of the Carmelite Order
Hogen Rebellion in Japan
January 20 – According to legend, freeholder Lalli slays English crusader Bishop Henry with an axe on the ice of the lake Köyliönjärvi in Finland.
The Privilegium Minus elevates Austria to the status of a duchy ruled by the Babenburgs family. (see History of Austria).
Mosan artists create the Stavelot Triptych, a masterpiece of goldsmithing, as a reliquary to house purported pieces of the True Cross. |
25380 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1226 | 1226 |
Deaths
March 7 – William de Longespee, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader
October 3 – Francis of Assisi, Italian saint (born 1181)
November 8 – King Louis VIII of France (born 1187)
November 14 – Frederick of Isenberg, German politician (executed) (b. 1193)
December 11 – Robert de Ros, English baron (born 1177)
Pandulph, Roman ecclesiastical politician |
25381 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1181 | 1181 |
Events
Jayavarman VII defeats the Cham and assumes control of the Khmer kingdom.
The word Albigensians first used by chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois to describe the inhabitants of Albi, France.
September 1 — Pope Lucius III succeeds Pope Alexander III as the 171st pope.
Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has since come to be understood as a supernova. One of only eight supernovae in the Milky Way observed in recorded history, it appeared in the constellation Cassiopeia and was visible in the night sky for about 185 days. The radio source 3C58 is thought to be the remnant from this event.
Beginning of the Yowa era in Japan. The era is marked by famine.
Births
Saint Francis of Assisi, Italian founder of the Franciscan Order (died 1226)
Saint Teresa of Portugal
Jayavarman VII, king of the Khmer (died 1219)
Deaths
January 30 — Emperor Takakura of Japan (b. 1161)
March 17 — Henry I of Champagne
June 30 — Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester, English politician (b. 1147)
August 30 — Pope Alexander III (b. c. 1100–1105)
Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese warlord (b. 1118)
As-Salih Ismail al-Malik, ruler of Syria (b. 1163)
1181 |
25382 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1219 | 1219 |
Events
Saint Francis of Assisi introduces Catholicism into Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade
The Flag of Denmark fell from the sky during the Battle of Lyndanisse |
25383 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1711 | 1711 |
Events
John Shore invents the tuning fork.
Alexander Pope publishes An Essay on Criticism.
Births
April 26 - David Hume, Scottish philosopher (d. 1776)
September 11 - William Boyce, English composer
October 15 - Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Queen of Sardinia
December 11 - Bárbara of Portugal, Portuguese princess
Deaths
April 14 - Louis, le Grand Dauphin, son of Louis XIV of France (b. 1661) |
25384 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1765 | 1765 |
Year 1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar.
Events
The first true restaurant opens in Paris, where a tavern-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul
Nicholas Cugnot pioneers the automobile with a three-wheel gun tractor
James Watt supersedes the 1705 Newcomen engine with a more effective steam engine
In Lisbon, the auto-da-fé parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished
Josef II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
Horace Walpole publishes The Castle of Otranto
The birth of Mary Bryant, one of the first successful escapees from the fledging Australian penal colony. |
25385 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1590 | 1590 |
Events
March 14 – Battle of Ivry – Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.
May – August – Unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its relief with a Spanish army.
May 17 – Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.
August 18 – John White, the governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.
September 15 – Pope Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V.
December 5 – Pope Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII.
Coptic Pope Gabriel VIII succeeds Yoannis XIV.
Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria Meletius I succeeds Silvester.
Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi |
25386 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1628 | 1628 |
Events
March 1 – writs were issued in February 1628 by Charles I of England that every county in England (not just seaport towns) pay ship tax by this date.
August 10 – The Swedish 64 gun sailing ship Vasa sinks on her maiden voyage in the Stockholm harbor
September 6 – Puritans settle Salem which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
October 28–Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.
Island of Santorini explodes.
John Felton assassinates George Villiers, duke of Buckingham.
William Harvey publishes his findings about blood circulation.
The Collegiate School, today the oldest educational institution in North America, is established.
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus, by William Harvey, is published. |
25387 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1105 | 1105 |
Events
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed by his son, Henry V
Tamna kingdom annexed by Korean Goryeo Dynasty. |
25388 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1618 | 1618 |
Events
March 8 – Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery).
May 23 – The Second Defenestration of Prague – Protestant noblemen throw three representatives of Ferdinand II out of a window. The event began the Thirty Years' War.
July 20 – Pluto reached, according to sophisticated mathematical calculations, its second most recent aphelion. The next one occurred in 1866, and the following one will occur in 2113.
August 29 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius are imprisoned by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
October 29 – English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.
The margraves of Brandenburg is granted Polish approval to inherit Ducal Prussia.
November 13, the Synod of Dordrecht has its first meeting.
Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Mustafa I (1617-1623) to Osman II (1618-1622).
The 3000 seat Teatro Farnese, the first permanent proscenium theatre, was built into the Great Hall of the Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma, Italy in 1618. |
25389 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1622 | 1622 |
Events
January 1 – In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25.
February 8 – King James I of England disbands the English Parliament.
March 22 – In the Jamestown massacre, Algonquian Native Americans kill 347 English settlers around Jamestown, Virginia (1/3 of the colony's population) and destroys the Henricus settlement.
May 13 — the Eendracht, Dutch VOC sailing ship and the second recorded European ship to make landfall on Australian soil, is wrecked off the western coast of Ambon Island, Dutch East Indies.
Étienne Brûlé is the first European to see Lake Superior.
Portugal loses control of the island of Ormus, after 107 years.
Albertus Magnus is beatified by the Roman Catholic Church.
Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha sinks off the Florida Keys, while carrying copper, silver, gold, tobacco, and indigo. (Wreck discovered 1985). |
25390 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%20Eshkol | Levi Eshkol | Levi Eshkol (born Levi Shkolnik, October 25, 1895 – February 26, 1969) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death in 1969. He is buried in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.
1895 births
1969 deaths
Burials at Mount Herzl
Former Members of Knesset
Government ministers of Israel
Israeli former political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Mapai politicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Prime Ministers of Israel
Ukrainian Jews |
25391 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580 | 1580 |
Events
March 1 – Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work, Essays. They are published later the same year.
June 11 – Juan de Garay founds Buenos Aires.
June 25 – Publication of the Book of Concord, a collection of Lutheran confessional documents.
July 12 – Publication of the Ostrog Bible, the first complete printed Bible in a Slavic language.
September 26 – Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe
1580-1764 First session of Jewish Waad (Sejm of 4 countries) in Lublin, Poland. 70 delegates of Jewish local kahals met to discuss taxations and other issues important to Jewish communities.
Portugal loses independence to Spain following the death without heirs of king Henry of Portugal. The Habsburg rule would last until 1640.
Yermak entered Siberia with a band of 1636 men. Russia begins the conquest of Siberia. |
25392 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney%20Sheldon | Sidney Sheldon | Sidney Sheldon (February 11, 1917 - January 30, 2007) was an American screenwriter and novelist. He wrote the screenplays for twenty-three motion pictures including Easter Parade and Annie Get Your Gun. He also created four long-running television series. He is also included in the Guinness Book of Records as, "The Most Translated Author".
Novels
His novels include:
The Naked Face (1970)
The Other Side of Midnight (1973)
A Stranger in the Mirror (1976)
Bloodline (1977)
Master Of The Game (1983)
Windmills of the Gods (1987)
The Sands of Time (1988)
Memories of Midnight (1990)
The Doomsday Conspiracy (1991)
The Stars Shine Down (1992)
Nothing Lasts Forever (1994)
Morning, Noon and Night (1995)
The Best Laid Plans (1997)
Tell Me Your Dreams (1998)
The Sky is Falling (2001)
Are You Afraid of the Dark? (2004)
If Tomorrow comes
Rage of the Angels
Other websites
Sidney's Official Website
Sidney on CNN
1917 births
2007 deaths
American screenwriters
writers from Chicago |
25393 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie%20Bowell | Mackenzie Bowell | Sir Mackenzie Bowell, PC, KCMG (27 December 1823–10 December 1917) was the fifth Prime Minister of Canada from 21 December 1894 to 27 April 1896.
Early life
Bowell was born in Rickinghall, Suffolk, England to John Bowell and Elizabeth Marshall. In 1832 his family moved to Belleville, Ontario. He started work helping the printer at the town newspaper, The Intelligencer. He became printer and editor with that newspaper, and later its owner. He was a Freemason and an Orangeman, becoming Grandmaster of the Orange Order of British North America, 1870 – 1878. In 1847 he married Harriet Moore (1829 – 1884). He had four sons and five daughters.
Politics
Bowell was elected to the House of Commons in 1867, as a Conservative, for North Hastings, Ontario. In 1878 he became Minister of Customs. In 1892 he became Minister of Militia and Defence. He was a skilled and hardworking administrator. He later became Minister of Trade and Commerce. He was elected to the Senate. His visit to Australia in 1893 led to the first meeting of British colonies and territories. It was held in Ottawa in 1894. He became Leader of the Government in the Senate on October 31 1893.
In December 1894 the Prime Minister Sir John Thompson died suddenly. Bowell was the most senior Cabinet minister and was appointed Prime Minister by the Governor General. Bowell was the second of two Canadian Prime Ministers to serve in the Senate rather than the House of Commons. (The first was John Abbott.)
Manitoba Schools Question
As Prime Minister, Bowell faced the difficult Manitoba Schools Question. In 1890 Manitoba stopped giving money to Catholic schools. This was the opposite of an earlier law called in the Manitoba Act of 1870. Bowell other political leaders could not solve the problem. It had divided the country, the government, and even Bowell's own Cabinet. He could not make up his own mind on how to fix the problem. As a Senator he could not speak in the arguments in the House of Commons. Bowell supported a law that would have forced Manitoba to restore funding the Catholic schools. His Cabinet did not agree. Normal government activities stopped. His Cabinet decided he did not have the ability to be Prime Minister and he was forced to resign. Seven government ministers resigned and stopped new people from being appointed. Bowell called them "a nest of traitors". After ten days, the Governor General stepped in and the problem was solved. Six of the ministers went back to their jobs. Charles Tupper was the person who was seen as the real leader. Tupper had been Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. He had been asked to come back and taker over from Bowell. Bowell resigned at the end of the parliamentary session.
Bowell was the Conservative leader until 1906. He stayed in the Senate until his death. He died of pneumonia in Bellville, just before he turned 94. He was buried in the Belleville Cemetery. His funeral was attended by a full group of the Orange Order.
Bowell's descendants live in Hertfordshire, England.
Supreme Court appointments
Désiré Girouard (September 28, 1895 – March 22, 1911) was appointed to the Supreme Court by Bowell
References
Other websites
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
Political Biography from the Library of Parliament
1823 births
1917 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Ontario
Politicians from Suffolk
Prime Ministers of Canada
Privy Councillors (Canada) |
25397 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%20World%20Cup | Rugby World Cup | The Rugby World Cup is the most important tournament in the sport of rugby union. The first one was in 1987. The cup happens every four years. The competition is one of the biggest sporting events in the world (along with the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics).
There are only 20 spots available in a Rugby World Cup, so teams must compete for them in a qualifying competition. Teams that reached the knockout stages of the previous tournament automatically qualify for the next tournament.
The 2011 match was held in New Zealand, and the 2015 England. The 2019 competition will be held in Japan.
The current champions are South Africa.
Results by nation
Other websites
– official site
World Rugby
Rugby union |
25410 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20U.S.%20campaign%20finance%20scandal | 1996 U.S. campaign finance scandal | The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic United States politics during the 1996 federal elections. The Chinese government denied all accusations. Twenty-two people were eventually convicted of fraud or for funneling Asian funds into the United States elections, and others fled U.S. jurisdiction.
In late 1996, the Justice Department opened a task force to investigate allegations of illegal donations to the Clinton/Gore re-election campaign and to Clinton's legal defense fund. Ultimately, Justice Department prosecutors secured the conviction of several fund-raisers for various offenses. John Huang served 500 hours of community service and paid a $10,000 fine. Johnny Chung served 3000 hours of community service. Charlie Trie served four months of in-home detention. Maria Hsia served 90 days of home detention and paid a $5,300 fine. Indonesian billionaire James Riady was fined $8.6 million. Ernest Green served three months home detention. Michael Brown served 150 hours of community service and paid a $5000 fine. In all, the Justice Department task force secured criminal convictions against 22 people by 2001.
References
1996 in the United States
1990s in China |
25411 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1008 | 1008 | 1008 (MVIII) was a common year when the Julian calendar was used. It was the eighth year of the 2nd millennium and the 11th century.
Events
Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized by saint Sigfrid.
Bruno of Querfurt and others try to establish a mission among the Prussians.
Oldest known mention of the city of Gundelfingen.
Mohammed II succeeds Hisham II as Caliph of Cordoba.
Unification of Georgia under king Bagrat III.
King Æthelred II (the Unready) orders a new fleet of warships built, organized on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year.
Births
May 4 – King Henry I of France, French royal (died 1060)
References |
25412 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1045 | 1045 |
Events
Emperor Go-Reizei ascends the throne of Japan.
Harold Godwinson becomes Earl of Wessex.
Edward the Confessor marries Edith.
Edward the Confessor begins construction on Westminster Abbey.
Pope Benedict IX sells the Papacy to Pope Gregory VI.
Movable type printing is invented by Bi Sheng in China.
Deaths
June – Rainulf Drengot, Norman adventurer. |
25415 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kick | Kick | In hand-to-hand combat, in martial arts and sports, a kick is a blow with the foot, the knee or the leg. It is used in combat as an attack. Generally, the kicks are slower than the punches although stronger than the blows with hands.
The kicks are a fundamental part in many martial arts. The examples are: wushu, karate, kickboxing, tangsudo or taekwondo; whereas other arts do not use any kick, as it is in the case of judo or of boxing. Other martial arts can use kicks, although they limit them to attacks to the legs and to the lower parts of the body of the opponent.
There exists a great number of kicks, and a lot of them have typical names for each one. Frequently the same movement has different names in different martial arts. This is obvious especially when comparisons are done between western arts and oriental arts.
Example in kickboxing
Usual kicks
Front kick: hips facing the target. It is in "penetrating" form, in "pushing" form (Push kick, Pushing kick) or in "snapping" form (Front snap kick).
Side kick or lateral kick: hips directed sideways to the target - It is in "penetrating" form.
Semicircular kick: also roundhouse kick of 45 degrees. Kick of the category of the techniques named circular kicks. They are performed with the hips facing the target from a pendulum movement of the lower member all around of the hip (movement of closing of the thigh on the trunk) which can be combined a live extension of the knee. To the image of the roundhouse kicks, takes into consideration usually the side targets of the body.
Roundhouse kick or circular kick: in low line or low kick , of middle height (level of the trunk) or middle kick and in high line (level of the head) or high kick.
Hook kick: hips facing the target or directed sideways to the target.
Back kick: hips with back towards the target.
Sweeping: kick of sweeping only on the boxing shoe (or the foot). Main forms: spoon sweeping or hook sweeping. There exist the turning sweepings (type "roundhouse kick") and spinning (type spinning hook kick).
(1) The front kicks and side kicks, in "penetrating" form, on the lower member are entitled between the professionals especially for certain titles, but not in all the lands.
(2) There exist numerous hybrid kicks, such as the "side-front" que the "side kick" with the hips rather frontal what allows an instant connection of the techniques of fist much useful in active defense
Less practised kicks
Category of the straight-legged kicks, called stick kick:
Crescent kick: hips facing the target.
Descending kick (hammer kick or axe kick): carried with the heel.
Spinning and jumping kicks
Spinning hook kick.
Spinning side kick.
Spinning back kick.
Jumping front kick.
Jumping roundhouse kick.
Jumping side kick.
Jumping back kick.
(*) Certain techniques can be spinning and jumping at the same time.
Other websites
www.kajukenbo.info (Kicking Philosophies and Techniques)
Kinematic analysis of crescent kick in taekwondo
World amateur sport Kickboxing Organization (W.A.S.K.O. ) - & kickboxing
various kick techniques
Basic English 850 words
Sports |
25423 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1644 | 1644 |
Events
February to August – Explorer Abel Tasman's second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia.
April – A popular Chinese Uprising led by Li Zicheng enter and conquer Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to commit suicide.
June 6 – The invading Manchu army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing, China. This marks the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (also known as the Manchu Dynasty), the last imperial dynasty of China.
July 2 – Battle of Marston Moor, a crushing victory for the Parliamentary side of the English Civil War, ends Charles I's hold on the north of England.
September 1 – Battle of Tippermuir, Montrose defeats Elcho's Covenanters, reviving Royalist cause in Scotland
September 2 – Second Battle of Lostwithiel, the last major victory for Charles I and the Royalist side in the English Civil War.
September 15 – Pope Innocent X is elected to the Papacy, in Rome.
November 23 – Areopagitica by John Milton is published.
December – Plague breaks out in Edinburgh. |
25444 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20and%20clothing | Islam and clothing | Muslims have different dress codes for different contexts. Conservative ideas of hijab require people to dress modestly both for outside and religious contexts. Clothing for everyday wear, inside and outside the house is different, and very much depends on the family.
Clothes for men
Islamic men wear thobes as well as Kufi Hat's.Muslim men also have many rules about clothing, some of the most strict ones involve gold, there are over 160 rules
A mans clothing is modest and loose so as not to emphasize the shape of the body. It should cover at least the area from navel to knees.
They should wear a qamisi a knee covering religious clothing to prayer and many many more.
Clothes for women
Islam says that women should dress in a very special way. This dress code applies to women and adolescent girls, but not to children. Usually, women who travel to Islamic countries should also wear such dress.
In the very least, the garment should cover the shoulders. Long-sleeved garments (and trousers) are preferred. Use a headscarf to cover the hair (especially when you enter a mosque or other place of worship).
Abaya- long flowing outer garment worn over all other clothing.
Jilbab- garment that may be worn like a dress, usually with trousers underneath.
Dupatta- a long rectangular scarf usually worn over the shoulders in front of the neck, or however you prefer. Women will sometimes use a dupatta over their head for a hijab.
Scarf or veil - the head covering worn by many Muslim women. Traditionally, it is a square folded into a triangle or simply a triangle, but also can be a rectangular shape. To wear- bring the two corners together and pin/knot/wrap at the neck.
Niqab- a veil worn to cover the face. A niqab can be made to leave only the eyes uncovered, only the eyes and forehead uncovered, or to leave the forehead, eyes, and nose uncovered, covering only the mouth.
Burka- a long, loose piece of clothing covering the whole body from head to feet, worn in public by women in many Muslim countries.
Society |
25454 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20I%20of%20England | Charles I of England | Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649), was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. He was a son of James VI and I. He was married to Henrietta Maria of France. He was executed during the English Civil War.
Early life
Charles was born at Dunfermline Palace in Fife, Scotland, before his father James VI and I came to the throne of England.
Charles was came to England in 1604. When Charles's older brother Henry Frederick died in 1612, Charles became the Prince of Wales and the heir apparent to his father's kingdoms. He had an elder brother, Henry, who was clever, handsome, popular, and rich, and next in line for the throne. Henry died suddenly in 1612, and then his brother Charles was made Prince of Wales in his place, showing that he was now the heir to the throne. Charles was less suited to be king than Henry had been, because he was small and weak and not as clever.
After his brother died, the person Charles was closest to was George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, who was also his father's best friend. The Duke of Buckingham was very powerful and rich, but was not popular with most common people. He took Charles to Spain in the hope of finding him a Spanish princess as a bride, but they had a lot of problems on the journey and could not persuade the Spanish king to give them his daughter as a wife for Charles.
Charles sat in the Parliament of England's House of Lords in 1621. King James wanted Charles to marry Maria Anna of Spain because she was the sister of Philip IV of Spain. Charles travelled to Spain to meet Maria in 1623, but the journey was a disaster, the two did not marry, and Charles became an enemy of Spain.
On the way home, Charles went through France again, and there Charles met the French royal family.
Charles married Henrietta Maria of France because she was the sister of the French king, Louis XIII, and planned to fight Spain. The Parliament of England convened in 1624 because of Charles's plans. King James did not want a war, but he died in 1625.
Charles' religion
His religious policies, and his marriage to a Roman Catholic, made him mistrusted by Reformed groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views were too Catholic. He supported "high church" Anglican ecclesiastics, and failed to help Protestant forces enough in the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and were a cause of his downfall.
King
Charles, now the king, convened the parliament again in 1625. The parliament did not give the king what the king wanted. The men in parliament did not like Charles's friend George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham had gone with Charles to Spain and later helped him to marry Henrietta Maria. When Buckingham led the Royal Navy to attack Cadiz in Spain, the campaign was a failure, and the Parliament of England impeached him. Because of this, Charles stopped (dissolved) the parliament. He also wanted to send soldiers to help Protestants in the Kingdom of France, and made demands for more money as payment for the army. This campaign was also a failure, and the king had to agree to the Petition of Right in 1628. An army officer assassinated Buckingham that summer.
The Parliament of England convened again in 1629. There were many disagreements about religion and the organization of the Church of England. Charles gave support to the "High Church" group, but the parliament gave their support to the "Low Church" group. Charles supported Arminianism, but the parliament's House of Commons tried to make Arminianism illegal. To stop the House of Commons, the king again dissolved the parliament. Some members of parliament in the House of Commons tried to continue their session, but the king put them in prison. Charles continued to support Arminians in the Church of England, with the inclusion of William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury (the chief bishop of all England). The population disliked Laud and the Arminians, and disliked Charles's taxes. Between 1629 and 1640, the king controlled the government alone. There was no parliament. This time has the name "Personal Rule" or the "Eleven Years' Tyranny".
This made Charles very unpopular with the people, who did not like the different taxes they had to pay directly to the king, since Parliament could not vote to give him any budget. Many also did not like the King's closest adviser, William Laud, who was trying to force the Church of England to use the same Anglican Prayer Book and stop the many other Protestant denominations that were becoming popular at that time.
When the king and the Archbishop then tried to force a Prayer Book on Scotland, which was even more Protestant (Calvinist), armed rebellion broke out there. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms started in 1639 with the Bishops' Wars.
The members of Parliament, angry at the things that had been going on for 11 years, did not want to give him money to fight his war. Instead, they spent the session complaining about what had been going on in the country for the last 11 years. So after only three weeks, Charles dissolved Parliament again. For this reason, it was known as the Short Parliament. Without enough money, Charles lost the war badly, and had to pay the Scots even more money that he did not have.
These wars were a failure for the king, and his position forced Charles to convene the Parliament of England in 1640. Parliament voted that the King had to call Parliament, and could not shut them down again. Charles had no choice but to agree. This Parliament is known as the Long Parliament, because it ended up lasting for twenty years, until 1660.
Charles was in a weak position, and he had to agree to acts of parliament that took away many of his royal powers. Laud and Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford were both impeached and later were executed. Parliament also tired to take control of the army away from the king. Many political conservatives were not pleased with this plan. Acting on the advice of his wife Queen Maria Henrietta, the king went with soldiers to the House of Commons in 1642 and tried to arrest his political enemies. They had gone. After this failure, the king left London and went to travel the country to look for help. With a collection of his political friends, Charles began the English Civil War with an army at Nottingham, and then moved to Oxford.
The army of Parliament got the upper hand in this war, and Charles, after a crushing defeat in 1646, went to the Scots for protection. They decided to hand him over to the Parliament of England in 1647.
The war was a failure for the king, and Charles was made a prisoner. The king got out of Hampton Court Palace in 1647 and ran away to Carisbrooke Castle, on the Isle of Wight.
The governor of the Isle of Wight was on the side of Parliament and made the king a prisoner again. While he was being held at Carisbrooke Castle, Charles made an agreement with the Scots who joined his side, and the fighting started again in 1648.
Charles's many enemies then fought among themselves in spring 1648. Because he was still making trouble for them even while he was captured, Parliament voted to put the king on trial.
The army then removed the conservatives from parliament in a political purge in December as an insurance against more fighting. The men left in parliament then formed a court in order to hold a trial of the king. The court gave the king the death penalty. This had never been done to a king of England before.
Children
Death
At the trial he was found guilty. He was decapitated in a public execution outside the Banqueting House of the palace at Whitehall. Some of the members of Parliament who were opposed to killing king Charles were purged, and from this time on, what was left of the Long Parliament became known as the Rump Parliament. This Parliament took complete power in England, and there was not a new king at all until 1660.
References
1600 births
1649 deaths
House of Stuart
Kings and Queens of Scotland |
25455 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin%20the%20Short | Pepin the Short | Pepin the Short or Pippin (714 – September 24, 768), often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was King of the Franks from 751 to 768.
Pepin was the son of Charles Martel and Chrotrud (690 - 720), and was born in Jupille, Belgium.
In 740 Pepin married Bertrada of Laon. She was the daughter of Caribert of Laon. They had two sons and a daughter who lived long enough to become adults:
Charlemagne
Carloman
Gisela
Pepin died at Saint Denis and is buried in the basilica with his wife, Bertrada of Laon. His sons, Charlemagne and Carloman, were each King of half the Kingdom of the Franks after him.
714 births
768 deaths
Kings and Queens of France |
25457 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense%20and%20Sensibility | Sense and Sensibility | Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen. It was her first novel, and was published in 1811. The novel is mostly about two sisters, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, and their life and loves. The story takes place in southern England in the 1790s.
Austen paid to have the book published. The publisher got a commission on sales. She made a profit of £140 (almost £5,000 in 2008 currency) on the first edition, which sold all 750 printed copies by July 1813. A second edition was advertised in October 1813.
Characters in Sense and Sensibility
Henry Dashwood – a rich gentleman who dies at the beginning of the story. He is not able to leave an inheritance to his second wife and their three daughters. He asks John, his son by his first wife, to help provide some money for them to live on.
Mrs. Dashwood – the second wife of Henry Dashwood. She is now left very poor when her husband dies. Much like her daughter Marianne, she shows her emotions easily.
Elinor Dashwood – the sensible and quiet oldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood. She becomes fond of Edward Ferrars, the brother-in-law of her older half-brother, John. She feels responsible to take care of her family, so she thinks about them more than about herself.
Marianne Dashwood – The romantic and eagerly expressive second daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood. She is the object of the attentions of Colonel Brandon and Mr. Willoughby. She is attracted to the young and good-looking Willoughby and does not think much about the older, more reserved Colonel Brandon.
Margaret Dashwood – the youngest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Dashwood. Also romantic and well-tempered but not expected to be as smart as her older sisters when she grows older.
John Dashwood – the son of Henry Dashwood by his first wife.
Fanny Dashwood – the wife of John Dashwood, and sister to Edward and Robert Ferrars.
Sir John Middleton – a distant relative of Mrs. Dashwood who, after the death of Henry Dashwood, invites her and her three daughters to live in a cottage on his property. Middleton, his wife, and their children are visited by his mother-in-law, Mrs. Jennings. He and Mrs. Jennings are a jolly and gossipy pair, taking an active interest in the romantic affairs of the young people around them and trying to encourage good matches for them.
Lady Middleton – The proper and idle wife of Sir John Middleton, she is mostly concerned with mothering her four spoiled children.
Edward Ferrars – The elder of Fanny Dashwood's two brothers. He forms an attachment to Elinor Dashwood. Years before meeting the Dashwoods, Ferrars proposed to Lucy Steele, the niece of his tutor. The engagement has been kept secret because he is expecting that his family would not allow him to marry Miss Lucy Steele.
Robert Ferrars – the younger brother of Edward Ferrars and Fanny Dashwood.
Mrs. Ferrars – Fanny Dashwood and Edward and Robert Ferrars' mother. A bad-tempered, vain woman who embodies all the foibles demonstrated in Fanny and Robert's characteristics. She is determined that her sons should marry well.
Colonel Brandon – a close friend of Sir John Middleton. In his youth, Brandon had fallen in love with his father's ward, but was prevented by his family from marrying her because she was intended for his older brother. He was sent abroad to be away from her, and while gone, the girl suffered numerous misfortunes partly as a consequence of her unhappy marriage, finally dying penniless and disgraced, and with a natural daughter, who Colonel Brandon takes in.
John Willoughby – a nephew of a neighbour of the Middletons, a dashing figure who charms Marianne.
Charlotte Palmer – the daughter of Mrs. Jennings and the younger sister of Lady Middleton, Mrs. Palmer is very pretty and cheerful but empty-headed and laughs at inappropriate things, such as her husband's continual rudeness to her and to others.
Mr. Palmer – the husband of Charlotte Palmer who is running for a seat in Parliament in spite of his idleness and rudeness.
Lucy Steele – a young, distant relation of Mrs. Jennings, who has for some time been secretly engaged to Edward Ferrars. She carefully develops her friendship with Elinor Dashwood and with Mrs. John Dashwood. She is manipulative and scheming
Anne/Nancy Steele – Lucy Steele's elder sister.
Miss Sophia Grey – a rich heiress who Mr. Willoughby marries after he is disinherited in order to retain his comfortable lifestyle.
Lord Morton – the father of Miss Morton
Miss Morton – a rich woman whom Mrs. Ferrars wants her eldest son, Edward, to marry
Mr. Pratt – an uncle of Lucy Steele.
References
Other websites
Sense and Sensibility - Full text with audio and translations.
1810s books
Books by Jane Austen
English novels
Fiction set in the past
Works about marriage
Works about sisters
Works about widowhood |
25458 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride%20and%20Prejudice | Pride and Prejudice | Pride and Prejudice is a book by Jane Austen. It was published in 1813. It was made into a movie in 1940 and again in 2005. There were two BBC television productions, in 1980 and 1995.
Main characters
Elizabeth Bennet: A clever, witty, and pretty lady of twenty. She is brave, intelligent, cheerful and likes to laugh at odd people. Her family's vulgarity often makes her uncomfortable and ashamed. She is not as beautiful as her sister Jane, but she has an attractiveness. Mr. Darcy, who is critical about beauty, at first calls her "tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me..." However, he later realizes that as soon as he made it clear to himself and his friends that her face is not beautiful, he started to understand that she was intelligent. There are also many other discoveries, such as that her figure, though not perfect, is "light and pleasing", and her manners, though they are not fashionable, have an "easy playfulness." She does not know that he likes her at first, and when he proposes to her, she angrily and quickly says no to him because she knew he was the person who separated her sister and Mr. Bingley, and because she thought he was a bad man who was unjust to Mr. Wickham. When she finds out her mistakes, however, and he is polite and kind to her, she begins to change her feelings. When he helps her sister Lydia, she falls in love with him. He proposes again, and they marry happily.
Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy: He is very handsome, with a "fine, tall person (figure), with handsome features. He is very rich, with "ten thousand a year." He is also "clever". However, everybody in Elizabeth's town soon dislike him because he is too proud and cold to be pleasing ("his manners, though well-bred, were not inviting"), and they all like the cheerful and friendly Mr. Bingley better. Elizabeth dislikes him as much as anybody, but he is attracted to her because of her prettiness and "liveliness of mind." However, he much dislikes Elizabeth's family because they are so vulgar (he respects and likes Jane, though, and even says she is "pretty, but she smiled too much"). He learns to bend his pride, however, at the same time as Elizabeth gets rid of her prejudice, and loyally continues to love her. He is very kind to his sister, Georgiana Darcy, and loves her.
Mr. Charles Bingley: a "good-looking, gentlemanlike" man. He is much friendlier than Mr. Darcy, and very cheerful. He makes friends everywhere he goes, and thinks Jane is "the most beautiful creature I ever beheld (saw)," and "he could not conceive (imagine) an angel more beautiful," and Elizabeth is "very pretty, and, I dare say, very agreeable." He is patient and very modest. He is not as clever as Mr. Darcy, but he is more "sure of being liked wherever he appeared." He is sweet-tempered and kind. Miss Bingley, his sister, says his handwriting is very careless, and that "he leaves out half his words, and blots the rest."
Jane Bennet: Elizabeth's elder sister, who eventually marries Mr. Bingley.
Lydia Bennet: the youngest sister. She runs away with George Wickham, though he has no intention of marrying her. She is 15 when the novel begins.
George Wickham has known Mr Darcy since childhood. An officer in the army, he is superficially charming and rapidly forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet. He spreads tales against Mr Darcy, but eventually he is found to be the wrongdoer. He elopes with Lydia. This would have caused her complete disgrace, but Darcy bribes Wickham to marry her.
Caroline Bingley: Mr. Bingley's rich but snobby sister. She tries to break up Elizabeth and Darcy, as she wants Mr. Darcy for herself.
Lady Catherine de Bourgh: Mr. Darcy's rich and snobbish aunt. She tries to stop Darcy marrying Elizabeth.
Plot
"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife". (first line)
The story starts with Mr. Bingley, a wealthy, handsome young gentleman, who comes to town and rents a place near the Bennet family. He comes with quiet Mr. Darcy and his pretty sisters. Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley begin to spend a lot of time with each other, even though the sisters of Mr. Bingley try to cut the attraction. Mr. Bingley is loved and admired by almost every woman in the town. Mr. Darcy is disliked by everybody, because of his arrogant way of talking and his mean attitude. Elizabeth Bennet, the second daughter of Mrs. Bennet, seems to despise Mr. Darcy. She despises him even more after he refused to dance with her at the ball.
Elizabeth soon grows to admire an officer named Wickham. He seems to equally hate Mr. Darcy. He tells her a sad story about how Mr. Darcy was mean to him. This story makes Elizabeth hate Mr. Darcy even more. Meanwhile, Mr. Darcy begins to fall in love with Elizabeth.
Bingley slowly begins to declare his proposal of marriage to Jane, when he suddenly has to leave to Netherfield. Netherfield is the house he lives at most of the time. He did not plan to leave for a long time but his sisters use this chance to move Bingley and Jane away from each other. The sisters follow Bingley to London. Bingley's quick leave makes Jane sad and confused. Elizabeth finds out that it is because of his sisters.
Before Mr. Bingley leaves, Mr. Collins, the man who was supposed to inherit all of Longbourn (where the Bennet family lives), appears. The rich and pompous Lady Catherine de Bourgh had employed him as a clergyman. Collins wanted to find a good wife from the daughters of Mr. Bennet. He tries to take Jane as his wife, but after learning about the relationship between her and Mr. Bingley, he tries to marry Elizabeth. He proposes, but Elizabeth rejects him. Her mother is angry because Elizabeth could have lived in Longbourn if she married Mr. Collins. Then Mr. Collins turns his attention to Elizabeth's friend, Charlotte Lucas. He decides to marry Charlotte. They marry and Charlotte invites Elizabeth over to her house for a short visit.
Elizabeth goes to Charlotte's house in the Spring. It is quite close to Rose Park. Rose Park is Lady Catherine de Bourgh's land. Mr. Darcy's aunt is Lady Catherine de Bourgh. He is staying there when Elizabeth visits and they meet. Elizabeth finds out that Mr. Darcy was the one who put an end to Mr. Bingley and Jane's love. She later rejects Mr. Darcy's proposal. She says all the mean thoughts she had about his cruelness towards Wickham and Jane and Mr. Bingley's relationship.
Darcy writes an explanation to Elizabeth in a letter. Mr. Wickham almost eloped with Darcy's 15-year-old sister, Georgianna. Mr. Wickham had only wanted her money. Also, Darcy told Bingley not to propose marriage to Jane because he thought that she did not actually love him. Elizabeth returns home soon after and thinks about Darcy's explanations and all her misunderstandings about him.
A few months later, Elizabeth visits Pemberly during her tour with her aunt and uncle. Pemberly is Darcy's land. Mr. Darcy meets them there. and is very kind to them during their visit. Mr. Darcy's kindness makes Elizabeth even more attracted to him. She also becomes friends with his sister Georgianna. Later, Elizabeths receives a letter from Jane. It contains sad news that their younger sister Lydia, has run off with Wickham. They find out that Wickham does not want to marry Lydia, but this would cause a scandal. Elizabeth and her uncle and aunt hurriedly return home. Elizabeth thinks that now Mr. Darcy will never speak to her again because of her sister's behavior.
Then, Lydia and Wickham are found and are married. They later visit Longbourn. While describing her wedding to Elizabeth, Lydia talks about Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth sends an inquiry to her aunt because she is surprised. She learns that Mr. Darcy had paid for all the wedding expenses and paid Wickham to marry Lydia.
Bingley and Darcy come to Longbourn. Bingley proposes to Jane, and she accepts. Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, even though Lady Catherine does not like Elizabeth. Elizabeth accepts the proposal. Jane and Elizabeth marry their lovers on the same day.
References
Other websites
Pride and Prejudice free downloads in PDF, PDB and LIT formats
Free audiobook from LibriVox
Original line by line commentary of Pride and Prejudice
A new approach to literary criticism from Humanscience wikia
http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/pride/
1810s books
Books by Jane Austen
English novels |
25470 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma%20%28novel%29 | Emma (novel) | Emma is a book by Jane Austen. It was first published in the year 1815. Jane Austen teased readers with the idea of a "heroine whom no one but myself will much like" when she began writing Emma. It is a comedy about Emma Woodhouse, a rich young lady growing up in the fictional community of Hartfield, in 19th century England. The book is about the troubles Emma causes when she tries matchmaking.
Plot
Emma Woodhouse is a rich and beautiful young woman. The book starts by introducing her, and with her governess, Miss Taylor's wedding with Mr. Weston, a cheerful neighbor. Emma quickly becomes friends with Harriet Smith, a "natural daughter".
Characters
Emma Woodhouse - the second daughter of Mr. Woodhouse. Jane Austen introduces Emma as "handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition," and has had "...very little to distress or vex her." She is elegant, friendly, and cares about her friends. However, Emma can also be proud and vain, like when she stops Harriet from marrying Robert Martin. Sometimes her kind feelings and her pride struggle with each other: "Emma could not but picture it all, and feel how justly they must resent (be angry), how naturally Harriet must suffer...She would have given a great deal, or endured a great deal, to have had the Martins in a higher rank of life. They were so deserving, a little higher should have been enough; but as it was, how could she have done otherwise? Impossible! She could not repent (be sorry). They must be separated..." Emma is also an "imaginist," "on fire with speculation (guesses) and foresight." She tries to match the people around her, but thinks she will never marry. Mr. Knightley warns her to try not to do so: "You are more likely to have done harm (bad) to yourself, than good to them, by interference." He also says to Mrs. Weston, "Emma is spoiled by being the cleverest of her family. At ten years she had the misfortune of being able to answer questions which puzzled her sister at seventeen...ever since she was twelve, Emma has been mistress of the house and of you all." Later, however, she sees her mistakes and has a happy marriage with Mr. Knightley.
Mr. George Knightley - the brother of Mr. John Knightley, Emma's brother-in-law, and an old family friend. He is "a sensible man about seven or eight-and-thirty," with "a cheerful manner." He is "one of the few people who could see faults in Emma Woodhouse, and the only one who ever told her of them." He is jealous of Frank Churchill when he comes and flirts with Emma. He is not as proud as Emma, and knows that Harriet would be very happy if she married Robert Martin. He is kind and generous, and respectful to people like Miss Bates.
Frank Churchill - the son of Mr. Weston by his first wife. He is "...a very good-looking young man - height, air, address, all were unexceptionable, and his countenance (face) had a great deal of the spirit and liveliness of his father's - he looked quick and sensible." Somehow Mr. Knightley seems "...determined to think ill of him," and says he is a "...trifling, silly young fellow." Everybody seems to expect Frank Churchill and Emma to fall in love with each other. At first, Emma likes him very much, and thinks she loves him, but soon she realizes her love has settled into cheerful friendship, and she decides to match him with Harriet. She does not know he is already engaged to Jane Fairfax, and is very, very surprised when she finds out.
Jane Fairfax - a quiet young lady of Emma’s age. Emma is secretly jealous of her because she can do lots of things better than Emma, like playing the piano. She is very beautiful, and “very elegant, remarkably elegant…elegance was the reigning character.” She is also delicate, kind, clever, and polite. However, she does not have the cheerful openness or warmth of Emma. She is secretly engaged to Frank Churchill, and is very unhappy when he keeps on flirting with Emma.
Harriet - a seventeen-year-old illegitimate daughter of a tradesman. She is "a very pretty girl...short, plump, and fair, with a fine bloom, blue eyes, light hair, regular features, and a look of great sweetness...". Harriet is not very clever. However, she is grateful, nice, and humble. She loves Robert Martin, but because of Emma's opinion, she refuses his offer of marriage, and she falls in love with Mr. Elton instead. But Emma is very surprised when she finds out Mr. Elton loves her! Harriet is very sad, but Emma soon wants her to marry Frank Churchill instead. She is shocked when she realizes Harriet does not love Frank Churchill, but Mr. Knightley. In the end, Harriet marries the person she really liked, Robert Martin, and has a happy life.
Mr. Woodhouse - Emma's old father. He loves his daughters, but with "gentle selfishness." He does not want his daughters to be married because he does not want them to leave him. Mr. Woodhouse is very cautious about illness and disease. He is sweet tempered, and likes to eat gruel.
Movie
1996: Emma - Starring Gwyneth Paltrow.
Other websites
An examination of Emma's theme and its slavery subtext
Chronology/Calendar for Emma
Emma, online at Ye Olde Library
Emma , complete text and audio
Emma, free audio book at LibriVox
Emma
1810s books
English novels |
25476 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Martin | Chris Martin | Christopher Anthony John "Chris" Martin (born 2 March 1977) is an English singer and pianist for the band Coldplay. He also plays the guitar. He was born in Exeter, Devon, England. He married Gwyneth Paltrow in 2003. They have two children, a daughter, Apple (born 2004) and a son, Moses (born 2006). The couple separated in 2014.
His band members are called Jonny Buckland (lead guitarist), Guy Berryman (bassist) and Will Champion (drummer). They met while studying at University College London. In January 1998, they formed the rock band Coldplay. They were influenced by the Scottish rock band Travis. U2 was another important influence on Martin both musically and politically.
Martin does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. PETA said he was the World's Sexiest Vegetarian in 2005!
Filmography
Television
Movies
Solo discography
See Coldplay for his work with the band.
References
1977 births
British anti–Iraq War activists
Coldplay
English pianists
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
Living people
Musicians from Devon |
25477 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Fiennes | Joseph Fiennes | Joseph Alberic Fiennes is an English actor. He was born on 27 May 1970 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. Joseph is the youngest of six children. His brothers and sisters are Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and his twin brother, Jacob Fiennes. He is best known for acting in the movie Shakespeare in Love.
Other websites
1970 births
Living people
Actors from Wiltshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Salisbury |
25480 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1179 | 1179 |
Births
April 4 — Farid-ud-din Ganj Shakar
Events
Third Council of the Lateran condemned Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first "ghettos" for Jews
Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III, bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castilian monarchy
Philip II is crowned King of France
Aberdeen is chartered by William the Lion
Westminster School founded by the monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command)
Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism was founded.
1179 |
25482 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikibooks | Wikibooks | Wikibooks (previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks) is a collection of free books. It is one of many projects that are run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a wiki, which makes it possible for anyone to edit.
Some books are original, but others have started as text copied from other sources of free-content textbooks found on the Internet.
The CC-BY-SA license covers all the content that is in Wikibooks.
In February 2010, the Simple English Wikibooks was closed and locked due to anti-Simple-English users on Meta-Wiki misleading the Wikimedia Language Committee.
Wikijunior
Wikijunior is a subproject of Wikibooks that has books for children. The project consists of both a magazine and a website, and is currently being developed in English, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish. It is funded by a grant from the Beck Foundation.
Pages in Wikijunior will have the Wikijunior: prefix in front of the page's name.
Sources
Other websites
Wikibooks Main page
Wikibooks in English
Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2004 |
25489 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20IX%20of%20France | Charles IX of France | Charles IX of France (June 27, 1550 – May 30, 1574) was a King of France and a member of the house of Valois.
Birth
Charles was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on June 27, 1550. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.
Marriage
Charles was married to Elizabeth of Austria on November 26, 1570. They had one child, Mary Elizabeth of France (October 27, 1572 – April 9, 1578), who died young.
Death
Charles died in Vincennes, France, on May 30, 1574. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. The next King was Henry III of France.
1550 births
1574 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois |
25490 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20III%20of%20France | Henry III of France | Henry III of France (September 19, 1551 – August 2, 1589) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois. He was also a King of Poland.
Birth
Henry was born in Fontainbleau, France, on September 19, 1551. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. He was Catherine de Medici's favourite son.
Marriage
Henry was married to Louise of Lorraine on February 13, 1575. They had no children.
Death
Henry died in Saint-Cloud, France, on August 2, 1589, after being stabbed with a knife. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry was the last King of the Valois Dynasty. The next King was Henry IV of France, who was a member of the Bourbon Dynasty.
1551 births
1589 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
House of Valois
LGBT royalty |
25498 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/981 | 981 |
Births
Princess Theodora, later Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. |
25499 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/997 | 997 |
Deaths
April 23 – Saint Adalbert of Prague (martyred) |
25500 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/999 | 999 |
Deaths
February 7 – Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia
February 18 – Pope Gregory V
December 16 – Saint Adelaide of Italy (b. 931)
Maredudd ab Owain king of Deheubarth and Powys |
25501 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1015 | 1015 |
Events
August: King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.
Berserkers are banned in Norway.
Olav Haraldsson becomes king of Norway.
Sviatopolk succeeds Vladimir as prince of Kiev.
References |
25502 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/418 | 418 | 418 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Events
Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths.
December 28 – Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope.
Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome.
December 26 – Pope Zosimus |
25503 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660 | 1660 |
Events
Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces.
Hopkins School is founded. (exact date uncertain)
January 1 – colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. Samuel Pepys began his diary.
February 2 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London
February 23 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden.
February 27 – John Thurloe reinstated as England's secretary of State for a short time
March 16 – The Long Parliament disbands
May 8 – The Parliament of England declares Prince Charles Stuart King Charles II of England
May 15 – John Thurloe arrested for high treason after English Restoration
May 23 – King Charles II of England reaches the shores of his Kingdom. On May 29 he arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration
May 25 – Charles II of England crowned
June 29 – John Thurloe released
November 28 – At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).
Theaters opened again in England – Margaret Hughes debuts as the first female actor as Desdemona in Othello
Blaise Pascal's The Provincial Letters, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, was ordered shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.
Sweden recovers its southern provinces from Denmark.
Births
April 16 - Hans Sloane, Irish physician
May 2 - Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer
May 28 - George I of Great Britain, King of Great Britain and ruler of Hanover in North Germany.
November 12 - Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.
November 28 - Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, mother of Philip V of Spain
Deaths
June 6 - Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter
July 8 - Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
November 4 - Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange |
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