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25505 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20of%20Arles | Constance of Arles | Constance of Arles (c. 986 – 28 July 1032), also known as Constance of Provence, was queen of France as the third spouse of King Robert II of France.
Constance of Arles (973 - July 25, 1034) was the third wife of Robert II of France. They were married in 1003 after Robert had divorced his second wife, Bertha. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica with Robert II of France.
They had several children:
Henry I of France
Adela of France - is the mother of Matilda of Flanders, who was the wife of William I of England
Robert I of Burgundy
Eudes of France
Constance of France, married to Count Manasses of Dammartin
Kings and Queens consort of France
973 births
1034 deaths |
25508 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda%20of%20Boulogne | Matilda of Boulogne | Queen Matilda of Boulogne (1105 – May 3, 1152) was the wife of Stephen of England. She also became the Countess of Boulogne when her father died in 1125.
Matilda was born in Boulogne, France. She was the daughter of Eustace III of Boulogne and Mary of Scotland. Matilda's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.
Matilda married Stephen I of England in 1125. They were deeply in love until two of their children died Baldwin and Matilda.
Matilda died at Hedingham Castle, Essex, England. She was buried in Faversham Abbey.
1105 births
1152 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of England |
25509 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20of%20Boulogne | Marie of Boulogne | Marie of Boulogne was the Countess of Boulogne from 1159 until 1170.
Marie was the daughter of Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne. She was placed in a convent when she was young so that she could become a nun. When her brother, William of Blois, died, she became the heir of the Count of Boulogne. She had to leave the convent and was married to Matthew of Alsace. Marie and Matthew ruled Boulogne together, but their marriage was not happy and they got a divorce in 1170.
After Marie died, Matthew continued to be the Count of Boulogne until 1173. After this Marie and Matthew's daughter, Ida of Boulogne, became Countess of Boulogne. Marie and Matthew's other daughter, Maud of Boulogne, became the wife of Henry I of Brabant.
French people
Earls and countesses |
25510 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20of%20France | Marie of France | Marie of France was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. In 1164 she was married to Henry I of Champagne. Their children included:
Henry II of Champagne
Theobald III of Champagne
French royalty |
25511 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix%20of%20France | Alix of France | Alix of France was the youngest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was married to Theobald V of Blois in 1164. Their children included:
Louis I of Blois
Margaret of Blois
French royalty
1151 births
1190s deaths |
25512 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20of%20Blois | Margaret of Blois | Margaret of Blois was Countess of Blois from 1218 until 1230. She was the daughter of Theobald V of Blois and Alix of France. Her mother was the daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Margaret was married to Otto I of Burgundy.
Earls and countesses
French nobility
1230 deaths |
25515 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish%20Region | Flemish Region | Flemish Region (Dutch: Vlaams Gewest) is a region in the north of Belgium. The official language is Dutch, sometimes called Flemish. Flanders has 5 provinces. About 7 million people live there. Its capital is Brussels.
Flanders is one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are Wallonia (or Walloon Region) and Brussels-Capital Region.
References
Geography of Belgium |
25519 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feta%20cheese | Feta cheese | Feta cheese (, feminine gender; pronounced ), or simply Feta is a kind of cheese. Usually it is made from the milk of sheep or goats. Feta cheese originally is from the Greek mainland, or from Lesbos in the Aegean Sea.
It is an ingredient in a Greek Salad.
Other cheese (which is usually not from Greece and is usually made from cow milk) must not be called Feta from 2007. The European Court said so in its decisions C-465/02 and C-466/02 (from October 25, 2005).
This ruling is only valid for the European Union, and other countries in Europe. Several member state of the WTO still think that the term "feta" is generic. European Member states wanted to ddefend this protected designation of origin at the WTO talks in Doha.
History
What is now called feta cheese was known to Ancient Greeks. Homer must have known about it. There were several references to the cheese in the Odyssey. According to the myth, the cyclops Polyphemos was the first cheese manufacturer. He carried the milk in animal-skin bags. He had collected the milk from his sheep. He was very surprised to see that days later the milk had become solid. When Polyphemus tried to eat it, it tasted well. He also found that as such a solid, it would go bad later than with milk.
The name Feta has an Italian origin. It is derived from fetta (slice), and dates back to the 17th century. Very likely this referred to the method of cutting the cheese in slices to put it in barrels.
References
Other websites
Feta registered as Protected Designation of Origin
http://www.feta.gr on feta's history, production and conservation methods, plus dozens of recipes with feta
Cheeses
Greek food |
25561 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt.%20Pepper%27s%20Lonely%20Hearts%20Club%20Band | Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band | Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is an album released by The Beatles. It was the 9th Beatles album to be released in the United Kingdom. It was released on 1 June 1967, and stayed at the top of the charts for twenty-seven weeks. It has lots of well-known songs such as McCartney's "When I'm Sixty-Four" and "A Day in the Life", which Lennon and McCartney worked on together. For a while before this album came out, The Beatles had been trying new things when they made records, but this album made a much bigger change in the way they sounded.
The album title was used later for a 1978 Universal Pictures movie. Peter Frampton and the Bee Gees played Sgt. Pepper's band, while Billy Preston was the Sergeant. George Burns played Mr. Kite (the mayor), Steve Martin (in his first film) played Maxwell Edison, and Aerosmith was the Future Villain Band. It consistently holds the top spot on critics' lists of the greatest albums of all time.
Songs on the album
Sources
The Beatles albums
1967 albums
Concept albums
Rock albums |
25572 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20Palace | Winter Palace | The Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia, is one of the greatest and largest palaces. From 1732 to 1917, it was the official residence of the Russian Tsars. It was built on the shores of the Neva River between 1754 and 1762.
Tsar Nicholas I, in the 19th century, was responsible for the palace's present appearance and layout. He made many changes to the interior of the palace, and was responsible for its complete rebuilding after the fire of 1837.
On 30 October 1917, the palace was declared to be part of the Hermitage Museum. Today, the palace, as part one of the world's most famous museums, attracts an annual 3.5 million visitors.
Gallery
References
Palaces in Russia
Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg |
25574 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing%27s%20day%20gecko | Standing's day gecko | The Standing's day gecko (Phelsuma standingi Methuen & Hewitt, 1913) is a type of gecko. It is diurnal, which means that it sleeps during the night and is awake during the day. It lives in southwest Madagascar and usually is found on trees. Standing's day gecko eats insects and nectar (a type of drink created by flowers).
Lizards |
25575 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20VI%2C%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor | Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor | Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor from 12 October 1711 to 20 October 1740. He succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I. His daughter, Maria Theresia of Austria, inherited the throne after he died.
1685 births
1740 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Habsburg Dynasty
Counts and countesses of Flanders
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria |
25577 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Trudeau | Pierre Trudeau | Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau (October 18, 1919 in Montreal, Canada – September 28, 2000 in Montreal, Canada) was the 15th Canadian Prime Minister during the 1970s (1968 - 1979), and then again from 1980 - 1984. He is thought by many Canadian citizens today as having been the greatest Canadian Prime Minister ever. His son is the 23rd and current Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.
As Prime Minister
He had many challenges during the 1970s, including the October Crisis, and in 1980 held the country together by defeating the referendum on Quebec sovereignty (the province of Quebec wanted to leave Canada and become its own country), and keeping Quebec a member of the Canadian state. Another popular event associated with Pierre Trudeau is Trudeaumania, which referred to how much he was liked by the Canadian people. As a relatively young man, he was very close to the youth of the time, as well as funny, and he appealed to everyone by being so understanding and just like a normal person. This kind of Prime Minister had never been seen before, and it made people feel like he was a good, friendly person.
Retirement and death
Trudeau retired from being the Prime Minister in 1984, after which he did not speak to the public very much. He died of prostate cancer and Parkinson's disease in Montreal on September 28, 2000. After he died, his son, Justin Trudeau, spoke at his funeral, which was shown all over the country. He said je t'aime (French for "I love you") and cried on his father's coffin. After this moving eulogy (a speech at a funeral about the dead person), many Canadian people thought Justin would have a future in politics; Justin is the 23 Prime Minister of Canada, elected in 2015.
1919 births
2000 deaths
Cancer deaths in Quebec
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Companions of Honour
Order of Canada
People from Montreal
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Canadian Queen's Counsel |
25578 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Lopez | Jennifer Lopez | Jennifer Lynn Lopez (also known as J. Lo) is a Grammy-nominated American singer, dancer, fashion designer and actress. She was born July 24, 1969. She's most known for her performances in Selena, Maid in Manhattan, Out of Sight (co-starring George Clooney), Monster-in-Law, The Cell, and An Unfinished Life (with Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman). She also was a judge for the talent reality series American Idol in 2011 and from 2014 until the show's series finale in 2016.
She began her career as a "Fly Girl" dancer on the 1990s TV series, In Living Color. Her first album On the 6 was released in 1999. It contains the hit singles "If You Had My Love", "No Me Ames", "Waiting for Tonight", "Feelin' So Good" and "Let's Get Loud". She released J.Lo in 2001, her most successful album to date. J to tha L-O! The Remixes and This Is Me...Then were released in 2002. The album Brave was released in 2007, followed by Love? in 2011. She has released one greatest hits album, Dance Again... The Hits, in 2012. Her most recent album is A.K.A., which was released in 2014.
She has many records, including record for having a movie and album (The Wedding Planner, and J.Lo) both #1 on the same week.
Personal life
All of Lopez' three marriages ended in divorce.
From February 1997 until January 1998 Lopez was married to Ojani Noa.
From September 2001 until June 2002 she was married to Cris Judd.
On June 5, 2004, she married Marc Anthony. They have twin children, son Maximillian David Muñiz and daughter Emme Maribel Muñiz (born on February 22, 2008). The couple separated in July 2011 and divorced in June 2014.
From 2017 to 2021, Lopez has been in a relationship with former MLB star Alex Rodriguez. They were engaged in March 2019. They split in 2021.
After dating from 2002 to 2004, Lopez reconciled with and began dating American Actor Ben Affleck in April 2021. She publicly confirmed their relationship on her 52nd birthday later that July
Discography
Studio albums
1999: On the 6
2001: J.Lo
2002: This Is Me... Then
2005: Rebirth
2007: Como Ama una Mujer (Spanish language album)
2007: Brave
2011: Love?
2014: A.K.A.
Compilation albums
2012: Dance Again... the Hits
Remix albums
2002: J to tha L-O!: The Remixes
DVDs
2000: Feelin' So Good
2003: Let's Get Loud
2003: The Reel Me
2007: Como Ama una Mujer
Number-one singles
Filmography
Movies
Television
References
Actors from the Bronx
American dancers
American hip hop musicians
American movie actors
American pop singers
American R&B singers
American television actors
Businesspeople from New York City
Latin singers
Musicians from the Bronx
Singers from New York City
1969 births
Living people |
25583 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20of%20Brittany | Anne of Brittany | Anne of Brittany (January 25, 1477 - January 9, 1514) was a Duchess of Brittany.
Birth
Anne was the daughter of Francis II of Brittany and Margaret of Foix. She was born in Nantes (then in Brittany, now officially outside that Région) on January 25, 1477.
Marriage and children
Anne was married to Charles VIII of France on December 6, 1491. They had four children, but all of them died young.
After Charles died, Anne married Louis XII of France on January 8, 1499. They had two daughters:
Claude of France (1499 - 1524), who married Francis I of France
Renee of France (1510 - 1575)
Death
Anne died in the Chateau of Blois on January 9, 1514.
1477 births
1514 deaths
Brittany
Dukes and Duchesses of Brittany
People from Nantes |
25603 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual | Ritual | A ritual (or a rite) is a set of actions people do. In a ritual, the actions are important because every action stands for something. Each ritual of a type is done in a certain way. Danger might be involved in carrying out the ritual. When the ritual has been performed successfully, it is often followed by a celebration.
Rituals can mark a personal change. For example, a rite of passage may show that a child has reached the age of majority. All societies seem to have had them.
A religious rite is a religious ceremony. Many rituals have a religious significance and are part of the religion or traditions of a community. The rite signals that those who take part are members of the religion, or believers in the religion. The rite may signal status, qualification, prayer and commitment to the god or to the belief.
A rite need not be to a religion as understood in the present day. Fervent support of a sports team, or kissing the ring of an organised crime lord, or a military enrollment is equally a rite, because it has consequences for the behaviour of the person, and for their beliefs.
A ritual can also be linked to obsessive compulsive disorder, when a person believes that performing the ritual again and again is necessary.
References
Related pages
Mass (liturgy)
Ceremony
Culture |
25605 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Theresia%20of%20Austria | Maria Theresia of Austria | Maria Theresia of Austria (13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female head of the Habsburg Dynasty. She was the Holy Roman Empress, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and archduchess of Austria.
During her rule she changed the royal palace outside Vienna (the Austrian capital) to look much like Versailles. Vienna itself became an important center for the arts, especially music. Maria Theresia added support to her absolute power by tightening her hold on the government. She also improved conditions for the peasants. She is generally known to history as the Empress Maria Theresia.
Biography
Maria Theresia was born in Vienna, Austria, on 13 May 1717. Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Her father had made the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a decree which allowed a female ruler despite the Salic law prohibition.
Maria Theresia married Duke Francis Stephan I of Lorraine for love. They had sixteen children who are named here:
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1737–1740)
Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1738–1789)
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (1740–1741)
Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II (1741–1790)
Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria, Duchess of Teschen (1742–1798)
Archduchess Maria Elisabeth of Austria (1743–1808)
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria (1745–1761)
Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1746–1804)
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II (1747–1792)
Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (stillborn 1748)
Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria (1750–1762)
Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (1751–1767)
Queen Maria Carolina of Austria of Naples and Sicily (1752–1814)
Queen Marie Antoinette of France and Navarre, born Maria Antonia (1755–1793)
Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria (1756–1801)
Maria Theresia died in Vienna, Austria, on 29 November 1780.
References
1717 births
1780 deaths
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
Holy Roman Empresses consort
Habsburg Dynasty
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
House of Lorraine
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg |
25607 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Antoinette | Marie Antoinette | Marie Antoinette (2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last Queen of France, as the wife of King Louis XVI, before the monarchy was abolished in the French Revolution. She was born as Maria Antonia as an Archduchess of Austria.
She married Louis in 1770, when she was 14 years old and four years before he became the king. They were not close at first, and at first it was difficult for them to have children. After seven years of marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, and later to three more children. She was the mother of Louis XVII of France, who never actually became king.
Although she was not unpopular at first, many people in France did not want the country to have an Austrian queen. France's alliance with Austria was unpopular; the two countries had been enemies until 1756, and their alliance had led to France's defeat in the Seven Years' War. It was not until during the French Revolution that she became an unpopular symbol of the old French monarchy (Ancien Régime). There were rumours that she spent too much money, had lovers and supported France's enemies. There was a rumour that when she learned that peasants were starving, she said "Let them eat cake," but there is no evidence she said this. Many of these rumours were started by other people at the court, where Marie Antoinette had few friends. It is not clear what caused the French Revolution, but there were far bigger causes than her spending.
She helped plan the royal family's failed escape from Paris in 1791. This caused many people to think that the royal family, especially Marie Antoinette, were plotting with foreign governments to overthrow the elected government. The royal family were arrested in 1792 and the monarchy was abolished. She was executed by guillotine in 1793, nine months after her husband was executed.
Biography
Childhood in Vienna (1755-1767)
On the morning of 2 November 1755, Maria Teresa, Queen of Hungary and Empress of the Holy Roman Empire, gave birth to Marie Antoinette, her fifteenth child and last daughter. The Empress quickly became well again after giving birth, and was reported to have looked happy and healthy. Marie's full name at her time of birth was Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna. But when she moved to France, she was called by the French version of her name, Marie Antoinette. Marie Antoinette was taken care of by Constance Weber, a wet-nurse of the royal family. When Marie Antoinette was a child, she often gave gifts to Constance Weber and her son, Joseph. According to Joseph, Marie Antoinette once said to Constance, "Good Weber, have a care for your son."
Joseph Weber added that the Archdukes and Archduchesses were allowed to make friends with "ordinary" (common) children. Except on formal celebrations, people who did not have a very high birth or title were still liked and allowed into the court. Marie Antoinette was known as "Antoine" when she was young. The Austrian court young Madame Antoine grew up in was already beginning to become much less formal. Antoine was taught by Countess Brandeis, who loved Marie Antoinette and treated her very kindly. Antoine's first recorded letter, written when she was 11 or 12, was to "dearest Brandeis" from "your faithful pupil (student) who loves you dearly, Antoine". However, though the countess taught Antoine about morality and religion, she did not educate her on many other subjects, and Antoine did not like to concentrate. Later, one of her friends said that when she talked, her words were not connected, "like a grasshopper". In fact, when Antoine was 12 she could not write or even speak French and German properly, though she spoke Italian well. She greatly loved music, though. In 1759, shortly before she became four years old, Antoine sang a French song at a party for her father, while her brothers and sisters sang Italian songs. She listened to and met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart who was playing "marvellously" once, too. Mozart tried to propose to Antoinette. She would eventually be a fan of Mozart’s music. She was also famous for her beautiful dancing and the graceful way she carried her head. She had been officially taught by the famous French ballet master Jean-Georges Noverre. She was much less skilled at reading.
Still, she loved her childhood home in Vienna and later missed it very much. She once said about her mother, "I love the Empress but I'm frightened (afraid) of her, even at a distance; when I'm writing to her, I never feel completely at ease (comfortable)." She disliked her sister, the Archduchess Marie "Mimi" Christine, who her mother seemed to love most. But her relationship with her sister Maria "Charlotte" Carolina was quite different: they loved each other warmly. They were very close, and a painter later said that they "resembled (looked like) each other greatly". Charlotte was more forceful, and Antoine was usually thought to be prettier.
A Political Marriage (1767-1770)
At the beginning of 1767 the Empress had five daughters with her. Marie Christine was already married to Prince Albert of Saxony. Elizabeth, who was very pretty, was 23, Amalia almost 21, Josepha was 16, Charlotte was 14, and Antoine was now 12. The Empress wanted Josepha, who was gentle and pretty, to marry Charles III of Spain. But then bad things started to happen. Her son Joseph's second wife died because of smallpox and was buried. After that Maria Teresa caught the smallpox and almost died.
Then Maria Teresa took her daughter Josepha, who was about to begin her bridal journey to Naples, to go to the tomb of Joseph's wife to pray. But the tomb had not been closed tightly enough. Probably because of this, Josepha suddenly caught smallpox and died. Elizabeth also caught the disease. She lived, but her beauty was gone. Antonia, who had caught smallpox when she was two years old and become healthy again, did not catch the disease.
But a bride was still needed for King Ferdinand of Naples. Maria Teresa quickly wrote a letter explaining what had happened to Charles III of Spain a month after Josepha died. "I grant of my daughters to make good the loss," she wrote. "I do currently (right now) have two who could fit, one is the Archduchess Amalia who is said to have a pretty face and whose health should other is the Archduchess Charlotte who is also very healthy and a year and seven months younger than the King of Naples." Soon, the King of Naples married Charlotte and Amalia was married to Louis XV's grandson, Don Ferdinand of Parma. Amalia was not happy with her mother's decision.
The only daughter left was now Marie Antoinette. Empress Maria Theresa decided to use Antonia to make Austria become friendly with France. After long discussions, Antonia was engaged to Louis-Auguste, Dauphin of France. The duc de Choiseul from France and the Prince of Starhemberg from Austria helped arrange the wedding.
They immediately began preparing Marie Antoinette for her marriage. Her teeth were crooked, but a French dentist came to fix it. After a painful three months, Marie Antoinette had a smile that was "very beautiful and straight". Her thick "mountain of curls" were dressed by Larsenneur, a famous hairdresser who powdered and softened her hair. Marie Antoinette also had a high forehead which was thought unfashionable at that time. though she had a long, graceful neck.
Her education was also changed. In November 1768, the Abbe Jacques-Mathieu de Vermond went to Vienna to teach Antonia. She was clever, but without the knowledge a future queen should have. She was also lazy and unable to concentrate. She could not read or write properly in French or German, but a year after Vermond had arrived, she could speak it well enough. By the time she left Austria, she was speaking French easily and well, even if it had a small German accent. The Abbe also found that Marie Antoinette did not know much about French history, which they studied carefully together. In the end, Marie received a fairly good education.
Death
Marie Antoinette was publicly executed by guillotine for treason in Paris, France, on 16 October 1793, months after the death of her husband. Her youngest son Louis-Charles, later died of tuberculosis and malnutrition during the revolution. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Her eldest daughter, Marie Therese, was the only one of their family to survive the revolution.
Images
Titles from birth to death
2 November 1755 – 19 April 1770: Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria
19 April 1770 – 10 May 1774: Her Royal Highness The Dauphine of France
10 May 1774 – 1 October 1791: Her Most Christian Majesty The Queen of France and Navarre
1 October 1791 – 21 September 1792: Her Most Christian Majesty The Queen of the French
21 September 1792 – 21 January 1793: Madame Capet
21 January 1793 – 16 October 1793: La Veuve ("the widow") Capet
Related pages
Affair of the Diamond Necklace
Notes
References
Other websites
1755 births
1793 deaths
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
Executed French people
Habsburg Dynasty
Kings and Queens consort of France
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
People executed by decapitation
Writers from Vienna
People of the French Revolution |
25608 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu | Montesquieu | Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), was commonly known as Montesquieu. He was a French political thinker who lived during the Age Of Enlightenment. He is famous for his theory of the separation of powers in government. Many constitutions all over the world use it. He helped make the terms "feudalism" and "Byzantine Empire" popular.
Political views
Before Montesquieu, the standard feudal system was called "the three estates":
the entire clergy
the aristocracy (the monarch was outside the system of "estates")
the "third estate": the commoners
Montesquieu's radical work divided French people into three classes, or groups: three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined):
the monarchy
the aristocracy
the commons
These should be balanced, so that no one power would be able to overcome the other two, either singly or in combination. This was a radical idea because it eliminated the three estates structure. Montesquieu's ideas are important because they ended the feudalistic structure. They also helped inspire the constitution of many countries, including the United States.
Some of Montesquieu's ideas are still controversial. He believed that women could be leaders in government. But he thought women could not lead a family. He supported a hereditary aristocracy and primogeniture. Hereditary means that the title passes from the parents to the children.
Montesquieu describes an unusual idea in his essays The Spirit of the Laws and Persian Letters. This idea is the climate theory. It says that climate, the weather of a place, influences the nature of man and his society. Montesquieu thought that some climates were better than others. He believed the mild climate of France is the best. He believed people from hot countries are "too hot-tempered". People in cold, northern countries are "icy" or "stiff." The climate in middle Europe therefore breeds the best people. (This view is possibly influenced by similar statements in Germania by Tacitus, one of Montesquieu's favourite authors.)
Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" prompted the creators of the Constitution to divide the U.S. government into three separate branches.
List of works
Les causes de l'écho (The Causes of an Echo)
Les glandes rénales (The Renal Glands)
La cause de la pesanteur des corps (The Cause of Gravity of Bodies)
La damnation éternelle des païens (The Eternal Damnation of the Pagans, 1711)
Système des Idées (System of Ideas, 1716)
Lettres persanes (Persian Letters, 1721)
Le Temple de Gnide (The Temple of Gnide, a novel; 1724)
Arsace et Isménie ((The True History of) Arsace and Isménie, a novel; 1730)
Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 1734)
De l'esprit des lois ((On) The Spirit of the Laws, 1748)
La défense de «L'Esprit des lois» (In Defence of "The Spirit of the Laws", 1748)
Pensées suivies de Spicilège (Thoughts after Spicilège)
Montesque was a French philosopher
Related pages
Liberalism
Contributions to liberal theory
French Government
Napoleon
Other websites
Free full-text works online
Montesquieu in The Catholic Encyclopedia.
Montesquieu in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Timeline of Montesquieu's Life
1689 births
1755 deaths
French philosophers |
25615 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy | Aristocracy | Aristocracy is a kind of government that puts power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. In Ancient Greek, the word aristocracy means the rule of the best, but it has come to be linked with rule by Nobility.
There are different kinds of aristocracy with different ways the government is set up. In history, most aristocracies are hereditary. Members of the ruling group have passed on power to their eldest surviving Child. In most cases, this was their son. Daughters were often exclude from this. Aristocracy can be combined with other kinds of government. There were small groups of people that run a country. The people were called aristocrats and often had titles such as duke, duchess, baron and baroness.
Some good examples of this are the Spartiates in Sparta, the eupatridae in Athens, the patricians or Optimates in Rome to name a few
Various forms of government
Consistent with aristocracy
monarchy - (inherited rule by a single individual) The monarch and his or her relatives are usually the aristocracy. Also, the monarch has the power to make anyone he or she chooses part of the ruling group. Sometimes the current monarch is replaced by another aristocrat and their family.
autocracy - (all power in one person) Aristocracies in an autocratic society tend to be very small, usually only the autocrat's family or close friends.
plutocracy - (rule by the wealthy) The aristocracy is usually made up of the richest people. Sometimes it is not enough just to be rich, you must also be from a special family or ethnic group.
oligarchy - (rule by the few) All aristocracies are also oligarchies.
Not aristocracies
Meritocracy - (rule by those who most deserve to rule) The rulers are people who have special credentials or those who went to a particular school or passed a special examination. It is possible to lose your place in the ruling group because someone with better skills replaced you.
Technocracy- rule by experts
Democracy - (rule by the people) There are usually not official groups of aristocrats in a democracy. However, rich and famous people sometimes informally form a group of people who get special treatment.
References
Social groups
Forms of government |
25617 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon | Poseidon | Poseidon () is the god of the sea, earthquakes, storms and horses in ancient Greek religion and myth. He was one of the Twelve Olympians. His parents were Kronos and Rhea. He was the older brother of Zeus yet not by much.
Poseidon was generally regarded as an ill-tempered being. His mood was a reflection of the state of his realm. He was thought to conjure up violent storms at sea when angered. While he was married to the goddess Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, like his brother Zeus, Poseidon had a number of affairs with other goddesses and mortal woman, siring such heroes as Theseus and Bellerophon. Lord of the waters, Poseidon was both patron and protector of both sailors and seafarers, who would pray to him for safe passage across the sea. Poseidon was often regarded as the “Father of Horses,” as they were thought to be his creations. He was additionally the chief deity and patron of the city of Corinth, whereupon the Isthmian Games were held every other four years in his honor. Otherwise known as the Earth-Shaker (), Poseidon was thought to be the cause of such disasters, striking the Earth with his trident (a three-pronged spear) whenever he was particularly enraged. The god's symbol was his trident and the bull, horse and dolphin were his sacred animals. The god Neptune is his Roman equivalent. Neptune was a more war-like figure. Some have theorized this god is in fact Owen's hair coming from the popular belief that it summoned a storm.
Related pages
Neptune (god) – Roman version of Poseidon
Percy Jackson – Fictional Child of Poseidon
Twelve Olympians |
25626 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented%20programming | Object-oriented programming | Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a way of writing computer programs using "objects" to stand for data and methods. Computer programs that are not object-oriented are a list of instructions for the computer, telling it to do certain things in a certain way, which is called procedural programming. However, in object-oriented programming, computer programs use objects that talk to one another to change the data in those objects and to work in a way that the user wants. Because of the way object-oriented programming is designed, it helps the developer by allowing for code to be easily reused by other parts of the program or even by other people.
Most programming languages are a mix of different ways of writing computer programs. For example, Python allows for computer programs to be written both in object-oriented programming and in procedural programming. There are many programming languages that allow you to write computer programs in object-oriented programming. Some of these programming languages are: C++, Java, Ruby, Perl, Emarald, Sapphire, PHP, Python, C#, etc.
Features
The main idea of object-oriented programming is that everything is an object. However, the object can be of different types:
Variables can hold different types of information that are supported by the programming language. Examples are the integer data type and the lists data structure. Variables also exist in procedural programming languages. In object-oriented programming, variables are mainly known as attributes.
Procedures are lists of instructions telling the computer to take input, do some calculations or change data, and return the output to the user. Procedures also exist in procedural programming languages. In object-oriented programming, procedures are mainly known as methods.
Classes are collections of different variables and procedures. Classes usually talk to one another to make changes to data in order to work in a way that the user wants.
Objects is a term used to refer to instances of classes.
Examples
In the examples below, we create a class called Human. This class contains the attributes name (for the name of the person) and friend (for the name of the friend). Each of the methods in the Human class contains a list of instructions that makes use of both the name and friend attributes.
Python
This code is in Python.
class Human(object):
def __init__(self, name, friend=None):
self.name = name
self.friend = friend
def say_name(self):
print(f"My name is {self.name}")
def say_goodnight(self):
if self.friend is None:
print("Good night nobody.")
else:
print(f"Good night {self.friend.name}")
# Create a new Human object named stephen with name "Stephen"
stephen = Human("Stephen")
# Create a new Human object named joe with name "Joe" and stephen as a friend
joe = Human("Joe", stephen)
stephen.say_name() # Shows 'My name is Stephen'
stephen.say_goodnight() # Shows 'Good night nobody.'
joe.say_name() # Shows 'My name is Joe'
joe.say_goodnight() # Shows 'Good night Stephen'
Java
This code is in Java.
The Human class
class Human {
private String name = "unnamed"; // the name of this Human
private Human friend = null; // the Human's friend
// This method creates a new Human object when given the name and friend
public Human(String name, Human friend) {
this.name = name;
this.friend = friend;
}
// This method also creates a new Human object when only given the name
public Human(String name) {
this.name = name;
this.friend = null;
}
// This method creates a new Human object when not given both the name and the friend
public Human() {
this.name = "unnamed";
this.friend = null;
}
public void sayName() {
System.out.println("My name is " + this.name);
}
public void sayGoodnight() {
if (friend == null) {
System.out.println("Good night nobody.");
} else {
System.out.println("Good night " + friend.name);
}
}
}
A method for talking to the Human class above
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a new Human object stephen with name "Stephen"
Human stephen = new Human("Stephen");
// Create a new Human object joe with name "Joe" and stephen as a friend
Human joe = new Human("Joe", stephen);
stephen.sayName(); // Shows 'My name is Stephen'
stephen.sayGoodnight(); // Shows 'Good night nobody.'
joe.sayName(); // Shows 'My name is Joe'
joe.sayGoodnight(); // Shows 'Good night Stephen'
}
}
Criticism
Even though object-oriented programming is popular, some people think that it is bad and criticize it.
Luca Cardelli wrote a paper titled 'Bad Engineering Properties of Object-Oriented Languages'.
Richard Stallman wrote in 1995, "Adding OOP to Emacs is not clearly an improvement; I used OOP when working on the Lisp Machine window systems, and I disagree with the usual view that it is a superior way to program."
A study by Potok et al. tells us that there is very little difference in productivity between OOP and procedural approaches.
Christopher J. Date said that comparing OOP to other things, especially how OOP and the other things are related, is difficult because people don't agree on the meaning of OOP.
Alexander Stepanov suggested that OOP gives a point of view that is limited as far as math, and called it, "almost as much of a hoax as Artificial Intelligence"
Paul Graham has suggested that the purpose of OOP is to act as a herding mechanism which keeps average programmers in average organizations from "doing too much damage". This also slows down faster, better programmers who know how to do things in a more powerful and more compact way.
References
Computer science |
25627 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message%20%28computer%20science%29 | Message (computer science) | In computer science, a message is a bit of data, which is sent by a sender, to a recipient. This is usually done by copying the data around. In an event-driven model, the recipient will then act in a certain way to the message.
Computer science |
25628 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball | Handball | (For the different sport of the same name played with two, three or four players, see.)
Handball (also known as team handball, field handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport similar to football (soccer). Two teams of 7 players each (six players and a goalkeeper) pass and bounce a ball using the hands, trying to throw it into the goal of the other team. Games are an hour of playing time, divided into 30-minute halves, with 15 minutes break at halftime. The size of the court is a little bigger than a basketball court, 40 meters by 20 meters, which is the same court as indoor soccer. It has a six-meter line which no one but the goalie is allowed to have possession of the ball and touching the ground. If this happens, a foul is called and the player committing the foul gets ejected, (sitting out of the game for two minutes, five minutes, or the rest of the game). There are seven players total on a handball team, six players and a goalie. Most historians agree that handball predates soccer, (football) but that is not for certain
References
"Team handball." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012 |
25641 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar | Oscar | Oscar can refer to two things:
Academy Award, commonly known as the Oscars
Oscar (given name), a male given name |
25652 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve%20Olympians | Twelve Olympians | The Twelve Olympians are the most important gods of Greek mythology, who lived atop Mount Olympus. Seventeen gods have been said to have been Olympians, but there were never more than twelve at the same time.
Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered to be Olympians. Hestia, Dionysus, and Hades are the gods who have sometimes been Olympians. Thus, it is theorized that Hestia gave up her place to Dionysus because she wanted to live amongst humans however no records of this actually exist
The Olympians became the most important gods when Zeus and his brothers and sisters won a war against the Titans. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades are all brothers and sisters. All the other gods are Zeus's children and have different mothers.
Gods who are Olympians
Zeus is the most important god. He is the ruler of Mount Olympus and is the god of the weather. "If you were to chain the heavens and attempt to drag me down, with the power of you all, you could not. If I were to attempt to drag you down, it would be an easy matter."
Poseidon is the god of the oceans. He is the next most important god to Zeus along with Hades.
Hera is Zeus' wife. She is the goddess of marriage.
Ares is the god of war and violence.
Artemis is the goddess of hunting and animals.
Hephaestus is the god of fire and forging.
Apollo is the god of light, dance, music, medicine, archery, and poems.
Hermes is the messenger of the gods. He is also the god of travelers, thieves and shepherds.
Hestia is the goddess of the home and family.
Demeter is the goddess of the earth, wheat, flowers and plants.
Aphrodite is the goddess of love and beauty.
Athena is the goddess of wisdom, the arts, industry, justice and skill.
References |
25655 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro%20Botticelli | Sandro Botticelli | Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi ( – May 17, 1510), known as Sandro Botticelli (, ), was one of the greatest painters of the Florentine Renaissance. His The Birth of Venus and Primavera are often said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the Renaissance. His most famous painting is Birth of Venus, however he does have a lot of famous artworks: Fortitude, Madonna and Child, Adoration of the kings and many more. His auction record tops 10 million. Sandro Botticelli was unique; he was influenced by the revival of greek and roman ideas in Florence at the time, Botticelli was one of the first western artists since classical times to depict non religious subject matter
Young Botticelli
Botticelli was born in Florence in the working-class rione of Ognissanti. At first he did an apprenticeship to become a goldsmith. Following the boy's wishes, his doting father sent him to Fra Filippo Lippi. Lippi was working on frescoing the Convent of the Carmine. Lippi's synthesis of the new control of three-dimensional forms, tender expressiveness in face and gesture, and decorative details inherited from the late Gothic style were the strongest influences on Botticelli. Another influence were the Pollaiuolo brothers.They were doing a series of Virtues for the Tribunale or meeting hall of the Mercanzia. This hall was a cloth-merchants' confraternity.Botticelli contributed to this the Fortitude, dated 1470 in the Uffizi Gallery.
He was an apprentice too of Andrea del Verrocchio, where Leonardo da Vinci worked beside him, but he made his name in his local Church of Ognissanti, with a St. Augustine that successfully competed as a pendant with Domenico Ghirlandaio's Jerome on the other side "the head of the saint being expressive of profound thought and quick subtlety" (Vasari). In 1470 he opened his own independent studio.
Being discovered by the Medici
Lorenzo de' Medici was quick to employ his talent. Botticelli made consistent use of the circular tondo form and did many beautiful female nudes, according to Vasari. The Birth of Venus was at the Medici villa of Castello.
Influences of religion on Botticelli
Sandro was intensely religious. In later life, he was one of Savonarola's followers. Botticelli burned his own paintings on pagan themes in the notorious "Bonfire of the Vanities". Earlier, Botticelli had painted an Assumption of the Virgin for Matteo Palmieri in a chapel at San Pietro Maggiore. In this painting, it was rumored, both the patron who dictated the iconic scheme and the painter who painted it, were guilty of heresy. People did not say what kind of heresy it was. The ideas that could be seen as heresy seem to be gnostic in character:
"By the side door of San Piero Maggiore he did a panel for Matteo Palmieri. In it, a large number of figures represent the Assumption of Our Lady with zones of patriarchs, prophets, apostles, evangelists, martyrs, confessors, doctors, virgins, and the orders of angels, the whole from a design he received from Matteo. Matteo was a worthy and learned man. Botticelli executed this work with the greatest mastery and diligence. He introducing the portraits of Matteo and his wife on their knees. But although the great beauty of this work could find no other fault with it, people said that Matteo and Sandro were guilty of grave heresy. If this is true or not, I cannot say." (Vasari, about Botticelli)
This is a common misunderstanding. It is based on a mistake by Vasari. The painting referred to here, now in the National Gallery in London, is by the artist Botticini. Vasari confused their similar sounding names.
Other influences
The Adoration of the Magi for Santa Maria Novella, ca1476, contains portraits of Cosimo de' Medici ("the finest of all that are now extant for its life and vigour"), his grandson Giuliano de' Medici, and Cosimo's son Giovanni, were effusively described by Vasari:
"The beauty of the heads in this scene is indescribable, their attitudes all different, some full-face, some in profile, some three-quarters, some bent down, and in various other ways, while the expressions of the attendants, both young and old, are greatly varied, displaying the artist's perfect mastery of his profession. Sandro further clearly shows the distinction between the suites of each of the kings. It is a marvellous work in colour, design and composition."
In 1481, Pope Sixtus IV summoned him and prominent Florentine and Umbrian artists who had been summoned to fresco the walls of the Sistine Chapel. The iconological program was the supremacy of the Papacy. Sandro's contribution was moderately successful.
He returned to Florence, and "being of a sophistical turn of mind, he there wrote a commentary on a portion of Dante and illustrated the Inferno which he printed, spending much time over it, and this abstension from work led to serious disorders in his living." Thus Vasari characterized the first printed Dante (1481) with Botticelli's decorations; he could not imagine that the new art of printing might occupy an artist. As for the subject, when Fra Girolamo Savonarola began to preach hellfire and damnation, the susceptible Sandro Botticelli became one of his adherents, a piagnone left painting as a worldly vanity, burned much of his own early work, fell into poverty as a result, and would have starved but for the tender support of his former patrons.
Related pages
List of Italian painters
References
1445 births
1510 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
People from Florence |
25665 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes | Hermes | Hermes is the messenger of the gods. He is the god of travellers and shepherds in Greek mythology. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and is often shown with his caduceus.
Hermes is the son of Zeus and Maia. He was born on Mount Cyllene. The story of his birth was told in the Homeric Hymn, which means Hymn to Hermes. It said that Maia was a nymph.
Hermes was very clever and on his first day invented the lyre, by using the shell of a tortoise. He carries a golden sword. One of the myths about Hermes is that he once stole his brother's oxen, and burned them as a sacrifice.
Children
Tyche was a daughter with Aphrodite.
Hermaphroditus was a son with Aphrodite.
Related pages
Turms - Etruscan mythology version of Hermes
Mercury - Roman mythology version of Hermes
Other websites
Twelve Olympians |
25666 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia | Maia | Maia is the goddess of the fields in Greek mythology. She is the oldest of the Pleiades. She is also the most beautiful and the shyest.
The Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. Maia and her sisters were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia.
Maia was the mother of Hermes by Zeus, who is another god. She gave birth to Hermes in a cave in Arcadia. After Maia gave birth to Hermes she wrapped him in blankets and then went to sleep. When she woke up, Hermes had crawled away to Thessaly and had invented the lyre and stole some of Apollo's cattle.
Maia also looked after Arkas when Hera had turned his mother, Kallisto, into a bear.
Related pages
Pleiades (mythology)
Nymphs |
25667 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades%20%28mythology%29 | Pleiades (mythology) | The Pleiades are seven nymphs in Greek mythology, and companions of Artemis. They were the seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph Pleione. They were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia.
The Pleiades
Maia, who was the eldest. She was the mother of Hermes by Zeus.
Elektra, who was the mother of Dardanus and Iasion by Zeus.
Taygete, who was the mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus.
Alkyone, who was the mother of Hyrieus by Poseidon.
Kelaino, who was mother of Lycus and Eurypylus by Poseidon.
Asterope (also called Sterope), who was mother of Oenomaus by Ares.
Merope, who was youngest, and married Sisyphus.
Nymphs |
25668 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval%20commune | Medieval commune | Medieval townspeople in western Europe during the period of the High Middle Ages needed protection from lawless nobles and bandits. The walled city was protection from direct assault, but once a townsperson left the city walls, he or she was at the mercy of often violent and lawless nobles in the countryside. Because much of medieval Europe lacked central authority to provide protection, such as a police force (to use a modern analogy), each city had to provide its own protection for citizens both inside the city walls, and outside. In order to do this towns formed what are called communes.
Every town had its own commune and no two communes were alike, but at the heart, communes were sworn alliegences of mutual defense. When a commune was formed, all particpitating members gathered and swore an oath together, in public, they would defend each other in time of trouble. In addition they would swear to maintain the peace within the city proper.
What did it mean for a commune member to defend another? Obviously if a commune member was attacked outside the city it was too late to call for help as it would be unlikely anyone would be around in time. Instead the commune would promise to exact revenge on the attacker, the promise of revenge being a form of defense. However, what would happen if the attacker was a noble who had a castle, too strong for the townspeople? This was often the case and certainly the town commune could not muster the forces to attack a castle. Instead they might attack the nobles family, or burn his crops, or kill his serfs, or destroy his orchards. It was eye for eye violent revenge.
The commune movement started in the 11th century in northern Italy which had the most urbanized population of Europe at the time, and in what is now Belgium which was also relatively urban at the time. It then spread in the early 12th century to France, Germany, and Spain and elsewhere. England never saw much of the commune movement because it was by comparison a pretty well run kingdom and did not need local protection forces. Although in most cases the development of communes was connected with that of the cities, there were rural communes, notably in France and England, that were formed to protect the common interests of villagers.
The Church and King both had mixed reactions to communes. On the one hand they agreed safety and protection from lawless nobles was in everyones best interest. The communes intention was to keep the peace through the threat of revenge, and the Church was sympathetic to the end result of peace. However the Church had their own ways to enforce the peace such as the Peace and Truce of God movement, for example. On the other hand, communes disrupted the order of medieval society. The methods the commune used, eye for an eye, violence begets violence, were generally not acceptable to Church or King. Normally only the noble lords are allowed to fight and the merchant townspeople were the workers, not fighters. There was a sense the communes were a threat to the medieval 3-tiered social order: Those who work, those who pray, those who fight. Communes crossed the line between working and fighting. As such communes were sometimes accepted, and other times not by the Church and King. One of the most famous cases of a commune being suppressed and the resulting defiant urban revolt occurred in the French town of Laon in 1112.
Middle Ages |
25678 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism | Imperialism | Imperialism is a policy (way of governing) in which large or powerful countries seek to extend their authority beyond their own borders. The policy of imperialism aims at the creation of an empire.
Imperialist countries take control of other countries. They may use military force to do this. However, they may also avoid using military force. They may simply establish economic and/or political control over the other country.
Imperialist policies of countries or kingdoms have goals of taking over more land to create bigger empires.
The ruler of an empire gains natural resources such as agricultural and mining products. Human resources are also gained. Conquered peoples may be forced into slavery or into low-wage work. They may also be called into military service on behalf of the empire. Trade markets are also gained. The people under an imperial government may be forced to buy products from that government or from that government's industries.
Thus, a policy of imperialism can vastly enrich the imperialist country. This benefit can extend over a long period of time.
Imperialism has been practiced throughout recorded history. However, there is one historical period that is specifically known as the Age of Imperialism. This period extends from the early 18th century to the mid-20th century.
During the Age of Imperialism, modern and industrialized countries competed for control of pre-industrial parts of the world. In pre-industrial areas, natural and human resources were widely and cheaply available. The imperialist countries that acquired the largest empires during the Age of Imperialism are The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.
Some writers use the term "imperialism" informally. They use the term to mean any type of domination of one country over another part of the world. Domination especially happened in Asia and Africa.
Other websites
Imperialism Quotations
State, Imperialism and Capitalism by Joseph Schumpeter
Economic Imperialism by A.J.P.Taylor
Imperialism Entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia (Bartleby)
The Nation-State, Core and Periphery: A Brief sketch of Imperialism in the 20th century. |
25679 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy | Heresy | Heresy is a word used by different religious groups, used to describe someone who has ideas that are different from what the religion or law teaches. Such a person is known as heretic.
In the Middle Ages it was not uncommon to accuse someone of heresy. If the accusations could be proven, the culprit would go through a ritual. Since torture could be used, the accusations were often proven. The ritual was done to save the soul of the convicted criminal. It involved being burnt while tied to a post.
Still in the 21st century Muslims who apostatize are often treated very harshly and frequently killed.
Jesus Christ himself was regarded as a heretic by the Jewish leaders at the time- see Gospel of Matthew 26:57-67
The Roman Catholic Church in early times had great trouble with heretical christological doctrines, such as Monophysitism and Arianism. The Church sees several heresies in Protestantism:
Protestants claim only scripture (the Bible) is relevant for the faith (sola scriptura); the Catholic Church says traditions are also important.
Protestants say that belief is enough to be saved (sola fide). Catholics say that good deeds are necessary as well.
Protestants say that anyone can be a priest; the only requirement is that the person is baptised. In the Catholic and Orthodox churches, priests are ordained. This means that some people are not priests, even though they have been baptised.
According to Protestants, there is no Transubstantiation during mass (liturgy).
The Roman Missal contains heresies, according to Protestants
As a result of the Protestant Reformation, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith was created in the Roman Catholic Church which protects the Church against heresies. It is the last instance to decide what constitutes a heresy, and how to deal with it.
References
Theology |
25681 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks | Cossacks | Cossacks () (from Cuman cosac, meaning "free man") was a group of people in the southern land of Ukraine and Russia. They are famous for their sense of being free. They are also well known for their military skill, mostly the way they ride horses
The name Cossack means "free man". The term was first used in the year 1395. The most well known Cossacks are the Ukrainian Cossacks from Zaporizhzhia and the Russian Cossacks (kazaks) from Don, Terek, Kuban and Ural areas. They started after the Mongols attacked Kievan Rus. Eventually Russian Cossacks guarded land for the Russian government. Cossacks were in the Russian army in some wars throughout the 1800s and 1900s. In the Russian Civil War most fought against the Red Army but some were "Red Cossacks". In Soviet times, the Cossacks' life was subject to a lot of Bolshevik attacks and Cossack lands survived several famines. Cossack armies fought on both sides in the Second World War. In Russia today, Cossacks are ethnic descendants or are in the Cossack army and often both.
References
Ukrainian people
Ukraine |
25686 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/41 | 41 | Year 41 (XLI) is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Saturninus.
Events
Roman Empire
January 24 – Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula) is assassinated by his unhappy Praetorian Guards.
January 25 Claudius is made Roman Emperor by the Senate.
Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.
Seneca the Younger is banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla
Claudius restores religious freedom to the Jews throughout the empire.
An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.
Asia
Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shentong. He places his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.
Births
February 12 – Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, son of Claudius and Messalina
Deaths
Julia Drusilla, daughter of Caligula
Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus
Milonia Caesonia, wife of Caligula
41 |
25687 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1341 | 1341 |
Events
The Queen's College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.
Petrarch is crowned poet laureate in Rome, the first man since antiquity to be given this honor.
Beginning of the Breton War of Succession over the control of the Duchy of Brittany
Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expels her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child. She subsequently marries Louis of Bavaria without having been divorced, which results in the excommunication of the couple. |
25688 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1522 | 1522 |
Events
January 9 – Adrian Dedens becomes Pope Adrian VI.
February 26 – Execution by hanging of Cuauhtémoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador Hernán Cortés.
April 22 – Battle of Bicocca – French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.
July 28 – Beginning of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I's siege of the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.
September 6 – The Vittoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, returns to Sanlcar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
December 18 – The Turks finally break into Rhodes, but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.
December 20 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta and become known as the Knights of Malta.
First Diet of Nuremberg.
The third edition of the Textus Receptus of the Bible published. |
25698 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Sign%20Language | American Sign Language | American Sign Language (old names: Amslan, Ameslan ) is the most popular sign language for the Deaf in the United States, in the English-speaking parts of Canada, and in parts of Mexico. Although the United Kingdom and the United States share English as a spoken and written language, British Sign Language (BSL) is different from American Sign Language. ASL actually comes from French Sign Language, as Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet went to England for help learning sign language to teach to his deaf neighbors. He could not find anyone willing to teach him the British Sign Language, but did find some French people who were willing to help, he convinced one of them to travel back to the United States with him to set up the first deaf school in the U.S.
ASL is also used (sometimes with other sign languages) in the Philippines, Singapore, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe. Like other sign languages, its grammar is different from any spoken language.
ASL includes fingerspelling. Fingerspelling is a way to show the written letter. ASL uses one hand to show the English alphabet, although there are ways to show alphabets from other languages. Names of people and places can be fingerspelled. Fingerspelling is also used for words that have no sign, or for when people are confused about what a used sign means.
Statistics
Counting the number of ASL speakers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census. ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured. The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP) by Schein and Delk (1974). Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP, Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000. The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing.
Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of statistics. Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use. This accounts for cited estimations which are greater than 500,000. Such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000.
ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth-most-spoken language in the United States. These figures misquote Schein and Delk (1974), who said ASL speakers constituted the third-largest population requiring an interpreter in court.
References
Bibliography
Other websites
ASL browser(See lots of signs in American Sign Language)
ASLPro.com Home
Sign languages |
25699 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign%20language | Sign language | A sign language is a way of communicating by using the hands and other parts of the body. It should not be confused with body language. Sign languages are an important way for deaf people to communicate. Deaf people often use them instead of spoken languages. Spoken languages use sounds from the mouth and are understood with the ears. Sign languages use hands and are understood with the eyes. Deaf people can use sign languages more easily than spoken languages.
Language learning and use
Deaf people sometimes learn a sign language from their family, especially if their parents are deaf. But, most deaf children have hearing parents, so they learn a sign language from other deaf people. They may meet other deaf people at school or in the streets. Hearing people may learn to sign directly from deaf people. Or, they may learn a sign language by going to signing classes or by studying a sign language workbook, which can come with an interactive DVD.
Sometimes deaf people do use a spoken language, especially when talking with hearing people. Sometimes hearing people use a sign language with each other, rather than speaking. But, deaf people tend to use sign languages, and hearing people tend to use spoken languages.
Some deaf people can also understand spoken words by looking at a speaker's lips. This is known as lip-reading. It is hard to learn, and few people do it well. Sometimes signing and lip-reading are combined, especially when deaf and hearing people are talking to each other.
History
Sign languages have always existed in deaf communities. In ancient texts we see authors commenting about deaf people and sign language. In the western world, the first studies dedicated to sign languages date from the 17th century. In 1620, in Spain, the priest Juan Pablo Bonnet published a text about teaching deaf people to speak, using gestures as a tool. The language of signs created by Bonet was used by Abbé Charles-Michel de l-Épée, to create a fingerspelling alphabet in the 18th century. This alphabet has changed very little since then, and is used with sign languages in many countries.
The sign alphabet created by l-Épée, however, is not the origin of French Sign Language, the sign language that has influenced many other sign languages around the world. Even before l-Épée started teaching deaf people, they already used Old French Sign Language, and could read and write in French. This was a great advance, because it proved that deaf people could be educated and didn’t needed speech to think and learn.
Different sign languages
Sign languages are not universal. That means there is not one single sign language for all deaf people around the world. There are many different sign languages. Each deaf community can develop its own sign language. Usually there is a different sign language in each country. Linguists have identified at least 137 different sign languages.
Here are some well-known sign languages:
This list could use more variety. It doesn't need to list every language. However, you can help Wikipedia by adding languages that aren't related to the ones already here.
American Sign Language (ASL)
Auslan (Australian Sign Language)
Austrian Sign Language
British Sign Language (BSL)
Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
(JSL or NS)
Mexican Sign Language (Spanish: Lengua de señas mexicana or LSM)
Nicaraguan sign language
New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL)
Quebec Sign Language (French: Langue des signes québécoise, or LSQ)
Turkish Sign Language (TSL)
However, sign languages are not totally independent from each other. Sign languages can develop from the same source. For example, ASL, LSM, and LSQ all developed from Old French Sign Language. They are part of the same language family. Sign languages can be similar to each other. BSL, Auslan, and NZSL are very much alike. Linguists sometimes talk about them as if they are one language. They call it "BANZSL" (an acronym for "British Australian New Zealand Sign Language"). Sign languages can influence each other. They sometimes copy signs from other sign languages, the same way spoken languages copy loanwords.
Grammar of sign languages
According to the American Heritage Dictionary, signing is "a language that uses a system of manual, facial, and other body movements as the means of communication, especially among deaf people." Sign languages have their own grammar rules: syntax, morphology, phonology and semantics. Sign languages are not simply mime. They are not gestures strung together without any rules. Sign languages are real languages.
(People sometimes also use the term "sign language" to talk about a "method of communication, as between speakers of different languages, that uses hand movements and other gestures." This article is about the first use of the term "sign language". It is talking about a real language that must be learned, not just a set of simple gestures that anyone can dream up to communicate.)
A sign language is not a copy of a spoken language. For example, American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL) are not copies of English. They are different from each other, even though they are both used in countries that speak English. Sometimes sign languages may copy a few elements from a spoken language, but usually they are very different. For example, sign languages often use different locations in space around the signer to represent people or objects that are being talked about. These locations are used like pronouns in spoken languages.
The main difference between sign languages and spoken languages is that sign languages use hand and body movements to form signs while spoken languages use sounds to form words. Really, each sign in a sign language is like a word in a spoken language. Both types of languages use grammar rules to combine words/signs into sentences. That's what makes them languages, and why both types of languages are different from mime or simple gestures.
Spoken words are made up of smaller pieces: individual sounds like "p" or "o". In the same way, signs are made up of smaller pieces: handshapes, movements and locations of the hands, facial expressions and other body movements. These pieces are used in different combinations to make the signs in the language Some signs are made with only one hand, and others are made with both hands. Some signs include movements of the mouth or other parts of the body; without those other movements, the sign is not correct. Other body movements are also important in the grammar. For example, in many sign languages, raised eyebrows indicate a question that has a "yes" or "no" answer.
The grammar rules of different sign languages are similar to each other, but they aren't the same. There is not a universal grammar for sign languages; each sign language has its own grammar. For example, sign languages use different handshapes to form signs; each sign language has its own set of handshapes.
Sometimes a sign looks like the object or action it represents, but this is not always true. For many signs, a person just has to learn the meaning, like words in a spoken language. It's not easy to guess the meaning from what the sign looks like. This is another thing that makes sign languages different from mime; in mime, the meaning of a gesture is obvious, it doesn't have to be learned. However, signs aren't totally arbitrary either. Once a person knows the meaning of a sign, the form of the sign can often help remember the meaning.
Fingerspelling
Besides normal signs, many sign languages use fingerspelling. Fingerspelling is also known as a "hand alphabet" or "dactylology". In fingerspelling, each letter in the alphabet of a spoken language has its own sign. Fingerspelling is a tool. People use it to spell names, acronyms and other words from spoken languages. Sometimes people do this when there is not a sign yet. Sometimes people use a fingerspelled word even when there is a normal sign for the same meaning. For example, when talking about a person, a signer might spell their name using fingerspelling. Or, they may use a "name-sign"—a special sign for that person.
Fingerspelling is not universal. It is different in different sign languages. Two sign languages may have a similar fingerspelling system. Or, their fingerspelling systems may be very different. Some fingerspelling systems use only one hand. ASL uses a one-handed system. Other sign languages use both hands for fingerspelling. The BANZSL languages use a two-handed system. There are different fingerspelling systems for different writing systems. Japanese is written with different letters than English. This means fingerspelling in Japanese Sign Language is different from fingerspelling in ASL or BANZSL. ASL uses a lot of fingerspelling. Most sign languages use less fingerspelling than ASL. Some sign languages don't use fingerspelling at all.
Writing sign languages
There is not any official way of writing signs. Some deaf and hearing people think there should be. Some have invented different ways of writing sign languages. Here are some of them.
Stokoe notation was invented by William Stokoe. He did it for his 1965 Dictionary of American Sign Language. People have used it for a few other languages too. Few people use it now.
The Hamburg Notation System (HamNoSys) is a technical system. Linguists use it for research on sign languages. Most of these linguists are in Europe.
Sign Language International Phonetic Alphabet (SLIPA) is another technical system. It is intended for research.
SignWriting was developed by Valerie Sutton starting in 1974. People can use it for ordinary day-to-day use. It works for many different sign languages.
si5s is also intended for ordinary day-to-day use. It is a system for ASL.
ASL-phabet is a system designed by Sam Supalla for ASL. He has used it in deaf schools.
Other users of sign language don’t think writing signs is something useful. Usually, deaf people just write the spoken language in their country. They don't try to write the sign language.
Sign languages in deaf culture
Deaf people have their own culture. It is similar to the culture of hearing people around them, but there are important differences. Deaf people have different experiences from hearing people. This makes their culture different.
Sign language is the most important part of deaf culture. Through a sign language deaf people can create a social and cultural identity for themselves. They can communicate naturally with each other. The shared sign language helps hold their deaf community together. Hearing people use spoken languages to do the same things.
Some children are born deaf. Others lose their hearing because of illness when they are very young. These children often learn how to sign and become a part of the deaf community and deaf culture.
However, some people who are physically deaf do not participate in deaf community and deaf culture. Some people lose their hearing later in life. These people usually continue to interact with hearing people using a spoken language. They do not learn to sign. They do not make friends with deaf people who sign. They depend on hearing aids, lip-reading, or writing notes to communicate with their hearing friends.
Some deaf children learn to speak and lip-read a spoken language. This is a difficult skill, but some children succeed. Also, some may have surgery to get a cochlear implant. A cochlear implant helps some deaf children hear better. It is not the same as normal hearing, but it can help them learn to speak. These deaf people can interact with hearing people using a spoken language.
The term "deaf culture" usually refers only to the culture of deaf people who sign.
Related pages
American Sign Language (ASL)
VRS Video Relay Service
Deaf
Notes
Other websites
ASL browser(See lots of signs in American Sign Language)
British Sign Language Learn more about British Sign Language.
British Sign Online Online British Sign Language course.
ASLPro.com Home
Disability
Language-related lists |
25701 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Di%C3%A9-des-Vosges | Saint-Dié-des-Vosges | Saint-Dié-des-Vosges is a city in the northeast of France, in Lorraine.
Demography
Now about 23,000 people live there.
Tourism
Surrounded by the Vosges mountains, it is a popular resort for tourists.
Cathedral
Museum Pierre-Noël
Events
The city is famous for the International Festival of Geography, which takes place every autumn.
Higher education
Electronics, computer science, graphic design and communication are studied at the University Institute of Technology.
In French it is called "IUT" (Institut universitaire de technologie).
People of Saint-Dié-des-Vosges
Jules Ferry
Yvan Goll
Other websites
Saint-Dié-des-Vosges website
Institut universitaire de technologie
Communes in Vosges
Subprefectures in France |
25708 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian%20Ridgeback | Rhodesian Ridgeback | Rhodesian Ridgeback is a breed of dog.
It has a red-brown coat of fur on its body and a line of hair down its back which is different from the rest of hair on its body. They are sometimes called The African Lion Dog, because they were used by hunters in Africa to find and confuse lions while the hunter shot the lion.
References
Other websites
Rhodesian Ridgeback and other dog breeds
Rhodesian Ridgeback Startpage.
Dog breeds |
25718 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glove | Glove | A glove is a piece of clothing that covers a hand. There are many different kinds of gloves. Gloves are made of many different fabrics and materials, and gloves are used in many ways.
Gloves worn for protection
People wear thick gloves, usually made of wool or fabric, to keep their hands warm in cold weather. They wear thin gloves (usually made of rubber or plastic) to keep their hands clean. People also wear thin gloves made of rubber or plastic to keep things they touch clean. Some workers wear gloves made of heavy rubber to protect their hands from chemicals. A mitten is a glove which has a separate place for the thumb, but the other four fingers are together. There are also mittens, which are very similar to gloves. Gloves and mittens are usually used to protect people from cold, and chemicals. People use latex gloves during Earth day to clean up.
Gloves worn for fashion
There are also gloves that are worn for fashion, because they look good. These type of gloves are made from leather, fur, or different fabrics.
Gloves worn in sport
Gloves are worn in sports, the most common reason being for extra grip for the competitors hands. Like in golf, baseball and goalkeepers in soccer.
Mittens
The word is used for certain kinds of usually knitted gloves. Some don't have separate finger pieces, and are made for children. Others have separate finger pieces without tips, so the wearer can use his fingers for delicate work, and keep his hands warm at the same time.
Other websites
Glove Size Measurement & Chart |
25720 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20High%20%282005%20movie%29 | Sky High (2005 movie) | Sky High is a 2005 movie from Walt Disney Pictures, starring Kurt Russell.
Plot
This movie is about superheroes. Will Stronghold has two superhero parents. His dad, Steve, is The Commander, who is very strong. His mother, Josie, is Jetstream, who can fly. Will is expected to have great powers of his own, but he finds that he does not have any. He enters his school, Sky High, where the students are sorted into "hero" and "sidekick." Will is given the position of a sidekick and takes different classes than the hero track. He later tells his dad about this, who is not happy that his son will not be like him.
At school, Will also has an enemy named Warren Peace. The Commander put Warren's father away for three life terms. During a lunch, Warren gets very mad at Will and starts throwing fireballs, which is his superpower. Will dives under a bench. It is here his power comes to him; super strength, like his dad. He manages to defeat Warren and both are put in a time out room where their powers do not work. His mother is not happy, but his dad is very happy that Will has powers. Steve shows Will the hiding place where the Stronghold family does all of their activities.
Will's new powers put him up in the hero track, where he is partnered with a girl named Gwen Grayson. Will soon falls for Gwen and does not keep up with the friends he made as a sidekick. Will has an old friend named Layla, whose power is to grow plants. Will gets more popular. Gwen gets him to invite all the popular kids for a party. When Layla comes over to tell Will that she loves him, Gwen stops her and tells her that Will has new friends. Layla is upset. When Will learns about it, he breaks off the date. He was going to go to the prom with Gwen, but now decides to stay home.
His parents go to the prom instead. There was going to be a ceremony to honor the best superhero of all time. During the prom, however, it is revealed that Gwen is really a villain named Royal Pain. The Commander thought he killed her off, but when he zapped her, she simply became a baby instead. The years passed and she grew into another teenager. Royal Pain puts on her suit and uses her weapon to make everyone become babies.
Will comes on down to the school. He is very sorry for how he acted as a hero and tells his sidekick friends that he needs all of their help to beat Royal Pain. Lash and Speed, two bullies on Royal Pain's side, are knocked out. Ethan tricks Lash and stuffs his head down the toliet. Then he becomes a puddle of ooze, which causes Speed to slip. Warren, now on Will's side, throws fireballs to knock Speed down.
Magenta, whose power is to become a rat, climbs into the system and tries to disable it, otherwise the school will fall from orbit and everyone will die. Penny, a cheerleader who can make multiple copies of herself, surrounds Layla. Layla does not want to fight, but when they hit her, she uses her power to make all the plants come out and bind the cheerleaders down.
Will finds Royal Pain outside. She has loaded all the babies onto the bus and will retrain them to be bad people. He tells her to put his father down. They fight. Will is winning when Layla bursts in, distracting Will. Royal Pain manages to throw Will out of the window. All seems lost when Will appears in the window – he too has Josie's power of flying. He then kicks Royal Pain out of the window. The school begins to fall down. Will goes outside and uses his power to try to keep the school from hitting the ground. Magneta cuts the wire in time and saves the school from crashing into the ground.
Steve and Josie give their award to all of the sidekicks that helped out. All of the villains re put into the time-out room. As Will and Layla become a couple, the final narration states that Ron Wilson became a superhero after falling into a vat of toxic waste, Will and Warren became best friends and Sue and her henchmen are now Will's archenemies.
Other websites
Disney's official Sky High site
Cast
Michael Angarano as William "Will" Theodore Stronghold, a freshman at Sky High, whose parents are the two most famous superheroes — Commander and Jetstream — as well as Maxville's top real estate agents in their secret identities. His super strength, inherited from his father, and his ability to fly, inherited from his mother, start as inactive and gradually manifest over the film.
Danielle Panabaker as Layla Williams, Will's childhood best friend and eventual love interest/girlfriend, who is a pacifist vegetarian and is able to animate and control plant life. Her mother's abilities are said to allow her to talk to animals and her father is a normal human.
Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Grayson / Royal Pain (suit actress) / Susan "Sue" Tenny, a senior at Sky High whom Will, along with everyone else, falls in love with. Her power is technopathy. Winstead said of her role, "I bounced around. I was either the hero of the sidekicks or the sidekick to the heroes." When she attended Sky High the first time, no one understood her class of powers and she was slated as a sidekick and a weirdo, eventually turning into a supervillain. An accident with the "Pacifier" de-aged her during a battle with The Commander.
Patrick Warburton provides the voice of Gwen in her Royal Pain suit. Winstead also serves as the suit actress of Gwen in her Royal Pain suit.
Steven Strait as Warren Peace, the son of an unnamed superheroine and a supervillain known as Baron Battle who is in jail with four life sentences. He is pyrokinetic. Warren is a high school outcast who tries to lead a decent life, but is often misunderstood due to being a son of a felonious father. His name is a pun of the novel, War and Peace.
Dee Jay Daniels as Ethan Bank, a sidekick and one of Will's friends who can melt into a fluid (which earned him the nickname "Popsicle").
Kelly Vitz as Magenta "Maj" Lewis, one of Will's friends who shapeshifts into a guinea pig with purple highlights and streaks in her fur.
Nicholas Braun as Zachary "Zach" Braun / Zack Attack, Will's childhood friend who has the latent ability to glow in the dark.
Malika Haqq and Khadijah Haqq as Penny Lent, Gwen's best friend who duplicates herself and is naturally athletic.
Jake Sandvig as Lash, a skinny bully at Sky High who has elasticity.
Will Harris as Speed, an overweight bully at Sky High who can run at an extremely high speed.
Lynda Carter as Principal Powers, the principal of Sky High who has the power to change into a luminous energy form resembling a comet and back at will. Her catchphrase is "Comets away".
Bruce Campbell as Tommy Boomowski / Coach Boomer / Sonic Boom, the gym teacher at Sky High who has his ability to release sonic waves from his vocal cords which can be listed as sonic screaming. His real name is listed as Tommy Boomowski in the Commander's Sky High Yearbook. Coach Boomer's job is to sort the superheroes from the sidekicks and oversee the civilian rescue exercise.
Kevin Heffernan as Ron Wilson, Sky High's good-hearted bus driver. He is the offspring of two super-powered parents, just like Will Stronghold is the offspring of the Commander and Jetstream, but does not have any powers. He feels a great sense of pride in driving the "superheroes of tomorrow" to school. It is revealed at the end of the film that he fell into a vat of toxic waste, gaining superpowers of his own.
Kurt Russell as Steve Stronghold / The Commander, Will's father who is one of the world's strongest superheroes, displaying superhuman strength and invulnerability, and is a successful businessman in his secret identity. In a deleted scene, it is revealed that Steve was an investigative reporter who seeks to change his career before becoming a real estate agent.
Kelly Preston as Josie DeMarco-Stronghold / Jetstream, Will's mother and a successful real estate agent. As Jetstream, she uses the power of supersonic flight; she is also touted as being an expert in hand-to-hand combat.
Cloris Leachman as Nurse Spex, a kind and eccentric elderly lady that serves as Sky High's single known school nurse, with the ability of x-ray vision. She is the one who tells Will that not everybody gets powers even if they are the child of two superheroes.
Jim Rash as Mr. Grayson / Stitches, Royal Pain's bumbling cackling sidekick. He raised her as his daughter after she was turned into a baby by the "Pacifier".
Dave Foley as Jonathan Boy / All-American Boy, The Commander's old sidekick who works as Hero Support teacher at Sky High.
Kevin McDonald as Professor Medulla, The Mad Science teacher with a hyper-advanced (and oversized) brain, which grants him advanced intelligence, creativity and a multitude of genius-level skills.
Kim Rhodes as Professor Jeannie Elast / Elastic Girl, a girl who has the talent to twist her body into anything she wants. Her character was never shown in the final cut of the film.
Tom Kenny and Jill Talley as Mr. and Mrs. Chester Timmerman, a couple who witnesses Will prevent Sky High from falling on their new home.
Loren Berman as Larry, a nerdy boy who can turn into a rock monster.
Dustin Ingram as Carbon Copy Kid, a boy that can make himself look like anyone.
Nicole Malgarini as Freeze Girl, a girl with cryokinetic powers.
References
2000s superhero movies
2005 movies
American family movies
American superhero movies
Disney movies |
25723 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales%20of%20Symphonia | Tales of Symphonia | Tales of Symphonia is a role-playing video game released in 2004 for the Nintendo GameCube. It is a fantasy RPG.
Story
The main character Lloyd Irving and his friends, Genis Sage and Colette Brunel, are sent away from the town where Lloyd lived. Genis' sister Raine and the mercenary Kratos join them. While traveling, Colette begins to change into an angel. Lloyd learns that she is in charge of saving the world. Two groups of people want her to stop. They are the Desians, bad guys that enslave humans, and Sheena, a woman that wants to kill Colette. Sheena and Colette save each other from the Desians and become friends. Eventually, they get ready to save the world. Kratos betrays Colette and the others to Cruxis, the angels who control the Desians. Lloyd and the others manage to escape. They go to a different world called Tethe'alla. There, they make three new friends called Zelos, Presea, and Regal. Kratos still wants to find them and the Cruxis leader, Mithos, is very angry. Lloyd's group learns that if they want to save the world, they need to have Sheena gain the power of the eight "Summon Spirits". The spirits are magical creatures. After using the power of the summon spirits, the problem gets worse. Lloyd and Kratos need to work together to save the world from being destroyed by the Giant Kharlan Tree. Yuan uses a drug where it puts people to sleep on everyone. After this, Lloyd wakes up in the middle of the night. Kratos is with Yuan and two of Yuan's henchman. Lloyd learns that Kratos is his father. Kratos dives in front of Lloyd to stop him from being hurt. Kratos then tells Lloyd that there is a ninth Summon Spirit by the name of Origin. Lloyd has to fight Kratos to get its help because Origin was sealed by Kratos himself. The Summon Spirit helps Lloyd use the eternal sword. After this, they go to Derris Kharlan and there is one last battle with Mithos.
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Role-playing video games
2004 video games
Windows games
Video games developed in Japan |
25730 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant%20Reformation | Protestant Reformation | The Protestant Reformation was a series of events that happened in the 16th century in the Christian Church. Because of corruption in the Catholic Church, some people saw that the way it worked needed to change. People like Erasmus, Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Luther and John Calvin saw the corruption and tried to stop it. This led to a split in the church, into Catholics and various Protestant churches. The Protestant reformation triggered the Catholic Counter-Reformation.
Martin Luther's posting of The Ninety-Five theses at Wittenberg is seen as the start of the Protestant Reformation. This happened in the year 1517. John Knox brought Luther's ideas to Scotland and founded the Presbyterian Church. As various countries adopted Protestant ideas, wars broke out between Catholic and Protestant factions and countries. Many people died in these wars, which included the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. These wars were not just about religion. Since most countries have recognized (state) religion, many of the disputes were political. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 recognized Protestants when the signers agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. This included their chosen religion.
The recent invention of the printing press helped spread awareness of the Church's abuses. A start was made in translating the Bible into various local languages. For example, John Wycliffe and William Tyndale worked on translating it into the English language. Much of Tyndale's translation was used in the King James version of the Bible. Luther translated the Bible into German.
Causes of Reformation
The start of the 16th century, many events led to the Protestant reformation. Clergy abuse caused people to begin criticizing the Catholic Church. The greed and scandalous lives of the clergy had created a split between them and the peasants. Furthermore, the clergy did not respond to the population's needs, often because they did not speak the local language, or live in their own diocese. The papacy lost prestige.
However, the split was more over doctrine than corruption. The main points of criticism were:
The Bible was only printed in Latin, and not in the local language. And printing was controlled by the church by a system of censorship. Catholic Mass, the Church's chief religious service, was also in Latin. This meant the people could not check whether what the priest said was actually correct.
The church sold tickets of indulgences (forgiveness) from sins for money. This suggested that the rich could buy their way into Heaven while the poor could not - quite the opposite of what the Bible says. (See Gospel of Matthew 19:24)
Religious posts were often sold to whoever was willing to pay the most money for them, see Simony. This meant many priests did not know enough about Christianity. So they told the people many different things. Some of the things had little to do with what was written in the Bible.
In 1515, the Pope started a new indulgence campaign to raise money for the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, a church in Rome. Preachers came to Germany to sell the indulgences, promising that money could release souls from purgatory. Martin Luther, a German Catholic monk thought this went too far. On October 31, 1517, he sent his 95 theses to the local archbishop in protest. It is said he nailed a copy to the door of a church in Wittenberg. These theses, written in Latin, were points that Luther wanted to debate. Most of them related to the problems caused by the sale of indulgences. Luther said that the idea the money could buy forgiveness prevented people from turning away from sins. He said that it also made people give less money to the poor. Luther did not attack the Pope. He blamed the abuses on others. Nevertheless, his ideas implied that the pope was corrupt also. Without Luther's permission, the 95 Theses were translated into German and sent to many places. Many people agreed with Luther. The Catholic Church tried to stop these new ideas, but without much result. Luther was considered an enemy of the Pope, and when he refused to change his ideas he was excommunicated (put out of the church). In the beginning, Luther had not planned to separate from the Catholic Church or to create a new religion; he wanted to reform the Catholic Church.
Consequences
In many countries, Christians put the needed reforms listed by Luther into practice. People began to read the Bible in their own language, and many could see for themselves how the Catholic Church had let the Christian faith become corrupted. Many who stayed in the Catholic Church adopted some of Luther's ideas. The Pope reestablished the Inquisition to combat heresy. The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant reformation with the counter-reformation. Between 1545 and 1563 the Council of Trent met to decide what to do. Some of the worst abuses were eliminated but many of the old teachings were kept. The Inquisition tried to force people to keep those ideas. Finding force not very successful, the Pope created new religious orders like the Jesuits. These new religious orders were told to combat Protestantism by educating the population to Catholicism. The Pope made the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of banned books. It had a big influence in its first centuries and was not ended until the 1960s. The Catholic Church used baroque art to touch the religious feeling of the faithful and bring them to the Catholic religion.
In addition to the conflict in the churches, there were political consequences. Common people were made more open to questioning their leaders. In 1524-1525, millions of peasants rebelled against the nobles in the name of equality of humanity in front of God. Many countries in Europe choose Protestantism as the state religion and so Europe was divided by religion. This brought religious wars such as the French Wars of Religion. For a short time, Protestant and Catholic had managed to live with one another and with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. This Peace recognized the confessional division of the German states and gave the right to Protestants to practice their religion.
Longer Term Impacts
Catholic countries such as Spain and Italy for a long time didn't allow Protestants to live there, and Protestant countries kept out Catholics. With the American Revolution the idea of freedom of religion began to expand. Protestants are influential in the United States and the English Canada. Quebec was a (formerly French) Catholic province of Canada. After the Seven Years War the British imposed the Quebec Act granting freedom of religion in Quebec, while including in Quebec some of the present day United States, for example Ohio and Michigan. Catholics were granted religious freedom in those areas. Protestant colonists saw this as one of the Intolerable Acts. In later centuries, many Protestant churches were established in the province of Quebec. Many Catholic churches began in Ohio and Michigan. Eventually most Christian countries allowed some religious freedom.
Churches based on Reformation ideas have multiplied into different forms, especially in historically Protestant countries. Even in much of Latin America, which is historically Catholic, Evangelical churches, which follow many of the Protestant ideas have greatly expanded. In the 20th century, some countries still had state churches, but also allowed full freedom of religion. In these countries, conflict between Protestant and Catholic Christians have become less important. They have to work together to confront a more secular society. In 2016 Pope Francis praised Luther in a prayer service commerating the 500th anniversary of the Refomatiom. In turn, some Protestant churches have embraced some Catholic worship traditions, and others have praised them for their stand on social issues.
Related pages
Protestantism
References |
25732 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon | Sermon | A sermon is a speech that a priest or other speaker gives during church service. The speech has a theological, religious or moral content. The purpose of a sermon is to give hope to the people who hear it, or to encourage them to do right things in their lives. The speaker may also talk about the current problems of the community, and offer ways to solve them.Very often, sermons given by priests or other clergy are based on passages from the Bible.
Other websites
Sermon central
A large collection of professional sermons
Christian genres |
25734 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand | Sand | Sand is a mixture of very small pieces of different rocks or minerals. It is the same minerals from which those pieces are broken, such as granite and feldspar. Sand is gritty to touch. It is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. Sand is also formed various rocks by weathering and erosion. Erosion breaks large boulders into smaller rocks. They get smaller and smaller until they reach the beach or a low-lying area as sand.
Sand grains are between the size of gravel grains (which is from 2 mm to 64 mm) and the size of silt (which is around 0.0625 mm to 0.004 mm). Most sand is found on beaches, and in deserts. The most common sands are made of silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2). Calcium carbonate is the second more common.
Sand dunes are made when wind or a river pulls sand into a mountain-like shape. They can be found in deserts, but sometimes high up on beaches too.
Sand is crucial in the process of mixing concrete. It can also be used to make sand castles. Sand is sometimes in households for aesthetic purposes.
Examples of Sand
Other websites
Basic English 850 words
Geology |
25738 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsatian%20language | Alsatian language | Alsatian (, ) is a Germanic language. It is spoken in Alsace (eastern part of France).
References
German dialects
Languages of Europe
Alsace |
25753 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20McEwan | Ian McEwan | Ian Russell McEwan CBE, FRSA, FRSL (born 21 June 1948), is an English novelist (who is also called "Ian Macabre" because of the type of his early work).
Biography
McEwan was born in Aldershot, Hampshire, England and spent much of his childhood in the Far East, Germany and North Africa where his father, an officer in the army, was posted. He was educated at the University of Sussex and the University of East Anglia, where he was the first graduate of Malcolm Bradbury's pioneering creative writing course.
He has been married twice. His second wife, Annalena McAfee, is the editor of the Guardian's Review section.
In March and April of 2004, just months after the British government had invited him to a dinner with First Lady of the United States Laura Bush, McEwan was denied entry into the United States by the United States Department of Homeland Security for not having the proper visa for earning a living (McEwan was preparing to give a series of paid lectures). Only after several days and publicity in the British press was McEwan admitted because, as he said a customs official had told him, "We still do not want to let you in, but this is attracting a lot of unfavourable publicity."
He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the Shakespeare Prize by the Alfred Toepfer Foundation, Hamburg, in 1999. He was awarded a CBE in 2000.
Works
His first published work was the collection of short stories First Love, Last Rites (1975), which won the Somerset Maugham Award in 1976.
The Cement Garden (1978) and Black Dogs (1992) were his early novels.
His 1997 novel, Enduring Love, about a person with de Clerambault's syndrome, is regarded by many as a masterpiece, though Atonement has received equally high acclaim.
In 1998, he was controversially awarded the Booker Prize for his novella, Amsterdam.
His 2005 novel, Saturday, follows an especially eventful day in the life of a neurosurgeon. Mr Henry Perowne, the main character, lives in a house on a square in central London where McEwan himself lives after relocating from Oxford.
The 2007 novel, On Chesil Beach, was a short novel about one couple in England and how they experience love and sexuality in the early 1960s. The novel was on the short list of possible Booker Prize winners.
His most recent novel, Solar, is a comedy. A fictional Nobel Prize winning physicist with a disorganized personal life is the main character.
Bibliography
Novels
The Cement Garden (1978, filmed in 1993)
The Comfort of Strangers (1981, filmed in 1990)
The Child in Time (1987)
The Innocent (1989, filmed in 1993)
Black Dogs (1992)
Enduring Love (1997, filmed in 2004)
Amsterdam (1998)
Atonement (2001)
Saturday (2005)
On Chesil Beach (2007)
Short fiction collections
First Love, Last Rites (1975)
In Between the Sheets (1978)
Children's fiction
Rose Blanche (1985)
The Daydreamer (1994)
Plays
The Imitation Game (1981)
Screenplays
Ploughman's Lunch (1985)
Sour Sweet (1989)
The Good Son (1993)
Oration
or Shall We Die? (1983)
Introduction
What We Believe but Cannot Prove : Today's Leading Thinkers on Science in the Age of Certainty, John Brockman, ed. (2005)
References
Other websites
Official website
Ian McEwan in Guardian Books: Authors section
Powells.com interview
Salon.com interview
PBS interview: Faith and Doubt at Ground Zero
1990 audio interview with Don Swaim at Wired For Books
1948 births
Living people
Booker Prize winners
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English novelists
Royal Society of Arts
Royal Society of Literature
Writers from Hampshire |
25754 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong | Mahjong | Mahjong is a game for four players that was created in China. It is a game of skill, intelligence, calculation and luck.
The Set-Up
A Mahjong game is played at a square table (four sides all the same length). The dealer is called the "east" player and everyone else is called a different direction because of where they are sitting - so the person to East's left is South, the person across from East is West, and the person to East's right is North. If East wins, he is the dealer again for the next round; if he does not, the dealer is the person to his right (North). That person then becomes East. A game of Mahjong ends when every player has been the dealer four times, or when they have played the number of rounds they said they would play before they started.
Solitaire
A single-player version of this game exists, called Mahjong Solitaire. It is based on the four-player game, but can be played by one person, so it is one of the games that are played often on computers (such as Solitaire, Spider Solitaire, or Minesweeper). Mahjong Solitaire is much simpler than four-player Mahjong: it is played without dice or chips, by removing tiles (set up in the shape of a pyramid) from the board in sets of two. Each set of two has to match - they are either exactly the same, or go together (two "flowers" tiles, for example). A Mahjong Solitaire player wins when he picks up all the tiles, or he loses when he runs out of sets of two that he can pick up.
Other websites
Games |
25755 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia | Ionia | Ionia was a region in the west of Asia Minor in Ancient Greek times. It was in what is now Turkey. It was the birthplace of the Hellenic civilization. The Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus, caused the migration of Ionic Greeks across the Aegean sea to Anatolia about 1000-900 BCE. The original Greek settlements in the region were numerous and small, but by the 8th century BCE they had consolidated themselves into 12 major cities—Phocaea, Erythrae, Clazomenae, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, and Miletus on the mainland, with the islands Chios and Samos.By the end of the 7th century the Ionian cities had achieved great prosperity through their trading enterprises, their colonization efforts, and their manufacture of ceramics, textiles, and metalware. After World War One it was granted to Greece from Turkey in the Treaty of Sèvres, along with most of the islands in the Aegean sea, Thrace, and Turkey's most important city, Istanbul. The Turkish army drove the Greeks out soon after, killing many Greek people. They did not challenge the Greeks on the Aegean Islands, though.
Ancient Greece |
25765 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic | Harmonic | A harmonic of a wave is the part of a signal's frequency that is a whole multiple (an integer) of the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. If f is the fundamental frequency (that is, 1f), then the harmonics have frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f..., and so on. The second harmonic (2f) has a frequency twice that of the fundamental frequency, the third harmonic three times, and so on. This concept applies to wave motions of any form of energy, but is perhaps most often related to acoustics.
Frequencies that lie between one harmonic and another harmonic are called interharmonics. For example, 1⅓f is an interharmonic between the fundamental frequency (or first harmonic) and the second harmonic. Interharmonics is a term invented, or at least standardised, by the international electronics industry about 1999, particularly for use in electrical energy. However, interharmonic frequencies also occur naturally in other radiant energies, for example music or any type of sound.
Related pages
Harmonics (music)
Harmonic series (mathematics)
Harmonics (electrical power)
Sine wave
Wave physics |
25766 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20Ross%20Trophy | Art Ross Trophy | The Art Ross Trophy is given to the top scoring player each year in the National Hockey League (NHL). The player with the most points (goals plus assists) is given the trophy. If two players have the same number of points, the award goes to the player with the most goals. If they are tied in goals, it goes to the player who has played fewer games. If they are tied in games, it goes to the player who scored his first goal of the year the soonest.
Wayne Gretzky has won this trophy ten times, the most of any player. Gordie Howe and Mario Lemieux each won six trophies; Phil Esposito and Jaromir Jagr won five; Stan Mikita won four; and Bobby Hull and Guy Lafleur each won it three times.
The Art Ross Memorial Trophy was first awarded in 1948. This list includes all NHL scoring champions:
Winners
Bold Player with the most points ever scored in a season.
Related pages
List of NHL players
List of NHL statistical leaders
References
National Hockey League trophies and awards |
25778 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towel | Towel | A towel is a form of cloth or paper used for drying things. There are many types of towels, such as a beach towel and a washcloth, a small towel used for cleaning dishes and bodies. Towels have many different uses, such as drying yourself after a shower, or wiping a table clean.
For the body, fabric terry towels are mainly used, consisting mainly of cotton fibers due to their high absorbency (reaching up to 300%).
Fabric towels belong to the group of piece textiles. Textile towels often have a sewn loop with which they can be hung on wall furniture hooks for use (previously it was recommended to sew a loop at both ends so that the towel wears out more evenly). In addition to hooks, towels can also be placed in a state thrown over a barbell, and thanks to this straightened suspension, they dry faster. Fabric towels can have finishes such as lace, embroidery, appliques and others.
Disposable towels can be made both in piece form and in a roll, both from paper and non-woven material.
Materials |
25785 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Georgia%20and%20the%20South%20Sandwich%20Islands | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom claimed by Argentina. They are in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The territory was started in 1985, before that it was classed as part of the Falkland Islands. The islands do not have a native population, but in 2006 they had around 20 people on the islands. Most of these people were scientists who are at Bird Island, museum staff at Grytviken and the British Government Officers.
Antarctic region |
25789 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman%3A%20Rise%20of%20Sin%20Tzu | Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu | Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu is an action-adventure game video game. It was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Gamecube. It is also available for the Game Boy Advance and PC.
The game is based on Batman: The Animated Series. In the game Batman faces a new enemy who sends Gotham City into chaos.
Some critics said that beat 'em up was too recurring and it lacked the story of Batman Vengeance.
2003 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Game Boy Advance games
Windows games
Xbox games
Ubisoft games
Batman video games
Video games based on television shows |
25792 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein | Vein | A vein is a type of blood vessel in the body. All veins carry blood to the heart. Most veins carry blood that is low in oxygen, except for the pulmonary vein and the umbilical veins which carry blood that is high in oxygen.
A vein has a large lumen (width) and less pressure than an artery. There are smaller amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibres in the vessel wall. Most veins have one-way valves that keep blood from going backwards.
Veins carry blood to the heart and move to the heart through the vena cava, the biggest vein in human body Other important veins are the coronary veins(veins on the heart) and renal veins(veins on the kidney).
Veins are mainly seen just below the skin, and could easily be seen from the outside, where they look blue because of the lack of oxygen.
The blood carried by veins is dark red, but when a vein is cut or pierced, the dark blood immediately reacts with the oxygen in the air and becomes bright red colored. The vein appears blue because of the scattering of light through the skin and the way the eye perceives color and light.
Blood vessels |
25793 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa%20Senators | Ottawa Senators | 6otr Stanley Cup Champions bet on it ;)
The Ottawa Senators are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. They are members of the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Senators play their home games at the 19,153 seat (20,500 capacity) Canadian Tire Centre, which opened in 1996.
The team was started by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone, the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name. The original Ottawa Senators, founded in 1883, had a rich history, winning 11 Stanley Cups and playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934. On December 6, 1990, after a two-year public campaign by Firestone, the NHL awarded a new franchise, which began play in the 1992–93 season. The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk, and in 2011, the club was valued by Forbes Magazine at $201 million.
The team has had success, qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs in twelve of the past fourteen seasons, four division titles, the Presidents' Trophy in 2003 and appeared in the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals. The success has been reflected in attendance. The club has averaged over 18,000 fans per game since 2005–06, peaking at 19,821 in 2007–08.
Players and personnel
Team captains
Laurie Boschman, 1992–1993
Mark Lamb and Brad Shaw, 1993–1994 (co-captains)
Gord Dineen, 1994
Randy Cunneyworth, 1995–1998
Alexei Yashin, 1998–1999
Daniel Alfredsson, 1999–2013
Jason Spezza, 2013–2014
Erik Karlsson, 2014–2018
Head coaches
Statistics are accurate through the firing of Guy Boucher.
General managers
Source: Ottawa Senators 2009–10 Media Guide, p. 206.
Other personnel
Mark Aubry, team physician
Bob Lowes, director of amateur scouting (2014–2016)
Honoured members
Honoured members
Hall of Famers
Roger Neilson – Senators' assistant coach and head coach (2001–2003) was inducted (as a Builder) on November 4, 2002, for his career in coaching.
Dominik Hasek – Senators' goaltender (2005–2006) was inducted in 2014 for his career as a goalie.
Retired numbers
1 Finnigan was honoured for his play from 1923 through 1934 for the original Ottawa Senators (as a right wing, 1923–1931 and 1932–1934). He was the last surviving Senator from the Stanley Cup winners of 1927 and participated in the 'Bring Back the Senators' campaign.
The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All-Star Game.
Ring of Honour
Bryan Murray – Senators' head coach (2005–2008) and general manager (2007–2016).
Retired numbers
1 Finnigan was honoured for his play from 1923 through 1934 for the original Ottawa Senators (as a right wing, 1923–31 & 1932–34). He was the last surviving Senator from the Stanley Cup winners of 1927 and participated in the 'Bring Back The Senators' campaign.
2 Gretzky's sweater number was retired league-wide by the NHL.(Source:
Team record
Season-by-season record
This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Senators. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Ottawa Senators seasons
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes
Team scoring leaders
These are the top-ten regular season point-scorers in franchise history after the 2018–19 season:
''Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game average;
Source: Ottawa Senators Media Guide
NHL awards and trophies
Prince of Wales Trophy
2006–07
Presidents' Trophy
2002–03
Calder Memorial Trophy
Daniel Alfredsson: 1995–96
NHL Plus-Minus Award
Wade Redden: 2005–06 (shared with Michal Rozsival of the New York Rangers)
Jack Adams Award
Jacques Martin: 1998–99
Paul MacLean: 2012–13
James Norris Memorial Trophy
Erik Karlsson: 2011–12, 2014–15
King Clancy Memorial Trophy
Daniel Alfredsson: 2011–12
Mark Messier Leadership Award
Daniel Alfredsson: 2012–13
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy
Craig Anderson: 2016–17
NHL All-Rookie Team
Daniel Alfredsson: 1995–96
Sami Salo: 1998–99
Marian Hossa: 1998–99
Martin Havlat: 2000–01
Andrej Meszaros: 2005–06
Mark Stone: 2014–15
NHL First All-Star Team
Zdeno Chara: 2003–04
Dany Heatley: 2006–07
Erik Karlsson: 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
NHL Second All-Star Team
Alexei Yashin: 1998–99
Dany Heatley: 2005–06
Daniel Alfredsson: 2005–06
Team records
Source: Ottawa Senators.
References
Notes
Other websites
Official website |
25794 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary%20Flames | Calgary Flames | The Calgary Flames are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1972 in the city of Atlanta, and moved to Calgary in 1980. They won the Stanley Cup in 1989. They also made the Stanley Cup finals in 1986, losing to the Montreal Canadiens, and in 2004, losing to the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to three. The Flames won the Presidents' Trophy as regular season champion in 1988 and 1989.
The Flames play in the Scotiabank Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is called the "Saddledome" because the roof is shaped like a saddle.
Some of the best players to play for the Flames include Al MacInnis, who won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs in 1989; Jarome Iginla, who won the Art Ross Trophy as top point scorer in 2001-02, as well as the Rocket Richard Trophy as top goal scorer in 2001-02 and 2003-04; Lanny MacDonald, who scored 500 career goals, mostly on Calgary; Gary Suter, who won the Calder Trophy as "rookie of the year" in 1985-86 and captained the team to their only Stanley Cup win; goaltender Mike Vernon; and forwards Joe Mullen, Joe Nieuwendyk, and Theoren Fleury.
References
Other websites
Official website |
25796 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton%20Oilers | Edmonton Oilers | The Edmonton Oilers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They joined the NHL in 1979, after seven years in the World Hockey Association. They were named the "Oilers" because Edmonton, Alberta is the center of Canada's petroleum industry.
The Oilers have won the Stanley Cup five times, in 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990. They also won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1984, 1986, and 1987. They lost the 1983 Stanley Cup final to the New York Islanders and the 2006 Stanley Cup Final to the Carolina Hurricanes.
Wayne Gretzky won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP) eight times on the Oilers. He also won the Art Ross Trophy seven times on Edmonton, the goal-scoring title (now known as the Richard Trophy) five times, and the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs twice. Gretzky set many NHL records on the Oilers, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season.
The Oilers have had many other great players: Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1990 and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1984; Paul Coffey won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1985 and 1986; Grant Fuhr won the Vezina Trophy as best goaltender in 1988; Jari Kurri led the NHL in goals in 1986; Bill Ranford won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1990; and Connor McDavid won the Hart Trophy in 2017. Glenn Anderson and Curtis Joseph are among their other top players.
2009–10 Season
References
Other websites
Official website
1972 establishments in Canada
Edmonton Oilers
World Hockey Association teams |
25797 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia%20Flyers | Philadelphia Flyers | The Philadelphia Flyers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967, and have been a strong team for most of their history. The Flyers won the Stanley Cup championship in 1974 and 1975. They also made the finals in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1997, and 2010. They won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1975, 1980, and 1985.
History
Their championship team in the 1970s was led by Bobby Clarke, who won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) in the NHL in 1973, 1975, and 1976. Bernie Parent was also an important part of this team: he was named the NHL's top goaltender in 1974 and 1975, and those same years won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs. Reggie Leach was the NHL's top goal scorer in 1976; he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy that year. Bob Dailey, Rick MacLeish, and Bill Barber were also important members of the 1970s Flyers.
In 1979-80, the Flyers set an NHL record for most games in a row without a loss: 35. No team in North America in hockey, baseball, football, or basketball has had more games unbeaten. Goaltender Pete Peeters was one reason they set this record.
In the 1980s, the team was led by Mark Howe (son of Gordie Howe), a defenceman who also played well on offence. Pelle Lindbergh (1985) and Ron Hextall (1987) both won the Vezina Trophy as the NHL's top goaltender; Hextall also won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1987. Tim Kerr was a high goal scorer.
Eric Lindros won the Hart Trophy in 1995. John Leclair, Mark Recchi, and Eric Desjardins were also strong players in the 1990s.
The Flyers continued to be a strong team in the early 21st century, coming very close to making the Stanley Cup finals twice. Keith Primeau, Peter Forsberg, and Simon Gagne have been among their top players. They lost the 2010 Stanley Cup finals to Chicago Blackhawks in six games, but did not make the playoffs in four out of the last eight seasons (2012-13, 2014-15, 2016-17, 2018-19).
References
Other websites
Official website
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Pennsylvania |
25799 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh%20Penguins | Pittsburgh Penguins | The Pittsburgh Penguins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship five times; in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016 and 2017.
History
Early history
The Penguins had many poor seasons in their first 20 years. They had a good team in the mid-1970s, with players such as Peter Mahovlich, Pierre Larouche, and Jean Pronovost. They missed the semi-finals in 1975 because they lost four games to three to the New York Islanders after being ahead three games to none.
Comeback
Mario Lemieux helped turn the Penguins into a strong team. He won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion six times, in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1996, and 1997; the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1988, 1993, and 1996; the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1991 and 1992; and the goal scoring title in 1988, 1989, and 1996. Lemieux did all this even though he had many injuries.
After their two Stanley Cups (which included a record-tying 11 wins in a row in the playoffs in 1992), the Penguins set the NHL record for most wins in a row, with 17 in 1992-93. They won the President's Trophy that year as the top team in the regular season.
the penguins are the best nhl team
Today
In 2005, the Penguins were one of the worst teams in the league, but they were able to draft Sidney Crosby. Crosby was 6th in NHL scoring in his rookie (first) season in 2005-06, at the age of 18. In 2007, the Penguins made the playoffs, but were eliminated in five games by the Ottawa Senators in the first round. The next year, the Penguins advanced to the Stanley Cup final. However, the Detroit Red Wings beat them in six games.
Returning the next season with new players such as Matt Cooke, Ruslan Fedotenko, Chris Kunitz, Craig Adams, Pascal Dupuis, Bill Guerin, Miroslav Satan, Hal Gill and more. The Pittsburgh Penguins finished the 2008-2009 season in 2nd place in the Atlantic Division behind the New Jersey Devils with 99 points (( 45 wins, 28 loses, and 9 overtime loses)). Pittsbugh went into the NHL Playoffs with the forth seed. Playing rival Philadelphia Flyers in the first round, the Pens went up on the Flyers two games to none winning in OT in game 2. The Flyers won game 3 in Philadelphia, but lost game 4 at home to send it back to Pittsburgh where the Flyers shut the Pens out 3-0 in game 5, but in game 6 the Pens rolled over the Flyers to win game 6 to advance to the 2nd round of the NHL Playoffs facing the Washington Capitals. Losing the first two games in Washington by a goal a piece in each game Pittsburgh had to change up there game to get back into the series. Behind 2-0 going into game three in Pittsburgh Mellon Arena would see another OT Thriller win by the Pens. To keep the series alive Pittsburgh won games 4 and 5 but losing in game 6 in OT to force a game 7 back in Washington. Pittsburgh came out strong to win the game to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals against the Carolina Hurricanes. With Players Stepping up in the series Pittsburgh sweeps the Cains in 4 straight games to send them back into the Stanley Cup Finals for the second time in a row. With the Detroit Red Wings winning the Western Conference Final series against the Blackhawks there would be another face off in Detroit with the same two teams. Last season Detroit won the first 3 games and losing games 4 and 5 (game 5 in triple over time) but to win the Stanley Cup in game 6 at Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh already knowing how it feels to lose in the Stanley Cup Finals, Pittsburgh knew what could happen. With a repeat of Detroit, the Red Wings won the first 2-game, making it look like it the Penguins would lose again. Pittsburgh came back to tie up the series 2-2. Pittsburgh lost 5-0 to make the series 3-2, giving Detroit a chance to win it in Pittsburgh for the second time. Pittsburgh scoring the first two goals, which were by Jordan Staal and Tyler Kennedy. With 11:59 left, Chris Draper of Detroit scored on a rebound to put the game at 2-1. With 1:43, Detroit player Dan Cleary had a huge break away but was stopped by goaltender Marc-André Fleury. Also, with 13 seconds left in regulation, Detroit crashed the net to attempt to send it into OT but Fleury and Rob Scuderi making big stops in front of the net to force a game 7 in Detroit. With no Scoring in the first period someone had to score soon. Scoring the Penguins only two goals, Max Talbot scored early in the second and also in the middle of the 2nd period. With Detroit getting shut out, the Red Wings made the game interesting with 6:07 left in the 2009 NHL season John Ericson scored to make the game 2-1. Pulling Osgood giving Detroit the extra skater, Detroit had a chance to put the puck in the back of the net with just seconds left, but Fleury with an amazing "Martin Brodeur roll" like save the Pittsburgh Penguins would become the 2009 Stanley Cup Champions.
Members
Jaromír Jágr was also a big star on the Penguins. He won the Art Ross Trophy five times, in 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001; and the Hart Trophy in 1999. Tom Barasso, Paul Coffey, Ron Francis, and Kevin Stevens have also been strong players over the years.
The Penguins almost moved to Portland, Oregon in the late 1990s, but Lemieux (along with some investors) bought the team. Lemieux then came back to play in late 2000 (he had retired in 1997), and continued until 2006.
References
Other websites
Official website
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Pennsylvania |
25800 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn%20Smythe%20Trophy | Conn Smythe Trophy | The Conn Smythe Trophy is a trophy in the National Hockey League awarded to the most valuable player in the playoffs each year. It was first awarded in 1965. Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche goaltender Patrick Roy has won it three times, more than any other player.
Normally the trophy goes to a player of the Stanley Cup champion. Sometimes it goes to someone on the losing team. Trophy winners on losing teams are marked with as asterisk (*) in the list below.
Winners
Related pages
List of NHL players
List of NHL statistical leaders
References
National Hockey League trophies and awards |
25801 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20Kings | Los Angeles Kings | The Los Angeles Kings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).
History
The team began in 1967. They were named at least in part for a former minor league hockey team called the Los Angeles Monarchs. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens. They won their first Stanley Cup in team history on June 11, 2012, defeating the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 2. The team won their second Stanley Cup on June 13, 2014 after they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of Game 5.
The Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.
Players
Other strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Dave Taylor, Bernie Nicholls, and Larry Murphy.
References
Other websites
Official website
1967 establishments in California
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Los Angeles Kings |
25802 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Louis%20Blues | St. Louis Blues | The St. Louis Blues are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship once in 2019, though they made the finals in each of their first three seasons. The Blues won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in the year 2000.
Origin
The name Blues is a pun (play on words) between the colour blue and Blues music; thus a blue note is the team's logo. There is a song entitled St. Louis Blues.
History
First years
In their first years, they had a good team because of experienced players such as goaltender Glenn Hall. In 1968 Glenn Hall won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs. But the team did not win in 1968. They had some trouble in the 1970s. In 1980-81 Mike Liut was named best goalie in the NHL. The 1980s were a good decade for the Blues. Mike Liut, Bernie Federko, Doug Gilmour, and Joe Mullen were all important players for the team in the 1980s.
Later years
The 1990s also were a good decade. Brett Hull led the NHL in goals in 1990, 1991, and 1992, with the help of centre Adam Oates. Hull is the son of Chicago Blackhawks star Bobby Hull. Brett Hull won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1991. Curtis Joseph was a strong goaltender in the 1990s. Al MacInnis (1999) and Chris Pronger (2000) each won the Norris Trophy for best defence; Pronger also won the Hart Trophy in the year 2000. Doug Weight, Pavol Demitra, and Keith Tkachuk were also strong players in the early 21st century. On June 12, 2019, the Blues won their first after defeating the Boston Bruins in game seven of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals.
References
Other websites
Official website
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Missouri |
25803 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio | Ratio | A ratio between two or more quantities is a way of measuring their sizes compared to each other. A ratio can be indicated using colon (":") as a separator (as in 1:4:9), or it can be simply expressed as a fraction (as in ).
For example, if a school has 20 teachers and 500 pupils, then the ratio of teachers to students is written as 20:500 (and pronounced as "20 to 500"). As another example, if a cake mix asks for 100 grams of flour, 300 grams of butter and 25 grams of sugar, then the ratio of flour to butter to sugar is written as 100:300:25 (and pronounced as "100 to 300 to 25").
The first term of a ratio is called antecedent, and the second term is called consequent. This type of ratio has no units. If different quantities are compared, this special type of ratio is called a rate and it has units.
Ratios can be simplified. In the school example, there were 20 teachers to 500 pupils. If we divided the children up into equally sized classes, then each of the 20 teachers' classes would have 25 pupils. That means that for each teacher there are 25 pupils, or alternatively, the teacher-to-pupil ratio is 1:25. Another way to work this out is to divide both sides of the ratio 20:500 by 20. Note that 20:500 is the same as 1:25. Just like there are different ways of writing a fraction (for example ), there are different ways of writing one ratio.
Related page
Dimensionless quantity
Golden ratio
Scale (ratio)
Surface area to volume ratio
References
mathematics |
25804 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction | Fraction | In common usage a fraction is any part of a unit.
Fraction may also mean:
Fraction (mathematics), a quotient of numbers, e.g. "¾"; or, more generally, an element of a quotient field
Fraction (chemistry), a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation
Fraction (religion), the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion
Fraction (politics), a parliamentary party
Fraction (comic), a short-lived comic about the theft of a powersuit |
25806 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality | Proportionality | A proportionality relationship happens when two quantities or numbers x and y are related multiplicatively by a fixed number. This can occur when either their ratio x/y is a fixed number (direct proportionality), or their product xy is a fixed number (inverse proportionality). If x is directly proportional to y, then we write . The fixed number of a proportionality relationship is called the constant of proportionality.
Related pages
Relation (mathematics)
Function (mathematics)
References
Mathematics |
25812 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria | Mitochondria | Mitochondria (sing. mitochondrion) are organelles, or parts of a eukaryote cell. They are in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus.
They make most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that cells use as a source of energy. Their main job is to convert energy. They oxidise glucose to provide energy for the cell. The process makes ATP, and is called cellular respiration. This means mitochondria are known as "the powerhouse of the cell".
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signalling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell division cycle and cell growth.
Structure
A mitochondrion contains two membranes. These are made of phospholipid double layers and proteins. The two membranes have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. They are:
the outer mitochondrial membrane,
the intermembrane space (the space between the outer and inner membranes),
the inner mitochondrial membrane,
the cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane), and
the matrix (space within the inner membrane). Mitochondria are small, spherical or cylindrical organelles. Generally a mitochondrion is 2.8 microns long and about 0.5 microns wide. it is about 150 times smaller than the nucleus. There are about 100-150 mitochondria in each cell.
Function
The mitochondria's main role in the cell is to take glucose and use the energy they stored in its chemical bonds to make ATP in a process called cellular respiration. There are 3 main steps to this process: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, and ATP Synthesis. This ATP is released from the mitochondrion, and broken down by the other organelles of the cell to power their own functions.
DNA
It is thought that mitochondria were once independent bacteria, and became part of the eukaryotic cells by being engulfed, a process called endosymbiosis.
Most of a cell's DNA is in the cell nucleus, but the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Also, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.
The shorthand for mitochondrial DNA is either mDNA or mtDNA. Both have been used by researchers.
Inheritance
Mitochondria divide by binary fission similar to bacterial cell division. In single-celled eukaryotes, division of mitochondria is linked to cell division. This division must be controlled so that each daughter cell receives at least one mitochondrion. In other eukaryotes (in humans for example), mitochondria may replicate their DNA and divide in response to the energy needs of the cell, rather than in phase with the cell cycle.
An individual's mitochondrial genes are not inherited by the same mechanism as nuclear genes. The mitochondria, and therefore the mitochondrial DNA, usually comes from the egg only. The sperm's mitochondria enter the egg, but are marked for later destruction. The egg cell contains relatively few mitochondria, but it is these mitochondria that survive and divide to populate the cells of the adult organism. Mitochondria are, therefore, in most cases inherited down the female line, known as maternal inheritance. This mode is true for all animals, and most other organisms. However, mitochondria is inherited paternally in some conifers, though not in pines or yews.
A single mitochondrion can contain 2–10 copies of its DNA. For this reason, mitochondrial DNA is thought to reproduce by binary fission, so producing exact copies. However, there is some evidence that animal mitochondria can undergo recombination. If recombination does not occur, the whole mitochondrial DNA sequence represents a single haploid genome, which makes it useful for studying the evolutionary history of populations.
Population genetic studies
The near-absence of recombination in mitochondrial DNA makes it useful for population genetics and evolutionary biology. If all the mitochondrial DNA is inherited as a single haploid unit, the relationships between mitochondrial DNA from different individuals can be seen as a gene tree. Patterns in these gene trees can be used to infer the evolutionary history of populations. The classic example of this is where the molecular clock can be used to give a date for the so-called mitochondrial Eve. This is often interpreted as strong support for the spread of modern humans out of Africa. Another human example is the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA from Neanderthal bones. The relatively large evolutionary distance between the mitochondrial DNA sequences of Neanderthals and living humans is evidence for a general lack of interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically-modern humans.
However, mitochondrial DNA only reflects the history of females in a population. It may not represent the history of the population as a whole. To some extent, paternal genetic sequences from the Y-chromosome can be used. In a broader sense, only studies that also include nuclear DNA can provide a comprehensive evolutionary history of a population.
Related pages
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
References
Organelles |
25813 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee%2C%20Michigan | Menominee, Michigan | Menominee is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Around 13000 people live in Menominee. It is part of the twin-city area with Marinette, Wisconsin. It is on the north bank of the Menominee River where the river empties into Lake Michigan. Marinette, Wisconsin is on the south bank of the river.
References
Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan |
25826 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar%20and%20pestle | Mortar and pestle | A mortar and pestle are two tools used with each other to mill (grind) and mix substances.
The Mortar is bowl-shaped, and used to hold the substance to be ground. Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths. The Pestle is a stick used for pounding and grinding.
Mortars and pestles are sometimes used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients to make drugs. They can also be used in cooking to grind herbs.
Related pages
Glass rod
Vortex mixer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle
Tools
Laboratory equipment |
25828 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar | Mortar | Mortar can refer to different things:
Mortar (weapon), an artillery weapon which fires explosives
Mortar (masonry), a material used to fill the gaps between blocks and bind them together
Mortar and pestle, a pair of tools used to crush or grind |
25839 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1212 | 1212 | 1212 (MCCXII) was .
Events
July 10 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground
Battle of Navas de Tolosa
Children's crusade
Crusaders push the Muslims out of northern Spain
In Japan, Kamo no Chōmei writes the Hōjōki, one of the great works of classical Japanese prose
Births
March 22 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (died 1234)
May 6– Constantia of Austria, Margravine of Meissen (died 1243)
Yolande of Jerusalem (died 1228)
Malatesta da Verucchio, Italian condottiero, founder of the Malatesta family (died 1312)
Zita, patron saint of maids and domestic servants (died 1272)
Deaths
March 26 – King Sancho I of Portugal (born 1154)
April 12 – Vsevolod the Big Nest, Grand Prince of Vladimir (born 1154)
October 9 – Philip I of Namur, Marquis of Namur (born 1175)
November 4 – Felix of Valois, French saint (born 1127)
December 12 – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152)
Dirk van Are, bishop and lord of Utrecht
William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale,
Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, 5th Lord of Annandale
Margaret of Huntingdon, eldest daughter of David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon by his wife (born 1180)
Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem (born 1192)
Peter de Preaux, Norman knight in the service of the Angevin kings of England
Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler (born 1156)
Honen Shonin, founder of Jodo Shu, a branch of Pure Land Buddhism (born 1133)
Robert of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bangor |
25842 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1192 | 1192 | 1192 (MCXCII) was .
Events
The Third Crusade ends in disaster. Richard I of England and Saladin negotiate visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City of Jerusalem.
Richard I of England taken hostage by Leopold V of Austria.
Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
Enrico Dandolo becomes Doge of Venice.
Marco Polo Bridge, or Lugouqiao, completed in Beijing.
Births
September 17 — Minamoto no Sanetomo, Japanese shogun (d. 1219)
Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (d. 1223)
Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (d. 1234)
Deaths
April 26 — Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (b. 1127)
April 28 — Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem (b. mid-1140s)
May 5 — Duke Ottokar IV of Styria (b. 1163)
August 25 — Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)
Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rüm
Heads of states
England — Richard I King of England (reigned 1189–1199)
France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned 1180–1223)
Germany — Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor (1191–1197) and King of Germany (1190–1197)
Pope — Celestine III (pope 1191–1198)
China — Emperor Guangzong of Song, 12th emperor of Song China (宋光宗) (reigned 1189–1194)
1192 |
25843 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram%20E.%20McCallum | Hiram E. McCallum | Hiram Emerson McCallum (August 14, 1899 – January 13, 1989) was a mayor of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1948-1951.
1899 births
1989 deaths
Mayors of Toronto |
25845 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Cronkite | Walter Cronkite | Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (November 4, 1916 - July 17, 2009) was an American news reporter. He was the anchor of CBS News from 1962 to 1981. Important events he reported included when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He reported the Apollo 11 moon landing. He also reported on the Watergate scandal, which led to President Richard Nixon resigning from his position. He was often called "the most trusted man in America." People across the country tuned in nightly to hear his coverage of the Vietnam War as it progressed.
The Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University is named after Walter Cronkite.
Career
Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916 in St. Joseph, Missouri. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin. In 1935 he left school to work for the Houston Post. He later worked for several midwestern radio stations. In World War II he was a war correspondent for United Press International. After the war he was chief correspondent at the Nuremberg trials. He went to work for CBS News in 1950. In 1962 he helped start the CBS Evening News. He served as the news anchor until he retired in 1981.
After retiring, in 1981 he was a co-producer of a PBS program, Why in the World. In 1982 he hosted CBS's Universe. He was the host of A&E's Dinosaur. He did Cronkite Remembers for CBS and the Discovery Channel. He also wrote several books. He won several awards during his career. In 1981 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He won two Peabody Awards and several Emmy Awards.
Key stories
Cronkite was known for his coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite was well known for his departing catchphrase "And that's the way it is," followed by the date on which the appearance aired.
Cronkite made history when he became the first television reporter to announce the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In the newsroom at CBS, the cameras were not ready when the news came in over the wire service. Cronkite's voice was broadcast over a blank CBS placard on the screen: "Bulletin . . . In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade. The first reports say the President was seriously wounded, that he slumped over in Mrs. Kennedy's lap, she cried out, 'Oh, no!' and the motorcade went on . . . The wounds perhaps could be fatal . . ." For three and a half days there was no entertainment, no commercials, just the news.
Cronkite's reporting of Vietnam was controversial. He reported the events on the evening news. But at the Tet Offensive he traveled there to see the results. What he saw upset him. On February 27, 1968, Cronkite reported the war in Vietnam could not be won. This was a major change from his usual objective reporting. He was voicing his own opinion on national television. It was the view of David Halberstam and others that Cronkite's broadcast turned many Americans against the war. Also that it played a part in Lyndon B. Johnson's decision not to run for another term as President. The other viewpoint is that Americans had already turned against the war before Cronkite's broadcast. After watching Cronkite's broadcast, Lyndon Johnson said to his press secretary, George Christian, "If I have lost Walter Cronkite, I’ve lost Middle America." Whatever effect Cronkite's broadcast had, by 1967 Johnson's approval rating on the war was down to 32%.
Personal life
Cronkite was married to Mary Elizabeth "Betsy" Maxwell from 1940 until her death in 2005. They had three children. Cronkite died on the morning of July 17, 2009 in New York City, New York from cerebrovascular disease, aged 92.
References
Other websites
Walter Cronkite Honored by NASA with a Moon Rock as an Ambassador of Exploration
Walter Cronkite Narration for Chatham Radio WCC documentary by Mooncusser Films
Walter Cronkite: A Living Legend Still Loving Animals
Biography on InterfaithAlliance
Spacefacts biography of Walter Cronkite
Amateur Radio Today (video)
Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University
University of Texas TV ads
Cronkite's personal blog
Cronkite's filmography on IMDB
Web ZIne from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University
Signature of Walter Cronkite
YouTube clip of Cronkite's famous Tet Offensive commentary on February 27, 1968 edition of CBS Evening News
1916 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
American television news anchors
American war correspondents
Writers from Missouri
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Emmy Award winners
Peabody Award winners |
25846 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog%20Day%20Afternoon | Dog Day Afternoon | Dog Day Afternoon is a 1975 American crime drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson and based on an article from Life magazine. The movie stars Al Pacino, John Cazale, Chris Sarandon and Charles Durning. The story is about bank robbery in New York City.
Cast
The Life article described Wojtowicz as "a dark, thin fellow with the broken-faced good looks of an Al Pacino or Dustin Hoffman". Hoffman was offered the role when Pacino briefly quit. An 18-year-old actor was originally to be cast in the role of Sal to match the age of the actual Salvatore. The table below shows the main cast of Dog Day Afternoon.
Historical accuracy
The movie was based on the story of John Wojtowicz. It keeps the basic facts of what happened, according to the Life article "The Boys in the Bank". According to the article, Wojtowicz, along with Sal Naturile, held up a Chase Manhattan Bank branch in Brooklyn, New York on August 22, 1972.
After being arrested, Wojtowicz was convicted in court and sentenced to twenty years in prison. He served six years.
Wojtowicz wrote a letter to The New York Times in 1975. He said the movie was not completely true. He said the way his ex-wife was shown was not accurate. He also said there was not a talk with his mother. He did say Al Pacino and Chris Sarandon's portrayals of him and his boyfriend Ernest Aron were good. Also, Sal was 18 years old, but is played by a 39-year-old.
Wojtowicz died of cancer in January 2006.
Awards
Dog Day Afternoon won the Academy Award for Writing – Original Screenplay (Frank Pierson) and was nominated for other Oscars:
Best Picture (Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand)
Best Director (Sidney Lumet)
Best Actor in a Leading Role (Al Pacino)
Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Chris Sarandon)
Best Film Editing (Dede Allen)
The movie was also nominated for the following seven Golden Globes, winning none:
Best Motion Picture – Drama
Best Director – Motion Picture (Sidney Lumet)
Best Motion Picture Actor – Drama (Al Pacino)
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture (Frank Pierson)
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Charles Durning)
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (John Cazale)
Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture – Male (Chris Sarandon)
The movie won other awards, including an NBR Award for Best Supporting Actor (Charles Durning) and a Writers Guild Award for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen (Frank Pierson) as well as the British Academy Award for Best Actor (Al Pacino). It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.
In 2009, it was named to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.
References
Other websites
1975 drama movies
1970s comedy-drama movies
1970s crime drama movies
1970s LGBT movies
American comedy-drama movies
American crime drama movies
American heist movies
American LGBT movies
Black comedy movies
English-language movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
LGBT crime movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies directed by Sidney Lumet
Movies set in Brooklyn
Transgender in movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Warner Bros. movies |
25856 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursor | Cursor | A cursor is a shape on a computer screen that shows where actions made with the keyboard or mouse will make a change.
There are 2 types of cursor that most people will use.
The Mouse cursor: The pointer on the screen which the person using the computer can move using the computer mouse. This cursor allows the person to select or "click" items with the mouse. On most computers mouse cursors are the shape of an arrow.
The Text Cursor: Usually seen as a vertical line or rectangle that flashes on and off. The Cursor tells the person using the computer where they are typing things on the screen. They can type letters, numbers and symbols where the cursor is.
The computer automatically moves the cursor one space to the right when a letter, number or symbol is typed. The cursor can be moved to the start of the next line by pressing the Enter Key.
Most Keyboards also have 4 cursor keys to move the text cursor up, down, left or right.
Software |
25857 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20G%C3%B6del | Kurt Gödel | Kurt Gödel (28 April 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – 14 January 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.
Impact
Some people believe Gödel was one of the most significant logicians of all time. Gödel's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.
Fame
Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier.
The more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be things that are true in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself.
Proof
To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.
He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.
Later life
Later in his life, Gödel probably suffered from paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison his food. So when his wife Adele was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating. He died of starvation.
His theory in simple words
To put his theories in simple terms: What he discovered was that some theorems in mathematics may be true, but they cannot be proved to be true.
This sentence is false.
If the sentence were false, the statement would be true, which it cannot be (because we thought it was false)
If the sentence were true, then the statement would be false. But we said it was true.
Therefore, we found a contradiction. This sentence is false is a proposition that is called undecidable. We cannot say if it is true or false.
Some writings
Kurt Gödel: My philosophical viewpoint, c. 1960, unpublished.
Kurt Gödel: The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy , 1961, unpublished.
1906 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American mathematicians
Austrian mathematicians
Deaths from starvation
People from Brno
Set theorists |
25863 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus | Tyrannosaurus | Tyrannosaurus (from Greek: τύραννος tyrannos, meaning "tyrant" and σαῦρος sauros, meaning "lizard"). was a large predatory dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, 68 to 66 million years ago.
Tyrannosaurus was a bipedal carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long, heavy tail. Compared to the large and powerful hind limbs, its forelimbs were small, but powerful for their size. They had two clawed digits.
There is discussion as to whether it was a hunter or a scavenger. Like most dominant meat-eaters of today, such as lions and hyenas, Tyrannosaurus might have been both. It had a very strong jaw, and its bite power could snap the bones of other dinosaurs.
The most famous species of tyrannosaurus is Tyrannosaurus rex. More than 30 specimens have been found. Some of them are nearly complete skeletons, and soft tissue and proteins have been reported in at least one of these specimens. Research is done on its biology, life history and biomechanics. The feeding habits, physiology and potential speed of Tyrannosaurus rex are some topics. Some scientists think Tarbosaurus bataar from Asia is a second species of Tyrannosaurus, but others think Tarbosaurus is a separate genus.
Tyrannosaurus became extinct in the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which wiped out half of all species on Earth.
Size
The estimated size of this dinosaur has changed many times. Packard and colleagues tested dinosaur mass calculations on elephants. They decided that dinosaur estimations are flawed and produce results which were too high. Thus, the weight of Tyrannosaurus could be much less than usually estimated.
Although other theropods rivalled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in size, it was the largest known tyrannosaurid and one of the largest known land predators. It was up to in length, up to tall at the head and up to in weight. By far the largest carnivore in its environment, Tyrannosaurus rex probably preyed on hadrosaurs and ceratopsians, or may have been a scavenger. The debate over Tyrannosaurus as apex predator or scavenger or both is among the longest running in paleontology.
For a long time, Tyrannosaurus was the largest known carnivorous dinosaur. Recently, skeletons of other, slightly larger, carnivores have been found, such as Giganotosaurus, Spinosaurus, and Carcharodontosaurus. Skeletons of Tyrannosaurus were found on the North American continent, but relatives, such as Tarbosaurus, have been found in Asia.
Skull
The largest known Tyrannosaurus rex skulls measure up to in length. Large openings ('fenestrae') in the skull reduced weight and gave places for muscle attachment, as in all carnivorous theropods. But in other respects Tyrannosaurus's skull was significantly different from those of large non-tyrannosaurid theropods. It was extremely wide at the rear but had a narrow snout. This permitted good binocular vision. The skull bones were massive. Some bones were fused, preventing movement between them; but many were pneumatized, with a "honeycomb" of tiny air spaces. This may have made the bones more flexible as well as lighter. These features are part of the tyrannosaurid trend towards an increasingly powerful bite. Its bite easily surpassed that of all non-tyrannosaurids.
The tip of the upper jaw was U-shaped (most non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V-shaped upper jaws), which increased the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite, although it also increased the stresses on the front teeth.
First discovery
The earliest Tyrannosaurus skeletons were found in 1902 by Barnum Brown. Henry Fairfield Osborn, president of the American Museum of Natural History, named the species Tyrannosaurus rex (meaning "tyrant lizard king") in 1905. The most complete skeleton was found in 1990 in South Dakota and named "Sue" after its finder, Susan Hendrickson. Several tyrannosaurids found later are also known by individual names.
Tyrannosaurus has become well known. Many movies and television shows have featured it, such as Jurassic Park. Its skeletons are popular exhibits in many museums.
Jane
Jane is a fossil specimen of a small tyrannosaurid. It is either Nanotyrannus or a juvenile Tyrannosaurus. The skeleton was found in the Hell Creek Formation in southern Montana in 2001.
It took experts four years to make the partial sleleton ready for a museum. Jane went on display at Rockford, Illinois in the Burpee Museum of Natural History. Some paleontologists think Jane was a young tyrannosaurid, about 11 years old when she died. Jane is measured 6.5 metres (21.5 ft) long, about half as long as the largest known complete T. rex specimen, which is 13 m (42.6 ft) long. Experts think Jane weighed about 680 kg (1,500 lbs) when she was alive. Her large feet and long legs show she could perhaps run as fast as 20–30 miles per hour. Her lower jaw has 17 teeth. Her teeth are curved and serrated.
The scientists named her 'Jane' even though they do not know whether she was female. She was named after Jane Solem, a person who helped the Burpee Museum.
The Jane specimen has become part of an argument that scientists have. The scientists disagree whether Nanotyrannus is really a separate genus of tyrannosaurids. Jane's skull is almost exactly the same as the skull of the original Nanotyrannus specimen, which means they are the same species. The Burpee Museum held a conference in 2005. Paleontologists came to the conference and talked about whether these "pygmy tyrants" were adults from a small tyrannosaurid species or young Tyrannosaurus rexes. A few scientists thought they were adult small tyrannosaurids, but most of them decided they were probably young T. rexes.
Scotty
In August 1991, Robert Gebhardt was a high school principal. He joined Royal Saskatchewan Museum palaeontologists on a prospecting expedition. They went to the exposed bedrock along the Frenchman River Valley in southwest Saskatchewan, Canada.
Gebhardt discovered the base of a worn tooth, and a vertebra from the tail. Both looked like they belonged to a T. rex.
In June 1994, RSM palaeontologists began excavating the T. rex. The 66-million-year-old skeleton was the first T. rex skeleton found in Saskatchewan and one of only 12 known in the world at the time. Scotty is one of the largest and most complete skeletons with almost 70% of the skeleton found. A complete articulated cast of the skeleton was finally completed in 2012 and is now on display at its permanent home at the T.rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Scotty's skull has a scar from the eye socket to the nostril. That was probably caused by another T. rex or large carnivore that gripped Scotty's skull in its jaws. The museum staff think this is the biggest T. rex specimen found. It weighed about . Scotty was perhaps in its early thirties at the time of death, and was long, including tail.
In popular culture
Tyrannosaurus rex appears in many works of fiction and literature. A T. rex is important in A Sound of Thunder by Ray Bradbury. A T. rex is a big part of the novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton, and Steven Spielberg's crew built a life-sized robot T. rex and a CGI T. rex for the movie version of Jurassic Park. Many other T. rexes have appeared in books, movies and animated works.
Related pages
Sue (dinosaur)
Theropod
Tyrannosauridae
References
Theropods
Tyrannosaurids
Dinosaurs of North America |
25875 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno | Brno | Brno (-Czech, German: Brünn) is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. About 400,000 people live there. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. Brno is the capital of the South Moravian Region.
There are many historical monuments in the city, for example the Špilberk Castle, Villa Tugendhat, or the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral.
Masaryk University, the second largest university in the Czech Republic, is there. Among other universities in the city are Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts or Brno University of Technology.
Picture Gallery |
25876 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hilbert | David Hilbert | David Hilbert (Königsberg, Prussia, 23 January 1862 –Göttingen, Germany, 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher of mathematics. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential and greatest mathematicians of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Hilbert discovered and developed a range of fundamental ideas in many areas. He worked on invariant theory, the axiomization of geometry, and the notion of Hilbert space. This is one of the foundations of functional analysis. Hilbert and his students supplied much of the mathematics needed for quantum mechanics and general relativity. He was one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic. He was also one of the first people to make the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics, and warmly defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers.
The Göttingen school
In 1895 Hilbert became Chairman of Mathematics at the University of Göttingen, at that time the best research center for mathematics in the world. He remained for the rest of his life. Among his students were: Hermann Weyl, the champion of chess Emanuel Lasker, Ernst Zermelo, and Carl Gustav Hempel. John von Neumann was his assistant. At the University of Göttingen, Hilbert was surrounded by a social circle of some of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century, such as Emmy Noether and Alonzo Church.
Axioms and problems
Hilbert's axioms
The text Grundlagen der Geometrie (Foundations of Geometry) was published by Hilbert in 1899. It proposed a formal set, Hilbert's axioms, instead of the traditional axioms of Euclid. They avoid weaknesses in those of Euclid, whose works at the time were still used textbmathematics is his 1900 presentation of a set of problems that set the course for much of the mathematical research of the 20th century.
He put forward a number of unsolved problems at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900. This is reckoned the most successful and deeply considered compilation of open problems ever to be produced by an individual mathematician. Later he expanded his list to 23 problems.
Hilbert's program
In 1920 he proposed explicitly a research project in metamathematics, which became known as Hilbert's program. He wanted mathematics to be formulated on a solid and complete logical foundation. He believed that in principle this could be done, by showing that:
All of mathematics follows from a correctly chosen finite system of axioms; and
That some such axiom system is provably consistent.
He seems to have had both technical and philosophical reasons for formulating this proposal.
Physics
After 1912, Hilbert turned his focus to physics. At that time, he worked in general relativity and mathematical physics. His work in these fields is also important.
Related pages
Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel, a meditation on strange properties of the infinite, is often used in popular accounts of infinite cardinal numbers.
References
Ewald, William B. (ed) 1996. From Kant to Hilbert: a source book in the Foundations of Mathematics. 2 vols, Oxford.
Jean van Heijenoort, 1967. From Frege to Godel: a source book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931. Harvard Univ. Press.
David Hilbert; Cohn-Vossen S. 1999. Geometry and Imagination. American Mathematical Society. . An accessible set of lectures originally for the citizens of Göttingen.
[David Hilbert] Michael Hallett and Ulrich Majer. eds. 2004. David Hilbert's Lectures on the foundations of Mathematics and Physics, 1891–1933. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. .
Rowe, David; Gray, Jeremy J 2000. The Hilbert challenge. Oxford University Press. .
Other websites
Hilbert's 23 Problems Address
Hilbert's Program
Hilberts radio speech recorded in Königsberg 1930 (in German), with English translation
1862 births
1943 deaths
German academics
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
German geometers |
25878 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%20Russell | Bertrand Russell | Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He was born in Wales, but spent most of his life in England. He worked mostly in the 20th century. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950.
Bertrand Russell wrote many books and articles. He also tried to make philosophy popular. He gave his opinion on many topics. He wrote the essay, "On Denoting", which has been described as one of the most influential essays in philosophy in the 20th Century. He wrote on very serious issues as well as everyday things.
He was a well known liberal as well as a socialist and anti-war activist for most of his long life. Millions looked up to Russell as a prophet of the creative and rational life. At the same time, his stances on many topics were extremely controversial. From 1931 until his death, he was a member of the House of Lords.
Personal life
Born at the height of Britain's economic and political ascendancy, he died of influenza nearly a century later when the British Empire had all but vanished, its power dissipated in two victorious, but debilitating world wars. Russell's voice carried enormous moral authority, even into his early 90s. Russell supported nuclear disarmament a lot, but did not support the American war in Vietnam even when it was popular.
In 1950, Russell was made a Nobel Laureate in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought". He died of influenza.
Beliefs
In his 1949 speech, "Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?", Russell expressed his difficulty over whether to call himself an atheist or an agnostic:
In Russel's book The Impact of Science on Society he wrote:
What people said about Russell
As a man
"Bertrand Russell would not have wished to be called a saint of any description; but he was a great and good man."
— A.J. Ayer, Bertrand Russell, NY: Viking Press, 1972.
As a philosopher
"It is difficult to overstate the extent to which Russell's thought dominated twentieth century analytic philosophy: virtually every strand in its development either originated with him or was transformed by being transmitted through him. Analytic philosophy itself owes its existence more to Russell than to any other philosopher."
— Nicholas Griffin, The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
As a writer and his place in history
"Russell's prose has been compared by T.S. Eliot to that of David Hume's. I would rank it higher, for it had more color, juice, and humor. But to be lucid, exciting and profound in the main body of one's work is a combination of virtues given to few philosophers. Bertrand Russell has achieved immortality by his philosophical writings."
— Sidney Hook, Out of Step, An Unquiet Life in the 20th Century, NY: Carol & Graff, 1988.
"Russell's books should be bound in two colours, those dealing with mathematical logic in red — and all students of philosophy should read them; those dealing with ethics and politics in blue — and no one should be allowed to read them."
— Ludwig Wittgenstein quoted in Rush Rhees, Recollections of Wittgenstein, Oxford Paperbacks, 1984.
As a mathematician and logician
Of the Principia: "...its enduring value was simply a deeper understanding of the central concepts of mathematics and their basic laws and interrelationships. Their total translatability into just elementary logic and a simple familiar two-place predicate, membership, is of itself a philosophical sensation."
— W.V. Quine, From Stimulus to Science, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
As an activist
"Oh, Bertrand Russell! Oh, Hewlett Johnson! Where, oh where, was your flaming conscience at that time?"
— Alexandr I. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, Harper & Row, 1974.
As a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature
In other words, it was specifically not for his incontestably great contributions to philosophy — The Principles of Mathematics, 'On Denoting' and Principia Mathematica — that he was being honoured, but for the later work that his fellow philosophers were unanimous in regarding as inferior.
— Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell, The Ghost of Madness, p. 332.
From a daughter
"He was the most fascinating man I have ever known, the only man I ever loved, the greatest man I shall ever meet, the wittiest, the gayest, the most charming. It was a privilege to know him, and I thank God he was my father."
— Katharine Tait, My Father Bertrand Russell, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975, p. 202.
Quotations
"War does not determine who is right. Only who is left." (Often attributed to Russell, but no sources exist.)
"The secret of happiness is to face the fact that the world is horrible, horrible, horrible." (Source: Alan Wood, Bertrand Russell, the Passionate Sceptic, 1957)
"The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are always so certain of themselves, but wiser people so full of doubts." (Source?)
"You could tell by his [Aldous Huxley] conversation which volume of the Encyclopaedia Britannica he'd been reading. One day it would be Alps, Andes and Apennines, and the next it would be the Himalayas and the Hippocratic Oath." (Source: Parris, M., Scorn: With Added Vitriol, London: Penguin, 1996, quoting Russell's 1963 letter to Ronald W. Clark)
"A Tale of Two Moralities" "I dislike Nietzsche," Russell wrote, "because he likes the contemplation of pain, because he erects conceit into a duty, because the men whom he most admires are conquerors, whose glory is cleverness in causing men to die." (Source: History of Western Philosophy, chap. on Nietzsche, last par.)
Further reading
Selected bibliography of Russell's books
This is a selected bibliography of Russell's books in English sorted by year of first publication.
1896, German Social Democracy, London: Longmans, Green.
1897, An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry, Cambridge: At the University Press.
1900, A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, Cambridge: At the University Press.
1903, The Principles of Mathematics, Cambridge: At the University Press.
1910, Philosophical Essays, London: Longmans, Green.
1910 – 1913, Principia Mathematica (with Alfred North Whitehead), 3 vols., Cambridge: At the University Press.
1912, The Problems of Philosophy, London: Williams and Norgate.
1914, Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy, Chicago and London: Open Court Publishing.
1916, Principles of Social Reconstruction, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1916, Justice in War-time, Chicago: Open Court.
1917, Political Ideals, New York: The Century Co.
1918, Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays, London: Longmans, Green.
1918, Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1919, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1920, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, London: George Allen & Unwin
1921, The Analysis of Mind, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1922, The Problem of China, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1923, The Prospects of Industrial Civilization (in collaboration with Dora Russell), London: George Allen & Unwin.
1923, The ABC of Atoms, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
1924, Icarus, or the Future of Science, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
1925, The ABC of Relativity, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
1925, What I Believe, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
1926, On Education, Especially in Early Childhood, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1927, The Analysis of Matter, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
1927, An Outline of Philosophy, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1927, Why I Am Not a Christian, London: Watts.
1927, Selected Papers of Bertrand Russell, New York: Modern Library.
1928, Sceptical Essays, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1929, Marriage and Morals, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1930, The Conquest of Happiness, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1931, The Scientific Outlook, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1932, Education and the Social Order, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1934, Freedom and Organization, 1814 – 1914, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1935, In Praise of Idleness, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1935, Religion and Science, London: Thornton Butterworth.
1936, Which Way to Peace?, London: Jonathan Cape.
1937, The Amberley Papers: The Letters and Diaries of Lord and Lady Amberley (with Patricia Russell), 2 vols., London: Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press.
1938, Power: A New Social Analysis, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1940, An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1945, A History of Western Philosophy, New York: Simon and Schuster.
1948, Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1949, Authority and the Individual, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1950, Unpopular Essays, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1951, New Hopes for a Changing World, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1952, The Impact of Science on Society, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1953, Satan in the Suburbs and Other Stories, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1954, Human Society in Ethics and Politics, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1954, Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Other Stories, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1956, Portraits from Memory and Other Essays, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1956, Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901 – 1950 (edited by Robert C. Marsh), London: George Allen & Unwin.
1957, Why I Am Not A Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects (edited by Paul Edwards), London: George Allen & Unwin.
1958, Understanding History and Other Essays, New York: Philosophical Library.
1959, Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1959, My Philosophical Development, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1959, Wisdom of the West ("editor", Paul Foulkes), London: Macdonald.
1960, Bertrand Russell Speaks His Mind, Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company.
1961, The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell (edited by R.E. Egner and L.E. Denonn), London: George Allen & Unwin.
1961, Fact and Fiction, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1961, Has Man a Future?, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1963, Essays in Skepticism, New York: Philosophical Library.
1963, Unarmed Victory, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1965, On the Philosophy of Science (edited by Charles A. Fritz, Jr.), Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
1967, Russell's Peace Appeals (edited by Tsutomu Makino and Kazuteru Hitaka), Japan: Eichosha's New Current Books.
1967, War Crimes in Vietnam, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1967 – 1969, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 3 vols., London: George Allen & Unwin.
1969, Dear Bertrand Russell... A Selection of his Correspondence with the General Public 1950 – 1968 (edited by Barry Feinberg and Ronald Kasrils), London: George Allen and Unwin.
Note: This is a mere sampling, for Russell also authored many pamphlets, introductions, articles and letters to the editor. His works also can be found in any number of anthologies and collections, perhaps most notably, The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell, which McMaster University began publishing in 1983. This collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works is now up to 16 volumes, and many more are forthcoming. An additional 3 volumes catalogue just his bibliography. The Russell Archives at McMaster also have more than 30,000 letters that he wrote.
Additional references:
A. Russell
1900, Sur la logique des relations avec des applications à la théorie des séries, Rivista di matematica 7: 115-148.
1901, On the Notion of Order, Mind (n.s.) 10: 35-51.
1902, (with Alfred North Whitehead), On Cardinal Numbers, American Journal of Mathematics 23: 367-384.
B. Secondary references:
John Newsome Crossley. A Note on Cantor's Theorem and Russell's Paradox, Australian Journal of Philosophy 51: 70-71.
Ivor Grattan-Guinness, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940. Princeton University Press.
Books about Russell's philosophy
Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments, edited by A. D. Irvine, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 1999. Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers.
Bertrand Russell, by John Slater, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, edited by P.A. Schilpp, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.
Russell, by A. J. Ayer, London: Fontana, 1972. . A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.
Biographical books
Bertrand Russell: 1872 – 1920 The Spirit of Solitude by Ray Monk (1997)
Bertrand Russell: 1921 – 1970 The Ghost of Madness by Ray Monk (2001)
Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist, by John Lewis (1968)
Bertrand Russell, by A.J. Ayer (1972), reprint ed. 1988:
The Life of Bertrand Russell, by Ronald W. Clark (1975)
Bertrand Russell and His World, by Ronald W. Clark (1981)
Related pages
Russell's teapot
References
Other websites
Writings available online
Mysticism
"Contents Recommended"
"A Free Man's Worship" (1903)
Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?
Icarus: The Future of Science
Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?
Ideas that Have Harmed Mankind
In Praise of Idleness (1932)
Nobel Lecture (1950)
Political Ideals
The Problem of China
The Problems of Philosophy
Proposed Roads to Freedom (1918)
"16 Questions on the Assassination" (of President Kennedy)
The Analysis Of Mind
What is an Agnostic?
Why I am not a Christian
"The Elements of Ethics" (1910)
The Principles of Mathematics (1903)
Other
Pembroke Lodge - childhood home and museum
The Bertrand Russell Society - a member organisation of the International Humanist and Ethical Union
The Bertrand Russell Society Quarterly
The Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation
Biography and quotes of Bertrand Russell
Russell Photo Gallery
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
The Bertrand Russell Archives
Resource list
The First Reith Lecture given by Russell (Real Audio)
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Bertrand Russel -Citizendium
1872 births
1970 deaths
20th-century British philosophers
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Agnostics
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British academics
British activists
British atheists
British autobiographers
British mathematicians
British Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from influenza
Democratic socialists
Labour Party (UK) people
LGBT rights activists
Members of the House of Lords
Nonviolence advocates
Order of Merit
United Kingdom Earls
Welsh politicians
Welsh writers
Set theorists |
25882 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20North%20Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead, OM (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician who became a philosopher. He was born in Ramsgate, Kent, and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education. He is the co-author, with Bertrand Russell, of the important Principia Mathematica.
References
1861 births
1947 deaths
English mathematicians
English philosophers
Order of Merit
People from Kent
Ramsgate |
25891 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask | Mask | A mask is a type of clothing which covers the face. It is similar to a veil, but more close-fitting.
Uses
There are different reasons why people use masks. A person can use a mask so others do not know who they are (as when committing a crime). Or, a mask may keep someones face safe from harm (like a gas mask so harmful gases do not get into the lungs).
There are many practical uses for masks in everyday life. Mostly, the masks used are semi-masks which cover only the bottom half of the face, the mouth and nose. An example is the use of masks in operating theatres, and
by wood-workers. In surgery, the purpose is to keep bacteria off the patient; in wood-working the purpose is to keep wood fibres out of the lungs.
In Venetian masks only the top half of the face is covered, to prevent recognition. Ice hockey masks, used in the Hannibal Lecter movies, cover the whole face to protect it from the hockey puck moving at high speed.
Origin
The word
The word 'mask' might have come from other languages. The French masque, the Italian maschera, the Spanish máscara, the Latin (not classical) mascus/masca (meaning "ghost") or the Arabic maskharah (meaning "jester" or "man in masquerade") all use the same word.
History
One of the oldest masks found is the Death Mask. This stone mask is 9000 years old and is probably the oldest mask in the world. It is kept in Musée de la bible et Terre Sainte, Paris.
There are also three masks from the same period, kept in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
Masks are used in many magical or shamanistic rituals in non-western societies. The celebration or appeasement of animistic spirits takes place with dance and song in ancient performances in many parts of the world. In these events performers use costumes and masks to mimic the supposed spirits.
From this kind of beginning, the use of masks in ancient Greek theatre may have started. The actors and chorus in this early theatre all used masks.
Masks in recent times
Masks have been used to protect people against air-borne diseases. They were worn during the plague in the Middle Ages; during the influenza epidemic of 1918, and the COVID-19 epidemic. Gas masks were issued in World War II even though phosgene gas was never used in that war (it had been in WWI).
2019-20 coronavirus pandemic
During the 2019-20 coronavirus pandemic, a new variation of trikini, with two pieces for the body and a face mask was designed. Indian film actress Kajol popularized the idea of this trikini.
Figurative uses
There are some other uses of the word 'mask', which arise by extension. That means using 'mask' as a metaphor. In film a mask is a screen which cuts out part of the image. In social theory, a mask is the behaviour a person takes on in his role or job. Thus policemen, head teachers, army commanders, prime ministers act as they are expected to act (most of the time). The inference is that behind the mask is the 'real' person. Their role is a mask. As a verb, 'to mask' means to cover or hide.
Related pages
Veil
Theatre
Greek theatre
Surgical mask
Abenomask
References
Other websites
International Mask and Carnival Museum of Binche
Headgear
Culture
Non-verbal communication
Art
Metaphors |
25893 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday | Holiday | A holiday is a regularly reoccurring festive day. Usually, but not always, the festive day is observed every year. The word "holiday" is derived from the words "holy" and "day." In British English, the word "holiday" is used to refer to a Vacation as well as a public holiday.
Long holidays with no work
Spring Festival, May Day, and National Day (People's Republic of China)
Golden Week (Japan)
The Majówka, also called the Picnic (Poland)
Holy Week, sometimes with Easter, St. Patrick's Day, Easter Monday and Good Friday (Ireland)
A long weekend, when a holiday is next to the weekend (Australia and England).
In the United States, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, Presidents' Day, Memorial Day and Labor Day are always on Monday to create a "long weekend" or "3-day weekend".
Other holidays like America's Independence Day and Veterans' Day can come on a weekday or weekend. If the holiday is on a weekend, it is moved to Friday or Monday to create a "3-day weekend." Calendars sometimes mark these holidays twice. For example, in 2006, Veterans' Day in America was on Saturday, November 11. "Veteran's Day (observed)" was also on the calendar; it was Friday, November 10.
Holidays in western countries during winter
New Year's Day
Boxing Day (Wren day, St. Stephan's day)
Kwanzaa
Christmas Day
Hanukkah
Yule
Greetings
Merry Christmas (also called Feliz Navidad (Spanish) and Joyeux Noel (French))
Merry Yuletide
Happy Hanukkah
Happy Kwanzaa
Happy New Year
Joyous Yule
Happy Solstice
Season's Greetings
Happy Holiday(s)
Holidays celebrated around the world
New Year's Day (1 January)
Valentine's Day (14 February)
International Women's Day (8 March, mostly in Eastern European Countries)
World Party Day (3 April)
Earth Day (22 April)
Labour Day, Worker's Day or May Day (1 May, most countries - United States and Canada celebrate Labour Day on the first Monday of September)
Mother's Day (second Sunday in May in North America, fourth Sunday in Lent in UK)
Father's Day (Different countries have different dates)
Halloween (31 October)
New Year's Eve (31 December)
Holidays celebrated in various countries
United States
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday, either January 15 or the third Monday in January
Abraham Lincoln's birthday, either February 12 or the second Monday in February
George Washington's birthday (or Presidents' Day), either February 22 or the third Monday in February
Memorial Day, last Monday in May
Independence Day, July 4
Labor Day, first Monday in September
Thanksgiving, fourth Thursday in November
Religious holidays
Buddhist holidays
Vesak
Blessed Rainy Day in Bhutan
Celtic and Norse holidays
In the order of the Wheel of the Year:
Samhain (Celtic): 31 October-1 November, Celtic New Year, first day of winter
Winternights (Norse): 29 October-2 November, Norse New Year
Yule (Norse): 21 December-22 December, winter solstice, Celtic mid-winter
Imbolc (Celtic): 1 February-2 February, Celtic first day of spring
Ostara/Easter (Norse): 21 March-22 March, vernal equinox, Celtic mid-spring
Beltane (Celtic): 30 April-1 May, Celtic first day of summer
Litha (Norse): 21 June-22 June, summer solstice, Celtic mid-summer
Lughnasadh (Celtic): 1 August-2 August, Celtic first day of autumn
Mabon/Harvest End (Norse): 21 September-22 September, autumnal equinox
Hindu holidays
Baisakhi
Daserra
Diwali
Diwali Amvasaya (Laxmi Puja)
Diwali (day 2)
Bhaubeej
Ekadasi
Ganesh Chaturthi
Gokul Ashtami
Gudhi Padwa
Holi
Mahashivratri
Makar Sankranti
Onam
Pongal
Rama-Lilas
Ram Navami
Vaikunta Ekadasi
Ugadi
Christian holidays
Advent
All Saints' Day
All Souls' Day
Ascension Day (Jesus enters Heaven)
Ash Wednesday
Assumption of Mary (The Virgin Mary enters Heaven)
Candlemas
Childermas
Christmas (Birth of Jesus)
Corpus Christi(Sacrifice of Jesus)
Easter (Jesus is born again)
Easter Triduum
Easter Vigil
Good Friday (Death of Jesus)
Holy Saturday
Holy Thursday (The Last Supper)
Epiphany
Lent
Pentecost or Whitsun (The Holy Spirit goes to the followers of Jesus)
Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras (last day of Carnival)
Winter Lent
Watch Night
Catholics also celebrate saint's days.
Islamic holidays
Aashurah Muharram
Eid (based on the lunar calendar)
Eid ul-Fitr, Lesser Bairam
Eid ul-Adha, Greater Bairam
Mawlid Al Rasul - Prophet Muhammad's Birthday
Nisfu Shaaban
Nuzul Al Qur'an - First announcement of Holy Koran
Ramadan-Ul-Mubarik
Isra' Mi'raj - Prophet Muhammad's enters heaven.
Youm Arafat - Day before Eid ul-Adha
Bahá'í holidays
Naw Ruz (Bahá'í New Year)
1st Day of Ridván
9th Day of Ridvan
12th Day of Ridvan
Declaration of the Báb
Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh
Martyrdom of the Báb
Birth of the Israel
Birth of Bahá'u'lláh
Jewish holidays
Shabbat (Sabbath, observed weekly)
Rosh Hodesh (first day of the Hebrew calendar month)
Passover
Lag Ba'omer
Shavuot (Festival of Weeks; Harvest Festival)
Tisha B'Av
Rosh Hashanah (New Year)
Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement)
Sukkot (The Feast of Tabernacles)
Hanukkah (also: Chanukah; the Festival of Lights)
Tu Bishvat (New year of the trees)
Purim (Deliverance from Evil)
References |
25896 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane%2C%20Washington | Spokane, Washington | Spokane (Pronounced: ) is a city in the U.S. state of Washington. Spokane is in the eastern half of the state, about 20 miles (30 km) from Idaho. Spokane is 92 miles (148 km) south of Canada.
Spokane is the second largest city in Washington, while Seattle is the largest. Spokane's nickname is the "Lilac City" because of how many of those flowers grow in the area.
The population of the city in 2019 was 222,081 and the population of the metro area of Spokane is 573,493.
History
Spokane was founded in 1871 when a sawmill was built on the Spokane Falls. In 1889 a fire burned down the downtown area of Spokane. In 1892 the railroad came to Spokane, and this made it easier for people to get into and out of the city.
In 1974 Spokane hosted the World's Fair. This brought a lot of people and business into Spokane.
Spokane River
The Spokane River flows through the city. In downtown Spokane, there is a large waterfall called the Spokane Falls. The first buildings in Spokane were built near the falls.
The Spokane River has many dams that make energy for the people of Spokane.
Climate
In the Summer, Spokane is hot and dry. Spokane has cold and snowy Winters. Spring and Fall are very short.
Temperatures over or less than do not usually happen in Spokane. However, the hottest temperature in Spokane was , and the coldest was .
References
County seats in Washington
1871 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state) |
25962 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16%20rifle | M16 rifle | The M16 is an assault rifle used by the United States since the Vietnam War in 1963, based on the AR-15. Since 1975, the M16 has been used by many different countries. First designed by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America, it is currently the standard infantry rifle used by the United States Military Forces. The rifle is being used by over 80 nations.
The M16 uses the 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (the speed of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second (over 3,000 feet per second), and has a maximum effective range of 550 meters, with a rate of fire (how fast the gun shoots) of approximately 800 rounds per minute. The M16A1 can shoot semi automatic and fully automatic fire. The M16A2 can shoot semi automatic and three-round-burst fire. The M4A1 Carbine retains full automatic and semi automatic fire. The M16 normally holds 30 cartridges in its magazine, but there are variants of the magazine that hold only 20 or 10 cartridges.
There is also an M16 variant for the Canadian Army called Diemaco C-7. The Diemaco C-7 rifles have maple leaves on the left side.
Related pages
AR-15
References
Rose, Alexander. American Rifle-A Biography. 2008; Bantam Dell Publishing. .
Assault rifles
5.56 mm firearms
Rifles of the Cold War |
26028 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin | Foreskin | The foreskin, or prepuce, is a fold of skin that covers the glans penis when the penis is uncircumcised. Most male mammals either have a foreskin that covers the glans penis or a sheath in which the whole penis can retract.
Human foreskin
The outside of the foreskin is like normal skin but the inside of the foreskin is a membrane like the inside of an eyelid or mouth. The foreskin is attached to the penis by the frenulum, but it can move. It is very stretchy. On the penis, the most sensitive areas to fine-touch are located on the foreskin. The foreskin can be pierced or slit for fashion reasons.
Sensitivity in humans
The foreskin contains Meissner’s corpuscles, which are nerve endings involved in fine-touch sensitivity. They are most numerous in the “ridged band”, the junction of the inner and outer foreskin layers, and least numerous in the smooth inner layer of foreskin. Compared to other hairless skin areas on the body, the Meissner's index was highest in the finger tip (0.96) and lowest in the foreskin (0.28). The foreskin is the least sensitive hairless tissue of the body. A study also found that “the number of these nerve endings decreases significantly after the teenage to young adult years when sexual activity begins. This makes it very difficult to propose any sexual function for Meissner’s corpuscles. A more feasible hypothesis is to regard them as a juvenile phenomenon, perhaps serving to protect the penis until the onset of puberty reveals its sexual function.”
Studies in sexual sensation concluded that the glans, not the foreskin, is involved in sexual sensation, particularly the corona and frenular (the area under the frenulum) areas. Thus, speculation and outdated opinion pieces claiming special properties of the foreskin, such as in penile function and masturbation, should be viewed with skepticism.
Perhaps sensitivity of the foreskin to fine touch might have served as an “early warning system” in our naked upright forebears from the intrusion of biting insects and parasites while protecting the glans.
Use
The foreskin can keep the glans penis comfortable, moist, and protect it.
In modern times, there is controversy regarding whether the foreskin is a vital or vestigial structure. In 1949, British physician Douglas Gairdner noted that the foreskin plays an important protective role in newborns. He wrote, “It is often stated that the prepuce is a vestigial structure devoid of function... However, it seems to be no accident that during the years when the child is incontinent the glans is completely clothed by the prepuce, for, deprived of this protection, the glans becomes susceptible to injury from contact with sodden clothes or napkin.” During the physical act of sex, the foreskin reduces friction, which can reduce the need for additional sources of lubrication. "Some medical researchers, however, claim circumcised men enjoy sex just fine and that, in view of recent research on HIV transmission, the foreskin causes more trouble than it’s worth." The area of the outer forskin measures between 7–100 cm2, and the inner foreskin measures between 18–68 cm2, which is a wide range. Regarding vestigial structures, Charles Darwin wrote, “An organ, when rendered useless, may well be variable, for its variations cannot be checked by natural selection.” In the March 2017 publication of the Global Health Journal: Science and Practice, Morris and Krieger wrote, "The variability in foreskin size is consistent with the foreskin being a vestigial structure." It has been found that larger foreskins place uncircumcised men at an increased risk for HIV infection most likely due to the larger surface area of inner foreskin and the high concentration of Langerhans cells.
Moses and Bailey (1998), say that "it has not been demonstrated that [the foreskin] is associated with increased male sexual pleasure."
Circumcision of the foreskin
Circumcision is when the foreskin is cut off. The removal of the foreskin can protect against certain medical conditions and infections. It is done to satisfy medical, religious, hygienic, rituel, and aesthetic views. In many countries men get circumcised, because foreskin is not important for the male body.
Restoration
Restoring the foreskin would involve expanding the skin to make something similar to the foreskin, but connective tissues cut during circumcision cannot be brought back. Some companies are testing regeneration of a pure foreskin, but as of April 2021, there is nothing new in that field. The reason of a foreskin restoration is, forced circumcised Men want back a foreskin, mainy done in USA.
Related pages
Anatomy
Circumcision
Genitals
Masturbation
Penis
References
Other websites
Foreskin.org - Many pictures of human foreskin
Anatomy of the male reproductive system |
26032 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid%20Vicious | Sid Vicious | Sid Vicious (10 May 1957 – 2 February 1979) was an English punk musician. His real name was John Simon Ritchie and he was born in Lewisham, London. He was a member of the band The Sex Pistols from February 1977 to January 1978, but played his instrument (the bass guitar) very badly. His bad behaviour was more important to the band than playing his instrument well.
On 22 October 1978, his American girlfriend Nancy Spungen (19581978) was stabbed to death with a knife in New York City. It is not clear if Vicious killed her. He was charged with murder, and released on bail. Before he was due to go to court, he died of an accidental overdose of heroin in New York City.
A movie was made about the lives of Vicious and Spungen. The name of this movie is "Sid and Nancy." Gary Oldman plays Vicious.
1957 births
1979 deaths
Bassists
British punk musicians
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
English rock musicians
Musicians from London
Sex Pistols |
26033 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wii | Wii | The Wii ( ; also known as the Nintendo Wii) is the video game home console made by Nintendo. It first came out on November 19, 2006, in North America. It plays video games made for the Nintendo Wii and, specifically for the original model, the Nintendo GameCube. It was succeeded by the Wii U on November 18, 2012 which has backwards compatibility with all Wii games and controllers. With over 101 million units sold, the Wii is Nintendo's highest-selling home console. The original Wii and Wii Family Edition were discontinued on October 21, 2013, although the Wii Mini remained in production until November 13, 2017. The Wii recieved positive reviews.
Wii Hardware
CPU: "Broadway" processor at 1 GHz
GPU: ATI "Hollywood" at 243 MHz
Memory: 88 MB RAM
Storage: 512 MB of flash memory
Wii Channels
There are many things called Channels on the Wii. They are called Channels because just like on TV, you can look through channels by pressing − and +. Each Wii Channel does something different. Some of them need to connect to the internet to work, using either Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection or WiiConnect24, but some information that has been saved can be viewed without a connection to the internet. WiiConnect24 was discontinued on June 27, 2013. However, support has lasted until January 30, 2019 when all the ways of accessing the Internet has been removed.
Disc Channel
Games can be played on this channel after a game disc, or Nintendo GameCube disc, is put in the disc slot.
Wii Shop Channel
The Wii Shop Channel was used to buy downloadable Virtual Console (old games), WiiWare games, and other Wii channels mentioned here. An internet connection was required to use this channel. The Wii Shop Channel closed in January 31, 2019.
Mii Channel
The Mii Channel is where a player can make an avatar called a Mii to represent them, either in the Mii Channel's online feature Mii Parade, or in games that allow using Miis and most other Wii channels mentioned here.
News Channel
The News Channel was used to look up news on different topics, ranging from national news, to sport and entertainment. An internet connection was required to use this channel.
Forecast Channel
The Forecast Channel was used to check the weather forecast on most cities around the world. There was a feature that let you select your local area to receive weather updates. An internet connection was required to use this channel.
Everybody Votes Channel
The Everybody Votes Channel was a channel containing regularly updated polls. There were three national polls (updated on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays) along with one worldwide poll. An internet connection was required to use this channel.
Internet Channel
The Internet Channel allowed users to access the web. It is based on the Opera Browser. You would need an internet connection to use this channel. From September 1, 2009, the Internet Channel became free to download after an update was released to support Adobe Flash (a program to watch movies on the internet). Refunds consisting of a free Virtual Console NES title worth 500 Wii Points were offered by Nintendo to Wii owners who had downloaded it before for the same price.
Check Mii Out Channel
The Check Mii Out Channel (known as Mii Contest Channel in the UK) was used to send and pick up other Miis, and was also used in voting contests to see which Mii is the best. An internet connection was required to use this channel.
Nintendo Channel
The Nintendo Channel was used to watch videos, collect and send feedback on certain Wii titles, and to download Nintendo DS game demos to a Nintendo DS using the DS Download Service. An internet connection was needed to use this channel.
Today and Tomorrow Channel
The Today and Tomorrow Channel is a channel that was only released in Europe, on 9 September 2009, used to view daily horoscopes. Up to six Mii characters can be registered. It offers advice on five topics; love, work, study, communication, and money. It also offers hints on food, fun, and care. Another feature is a Mii compatibility check.
Homebrew Channel
The Homebrew Channel is an unofficial channel used for loading unofficial software, or homebrew. With homebrew, you can do many things that the Wii cannot normally do on its own (play DVDs, stream media from a computer, run emulators, etc.). Because the channel is not supported by Nintendo, they do not help fix problems with it.
Wii Speak Channel
The Wii Speak Channel is downloadable once you buy the Wii Speak, used in certain games like Animal Crossing: City Folk. An internet connection is required to use the Wii Speak Channel.
Wii Remote
The Wii Remote is a controller that is like a regular television remote. The Wii Remote uses accelerometers and infrared light sensors (from LEDs inside a 'sensor bar') to know where it is in 3D space. This lets people control the game using physical movement and by pressing buttons. The controller connects to the console using Bluetooth. It has a rumble feature (the controller shakes when the game being played tells it to do so) and a speaker inside the remote.
An attachment to the Wii Remote that comes with the Wii console and can also be bought by itself in stores is the Nunchuk controller. It also has an accelerometer and an analog stick with two buttons, and connects to the bottom of the Wii Remote with a wire. A wrist strap can also be used to stop the player from dropping or throwing the Wii Remote. Because of problems with the straps, Nintendo has given all players a free stronger replacement for all straps. It also comes with a cover called the Wii Remote Jacket, which protects the Wii Remote and the thing that it hits from being damaged or broken. It also gives a stronger grip which makes it harder for the Wii Remote to slide out of players' hands.
Attachments for the Wii Remote
Nintendo and many other companies have made attachments for the Wii Remote. They are usually connected by a wire or by a small plug at the bottom of the Wii Remote.
Nunchuk
The Nunchuk is the most common attachment for the Wii Remote. It is made to fit perfectly into someone's hand. It comes packaged with the Wii. The Nunchuk has an analog stick on the front and two buttons on the back. A Nunchuk is needed for many Wii games, as it is required to move characters around the game.
Wii Motion Plus
The Wii Motion Plus connects to the bottom of the Wii remote to help the sensors find the remote more accurately. It improves the playing of some games.
Classic Controller
Nintendo has released a "classic" controller for the Wii. The design is similar to the SNES's controller, but has two analog sticks and four shoulder buttons as opposed to two. It is mainly made for playing older games that can be bought from the Wii Shop Channel.
Zapper
There is also a case that looks like a gun for the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. It is named the Zapper after a NES gun controller. When the Wii Remote and the Nunchuk are placed inside it, the shape of the controller in the player's hands is changed. The Zapper does not actually plug into the Wii Remote. It just holds it in place. The Zapper also includes a free, short game to help the player get used to it.
Instruments
There are many pretend instruments made by Nintendo and other companies for playing music video games like Guitar Hero and Rock Band. So far, they have made guitars and drums. They plug into the bottom of the Wii Remote. There are also microphones that plug into the USB port on the back on the Wii console.
Wheel
There is also a plastic wheel. These come with Mario Kart Wii and other racing or car driving games. The Wii remote goes into the middle of the wheel. There are some built-in buttons on the wheel to make it easier to click on things on the screen.
Models
Wii Family Edition
A revision of the Wii (also called the RVL-101) that was released near the end of its lifecycle was announced on August 17, 2011. This model is designed to only sit horizontally (with the buttons changed accordingly) and is incompatible with the Nintendo GameCube's software and its accessories. This model was released in North America on October 23, 2011, in Europe on November 4, 2011, and in Australia on November 11, 2011. It was not released in any Asian countries. The Wii Family Edition includes a black console, the game New Super Mario Bros. Wii, and the Super Mario Galaxy: Original Soundtrack.
Wii Mini
Another late-cycle revision of the Wii (also called the RVL-201) was announced on November 27, 2012. As its name suggests, the Wii Mini is the smallest model of the Wii. Like the Family Edition, it is not compatibile with GameCube games and its accessories. In addition, it also does not have online features and several built-in channels, such as the Photo Channel and the Weather Channel, similar to the Wii Mode on the Wii U. It also can only sit horizontally. The main feature is its notable redesign. Unlike the original Wii and Family Edition which are mostly white, the Wii Mini is black with a red framing. All the buttons are located on the top of the console and it lacks online support for Wii games. Additionally, the Wii Mini has a manually operated top-loading disc drive (similar to that of the GameCube) instead of the slots that former models have. The console launched in Canada on December 7, 2012 for $99.99. It was then released in Europe on March 15, 2013 at a cost of at least $79.99. It was then launched UK on March 22, 2013 for $99.99. It was finally launched in North America on November 17, 2013, bundled with a red Wii Remote Plus and a red Nunchuk for $99.99. Like its predecessor, the Wii Mini was not released in any Asian countries and it and it was not released in Australia either. The Wii Mini is the third home Nintendo console since the SNES and NES to receive a redesign right after its respective successors launched though the NES 101 model launched 2 years after the SNES launched. The N64 received no redesigns of any kind and the GameCube had a small revision which lacked the unused Serial Port 2 (though the cover still remains) and the unpopular Digital AV Out port.
Related pages
Xbox 360
Nintendo 64
Nintendo GameCube
Nintendo DS
Nintendo DSi
Nintendo DSi XL
Nintendo 3DS
Wii U
Nintendo Switch
Wii Points
Sources
Other websites
Official Wii website
Wii hardware
Seventh generation consoles |
26037 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Strutt | Joseph Strutt | Joseph Strutt was an English engraver in 1749. He put patterns into objects (like words into stone) and collected things from the past. He died in 1802.
1749 births
1802 deaths
English artists
People from Essex |
26039 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricia%20Nixon%20Cox | Tricia Nixon Cox | Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon. She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.
Unlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits. She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971.
She tutored inner-city children.
Other websites
1946 births
Living people
Children of Presidents of the United States
People from Whittier, California |
26041 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocon | Grocon | Grocon Pty Ltd is a big Australian construction company based in Melbourne. It is owned by the Grollo family.
The company was involved in building the Eureka Tower and Rialto Towers.
Companies of Australia |
26042 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82ucho%C5%82azy | Głuchołazy | Głuchołazy (Bad Ziegenhals) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, in Nysa County. It had a population of 15,052 in 2004.
Other websites
Official town webpage
Glucholazy Unofficial Website
Towns in Poland |
26044 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1652 | 1652 |
Events
April 6 – Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town.
May 18 – Rhode Island passes the first law in North America making slavery illegal.
May 29 – First Anglo-Dutch War opening battle fought off Dover between Lt.-Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp's 42 Dutch ships and 21 English ships divided into two squadrons, one commanded by Robert Blake and the other by Nehemiah Bourne.
Births
March 3 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (d. 1685)
March 28 – Samuel Sewall, English-born judge (d. 1730)
April 7 – Pope Clement XII (d. 1740)
April 21 – Michel Rolle, French mathematician (d. 1719)
December 9 – Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, German physician and botanist (d. 1723)
December 25 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician (d. 1713)
Deaths
February 7 – Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (born 1582)
June 21 – Inigo Jones, English architect (born 1573)
July 30 – Charles Amédée de Savoie, 6th Duc de Nemours, French soldier (born 1624)
August 22 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (bborn 1583)
August 23 – John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, English royalist politician (born 1600)
October 8 – John Greaves, English mathematician and antiquarian (born 1602)
October 20 – Antonio Coello, Spanish writer (born 1611)
November 4 – Jean-Charles de la Faille, Belgian mathematician (born 1597)
December 11 – Denis Petau, French theologian and historian (born 1583)
November 21 – Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician, and astronomer (born 1585)
December 23 – John Cotton, founder of Boston, Massachusetts (born 1585) |
26045 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1124 | 1124 |
Events
March 26 – Henry I of England's forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde.
April 27 – David I kills Alexander I to become King of Scotland.
Gaufrid consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey.
December 21 – Honorius II is elected pope.
Tyre falls to Crusaders.
Dun Beal Gallimhe erected by King of Connacht, Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair.
Births
Margrave Ottokar III of Styria
Deaths
February 2 — Duke Borivoj II of Bohemia
March 15 — Ernulf, Bishop of Rochester (b. c. 1040)
April 23 — King Alexander I of Scotland
December 13 — Pope Callixtus II
Guibert of Nogent, French historian and theologian (b. 1053)
1124 |
26047 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%20River | Columbia River | The Columbia River is a river in British Columbia, Canada, and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. The Columbia River is about 1,243 miles long. It is the fourth-largest river in the United States by volume. The Columbia has the greatest discharge (flow) of any North American river entering the Pacific.
Its largest tributary is the Snake River, which flows west from the state of Idaho. The lower part of the Columbia forms the border between the states Washington and Oregon. The Columbia drains 254,000 square miles (657,857 km2) of land, beginning in the Canadian Rockies and flowing west through the Cascade Range, to where it empties into the Pacific Ocean.
There are 14 dams on the Columbia River. Three are in Canada, and the other 11 are in the United States. The dams generate hydroelectricity and provide flood control and water for farms. There are also dams on the Snake River and many other tributaries. These dams have, along with their benefits, caused salmon populations in the river to go down.
Major tributaries
Rivers of Canada
Rivers of Washington (U.S. state)
Geography of British Columbia
Rivers of Oregon |
26048 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1597 | 1597 |
Events
17 January – A court case in Guildford recorded evidence that a certain plot of land was used for playing “kreckett” (i.e., cricket) as early as 1550.
January 24 – Battle of Turnhout. Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas in the Netherlands
February 5 – In Nagasaki, Japan, 26 people were martyred. They practiced Catholicism and were taken captive after all forms of Christianity were outlawed the previous year.
The first opera is considered to have been written.
Bali discovered by the Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman
Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.
Yaqob succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia
First edition of Francis Bacon's Essays published. |
26049 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr | Martyr | A martyr is originally a witness and now means a person who died or was killed because of their faith, for example Saint Stephen. It is often used for people who died for any belief or idea, especially in politics.
Related pages
Self-denial
Self-immolation
Theology
Death |
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