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26596 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullseye | Bullseye | Bullseye might mean:
Bullseye (sports), the centre of a target and the name given to any shot that hits the bullseye
Any design or pattern featuring concentric circles, like an archery target, may be referred to as a "bullseye"
Bullseye (American game show)
Bullseye (CNBC), U.S. TV program
Bullseye (UK game show)
Bullseye (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe (comics and film), primarily an enemy of Daredevil.
Bullseye!, a 1990 comedy motion picture starring Michael Caine and Roger Moore
Bullseye (shooting competition), also known as Conventional Pistol
Bullseye (mascot), mascot of Target Corporation |
26636 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska%20plaice | Alaska plaice | Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus) are salt water fish that live in the north Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographical range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west. Alaska plaice feed mostly on polychaetes, but also eat amphipods and echiurans.
Most commercial fisheries do not want to catch Alaska plaice; but many are caught by trawlers trying to catch other bottom fish. So many Alaska plaice get caught anyway that, for example, the 2005 total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area (BSAI) was reached before the end of May of that year.
Alaska plaice can live for up to 30 years, and grow to 60 centimetres (24 inches) long, but most that get caught are only seven or eight years old, and about 30 cm (12 in).
Related pages
American plaice
European Plaice
References
1998 Marine Fisheries Review article
Bulletin announcing reaching the total allowable catch of Alaska plaice for 2005 (National Marine Fisheries Service)
Flatfish |
26637 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20paralysis | Sleep paralysis | When people are dreaming, their muscles do not move, even if in their dream they are moving. This is a natural process which prevents that people actually perform the movements they do in their sleep. In general, people are not aware of this inability to move, as it usually stops as soon as they wake up. People suffering from sleep paralysis wake up and find that they are unable to move. This is because the paralysis has not stopped. Usually it lasts for only a few minutes, and people have said they feel a "presence" or "ghost" during it.
Possible causes
Little is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic (neurons sending signals to other neurons) inhibition (restraint) of nerves in the pons (back) region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which stops stimulation of the muscles.
Hallucinations of ghosts, demons and Out of Body Experiences during sleep paralysis may be caused by a part of the brain called the parietal lobe (top-middle part of the brain), and by neurons known as mirror neurons.
Studies suggest that many people get sleep paralysis at least once in their lives. People who have narcolepsy often get it much more. Many people try to induce sleep paralysis, to have an Out of Body Experience.
Some report that various factors make paralysis and hallucinations happen more. These include:
Sleeping on your back
Irregular sleeping schedules; naps, sleeping in, sleep deprivation
Increased stress
Sudden changes of lifestyle or environment
A lucid dream just before it
Medium to long-term imagining of involuntary movements with your eyes closed before sleep.
Treatment
There are few treatments available for sleep paralysis. One treatment is called Meditation-Relaxation Therapy. The treatment includes four steps: (1) one should close one's eyes and remind oneself that the experience is not dangerous in any way and common around the world; (2) and that since it is not dangerous one should not be afraid as that will only make the experience worse. (3) One should then focus very strongly on a positive thought or mental image (meditate); (4) and also relax ones muscles and avoid movement.
References
Other websites
The Guardian - The waking nightmare of sleep paralysis
On the Neuroscience of Sleep Paralysis
Symptoms |
26640 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20plaice | American plaice | American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) are salt water fish that live in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 700 metres deep, but spend most of the time at 90 to 200 meters. Their geographical range is from the coast of Labrador, south to the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The most are found off the eastern tip of Newfoundland. American plaice feed on sand dollars, brittle stars, crustaceans, polychaetes, and fish such as capelin and launce.
Like many flatfish, American plaice are sometimes said to be a flounder or dab, even though both are names for other fish species.
The U.K.-based Marine Conservation Society rates American plaice as 5, the most threatened category of over-harvested animals.
Related pages
Alaska plaice
European Plaice
References
American plaice information (Northeast Fisheries Science Center (U.S.))
American plaice information (National Marine Fisheries Service (Canada))
FishBase article
Ecological status of American plaice (Marine Conservation Society)
Flatfish |
26641 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20web | Spider web | A spider web is a sticky net that spiders make from silk to trap their prey. When insects fly or crawl into the web, they get stuck and the spider eats them. Most spider webs are very thin, but are also very strong. Different kinds of spiders make different types of webs. Spiders make different webs in different places to trap many kinds of prey.
Arachnids |
26645 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Series | World Series | The World Series in Major League Baseball, is when the best team from the American League (the winner of the American League Championship Series) and the best team from the National League (the winner of the National League Championship Series) keep playing games of baseball until one of the two teams wins four games total. The winners of the most recent World Series in 2021 were the Atlanta Braves. They defeated the Houston Astros 4 games to 2.
The New York Yankees have 27 World Series championships, the most of any team. The Cleveland Indians currently hold the longest active drought, having last won the Series before expansion teams were formed. Recently, the three longest championship droughts were ended by the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and the Chicago Cubs. |
26651 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Jackson | Janet Jackson | Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966, in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, dancer, actress, and songwriter. She is the younger sister of Michael Jackson and has had many popular songs such as "Nasty," "Rhythm Nation," and "That's the Way Love Goes." Jackson also plays Patricia in the 2007 movie Why Did I Get Married? She is one of the best-selling artists in the history of pop music, with over 160 million records sold worldwide. In 2011, True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself, a book written by Jackson and David Ritz, was published. The book reached number five in The New York Times' Best Seller list.
Early life and career
Jackson was born to Katherine and Joe Jackson on May 16, 1966 at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana. She was raised as a Jehovah's Witness. She did not want to be an entertainer. She wanted to become a race-horse jockey. However her father planned for her to go into the show business. When Jackson was seven she went on stage in the Las Vegas Strip with her siblings in a routine show at the MGM Casino.
In September 1979, Jackson started acting in A New Kind of Family. Her first album, Janet Jackson, was released on September 21, 1982, by A&M Records.
1986–95: Rise to fame
Jackson had several hit singles worldwide. Among them are "What Have You Done for Me Lately", "Control", "Nasty", "Rhythm Nation", "Miss You Much", "Escapade", "Love Will Never Do (Without You)", and "That's the Way Love Goes".
Jackson won her first Grammy Award in 1987. On September 19, 1989 Jackson's fourth album Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 was released. Eight singles were released from the album. In 1993, Jackson was on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine. On May 31, 1995, "Scream", a song that Janet made with her older brother Michael Jackson, was released as the first single from Michael's album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I. This song reached the top five on the US Billboard Hot 100.
1996–2007
Jackson released the album The Velvet Rope in 1998, it sold over 10 million copies. The album had provocative lyrics. The single "Together Again" became her eighth number-one song in the US, it sold over 6 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling singles of all time.
In 2000, she contributed to the movie Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. A single from the soundtrack, "Doesn't Really Matter", became her ninth chart-topper.
In 2001, she released the album All for You. A single, also called "All for You", reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks, making it the longest reigning number one hit of the year. The next single, "Someone to Call My Lover", reached the top three.
2008–09
Jackson released her album Discipline in 2008. The lead single, "Feedback", reached the top 20 in the US and Canada.
In June 2009, Jackson's brother Michael died. In September 2009, she performed "Scream" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards as part of a tribute to Michael.
2010–present
In 2010, Jackson acted in For Colored Girls.
She released her first studio album in seven years, Unbreakable, in 2015. It entered at number one on the US Billboard 200 album chart. Jackson canceled her ongoing Unbreakable World Tour because she announced that she was "planning her family" with her husband, Wissam Al Mana.
Personal life
Jackson has been married three times. It was announced that Jackson was pregnant shortly before her 50th birthday in May 2016. She gave birth to her first child, a son, with current husband, billionaire Wissam Al Mana, in January 2017.
In April 2017, it was reported that Jackson and Al Mana had separated.
Discography
Janet Jackson (1982)
Dream Street (1984)
Control (1986)
Control: The Remixes (1987)
Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989)
janet. (1993)
Janet. Remixed (1995)
Design of a Decade: 1986–1996 (1995)
The Velvet Rope (1997)
All for You (2001)
Damita Jo (2004)
20 Y.O. (2006)
Discipline (2008)
Number Ones (2009)*
Icon: Number Ones (2010)
Unbreakable (2015)*On digital outlets, such as iTunes and Spotify, Icon: Number Ones is listed as Best of Number Ones.
References
Other websites
1966 births
Living people
Actors from Indiana
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
American R&B musicians
American pop musicians
American dance musicians
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Indiana
Jackson family |
26652 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa%20Joan%20Hart | Melissa Joan Hart | Melissa Joan Catherine Hart (born April 18, 1976) is an American actress. She was born and raised in Long Island, New York.
She played the title roles in the television series Clarissa Explains It All and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. In 1999 she played the lead role in the movie Drive Me Crazy. From 2010-2015, she starred as Mel Burke in the ABC Family show Melissa & Joey.
Personal life
Since July 19, 2003, Hart has been married to musician Mark Wilkerson (born 1976). They have three sons together: Mason Walter Wilkerson (born January 11, 2006), Braydon Hart Wilkerson (born March 12, 2008) and Tucker McFadden Wilkerson (born September 18, 2012).
Other websites
Melissa Joan Hart at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Melissa Joan Hart News and Video
Actors from New York
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
American television producers
American voice actors
Entertainers from New York
1976 births
Living people |
26653 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen%20Fitzpatrick | Colleen Fitzpatrick | Colleen Ann Fitzpatrick (born July 20, 1972 in Old Bridge, New Jersey) is an American singer and actor. Her stage name is Vitamin C. Before she started her solo career, she was the lead singer of the band Eve's Plum.
Music
Albums
More (2001)
Vitamin C (1999)
Singles
"Last Nite" (2003)
"As Long As You're Loving Me" (2000)
"The Itch" (2000)
"Graduation (Friends Forever)" (2000)
"Me, Myself, & I" (1999)
"Smile" (1999)
Movies
Happy Is Not Hard to Be (2005)
My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception (2001)
Rock Star (2001)
Scary Movie 2 (2001) (voice only)
Get Over It (2001)
Dracula 2000 (2000)
Da Hip Hop Witch (2000)
''The Haven (2000)
Liar Liar (1997)
St. Patrick's Day (1997)
High School High (1996)
Just Cause (1995)
Higher Learning (1995)
Crinoline Head (1995)
The Mambo Kings (1992)
The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991)
Hairspray'' (1988)
Other websites
1969 births
Living people
Singers from New Jersey
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey |
26656 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie%20Lynn%20Spears | Jamie Lynn Spears | Jamie Lynn Marie Spears (born April 4, 1991 in McComb, Mississippi) is an American actress and singer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Britney Spears. She played the lead role in the television series Zoey 101. In late December 2007 it was revealed that Jamie Lynn was pregnant. Jamie Lynn's daughter, Maddie Briann Aldridge, was born on June 19, 2008. Spears is now a country music singer. In November 2013 Spears released her first single, "How Could I Want More".
Other websites
Official Web Site of Jamie Lynn Spears (requires Macromedia Flash)
Jamie Lynn Spears at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Jamie Spears Club
References
1991 births
Living people
Spears, Jamie Lynn
American television actors
Spears, Jamie Lynn
Singers from Louisiana
Actors from Mississippi
Singers from Mississippi
Britney Spears |
26657 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel | Opel | Opel, full name Adam Opel AG, is an automobile maker from Germany, founded in 1862. Since 1929, Opel is the German brand of the American automaker General Motors. Opel has about 35,000 workers. The company headquarters are in Rüsselsheim, Germany. Other German plants are in Eisenach and Kaiserslautern. In Great Britain, Opel cars are called Vauxhall. Opel would later engineer cars for GMDAT, and still engineers them for GM Korea. From 2007 to 2009 three Opel models (the Antara, the Astra and the Vectra) were sold in the United States under the Saturn marque. Upon the discontinuation of Saturn Buick became responsible for importing the Opel models. The only Buick cars to not be Opels are the Enclave CUV and the full sized LaCrosse sedan. In March 2017, Opel and its parent brand Vauxhall were brought by PSA, the company who owns Peugeot and Citroen.
Car models
Passenger cars:
Adam | Antara | Ampera | Astra | Cascada | Corsa | Insignia | Karl | Meriva | Mokka | Zafira Tourer
Commercial cars:
Combo | Vivaro | Movano
Concept cars:
Antara GTC | Astra OPC X-Treme | Eco Speedster | Flextreme | Flextreme GT/E | Frogster | GTC Concept | Insignia Concept | Monza Concept | RAK e | Snowtrekker | Trixx
Historic cars:
Agila | Admiral | Ascona | Blitz | Calibra | Commodore | Diplomat | Frontera | GT | Kadett | Kapitän | Manta | Monterey | Monza | Olympia | Omega | Rekord | Senator | Signum | Sintra | Speedster | Tigra | Vectra
Other websites
Opel's Corporate Website
1862 establishments
1860s establishments in Germany
General Motors
Automobile companies of Germany
Hesse |
26658 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAG | JAG | JAG (the American military acronym for Judge Advocate General) is an American legal, crime drama television show created by Donald P. Bellisario. It was on air between 1995 and 2005. The series is about the JAG officers Harmon "Harm" Rabb, Jr. (David James Elliott) and Sarah "Mac" MacKenzie (Catherine Bell) in Washington, D.C. In 2003, the series spawned the spin-off NCIS, which had the spin-offs called NCIS: Los Angeles and NCIS: New Orleans.
Actors
David James Elliott as Capt. Harmon Harm Rabb Jr.
John M. Jackson as Rear Admiral (upper half) A. J. Chegwidden (1996–2004)
Tracey Needham as Lieutenant. j.G. (junior Grade) Meg Austin (1995–1996)
Catherine Bell as Lt. Colonel Sarah Mac MacKenzie (1997–2005)
Patrick Labyorteaux as Lt. Commander. Bud Roberts Jr. (1997–2005)
Karri Turner as Lieutenant Harriet Sims (1997–2005)
Steven Culp as Clayton Webb
Sibel Galindez as Lieutenant Elizabeth 'Skates' Hawkes
Other websites
1995 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American drama television series
Television series set in Washington, D.C.
English-language television programs |
26678 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn | Burn | Burning is the process of combustion, a reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer).
Burn, burning or burned can mean:
Burn (injury), injury to the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation
Burn (stream), in Scotland and north-eastern England, a type of stream which is smaller than a river
Burn (computer game), a first-person shooter computer game released in 2007
Burn, a village in North Yorkshire, England
Burn and Burn Sugar Free, energy drinks by Coca-Cola
Burn in, to exercise components (such as electronics) before putting them into service
Burning, a self-sustaining thermonuclear (nuclear fusion) reaction
Burning, the recording process for various technologies based on compact discs or DVDs
Burning-in, a manipulation during photographic enlargement to darken selected areas of the final print
Burned (image), an image with highlights or shadows considerably outside the medium's gamut
Execution by burning, an execution by fire, usually by being burnt to death on a pyre
Indian burn, common school prank also called a Chinese burn
Burn notice, an official statement issued between intelligence agencies stating that an individual or a group is or has become unreliable.
In music
Bands:
Burn (UK band), a heavy rock band from Loughborough, England
Burn (U.S. band), a New York hardcore band
Albums:
Burn (album), a 1974 album by Deep Purple
Burn, a 1995 album by Sister Machine Gun
Burn, a 2000 album by Jo Dee Messina
Burnin, a 1970 album by The Wailers
Burning, a 1999 EP by house DJ/producer Pépé Bradock
Burned, a 1995 album by ElectrafixionSongs:'''
"Burn" (Usher song), a song from Usher's 2004 album Confessions "Burn" (Nine Inch Nails song), a song by Nine Inch Nails found on the Natural Born Killers Soundtrack
"Burn", a song by Rancid on the album Let's Go "Burn", a song The Cure featured on The Crow Soundtrack "Burn", a song by Shannon Noll on his 2004 album That's What I'm Talking About "Burn", a song by Mushroomhead on their 2006 album Savior Sorrow "Burn", a song by Alkaline Trio on their 2005 album Crimson "Burn", a song by Collective Soul found on their album Home
"Burn", a song by Three Days Grace on their album Three Days Grace "Burn", a song by Year Of The Rabbit on their EP Hunted "Burn", a song by Against Me! which first appeared on their 2001 EP Crime As Forgiven By "Burn", a song by King Diamond on the 1990 album The Eye "Burn", a song by Michael Angelo Batio on his 2005 album Hands Without Shadows "Burn", a song by Deep Purple on their 1974 album Burn "Burnnn!", a song by Pantera on their 1988 album Power Metal "The Burn", a song by Matchbox Twenty on their 2000 album Mad SeasonIn media
Burn!, a 1969 film
Burn, a 1998 film directed by Scott Storm
Burn, a 2005 novel by James Patrick Kelly
Burned'', a 2005 novel by Ellen Hopkins
Burn Notice (TV series), a 2007 television drama
Basic English 850 words |
26680 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe%20Photoshop | Adobe Photoshop | Photoshop is a popular image changing software package. It is widely used by photographers for photo editing (fixing colors, reducing noise, adding effects, fixing brightness/contrast) and by graphic designers and Web designers to create and change images for web pages. The first version was introduced in 1990. Version Photoshop CC 2018 was launched on October 18 2017.
Photoshop works on computer systems like Windows and Mac. The software is made by the company Adobe Systems. A simpler version named Photoshop Elements is made for home users who do not want to buy the more powerful, more expensive full version. Photoshop Express, a free version, is even more limited. There are different pricing plans for the application.
References
Graphics software
Vector graphics editors
Adobe software |
26683 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger | Finger | A finger is a type of digit attached to the hand. Our type of fingers are similar to those of other primates. They are used for doing things and feeling things.
Humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges. The first digit is the thumb, followed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or 'pinky'. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not. The four fingers have three phalanges each; the thumb has two.
References
Basic English 850 words
Limbs and extremities |
26684 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze | Bronze | Bronze is a metal alloy. Bronze is mostly copper, with some tin added (usually between 5% and 20% tin) to make it stronger. When an alloy is bronze, it means it is made of copper and tin.
Other bronzes are:
Aluminum bronze
Leaded bronze
Silicon bronze
Phosphor bronze
Bronze should not be confused with brass which is a different alloy of copper and zinc.
History
Bronze was the first alloy that was used by humans. The first nation that used bronze was Egypt about 3500 years B.C. This gave the name for the Bronze Age.
Bronze is stronger than copper or tin alone. Bronze lasts longer than copper. Pure copper can be oxidized by air and also by water. When copper is oxidized by air or water, it turns green (the color of "copper oxide"), and falls apart.
When people learned how to make and work iron, the Bronze Age ended, and the Iron Age started. Iron can be made harder than bronze, but is susceptible to corrosion (see rust). Iron also wears away faster than bronze, when different pieces are moving against each other. Iron is very common, and easy to make. For this reason, iron costs less than bronze. This is the reason why iron is now used where bronze used to be used.
Current use
Bronze is still used to make many parts of machines. We use bronze when the part must last for a long time around water and air, or must not wear away. The main things that are made out of it are pump parts, bearings, bells, electrical components, gears, valves, and other things.
Bronze parts are usually cast in a foundry. After they are cast, bronze parts can also be worked in a lathe or milling machine, or drilled. Bronze is not normally worked with a hammer as iron is.
Pictures
Alloys
Metallurgy |
26685 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight | Flight | Flight or flying is a process of movement of an object in a gaseous environment or a vacuum. In practice this means it moves through the air.
Animals
Best adapted for long controlled powered flight are flying birds and insects, bats (Chiroptera), and the extinct pterosaurs.
All of these animals use (or used) the aerodynamic principles of flight, using the load-bearing properties of the wing for active flight. There are also many animals that glide and parachute flight, such as some spiders' webs, aeroplankton, flying clams, flying fish, and various forest-dwelling mammals and reptiles.
The fastest flying animal is the peregrine falcon. The speed of its dive is over .
Floating flight
An aerostat is a system that remains in the air by the use of floating. Man-made aerostats include balloons and airships. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide floating, to which other parts are attached. By contrast, aerodynes use aerodynamic lift, which requires the movement of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.
There are a huge number of plants which distribute their spores or seeds by air. Many bacteria and viruses do so as well. With these very small objects, the surface area is great in proportion to its weight. That is why they lift off.
References
Basic English 850 words
Zoology
Physics |
26686 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound | Pound | A pound is:
Pound (currency): currency in some countries
Pound (mass): used to measure the mass of something
Pound sterling: the official money used in the United Kingdom
Pound, Virginia, a town in the U.S. state of Virginia |
26687 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer | Reindeer | The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. In North America it is also called caribou.
There are about 10-20 reindeer subspecies. The reindeer is the only deer that has been domesticated.
Appearance
The different reindeer subspecies have different sizes and slightly same fur colors. Male reindeer are usually bigger and heavier than the females. Reindeer are about 1.20 - 2.20 meters long and about 0.90 - 1.40 meters high. They weigh between 60 - 300 kilograms. Reindeer mostly have a grey-brown fur. The fur is dark in summer and becomes a lighter color in winter. Reindeer have big feet that help them walk on soft ground.
North American Caribou and Eurasian Reindeer are the same species, but there are some noticeable differences in the subspecies.
Reindeer: - most commonly found as domesticated animals
- sedentary
- breeding starts mid-Aug
- can be pinto colored
- dark brown calves
- more fat
- thicker fur
- shorter face and muzzle
- males have larger antlers than female caribou
Caribou:
- wild
- migratory
- breeding starts mid-September
- never pinto colored
- light brown calves
Antlers
Reindeer are the only deer where both sexes have antlers. The antlers of female reindeer are smaller than the antlers of males.
"The antlers start growing in April and are fully developed by Autumn";
"reindeers shed their antlers, the bucks just before Christmas and the females later in the spring".
"On a large buck, the antlers can grow up to a centimeter a day".
Range
Reindeer can be found in Lapland (Northern Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), North America (All over Canada and on farms across North America where they are raised in captivity), and Siberia. They were first used by people to do work in Lappland and Siberia.
Habitat
Reindeer live in coniferous forest and Arctic conditions. The historic range of the reindeer is threatened by global warming.
Life
Reindeer are herd animals and live in groups. They live in groups of 10-100 reindeer, which are herds of only females or herds of only males. Reindeer go on long journeys between the warm and cold seasons. For this journeys the smaller groups form big herds of up to several 100,000 animals. Reindeer mate in October, and the males mate with as many females as possible.
Feeding habits
Reindeer eat mostly grass, but eat also almost any other plant. In winter they often eat lichen, moss and fungi. "During winter, they find lichen by using their hooves to get under the snow"
Health
Pregnancy
After a pregnancy of 230 days the female gives birth to a single baby, usually in May or June. Reindeer babies do not have spots on their fur, like most other deer babies have. Young reindeer become mature when they are 2 year old. Reindeer usually live to be 12–15 years old, sometimes they can live to be 20 years old.
Heat stroke
"[D]uring early spring when the daytime temperature rise[s] and they have not [yet] shed [much of] their [ fur or] winter coats", they "[s]ometimes ... [get] heat stroke".
Reindeer and humans
Reindeer have been hunted by humans since the stone age. People, especially in the northern regions, used the reindeer's meat, fur, skin, antlers and bones.
The reindeer was domesticated about 3 thousand years ago. It was first domesticated in Siberia and Scandinavia. Since then, reindeer have also been used for transport, for example for pulling sleds. Because reindeer can live in very cold climates, domesticated reindeer are used in most northern parts of the world.
Among the ethnic groups that use reindeer - for fur, and food - are the Sami people in Lapland.
In popular culture
In western/European culture, it is said that Santa Claus' sled is pulled by reindeer.
References
Deer
Animals used for transport
Arctic
Christmas
Domesticated animals
Even-toed ungulates
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of North America |
26688 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer | Deer | The deer are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Cervidae. The word 'deer' is both singular and plural.
A male deer is called a stag or buck, a female deer is called a doe or hind, and a young deer is called a fawn, kid or calf.
There are about 60 species of deer. They originally lived in the northern hemisphere, and now are native to Europe, Asia, North America and South America. Humans have introduced deer to places where they did not live naturally, such as Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.
Antlers
Almost all adult deer have antlers, except one, the water deer, which has tusks. Only male deer have antlers, except for reindeer (caribou), where both sexes carry antlers. The antlers are deciduous, and drop off after the mating season. Their main use is for males to fight for groups of females during the rutting season (mating season).
Musk deer (family Moschidae) and chevrotains (Tragulidae) have no antlers, and are not deer. They are ruminants (Ruminantia). They are no more closely related to deer than any other even-toed ungulates. Their evolutionary history is not well-known, and they are often described as "not true deer".
Behaviour
Deer do not make nests or dens. They find a safe and comfortable place to rest under low hanging evergreen branches. They stay close to where they can find food. In summer, they eat grasses, plants and weeds. In the fall, they like mushrooms and small branches. They do not store their food for the winter. If the snow is not deep, they use their hooves to uncover moss and leaves. If the snow is deep, they eat twigs and branches.
The doe usually has one or two fawns in the spring. The fawn is precocial, and can stand immediately after birth, but is weak. The doe will hide each fawn in a different place. They are camouflaged by spots on their backs.
Deer have many predators. Wolves, cougar, dogs and people will eat deer. They are always looking, listening and smelling for danger.
Group behaviour
Generally speaking, deer prefer mixed forest and grassland areas. In former times, wolves were the number one enemy of deer. Even though deer today rarely need to defend against attack, their behaviour is adapted to succeed in mating, and protect themselves and their relatives from predators.
The rut establishes which males are dominant, and each successful male has a group of females. The group stays together until the fawns are born, about four or five months. Deer are by nature gregarius (social) and like to live together. This helps their defence against predators. The details vary between species. The actual defence against attack is decided by the dominant male. He decides whether to stand and, if necessary, to fight. Males keep their antlers for half a year. If they run, deer are outstanding runners. If they stand, they can kick. They will not attack humans unless the male senses danger. He gives warning by posture and sound. Stags tend to join up in male groups for mutual defence once their antlers are shed. The females also join up in large herds which can defend themselves fairly well. Deer stay in these single-sex groups for much of the year.
Diet
Deer are browsers, and feed mainly on leaves. Deer choose easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens. This is mostly low-fibre food. The male deer need minerals such as calcium and phosphate for their antler growth.
Evolution
Deer are a monophyletic group. They originated in the northern hemisphere and arrived in some Gondwana continents much later. Red deer are found in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa, and some deer arrived in South America via the Great American Interchange.
Below North Africa there are no deer. Their place in the ecosystems is taken by antelopes, which occupy a niche similar to the deer. Antelopes are not a monophyletic group. The antelope types have evolved from several bovid groups, and are an example of convergent evolution.
Taxonomy
The deer family has about 62 species.
Family Cervidae
Subfamily Hydropotinae: Water deer
Genus Hydropotes
Water deer, Hydropotes inermis
Subfamily Muntiacinae: Muntjacs
Genus Muntiacus: Muntjacs
Genus Elaphodus
Tufted deer, Elaphodus cephalophus
Subfamily Capreolinae: New World deer
Genus Capreolus
Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus
Siberian roe deer, Capreolus pygargus
Genus Odocoileus
White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus
Mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus
Genus Ozotoceros
Pampas deer, Ozotoceros bezoarticus
Genus Blastocerus
Marsh deer, Blastocerus dichotomus
Genus Mazama: Brocket deer
Genus Pudu: Pudú
Genus Rangifer
Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus
Genus Hippocamelus: Andean deer
Genus Alces
Moose, Alces alces
Subfamily Cervinae: True deer, Old World deer
Genus Axis
Chital, Axis axis
Hog deer, Axis porcinus
Bawean deer, Axis kuhlii
Calamian deer, Axis calamianensis
Genus Elaphurus
Père David's deer, Elaphurus davidianus
Genus Cervus
Red deer, Cervus elaphus
Wapiti (Elk) Cervus canadensis
White-lipped deer, Cervus albirostris
Sika deer, Cervus nippon
Barasingha, Cervus duvaucelii
Schomburgk's deer, Cervus schomburgki †
Thamin, Cervus eldii
Sambar deer, Cervus unicolor
Rusa deer, Cervus timorensis
Philippine deer, Cervus mariannus
Philippine spotted deer, Cervus alfredi
Genus Dama
Fallow deer, Dama dama
Miscellaneous
The most famous fictional deer is Bambi.
References
Other websites |
26699 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo | Congo | Congo can refer to several things:
The Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly known as Belgian Congo which became independent in 1965. Also formerly known as Zaire
The Republic of the Congo, formerly part of French Congo; independent since 1960
The Congo River, which separates the two countries
Congo Free State, a former area in central Africa |
26701 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton%20%28unit%29 | Dalton (unit) | The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (abbreviated: amu, u, or Da) is a unit of measurement that is used to measure the mass of atoms. The atomic mass unit is equal to one twelfth of the mass of the carbon-12.
The unified atomic mass unit and the dalton are different names for the same thing. The word 'dalton' is being used more over time. The unit is named after John Dalton, an 18th-century naturalist and teacher.
References
Analytical chemistry
Chemical |
26704 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion | Anion | Anions are atoms or radicals (groups of atoms), that have gained electrons. Since they now have more electrons than protons, anions have a negative charge. For example, chloride ions Cl- , bromide Br- , iodide I-. These are monovalent anions, meaning they have a valency (combining capacity) with only one ion of hydrogen. Similarly there are bivalent anions, etc.
An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) with an electrical charge. Anions are one of the two types of ions. The other type is called a Cation, having a positive charge. In many crystals the anions are bigger; the little cations fit into the spaces between them.
Anions are termed so because they are attracted towards the anode (the positive electrode). All anions tend to accept a proton H+ thus they are categorised as base
Physical chemistry
en:Ion#Anions and cations
ja:イオン#陰イオン
sv:Jon#Anjon |
26709 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20%28Michelangelo%29 | David (Michelangelo) | David is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall. It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible. David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath. He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot. David later became King of Israel.
Michelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made. He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do.
The statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence. To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders. David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father’s sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people.
The statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy, and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture. It is often called The David.
Making the statue
From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral. These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio. Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David. He began carving the statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466. Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years. The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather. Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501. It was finished on September 8, 1504.
Where the statue was placed
When it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio. During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage. The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.
Damage to the statue
In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.
Related pages
The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
Moses
Pieta
Statues
Art by Michelangelo |
26712 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20%28Michelangelo%29 | Moses (Michelangelo) | Moses is a statue that was made by Michelangelo. It is a statue of Moses from the Bible. The statue is unusual because Moses has horns on his head. This was one of Michelangelo's last projects.
Related pages
The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
David
Pieta
Other websites
http://www.romaviva.com/Santa-Maria-Maggiore/moses.htm Website with more information on Moses.
Statues
Art by Michelangelo |
26713 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Birth%20of%20Venus%20%28Botticelli%29 | The Birth of Venus (Botticelli) | The Birth of Venus is a painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445 – May 17, 1510). It is of a Roman goddess who was called Venus. He pictured her standing on a shell because Venus was said to have been born from foam on the sea in Stanze per la giostra, a poem written by Angelo Poliziano. The painting shows Zephyr, god of the winds holding the gentle breeze Aura, blowing her toward the shore where Horae, goddess of the seasons, is awaiting her with a cloak. She is pictured naked to show her innocence and divinity.
Art by Sandro Botticelli
15th-century paintings |
26714 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primavera%20%28Botticelli%29 | Primavera (Botticelli) | The Primavera is a painting by Sandro Botticelli, which was painted in about 1482.
What is the painting of?
The painting is set in the garden of Venus, who is in the middle of the painting. Above her head is Cupid, who is aiming a bow and arrow at The Three Graces. The Three Graces are dancing a rondel. Mercury is on the left of the painting. He is wearing a helmet and is carrying a sword. This means that he is the guard of Venus's garden. On the right of the picture is Zephyr. Zephyr is the god of the wind. He is chasing a nymph called Cloris. Next to Cloris is Flora, the goddess of Spring, scattering flowers. She was originally Cloris but was turned into Flora by Zephyr.
Where is the painting?
The Primavera is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
15th-century paintings
Art by Sandro Botticelli |
26715 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid | Cupid | Cupid, also called Amor (Latin for love), is the god of sexual desire in Roman mythology. He fired golden arrows at people to make them fall in love, and lead arrows to make people fall out of love. He was mainly drawn as a cherub, but he might have looked like a normal teenager. He had large feathery wings which he used to fly around in the sky and mainly shot people with his love arrows by flying above them. He secretly did this. And many people asked him for help.
Related pages
Eros – Greek mythology version of Cupid.
Roman gods and goddesses |
26716 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros%20%28disambiguation%29 | Eros (disambiguation) | Eros is the Greek god of love.
Eros can also mean:
Eros (concept), the Greek word for romantic or sexual love
433 Eros, an asteroid
Eros, Secretary of Roman Emperor Aurelian, whose assassination he planned
EROS (microkernel), an operating system
Eros Ramazzotti (born 1963), Italian singer-songwriter |
26718 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Creation%20of%20Adam | The Creation of Adam | The Creation of Adam is part of a painting by Michelangelo which can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City. It is of Adam and God touching hands so that God can give the spark of life to Adam.
Art by Michelangelo
Paintings with Christian themes
16th-century paintings |
26729 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbury%2C%20Berkshire | Newbury, Berkshire | Newbury is a small historical market town in Berkshire, England, with many buildings from the 16th century, the world famous Newbury racecourse, and the Lambourn horse training stables.
Newbury is home to many kinds of people from different cultures. It is easy to get there from the M4 motorway and has airport and train links.
References
Towns in Berkshire |
26730 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorak%20Simplified%20Keyboard | Dvorak Simplified Keyboard | The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard ( ) is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard. Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a "QWERTY layout." The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most "ergonomic", or comfortable, keyboard to type on. August Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used. For instance, the most common letters (like "e") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.
Proponents of the Dvorak keyboard feel that with the use of computers rather than typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard. Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like repetitive strain injury and carpal tunnel syndrome). But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and do not want to switch.
References
Writing tools
Computer hardware
Data input |
26731 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20FrontPage | Microsoft FrontPage | Microsoft FrontPage (Full name: Microsoft Office FrontPage) is a program made by Microsoft to help people make webpages and full websites. It was one of Microsoft Office programs until 2003.
Microsoft FrontPage was commercially available in four versions:
FrontPage 98, FrontPage 2000, FrontPage 2002 & FrontPage 2003.
A freeware version was also included in earlier releases of Internet Explorer. It was called FrontPage Express. It was a useful web editor without costing as much as professional software. FrontPage express is compatible with Windows XP and some other versions of Windows. FrontPage Express downloads are still available online from third-party hosts, such as stormthecastle.com.
FrontPage is a WYSIWYG, "What You See Is What You Get", Web Editor. All versions of FrontPage are still in use by web developers all over the globe.
The 2003 version is the last installment to the series. It was discontinued in 2006, being replaced by Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer.
The first version of the app was made by Vermeer Technologies in 2005, before its acquisition by Microsoft.
References
Microsoft software |
26734 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial%20arts | Martial arts | A martial art is any form of fighting and an art that has a set way of practice. There are many martial arts that come from certain countries. They are practiced for many reasons: fighting, self-defense, sport, self-expression, discipline, confidence, fitness, relaxing, meditation. A martial art is a style of combat, in many instances directed towards the self-defence. In the common usage, the word applies to the systems of combat developed in all the world.
A person who does martial arts is called a martial artist.
One common method is particularly in the Asian martial arts, it is the form or kata.
Martial arts may be used for self-defense, combat and fitness.
The idea of "martial art" appeared first time in English language in the 1920 Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary as a translation of the word bu-gei or bu-jutsu what means "art or solution of the military matters".
Introduction
The martial arts are fighting systems. There are many schools and styles of martial arts, but all share the same goal: self-defence. Some of them, like taiji quan also can be used in order to improve health and the form as flowing of the qi.
Some martial arts were not born in Asia. For example, savate appeared in France and the movements of sport of the capoeira came from Brazil.
Many martial arts include Rocky's form of punches (boxing, karate), kicks (taekwondo, kickboxing, karate), holds and throws (judo, jujutsu, wrestling), weapons (iaijutsu, kendo, kenjutsu, naginatado, fencing, Filipino eskrima) or certain combination of these elements (several styles of jujutsu).
Martial arts are divided in two main sets: the so-called "hard martial arts" like karate and kickboxing which give special consideration to the attack to beat the opponent, and the "soft martial arts" like judo and aikido which fight the opponent in a less aggressive manner, using the force of the other to surrender him.
It is difficult to compare the effectiveness of the different existing arts. Recently, people developed competitions like the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the United States of America or Pancrase in Japan. That competitions also are known as "mixed martial arts" or MMA. But these competitions only test the fighting styles in limited situations (fighting against an experts, only fighting one opponent, fighting while wearing the right clothes - none of which would be true in other situations such as self-defense).
The martial arts are defined in this method: through the history, to the soldier in the battlefield, the only thing that was important for them was beat the enemy that one have before himself. Whether a style is soft or hard or how many points are gained with a blow are details and subjects of discussion which appear in periods of peace, when there were hand to hand combats.
Martial arts are part of the art of war. If the main goal in a competition depends on noting points to somebody's advantage, then it could be said that this is a sport, not a martial art.
The history of martial arts is long. The act of developing of the fighting systems dates from when the man had been able to cause to pass the knowledge, along with the strategies of war. Part of the most ancient written material on the subject dates from the 15th century in Europe and the authorship fall to famous masters, like Hans Talhoffer and George silver. Also transcriptions of still more ancient texts had been brought to our days, one of them is a document written by hand. That document is called I.33 and dates from end of the 13th century.
The persons who train martial arts disagree with relation to the matter of the competitions. Some arts, like the boxing or the Thai boxing, give attending to the sparring -fights during training - and to taking part in competitions, yet the most common of aikido and krav maga reject the competitions. The reasons that cause these opinions are different. Many of the arts desiring to compete argue that the competitions give place to better and more efficient techniques. However, certain styles not desiring to compete claim that the rules with which people developed these competitions ruin the art and does not represent what can happen in a real situation.
In recent years, there have been tries to return to life some martial arts considered historical. Examples of this historical reconstruction of the martial arts are the pankration and the school of Shaolin that have not a continua tradition.
Asian martial arts
Borneo
bersilat
India
kalari payattu
Indonesia
kuntao
pencak silat
tarung derajat
Japan
aikido
bojutsu
bujutsu
aikijutsu
iaido
jujutsu
jodo
yudo
karate
kempo
kendo
kenjutsu
kobudo
kusarigamajutsu
kyokushinkai
kyudo
kyusho jitsu
naginatado
ninjutsu
ninpo
shintaido
shooto
shorinji kenpo
Shotokan
sumo
taijutsu
taido
tantojutsu
tegumi
Korea
kung jung mu sool
hapkido
taekyun
taekwondo
tangsudo
Myanmar (formerly Burma)
bando
Philippines
kali
eskrima
arnis
Thailand
Thai boxing or Muay Thai
Vietnam
Vinoệt V Đạo
The China - all the Chinese martial arts called kung-fu, wushu, chuan fa or kuntao.
Internal styles: so-called neijia.
hsing yi (hsing Y)
pakua quan
taiji quan
Pakistan
Budoban/ Budokan
jodo
yudo
karate
Martial arts of other lands
Brazil
capoeira
Brazilian jujutsu
England
Cornish Wrestling
Cumberland and Westmorland Wrestling
Boxing
English Longbow
Lancashire Wrestling
Singlestick
Egypt
tahtib or Egyptian stick fencing
France
Francombat
savate
Germany
musado
Nindokai
Greece
Greco-Roman wrestling
pankration
Israel
Krav Maga
Poland
combat 56
karate-do tsunami
kempo tai jutsu
Russia
sambo
Spain
juego del palo canario
lucha canaria
lucha leonesa
United States of America
full contact
Jeet Kune Do
SeishinDo Kenpo or Seishindo Kenpo
Kempo Karate called American kenpo |
26736 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda | Soda | Some chemical compounds containing sodium
Sodium carbonate, washing soda or soda ash
Sodium bicarbonate, baking soda
Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda
Sodium oxide, an alkali metal oxide
Also, products made by or containing one of these chemicals:
Soda glass
Food and drink
Soda water, a natural potable mineral water with high concentration of sodium bicarbonate, often carbonated
Soft drink, a sodium bicarbonate beverage; typically carbonated
Soda cracker, or saltine cracker
Soda bread, a variety of quick bread
Ice cream soda, a dessert dish |
26739 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonad | Gonad | Gonads are the ovaries and testicles. A male usually refers to his testes as "gonads" more than a female would refer to her ovaries as gonads.
Glands |
26742 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix%20Mendelssohn | Felix Mendelssohn | Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (born Hamburg 3 February 1809; died Leipzig 4 November 1847) was a German composer.
His grandfather was the German-Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. He was one of the great composers of the Romantic period. He loved the music of earlier composers like Bach, Handel and Mozart and he built on the traditions they had made. Mendelssohn was a child prodigy. He was already composing great music when he was a teenager. He wrote music for orchestra, piano, organ as well as chamber music and music for singing. His violin concerto is one of the most popular concertos ever written and is played by all the famous violinists. Two of his tunes are known by almost everybody: the hymn tune Hark the Herald Angels Sing, and the Wedding March which is played so often at the end of weddings.
Life
Mendelssohn’s family had plenty of money. They were also very interested in music, literature, painting etc. His grandfather Moses Mendelssohn was famous in German national literature. His father was a banker and his mother came from a family who owned a lot of factories in Berlin. The young Felix was educated at home by his parents. Although the family was Jewish his parents had Felix baptized and his father became a Christian a few years later. The Mendelssohn family added the name of Bartholdy to their name at this time.
Soon Felix was being taught by private tutors including Ludwig Berger who taught him the piano. He also learned music theory and composition. He played the piano at a concert when he was nine, and started to compose little plays with music (called a Singspiel in German). In 1821 he was taken to meet the famous writer Goethe in Weimar. It was to be the first of several visits and Goethe’s way of thinking and his works of German literature had a big influence on the young Mendelssohn. He composed several works at this time including Singspiels, symphonies and chamber music. He traveled with his father and met many famous musicians.
In 1825 the family moved to Berlin. They had regular concerts on Sunday mornings in their large house. Many rich and famous people were invited to their private concerts. In October 1825 he wrote a String Octet (a piece for eight string instruments) which is one of his best works. He studied the music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) whose music people had almost forgotten. He found the music of Bach’s St Matthew Passion and conducted a performance of it in 1829. It was a famous performance in music history, because people suddenly realized how great Bach was. Bach’s music has never been forgotten again since then.
During the years 1829 to 1835 Mendelssohn traveled all over Europe. He visited London several times and he also performed Beethoven’s Emperor Concerto there. He travelled to Scotland where he sailed to Fingal’s Cave in the Inner Hebrides. This inspired him to write the overture called The Hebrides. When he was returning the stagecoach had an accident and he hurt his knee. He stayed with the composer Thomas Attwood for some time before he could return to Berlin. Next he travelled to Italy where he wrote the Italian Symphony. In Italy he met Hector Berlioz and on his way back he met Chopin.
He spent some time in Düsseldorf where he performed several oratorios by Handel as well as his own music. In Frankfurt am Main he stayed with a family who had two daughters. He married one of them, Cécile Charlotte Sophia Jeanrenaud, in 1837. They had a happy marriage and had five children.
Felix and his young wife went to live in Leipzig where he became the conductor of the famous Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. This was one of the highest musical jobs in Germany. He conducted a lot of music by 18th century composers who had been forgotten. He also gave the first performance of Schubert's Symphony in C major which had been discovered by Robert Schumann nine years after Schubert’s death. Mendelssohn got some of the most famous musicians to come to Leipzig and perform with the orchestra: Clara Schumann, Franz Liszt, Anton Rubinstein, the young violinist Joseph Joachim and the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind. Mendelssohn improved the playing of the orchestra, making them one of the best orchestras in the world. He also made sure that the players were paid well.
In the early 1840s Mendelssohn spent some time in Berlin. The new king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, was very keen on music and had lots of ideas about new plans for concerts. He wanted Mendelssohn to be in charge of this. The king wanted to see Greek plays performed and Mendelssohn had to write incidental music for the performances of Antigone.
In June 1842 Mendelssohn was twice received by Queen Victoria at her palace in London. Mendelssohn thanked the Queen by dedicating his Scottish Symphony to her. He continued to conduct in Leipzig and helped to make Berlioz’s music famous in Germany. He became director of the new Conservatoire in Leipzig. In Berlin the king asked him to provide incidental music for Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night’s Dream . He had already written some of this music 17 years earlier but now he finished it and performed it in 1843.
For his piano performances Mendelssohn was using instruments from a Viennese piano maker Conrad Graf. Mendelshohn was so pleased with this instrument, that he decided to order from Graf two more pianos: one for himself and one for his brother’s bride.
During his last years Mendelssohn suffered from bad health. He continued to work and travel as much as he could, but after a stroke in 1849 he died in Leipzig aged 38. His body was taken by a special train to Berlin where he was buried near the grave of his sister Fanny.
Music
Mendelssohn’s most famous works are his 5 symphonies (especially the Scottish and Italian symphonies), his concertos (especially his violin concerto), his overtures (especially The Hebrides) and his Incidental Music to A Midsummer Night’s Dream which includes the famous Wedding March. He wrote some very good chamber music: string quartets and piano trios and two very famous oratorios: Elijah and St Paul. His piano music includes a large collection of short pieces called Songs without Words (German: Lieder ohne Worte) which many pianists like to play. His organ music shows his love for J.S.Bach, often sounding more Baroque than Romantic. After his death Mendelssohn’s music became less popular for a time. This may have been because of the rise of anti-semitism in the mid-19th century, it may also have been because some musicians played Mendelssohn’s music in a rather delightful way. But many great musicians saw his greatness and his music is well-loved today.
References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;
Other websites
Felix Mendelssohn House and Foundation, Leipzig
The Mendelssohn Project A project with the objective of "recording of the complete published and unpublished works of Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn".
1809 births
1847 deaths
Deaths from stroke
German composers
Jewish German musicians
People from Hamburg
Romantic composers |
26746 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour | Watercolour | Watercolours (UK), also called watercolor (US) or aquarelle (French), are paintings whose colours are water-based pigments.
Pigments are coloured materials from rocks, plants, or chemicals, that dissolve in water. They are made in the form of cakes or tablets. When water is added, the powdered pigment becomes liquid again. The pigment is applied to white paper or white card by brush or cloth or cotton wool, and allowed to dry. Unlike painting in oil-based pigments (coloured materials dissolved in oil), a watercolour can not be painted over without spoiling the colour, whose purity depends on the white backing below. Therefore, each area of a watercolour painting is painted only once, and looks fresh and original rather than worked over. Watercolour painting is often used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese paintings. Fingerpainting with watercolours came from China.
Painting
Paints |
26748 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert%20system | Expert system | An expert system is a program running on a computer. Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject. People can ask the expert system a question. The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question. This method of automated reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence.
Different groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system. The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.
How expert systems work
Expert systems are made of
A set of facts, rules and principles
A set of data that is solved using its expertise
A user interface
When they are asked a question, they will filter the data with the rules they have. They might give back a result, or ask an additional question.
Categories of expert systems
Case-based expert systems have a number of cases; each case describes the problem in context, and the solution of the problem, in the specific case. The current problem is matched as closely as possible to a case. The solution of the case found is then applied to the current problem. The main problem of such systems is to define how cases relate to each other, or are similar. An example of where such a system may be used is that of a patient: This patient shows a given number of symptoms, and the expert system could diagnose the patient.
Rule-based systems do not rely on cases; instead, there are a number of rules. These are expressed in the form IF A THEN B. In most systems, human experts have to write the rules.
A third approach is to construct systems that are based on decision trees. Such systems are capable of learning, or of extending their knowledge base, using inductive reasoning. When the classification is done, the system uses a path through the tree. At the end, it arrives at a leaf, which indicates the class of solution to the problem. Each bifurcation in the tree is based on an attribute, that is checked. The value of the attribute determines how to continue the path. Ideally, good results are obtained using small trees. The problem is finding good attributes to base the decisions on.
Artificial intelligence
Systems |
26755 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Hesse | Hermann Hesse | Hermann Hesse (2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known works include Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game (also known as Magister Ludi).
Other websites
Hermann Hesse Page - in German and English, maintained by Professor Gunther Gottschalk
Hermann Hesse Portal
Community of the Journeyer to the Easy - in German and English
Concise Biography - originally published by the Germanic American Institute, by Paul A. Schons
Article at 'Books and Writers'
1877 births
1962 deaths
German novelists
German painters
German poets
People from Baden-Württemberg
Swiss poets |
26766 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20Host%20Configuration%20Protocol | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol | The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is a protocol related to computers and networks of computers. It is referred to as DHCP for short. It was made so that computers could connect to other computers (on a network) automatically. To be able to access the Internet (or any computer network), an IP address is needed. DHCP allows for this IP address to be obtained automatically. Other data, like a DNS Nameserver, or a time server can also be obtained that way. Finally, computers that support it can even get a disk image they boot from over the network.
The address can be dynamic (it can change), or it can be static (it stays the same). After a certain time, the address lease has to be renewed.
Computer protocols
computer networking
DHCP is one of the most complicated IP protocols in networks of computers. |
26767 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication%20protocol | Communication protocol | In computing, a communication protocol refers to the set of rules that computers use to communicate with each other. The protocol defines the signals that the computers will give each other, and other details such as how communication begins and/or ends .
Types of Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), is used for accessing and receiving Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files on the internet.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), is used for transferring e-mail between computers.
Post Office Protocol version 3 (PoP3) is the most common account type for personal e‑mail. Messages are typically deleted from the server when you check your e‑mail.
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a protocol for e-mail retrieval and storage developed in 1986 at Stanford University as an alternative to POP.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), is used for showing files to be copied between devices.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), ensures the delivery of information packets across networks.
Internet Protocol (IP), is responsible for logical addressing called "IP address" to route information between networks.
In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link (layer 2) protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes.
The packets and device protocol(TPADP) makes sure that the other protocols have a back up route.
References
Related pages
Computer network
Internet protocol suite
OSI model
Application programming interface |
26769 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldi | Aldi | Aldi is a supermarket in Germany and in most parts of the European Union. Aldi shops are also in Australia and the United States. Most German towns and villages have at least one Aldi shop. There are about 4,100 stores in Germany, and 7,600 worldwide. The name of the shop stands for ALbrecht-DIscount.
The company is a food retailer, but it also sells non-food at times. In the 1990s, Aldi often sold computers that were sought after. Aldi has a reputation for being cheap. It forces its suppliers to sell to them at low prices.
History
The company was started in 1913 as a family grocery business in Essen. In 1946, brothers Karl Albrecht (1920-2014) and Theo Albrecht (1922-2010) took over the business from their mother. Theo had been held by the US in a prisoner of war camp. They started the idea of discount shops in Germany. They decided to have a limited range of goods and sell them at a discount price. In 1960, the company was split into Aldi Nord (Aldi North) under the control of Theo, and Aldi Süd (Aldi South) under the control of Karl. The brothers became billionaires. In 2009 Karl's wealth was estimated to be €25 billion. Theo was kidnapped in 1971 and held prisoner for 17 days until a seven million mark ransom was paid. The family have avoided publicity and there are few known photographs of them.
Geographic distribution
Australia
Aldi started in Australia in 2001. At the end of 2010 there were 210 Aldi stores in eastern Australia and the company were planning to open 20-30 stores each year. In 2009 the Australian stores made a profit of AU$91.94 million, up 27% on 2008.
References
Other websites
Aldi International (with links to all of Aldi's international websites)
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Supermarkets of Germany |
26777 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20Tunnel | Channel Tunnel | The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) (French: le tunnel sous la Manche) is a long underwater tunnel between England and France that runs under the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is only for trains. Some of the trains in the Channel Tunnel carry freight, including automobiles. Others, like the Eurostar, carry only passengers.
The tunnel, which was once called the Eurotunnel, opened in 1994. It is 50 kilometres (31 miles) long and its deepest point is 75 metres (250 feet) beneath the surface. It connects Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom to Calais in northern France. This has reduced travel time between London and Paris to a little over two hours with high-speed trains.
Other websites
EuroTunnel.com
Tunnels
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Buildings and structures in England
Buildings and structures in France
Transport in England
Transport in France
Hauts-de-France
Kent
1994 establishments in Europe |
26784 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice | Katowice | Katowice (pronounce: , also known as Kattowitz in German) is a city in Poland. It is in the south of Poland in the historical region called Silesia on Kłodnica and Rawa river. It received city rights in 1865. Between 1953 and 1956 Katowice had the name Stalinogród - "Stalin City". It was given by the polish communists. There are about 315,123 people living there. The mayor of the city is Marcin Krupa. For a long period of time the city was ruled by Germans, as it was a part of Germany until 1918. There is a little airport called Airport Muchowiec. There are both modern and old buildings in Katowice. It was the center of the coal mining and metallurgy.
Districts
Famous people from Katowice
Hans Bellmer, surrealist photographer
Henryk M. Broder, journalist
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Kurt Goldstein, neurologist
Richard Herrmann, German footballer
Jerzy Kukuczka
Kazimierz Kutz
Franz Leopold Neumann
Hans Sachs
Twin towns
Cologne (Germany)
Groningen (Netherlands)
Miskolc (Hungary)
Mobile, Alabama (United States)
Odense (Denmark)
Ostrava (Czech Republic)
Saint-Etienne (France)
References
Other websites
The Municipal Council of Katowice
The Commercial Website of Katowice
Katowice, Silesia
A webcam view of Katowice
Hotel in Katowice
Tram in Katowice
Cities in Poland |
26786 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20phone | Mobile phone | A mobile phone (also known as a hand phone, cell phone, or cellular telephone) is a small portable radio telephone.
The mobile phone can be used to communicate over long distances without wires. It works by communicating with a nearby base station (also called a "mobile tower") which connects it to the main phone network. When moving, if the mobile phone gets too far away from the cell it is connected to, that cell sends a message to another cell to tell the new cell to take over the call. This is called a "hand off," and the call continues with the new cell the phone is connected to. The hand-off is done so well and carefully that the user will usually never even know that the call was transferred to another cell.
As mobile phones became more popular, they began to cost less money, and more people could afford them. Monthly plans became available for rates as low as US$30 or US$40 a month. Cell phones have become so cheap to own that they have mostly replaced pay phones and phone booths except for urban areas with many people.
In the 21st century, a new type of mobile phone, called smartphones, have become popular. Since the 2010s, more people use smartphones than the old kind of mobile phone, which are called feature phones.
History
Mobile phones in the 1950s through 1970s were large and heavy, and most were built into cars. In the late 20th century technology improved so people could carry their phones easily.
Although Dr. Martin Cooper from Motorola made the first call using a mobile phone in 1973 (using a handset weighing 2 kilograms), it did not use the type of cellular mobile phone network that we use today.
The first cellular mobile phone networks were created in 1979 in Japan. Now almost all urban areas, and many country areas, are covered by mobile phone networks.
Technology
A cell phone combines technologies, mainly telephone, radio, and computer. Most also have a digital camera inside.
Cell phones work as two-way radios. They send electromagnetic microwaves from base station to base station. The waves are sent through antennas. This is called wireless communication.
Early cell telephones used analog networks. They became rare late in the 20th century. Modern phones use digital networks.
The first digital networks are also known as second generation, or 2G, technologies. The most used digital network is GSM (Global System for Mobile communication). It is used mainly in Europe and Asia, while CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) networks are mainly used in North America. The difference is in communication protocol. Other countries like Japan have different 2G protocols. A few 2G networks are still used. 3G are more common, and many places have 4G.
The radio waves that the mobile phone networks use are split into different frequencies. The frequency is measured in Hz. Low frequencies can send the signal farther. Higher frequencies provide better connections and the voice communications are generally clearer. Four main frequencies are used around the world: 850, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz. Europe uses 900 and 1800 MHz and North America uses 850 and 1900 MHz.
Today there are mobile phones that work on two, three or four frequencies. The most advanced phones work on all frequencies. They are called 'world' phones and can be used everywhere.
Shapes
There are different kinds of phones. A flip phone flips open, and is best for calling. A bar phone is shaped like a candy bar, and the keys and screen are on one face. A slate phone is a phone that has almost no buttons, and uses a touchscreen. Most smartphones are slates. A slider phone slides on rails. It can slide out number keys or a mini keyboard, but some do both. A swivel spins on an axle.
How mobile phones work
When a mobile phone is switched on, its radio receiver finds a nearby mobile phone network base station, and its transmitter sends a request for service. Computers in the base station check if the phone is allowed to use the network. The base station covers an area called a cell. A phone can move between different cells, but will only communicate with one cell at a time. This is why mobile communications are sometimes called cellular communications.
Once connected to a station, the mobile phone can make calls. Because the network knows that the phone is connected to that particular cell, it can also route calls to the mobile phone. Sometimes the radio connection to the cell is lost, for example when you go underground. This means the phone cannot make or receive calls until the connection is made again.
Networks and payment
The network is the company that provides the phone service. In most areas there will be more than one mobile network. Customers choose networks based on how well the different networks work in their area, or by price.
There are two main ways to pay for mobile phone calls:
Contract
If you pay by contract you will pay the network money every month so that you can make calls. Usually you can talk for a lot of time for the monthly fee, but if you do not use the phone a lot you still pay the same money.
Pay as you use
If you pay as you use, you will pay for a fixed amount of call time credit which you then use up when phoning people. Once the credit is used up you must buy some more to use the phone. This can be cheaper if you do not use the phone a lot.
Mobile phones use different technical standards. GSM phones need a separate microchip, called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, to work. The SIM has information like the phone number and payment account and this is needed to make or receive calls. The SIM may be supplied by the same company as the phone, or a different one. Sometimes you can change the network by using a SIM from another network, but some companies do not want this to happen and they lock the phone so that you have to use their SIM.
The others have a special radio inside them that only makes phone calls when the phone is activated. When someone buys a contract, the network gives them a code, that if they enter it into the phone, the phone will then make calls. It is usually impossible to switch to a different network's code on this type of phone. The majority of these CDMA phones are used in the United States and nearby countries.
Smartphones
Main page: Smartphone
A majority of new mobile phones from the 21st century are smartphones. These phones are basically small computers. Besides calling, they can be used for email, browsing the internet, playing music and games, and many other functions that computers can perform.
Most smartphones run a common mobile operating system. This allows developers to make mobile apps that work on many different phones without needing to change the code. Examples of smartphones include Apple's iPhone (which uses iOS software) and Samsung's Galaxy series, one of many phones that use the Android platform made by Google.
Mobile case
Cases, which are designed to attach to, support, or otherwise hold a smartphone, are popular accessories. Some have a keyboard built in. Case measures are based on the display inches (e.g. 5 inch display). There are different types:
Pouches and sleeves
Holsters
Shells
Skins
Bumpers
Flip cases and wallets
Leather case
Screen protectors and body films
In the 21st century, a new type of mobile phone, called smartphones, have become popular. More people are using smartphones than the old kind of mobile phone, which are called feature phones covers
Holsters are commonly used alone for devices that include rubberized padding, and/or are made of plastic and without exposed rigid corners. Heavy duty cases are designed to protect from drops and scratches.
Related pages
4G
5G
References |
26787 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon | Amazon | Amazon can be:
one of the Amazons, a group of female warriors in Greek mythology
The Amazon River, a big river in South America
The Amazon Basin, the area drained by the river
The Amazon Rainforest, the forest surrounding the river
Amazon.com a big online store |
26791 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio%20Napolitano | Giorgio Napolitano | Giorgio Napolitano (born in Naples, Italy on June 29, 1925) was the 11th President of the Italian Republic.
He was elected on May 10, 2006 on the fourth ballot, with 543 votes out of 1009 (the required number was 505), but he took office as President only on May 15, 2006, after Carlo Azeglio Ciampi's time was finished.
He was voted mostly by the left-wing coalition led by Prime Minister Romano Prodi, head of the Italian Government. Napolitano was preceded at his job by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. His nickname is King George.
Napolitano resigned as President of Italy on January 14, 2015 due to his old age.
References
Presidents of Italy
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
1925 births
Living people
People from Naples
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy) |
26800 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Byrd | Robert Byrd | Robert Carlyle Byrd (November 20, 1917 – June 28, 2010) was a Senator of the state of West Virginia from 1959 until his death in 2010. He is the longest serving Senator in United States History. He was dean of the United States Senate from 2003 to 2010. He was President pro tempore four times. He was elected to the Senate in 1958. He served as majority leader from 1977 to 1981 and again from 1987 to 1989. He was also minority leader from 1981 to 1987. He was a member of the KKK.
Early life
Byrd was born on November 20, 1917 in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina. He was married to Erma James from 1937 until her death in 2006. They had two children.
Political career
Byrd was fourth person in the state (as President pro tempore of the Senate, usually longest serving Senator from majority party) from January 1989 to January 1995, from January 3, 2001 to January 20, 2001 and again from June 2001 to January 2003 and January 2007 until his death in 2010.
After Republicans retook control of the Senate, he became the honorary President "pro tempore emeritus" In 2007, Byrd became President Pro Tempore of the Senate again. Before he was elected to the Senate he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1953 until 1959 (he is dean of all Congress).
He was a vocal opponent of President George W. Bush's war in Iraq. In January 2006 he was one of the only four (alongside Ben Nelson of Nebraska, Kent Conrad of North Dakota and Ken Salazar of Colorado) democratic Senators, who voted for Samuel Alito.
Death
Byrd died on June 28, 2010 in Falls Church, Virginia from problems caused by heat exhaustion, aged 92.
References
1917 births
2010 deaths
American Baptists
Lawyers from North Carolina
Deaths from natural causes
Deans of the United States Senate
Minority leaders of the United States Senate
Majority leaders of the United States Senate
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
1976 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from West Virginia
United States senators from West Virginia
US Democratic Party politicians
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Deaths from exhaustion |
26805 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis | Artemis | Artemis is the Greek goddess of the Moon, hunting, archery, virginity and midwifery. She is one of the members of the Twelve Olympians who ruled the world on top of Mount Olympus. She is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, older twin sister of Apollo. Her roman equivalent is Diana.
Artemis is generally depicted as a beautiful huntress wearing a sleeveless tunic and carrying a bow and arrow. She is accompanied by a group of nymphs huntresses. Bow, arrow, quiver and knives serves as her symbols. While deer and stags is her sacred animal.
Ancient Greek myths involving Artemis
Birth
Hera, who was Zeus's wife, discovered that Leto was pregnant and became very angry. She banned Leto from giving birth on any mainland or island known.
Leto found the island of Delos, which floated and so was not an island or mainland, and gave birth there. Hera then locked up the goddess of childbirth, Eilethyia, so she could not give birth to the twins. Then, all the other goddesses convinced her to let her free so she could finally give birth. Leto gave birth to Artemis without any problem. However she was in labor with Apollo for nine days. Artemis helped Leto to give birth to Apollo.
Acteon
A mortal hunter named Acteon stumbled upon Artemis while she was bathing in one of his hunting session with his friends. Artemis discovered him and she was enraged. So she inflicted a punishment upon him for spying on her whilst she was bathing by transforming him into a stag. She sent his own hunting dogs to tear him apart.
Hippolytos
Hippolytos, a companion and devotee of Artemis, was slain through the machinations of Aphrodite, as punishment for his scorning of love and neglecting her worship. Artemis avenged the death of Hippolytos by killing Aphrodite's favourite lover, Adonis. She later petitioned Asclepius to bring the boy back to life, and spirited him away to her sacred shrine in Aricia.
Related pages
Artume - Etruscan mythology version of Artemis.
Diana - Roman mythology version of Artemis.
Temple of Artemis
Other websites
Theoi Project, Artemis, information on Artemis from original Greek and Roman sources, images from classical art.
Hymn To Artemis - The Virgin Goddess of the Hunt
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) (eds. G. E. Marindin, William Smith, LLD, William Wayte)
Twelve Olympians |
26806 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo | Apollo | Apollo is a god in Greek mythology, and one of the Twelve Olympians. He is the son of Zeus and Leto and the twin brother of Artemis. He is the god of healing, medicine, archery, music, poetry and the sun. He is the leader of the Muses. He also is a god of prophecy, and his Oracle at Delphi is very important. He also is the god of justice. During the 5th century BC, Apollo became also known as the god of Sun, becoming one with the god Helios, and getting the name Phoebus. He is shown as a handsome young man, wearing a laurel wreath and playing the kithara (lyre). It is known as his symbol. His other symbols include the raven.
Myths about Apollo
Apollon or Apollo was one of the Twelve Olympians, the 12 most important gods in Greek mythology. Because of this, there are many myths about him:
The Birth of Apollo
Apollo and his twin sister Artemis were the children of Zeus, the king of the Greek gods, and the goddess Leto. When Leto became pregnant, Zeus already had a wife, the queen of the gods Hera. Hera was angry that Zeus was having children with Leto, and cursed Leto so that she could not ever give birth to her children anywhere on the earth where the sun shone. Hera then sent a serpent called Python to eat her. Python chased Leto to the edge of the sea, where Leto swam to the island of Delos. Python could not swim, however, and had to leave her alone. The island of Delos was at that time just a big rock floating on the sea, not an island yet, so it wasn't "on the earth". So Leto climbed under the shade of a palm tree and gave birth to her daughter Artemis, and then her son Apollo. Delos then became Apollo's and Artemis' sacred land. It varies from myth to myth what twin was born first.
Apollo and Delphi
When Apollo grew up, he went to his father Zeus and asked for a golden bow with arrows as bright and sharp as the sunshine. Then he went looking for a place to build his temple. He came to a spring that belonged to a nymph called Telephusa and tried to build his temple there, but Telephusa suggested he build his temple at Delphi instead, since there was already a shrine there to Themis, the goddess of telling the future. Apollo went to Delphi but found out it was taken over by Python, the dragon who had tried to eat his mother. He killed the Python with a hundred arrows and claimed Delphi as his temple. He got two sailors to be his priests and then gave a girl the power of telling the future. The girl became his priestess or oracle. The little god Eros, the son of the love goddess Aphrodite, had watched Apollo kill Python and worshiped Apollo as his idol. Apollo, however, was annoyed by Eros and insulted him. Eros got angry and shot Apollo with his magic arrow, making him fall in love with a nymph named Daphne. Daphne didn't love Apollo and shunned him. Apollo chased her, and she turned herself into a laurel tree to escape him. Apollo still loved her and made the laurel one of his symbols.
Apollo and Hermes
Apollo looked after the cattle of the sun-god Helios while Helios was driving the sun through the sky. While Apollo was chasing Daphne, the mischievous baby god Hermes stole the cattle and confused Apollo by making the cattle walk backward as they left their pen. When Apollo went looking for them, it looked like they had walked into the ranch instead of out. Hermes also told a nearby man that he would make him rich if he told no one about what he saw Hermes do. The man, Battos, told Apollo anyway and was later turned into stone by Hermes as punishment. Apollo took Hermes in front of all the gods to be judged. Hermes acted innocent, though, and finally convinced Apollo to forgive him by giving him the lyre. Apollo loved this lyre so much that he not only let Hermes keep the cattle but also gave him the caduceus, a magic wand that could heal wounds and cause sleep. Hermes tried the caduceus out on two dying snakes, who came back to life and curled around the wand for the rest of eternity.
Other websites
Twelve Olympians |
26809 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike%20%28mythology%29 | Nike (mythology) | Nike (Greek: Νίκη) is the goddess of victory in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Styx and Pallas and the sister of Cratos, Bia, and Zelus. Nike and her brothers and sister were all friends of Zeus.
Nike could run very fast, had wings and brings good luck. She is usually worshipped at the same time as Athena. Nike is often linked with sport, with companies named for her like Nike Inc. A picture of Nike also appears in all the medals for the Summer Olympics. Her Roman name is Victoria.
The most famous statue of Nike is the Winged Victory of Samothrace. This is now in the Louvre, which is a museum in Paris, France. She is a symbol of victory displayed outside Olympic stadiums in Olympia and in other places where there are Olympics. She is believed to always be watching over sport stadiums ready to choose the victor of the game.
References
Greek gods and goddesses |
26811 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne | Daphne | Daphne can mean:
Daphne, a dryad in Greek mythology
Art
Dafne is the name of an opera by Jacopo Peri (1597), no longer existent, and is considered to be the first opera ever composed.
Daphne is also the title of an opera by Richard Strauss based on the myth of the nymph Daphne.
Daphne Descends is a song on the Smashing Pumpkins' Adore album.
Daphne is a song on several Django Reinhardt albums, such as Djangology. The song was originally written in 1938.
Sciences
Daphne is also a genus of shrubs in the plant family Thymelaeaceae, noted for their scented flowers and poisonous berries.
41 Daphne is the name of an asteroid.
DAΦNE is a nuclear physics experiment in Frascati, Italy.
DAPHNE is an emulator of Laserdisc Arcade Games.
Geography
Many cities and villages in Greece are named Dafni
Daphne is the name of a city in the U.S. state of Alabama.
Fiction
Daphne Blake is a character in the television cartoon Scooby-Doo.
Daphne Broon is a character in the Scottish cartoon strip The Broons.
Daphne Moon is a character in the Emmy Award Winning Show Frasier.
Daphne is the name of a tree that is important in finding Maia Mizuki's lost memories, in the anime Daphne in the Brilliant Blue (2004)
Other
SS Daphne was a ship which sank disastrously in 1883.
"Daphne II" is a European Community program based on the decission 803/2004/CE from the European Parliament, to prevent and fight violence against women and children and protect the victims and risk groups; It states a common position and strategy from the representatives of the European citizenship. |
26814 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagu%20Island | Montagu Island | Montagu Island is the largest island of the South Sandwich Islands.
islands |
26815 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx | Styx | Styx is the goddess of the river Styx in Greek mythology, and was the only female river goddess. She was the daughter of Okeanos and Tethys, and with Pallas was also the mother of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia (and sometimes Eos). During the Titanomachy she sent the children to help Zeus. To reward her for helping the Olympians, Zeus did not throw her in Tartarus, but let her be the guardian of the river Styx. She is the wife of the ferryman, Charon, and the guardian of the river Coctylus, Archeon.
Greek gods and goddesses
Afterlife |
26816 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho%20Marx | Groucho Marx | Julius Henry Marx or Groucho Marx (October 2, 1890 – August 19, 1977), was an American comedian. He was best known for work with his siblings in The Marx Brothers and then later on his own. He was also best known for portraying a fast-talking "wise guy" with bushy eyebrows, glasses, moustache and a cigar.
1890 births
1977 deaths
Actors from New York City
American Jews
American movie actors
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from pneumonia
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees |
26817 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20mythology | Greek mythology | Greek mythology is a large collection of stories, started in Ancient Greece, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures of gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines.
Gods and goddesses
The gods and goddesses in Greek mythology have special parts in the world. For instance, Zeus is the god of the sky, Poseidon is the god of the sea and Hephaestus is the god of metal work, forging and fire. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short amount of time. Gods and goddesses also never get sick and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal. The king of the gods was Zeus. The gods were children of the Titans such as Kronos and Rhea.
Greek mythology has thirteen main gods known as the Twelve Olympians plus Hades, the brother of Zeus. They were Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Hephaestus, Dionysus, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Demeter, Aphrodite and Hermes. Before them there were the twelve Titans.
The myth of the Sun
The Greeks believed that the sun was pulled across the sky by a chariot driven by the god, Apollo, (Or Helios, as some say, the titan who drove the 'sun chariot' across the sky before his successor Apollo) and he himself was the god of archery, poetry, and Oracles. Every day, Apollo would drive the Sun Chariot across the sky.
The Greek creation myth
The Ancient Greeks believed that in the beginning, the world was in a state of nothingness which they called Chaos. Suddenly, from light, came Gaia (Mother Earth) and from her came Uranus (the sky) along with other old gods (called primordials) like Pontus (the primordial god of the oceans). Gaia and Uranus had 12 children, the Titans. The most important of the 12 children were Kronos and Rhea.
Gaia gave birth to monsters called cyclops and monsters called Hecatoncheires (the hundred handed ones). Uranus, disgusted by the monsters, threw them in Tartarus. Gaia was angered by Uranus and wanted revenge on him. Gaia used her son Kronos, who chopped off Uranus' genitals. Kronos then threw Uranus into the ocean. From the blood of his genitals, came the goddess of love and beauty—Aphrodite.
Kronos married his sister Rhea and gave birth to 6 children, who were called the gods. Kronos, who was afraid of a prophecy delivered to him which stated that one day his children would cut him up, swallowed each of his children the second they were born. Rhea did not like this, so she saved Zeus and gave Kronos a rock to eat instead. Zeus was raised by Amaltheia. In some versions of the story, Amaltheia was a nymph. In other versions she was a goat. Zeus grew up in a mountain cave in Crete. When he was old enough, he tricked Kronos into drinking a mixture of wine and mustard with the help of Metis. Metis later had a child with Zeus named Athena. Kronos vomited up the rest of the gods, who, being immortal, had been growing up completely undigested in Kronos' stomach. Zeus and other gods then had a big war with the Titans. Zeus won with the help of the hundred handed ones and the cyclops. After they won the war Zeus cut Kronos into pieces and threw them into Tartarus.
Zeus was, from then on, the leader of the gods. Poseidon took over the oceans. Hades took over the Underworld. Zeus married his sister Hera and crowned her Queen of Olympus.
Related pages
List of Greek gods and goddesses
List of people in Greek mythology
Mythology
Roman mythology
References |
26820 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia | Gaia | Gaia can mean:
Gaia (mythology): the earth and mother of the gods in Greek mythology
Gaia (spacecraft): European space mission to collect data on Milky Way stars and other objects
Gaia hypothesis: the idea that living things and the Earth are closely connected, and form a complex self-regulating system, making sure there can be life on the planet. James Lovelock promoted this idea.
Gaia (Abrahamic religion): the Deity of the medieval faith Deanism from Celtic England (Europe) |
26822 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge | Ge | Ge or GE may stand for:
The letter G
Ge (Cyrillic) ( Г, г ), a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet
Ge with upturn ( Ґ, ґ ), a letter of the Ukrainian alphabet
Germanium (Ge), a chemical element
Genetic engineering
Short name for Greek goddess Gaia
General Electric, a large American company
Georgia (country) by ISO code
Ge people (or Je) - indigenous Brazilian tribes or the Ge languages associated with them |
26825 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya%20%28disambiguation%29 | Gaya (disambiguation) | See also: Gaia
Gaya may refer to:
Gaya Confederacy, an ancient Korean league of chiefdoms.
Gaya, India, a city in Bihar state in India.
Gaya District, India
Gaya, Niger, a city in Niger.
Gaya (plant), a plant genus in the family Malvaceae. |
26826 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyx | Nyx | Nyx was the goddess of the night in Greek mythology. She came out of Chaos.
Her Roman equivalent was Nox.
Hesiod's Theogony
In his theogony (How the gods came to be), Hesiod tells: Night is born of Chaos; her offspring are many, and telling. With Erebus, Night gives birth to the following deities:
Aether ("atmosphere") and Hemera ("day").
Later, on her own, Night gives birth to
Momus "blame"
Ponos "toil"
Moros "fate"
Thanatos "death"
Hypnos "sleep",
the Oneiroi "the tribe of dreams"
the Hesperides
the Keres and Fates
Nemesis "retribution"
Apate "deception"
Philotes "friendship"
Geras "age",
and Eris "strife".
In his description of Tartarus, Hesiod says further that Hemera "day", who is now Night's sister rather than daughter, left Tartarus just as Nyx entered it; when Hemera returned, Nyx left. This mirrors the portrayal of Ratri "night" in the Rig-Veda, where she works in close cooperation but also tension with her sister Ushas "dawn".
Children
Only hers:
Hypnos, the god of sleep.
Thanatos, the god of death.
Apate, the god of deception.
Eris, the god of strife.
Geras, the god of age.
Momus, the god of blame.
Moros, the god of fate.
Philotes, the god of friendship.
Ponus, the god of toil.
with Erebos: Charon
Related pages
Nox - Etruscan mythology version of Nyx.
Greek gods and goddesses |
26827 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemera | Hemera | Hemera was the goddess of daylight in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Erebus and Nyx, and the sister of Moros, Charon, Keres and Nemesis.
Hyginus lists their children as Uranus, Gaia, and Thalassa (the primordial sea goddess), while Hesiod only lists Thalassa as their child.
Aether was her brother and consort. Hyginus listed Gaia, Thalassa and Ouranos as their children. In Hesiod's "Theogony", Hemera was only mother of Thalassa.
Hemera's mother was the goddess of the night and her father was the god of darkness. they were brother and sister and married and had kids Hemera was one of them.
Her grandmother was the goddess of air.
Greek gods and goddesses |
26828 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether | Aether | Aether was the God of light in Greek mythology. He was the son of Erebus and Nyx. Aether is one of the primordial deities, the first-born elementals.
Damascius says that Aether, Erebus and Chaos were siblings, and the offspring of Chronos (Father Time). According to Epiphanius, the world began as a cosmic egg, encircled by Time and Inevitability (most likely Chronos and Ananke) in serpent fashion. Together they constricted the egg, squeezing its matter with great force, until the world divided into two hemispheres. After that, the atoms sorted themselves out. The lighter and finer ones floated above and became the Bright Air (Aether and/or Ouranos) and the rarefied Wind (Chaos), while the heavier and dirtier atoms sank and became the Earth (Gaia) and the Ocean (Pontos and/or Oceanus). See also Plato's Myth of Er.
References
Greek gods and goddesses |
26832 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keres%20%28spirits%29 | Keres (spirits) | The Keres are female death spirits in Greek mythology, and were the daughters of Erebus and Nyx. They look very dark and have sharp teeth, claws and like the taste of blood. The Keres look around battlefields for hurt people and people who are dying.
Greek legendary creatures |
26833 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris%20%28goddess%29 | Eris (goddess) | Eris (, "Strife") is the goddess of strife and discord in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Nyx, but has no father. She is the opposite of Harmonia, who is the goddess of harmony.
The Romans called her Discordia. In Roman statues of Discordia, and in other Roman art of her, she looks scary and ugly, and she is holding a knife. There are a few myths about this goddess, such as the one involving the golden apple.
Discordians
Nowadays, there are some people who call themselves Discordians. This idea comes from a book called Principia Discordia, which was written by Greg Hill and Kerry Thornley in San Francisco in the year 1958 or 1959. The book says that Eris might not have been scary and ugly after all, but that she was just misunderstood.
The Principia Discordia describes the Discordian Society and its Goddess Eris, as well as the basics of Discordianism.
Greek gods and goddesses |
26834 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geras | Geras | Geras is the god of age in Greek mythology. His mother is Nyx, but he has no father.
Greek gods and goddesses |
26835 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnos | Hypnos | Hypnos is the god of sleep in Greek mythology. He is the son of Nyx and the twin brother of Thanatos, the god of death.
His sons are the Oneroi: Morpheus, Phobetor and Phantasos.
His Roman equivalent was Somnus. Hypnos was represented as a gentle young man, usually with wings attached to his temples or shoulders.
Greek gods and goddesses |
26836 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momus | Momus | Momus is the god of blame in Greek mythology. His mother is Nyx, but he has no father. He was kicked out of Olympus after criticizing Zeus and Aphrodite.
Greek gods and goddesses |
26837 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moros | Moros | Moros is the personification of doom in Greek mythology. He was the child of Nyx and brother to Thanatos. It is believed that he decided the destiny of each mortal.
Greek gods and goddesses |
26838 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metis | Metis | Metis is the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology. She is one of the Titans and is the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She was the mother of Athena.
There is also a moon named after Metis.
When she was inside Zeus, Metis made a helmet and a robe for her baby. The hammering noise caused Zeus to have a headache. To try and help Zeus with the pain, Prometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes, or Palaemon (depending on the myth) cut his head open with a Minoan axe. Athena then came out of Zeus's head. She was fully grown and had her armour on.
Related pages
Athena
9 Metis
Nymphs |
26839 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos | Eos | Eos (Ionic and Homeric Greek: Ἠώς, Ēōs; Attic: Ἕως, Éōs; Aeolic: Αὔως, Aúōs; Doric: Ἀώς, Āṓs) is the goddess of the dawn in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. She is the sister of Helios, god of the sun, and Selene, goddess of the moon.
Myth
Eos leaves her home, which was at the edge of ocean, every morning to wake her brother, Helios. She opens the gates of heaven so that Helios can ride his chariot across the sky each day.
Related pages
Aurora - Roman mythology version of Eos.
Thesan - Etruscan mythology version of Eos.
Titans |
26840 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selene | Selene | Selene is also another name for the moon
Selene () is the goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. She is the sister of Helios, god of the Sun, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. She is often shown driving her chariot across the night sky, drawn by a team of winged horses. Many other goddesses, such as Artemis and Hecate, were associated with the moon, but only Selene was regarded as the personification of the Moon itself. Her Roman equivalent is Luna.
Etymology
The etymology of Selene is unknown, but if the word is from Greek, it is probably connected to the word selas, meaning "light". Boreion Selas is the Greek name for Aurora Borealis. The word selenology, the study of the geology of the Moon, comes from her name. The chemical element Selenium was also named after Selene.
Depictions
In post-Renaissance art, Selene is shown as a beautiful woman with a pale face. She is sometimes riding a silver chariot (cart) pulled by oxen or a pair of horses. Often, she is shown riding a horse or bull, wearing robes and a half-moon on her head and carrying a torch.
Mythology
Genealogy
In the old pre-Olympian genealogy of the gods, Helios, the sun, is Selene's brother: after her brother, Helios, finishes his trip across the sky, Selene, freshly washed in the waters of the Earth-circling Ocean, begins her own trip as night falls upon the earth, which becomes lit from the light of her head and golden crown. When she is growing after mid-month, it is a "sure token and a sign to mortal men". Her sister, Eos, is goddess of the dawn. Eos also carried off a human lover, Cephalus, which is like a myth of Selene and Endymion.
As a result of Selene becoming one with Artemis, later writers sometimes said Selene was a daughter of Zeus, like Artemis, or of Pallas the Titan. In the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, with its list of people's fathers, she is "bright Selene, daughter of the lord Pallas, Megamedes' son."
Lovers
The Apollonius of Rhodes tells how Selene loved a mortal, the handsome hunter or shepherd—or, in the version Pausanias knew, a king— of Elis, named Endymion, from Asia Minor. He was so beautiful that Selene asked Zeus to grant him eternal sleep, she learned from her sister never to ask for eternal life or be left with a grasshopper in her hands so he would never leave her: her asking permission of Zeus is as an Olympian change to an older myth: Cicero Tusculanae Disputationes recognized that the moon goddess had done it by herself. Another story says Endymion made the decision to live forever in sleep. Every night, Selene went down behind Mount Latmus near MiletusPausanias geographerPausanias . Selene had fifty daughters, the Menae, by Endymion, including Naxos, the nymph of Naxos Island. The protected place of Endymion at Heraclea by Latmus|Heraclea on the southern slope of Latmus is a horseshoe-shaped room with an entrance hall and pillared front court.
Though the story of Endymion is the best-known one today, the Homeric hymn to Selene tells that Selene also had a daughter by Zeus, Pandia, the "utterly shining" full moon. According to some sources, the Nemean Lion was her child as well. She also had a brief relationship with Pan, who seduced her by wrapping himself in a sheepskin and gave her the yoke of white oxen that drew the chariot in which she is shown in sculptures, with her windblown veil above her head like the arching canopy of sky. In the Homeric hymn, her chariot is drawn by long-maned horses.
Luna
The Roman moon goddess, Luna, had a temple on the Aventine Hill. It was built in the sixth century BC, but was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome when Nero was king. There was also a temple to Luna Noctiluca ("Luna that shines by night") on the Palatine Hill. There were parties in honor of Luna on March 31, August 24 and August 29.
Trivia
The main character in Underworld and Underworld: Evolution is a woman named Selene who is a vampire. She is played by Kate Beckinsale.
The Selene is a secret ship in the Playstation game Einhänder.
Selene is the name Lanfear uses when she approaches Mat, Perrin, and Rand to talk about glory, in the Wheel of Time series written by Robert Jordan
References
Titans |
26841 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto | Leto | Leto is a goddess in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Coeus and Phoebe, who were Titans. Leto was the mother of the twins Artemis and Apollo, whose father was Zeus.
After the twins were born, Leto played very little part in Greek mythology. She is the goddess of motherhood and one of Zeus' many wives.
Birth of Artemis and Apollo
Hera, who was Zeus's wife, discovered that Leto was pregnant and became very angry. She banned Leto from giving birth on any mainland or island known.
Leto found the island of Delos, which floated and so was not an island nor mainland, and gave birth there. Leto gave birth to Artemis without any problem. However she was in labour with Apollo for nine days and nine nights. Artemis helped Leto to give birth to Apollo.
Related pages
Latona Fountain
Titans |
26843 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux%20Falls%2C%20South%20Dakota | Sioux Falls, South Dakota | Sioux Falls (pronounced "sue falls") is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the largest city in the state; 153,888 people lived there at the 2010 census. The city is in the eastern part of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Minnehaha County, where most of the city is located. The southern part of the city is in Lincoln County. Sioux Falls became a city in 1876. The city is built around the Big Sioux River, and it gets its name from a set of waterfalls along the river that are located in a park in the city.
Sports
Sioux Falls is home to four major sports teams. The Sioux Falls Skyforce play basketball in the NBA Development League, the Sioux Falls Canaries play baseball in the American Association, the Sioux Falls Stampede play ice hockey in the United States Hockey League, and the Sioux Falls Storm play American football in the Indoor Football League.
Transport
Two major Interstate highways go through Sioux Falls. Interstate 90 goes from east to west, and Interstate 29 goes from north to south. Sioux Falls also has a shorter route, Interstate 229, that serves the eastern part of the city and connects Interstate 90 to Interstate 29. The city is also home to the Sioux Falls Regional Airport, which has flights to many big cities across the country.
Related pages
References
Other websites
City of Sioux Falls government website
County seats in South Dakota
1876 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Dakota Territory |
26844 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/30s | 30s |
Events
circa 33 – Jesus is crucified, and according to Christianity, resurrects from the dead. |
26846 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Eccleston | Christopher Eccleston | Christopher Eccleston (born 16 February 1964) is an English actor. He played the Ninth Doctor on Doctor Who in 2005. Before playing the doctor, he played the Son of God in The Second Coming. He has acted in movies, such as Let Him Have It, Shallow Grave, and Gone in 60 Seconds.
Eccleston is an atheist.
References
Other websites
Fan site
Actors from Greater Manchester
Actors from Lancashire
English atheists
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
1964 births
Living people |
26848 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliverance | Deliverance | {{Infobox movie
| name = Deliverance
| director = John Boorman
| producer = John Boorman
| writer = Novel:James DickeyScreenplay:James Dickey| starring = Jon VoightBurt ReynoldsNed BeattyRonny CoxJames Dickey
| music =
| cinematography = Vilmos Zsigmond
| editing = Tom Priestley
| distributor = Warner Bros.
| released = July 30, 1972
| runtime = 109 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $2 million
| gross = $46,122,355
}}Deliverance' is a 1972 American crime drama movie made by Warner Bros.. It was directed by John Boorman and stars Burt Reynolds, Ronny Cox, Ned Beatty, and Jon Voight. It was based on a book written in 1970 by James Dickey, who also wrote the screenplay and had a small part in the movie. It is set in rural northern Georgia. Four men from Atlanta take a trip in a canoe. Two of them are raped by sadistic local men; the victims take revenge on their attackers.Deliverance'' got good reviews from critics and is widely considered one of the best films of 1972.
Awards and nominations
Nominated for:
Academy Award for Best Picture
Academy Award for Directing – John Boorman
Academy Award for Film Editing – Tom Priestley
New York Film Critics Circle for Best Film and Best Director
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture – John Boorman
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama – Jon Voight
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song – Arthur "Guitar Boogie" Smith, Eric Weissberg and Steve Mandel
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay – James Dickey
References
Other websites
1970 books
1972 crime movies
1972 drama movies
1970s adventure movies
20th-century American novels
1970s crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about revenge
Movies based on books
Movies set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Rape in movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by John Boorman |
26852 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Robin%20Hood | The Adventures of Robin Hood | The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 swashbuckler movie. It was directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley. It was shot in Technicolor. The movie stars Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone, and Claude Rains. The story is based on the traditional tales of Robin Hood. It is the third of eight movies Flynn and De Havilland made together. The movie won three minor Academy Awards. In 1995, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.
1938 movies
1930s adventure movies
American adventure movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Swashbuckler movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Michael Curtiz
Movies directed by William Keighley |
26853 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20%281994%20movie%29 | Speed (1994 movie) | Speed is a 1994 American action-thriller movie set in Los Angeles, California. It stars Keanu Reeves, Sandra Bullock, Jeff Daniels, Alan Ruck, and Dennis Hopper with Joe Morton. It is about a police officer (Reeves) who has to stop a extortionist (Hopper), who has put a bomb on a city bus. The movie was a box office success in many countries.
It was followed by a 1997 sequel, Speed 2: Cruise Control.
Release dates
Other websites
1994 crime movies
1994 thriller movies
20th Century Fox movies
1994 action movies
1990s crime thriller movies
1990s American action movies
American crime thriller movies
Chase movies
English-language movies
Movies about extortion
Movies about murderers
Movies set in Los Angeles |
26854 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares | Ares | Ares is a god in Greek mythology. He is the god of savage war and bloodlust, and represents the untamed, wild aspects of conflict. He is one of the Twelve Olympians. His parents are Zeus and Hera. He had a twin sister called Eris. Neither parent liked him. He is considered murderous and bloody. In the Trojan War, he fought on the side of the Trojans. He had six children with Aphrodite. His homeland is Thrace.
Etymology
Ares' name is believed to be derived from the Greek word ἀρή (arē), the Ionic form of the Doric ἀρά (ara), which translates to "bane" or "ruin".
Related pages
Maris - Etruscan mythology version of Ares
Tyr - Norse mythology version of Ares
Mars - Roman mythology version of Ares
References
Other websites
Theoi Project, Ares information on Ares from classical literature, images from Greek and Roman art.
Greek Mythology Link, Ares summary of Ares in myth
Twelve Olympians |
26855 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Kavan | Anna Kavan | Anna Kavan (born Helen Emily Woods; 10 April 1901 – 5 December 1968) was an English writer.
Her early work, comprising six novels, gave little indication of the style and content of her writing after 1939. The change of her name to Anna Kavan in 1940 signalled an experimental form, focussed on the 'nocturnal language' of dreams and addiction.
I Am Lazarus is a collection of short stories that address the disturbing unreality of mental illness, particularly as a result of [war-related] post traumatic stress disorder.
Kavan travelled extensively during the Second World War, spending 22 months in New Zealand. That country's proximity to Antarctica informed her writing of Ice.
Kavan's biographical details have until recently been vague and sketchy, but recent discoveries of letters and unpublished manuscripts have shed revealing light on her life and times. Dr Jennifer Sturm of Auckland University has made a recent study of Kavan's writing, and has unearthed significant validation of her biographical details. Kavan is currently enjoying something of a belated interest. London publishers Peter Owen Publishers have for many years flown the Kavan flag and continue to do so, with the recent re-release of Ice and a forthcoming publication of Guilty, a new posthumous release of Kavan's work.
1901 births
1968 deaths
English novelists |
26856 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo | Voodoo | The word voodoo, which has many different names and spellings (like vodun, vodou, voudou, vudu, vodoun, vowdown, vooodooo, vundun) is the name of a West African animist, spiritual folkway. Some class it as a religion. However, voodoo is more a way of life. It is a supernatural ancestral connection, passed from generation to generation by word of mouth (oral tradition), rituals and spiritual practices. Voodoo has variations from tribe to tribe. Religion, on the other hand, is based on formal organization, myths and dogma in texts, buildings constructed for worship, and a hierarchy of ordained leaders.
Voodoo is animism or spiritism. That is, all aspects of the natural world are seen as having spiritual identity immune to physical death. Animism includes belief in a person's spirit surviving the death of the body. Ancestors' 'spirits' are called upon for inspiration, protection or other influences over the material world. The roots of voodoo in the Americas come from the Fon, Ewe, and Yoruba people of Africa.. The word vodún is the Fon-Ewe word for spirit.
In voodoo many gods and spirits are prayed to or called on. Both spirits of nature and of dead people are important. The spirits of family members who have died are especially important. Voodoo often has rituals with music and dancing. Drums are used to make most of this music. In voodoo people often believe that a spirit is in their body and controlling the body. Having a spirit come into is wanted, and important. This spirit can speak for the gods or dead people you love, and can also help to heal or do magic.
Vodou in Haiti
Another word for voodoo is vodu, used in Haiti where the creole language is based on French language. African voodoo often has animal sacrifice (the animal is killed for the spirits), but this is not common in Haiti. Voodoo in Haiti and America has also added some Catholic ideas that were not known in African voodoo. The use of Catholic saints/iconography may have developed as a means of adaptation, and survival, but also as a safety precaution.
Voodoo is an important religion in Haiti. When Haiti beat the French in a war and became its own country, the people of Haiti believed that voodoo had helped them win. Also, in Haiti there are both good priests and "dark" sorcerers (called bokor). The bokor acts like a kind of religious policeman, and may curse bad people.
Voodoo in the United States
Voodoo originally entered the United States via immigrants from Africa and Haiti such as Marie LaVeau, "the voodoo queen of New Orleans". Marie was a pacifist and known for healing people. Though unprecedented, the local Catholic priest let Marie practice Voodoo in the Catholic Church, and as a result, she became famous, leading (along with others) many in Louisiana to believe in Voodoo.
Voodoo in popular culture
Movies
Like many other religions and practices, people learn about voodoo and hoodoo through movies and TV shows, where it has gained the popularity it has today as a form of entertainment. Hoodoo was showcased in the 2005 horror-suspense movie, The Skeleton Key, starring Kate Hudson (correctly emphasizing that it was hoodoo that was being used), and in the 2009 Disney movie The Princess and the Frog.
Zombies are a large part of popular horror culture, and they originated in voodoo folklore from the original word, “nbzambi”, which refers to the primary sprit and/or to one’s soul. The 2009 release of Zombieland and the 2004 movie Shaun of the Dead are both horror-comedies.
Music
Just as there is Christian music, there is music that came from voodoo rituals, which influenced jazz, and many of the original jazz players are rumored to have had a connection to voodoo in some way, including Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong. Storyville, a district in New Orleans, was a place where, at night, Jazz was played and hoodoo was sold. There, jazz thrived and pulsed with the voices and instruments of Jelly Roll, Sweet Emma Barrett, and many others.
There are many songs and albums that reference voodoo and/or hoodoo, either in the title ("Hoodoo" by Muse )
or in the actual song, such as in David Bowie's song "Magic Dance", with the lyric, "You remind me of the babe./ What babe?/ The babe with the power. /What power?/ The power of the hoodoo. /Hoodoo? /You do. /Do what? /Remind me of the babe!". Another example is Rob Zombie who started the band White Zombie.
Literature
Loa (spirits of Voodoo) are depicted in Zadie Smith's 2005 novel On Beauty. Loa also appear in Terry Pratchett's book Witches Abroad (1991). A powerful voodoo woman in novel Witches Abroad is named Erzulie Gogol. Baron Samedi (as the head of the Ghede family of Loa) is mentioned in the second novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series of stories Live and Let Die. In the short story Kum Ogun by Jorge Amado, or the 2nd part of the novel Shepherds of the night (1964), is one of the title characters – Loa Ogun. The character Galeb from Tales of Monkey Island was based on Loa Papa Legba. Papa Legba, Erzulie, Ogun, Ghede and other popular Loa together with the adepts of Voodoo are depicted in Andrei Gusev's 2020 novel Our Wild Sex in Malindi.
References |
26857 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20%28mythology%29 | Mercury (mythology) | Mercury (Latin: Mercurius) is the god of trade, commerce, financial gain, messages/communication, travellers and boundaries, trickery, merchants and thieves in Ancient Roman religion and myth. Son of Jupiter and Maia, Mercury was a major god in Roman state religion, being a member of the Dii Consentes, the principal group of ancient Roman deities. The Roman counterpart to Hermes, the god is depicted as holding a caduceus in his left hand. The planet Mercury and the element Mercury are named after him.
Related pages
Turms - Etruscan mythology version of Mercury.
Hermes - Greek mythology version of Mercury.
Roman gods and goddesses |
26858 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusa | Medusa | Medusa is a character in Greek mythology. Her story has been told and retold by ancient and modern storytellers, writers, and artists.
The Latin poet Ovid writes in Book IV of his Metamorphoses that Poseidon had raped Medusa in the temple of Athena. The goddess was angry, and changed Medusa into a monster with snakes for hair. To people in Ovid's time, Medusa, not Poseidon, was the one who had done something wrong.
Artists have made statues and paintings of Medusa for thousands of years. Ancient Greeks and other ancient people painted Medusa's face on pots and doors and other things. In Greek art from this time, artists usually painted or carved people looking out to the side. Medusa was almost always carved looking out of the picture toward the viewer. This was so Medusa could scare evil things away. These pictures of Medusa are called Gorgoneions. They are an example of using one evil thing to make other evil things leave, the same way Perseus used Medusa against his other enemies.
Myth
Medusa was one of three sisters, the Gorgons. Medusa's sisters were Stheno and Euryale. Medusa was mortal, but her sisters were immortal. They were all children of the sea gods, Phorkys and his sister Keto. Before they were monsters, all three sisters were beautiful young women, Medusa the most; however, she was a priestess in the temple of Athena and was bound by a vow of celibacy.
Any man or animal who looked directly upon her was turned to stone.
The hero Perseus cut off Medusa's head. He snuck up on her by using his shiny shield as a mirror. He put Medusa's head in a special bag and then showed it to his enemies. They turned to stone. Then he gave Medusa's head to the gods. Either Zeus or Athena put her head on the shield called aegis.
Medusa was pregnant by Poseidon at the time of her death. Pegasus, a winged horse, and Chrysaor, a golden giant, sprang from her blood.
Medusa in art
Medusa was a subject for ancient vase painters, mosaicists, and sculptors. She appears on the breastplate of Alexander the Great in the Alexander Mosaic at the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy (about 200 BC).
A Roman copy of Phidias' Medusa (left) is held in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.
Among the Renaissance depictions are the sculpture Perseus with the Head of Medusa by Benvenuto Cellini (1554) and the oil painting Medusa by Caravaggio (1597).
Baroque depictions include Head of Medusa by Peter Paul Rubens (1618); the marble bust Medusa by Bernini (1630s); and Perseus Turning Phineus and his Followers to Stone, an oil painting by Luca Giordano from the (early 1680s).
Romantic and modern depictions include Perseus with the Head of Medusa by Antonio Canova (1801) and Perseus, a sculpture by Salvador Dalí. Twentieth century artists whno tackled the Medusa theme include Paul Klee, John Singer Sargent, Pablo Picasso, Pierre et Gilles, and Auguste Rodin. The twenty-first century sculpture Medusa with the Head of Perseus by Luciano Garbati became part of the #MeToo Movement.
References
Greek legendary creatures
Monsters |
26870 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilo%20%26%20Stitch%3A%20The%20Series | Lilo & Stitch: The Series | Lilo & Stitch: The Series is a Disney Channel animated television series based on the 2002 movie, Lilo & Stitch. It follows Stitch! The Movie, which was a pilot to the series. As with the first movie, it stars Daveigh Chase as Lilo Pelekai and Chris Sanders as her alien friend Stitch. In the show, they try to find Stitch's alien cousins and the job each cousin is perfect for.
Characters
626/Stitch (voiced by Chris Sanders)
Lilo Pelekai (voiced by Daveigh Chase)
Dr. Jumba Jookiba (voiced by David Ogden Stiers)
Agent Wendy Pleakley (voiced by Kevin McDonald)
Nani Pelekai (voiced by Tia Carrere) Lilo's older sister.
Captain Gantu (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson)
625/Reuben (voiced by Rob Paulsen)
Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel (voiced by Jeff Bennett)
Mertle Edmonds (voiced by Liliana Mumy)
624/Angel (voiced by Tara Strong)
Episodes
Main article: List of Lilo & Stitch: The Series episodes
Other websites
Disney Channel site
TV.com entry
Animated television series
2003 television series debuts
Lilo & Stitch
Television series by Buena Vista Television
2006 television series endings |
26873 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Bondarenko | Olga Bondarenko | Olga Bondarenko (maiden name Krentser, born 2 June 1960 in Slavgorod, Altai Krai, Russia) is a long-distance runner. Running for the U.S.S.R., she won the 10,000 metre race at the 1988 Summer Olympics, and the 3,000 metre race at the 1986 European Championships. Earlier she had set a world record for the 10,000 m event, at 31 minutes, 13.78 seconds, in Kiev in 1984. Her first world-class gold medal was a first-place finish in the 5,000 m race at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow. She competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics.
References
Olga Bondarenko at sporting-heroes.net
Olga Bondarenko-Krentser
1960 births
Living people
1992 Summer Olympics
Competitors in athletics
Female athletes
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Russian sportspeople
Soviet Olympic gold medalists |
26877 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestus | Hephaestus | Hephaestus (, Hēphaistos) is the Greek god of fire, metalworking, craftsmen, sculpture, metallurgy and volcanoes. His parents were Zeus and Hera, Hephaestus was the blacksmith of the gods. He was married to the goddess Aphrodite, who cheated on him with his brother Ares. His symbols were a smith's hammer, an anvil, and a pair of tongs. The donkey was his sacred animal. The god Vulcan is his Roman equivalent.
Description
When Hephaestus was born, he was ugly and weak, with a broken foot. Hera did not like the way he looked and threw him off her castle which was on top of the clouds. Hephaestus fell for one day and one night before falling into the sea. The sea animals rescued him and took him to an island called Lemnos. There Hephaestus built his forge underneath a volcano. He collected precious metals, pearls and pieces of coral to fashion extraordinary jewelry. Hephaestus built little robots of gold to help him get around. Hephaestus even worked with the Cyclopes (one eyed creatures). To impress the gods and goddesses, he made a set of golden thrones for them.
Hera realized her mistake of throwing Hephaestus off Mount Olympus and wanted Hephaestus back. Hephaestus politely refused, saying that he was quite happy where he was. Hephaestus denied because he knew that the only reason that Hera wanted him back, was because he could make her items. He then set to work and fashioned a beautiful golden throne and sent it to Hera as a ‘thank you, but not really, gift.’ Hera felt delighted by his present. The instant she sat on it, golden ropes and chains flew out and tied her into the chair.
Hephaestus was still very angry with Hera because she threw him off Mount Olympus because of his disability. Hera was trapped on the throne three whole days without being able to eat or sleep. Everyone tried to free Hera from the great trap, but Hephaestus’ design was so clever that none of the gods could detach the ropes. So, Zeus sent his son Ares, god of war, to bring Hephaestus back to let Hera loose. Hephaestus made Ares run away by throwing firebrands at him, and Ares made a shameful retreat. Zeus used trickery next and sent Dionysus, the god of wine, to get Hephaestus drunk. Hephaestus was not a regular drinker, and Hephaestus got drunk very quickly. Soon Dionysus was making his proud return to Mount Olympus, with drunk Hephaestus on the back of a mule. Hephaestus still refused to let his mother out. Zeus offered him Aphrodite (the goddess of beauty) as a wife if he let his mother out. Hephaestus agreed to his offer and finally freed Hera. He moved back to the forges because he did not like the busy life of the palace. Although, he still refused to forgive Hera.
Hera felt very guilty and gave him loads of supplies, materials, tools, and helpers for his workshop. Hephaestus made the best weapons, jewelry, and armor. Some of his greatest creations ever were the silver bows and arrows of Artemis and Apollo as well as Apollo’s golden chariot. He also made the shield of Achilles, Athena's spear, and Hercules' breastplate. In addition to this he made the scepter of Zeus and the battle armor of the Olympian armies. He also made all of the gods and goddesses palaces (with help from Athena) and their unbreakable locks. On top of all this, Hephaestus was and is still credited with the invention of the three-legged stool and the world’s first robots. His helpers included a complete set of life size golden maids who helped around the house.
Marriage to Aphrodite
Hephaestus married Aphrodite. When Aphrodite emerged from the sea (created by the sperm of the severed member of Uranus,) Zeus feared that the gods would battle over her hand in marriage, so Zeus arranged that Aphrodite would marry Hephaestus if he let his mother out of the golden throne. Hephaestus gave Aphrodite his best creations and even gave her a magic girdle that made her irresistible to men. However, Aphrodite did not love him as she was married against her will and she didn't like Hephaestus' looks. She spent most of her time with Ares.
It is said that when his wife, Aphrodite, does something unfaithful, he smashes some of his materials through rage and makes the volcano he lives under erupt. One time, Hephaestus caught Aphrodite and Ares on a bed while they Aphrodite and Ares were making love. Hephaestus out of rage, trapped them on the bed and sent them to Mount Olympus to be ridiculed and laughed at by the other gods.
Hephaestus was well liked by all of the Olympians. He was not involved in their plots. Hephaestus preferred to be alone in his workshop. Hephaestus was also worshiped by the Greeks because he proved that those who labor are also noble. Hephaestus reminds us of the value and dangers of losing our selves in work.
Related pages
Sethlans - Etruscan version of Hephaestus.
Vulcan - Roman version of Hephaestus.
References
Twelve Olympians |
26878 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan%20%28mythology%29 | Vulcan (mythology) | Vulcan is the god of fire in Roman mythology. His Greek equivalent is the god Hephaestus. He is the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Venus. In Roman mythology, he was one of the top 12 gods in the heavens - the 12 gods that made up the Dei Consentes, the council of Gods.
Mythology
Vulcan was born extremely ugly. His mother, Juno, tried to throw him off a cliff, but failed to kill her son. Instead, she put him in a volcano and told him to stay there for most of his young life. Little did she know that her young boy would grow to be a very talented blacksmith for all the gods and goddesses of Olympus.
Vulcan made thrones for the other gods to sit on in Mount Etna. Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, he came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry and armor for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of Maia and Venus. His smithy was believed to be underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.
Vulcan had a happy childhood with dolphins as his playmates and pearls as his toys. Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing.
Vulcan carefully shut this precious coal in a clam shell and took it back to his underwater grotto and made a fire with it. On the first day after, Vulcan stared at this fire for hours on end. On the second day, he discovered that when he made the fire hotter with bellows, certain stones sweated iron, silver or gold. On the third day he beat the cooled metal into shapes: bracelets, chains, swords and shields. Vulcan made pearl-handled knives and spoons for his foster mother, he made a silver chariot for himself, and bridles so that seahorses could transport him quickly. He even made slave-girls of gold to wait on him and do his bidding. From then on, Vulcan and Thetis lived like royalty.
Later, Thetis left her underwater grotto to attend a dinner party on Mount Olympus wearing a beautiful necklace of silver and sapphires, which Vulcan had made for her. Juno admired the necklace and asked as to where she could get one. Thetis became flustered causing Juno to become suspicious and, at last, the queen god discovered the truth: the baby she had once rejected had grown into a talented blacksmith.
Juno was furious and demanded that Vulcan return home, a demand that he refused. However he did send Juno a beautifully constructed chair made of silver and gold, inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Juno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast. The more she shrieked and struggled the more firmly the mechanical throne gripped her; the chair was a cleverly designed trap.
For three days Juno sat fuming, still trapped in Vulcan's chair, she could not sleep, she could not stretch, she could not eat. It was Jupiter who finally saved the day, he promised that if Vulcan released Juno he would give him a wife, Venus the goddess of love and beauty. Vulcan agreed and married Venus. He later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. It was said that whenever Venus is unfaithful, Vulcan grows angry and beats the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rise up from the top of the mountain, to create a volcanic eruption.
According to Virgil, Vulcan was the father of Caeculus.
To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Jupiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. He also made the thrones for the other gods on Mount Olympus.
Worship
Vulcan's oldest shrine in Rome, called the "Volcanal", was in the Roman Forum. It was said to have been built during the Roman Kingdom by Titus Tatius, the Sabine co-king, in the eighth century BC. The Etruscan haruspices thought a temple of Vulcan should be outside the city, and the Volcanal may originally have been on or outside the city limits before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill. Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Marius.
The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek smith-god Hephaestus and he became associated like his Greek counterpart with the use of fire in metalworking. A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting they were already associated. However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructiveness, and his worshippers wanted to encourage the god to avert harmful fires.
His festival, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23, when the summer heat made a fire hazard. The people made bonfires, and threw live fish or small animals into the fires as animal sacrifice. Vulcan was among the gods placated after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Also because of that fire, Domitian (emperor 81–96) established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill. A red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that part of town.
Statues
There is a statue of Vulcan in Birmingham, Alabama, USA. It is the largest cast iron statue in the world.
Related pages
Hephaestus - Greek mythology version of Vulcan
References
Roman gods and goddesses |
26879 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyche%20%28planet%29 | Tyche (planet) | Tyche is the nickname given to a possible gas giant planet in the Solar System's Oort cloud. It is one of several proposed planets beyond Neptune. Tyche was first proposed in 1999 by astronomer John Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
Matese and Daniel Whitmire say that the points of origin for long-period comets gives a pattern that suggests Tyche's existence. They noted that Tyche, if it exists, should be seen in the archive of data that was collected by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Infrared telescope. However, several astronomers disagree that Tyche exists. In 2014 NASA announced that WISE had not found such a planet.
Tyche is in the Nickelodeon TV show The Fairly OddParents. It is also called "Yugopotamia" and is where the character Mark Chang is from.
References
Planets
Solar System |
26880 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna%20%28mythology%29 | Fortuna (mythology) | Fortuna was the goddess of fortune, luck and fate in Roman mythology. Fortuna could bestow good or bad luck onto people. She was sometimes represented veiled and blind. She was a daughter of Jupiter and like him, she could also be bountiful and generous to everybody.
Related pages
Tyche - Greek mythology version of Fortuna
The Wheel of Fortune
Other websites
Roman gods and goddesses |
26883 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter | Demeter | Demeter (Attic Greek: Δημήτηρ, Dēmḗtēr; Doric: Δαμάτηρ, Dāmā́tēr) is the goddess of the harvest and agriculture in ancient Greek religion and myth, one of the Twelve Olympians. The elder sister of Zeus, Demeter presided over grains and the fertility of the earth. She served as the patron goddess of farmers, and was believed to have taught men how to reap and cultivate the harvest. By Zeus, she is the mother of Persephone, the wife of Hades and queen of the underworld. Both she and Persephone were central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, a series of festivals held in honor of the two goddesses in the region of Attica. Her symbols were the scythe, cornucopia, wheat, bread and harvest grains, and the pig and snake were her sacred animals. Her Roman equivalent is Ceres.
In Greek Mythology, Demeter's daughter Persephone was kidnapped by Hades, and made her bride. Demeter grieved the loss of her daughter, bringing on a long famine. Eventually an accord was met by which Persephone would spend part of the year underground, and the rest above ground with her mother. This cycle is the Mythological explanation for the seasons.
Related pages
Ceres - Roman version of Demeter
Twelve Olympians |
26884 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres | Ceres | In Roman religion and myth, Ceres (Latin: Cerēs) is the goddess of agriculture, especially the growing of grains and cereals, fertility and motherly relationships. The Roman counterpart of Demeter, Ceres was the central deity of the Plebeian or Aventine Triad, comprised of her, Liber and Libera. She was the mother of Proserpine, who was married to Pluto, the god of the underworld. At Roman weddings, a boy carried the torch of Ceres to light the way to marital happiness. The dwarf planet Ceres is named for her.
Related pages
Demeter - Greek mythology version of Ceres
Roman gods and goddesses |
26885 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20mythology | Roman mythology | Roman mythology is a huge collection of stories, started in Ancient Rome, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures the many Roman gods, goddesses, and heroes. Each god, each goddess had a cult to take care of their temples or other holy places.
The myths of the Ancient Romans are often called "Greco-Roman". Originally they were similar to the Greek mythology of the Ancient Greeks, and later the Romans added Greek stories for their Roman gods, so they became even more similar.
The gods and goddesses in these stories have lots of magic powers. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short time. They can change people into animals or animals into people. They have no disease and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal; they can never die.
Related pages
List of Roman gods and goddesses
Mythology
Metamorphoses |
26886 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Roman%20gods%20and%20goddesses | List of Roman gods and goddesses | This is a list of Roman gods and goddesses that are in Roman mythology.
Apollo- The god of light, music, and healing
Aurora- The goddess of dawn
Bacchus- The god of agriculture and wine
Bellona- The goddess of war
Caelus- The primal god of the sky and theology, iconography, and literature
Ceres- The goddess of agriculture and grain
Cupid- The god of love
Cybele- The goddess of the Earth, nature, mountains, and wild animals
Diana -The goddess of wild animals and the hunt
Faunus- The god of the forest, fields, and plains
Flora- The goddess of flowers and of the season of spring
Fortuna - The goddess of luck
Janus - The god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, and endings
Juno - The goddess of love, marriage, and fertility
Jupiter- The god of thunder and the sky
Mars - The god of war and fighting
Mercury - The god of shopkeepers, merchants, travelers, transporters of goods, thieves, and tricksters. Messenger of the gods.
Minerva- The goddess of wisdom, medicine, commerce, handicrafts, poetry, the arts, and war
Neptune - The god of the sea and earthquakes
Nyx - The primordial goddess of the night
Pluto - The god of the underworld. God of death and the riches under the Earth
Proserpina- The goddess of fertility, wine, and agriculture
Pomona - The goddess of fruitful abundance
Saturn- The god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, periodic renewal, liberation, and time
Spes- The goddess of hope
Terra- The goddess of the Earth
Venus- The goddess of love and beauty
Veritas- The goddess of truth
Vesta- The goddess of the hearth, the home, and domestic life
Vulcan- The god of fire and blacksmiths
Related pages
List of names of mythological gods, a comparison of names of Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Norse and Meitei gods and goddesses
Lists of gods and goddesses |
26888 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gods%20and%20goddesses | List of gods and goddesses | This is a list of deities in different polytheistic religions, cultures and mythologies of the world.
Lists
Ancient Egyptian deities
Mesopotamian deities
Ancient Greek deities
Ancient Meitei deities
Ancient Roman deities
Norse deities
Hindu deities
Hindu gods
Devi
Japanese deities
Comparison
This list includes Etruscan, Greek, Roman, Norse and Meitei versions of similar gods and goddesses. The table is ordered by the Greek god's name.
Related pages
Demigod
Divinity |
26891 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20history | Ancient history | Ancient history is all the events we know about between the invention of writing and the start of the Middle Ages.
Writing is one of the greatest inventions of the human species. It was invented after the Neolithic revolution in which people settled in small towns and started agriculture. Writing dates from about 3,300 BC, which is over 5000 years ago, in the Middle East. The first people to use writing were the Sumerians and the Ancient Egyptians.
Before writing, the only things we have are the tools and monuments made by earlier people. This is studied by archaeology rather than history. The period of ancient history ends with the early Middle Ages.
Study of ancient history
Finding facts about ancient history is difficult because people wrote less in those times: only scribes could write. Most of what they did write has been lost. There were very few copies made because there was no printing. What people wrote they wrote by hand. More people could read and write in Ancient Rome than in other places but much of what they wrote is now lost.
Archaeology
Archaeology is looking at things that were made or used in the past to learn about that time. Things like clay pots, solid tools, and metal weapons often exist at the same time. Things like paper, wood, and cloth can be easily broken, burnt or damaged.
Some ancient things found using archaeology are:
The Egyptian pyramids - Big tombs made by the Ancient Egyptians for their king and queens.
The city of Pompeii - A city from Ancient Rome. When a volcano (a mountain that makes fire and hot rocks) killed the people living there, the city was buried and the things inside it were covered with rock and ash. This meant that they did not change for a long time.
The Terracotta Army - the tomb of the First Qin Emperor in Ancient China.
Primary sources
Primary sources are written by people who lived in ancient times. They tell us most of what we know about ancient history. But people in ancient history may have believed different things from each other. They may also be wrong.
Some famous people who wrote ancient history are:
Herodotus, Josephus, Livy, Polybius, Suetonius, Tacitus, Thucydides and Sima Qian.
Chronology
Prehistory
The human race evolved in Africa. Our species, Homo sapiens evolved about 200 to 250,000 years ago.
~90,000 years ago – people go to the Middle East.
~60,000 years ago – people from Africa go to Asia.
~40,000 years ago – people go to Australia.
~40,000 years ago – people go to Europe.
~14th to 10th millennium BC – people go to America.
~10th millennium BC – people start farming.
4th millennium BC – cuneiform writing in the cities of Uruk and Susa; and hieroglyphs (picture writing) in Egypt.
1000 years BC – earliest writing about history.
450 BC - Herodotus writes what may be the first book based on non-fictional events. It is still available today.
Older Ancient history
c. 3300 BC – Bronze Age start in the Near East and South Asia Bronze Age goes to the rest of Europe and The Middle East
c. 3100 BC – Sagol Kangjei, the proto-polo was invented in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak).
c. 3000 BC – Egyptians make papyrus (paper made of Reeds)
c. 2800 BC – Kot Diji time of the Indus Valley Civilization starts
c. 2700 BC – Elam grows.
2580 BC – Egyptians make the Great Pyramid of Giza
2000 BC – People use horses
1700 BC – Indus Valley Civilization ends but the Cemetery H culture keeps going; The start of Poverty Point Civilization in North America
1600 BC – The start of Shang Dynasty in China, Chinese make writing.
1600 BC – Hittite people start ruling The Middle East.
1500 BC – People make the Rigveda.
1445 BC – Monarchy started in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak).
1398 BC – The Wakoklon was written down.
1200 BC - The Bronze Age collapse.
1200 BC – The Hebrews come to Israel and start living there.
c. 1200 BC – The Trojan War
c. 1100 BC – King Saul makes the 12 tribes of Israel into Israel
c. 1180 BC – End of the Hittite Empire
1122 BC – The Zhou people stop the last king of Shang Dynasty from being king; Zhou Dynasty starts in China
1004 BC – King David captures Jebus. He calls it Jerusalem and makes it the capital of Israel.
1000 BC to 100 BC
928 BC - Israel breaks and becomes The Kingdom of Judah and the Kingdom of Israel
800 BC - City states in Ancient Greece
776 BC - People write about the Olympic Games. They were started before this time but people did not write about them.
c. 753 BC - Rome starts
751 BC - LeChe grows
745 BC - Tiglath-Pileser III becomes the new king of Assyria. He will become powerful and make Assyria into an empire
728 BC - the Median Empire grows
722 BC - Zhou Dynasty becomes weaker; the time of the Hundred Schools of Thought begins.
653 BC - The first Persian state grows.
600 BC - Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") start.
c. 600 BC - Pandyan kingdom in South India
c. 563 BC - Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), is born as a prince of the Shakya tribe. The Shakya tribe ruled parts of Magadha.
549 BC - Mahavira is born
546 BC - Cyrus the Great makes The Persian Empire.
546 BC - Cyrus the Great defeats the Lydian kingdom
544 BC - Bimbisara makes Magadha powerful.
539 BC - the Babylonian Empire ends and Cyrus the Great frees the Jews.
525 BC - Cambyses II of Persia takes Egypt
c. 512 BC - Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia takes Easter Thrace, Macedonia, and Libya. The Persian Empire is the most powerful.
509 BC - The last King of Rome stops being king, The Roman Republic starts.
500 BC - Pingala uses zero and binary numbers.
490 BC - Greek city-states defeat the Persian attack at Battle of Marathon
424 BC - Nanda dynasty becomes powerful.
404 BC - End of Peloponnesian War.
403 BC - Warring States Period starts in China.
331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela
326 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus (Purushottama) in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
321 BC - Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha
323 BC - Alexander the Great dies.
273 BC - Ashoka the Great becomes the emperor of the Mauryan Empire
250 BC - Parthia (Ashkâniân) becomes powerful.
232 BC - Emperor Ashoka the Great dies; the Mauryan Empire becomes weak.
230 BC - Satavahanas are in South India
221 BC - Qin Shi Huang is in China, end of Warring States Period; start of Emperors in China (this will end in 1912 AD)
202 BC - Han Dynasty starts in China,Qin Shi Huang dies; the Silk Road is made
202 BC - Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama
c. 200 BC - Chera dynasty in South India
185 BC - Sunga Empire starts
149 BC-146 BC - Third and last Punic War; Rome defeats Cathage.
146 BC - Rome takes Greece.
110 BC - First time the Chinese rule Vietnam: the Nanyue Kingdom.
c 100 BC - Chola Dynasty grows.
100 BC to end of Roman Empire, 476 AD
49 BC - Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great make the Roman Civil War
44 BC - Marcus Brutus and others kill Julius Ceaser; The Roman Republic ends; The Roman Empire starts.
6 BC - Jesus of Nazareth is born
c. 1 BC - The Numit Kappa was written down.
9 - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
14 - Emperor Augustus (Octavian) dies, Tiberius becomes emperor.
33 - Emperor Nongda Lairen Pakhangba of Ningthouja dynasty ascended the throne of the Kangla.
117 - Trajan is The emperor of Rome. The Roman Empire is the most powerful.
200s - The Hindu Srivijaya Empire starts in the Malay Archipelago.
220 - The Han Dynasty ends in China.
226 - the Parthian Empire ends and the Sassanian Empire becomes powerful
238 - Shapur I of Persia defeats of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Valerian (253–260).
285 - Emperor Diocletian breaks the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires
313 - Edict of Milan says that the Roman Empire would not make people worship a god.
335 - Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta empire
378 - Battle of Adrianople, the Germanic tribes defeat Roman army.
395 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I makes people be Christian
410 - Alaric defeats Rome. No one has deafeated Rome after 390 BC
c. 455 - Skandagupta stops Indo-Hephthalite people attacking India.
476 - Romulus Augustus deposed as emperor of Rome,
Some groups of people in ancient history
Europe
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
Celts
Etruscans
Germanic tribes
Illyrians
Scythians
Middle East
Ancient Persia
Achaemenid Empire
Parthian Empire
Sassanid Empire
Seleucid Empire
Akkad
Assyria
Babylonia
Elam
Hebrews
Hittites
Kassites
Medes
Mitanni
Palestine
Phoenicians
Sumer
Urartu
Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa
Ancient Egypt
Kingdom of Aksum
Carthage
Kush
South and East Asia
Ancient China
Ancient India
Ancient Japan
Ancient Korea
Ancient Manipur
Ancient Moirang
Huns
Indus Valley civilization
Khuman kingdom
Mongols
Ancient Turks
Siam
America
Adena culture
Aztecs
Inca
Mayans
Mississippian culture
Native American
Olmecs
Poverty Point culture
References |
26902 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej%20Sapkowski | Andrzej Sapkowski | Andrzej Sapkowski (born June 21, 1948 in Łódź) is a Polish fantasy writer. His best known work is The Witcher (Wiedźmin) Saga (takes place in a fictional universe). Before starting his career in the late 1980s, he worked in foreign trade.
Polish writers
1948 births
Living people |
26903 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten%20Island | Staten Island | Staten Island is a borough of New York City. Fewer than half a million people live there, the smallest population of any of the five boroughs. Three bridges connect Staten Island to New Jersey, and the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connects to Brooklyn. A passenger railroad runs along the south shore to the northeast end of the island, which is called Saint George. The borough has the same boundaries as the county Richmond County.
The free Staten Island Ferry carries 21 million passengers each year the five miles (eight km) across New York Harbor between Saint George and Manhattan. Nine ferry boats provide the service which began in 1817.
England took control of New Netherland in the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the 17th century and made Staten Island part of New York instead of new Jersey.
References
Other websites
Staten Island Live
Staten Island -Citizendium
Islands of New York
County seats in New York
1661 establishments
1660s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York |
26904 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough | Borough | A borough is an administrative division in many countries. It is a kind of local government.
The term borough can means a self-governing township.
In medieval times, boroughs were settlements with some self-government. Boroughs were particularly common in England, Germany and Scotland. In medieval England, boroughs had also the right to elect members of parliament. (The Borough in Southwark, London is thought to have been the original 'borough' of which all others come from.)
Usually a borough is a single town with its own local government.
But in some cities it is a sub-division of the city (e.g. London, New York City, Toronto, Montreal). In such cases the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city's local government or no powers at all. At certain times London has had no overall city government and London boroughs were the main unit of local government for Londoners.
In other places, such as Alaska, a borough does not mean a single township, but a whole region - in other words, it is similar to a county. In Australia borough can mean a town and its surrounding area, e.g. the Borough of Queenscliffe.
Boroughs exist in United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland, in the Canadian province of Quebec, in some states of the United States, in Israel, and formerly they also existed in New Zealand.
At the end of a word, -borough (or -brough) is found in the name of many towns and cities in England; in southern England it is usually spelt -bury. The suffix -bury is also used in the New England region of the United States, while -burg (or -burgh) is more common in Scotland and the American South and West. |
26909 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo%20%28mythology%29 | Echo (mythology) | Echo was a nymph in Greek mythology, and an Oread (a mountain nymph). She was very beautiful, but loved her own voice.
Hera
According to Ovid, Echo once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the last words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word echo.
Narcissus
After she was cursed, Echo fell in love with Narcissus. Narcissus was very handsome and anybody who saw him always fell in love with him. However, Narcissus had no heart and could not fall in love with anybody. Echo could not speak to Narcissus but wanted to be able to see him. She therefore followed him everywhere, but made sure that he could not see her.
Narcissus got lost and called out "Is anyone here?". Echo said back "Here, here, here." Narcissus then asked Echo to come out of her hiding place. Echo did so and then told Narcissus that she loved him by hand movements. Narcissus, who was angry that so many people loved him, told Echo that he did not love her.
Echo was very upset and prayed to Aphrodite for death. Aphrodite granted Echo's wish, but she liked Echo's voice so much she kept it alive.
Narcissus also rejected Echo and broke her heart. She then went and haunted valleys and mountainous areas where echoes are able to be heard in all hollow places of the earth.
Pan
This is a different story about Echo's death. Echo was a talented dancer and singer, but did not like the love of any man. This caused another god, called Pan, to become angry. He had Echo killed and split into pieces. These pieces were spread about the world, but were collected up by Gaia. Echo's voice was not collected, so it remains all over the world and still says the last words that other people have said. In some versions of the story, Echo and Pan have a child who was called Iambe.
Nymphs |
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