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26911 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios | Helios | Helios (, Hēlios; Ἠέλιος in Homeric Greek) is the god of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is often thought to be the personification of the Sun itself. He is the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. He is the brother of Selene, goddess of the Moon, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. During the Hellenistic period, particularly the 3rd Century BCE, he became more and more identified with Apollo, the god of light, music and prophecy. Helios' equivalent in Roman mythology was Sol.
Titans |
26919 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia | Bia | Bia is the goddess of force in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Styx and Pallas, and also the sister of Nike, Cratos, and Zelus. She and her brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him.
References
Greek gods and goddesses |
26920 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelus | Zelus | Zelus (, zeal) is the god of dedication and emulation in Greek mythology. He is the son of Styx and Pallas, and also the brother of Nike, Cratos, and Bia. He and his brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him. He was a constant companion of Zeus and personified zeal.
Other websites
Theoi Project, a site exploring Greek mythology and the gods in classical literature and art
Greek gods and goddesses |
26921 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemosyne | Mnemosyne | Mnemosyne is the Titan of memory in Greek mythology. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With Zeus her children are the nine Muses. Her patron symbol is a mask and she is often seen wearing one. Her patron animal is the partridge.
Titans |
26925 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia | Harmonia | Harmonia (; ) is the goddess of harmony and concord in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. She is the opposite of Eris, goddess of strife and discord. Her Roman counterpart is Concordia.
Origins
Harmonia is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. Her children are Ino, Polydorus, Autonoe, Agaue and Semele with Kadmos. As goddess of harmony, she is the opposite of Eris, the goddess of strife and discord.
Related pages
Eris - the goddess of strife and the opposite god of Harmonia in Greek mythology
Greek gods and goddesses |
26930 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20pro%20tempore%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Senate | President pro tempore of the United States Senate | The president pro tempore ( or ), or president pro tem, of the United States Senate is the longest serving senator from the majority political party in the United States Senate. According to the Constitution, this is the fourth highest office in the United States. It is the third in the U.S. presidential line of succession (behind the vice president and the speaker of the House). Many state senates also use the office of President pro tem.
Officially the vice president is the person in charge of the Senate, but they are not a Senator. Patrick Leahy (D-VT) is the president pro tempore. When the vice president cannot be in charge, the president pro tempore is in charge of the Senate. Many people still think of the president pro tempore as de facto president of the Senate. Benjamin Wade was only one vote away from becoming the president of the United States due to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. No president pro tempore has taken over the presidency as of March 2020.
Probably the most famous presidents pro tempore were John Langdon (first in this office), David Rice Atchison (D-MO), Benjamin Wade (R-OH), Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI), Carl Hayden (D-AZ) Richard Russell, Jr. (D-GA), Strom Thurmond (R-SC), Robert Byrd (D-WV), Daniel Inouye (D-HI), Orrin Hatch (R-UT) and Chuck Grassley (R-IA).
When Senator Hubert Humphrey, a former vice president, was seriously ill, the Senate showed its respect for him by creating the office of Deputy President Pro tempore for any former president or vice president who is elected to the Senate. No vice president since Humphrey has done this.
President pro tempore emeritus
Since 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a Senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. The position has been held by:
Strom Thurmond (R-South Carolina) (2001-2003)
Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003-2007)
Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007-2009)
Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015-2021)
Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) (since 2021)
References |
26937 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Tennant | David Tennant | David John Tennant (né McDonald; 18 April 1971) is a Scottish actor. He is known for portraying the Tenth Doctor on Doctor Who from 2005 to 2010 and as Giacomo Casanova in the television series Casanova.
In 2011, Tennant had a daughter with Georgia Moffett. Later that year he adopted Moffett's son. The couple married in December 2011. In May 2013, the couple had a son. In November 2015, the couple had a daughter.
Programmes he has been in
1994: Takin' Over the Asylum — Campbell McBain
1998: Duck Patrol — Darwin
2001: People Like Us — Rob Harker (1 episode)
2002: Foyle's War — Theo Howard (1 episode)
2004: He Knew He Was Right — Rev Gibson
2004: Blackpool — DI Carlisle
2005: Casanova — Young Giacomo Casanova
2005: The Quatermass Experiment — Dr Gordon Briscoe
2005–2010: Doctor Who — The Doctor
2005: Secret Smile — Brendan Block
2005: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire — Barty Crouch Junior
2007: Recovery — Alan Hamilton
2008: Einstein & Eddington — Arthur Eddington
2009: Hamlet — Hamlet
2010: Single Father — Dave
2011: United'' — Jimmy Murphy
Other websites
1971 births
Living people
Doctor Who
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors |
26942 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Broadcasting%20Company | American Broadcasting Company | The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American television network. Along with CBS, NBC and Fox, it is one of the country's four major television networks. The network is owned by The Walt Disney Company following the acquisition of Disney Channel's consumer business.
ABC Television Shows
The Goldbergs
The Rookie
American Idol
References
Other website
Official site
ABC at the Museum of Broadcast Communications Encyclopedia of Television
1943 establishments in the United States
American Broadcasting Company
Companies based in New York City
Disney companies |
26943 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox%20Broadcasting%20Company | Fox Broadcasting Company | Fox (styled as FOX) is an American television network. Along with ABC, CBS, and NBC, it is one of the country's four major television networks. It is owned by Fox Entertainment Group.
Fox Television shows
The Simpsons
Family Guy
Bob's Burgers
Bless the Harts
Duncanville
Last Man Standing
The Resident
9-1-1
The Masked Singer
American Idol
References
Fox Broadcasting Company
1986 establishments in the United States |
26944 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC | ABC | ABC are the first three letters in the Latin alphabet.
Media
American Broadcasting Company, a television network in the United States
Associated Broadcasting Company, a television network in the Philippines
Australian Broadcasting Corporation, a television network in Australia
ABC Family, a cable and satellite television network in the United States
Music
"ABC" (The Jackson 5 song), a 1970 hit song
ABC (The Jackson 5 album), a 1970
"ABC-DEF-GHI", a 1969 song sung by Big Bird of Sesame Street
Other
Abc notation, a musical notation language |
26947 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua%20New%20Guinea | Papua New Guinea | Papua New Guinea is an island country located on the Pacific Ocean. It is the east half of New Guinea island, plus some nearby islands. The capital city of Papua New Guinea is Port Moresby. The population of Papua New Guinea are mostly the Indigenous peoples of the island.
The island is in both Australasia and Oceania, which are two different terms for the continent of islands in the Pacific area. It borders Indonesia to the west and near Australia to the south.
Divisions
Administrative divisions
Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions. These regions are important for government, commercial, sporting and other activities.
The nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and the National Capital District. Each province is divided into one or more districts. The districts are divided into one or more Local Level Government areas.
The province-level divisions are as follows:
Parliament has approved two additional provinces by 2012: Hela Province, which will be part of the current Southern Highlands Province, and Jiwaka Province, which will be formed by dividing Western Highlands Province.
References
Other websites
Government of Papua New Guinea
Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea focused wiki
Current monarchies
English-speaking countries
Commonwealth realms
1975 establishments
1970s establishments in Oceania |
26949 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom%20Thurmond | Strom Thurmond | James Strom Thurmond Sr. (December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician. He was the oldest serving member of the United States Senate to date and the only senator to reach 100 while in office. He was also Governor of his home state South Carolina and a Presidential candidate. He was a lawyer.
Thurmond spent more than 70 years of his life on public career. Before World War II he served as state senator and judge. During war he served in the US Army in Europe and briefly in Asia. In 1960 he was promoted to the rank of major general.
Early life
Thurmond was born on December 5, 1902 in Edgefield, South Carolina. His family used to own slaves, including ancestors of Al Sharpton. He studied at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Thurmond graduated in 1923. He was married to Jean Crouch from 1947 until they divorced in 1960. Then he was married to Nancy Moore from 1968 until his death in 2003. He had five children.
Career
From 1947 to 1951 he served as Governor of South Carolina (as a Democrat). During 1948 U.S. Presidential Election he became the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party faction called "Dixiecrat" (States Rights Democrat, mostly from the South) - people who supported racial segregation and opposed civil rights laws. Thurmond and his Vice Presidential candidate, Mississippi Governor Fielding Lewis Wright finished the race in 3rd (behind Harry Truman and Thomas E. Dewey) with 39 electoral votes and they carried 4 states (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and, of course, Thurmond's home state).
In 1957, he filibustered (delayed) the 1957 civil rights act for 24 hours. Despite the long hours, he failed and the bill passed.
He was elected, as first write-in candidate for major national office, to the Senate in 1954. He was reelected for his first full term in 1956 and served until January 2003. He was originally a Democrat, but in 1964 he openly supported Barry Goldwater's presidential bid and became a Republican.
Later career
As the longest serving Republican he was President pro tempore of the United States Senate for three occasions (1981-1987, 1995-2001, and January 2001-June 2001), when Republican gained a majority. After Democrats took over the control of the Senate in June 2001 Thurmond became first honorary "president pro tempore emeritus".
Longevity
Thurmond turned 100 years old on December 5, 2002, while still in office, the oldest person ever to serve in the U.S. Senate.
Started his career as opponent of racial integration, in his later years Thurmond supported desegregation.
His longtime Senate rival, Robert Byrd of West Virginia surpassed Thurmond's record of length of senatorial service in 2006. Byrd died in 2010.
Essie Mae Washington-Williams
After Thurmond's death in 2003, an attorney for his family confirmed that in 1925, when he was 22, Thurmond fathered a mixed-race daughter, Essie Mae Washington-Williams, with his family's housekeeper, Cassie Butler, then 16 years old. Thurmond paid for the girl's college education and provided other support. Washington-Williams died in February 2013 at the age of 87.
Death
Thurmond died in his sleep on June 26, 2003, at 9:45 p.m. of heart failure at a hospital in Edgefield, South Carolina. He was 100 years old. Then-Senator Joe Biden delivered a eulogy, and later to the family burial plot in Willowbrook Cemetery in Edgefield, where he was buried.
References
Other websites
Strom Thurmond Institute at Clemson University
U.S. Senate historical page on Strom Thurmond
SCIway Biography of Strom Thurmond
NGA Biography of Strom Thurmond
Oral History Interview with Strom Thurmond from Oral Histories of the American South
Strom Thurmond Foundation, Inc.
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Citizens Medal – January 18, 1989
Booknotes interview with Nadine Cohodas on Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change, April 4, 1993.
Complete transcript and audio and video of Sen. Joe Biden's Eulogy for Strom Thurmond
Articles
Strom Thurmond's family confirms paternity claim, By David Mattingly, CNN.com, December 15, 2003
The Scarred Stone: The Strom Thurmond Monument by Joseph Crespino, Emory University, April 29, 2010
Obituaries
Tribute to Strom Thurmond from The State — June 26, 2003
, CNN, June 26, 2003
Strom Thurmond Dead at 100, By James Di Liberto Jr., Fox News, June 26, 2003
1902 births
2003 deaths
American centenarians
American generals
American military personnel of World War II
Deans of the United States Senate
Deaths from heart failure
Governors of South Carolina
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Purple Heart recipients
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States senators from South Carolina
US Democratic Party politicians
US Republican Party politicians
South Carolina Republicans |
26950 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Forum | Roman Forum | The Roman Forum is an area of the city of Rome which the ancient city developed around. It is the place where commerce, business, cult, and the administration of justice took place.
It was for centuries the centre of Roman public life. It was the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches. It was also the heart of commerce. Here statues and monuments mark the city's great men. It has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history.
The Forum is in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Today it is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and excavations. It has 4.5 million sightseers each year.
Buildings in the Forum
The Roman Forum is famous for the number of buildings and other ancient ruins that it contains. These include:
Temple of Castor and Pollux
Temple of Vesta
References
Ancient Rome |
26952 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright | Playwright | A playwright is a person who writes plays for the stage. Because the name of such a text is drama, another word for this person is dramatist. Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played. In that case, they are called closet dramas.
The word wright does not come from write. It is an ancient English term for a builder. For example, a wheelwright makes wheels. In a similar way, a playwright makes plays. When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult. Today it has lost this meaning.
History
The first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks. They were written around the 5th century BC. These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights. Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.
The most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare. A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies. For example, Kiss Me, Kate is based on Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, and his Romeo and Juliet has been made again many times. Tom Stoppard created the play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of Hamlet.
Modern playwrights
Modern playwrights are usually less famous than past playwrights. Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular. Because it is less popular, not as many tickets are sold now, and producers often do not have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known.
References
Plays
Entertainment occupations
Writing |
26953 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambe | Iambe | Iambe was the goddess of rhyme and merriment in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Pan and Echo.
Iambic pentameter
Iambe is said to have created the iambic pentameter verse pattern in poetry. This is a metered verse with two different sounds, and it was named after Iambe. The iambic pentameter verse is used by many poets, one of which is William Shakespeare.
Demeter
In the myth, Demeter, was sad about losing her daughter, Persephone. It was only Iambe who was able to make Demeter laugh. She did this by using poetry and wit to cheer Demeter up. When Demeter was not sad any more, the earth became fertile again. Iambe then became Demeter's first priestess.
Greek gods and goddesses
fr:Ïambe |
26954 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle%20%28instrument%29 | Triangle (instrument) | The triangle is a musical instrument with three sides and curved corners. There is always one corner where the sides do not join. This makes it possible for the instrument to vibrate.
The player holds a small piece of string or leather from which the triangle is hanging, and he makes a sound by hitting the triangle with a triangle beater. In orchestras, where the percussionist may be playing several percussion instruments, the triangle may hang from a stand so that the player can move quickly to another instrument.
Triangles come in different sizes. Smaller ones will sound higher than larger ones.
The triangle can always be heard clearly above the sound of the orchestra or band.
percussion instruments |
26955 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker | Speaker | Speaker could mean:
Computer speaker
Loudspeaker, refers to an electronic device that gives off sound
Speaker (politics) is also the name of the person in charge of some legislatures, usually the lower house. |
26959 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie%20Little | Bernie Little | Bernie Little (born in McComb, Ohio on circa 1926 - died April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history. His Miss Budweiser team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered. They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.
Racing career
Little's team is also known for making an enclosed driver's seat to improve driver safety, after driver Dean Chenoweth was killed in a crash during a race in 1982.
His team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver. He is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.
Awards and recognition
Little has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.
References
Bernie Little obituary - from the American Boat Racing Association website
Bernie Little - King of Boats - by Fred Farley - APBA Unlimited Historian
1926 births
2003 deaths
Sportspeople from Ohio |
26964 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus | Perseus | Perseus () is a hero in Greek mythology. He is the legendary founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa. He is a demigod, the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Danaë. With his wife, the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles, as well as his half-brother.
Birth
King Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.
Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.
A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.
Perseus and Medusa
Perseus was sent to retreive Medusa's head by King Polydectes, who wanted him dead so he could marry his mother. To do this, he was advised by Athena to seek the Gray sisters, who told him how to fight Medusa when he stole their eye. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals, Hades lent him his helm of darkness (which makes the wearer invisible), and Athena lent him a shield which he could see Medusa's reflection in, since whoever looked her in the eye would turn to stone. With all these magic items, Perseus was able to cut off Medusa's head. On the way back home, he fights a sea monster to save Andromeda, who is chained to a cliff as a sacrifice, and marries her.
People in Greek mythology |
26971 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2%20Paganini | Niccolò Paganini | Niccolò Paganini (27 October 1782 – 27 May 1840) was an Italian composer and violin player. He is believed to be one of the greatest violinists who ever lived. He was born in Genoa, Italy and died in Nice, France.
Paganini was the perfect virtuoso during his time although many other violinists slowly approach and some appear to be as virtuosic as him too. He was said to be a show off during his time and many wanted to challenge his violin skills. Paganini once broke all of the strings on his violin except the G-string and played a piece just on one string to show how good he was.
He intonated the violin in a different way to sound different. He was the master of violin technique and invented many new techniques such as ricochet bowing, flying staccato, and left hand pizzicato. His 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op.1 are his most famous compositions. Paganini was good friends with Franz Liszt, a similarly magnificent virtuoso. Liszt admired Paganini. In his teenage years he watched Paganini playing, and determined to be a virtuoso as Paganini in piano.
Other websites
Viola in music – Niccolò Paganini
Free Family Tree
1782 births
1840 deaths
Italian composers
People from Genoa
Romantic composers
Violinists |
26978 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samer%20Kamal | Samer Kamal | Samer Kamal is a Jordanian athlete. He won the bronze medal in Taekwondo (a form of martial arts) in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. He was the first Jordanian athlete to get a medal for Jordan in the Olympics in Seoul. This gave many Jordanians pride in this achievement during the 1980s.
Samer Kamal holds 9th Dan Chung Do Kawan and 8th Dan Kukkiwon Black Belt in Taekwondo since 2012, a 1st Class international referee since 1997 and an international trainer since 1990. He was given the Independence Badge of Honor (4th Degree) by His Majesty the late King Hussein Ben Talal in 1988 and was chosen seventh best Jordanian athlete for the century in 1999.
Education
Samer pursued his undergraduate higher education in Business Administration and Philosophy from the University of Jordan. He then received a graduate degree in Management Science from Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Taekwondo Refereeing & Arbitration
• 1st Class World Taekwondo Federation International Referee since 1999
• WTF International Referee since 1989
• Chairman of the Arab Referee Committee from the year 1997 until 1999
• Chairman of the Jordanian Referee Committee for the years 91,92,94,96, and 97
Professional career
Samer began his sports career as a marketing manager at a Jordanian-based sports marketing company. He took the experience he gained there to Qatar where he became a general manager. He was responsible for the starting a sports marketing company with the purpose of promoting sports in Jordan and the region. Soon after, Samer decided to start his own sports marketing company “SportUp Jordan” to promote local athletes. Within a year, he was able to get sponsors for champion Jordanian athletes. He started the largest and only bilingual online sports business. He made an attractive product that was acquired by Maktoob Inc., an Arabic internet service provider.
His sports experience let him expand internationally. Samer was named the director of business development at Right To Play in Canada, that uses sport programs to help children who live in poverty and disadvantage communities to play sports and games. He helped raise funds to the organization.
Staying active in Taekwondo, Samer opened Champions Taekwondo Center in the year 1990, his first Taekwondo school in Jordan.
The year 2012 was the year Samer has gotten his 8th Dan Black Belt in Taekwondo. 2012 also marked the opening of Champions Martial Arts Taekwondo Center in Mississauga, Canada. A year after, a 3rd branch was announced open also in Erindale, Mississauga, Canada.
With all his experiences, discipline, leadership and practice, today Samer has help developed Taekwondo and martial arts in the world and has promoted more than 2000 black belt students worldwide.
Community activities
Other than at work, Samer is active in many sports communities. In 2009, he was named an executive board member of the World Olympians Association (WOA). In November 2011, Samer become president of Asian Olympians Association (AOA).
Samer is currently the president of the Arab Canadian Sports Association (ACSA)
Championship competitions
Samer Kamal competed in the following International Taekwondo Championships:
Taekwondo practitioners
Jordanian people
Living people
1966 births |
26986 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet%20%28plant%29 | Violet (plant) | The violet is a genus of flowering plants. The common blue violet (Viola sororia) is the state flower of the U.S. state of Illinois. There is also a famous poem that refers to violets. It goes "Roses are red, violets are blue", and then the poet adds his or her own lines to it. It is also February's birth flower.
Some Viola species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their flowers.
In horticulture, the term pansy is used for the multi-coloured cultivars often used in bedding by professional gardeners. The terms 'viola' and 'violet' are normally used for small-flowered annuals or perennials, and the wild species.
Flowers |
27006 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie%20the%20Pooh | Winnie the Pooh | Winnie the Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear. He was created by A. A. Milne. He is based on a stuffed toy that belonged to Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne. The toy was named after "Winnipeg" ("Winnie" for short), who was a black bear at the London Zoo, and "Pooh", which was a nickname Milne and his son had given to a swan. The first book was published in 1926. Other books were published later. Walt Disney made a series of cartoons based on the books. The Walt Disney Company still owns the character.
Pooh is a small yellow bear. He is nearly tall. He wears an old red t-shirt. His favorite food is honey. The first thing he says when he gets up in the morning is "What's for breakfast?". He invented the game "Poohsticks".
Pooh has several friends. Their names are Piglet, Eeyore, Tigger, Rabbit, Kanga and Roo, Owl, Gopher, and Christopher Robin. Piglet is a small timid pig. Eeyore is an old grey donkey. Tigger is an energetic tiger. Rabbit is a kind-hearted rabbit. Kanga is a female kangaroo. Roo is Kanga's son.
The first book, Winnie-the-Pooh, was published on October 15, 1926 by Methuen & Company. The second book was The House at Pooh Corner, which was published on October 11, 1928. The poetry book When We Were Very Young was published in 1924 and Now We Are Six was published in 1927. Return to Hundred Acre Wood was written by David Benedictus and published on October 5, 2009. The Best Bear in All the World was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Winnie-the-Pooh book.
There have been quite a few series created by Walt Disney based on these books. The stories are translated into many languages.
A Disney movie about Pooh, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, was made in March 1977. Winnie the Pooh was made in July 2011. A live-action movie directed by Marc Forster and based on A. A. Milne's books, entitled Christopher Robin, was released in 2018.
Cast and characters in adaptations
Other websites
Characters in written fiction
Fictional bears
Disney characters
Kingdom Hearts characters
Winnie the Pooh |
27007 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/960s | 960s | Below are some of the events that happened from 960 to 969.
960
Mieszko I becomes ruler in Poland
Richard I of Normandy marries Emma of Paris
The Aksumite Empire is destroyed
Births
Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire (d. 1028)
Theophanu, princess who became Empress (d. 991)
Sweyn I of Denmark (d. 1014)
Gershom ben Judah
Matsu, Taoist 'goddess' of the sea
Olof of Sweden
Arnulf II, Count of Flanders (d. 988)
Bagrat III (d. 1014), king of Abkhazians and Georgians
Seongjong of Goryeo (d. 997)
Deaths
Saint Eadburga of Winchester
Časlav Klonimirović, ruler of Serbia
961
Ani becomes the capital of Armenia
The Huqiu Tower is built in China
Battle of Fitje
Harald II of Norway becomes ruler of the western part of Norway
St Paul's Cathedral in London is destroyed by fire
Al-Hakam II starts to rule
Births
Edith of Wilton
Sigmundur Brestisson, chieftain in the Faroe Islands
Deaths
King Haakon I of Norway
Abd-ar-rahman III, Caliph of Córdoba
Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang
962
February 2 – Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor
Births
Edward the Martyr
Deaths
Dong Yuan
Indulf, King of the Scots and Picts
963
Sebük Tigin starts his empire in modern-day Afghanistan
The Nanping State has to surrender when invaded by Song Dynasty armies
The Song Dynasty Chinese government tries to ban the practice of cremation
Holy Roman Emperor Otto I defeats Mieszko I of Poland
Luxembourg is founded
December 6 – Pope Leo VIII becomes the 131st pope
Births
Li Jiqian, Tangut jiedushi who ruled the new Western Xia Dynasty in northwestern China (d. 1004)
Deaths
March 15 – Romanos II, Byzantine Emperor (b. 939)
April 3 – William III, Duke of Aquitaine
April 18 – Stephen Lekapenos, co-emperor of Byzantium in 924–945
964
Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas tries to recapture Cilicia
Al-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars is published
May 22 – Pope Benedict V becomes the 132nd pope
June 23 – Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor battles in Rome to make Leo VIII Pope
Deaths
May 14 – Pope John XII
965
The Khazar fortress of Sarkel falls to the Kievan Rus
Northern Song armies invade the Later Shu Kingdom
Births
Elvira of Castile (daughter of García I), Regent of Leon (d. 1017)
Alhazen, scientist
Sweyn I of Denmark
Deaths
February 22 – Otto, Duke of Burgundy
July 4 – Pope Benedict V
Meng Chang, Emperor of Later Shu
966
Mieszko I, the first duke of Poland, is baptized a Christian
Births
Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese regent
Deaths
King Dub of Scotland
967
Conchobar mac Tadg becomes King of Connacht
Otto II is crowned co-emperor by Pope John XIII
Olaf Tryggvason runs away from Norway with his mother
Emperor Reizei ascends to the throne of Japan
The Cambodian temple of Banteay Srei is consecrated
'Izz al-Daula becomes the Buyid emir of Iraq
Bisutun ascends to the Ziyarid throne
Births
Sigrid Storrada, queen of Sweden and Denmark
Bolesław I, king of Poland
Louis V, king of France
Badi' al-Zamān al-Hamadhāni, Arab author
Walter von Speyer, German poet and bishop
Abusaeid Abolkheir, Persian Sufi
Khottiga Amoghavarsha, Rashtrakuta warrior
Vahram Pahlavouni, prince of Bjni and Nik
Bertha, princess of Burgundy
Deaths
February 9 – Sayf al-Dawla, Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo
Abu al-Faraj Ali, scholar
Abu 'Ali Muhammad, Ilyasid ruler
Bolesław I, prince of Bohemia
Hugh II, lord of Lusignan
Krishna III, Rashtrakuta ruler
Mu'izz al-Daula, first Buyid emir
Murakami, emperor of Japan
Vushmgir, ruler of the Ziyarids
Wichmann the Younger, Saxon count
Matilda of Ringelheim, Holy Roman Empress
Dub mac Maíl Coluim, king of Alba
Li Cheng, Chinese painter
968
The Pechenegs begin the Siege of Kiev
The Archbishopric of Magdeburg is founded
Births
May 14 – Leofric, Earl of Mercia
King Ethelred II of England
Emperor Kazan, emperor of Japan
Romanus III, Byzantine emperor (d. 1034)
Emperor Zhenzong of Song
Deaths
August 25 – Edgiva of Kent, queen of Edward the Elder of England
Abu al-Misk Kafur
Aldred of Lindisfarne
John III of Naples
Landulf III of Benevento
William, Archbishop of Mainz
Matilda of Ringelheim
969
December 11 – John I Tzimiskes becomes Byzantine Emperor after killing Nikephoros II Phokas
The Fatimids conquer Egypt
Emperor En'yū replaces Emperor Reizei on the throne of Japan
Jing Zong begins to rule the Khitan Empire
Uththama Chola becomes the Chola Emperor
Births
Olaf I of Norway
Deaths
July 11 – Olga of Kiev
Harald II of Norway
December 11 – Nikephoros II Phokas
Emperor Muzong of Liao |
27009 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander%20Kwasniewski | Aleksander Kwasniewski | Aleksander Kwaśniewski (; born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician. He served as President for two terms (1995-2000 and 2000-2005). He was, before being elected first time, member of the Democratic Left Alliance, but after assumed duties he became an independent. Before 1989 he was a member of Polish United Workers Party (communist). He was preceded by Lech Wałęsa and succeeded by Lech Kaczyński.
He was born in Białogard in Northwest Poland. Before became a politician, he was a journalist. Before became President, he was minister and deputy to the Sejm. In the late 1980s, he participated in the Polish Round Table Agreement.
In 1995 election, he won in the second round, but five years later he won in the first round.
Other websites
Official web page
1954 births
Living people
Presidents of Poland |
27015 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola%20sororia | Viola sororia | Viola sororia, also known as Viola papilionacea, common blue violet, common meadow violet, and purple violet is a species of violet. It is a perennial flowering plant that lives in most of eastern North America.
The common blue violet is the state flower of the U.S. states of Rhode Island, Illinois, and New Jersey.
In developed areas it is often said to be a weed because it grows well in lawns.
References
Viola sororia from the Connecticut Botanical Society
Viola sororia from the Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide
Violets
Perennials |
27021 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND%20gate | NAND gate | A NAND gate is a logic gate used to build digital logic circuits.
It is a combination of an AND and NOT gate.
The name refers to this.
The NAND gate is a “universal gate”, that means all other types of logic gates can be obtained by wiring exclusively one or more NAND gates in a particular manner.
Behavior
Given two inputs, A and B, A NAND B will be true if at most one of A and B is true.
In other words, A NAND B is false if both A and B are true, and true otherwise.
Symbols
There are three symbols for drawing NAND gates in electrical circuit schematics:
the "distinctive shape" symbol, the “military” symbol, and the “rectangular” symbol.
For more information see logic gate symbols.
Application
Since a NAND gate is a universal gate, microprocessors can be built using this type of gate only.
For example:
the negation can be represented by ¬A ≡ A ⊼ A
and the disjunction can be obtained by A ∨ B ≡ (A ⊼ A) ⊼ (B ⊼ B)
Logic gates
es:Puerta lógica#Puerta NO-Y (NAND)
fa:ادات شفر |
27022 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20the%20Rainbow | Under the Rainbow | Under the Rainbow is a 1981 comedy movie starring Chevy Chase, Carrie Fisher, Eve Arden, and Billy Barty.
The plot is loosely based on the gathering of little people in a Hollywood hotel, to audition for roles as "munchkins" in the movie The Wizard of Oz. The movie also has nobility, assassins, spies, and tourists.
The movie was nominated for Razzie Awards for Worst Musical Score and Worst Supporting Actor (Billy Barty).
Sources
Other websites
1981 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies set in California |
27025 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilli-danda | Gilli-danda | Gilli "िगल्ली" -danda "डन्डा" is a game played by children in India and Pakistan. It is usually played by using a small round stick, about as long as a baseball or cricket bat. This is the danda. There is another smaller stick, round in the middle and tapering towards the ends. This is the gilli. The game gilli-danda is similar to cricket. It is also believed to be the origin of cricket.
Players
This game is also know as Viti Dandu, Kitti Pul and by other variations as well. It is a sport originated from the Indian subcontinent and is also played in the rural areas as well as in small towns over southern Asia, Cambodia, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, Poland and in some Caribbean Islands like Cuba.
Rules
To play the game, one team uses the "danda" to hit one of the tapered ends of the "gilli" with force. This causes the "gilli" to flip through the air. While the "gilli" is airborne, the opposing team's hitter attempts to smack it like one would as if playing cricket. The one who hits the "gilli" the farthest will wins. It is played with two teams. One side pitches the "gilli" using the big "danda" (not the bare hands), to the other team's hitter. The hitter, using his "danda" then hits the "gilli". In the course of the play, if the "gilli" is caught, then those players who pitched with the big "danda" to the hitter, are out of the game.If the gilli falls on the ground the fielder closest to the gilli gets an oppurtunity to make the hitter out.He has to throw the gilli towards the danda if the danda is been hit by the gilli it means the striker is out if not then the fielder gains 1 point.When the striker gains 1 point he will get 3 tries to hit the danda if the gilli still does'nt hit the danda the striker is out.If he is successful,the 1 point which he gained will continue.At the end who has the maximum points wins the game.It was most popularly played around 1970 to 1980 throughout India and Pakistan and is played to this day.
Games
Indian culture
Pakistani culture |
27026 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20United%20States | Southern United States | The Southern United States (also known as The Southern States or "The South" among Americans) is a term for the Southeastern part of the United States. All Confederate States were in the South, but not all Southern States joined the Confederacy. The States farthest to the south are called the "Deep South". Even though Arizona, New Mexico and southern California are geographically southern parts of United States, they are usually classified as the Southwestern United States and not the South (the climate, culture and ethnic makeup of the Southwest are also different from the South).
Most of the South is a land of long, hot summers. Winters are mostly short and cool. There is much rainfall. This combination gives the South a long growing season. Important crops include cotton, tobacco, peanuts, and peaches.
The States that make up "The South" are usually considered to be:
Virginia
Tennessee
Arkansas
Louisiana
North Carolina
South Carolina
Mississippi
Alabama
Georgia
Florida
Texas
Washington, D.C. (although not a state, it is part of the south)
Border States are also sometimes called Southern:
Oklahoma
West Virginia
Kentucky
Maryland
Delaware
Missouri
The cuisine of the Southern United States is distinct from other regions.
Demographics
Except for Florida and Texas, most of the South did not have as many immigrants arriving from other countries as the rest of the United States did, in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Most of the people in the South are of English, Scottish, or Irish ancestry, or the descendants of African-American slaves. Some Southerners identify themselves as being of "American" ancestry.
Census Regions of the United States |
27027 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hick | Hick | A hick is a term for an American stereotype, which is also used in Canada to a lesser degree. It is a term for people who live in rural areas, especially on farms and ranches and is usually meant as an insult and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the south-central United States, including Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky, Kansas, Iowa, and Nebraska.
Other forms of the word 'hick' are 'redneck', 'yokel', 'hillbilly', and 'hayseed'.
Pejoratives |
27031 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse%20gas | Greenhouse gas | A greenhouse gas is a gas which reflects radiation that the Earth emits, and stops it from being lost into space. This makes the Earth hotter than it would be without greenhouse gases. This is called the "greenhouse effect".
Most greenhouse gases are natural - water vapor is the most common, and causes most of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Other greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbon and ozone.
Without greenhouse gases, life as we know it would probably not be possible on Earth, because heat is important for life. Natural emissions of greenhouse gases vary. For example, the great volcanic eruptions that created the Siberian Traps a quarter billion years ago may have released enough gases to partly cause the Permian–Triassic extinction event which killed most life on Earth.
However, humans are adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. This is making the planet's average temperature rise by increasing the greenhouse effect. The most important greenhouse gas that humans add to the atmosphere is carbon dioxide, which is now about 0.04% of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is released when people burn fossil fuels, like oil, coal, and natural gas. Carbon dioxide emissions come mostly from transportation, energy and industries. The biggest is burning fossil fuels to make heat and electricity: but if we look at where the electricity is used the biggest is industry. The Food and Agriculture Organization said emissions associated with livestock added up to 7.1 gigatonnes (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) per year – or 14.5% of all human-caused greenhouse releases. This is more than the 13% that comes from global transport (including all cars and planes) each year.
Water vapour is the most abundant of these gases, and it reacts to climate change. In other words, when the atmosphere is warm, there is more water vapour. Thus there is a higher possibility of clouds and precipitation.
In addition to burning fossil fuels, human beings reduce the planets absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by cutting down trees. Methane is also added to the atmosphere by raising cattle and other farm animals, such as geese, turkeys, pigs, chickens, and sheep. Scientists have shown that producing 1 kg of beef results in more CO2 emissions than going for a three-hour drive while leaving all the lights on at home. Additionally, human activity adds water vapor to the atmosphere through increased evaporation by the use of cooling towers in thermal cycle power plants or creation of artificial lakes. These activities contribute to global warming.
References
Other websites
The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the Greenhouse gases |
27040 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha%20hold%27em | Omaha hold'em | Omaha Hold 'Em is a poker game, similar to Texas Hold 'Em. In Omaha, each player is given four cards. Then there is a round of betting. Then three community cards are placed on the table. Another round of betting is after that. Then a fourth community card is put down. After this, there is another round of betting. Then there is the final community card put down, there is a last round of betting, and each player uses exactly two cards from the hand and three from the table to form a five-card poker hand. Whoever has the best hand wins all the money put in the middle during betting.
Variations
Omaha can also be played as Omaha Hi Lo, where the best hand and the lowest hand splits the pot.
The low hand's cards have to be 8 or lower .
Other websites
Omaha Holdem Poker versus Texas Holdem Poker
Habanero Poker
Omaha Poker Strategy
Poker |
27049 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverkusen | Leverkusen | Leverkusen (Low Franconian: Leverkuuse) is a city near Cologne at the river Rhine in Germany. As of October 2005, about 162,000 people lived there.
References
Other websites
Leverkusen |
27050 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocotronic | Tocotronic | Tocotronic is a German indie rock band. They were founded in 1993 in Hamburg.
German rock bands
Indie rock bands
Hamburg |
27053 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw%20Prus | Bolesław Prus | Bolesław Prus () (20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), real name Aleksander Głowacki, was a Polish writer.
He was born in Hrubieszów and died in Warsaw. As a 15-year-old high-school student, he fought in Poland's January 1863 Uprising.
Prus is best known for his novels, Lalka (The Doll) and the historical novel Faraon (Pharaoh). He also wrote "Anielka," Placówka (The Outpost), Emancypantki (The New Woman), and many other stories and novels. He was an advocate of Positivist philosophy and social progressivism.
Prus is regarded as one of the greatest Polish writers, and one of the world's most prominent.
Prus, Bolesław
1847 births
1912 deaths |
27056 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2040 | 2040 | 2040 (MMXL) will be .
Predicted events
February
February 6 – Early Macintosh computers cannot recognise dates after this day.
May
May 2 – Partial solar eclipse
September
September 8 – Major alignment of the planets
November
November 4 – Partial solar eclipse
Unknown Dates
2040 Summer Olympics will be held.
If the United States had not returned land for bases on Bermuda in 2002, a ninety-nine year lease (signed in 1941) would have expired.
Climatologists predict that sometime in 2040 the Arctic Ocean will be free of ice, at least during the autumn. (News reports, December 2006).
Fictional events
The anime series Macross Plus and Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040 are both set in this year.
In the universe of Star Trek: The Next Generation, the television becomes obsolete.
A collection of Doctor Who short stories, Short Trips, is also set in that year.
2040
Years in the future |
27059 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Mixson | Wayne Mixson | John Wayne Mixson (June 16, 1922 – July 8, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in New Brockton, Alabama, but was raised in Jackson County, Florida. He was a democrat.
He served in Florida's House of Representatives. In 1978 he was elected a lieutenant governor (deputy governor) to governor Bob Graham. They were reelected in 1982. Mixson served as lieutenant governor from 1979 to 1987. During his second term he was also state Secretary of Commerce. In 1987, Graham resigned from office to become U.S. Senator. Mixson was sworn in as governor for three days, from January 3 to January 6, when governor-elect Bob Martinez (Rep.) took over.
During the 2004 presidential election, Mixson crossed party lines to endorse the re-election of President George W. Bush.
Mixson died on July 8, 2020 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 98.
References
1922 births
2020 deaths
Governors of Florida
Lieutenant Governors of Florida
Politicians from Alabama
US Democratic Party politicians
State legislators of the United States |
27060 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neustadt%20an%20der%20Weinstrasse | Neustadt an der Weinstrasse | Neustadt an der Weinstraße is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It has about 54,000 people. The main parts of the town's economy are tourism and winegrowing. Every year the town is the location of the German wine harvest festival with the election of the Gerrman wine queen.
Districts
Its districts are
Diedesfeld,
Duttweiler,
Geinsheim,
Gimmeldingen,
Haardt,
Hambach,
Königsbach,
Lachen-Speyerdorf,
Mußbach, and
Winzingen.
Culture and sights
Hambach Castle
Saalbau
Elwetritsch fountain
Railway Museum
Villa Böhm
Wolfscastle
Traffic
Neustadt have two on-ramps (North and South) of the highway A 65.
Except for the central station, the town have a second railroad station (Böbig) and a third (South).
Economy
Neustadt is the seat of the Hornbach Holding AG and Team Rosberg.
Twin towns
, Lincoln
, Mâcon
, Musange
, Manchester, New Hampshire
, Mersin-Yenisehir
, Wernigerode
, Quanzhou
References
Other websites |
27061 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reubin%20Askew | Reubin Askew | Reubin O'Donovan Askew (September 11, 1928 - March 13, 2014) was an American politician. He was a democrat from Florida. He was born in Muskogee (Oklahoma), but since 1937 he lived in Florida. He was a lawyer. He served both in US Army and US Air Force.
Early life
Askew was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma. He studied at Florida State University and at University of Florida Levin College of Law. Askew married Donna Lou Harper in August 1956.
Career
Prior to becoming governor, Askew served as state representative (1959-1963) and state senator (1963-1970). For a year (1969-1970) he was president pro tempore of this body.
He was elected governor in the same year and assumed duties in January 1971. He was one of the first southern governors (alongside Jimmy Carter of Georgia) yo openly support desegregation. In 1972 then-democratic Presidential nominee, senator George McGovern of South Dakota offered him vice presidency, but Askew declined it. McGovern lost to Richard Nixon.
Askew was reelected in 1974 and served until early 1979. After leaving office he was, for two years, United States Trade Representative under President Carter.
In 1984 he ran for President, but was defeated in the primary.
Personal life
Askew had two children; one son and one daughter. Askew lived in Tallahassee, Florida.
Death
Askew died at the age of 85 on March 13, 2014 at his Tallahassee home, after a recent stroke.
Legacy
He was regarded by many (including Harvard Scholars) as one of the best U.S. governors in the 20th Century.
References
Other websites
Official Governor's portrait and biography from the State of Florida
Florida DeMolay hall of Fame website
DeMolay hall of Fame website
NYTimes obituary
1984 United States presidential candidates
American military people
United States Trade Representatives
Askew, Reubin
Politicians from Oklahoma
Deaths from stroke
1928 births
2014 deaths |
27063 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabant | Trabant | The Trabant (or Trabi) was a series of cars built in the German Democratic Republic. When the first cars were released, people saw them as being innovative. The cars were also easy on fuel, they did not need much fuel. Trabant had a two-stroke engine. The outside of the Trabant was not made with steel or iron, because the German Democratic Republic did not want to import steel and iron for the cars, because that would have been too expensive. Instead, the Trabant was made of Duroplast, a special kind of plastic, made by mixing formica and bakelite, and made stronger with fibres of cotton. They could afford some steel from Russia, and this was used for the engine and the floor, and to give the plastic strength. After the Berlin Wall was opened the Trabant did not sell as much as before, because the people wanted bigger cars that they could get after the wall was opened. Trabants can still be found in East Europe, for example in Hungary.
Criticism
The Trabant was a small car, good for driving in the city. The two-stroke engine created lots of air pollution, but because of the plastic body, it was stronger and safer than western cars of the same time. It was famous for being better in a crash test than a VW Polo.
Versions
Between 1957 and 1990, about 3 million Trabants were built. As of January 2005, about 67.000 such cars were still registered.
Gallery
Automobiles |
27065 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay%20Lohan | Lindsay Lohan | Lindsay Dee Lohan (born July 02, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She has acted in several movies, including The Parent Trap, Life-Size, Get A Clue, Freaky Friday, Mean Girls, Confessions of a Drama Queen, Herbie Fully Loaded, Just My Luck, Georgia Rule and Labor Pains. Early life. Lindsay Lohan was born on July 02, 1986, in The Bronx borough of New York City, and grew up in Merrick and Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island, New York. She is the eldest child of Dina and Michael Lohan.
Early life
Lohan's parents are Dina Lohan and Michael Lohan, both of whom are of Irish and Italian descent. She has a sister named Ali Lohan. Lindsay Dee Lohan was born in The Bronx borough of New York City, on July 02,1986, to Dina Lohan and Michael Lohan. She began her career at age three as a Ford model, and also made appearances in over sixty television commercials, including spots for The Gap, Pizza Hut, Wendy's, and Jell-O (opposite Bill Cosby). Lohan made her acting debut in 1996 as the third actress to play Ali Fowler in the television drama Another World (1964). Shortly afterward she was hand-picked by Oscar-nominated writer Nancy Meyers as estranged twin sisters in an adaptation by Walt Disney Pictures of a novel by Erich Kästner, which marked Meyers' directorial debut. Lohan's first feature film, The Parent Trap (1998), a remake of The Parent Trap (1961), was a modest commercial success, earning her widespread critical acclaim and a Young Artist award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film, as well as Blockbuster Entertainment and YoungStar award nominations.After signing a three-movie contract with Disney, she returned to the small screen to star in the made-for-TV movies The Wonderful World of Disney: Life-Size (2000) (opposite Tyra Banks) and Get a Clue (2002) (opposite Bug Hall). She also appeared as Rose in the pilot episode of the short-lived comedy series Bette (2000), which starred Bette Midler. In June 2001 Lohan took a brief hiatus from acting. Her music career was launched over a year later, when Estefan Enterprises made a five-album production deal with her in September 2002, and she signed a recording contract with the reactivated Casablanca Records.
Movie career
The movies Parent Trap and Mean Girls made Lohan popular in the United States. They also showed her talent in singing. She plays the guitar and has done many singing parts.
Music career
She first sang in the soundtrack of the movie Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen.
In 2004, she released her first album named Speak. In 2005, her second album, A Little More Personal (RAW) was released. Now, in recent years she has been working on a new album with Ne-Yo, Snoop Dogg, Timbaland. This album was released at the end of 2008.
Personal life
Between 2008 and 2009 Lohan dated Samantha Ronson. However, Lohan now identifies as heterosexual. She had a miscarriage in 2013.
In May 2011, Lohan was convicted of misdemeanor theft of a $2,500 necklace from a jewelry store in Venice Beach.
Filmography
Films
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1998
|The Parent Trap
|Hallie Parker / Annie James
|Main role
|-
|2000
|Life-Size
|Casey Stewart
|TV
|-
|2002
|Get a Clue
|Lexy Gold
|TV movie by Disney Channel Original Movie
|-
|2003
|Freaky Friday
|Anna Coleman
|Main role
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004
|Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen
| Mary Elizabeth "Lola" Steppe
|Main role
|-
|Mean Girls
|Cady Heron
|Main role
|-
|2005
|Herbie: Fully Loaded
|Margaret "Maggie" Peyton
|Main role
|-
|rowspan="3"|2006
|Just My Luck
|Ashley Albright
|Main role
|-
|A Prairie Home Companion
|Lola Johnson
|Supporting role
|-
|Bobby
|Diane Huber
|Supporting role
|-
|rowspan="1"|2007
|I Know Who Killed Me
| Aubrey Fleming / Dakota Moss
| Main Role
|-
|rowspan="1"|2008
|Dare to Love Me
| La Ritana
| Main role / filming
|-
|rowspan="1"|2010
|Machete
|TBA
|Supporting role
|-
|rowspan="1"|2012
|Liz and Dick
|Main role
|TV movie
|-
|rowspan="1"|2012
|Scary Movie 5
|Herself
|Credited
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[2013 in movies|2013]]
|The Canyons|Tara
|Supporting Role
|}
Television
Another World - 1996–1997
Bette (2000–2001) - appeared October 11, 2000, in pilot episode only
Punk'd - one episode, December 14, 2003 (see above)
Saturday Night Live - Host, May 1, 2004
2004 MTV Movie Awards - Host, June 10, 2004
That '70s Show - "Mother's Little Helper" episode, November 10, 2004
Saturday Night Live - Cameo for Weekend Update, December 11, 2004
Saturday Night Live - Host, May 21, 2005 (season finale)
Saturday Night Live - Host, April 15, 2006
2006 World Music Awards - Host, November 2006
Ugly Betty- episode Jump Albums
Speak A Little More Personal (RAW)''
Untitled third album
Singles
References
Other websites
Official website
Casablanca (Universal) Records site
Maxim cover shoot pictures and interview
1986 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American child actors
American guitarists
American movie actors
American pop musicians
American television actors
American thieves
Models from New York City
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City |
27069 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postum | Postum | Postum is a drink first made by C. W. Post in 1895. It is a powder substitute for coffee that is mixed with water. The ingredients are wheat bran, wheat, molasses, and corn dextrin.
It is advertised as a healthier choice of drink than coffee.
Drinks |
27070 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brok | Brok | Brok nad Bugiem (English: Brok near Bug) is a small town in Mazowsze Voivodship, Poland. Brok is in Ostrowian County (head town of this region is Ostrów Mazowiecka). Brok is one of the smallest places in Europe with town status (since 1500).
Area: 28,05 km²
Number of people (as of 2004): 1882
Community: Brok
Post code: 07-306
Current Mayor: Stanisław Bębenek (since 2002)
Brok is regarded by many as one of the most beautiful places in this part of Poland. This is a tourist town near two rivers: Bug and one also named Brok.
Attractions include:
Gothic Church (built 1560)
Old Jewish Cemetery
Location (Puszcza Biała, White Wood)
Many old houses
Towns in Poland
Ostrowian County (Poland) |
27071 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1480 | 1480 |
Events
March 6 – Treaty of Toledo – Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize African conquests of Afonso of Portugal and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain
Great standing on the Ugra river – Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde and Moscow becomes the capital of Russia.
Ludovico Sforza becomes Regent of Milan (reigns until 1499)
Concorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics in converted Jews)
Leonardo da Vinci invents the parachute
Mohamed II fails in his attempt to capture Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes
Magdalen College School, Oxford starts.
The Inca Empire conquers northwest Argentina.
Births
Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the world.
Pier Gerlofs Donia, a huge pirate who fought for the independence of Friesland.
Pir Sultan Abdal, Turkish poet.
Peter Henlein, German inventor who may have first invented the watch.
Deaths
Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer |
27072 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1099 | 1099 |
Events
Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade:
July 8 – 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem.
January 13 – Crusaders set fire to Mara, Syria.
July 15 – Christian soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege, killing nearly every inhabitant.
August 12– the crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon. |
27077 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb%20Alpert | Herb Alpert | Herb Alpert (born March 31, 1935 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician. He is known for his trumpet playing with his group, Tijuana Brass. He is also the co-founder and one of the heads of A&M Records.
References
Other websites
Musicians from Los Angeles
Trumpeters
1935 births
Living people |
27085 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy%20bear | Teddy bear | A teddy bear is a type of toy that looks like a bear. The teddy bear is normally a cub or baby bear. In Russia, bears were used as children's toys for many years before they became popular in the United States. The teddy bear in Russia has been the subject of folklore or stories for many years. Teddy bears are often toys for children they are also used to comfort people and also to teach.
A teddy bear is a popular and well-known toy. It may often have human-like features. They are usually small and soft. Teddy Bears are found all over the world. Early 20th century teddy bears were made from mohair, the hair of goats. Now they are usually made from synthetic fabrics.
Theodore Roosevelt
There are many stories about how the Teddy Bear got its name. It may be a myth but the teddy bear is said to be named after Theodore Roosevelt, a hunter who disliked being called "Teddy". Roosevelt was the 26th and youngest President of the United States. He was president from 1901–1909. Friends of the president gave him the nickname "Teddy".
The most told story happened in November 1902. President Roosevelt was in Mississippi for a bear hunt. He and other men went out hunting for bear on horseback. The President and the men had hunting dogs to help find the bears. The dogs ran off following the scent of the bears. When the men could no longer hear the dogs, they turned around and went back to their camp, When they got to camp a bear was there. Everyone at the camp wanted President Roosevelt to shoot the bear. He would not do it or let anyone else do it.
Teddy Bears for adults
Clothes
British soldiers in World War I, wore fur coats that they called Teddys. The American soldiers also wore a one piece fur overall they called a teddy. Women's nightgowns have also been nicknamed "Teddy" because they are comfortable.
Mascot
The teddy bear has been a mascot and a companion for many adults. Olympic Long Jump Gold Medal winner Randy Wililams 1972 pictured on Life magazine with a teddy bear at the Munich games. The bear was giving to him by an ex-girlfriend.
While playing baseball with the San Francisco Giants, Ron Bryant was nicknamed "Bear" for always taking his teddy bear everywhere with him. After playing for the Giants, he was traded to the Chicago Cubs. While he was playing with the Cubs, Bryant bought a bear from a girl on the street. He took the bear to the game and they won that day. After that, he brought the bear with him to all the games. The teddy bear was even fitted with a baseball uniform with Bryant's number.
"Cherished Teddies"
Adults often collect "Cherished Teddies". They are figurines of teddy bears. They are considered knick knacks. Only a limited number from each mold is produced. Some are more rare, or uncommon than others. The less made of a particular one, the more valuable they are.
TY Beanie Babies
Beanie Baby bears are of the most popular in Beanie Baby collections. "Princess Diana" bear honors the late Princess of Wales. Her bear is of royal purple color with two flowers on its heart. Accessories for the bear such as a copy of Princess Di's actual license, a crown, and royal cape can be purchased to enhance the royal bear. Some bears that were defective in production are considered to have the highest worth, since limited amounts were effected. Collectors search for the defective ones to have the most rare collection. Just as with "Cherished Teddies" the less available ones are worth the most amount of money. The TY tags on the ears of the bears condition also attributes to their value. Children have a tendency to rip off these tags making the collectibles an everyday toy.
Healing, helping and learning
Bears in the classroom
The teddy bear is used in children's classrooms. According to "The Much Maligned Teddy Bear", teddy bears comfort and support children. The teddy bear is also used to teach children about different places. In story, the bear does traveling and sends postcards to the readers, which helps children learn. A child can learn a lot through teddy bears. There are books, logos that teach and comfort children. The teddy bear books help children learn to read and are also fond memories for parents and grandparents.
Teddy Bear Cop
Law enforcement in America gives children in traumatic experiences teddy bears for comfort. Several agencies provide the bears to children going through crisis. The bears are donated by citizens to help children deal with transitioning from their homes to foster care or when a parent is arrested for breaking the law and is taken to jail. Firemen also hand out bears to children victims of fire.
Emotional support
Bear Teddy is a popular toy not only among children but also among adults. Someone keeps their old plush friends, someone buys new ones. Psychologists explain such love for these toys at all ages by the fact that a person receives emotional support from those they trust. Recently, bear therapy has become widespread in the field of psychological care for patients.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Toys |
27096 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul | Hangul | Hangeul () (formerly Hangul 한굴) is the alphabet (or alphabetic syllabary) used for the Korean language.
It was made by Sejong the Great, the 4th King of the Joseon Dynasty in 1443. It is still being used now. When Hangeul was spreading, King Sejong published Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon (훈민정음 해례본). It was picked as the 'Memory of the World' by UNESCO in 1997.
In this book, the design ideas of Hangeul and information about its use were written down in detail. The book Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon states the two design ideas of Hangeul. The first one is that the consonants of Hangeul look like vocal organs. The second one is that the vowels of Hangeul are based on Cheonji'in (천지인). Cheonji'in refers to the three elements of philosophy which are sky (천), earth (지) and human (인). Because of these ideas, Hangeul is well known for being easy to learn.
Although it was only used by the lower classes at first, Hangeul became the official writing script of Korea in the late 19th century. Today it is the most used writing system of both North Korea and South Korea. North Korea abolished the use of Hanja, and today North Koreans write only in Hangeul. In South Korea, people write mostly in Hangeul, but sometimes Hanja is still used.
Vowels
Vowels are letters like A, E, O and so on
There are 21 letters for vowels in Hangul.
10 simple ones, ㅏㅓㅣㅑㅕ and ㅗㅜㅡㅛㅠ.
11 more complicated combinations: ㅐㅒㅔㅖ and ㅘㅙㅚㅝㅞㅟㅢ.
Meaning:
{|
|-----
| ㅏ || ㅓ || ㅣ || ㅑ || width="40" | ㅕ || ㅗ || ㅜ || ㅡ
| ㅛ || width="40" | ㅠ || ㅐ || ㅒ
| ㅔ || width="40" | ㅖ || ㅘ || ㅙ || ㅚ || ㅝ
| ㅞ || ㅟ
ㅢ
|-----
| a || eo || i || ya || yeo || o || u || eu
| yo || yu || ae || yae || e || ye || wa || wae || oe || wo
| we || wi
eui
|-----
|}
Those with two small lines are pronounced with an extra "y" first.
Consonants
Consonants are letters like B, G, L, M, N, S and so on.There are 14 simple consonants: ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎThey can be written two next to each other. Meaning:
The consonants the Korean language uses written in Latin letters are:
B, D, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, W, Y.
Blocks
The consonants and vowels are combined into blocks of syllables. A syllable means one vowel and a few consonants, like "han" and "geul".
The blocks look like these examples: 서울 한글 평양
Examples
References
Other websites
Alphabets
Korea
1443 establishments
15th-century establishments in Asia
Korean language |
27100 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%20Chafee | Lincoln Chafee | Lincoln Davenport Chafee (born March 26, 1953) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Rhode Island from 2011 to 2015. Before becoming governor, he was a junior U.S. Senator of Rhode Island from 1999 to 2007.
In 2016, he made a brief and unsuccessful bid for President of the United States in the 2016 Democratic primaries. In January 2020, Chafee announced he would run again, but this time for the Libertarian nomination. He ended his second campaign in April 2020.
Early life
Chafee was born in Providence, Rhode Island. His father, John Chafee, was also a Senator from Rhode Island and member of the liberal wing of the Republican Party. His mother was Virginia Coates. Chafee was raised in Warwick, Rhode Island. He studied at Brown University and at Montana State University.
Early career
Chafee entered politics in 1985 as a delegate to the Rhode Island Constitutional Convention. A year later, he was elected to the Warwick City Council, where he served until his election as Warwick's mayor in 1992, a post he held until his 1999 appointment to the U.S. Senate.
U.S. senator (1999-2007)
After his father died in office, Chafee was appointed to fill his vacancy. He was elected to his first full term in 2000.
He was a very liberal Republican senator. He is strongly pro-choice and supports gay rights and gun control. He was the only Republican senator in 2002 to voted against war in Iraq. He was the only Republican United States senator to vote against authorizing the use of force to remove Saddam Hussein from power.
In 2004, he did not endorse the reelection of President George W. Bush, and urged other Republicans to write-in in the November election George H. W. Bush, not his son. In January 2006, he was also the only Republican senator to vote against Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.
He was defeated for re-election in the Senate in 2006 by Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse.
Governor of Rhode Island (2011-2015)
Chafee was elected as Governor of Rhode Island in 2010. He was sworn in on January 4, 2011. He became the first Independent to serve as Governor of Rhode Island since John Collins in 1790.
In 2012, he served as co-chair of Barack Obama's re-election campaign. Since then, he was a Democrat.
On May 1, 2013, Chafee signed a bill that legalized same-sex marriage in Rhode Island.
Chafee has shown some willingness to deviate from strict "War on Drugs" policies, in favor of alternative approaches to America's drug-crime problem.
On September 4, 2013, Chafee announced that he would not run for re-election as Governor of Rhode Island after months of low-approval ratings from the public and by election officials.
2016 presidential campaign
On April 9, 2015, Chafee announced that he had formed an exploratory committee in preparation for a potential candidacy for President of the United States as a Democrat in 2016. He formally declared his candidacy on June 3, 2015.
Following a widely panned debate performance, poor polling numbers, and a poor fundraising campaign, Lincoln Chafee announced on October 23 that he would be suspending his campaign.
2020 presidential campaign
On March 11, 2019, Chafee officially switched from the Democratic to Libertarian Party, stating that, "It's what I've always been — fiscally conservative and socially liberal."
In August 2019, Chafee said that he'd "be open" to running for president as a Libertarian.
On January 5, 2020, Chaffee formally filed to run for the Libertarian nomination. He is scheduled to make a formal campaign announcement on January 8 at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. He ended his campaign on April 5, 2020 after failing to win any of the primary contests.
Personal life
Chafee married Stephanie Chafee in January 1990. They have three children. He now lives in Teton Village, Wyoming.
References
Other websites
1953 births
Living people
American mayors
Governors of Rhode Island
2016 United States presidential candidates
2020 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from Rhode Island
Politicians from Wyoming
US Democratic Party politicians
US Republican Party politicians
US Libertarian Party politicians
People from Warwick, Rhode Island |
27101 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha%20Fischer | Sascha Fischer | Sascha Fischer (born 24 December 1970 in Stuttgart) is a German rugby player. He started with volleyball, then he began to play rugby for DSV 1878 Hannover (Lower Saxony). Right now he is playing in France as a pro for C.A. Périgueux-Dordogne. With his former team, C.S. Bourgoin-Jallieu, he took part at Heineken Cup. He is 6 feet, 8 inches tall (2.08 meters) and one of the tallest rugby players in Europe. He is a 27 time national player for Germany. He is a very aggressive player and with his height, he can overlook the whole rugby field.
1970 births
Living people
German sportspeople
Rugby players
Sportspeople from Stuttgart |
27103 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Graham | Bob Graham | Daniel Robert "Bob" Graham (born November 9, 1936) is a retired American politician. He was a well known member of the Democratic Party.
Graham has never lost an election. His career started with being a state legislator (Representative 1966-1969, and Senator 1971-1979).
Career
Early career
In 1978 he was elected Governor of Florida. His Lt. Governor was Wayne Mixson. Graham was reelected in 1982, when he won 65% over a Republican candidate, Skip Bafalis.
He was a popular Governor. He did much to protect the environment. He also oversaw restart of state executions (as first time since 1964), when 16 people were electrocuted. The first of them, John Spenkelink, was the first to die in the electric chair since 1966 in the United States. He was the second to be executed since 1967 (after Gary Gilmore in Utah in January 1977).
Later career
Graham was elected to the United States Senate in 1986, defeating sitting Senator Paula Hawkins. He served as Senator from 1985 to 2005, when he retired. He resigned from governorship on January 3, 1985, three days before the swearing-in of the governor-elect, Republican Robert Martinez. For this time Mixson assumed his duties, making him the shortest serving governor in Florida history.
From 2001 to 2003 Graham was a chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
Attempted careers
In early 2003 he decided to run for President but, after poor results in an opinion polls, he resigned and later supported John Kerry, who won the Democratic nomination. He was regarded as possible Kerry Vice Presidential candidate, but Kerry chose John Edwards.
Graham voted in 2002 against intervention in Iraq.
Personal
He was born in Dade County (now Miami-Dade County)
He married Adele Khoury in 1959
United States senators from Florida
Governors of Florida
US Democratic Party politicians
1936 births
Living people
2004 United States presidential candidates |
27105 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans | Americans | Americans are citizens of the United States.
Also, there are other groups that did not immigrate to the United States but became American because of American expansion in the late 19th century. In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found around the world. Three to seven million Americans are estimated to be living outside the United States.
Most Americans are of European descent. The number of Latin Americans and Asians is more than ever. About 13% of Americans are of African descent. People from many cultures, religions, and ethnic groups live in the U.S. This is why the United States is called the "Melting Pot".
The United States is a diverse country. Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes: White, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, and other Pacific Islander.
The current population of Americans in the U.S. is over 320 million people as of 2015.
References
Other websites |
27114 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%20Wesleyan%20University | Ohio Wesleyan University | Ohio Wesleyan University is a private university in Delaware, Ohio and a member of the Five Colleges of Ohio. Wesleyan was founded in September 1844.
Colleges and universities in Ohio
Five Colleges of Ohio
Great Lakes Colleges Association
Oberlin Group of Libraries
1844 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Illinois |
27132 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi | Lakshmi | Lakshmi is the goddess of money, wisdom and good luck in Hinduism. Most Hindus pray to her on Diwali, which is a festival in India. She is regarded as an equivalent goddess of Emoinu, her Meitei counterpart.
Lakshmi has four arms, fair skin and sits on a lotus flower and is normally surrounded by elephants. She is covered in jewellery.
She also has several avatars (means a god coming to the earth in the form of a human being or in any other form). Her husband is the Hindu god Vishnu but her other avatars are usually married to Vishnu's avatars:
Sita, wife of Rama
Radha, the lover, and Rukmini, the first wife and queen of Krishna
Related pages
Hindu Goddess
Further reading
References
Other websites
Maha Lakshmi Purana
108 Aspects of Wealth
The Online mandir of Mahalakshmi
Know about Goddess Sri Lakshmi
Hymns and eulogies on Lakshmi
Lakshmi Puran
Hindu gods and goddesses |
27136 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Australia | Ancient Australia | Ancient Australia (also called the Prehistory of Australia), covers the time from when the first humans came to Australia to the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788.
Aboriginal artefacts on Rottnest Island have been dated from 6,500 to more than 30,000 years ago. However, more recent evidence suggests human occupation by or even before 50,000 years ago.
During the Pleistocene period, seas were much lower than they are today. This would have made migration from Asia to Australia much easier than it is now. However several long sea crossings would still have had to be made. These crossings would have included distances of 90100 km of open sea. It is not known what kind of boat would have been used for these crossings, but they were probably a raft made from bamboo. These first Australians were the world's first ocean travellers.
The land bridge between Australia and New Guinea was blocked by rising sea levels about 8,000 years ago. The people of Australia and New Guinea are closely related by DNA. DNA evidence shows that the Australian Aborigines belong to the modern humans who left Africa between 50,000 and 70,000 years ago. Research shows that the Australian Aborigines were part of a group that left Africa 24,000 years before the groups that settled in Europe and Asia. This makes them one of the oldest indigenous peoples outside Africa. The DNA also shows that most migration to Australia stopped about 50,000 years ago, and the people here developed in isolation to the rest of the world. Whilst there there is an absence of empirical evidence that demonstrates a continuity of culture as opposed to a continuity of presence, the Australian Aboriginal population is likely one of the oldest continuous cultures in the world. Many Aboriginal stories from northern Australia say that the people came to Australia from across the sea.
It is not known what the first Australians looked like. The oldest place where humans lived in Australia dates to 55,000 years ago, the Malakunanja II rock shelter in the Northern Territory. The earliest human remains in Australia, found at Lake Mungo in New South Wales, are 15,000 years younger. The bones of people born from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, show they were more robust, and were more physically varied than later people. Several important archaeological sites reveal information about the life of these people. These sites include Lake Mungo, Kow Swamp, Coobool Creek, Talgai, and Keilor.
The first Australians had dark skin and black hair. Most of them were hunter-gatherers, hunting animals and collecting plants to eat. They were nomadic people moving from place to place in search of seasonal foods.
They developed into different ethnic groups and each group had its own language and traditions. In 1788 it is estimated that there were about 500 separate language groups in Australia. Each of these language groups was made up of many smaller groupings. These smaller groups often combined for ceremonial and trade activities. Because they were all different, it is difficult to make general claims about Aboriginal traditions and beliefs.
Fire, megafauna and sea levels
Archaeologists have found that fires increased with the arrival of people. Hunter-gatherers use fire as a tool to drive game, to produce new growth to attract animals, and to clear scrub. Dense forests became more open forest, and open forest became grassland. Species that could survive fire began to take over: in particular, eucalyptus, acacia, and grasses.
The changes to the fauna were even more dramatic. Megafauna, species much larger than humans, disappeared, as well as many of the smaller species. About 60 different vertebrates became extinct, including the Diprotodon family (very large marsupials that looked rather like hippos), several large flightless birds, meat eating kangaroos, a five-metre lizard and Meiolania, a tortoise the size of a small car.
The direct cause of the mass extinctions of the megafauna is uncertain. It may have been fire, hunting, climate change, or a combination of all. Without large herbivores to eat the vegetation, the extra fuel made fires burn hotter, further changing the landscape.
In the period from 18,000 to 15,000 years ago, Australia became dryer, with lower temperatures and less rainfall. Between 16,000 and 14,000 years ago the sea levels rose quickly. One scientist has estimated sea levels rose 50 feet in 300 years. At the end of the Pleistocene, about 13,000 years ago, rising sea levels cut the land access across the Torres Strait to New Guinea, the Bass Strait between Victoria and Tasmania, and to Kangaroo Island.
The Tasmanian Aborigines were cut off from the rest of Australia. By 9,000 years ago there were no longer people living on the small islands in Bass Strait or Kangaroo Island.
Studies of language and genes shows that there has been long-term contact between Australians in the far north and the people of modern-day New Guinea and the islands. This seems to have been mainly trade with a little intermarriage. Macassan praus are also recorded in the Aboriginal stories from Broome to the Gulf of Carpentaria. There were some semi-permanent settlements established, and cases of Aboriginal settlers finding a home in Indonesia.
Culture
The Aboriginal people did not develop writing but they painted pictures on rocks and bark. They also scratched or carved designs into rocks. They used paint that they made from crushed rocks and water in colours like brown, red, orange, and yellow. Many ancient cave paintings have been all over Australia. As the paints made form crushed rock and clay are not organic, it is not possible to use carbon dating to date these pictures. Some paintings have been found showing megafauna that became extinct over 40,000 years ago. These paintings may be the oldest known paintings in the world. Another site in Arnhem Land has charcoal drawings that have been radiocarbon-dated at 28,000 years old.
Aboriginal people had a strong spirituality. They believed that everything had come from the Dreamtime and that the earth was sacred. They believed that ancestor spirits such as the Rainbow Serpent had made the world and everything in it. The laws and customs of the Dreamtime are passed on from parents to children. They have complex ritual songs and dances which are performed at corroborees.
References
History of Australia
Ancient history
Indigenous Australian history |
27137 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime | Dreamtime | In Australian Aboriginal culture, life is based on a foundation of beliefs which are called the Dreamtime, or The Dreaming. This is a complex set of ideas with deep levels of meanings. The Dreamtime has four parts: The beginning of everything; the life and power of the ancestors; the way of life and death; and power in life. Dreamtime was all four of these things at the same time because it is more powerful than time and space. In it all things exist at once. The Aboriginal peoples call Dreamtime the all-at-once time because they think it is the past, present, and future at the same time. It is a beginning that has no end.
They meet The Dreamtime by doing special dances and singing special songs. Aboriginals believe that people have a part of them that will live forever. This part existed before a person was born and will exist after they die. It exists in The Dreamtime.
All Australian Aboriginals believe in the Dreamtime. Each group and each person has their own stories and traditions. In Central Australia, the Pitjantjatjara call it the Tjukurpa. The Tjukurpa provides the answers for questions about life. It also gives the rules for behaviour and how to live together. It explains the complex relationship between the people, animals, plants and the land. It teaches the how and why the land is to be looked after. It provided the information about what could be eaten, the rules of marriage, of growing up and the rituals of death. Some parts of the Dreamtime are only known to those who have inherited the right to the knowledge.
Dreamtime is often used to describe the time before time, or the time of the creation. Most Aboriginals believe that all life is connected to the great spirit ancestors of the Dreamtime. Every hill, water hole, river, the sky, every feature was created in the Dreamtime. The journeys of the ancestors across the country created the landscape, and populated it with plants and animals. These journeys are often told in cycles of stories, songs and dances, known as iwara, or songlines. These great spirit ancestors have not gone, they are still present, even if they can not be seen. The ceremonies of songs and dance keep the people in contact with the spirits. "Without ceremony the land soon dies..."
References
Australian mythology
Indigenous Australian culture
Creation myths |
27138 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch%20Ness%20Monster | Loch Ness Monster | The Loch Ness Monster, also referred to as Nessie, is a supposed animal, said to live in the Scottish loch of Loch Ness, the second biggest loch in the country. The Loch Ness Monster story was big in the field of cryptozoology.
Most scientists believe that the Loch Ness Monster is not real, and they say that many of the seeings are either hoaxes or pictures of other mistaken existing animals. However, a popular theory among believers is that "Nessie" is a plesiosaur, an extinct meat-eating aquatic reptile that lived in the Mesozoic era. The Loch Ness monster has also been described as an elephant, eel, and other animals.
Surgeon's photograph' (1934)
The Surgeon's photograph was the only photographic evidence of a head and neck – all the others are humps or disturbances. Dr. Wilson claimed he was looking at the loch when he saw the monster, so grabbed his camera and snapped five photos. After the film was developed, only two exposures were clear. The first photo (the more publicised one) shows what was claimed to be a small head and back. The second one, a blurry image, attracted little publicity because it was difficult to interpret what was depicted.
The image was revealed as a hoax in 1994.
Supposedly taken by Robert Kenneth Wilson, a London gynaecologist, it was published in the Daily Mail on 21 April 1934. Wilson's refusal to have his name associated with the photograph led to it being called "Surgeon's photograph".
The strangely small ripples on the photo fit the size and of circular pattern of small ripples as opposed to large waves when photographed up close. Analysis of the original uncropped image fostered further doubt. A year before the hoax was revealed, the makers of Discovery Communications's documentary Loch Ness Discovered analysed the uncropped image and found a white object was visible in every version of the photo. "It seems to be the source of ripples in the water, almost as if the object was towed by But science cannot rule out it was just a blemish on the negative", he continued. Additionally, analysis of the full photograph revealed the object was quite small, only about long.
After Christian Spurling's confession, most agree it was what Spurling claimed – a toy submarine with a sculpted head attached. Details of how the photo was accomplished were published in the 1999 book, Nessie – the Surgeon’s Photograph Exposed. Essentially, it was a toy submarine with a head and neck made of plastic wood, built by Christian Spurling.
Spurling was the son-in-law of Marmaduke Wetherell, a big game hunter who had been publicly ridiculed in the Daily Mail, the newspaper that employed him. Spurling claimed that to get revenge, Marmaduke Wetherell committed the hoax. His co-conspirators were Spurling (a sculpture specialist), his son Ian Marmaduke, who bought the material for the fake Nessie, and Maurice Chambers (an insurance agent). Chambers asked surgeon Robert Kenneth Wilson to offer the pictures to the Daily Mail.
The hoax story was disputed by Henry Bauer. Unfortunately for Bauer, he claimed that plastic wood did not exist in 1934, when actually it was a popular DIY and modelling material from the 1920s.
No animal has ever been discovered in the loch which resembles the mythical monster.
Other websites
nessie.co.uk
References
Scotland
Cryptozoology |
27150 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan | Wesleyan | Wesleyan is the adjective form of Wesley, which could also mean:
John Wesley, the founder of Methodism
The Wesleyan Church, split from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1843.
Any person who adopts the principles of Wesleyan theology.
Wesleyan used as a noun may refer to one of many universities and liberal arts colleges named after John Wesley. Institutions include:
United States
Dakota Wesleyan University, in South Dakota
Illinois Wesleyan University, in Illinois
Indiana Wesleyan University, in Indiana
Iowa Wesleyan College, in Iowa
Kentucky Wesleyan College, in Kentucky
Nebraska Wesleyan University, in Nebraska
North Carolina Wesleyan College, in North Carolina
Ohio Wesleyan University, in Ohio
Oklahoma Wesleyan University, in Oklahoma
Roberts Wesleyan College, in New York
Southern Wesleyan University, in South Carolina
Tennessee Wesleyan College, in Tennessee
Texas Wesleyan University, in Texas
Virginia Wesleyan College, in Virginia
Wesleyan College, in Georgia
Wesleyan University, in Connecticut
West Virginia Wesleyan College, in West Virginia
Global
Nagasaki Wesleyan University, Japan
Wesleyan University, in the Philippines |
27156 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh | Macintosh | Macintosh, Mackintosh, or McIntosh can be:
Apple Macintosh (computer)
Mackintosh, raincoat
McIntosh (apple), type of apple
McIntosh, Alabama
McIntosh Laboratory, hi-fi manufacturer
Macintosh and similar spellings is a surname:
Charles Macintosh (Scottish inventor)
Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Scottish architect and designer)
Donald McIntosh, Canadian-born officer in Custer's 7th Cavalry, killed at Little Big Horn
The Scottish Clan MacKintosh
Winston Hubert McIntosh, better known as Peter Tosh |
27158 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20rock | Southern rock | Southern rock is a kind of rock music from the southern part of the United States. Some southern rock music groups include: Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band and Molly Hatchet.
Notable Artist
The Allman Brothers Band
Lynyrd Skynyrd
Atlanta Rhythm Section
Wet Willy
Molly Hatchet
Blackfoot
Black Oak Arkansas
Rock music |
27159 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w%20Mazowiecka | Ostrów Mazowiecka | Ostrów Mazowiecka is a main town of Ostrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland.
Population (as of 2008): a. 23 540
Area: 22,09 km²
Town status: Since 1434
Postal code: 07-300, 07-302, 07-310
Current Mayor: George Bauer (Jerzy Bauer)
Community: Ostrów
Twin town: Brembate di Sopra (Italy), Iziaslav (Ukraine), Ryazan (Russia)
Related pages
Brok
Towns in Poland
Ostrowian County (Poland) |
27163 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/100 | 100 | 100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: C) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).
Events
Roman Empire
Pliny the Younger advances to consulship
Tiberius Avidius Quietus rule as governor of Roman Britain ends
Timgad (Thamugas) founded by Emperor Trajan
The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers
Bricks become the primary building material in the Empire
Europe
Lions have become extinct in Europe by this year
Asia
Pakores, last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, becomes king
In China, the wheelbarrow is first used
Americas
Hopewell culture begins in what is now Ohio (uncertain date)
Teotihuacan at the center of Mexi reaches a population of 50,000
Arabia
Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut
Religion
The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China
Fourth Buddhist Council begins
The making of the Kama Sutra begins in India
Births
Deaths
Josephus, Jewish historian
Agrippa II of Judea
References |
27174 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue | Niue | Niue is an island country in the south Pacific. Situated between Tonga, Samoa and the Cook Islands, it is commonly known as "Rock of Polynesia". It has its own government, but it is an associated state of New Zealand. This means that Niue's head of state is New Zealand's sovereign (queen) in right, and most diplomatic relations are conducted by the latter on Niue's behalf.
The territory is 2,400 kilometres northeast of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands.
Related pages
Niue national football team
References
Commonwealth dependent states
1994 establishments in Oceania |
27196 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20race | Master race | Master race is an idea that one group of people is better than all other people. A group of people may believe themselves to be better because of their history, race, culture or some other reason. The idea first appeared in the 19th century. It was also used at different times in the 20th century, for example by the Nazi party and during Apartheid in South Africa.
History
This idea mostly began in the 19th century. It is not a theory liked by any scientists today. It claims there is a hierarchy of races (or that some races are better than others). It was also claimed that at the bottom of the hierarchy were black-skinned people from Africa and Aborigines from Australia, while pale-skinned Nordic people were at the top of the hierarchy.
Writers who started this idea
Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882) believed that cultures become bad when races mix. In his book Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races (, 1853–55), de Gobineau states that the mix of races has a bad influence on culture. In his view, the development of culture is linked to that of race. When empires are created, this leads to a mixing of races. According to de Gobineau, this would lead to degeneration and the downfall of the respective empire.
During this time, Charles Darwin started to develop his ideas about evolution. Social Darwinism is the attempt to use these concepts to predict the development of societies. Houston Steward Chamberlain believed the Germanic race was there "to save the world".
In colonialism, the concept was helpful too. Germany and Great Britain had many colonies. They would pick an ethnic group and say that this was better than the other groups. This would then lead to an indirect rule in the respective colony. People who conducted African studies in Germany developed a whole system, to make this easier. The Hamitic theory said that the Hamitic people were superior and should rule over the other Negroid people in Sub-Saharan Africa. John Hanning Speke (1827-64) and Charles Gabriel Seligman (1873-1940) were among the most prominent people with this idea. People such Johann Ludwig Krapf, Karl Richard Lepsius, or Carl Meinhof used the study of languages in this context. They said that languages that had a grammatical genus were Hamitic, those that did not were Negroid. Using these criteria to find suitable candidates for indirect rule also led to problems: According to the theory, the Maasai were Hamitic, and should rule in German East Africa. Fortunately, they were unable to make such a system for political and economic reasons. The explanation was that "out of bad luck", the Maasai were a Hamitic people kept at a lower level of social development. In their place, the Swahili were picked, as the "next-higher" people. In German South-West Africa, there was a similar problem: The theory identified the Khoikhoi as Hamitic, but they were too few to rule the country. For this reason, the Ovambo were picked for an indirect rule.
Arthur Schopenhauer liked this idea, but had the idea of "Übermensch": He said that the White race had become what it was though hardship and bad conditions in the North. Others who liked his theory were Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels.
"Aryans", Hitler's "Master race"
Hitler and his supporters, the Nazi party, took power in Germany in 1933. They were Social Darwinists, Social Darwinists believe that human races are stronger or weaker than each other. They believed that the stronger races would prove themselves better in the long run, this concept was called "survival of the fittest". Nazis believed that their race the Aryans were stronger than all the other races, because of this, they believed the Aryans would one day rule over the weaker races. The Nazis made laws that were based on their ideas of race. They prevented marriage between races so that the Aryan race would not become mixed with other "weaker" races because they believed it would weaken the master race. They claimed that "Aryans" were the "master race". They also made propaganda that blamed Jews for many things. Jews were considered by Nazis, a weak race whose weak values would infect the better values of the Aryan race. German Jews were not allowed to own property. In many cases, they were attacked and killed because of their Race. When Germany invaded other countries in Europe, they also started putting people into concentration camps. This systematic killing is known as The Holocaust today.
To help increase the numbers of Aryans, the Nazis set up special homes called "Lebensborn". These were for unmarried pregnant woman who were likely to have children that had Nordic or Aryan qualities. This mainly meant fair skin, blond hair, blue eyes. Though slight differences could still be considered Aryan as lots of people in Germany at the time had dark hair and eyes. Heinrich Himmler believed that this would help create more members of the master race. He arranged for nine Lebensborn homes to be built in Germany, and another ten in Norway. There were also Lebensborn in France, Belgium and Luxembourg. About 20,000 children were born in these homes during the Third Reich.
Related pages
Mein Kampf
Racism
References
Nazism
Race
Fascism |
27197 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag | Reichstag | Reichstag is the name of:
Reichstag (building), building where the former German legislature met
Reichstag (institution), former parliament of Germany |
27201 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Supper | The Last Supper | The Last Supper is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It is a picture of the last supper of Jesus and his disciples. It shows how they reacted when Jesus said that one of them would betray him. Each disciple has their own expression showing their own reaction to what Jesus has just told them.
The painting is a mural on the wall of the Santa Maria delle Grazie rectory in the dining room in Milan, Italy. It measures 460 X 880 cm. Da Vinci began painting it in 1495 and finished it in 1498, but did not work on it all the time between these years. Some people think the painting has secret messages.
Paintings with Christian themes
Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci
15th-century paintings |
27207 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20the%20Apostle | Thomas the Apostle | Saint Thomas is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. His name means "the twin".
Doubting Thomas
Thomas is most famous for not being present when the other apostles (Jesus's followers and friends) first saw Jesus after he has been risen from the dead. Thomas was not there and when he heard about it, he did not believe his friends, and he said he wanted to see it for himself, even the marks in his hands where Jesus had been nailed to the cross. Jesus did return and showed Thomas. The phrase "Doubting Thomas" (a term for a person who does not believe something at first) comes from this story. Thomas didn't believe Christ had returned until he was invited by the risen Jesus to put his finger into the nail holes in Jesus' hands and his hand into Jesus' wounded side.
Missionary Travels
Though not recorded in the Bible, there are many stories about Thomas working as a missionary. The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India believe that Thomas came to India to preach in 52 A.D. He is regarded as the patron saint of India. Other ancient accounts tell of him going to China and Indonesia.
References
Related pages
Twelve Apostles
Thomas, Saint
Thomas, Saint
70s deaths
1st-century births |
27208 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew%20the%20Apostle | Bartholomew the Apostle | Bartholomew the Apostle is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is the patron saint of Armenia, bookbinders, butchers, Florentine cheese and salt merchants, Gambatesa, Italy, leather workers; nervous diseases, plasterers; shoemakers; tanners, and trappers. Along with Saint Jude Thaddeus, he helped bring Christianity to Armenia. He is the patron saint of people who work with leather and animal skins because he was martyred (killed for his beliefs) by being skinned alive. He is usually represented by holding a large knife and his skin.
Bartholomew is also found in Islamic literature. In one such story mentioned by Suyuti, Ibn Arabi, Bayhaqi, and Abu Nuyam Bartholomew is described as one whom God has given extended life to and he meet the companions of the Prophet Muhammad in Iraq. This event took place during the regin of Umar.
Related pages
Twelve Apostles
References
Bartholomew
Twelve Apostles |
27209 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20the%20Evangelist | Matthew the Evangelist | Matthew the Evangelist is a semi-fictional character which comes from the idea that the title of the Gospel of Matthew (AD 80-90) actually referrs to the tax collector Matthew the Apostle or "Levi" mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible as being the author to the Gospel of Matthew. According to the concensus of modern biblical scholars Matthew the Apostle is not the writer of the Gospel of Matthew, who in fact is anonymous. The Gospel does not claim to have been written by a certain Matthew, nor writes about the existence of a Matthew the Evangelist. The name "the Gospel of Matthew" was given in the 2nd century. The author was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time.
References
Related pages
Twelve Apostles
Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles |
27210 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20the%20Apostle | John the Apostle | John the Apostle (; ) or Saint John the Beloved was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is believed to have written one of the four gospels of the New Testament of the Christian Bible that is named after him. He also wrote the New Testament books of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd John and the Book of Revelation. Tradition holds that he was the last surviving apostle and the only apostle to die a natural death rather than by martyrdom. John is the brother of James according to the Bible. He is remembered in many churches on December 27. He was the son of Zebedee and Salome. His so-called brother James was the first disciple of God.
Related pages
Twelve Apostles
References
Saint John the Apostle | Biography, Facts, Writings, & Death | Britannica.com
John the Apostle
1st-century births
1st-century deaths
Christian mystics
Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
0s births
100s deaths
Ancient Christianity
Ancient Roman writers
Biblical people
Evangelists
Missionaries
New Testament people
Saints
Year of birth unknown |
27211 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Peter | Saint Peter | Saint Peter (, "rock") also called Simon (Kephas) Peter is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is often talked about in the New Testament. Most of what we know about Peter comes from the Bible. In the Gospel it is written that Jesus Christ would make Peter the "rock" (foundation) of the Church (Gospel of Matthew 16:18, you are Peter (rock), and upon this rock I will build my church).
It is not known when Peter was born. But the date of his death is said to be about the year 64 AD. He died by being nailed to a cross in Rome. This type of death is called crucifixion. According to the apocryphal Acts of Peter, Peter asked to be crucified upside down, as he felt unworthy to die as Jesus did. Most historical sources only say he was crucified this way.
The historical accuracy of the accounts of Peter's role in Rome is a matter of ongoing debate.
In art, he is often shown holding the keys to the kingdom of heaven (interpreted by Roman Catholics as the sign of his primacy over the Church), a reference to Matthew .
Peter was married according to the gospel of Mark. The name of his wife is unknown.
Saint and Pope
The Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Lutheran Churches, as well as the Anglican Communion, consider Simon Peter a saint. Roman Catholics believe that the Pope is Peter's successor. For this reason, he is the rightful head of all other bishops. Eastern and Oriental Orthodox also recognise the Bishop of Rome as the successor to Saint Peter and the Ecumenical Patriarch sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of his feast.
In the Ravenna document of 13 October 2007 representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church agreed that "Rome, as the Church that 'presides in love' according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis (order), and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos (first) among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of historical evidence from this era regarding the rights of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium."
Christian tradition says Saint Peter was the first leader of an early apostolic community for at least 34 years. At that time the word Pope or "Papa" was not used to name the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At that time there was only one Christian Church. Later, the Roman Catholic Church would say that Peter was their first Pope.
Tradition also locates his burial place where St. Peter's Basilica was later built, in Vatican City.
Related pages
Twelve apostles
References
Other websites
Online articles about Saint Peter in Simple English
Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
Popes
67 deaths |
27216 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine%20Chapel | Sistine Chapel | The Sistine Chapel is a large chapel in the Vatican Palace, the place in Italy where the Pope lives. The Chapel was built between 1473 and 1481 by Giovanni dei Dolci for Pope Sixtus IV.
The Sistine Chapel is the Pope's own chapel. It is used for important Masses and ceremonies. When a pope dies, the College of Cardinals meet in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope.
The Sistine Chapel is famous for its fresco paintings by the Renaissance painter Michelangelo.
Architecture and paintings
The Sistine Chapel is a brick building shaped like a rectangle. The outside is plain, with no decoration and no big door. It has a walk-way near the top, for soldiers.
It has six arched windows on its two side walls and a curved ceiling called a barrel vault.
The inside of the chapel is richly decorated. The floor is of coloured marble. The lower parts of the walls are painted to look like gold and silver cloth.
The other decorations in the chapel are paintings which tell stories to help people understand about Jesus Christ and about the Roman Catholic Church.
The middle part of the walls has 12 large paintings called frescoes, done by famous artists in 1481. The artists' names were Domenico Ghirlandaio, Sandro Botticelli, Perugino, Cosimo Rosselli, Pinturicchio, Benedetto Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli and Bartolomeo della Gatta.
The frescoes show stories from the Bible. On the north side, the stories are about the life of Moses. On the south side, they are about the life of Jesus.
Above the stories, near the windows, are painted pictures of Popes.
Sistine Chapel ceiling
The ceiling is the most famous part of the Sistine Chapel, and many thousands of visitors go to see it.
In 1505 Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling. Michelangelo was a famous sculptor. He did not want to be a painter. Three years later, he agreed to paint the ceiling. He worked from 1508 to 1511, standing on a high platform with his arms stretched above his head.
(Although some people think that he lay down to paint, this is not true.) Because he painted onto wet plaster, the smell and the heat was terrible. He wrote a poem about how sick he was.
Along the center of the ceiling are painted nine pictures that tell stories from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament of the Bible. The stories start with three pictures of God making light, making the Earth, the Sun and the Moon, and making the Sea and Sky.
The next three pictures tell the story of the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. In the first scene, God has just made Adam. He reaches out his hand and touches his finger to give him Life.
In the next picture, Adam is asleep and God makes Eve from one of Adam's ribs.
In the third picture there are two scenes. Adam and Eve are tricked by the Devil to eat fruit from the tree that they have been told not to touch. In the other scene, an angel chases them out of God's Garden of Eden. This story tells how sin came into the world.
The last three pictures are about Noah's Ark. They tell about a sad and sinful world. Because of human sin and unkindness, God sends a flood. Only Noah and his family escape in the large boat that they build. When the flood has ended, they make an altar and kill a sheep as a sacrifice to God. But then Noah grows grape vines, makes wine and gets drunk. One of his sons sees Noah lying naked and laughs at his father. Noah is ashamed and curses his son. These stories show how people keep acting the wrong way, even when they get a second chance.
All around the wall, Michelangelo painted twelve big figures of wise men and women. These were the prophets and sibyls who told people that God would send Jesus Christ to save them from sin.
Also painted on the ceiling are 20 beautiful young men called the ignudi. No-one knows what they are for sure, but perhaps they are angels.
When the ceiling was finally uncovered, everyone was amazed. Giorgio Vasari, who wrote Michelangelo's life story, says that hundreds of people came every day to stare and stare.
The Last Judgement
Michelangelo was happy to get back to his sculpture. But in 1537 Pope Paul III ordered him to paint another large fresco. This time it was on the wall above the altar. It was finished in 1541.
Michelangelo painted The Last Judgement which shows Jesus judging the people of the Earth and sending some to Hell while others are welcomed into Heaven by Saints. He painted most of the figures naked. This made some of the priests in the church very angry. They paid another artist to paint clothes onto the Blessed Virgin Mary and many of the other figures.
Related pages
St. Peter's Basilica
Michelangelo
Roman Catholic Church
Vatican
Fresco
Italian Renaissance art
References
Gabriel Bartz and Eberhard Konig, Michelangelo, Konemann,
Massimo Giacometti, editor, The Sistine Chapel, Harmony Books,
Churches in Italy
Vatican City
Roman Catholic churches |
27219 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Paul%20III | Pope Paul III | Pope Paul III (; February 29, 1468 – November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 1534 to 1549.
Early life
Alessandro Farnese was born in an ancient Roman family. His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Pope Eugenius IV.
Cardinal
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI made Farnese a cardinal.
Pope
Cardinal Farnese was elected Pope in 1534; and he chose to be called Paul III.
Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
Council of Trent
He convened the Council of Trent in 1545.
Related pages
List of popes
References
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul III
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Farnese
1468 births
1549 deaths
Paul 3 |
27220 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Sixtus%20IV | Pope Sixtus IV | Pope Sixtus IV (; 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484), originally Francesco della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 213th Pope from 1471 until his death in 1484.
He is known for beginning construction of the Sistine Chapel.
Early life
Della Rovere was born in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona in Liguria. His family was important.
As a young man, he joined the Franciscan Order. He rose in the order to head of the Franciscans in Liguria.
Della Rovere studied philosophy and theology at the University of Pavia; and he lectured at Padua, Bologna, Pavia, Siena, and Florence.
Cardinal
In 1467, Pope Paul II raised della Rovere to the rank of Cardinal.
Pope
He was elected pope on August 9, 1471. He took the name Sixtus because the first day of the conclave which elected him pope was the Feast Day of St. Sixtus.
Pope Sixtus was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
Papal actions
1474 – Christian I of Denmark was received in Rome.
1479 – University of Copenhagen established
1482 – St Bonaventura was canonized.
Legacy
Sixtus ordered the building of the Ponte Sisto (Sistine Bridge) across the Tiber River.
The Vatican Library was enlarged during the reign of Sixtus; and the number of manuscripts grew ten times larger—from 360 during the reign of Pope Nicholas V to 3650.
Related pages
List of popes
List of popes from the della Rovere family
References
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy, Sixtus IV
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Rovere
Italian popes
1414 births
1484 deaths
House of della Rovere |
27221 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20Julius%20II | Pope Julius II | Pope Julius II (; December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 217th Pope from 1503 until his death in 1513. He was known as "the Warrior Pope."
He was the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.
Early life
Giuliano della Rovere was the son of Rafaello della Rovere.
His uncle would become Pope Sixtus IV.
Cardinal
In 1471, Sixtus made Rovere a cardinal.
Pope
Rovere was elected pope in 1503; and he chose to be called Julius II.
Pope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
In 1506, Pope Julius he established the Swiss Guard.
Related pages
List of popes
List of popes from the della Rovere family
References
More reading
Shaw, Christine. (1993). Julius II: the Warrior Pope. Oxford: Blackwell. ; OCLC 417355755
Other websites
Catholic Hierarchy, Julius II
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Rovere
Italian popes
1443 births
1513 deaths
House of della Rovere |
27222 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donato%20Bramante | Donato Bramante | Donato Bramante (c. 1444 - April 11, 1514) was an architect who introduced the High Renaissance style to architecture.
1440s births
1514 deaths
Italian architects |
27224 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Dumas%2C%20p%C3%A8re | Alexandre Dumas, père | Alexandre Dumas (born 24 July, 1802 at Villers-Cotterêts, died 5 December 1870 at Dieppe) was a French writer of Haitian descent. He is famous for writing The Three Musketeers (1844), Queen Margot, The Count of Monte Cristo (1844-1845) and about the Man with the iron mask.
Dumas was the son of a general, who fought in the French Revolution. His father died and his mother raised him. They didn't have much money when he was growing up.
Dumas wrote his first plays in 1825 and 1826 after reading Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Friedrich von Scholler and Lord Byron.
Dumas was also a gourmand (lover of food), and wrote Le Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine, an encyclopædia of food and cooking with 1152 pages. He finished it weeks before his death. It is not thought very reliable, because it relies on Dumas' opinions rather than fact.
Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. This group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.
Related pages
Alexandre Dumas, fils, son of this writer
References
Futher reading
Other websites
1802 births
1870 deaths
French writers
People with foods named after them |
27226 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie%20Boys | Beastie Boys | The Beastie Boys were an American rap group. According to an interview with Charlie Rose, the word "Beastie" is the backronym of Boys Entering Anarchic States Towards Internal Excellence. They formed in 1981 as a punk rock band. Their most famous albums are probably Licensed To Ill (1986) and Paul's Boutique (1989). Licensed To Ill is their first album, and it is an album that is given credit for starting the type of music "rap rock", which is rapping done over rock guitar or beats. Paul's Boutique is an album famous for its use of samples, or snippets of music, and the fact that the samples were put together in creative, interesting ways.
Adam Yauch (1964-2012) was one of the founding members of the band until his death on May 4, 2012 after a near 3-year battle with cancer of the parotid salivary gland. Former original guitarist, John Berry (1963-2016), died on May 19, 2016 from dementia at 52.
Current members
Michael Diamond (a.k.a Mike D) - Voice
Adam Horovitz (a.k.a Adrock) - Voice
Michael Schwartz (a.k.a. Mix Master Mike) - DJ
Discography
1982 - Pollywog Stew (EP)
1983 - Cooky Puss (EP)
1984 - Rock Hard (EP)
1986 - Licensed to Ill
1989 - Paul's Boutique
1992 - Check your Head
1994 - Some Old Bullshit
1994 - Ill Communication
1995 - Root Down (EP)
1995 - Aglio e Olio (EP)
1996 - The In Sound from Way Out! (Instrumental)
1998 - Hello Nasty
1999 - The Sounds of Science
2003 - In A World Gone Mad (EP)
2004 - To the 5 Boroughs
2005 - Solid Gold Hits (CD + DVD)
2007 - The Mix Up (Instrumental)
2011 - Hot Sauce Committee, Pt. 2
Other websites
Official site
Mic To Mic
1981 establishments in New York (state)
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
2012 disestablishments in the United States
American rap music groups
American rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Hip hop bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical groups from New York City
Webby Award winners |
27227 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Enemy | Public Enemy | Public Enemy is an American rap group. They are also known as PE. They formed in 1982, and are still together today. They became famous for their politically charged, militant messages in their songs. They are also famous for using lots of jazz and funk samples in their songs, doneto create a loud, noisy sound and back their angry, powerful rapping. Group members include Chuck D. and Flavor Flav, as well as Terminator X and Professor Griff, who left the group in 1990, but rejoined in the late 1990s.
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups from New York
American rap music groups |
27228 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth | Macbeth | Not to be confused with the king of Scotland Macbeth of Scotland
Macbeth is a play by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote three types of plays: histories, comedies and tragedies. Macbeth is his shortest tragedy. Shakespeare wrote it between 1603 and 1607, during the reign of King James I of England.
In the play, the characters of Macbeth, Macduff, and Duncan are roughly based on records of real people. Shakespeare read these records in Holinshed's Chronicles, a history book from 1587. However, the things that happen in the play are very different from what happened in real life.
Characters
Duncan – King of Scotland
Malcolm – Duncan's eldest son
Donalbain – Duncan's youngest son
Macbeth – A general in the army of King Duncan, Thane of Glamis, then Thane of Cawdor and later King of Scotland
Lady Macbeth – Macbeth's wife, later Queen of Scotland
Banquo – Macbeth's friend and fellow general in Duncan's army
Fleance – Banquo's son
Three Witches
Macduff – Thane of Fife
Lady Macduff – Macduff's wife
Macduff's son
Ross, Lennox, Angus, Menteith, Caithness – Thanes
Seyward – General of the English forces
Young Seyward – Seyward's son
Seyton – Macbeth's servant
Three Murderers
Porter – in charge of the gate at Macbeth's castle
English Doctor
Scottish Doctor – Lady Macbeth's doctor
Gentlewoman – Lady Macbeth's servant
Story
Act 1
The first characters we see in the play are the three Witches. They talk to each other in a mysterious way, and agree to meet with Macbeth on the heath. This scene includes the famous line "fair is foul, and foul is fair", a subject which becomes a main part of the play.
In Act 1 Scene 2, there is a war going on. King Duncan is at a camp, listening to reports from the battlefield. An injured officer (some scripts say a captain, others a sergeant) is brought in. He saved Malcolm's life. The officer tells Duncan about the battle. He says that it was going badly, until Macbeth fought his way to the rebel leader Macdonald and disembowelled him. But as soon as that happened, the Norwegians, led by their king Sweno, also attacked. They were joined by a traitor, the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth and Banquo fought bravely until they were defeated. Duncan is pleased by the news. He orders that the Thane of Cawdor be executed and his title given to Macbeth.
In I.iii, the Witches appear again. They talk about using their powers on humans, and it becomes clear that they have a lot of power, but they cannot kill people. Macbeth and Banquo are returning from the battlefield to Forres, and meet the witches. Banquo is amazed by the way the witches look, because they look like women but they have beards. Macbeth is not afraid and asks them what they are. They do not answer him, but greet him as the Thane of Glamis, the Thane of Cawdor and the future King. Macbeth is surprised, because he knows that he is not the Thane of Cawdor, and does not think he will ever become the King. Banquo asks the witches what his future will be like. They answer in riddles, saying that he will be "lesser than Macbeth, and greater", "not so happy, yet much happier", and that he will be the father to a line of kings. Then the witches disappear.
Ross and Angus come to find Macbeth, and tell him that the King has given him the title of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is surprised and happy, but he starts thinking of ways to become king. This frightens him, because he thinks that the only way he can become king is to murder Duncan.
In I.iv, Macbeth and Banquo return to Forres and Duncan thanks them for their courage and hard work. He also says that his son Malcolm will be his heir. Macbeth realizes that he will have to get past both Duncan and Malcolm to become king. Duncan says he is going to Macbeth's castle for the night.
In I.v, Lady Macbeth is reading a letter from Macbeth that tells her about the witches and their prophecy. She is very excited, and starts planning to murder Duncan. A messenger tells her that Duncan will be staying at their castle that night. She calls on evil spirits to make her strong and evil so that she can murder Duncan. Macbeth comes in and she tells him of her plans.
I.vi shows Duncan, Banquo, Donalbain, Malcolm, Macduff and some of the thanes entering Macbeth's castle. Duncan and Banquo agree that the castle is sweet and pleasant. Lady Macbeth enters and greets them.
I.vii is the last scene in Act I. Macbeth is talking to himself about why it is wrong to kill the king. He knows that it is a bad thing to do, especially because he is the host and Duncan trusts him. Lady Macbeth enters and scolds him for being a coward and says that he is not brave enough to be a man. She works out how they are going to kill Duncan, and convinces Macbeth to do it.
Act 2
Act II starts with Banquo and his son Fleance walking in a courtyard in Macbeth's castle. They meet Macbeth, who lies to Banquo and says that he has not thought about the witches' prophecy. When they leave, Macbeth sees a hallucination of a knife. He knows it is not real, but before his sight it changes and becomes covered in blood. He leaves to kill Duncan.
Lady Macbeth enters in scene ii. She has already made Duncan's guards drunk. Macbeth comes in with his hands covered in blood, carrying the knifes of the guards. He is very troubled. Lady Macbeth comforts him and tells him to wash his hands and cover the guards with blood, so it looks like they did it. But Macbeth is afraid, so Lady Macbeth does it instead.
In II.iii, the porter is very drunk. He pretends to be the porter of the gate of hell, and takes a long time to open the gate for Macduff and Lennox. Macbeth greets them. Macduff says that he is there to wake the king, and Macbeth leads him to the king's room. Macduff is shocked to see the king murdered on his bed. He runs out shouting and wakes everybody up. Macbeth pretends he did not know about the murder, as everyone comes to see what is happening. He admits that he killed the guards, and says that he did it because he was so angry that they killed Duncan. Lady Macbeth faints and they rush to help her. Malcolm and Donalbain think that somebody is lying. They know it is not safe for them to stay in Scotland, so they run away. Malcolm goes to England, and Donalbain to Ireland.
Scene iv is a talk between Ross and an old man. They talk about how strange the night was. Nature seems to have turned into a mess now that Duncan is dead. Macduff comes in and says that Macbeth is going to become king. He does not trust Macbeth, and is not going to the coronation.
Act 3
Banquo is alone on stage at the start of Act III. He realizes that Macbeth has become everything the witches said he would become. He thinks that Macbeth did wrong to get the crown, but he does not want to say anything. He hopes that his son will also be king, as the witches said. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and the lords enter. Macbeth asks Banquo if he is going riding that afternoon, and if Fleance is going with him. Banquo says yes to both. Two men come to see Macbeth, and he goes to meet them. He is angry that he has risked everything to become king, but that Banquo's sons will be kings after him. The men are actually murderers.
Macbeth tells them that Banquo is the reason they are unhappy and have bad lives, and orders them to kill Banquo and Fleance.
Macbeth talks to Lady Macbeth in scene ii. He says that he has nightmares and cannot sleep. He is jealous of Duncan, because he is dead and does not need to worry anymore. Macbeth also says that he is worried about Banquo being alive, but he does not tell his wife about the murderers.
In III, the two murderers meet another one, also sent by Macbeth. They kill Banquo, but Fleance escapes.
In Scene iv Macbeth has a banquet with the nobles. The murderers come in and inform him of Banquo's death and Fleance's escape. He returns to the table where the nobles are eating, and looks for a seat. Even though there is one empty, he cannot see it. He has a vision of the murdered Banquo sitting in his seat, and becomes hysterical talking to the vision. Lady Macbeth explains it to the nobles as an illness, and asks them to leave as Macbeth becomes more and more upset.
Many editors say that scene v of Act III, along with a song in IV.i, is not written by Shakespeare. This is because the writing is different to the way Shakespeare usually writes. It has a witch called Hecate in it, who is not previously mentioned in the play. She seems to be in charge of the other witches and is scolding them for dealing with Macbeth without informing her.
In the final scene, Lennox is talking to another lord. They find out that Macduff has gone to England to convince Malcolm to return and claim his throne, and to ask for the help of King Edward of England.
Act 4
Scene (i) starts with the witches, who are standing in a circle around their cauldron, throwing things in, like the tongue of a dog. Then suddenly Macbeth arrives and asks them to tell him some more prophecies. As the first prophecy they tell him to be careful of Macduff, Thane of Fife. As the second prophecy they say he can't be killed by anyone who was born of a woman and as the third prophecy the witches say if Birnam Wood stays at its current position Macbeth is okay but if the wood moves he will have problems. Macbeth is happy because he thinks that all of these things are impossible. He wants to know a fourth thing but suddenly the witches dance crazily and then run away.
Next Lennox enters and tells Macbeth that Macduff has fled to England. Macbeth orders Macduff's castle to be seized.
In scene ii Macbeth’s men arrive at Macduff’s castle and kill Macduff´s family and everybody else in the castle.
In scene iii Macduff finds out what Macbeth did to his family. He is very sad and angry, so he decides to go back to Scotland with Malcolm and they plan to kill Macbeth.
Act 5
Scene i takes place in Macbeth’s castle. A doctor and a servant are talking about Lady Macbeth. They’re talking about Lady Macbeth’s sickness. She is sleepwalking and while she sleepwalks she says that she regrets having told her husband to kill Duncan and Banquo.
In scene ii Lennox and other Scottish thanes think that Macbeth is crazy and that he is killing too many people. Together they go to Malcolm and king Edward of England and tell them that they want to fight against Macbeth with the English army.
Scene iii takes place in Macbeth’s castle. He is told that Malcolm and Macduff are coming with the English army and want to kill him. The doctor tells him that his wife is ill. She has become crazy and is sleepwalking.
In scene iv Malcolm, Macduff and the English army hide in Birnam Wood. They don’t want to be seen, so they cut off some branches and cover themselves with them.
In scene V, the doctor comes to Macbeth and tells him that his wife is dead. Macbeth is depressed, and then he has a monologue about how meaningless life is. After that, a servant says that Birnam Wood is moving, but Macbeth doesn't believe him, so the servant shows him.
In scene VI, Macduff, Malcolm and the English army are planning to attack Macbeth.
In scene VII, Macbeth and an English Lord fight, and Macbeth says he cannot be killed by anyone born of a woman. Macbeth then kills him. Meanwhile, Macduff is looking for Macbeth.
Scene VIII shows the fight between Macduff and Macbeth, who says again that he cannot be killed by anyone born of a woman. Macduff replies that he was cut out of his mother‘s stomach (c-section). He then kills Macbeth. In the last scene Malcolm is declared king.
Performance
Many actors think it is bad luck to say the word "Macbeth", and will not say the play's name. Instead, they call it "The Scottish Play". One theory about where this superstition came from is that the play deals with witchcraft.
References
Plays by William Shakespeare
Scotland in fiction
Literary terms |
27229 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s%20Labour%27s%20Lost | Love's Labour's Lost | Love's Labour's Lost is a comedy play by William Shakespeare which was written between 1588 and 1597.
The play contains a lot of wordplay and many characters are based off real kings and noblemen from around those years. This makes the play harder to understand for modern audiences, which is why it is less famous than most of Shakespeare's plays. However, it has been performed more often since the 20th century.
Plot
Ferdinand, the King of Navarre, and three of his men meet together and talk about their intellectual plans. Their plans then go wrong when the Princess of France and three of her ladies arrive. The men find that they are in love with the ladies and cannot hide it.
Name
The exact original title is unknown. In early written versions of the script, it varied as to how many apostrophes were used in the title. In the first quarto, it is called Loues labors lost, as a "u" was often used for a "v" sound back then. The title is now most often given as Love's Labour's Lost.
References
Plays by William Shakespeare |
27232 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus%20Andronicus | Titus Andronicus | Titus Andronicus (c. 1589–1592) is the first tragedy play by William Shakespeare. Most of its theme, structure and language comes from The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd. It is believed to be Shakespeare's first play, and also the most bloodiest and less respected of his works.
Plays by William Shakespeare |
27233 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Comedy%20of%20Errors | The Comedy of Errors | The Comedy of Errors (c. 1589–94) is one of the first plays by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's sources were Menaechmi by Plautus and Amphitruo by Plautus.
References
Plays by William Shakespeare |
27236 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0%20%28Michelangelo%29 | Pietà (Michelangelo) | The Pietà is a statue by Michelangelo. It is now in the first temple on the right of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.
Related pages
The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
David
Moses
Statues
Art by Michelangelo |
27240 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael | Raphael | Raffaello Sanzio, usually known as Raphael (April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520) was a Renaissance painter and architect. With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, he is one of the three greatest painters of the High Renaissance.
He is best known for his paintings of the Madonna and Christ Child and for his paintings in the Vatican in Rome, Italy.
Perugia
Raphael was born in Urbino, in the region of Umbria, Italy. He was the son of Giovanni Santi (d. 1494), who was also a painter, and Magia di Battista Ciarla (d. 1491). Giovanni Santi was Raphael's first teacher, but he died when Raphael was only eleven.
While about 15, Raphael became an apprentice at the workshop of the painter Pietro Perugino, called by that name because he was the most famous painter in the town of Perugia. Perugino was famous, not only in Umbria, but also in Rome and in Florence, the home of Leonardo and Michelangelo. He had been one of the artists given the important job of painting the Pope's large chapel in the Vatican, the Sistine Chapel.
Perugino was known to have expert ways of painting (technique), and was good at getting paintings finished on time which made him popular with his patrons. He painted some portraits of people alive in his day, but most of his pictures are of religious figures of the past. Some of his paintings are small pictures of the Madonna and Child that could be used in a family chapel for private worship. Because he was famous, Perugino also got lots of work from wealthy patrons and from churches, so he painted many very large pieces to go above the altars in churches. To do this, he needed the help of his apprentices.
Raphael was able to learn a great deal from Perugino - drawing, the anatomy of the human figure, paint chemistry, and the technique of putting the paint onto the picture in smooth layers. The figures in Perugino's paintings often have very sweet gentle faces. Many of Raphael's paintings are also sweet and gentle. Some painters, such as Leonardo, were quick to change their style and make their paintings show their own touch. But Raphael continued to paint in the style that Perugino taught him. He added new ideas that he learned by looking at the work of other artists. Unlike Leonardo and Michelangelo, Raphael did not give the world anything new in the Art of Painting. He is famous simply because he was so expert at what he did, and because people loved his paintings so much.
First Works
The painting that is thought to be his earliest known work is a small picture called The Vision of a Knight. In this painting a knight lies asleep. In his dream there are two beautiful women. One woman, dressed in soft flowing clothes, offers him flowers. The other woman, dressed in dark clothing, offers the knight a sword and a book. The path behind the pretty woman runs beside a river. The other path leads up a steep mountain. Raphael was thinking about choices. Should the knight take the easy road, or should he try to change things?
Other early pictures by Raphael are Three Graces, and Saint Michael.
Raphael's first major work was The Marriage of the Virgin which was painted in 1504. It was influenced by Perugino's painting for the Sistine Chapel of Jesus giving the Keys to Saint Peter. It is now in the Brera Gallery in Milan, Italy.
Florence
In about 1504 Raphael went with another painter, Pinturicchio, to Florence, Italy. Florence was famous for its artworks, its artist's workshops, its new Renaissance buildings and its huge cathedral. Raphael wanted to see the work of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and other important painters and sculptors.
The Madonnas
Florence had a very strong tradition of making images of the Madonna and Child because the city was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. On almost every street corner there was a painting or a brightly-coloured statue of the Madonna and Child.
While he was in Florence, Raphael painted many of his famous Madonna paintings. The most famous of these paintings are:
The Madonna of the Goldfinch (c. 1505), which is now in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy.
the Madonna del Prato (c. 1505), which is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, in Vienna, Austria.
the Esterházy Madonna (c. 1505 – 07), which is in Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary.
La Belle Jardinière (The Madonna of the Beautiful Garden) (c. 1507), which is in the Louvre Museum, in Paris, France.
Rome
In 1508 Raphael was called to Rome by Pope Julius II. He became so popular whilst he was in Rome that he was known as the "Prince of Painters". He spent the last 12 years of his life in Rome and created many of his most famous paintings.
While he was in Rome he was commissioned (given a job), to paint a fresco of the Prophet Isaiah in the Church of Sant'Agostino. While he was working on the painting, he went to visit his friend, the architect, Donato Bramante. Bramante was at the Vatican while Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Of course Raphael wanted to see what the famous master was doing. While Michelangelo was away, Bramante took Raphael into the Chapel. When Raphael saw the way that Michelangelo had painted the prophets, he was so excited that he went back to Sant'Agostino's Church, scraped his painting off the wall and started all over again. It is easy to see that Raphael's painting is in the style of Michelangelo. Raphael was not ashamed of this. He did it to give honour to the great master.
The Stanze
Among Raphael's most famous paintings are the frescos that are painted on the walls of Julius II's own rooms in the Vatican Palace, known as the Stanze. The paintings in the Stanza della Segnatura and the Stanza d'Eliodoro were created by Raphael himself, whilst the Stanza dell'Incendio was designed by Raphael and painted by his assistants.
One of the frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura is of the greatest importance. This painting is called The School of Athens. It shows a group of learned people from Ancient Greece, philosophers, poets, dramatists, mathematicians and others. They are listening to the central figure, who is the philosopher, Plato. The painting is meant to show that at that time, the early 1500s, there was a new birth of ideas and learning among the people of Rome that was equal to the learning of Ancient Athens.
To make this message clear, Raphael used the faces of the people that he knew. Michelangelo, with his broken nose, is sitting with his chin on his hand. The tall figure of Plato with long hair and flowing beard is a portrait of Leonardo da Vinci.
One of the excellent things about this painting is the way that Raphael has painted the building in which the figures are standing. The architecture looks as if it is opening up from the real room.
Architecture
In the 1500s, painters were often asked to design architecture. Raphael's first work as an architect was the funeral chapel in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo. Pope Leo X also chose Raphael to help design Saint Peter's Basilica alongside Donato Bramante. After Bramante died, Raphael took over the designing of the basilica and changed its groundplan from a Greek Cross to a Latin Cross. Michelangelo went back to Bramante's plan but made it simpler. Then another architect, Maderna, made the building longer, as Raphael had planned.
The Transfiguration
Raphael's last work of art was a painting of the Transfiguration. This was an altarpiece, but Raphael died before he could complete it. It was instead finished by Giulio Romano, who was one of Raphael's assistants.
Death
Raphael died on his 37th birthday. He was buried in the Pantheon in Rome. His funeral was at the Vatican. His Transfiguration altarpiece was put at the head of Raphael's funeral carriage.
Related pages
List of Italian painters
References
1483 births
1529 deaths
16th-century Italian painters
Italian architects |
27262 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental%20organization | Non-governmental organization | A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a group of people from different countries acting together, but not connected with the government of any country. Usually non-governmental organizations are non-profit - that is, they are trying to do something other than make money for the people who run them. They include organisations such as 'Oxfam' and 'World Vision'.
Non-governmental organization (NGO) is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted, non-governmental organization created by natural or legal persons with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status and excludes government representatives from membership in the organization.
Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according David Rieff, writing in The New Republic, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."
Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, "non-governmental organization" is a term in general use but is not a legal definition. In many jurisdictions these types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names.
Top 5 NGOs In India
Child Rights and You (CRY).
Help Age India. …
K. C. Mahindra Education Trust (Nanhi Kali) …
LEPRA India.
Pratham Education Foundation
Purpose Of NGO
NGO’s work for uplifting the poor and backward sections of the community. Moreover, the main function which is performed by NGOs is to bridge the gap of inequalities and unfair treatments.
Related pages
International organization
Nonprofit organization
Transparency International
Quango
References
Organizations |
27263 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia | Wikipedia | Wikipedia () is a free online encyclopedia website in 320 languages of the world. People can freely use it, share it, and change it, without having to pay. It is also one of the biggest wiki organizations. People can choose to donate to the Wikimedia Foundation to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects. It is an open content website. This means anyone can copy it, and make changes to it if they follow the rules for copying or editing.
Wikipedia is owned by an American organization, the Wikimedia Foundation, which is in San Francisco, California.
Wikipedia's name is a portmanteau of two words, wiki and encyclopedia.
Wikipedia was started on January 10, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger as part of an earlier online encyclopedia named Nupedia. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate website of its own. It is a wiki that uses the software MediaWiki (like all other Wikimedia Foundation projects).
Anyone who wishes to can change the pages on Wikipedia, or even make new ones. Wikipedia has a standard page layout for all pages in the encyclopedia.
As of September 2011, Wikipedia had about 18 million pages in about 300 languages and more than 3.50 billion words across all Wikipedias. The regular English Wikipedia is the largest Wikipedia edition.
History
Wikipedia began as a related project for Nupedia. Nupedia was a free English-language online encyclopedia project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by Bomis, Inc which was a web portal company. The main people of the company were Jimmy Wales, the guy in charge of Bomis, and Larry Sanger, the editor-in-chief of Nupedia. Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia was founded and made their first article when Richard Stallman requested them.
Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the ones who started Wikipedia. Wales is credited with defining the goals of the project. Sanger created the strategy of using a wiki to reach Wales' goal. On January 10, 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001. It was launched as an English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view" was codified in its initial months, and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there weren't very many rules initially, and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.
Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot, and also from search engines. It grew to about 20,000 articles, and 18 languages by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had 26 languages, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Wikipedia both existed until Nupedia's servers were stopped in 2003. After this, its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the 2 million-article mark on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, even larger than the Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600 years.
The English Wikipedia reached 3 million articles in August 2009. The numbers of articles and contributors appeared to be growing less quickly around spring 2007.
In October 2014, the Wikipedia Monument was unveiled to the public in Poland to honor all the contributors of Wikipedia.
According to the TechCrunch website, on 23 January 2020, Wikipedia had surpassed more than 6 million articles on the English Wikipedia.
10th anniversary
On January 15, 2011, Wikipedia celebrated its 10th anniversary. It used a special logo (pictured) to celebrate its 10 years since it opened on January 15, 2001. The logo was used for the whole day on the sidebar of English Wikipedia.
Using Wikipedia
Wikipedia is a free site where anybody can start or change a page. It is a global site that is available in many languages. While people can use any searching engine, the Wikipedia page will come out in the first results of many searches. To use Wikipedia better, people should understand the basic function of the page. The page is organized while they are looking up the page. As Wikipedia users, they should have a good understanding of Wikipedia and its features.
Did you know: Trivia from new articles.
In the news: News of the world.
On this day: Anniversaries.
Current events: Not available at present.
Related pages
Simple English Wikipedia
Epistemic community
Notes
References
Other websites
Wikipedia - multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions of the project)
Wikipedia at the Open Directory Project
CBC News: I, editor
Wikipedia - Citizendium
2001 establishments in the United States
Encyclopedias
Wikimedia
Wikis
Websites established in 2001 |
27280 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20law | Conservation law | A conservation law is a statement used in physics that says that the amount of something does not change in time. That thing could be as simple as mass or charge, or something that has to be calculated, like energy, or angular momentum.
For example, the "law of conservation of mass" is the conservation law that says that the amount of mass is always conserved, even if it is changed into another form. This means that if the mass of the universe could be measured right now, its mass would be known tomorrow because it will not change.
History
For a long time, people thought that these laws were true for the amount of mass and energy in the universe. Later on, Albert Einstein said that they were not completely true. He said that mass could change into energy (or the other way around). If this happened, it would be against the conservation laws because if mass was changed into energy, the total amount of mass goes down, and the total amount of energy goes up.
Einstein said that conservation laws could still be used if all the mass and all the energy were combined. He said that even though the mass changes or the energy changes, the sum when they are added together does not change. So now there is just one conservation law for mass and energy together.
Problems
Of course, mass is measured in kilograms, and energy is measured in joules. They cannot be added together directly, but Einstein found a way to add them together. He created the equation . This equation means is that before adding the amount of mass to the amount of energy, the mass must be multiplied by the speed of light and then by the speed of light again.
Purpose
Some of the things that are thought to be conserved are:
momentum
mass and energy added together
Conservation of energy
Conservation of mass
angular momentum
charge
Conservation laws are helpful for people when they do problems in Physics. This is because if they know that a thing is conserved, it gives them more mathematical information about the thing they are doing the problem about.
Emmy Noether showed that conservation laws can be said to arise from symmetries in the laws of physics. This theorem, called Noether's theorem gives physicists an extremely powerful tool to try and solve complicated problems.
For example:
Since there is no absolute position, only relative position, we can get that the total momentum of a closed system is conserved.
Since there is no absolute time, only relative time, we can get that the total energy of a closed system is conserved.
Since there is no absolute orientation or preferred direction in space, only relative orientation, we can get that the total angular momentum of a closed system is conserved.
There are more sophisticated symmetries, like local gauge invariance which lead to the conservation of charge.
Types of Conservation laws
Conservation laws can come in two types, global, or local.
Global conservation
A global conservation law just says that the total amount of something in the universe does not change in time.
Local conservation
A local conservation law says a little bit more than that. It says that if the amount of something changed in one place, it is because it moved into or out of that place, and we can measure that movement.
Basic physics ideas |
27285 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20rights | Animal rights | Animal rights is a term used for the general belief that non-human animals deserve rights. Most people that support animal rights believe that humans should not use animals in food, clothing, experimentation, and entertainment.
People that support animal rights also believe that just as you have human rights simply because you are a human, other animals deserve animal rights simply because they are an animal.
Related pages
Speciesism
Veganism
Vegetarianism
Animal cruelty
Animal Farm (novel)
Animal Rights Militia
Animal rights movement
Animal Rights (song)
Other websites
Animal Rights Library
Political movements |
27287 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Sorkin | Aaron Sorkin | Aaron Benjamin Sorkin (born June 9, 1961) is an American screenwriter and movie director. He was born in New York City, New York. He is most famous for creating and writing The West Wing, a television series about the lives of people who work in the White House. He also wrote the movies The American President and A Few Good Men (which he took from a play he had written with the same name), and created and wrote the television series Sports Night.
A director, he is known for his works in Molly's Game, The Trial of the Chicago 7 and Being the Ricardos.
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Screenwriters from New York City
Movie directors from New York City
1961 births
Living people
American television writers
American television producers
Academy Award winning writers
American playwrights |
27292 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/470s | 470s |
Events
476 – The last Western Roman Emperor in Rome was removed by Odoacer the Ostrogoth. |
27293 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1060s | 1060s |
Events
1061 Normans conquer Messina in Sicily
1062 Marrakech starts.
1066 Normans conquer England
1066 William the Conqueror became King of England on Christmas Day in Westminster Abbey.
1068 Japan changes emperors.
Important people
William the Conqueror
Harold Godwinson
Harald Hardrada |
27294 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/30s%20BC | 30s BC |
Events
Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt at the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC). On August 30 BC Octavian captures Alexandria. Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra suicide (kill themselves). Romans kill Cleopatra's son and co-ruler (this means they ruled the country together) Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Egypt becomes part of the Roman Republic and Octavian becomes the ruler of Rome and all Romans. Rome will soon become an Empire not a Republic.
Herod the Great builds Masada (37–31 BC) as a place to escape to if Jewish people attack him.
Significant people
Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC).
Pharaoh (Egyptian Queen) Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, ruled 44–30 BC). |
27295 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes | Aristophanes | Aristophanes (born around 450/445 BC – died around 385 BC) was a Greek writer who wrote 40 plays. However, only 11 of his plays survive in their entirety. He is famous for writing comedies. They were biting satires aimed at famous men of his day, and the all-too-human weaknesses of ordinary people.
His most famous play, Lysistrata, is about a group of women who protest against a war by not having sexual intercourse with their husbands until the war is ended.
Ancient Greek theatre was first presented in competitions at the festival of Dionysia, dedicated to the god Dionysus. The interesting thing is that Aristophanes did not always win first prize. The plays which won ahead of his have been lost, so we cannot make any comparisons.
A licence for slander
George Grote said of Aristophanes:
"Never probably will the full power of unshackled comedy be so exhibited again...the unsparing licence of attack upon the gods, the institutions, the politicians, philosophers, poets, private citizens... and even upon the women of Athens".
"[Athenians] bore with good-humoured indulgence the full outpouring of ridicule... upon those democratic institutions to which they were sincerely attached... The democracy was strong enough to tolerate unfriendly tongues either in earnest or in jest.p450/452
Surviving plays
The Acharnians (425 BC) Aristophanes shows he will not give in to political intimidation. The play is notable for absurd humour, and an imaginative appeal for an end to the Peloponnesian War
The Knights (424 BC) The play is a satire on the social and political life of Athens and a scurrilous attack on the pro-war populist Cleon. Cleon had prosecuted Aristophanes for slandering the city in an earlier play, The Babylonians (426 BC: it has not survived). Aristophanes had promised revenge in The Acharnians, and it was in The Knights that his revenge was taken.
The Clouds (original 423 BC, uncompleted revised version from 419–416 BC survives) It pokes fun at Socrates and intellectual fashions in classical Athens. The first known "comedy of ideas".
The Wasps (422 BC) Aristophanes ridicules the law courts, which provided Cleon with his power-base:. Also has a young man vs old man theme which re-appears in several plays.
Peace (first version, 421 BC) just a few days before the end the ten year old Peloponnesian War. The play is notable for its celebration of a return to life in the countryside. But the ending is not happy for everyone. As in all Aristophanes' plays, the jokes are numerous, the action is wildly absurd and the satire is savage. Cleon, the pro-war populist leader of Athens, is once again a target, even though he had died in battle just a few months earlier.
The Birds (414 BC) A fantasy, remarkable for its mimicry of birds and for its songs.
Lysistrata (411 BC) The best-known of his plays, often produced in modern versions. The play is notable for being an early exposé of sexual relations in a male-dominated society.
Thesmophoriazusae (The Festival Women, first version, c. 410 BC) A parody of Athenian society, with a focus on the role of women in a male-dominated society, the vanity of poets such as Euripides and Agathon, and the shameless vulgarity of ordinary Athenians.
The Frogs (405 BC) A play on the theme “old ways good, new ways bad”. The Frogs tells the story of the god Dionysus, who travels to Hades with his slave Xanthias, who is smarter and braver than he is, to bring the playwright Euripides back from the dead.
Ecclesiazousae (The Assemblywomen, c. 392 BC) is similar in theme to Lysistrata. Much of the comedy comes from women involving themselves in politics. The play is much more infused with gender issues than Lysistrata.
Plutus (Wealth, second version, 388 BC) The play features an elderly Athenian citizen, Chremylos, and his slave. Chremylos presents himself and his family as virtuous but poor, and has gone to seek advice from an oracle. The advice he gets is to follow the first man he meets and take him home with him. That man turns out to be the god Plutus — who is, contrary to expectations, a blind beggar. After much argument, Plutus is convinced to enter Chremylus' house, where his sight is restored. The plot can be read as: wealth will now go only to those who deserve it in some way.
Related pages
Theatre of Ancient Greece
References
Other websites
The Frogs at the Internet Classics archive (English version)
5th-century BC births
4th-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek writers |
27296 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/40s%20BC | 40s BC |
Events
Julius Caesar wins the civil war (49–45 BC) in the Roman Republic against the Roman Senate. He becomes dictator for life.
Julius Caesar, Roman dictator, is killed by 23 Roman people. Some people who killed him were Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. (15 March 44 BC).
Important people
Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, ruled 46–44 BC).
Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician ( 85–42 BC).
Mark Antony, Roman politician and general ( 83–30 BC).
Pharaoh (Egyptian Queen) Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian), Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (Cleopatra VII's son) (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC).
Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC). |
27303 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Institute%20of%20Technology | California Institute of Technology | The California Institute of Technology (called "Caltech" for short) is a major American research university in the city of Pasadena in the state of California. Caltech specializes - is especially good, or especially interested - in the study of engineering, computer science, and the physical sciences (some physical sciences are physics and chemistry, as well as others). Caltech is also in charge of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also called JPL. JPL is part of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is the part of the United States government that explores space. Caltech is not owned or run by the United States, or NASA, but NASA pays Caltech to run JPL for them. By most measures, it is the most selective college/university in the world and has one of the highest faculty-to-student ratios in the world.
Caltech's mascot is the beaver. Many schools that specialize in engineering have beavers for their mascot, because in the wild, beavers are known for making dams, and so people think that they are the animal most like engineers.
Famous alumni
Jean Robieux, French physicist.
References
Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in California
Pasadena, California
1891 establishments in California |
27304 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrecy | Secrecy | A secret is information or facts that only one person or group knows about. There are many reasons for not telling or sharing the truth with others.
Some secrets are good. These are ones that should be kept secret. An example of a good secret is respect for a citizen's privacy. But some secrets are bad, if keeping facts hidden causes harm. An example of a bad secret is child abuse. Some things might be kept secret only for a short time, such as a surprise party. Other things may need to be kept secret forever. Sometimes things might be kept secret from someone because it is believed that it would upset them to know.
Some things need to be kept secret for security reasons. If a person has a bank account they must keep their password secret. No one else should know it. Espionage is snooping for someone else's secrets. Criminals like to keep their crimes secret.
In a business, some information is kept secret. This is also called "confidential". Conversations at meetings are sometimes confidential. People who were at the meeting cannot go telling everyone else what was discussed. Usually, managers will make this a rule for an employee. Trade secrets are protected by law.
Another type of secret is Cryptography. These are codes that unlock other secrets. So, secrets are being used to protect secrets.
Related pages
Classified information
Information security
Security
Other websites
Human communication |
27317 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20Cubs | Chicago Cubs | The Chicago Cubs are a professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB). The Cubs became World Series Champions in 2016, ending a 108-year drought.
History
The Cubs were started in 1870. They originally wore all-white uniforms and were called the Chicago White Stockings. (The current Chicago White Sox got their nickname from the Cubs' original nickname.) By the 1890s the team was called the "Colts". In the early 1900s, the nicknames "Colts" and "Cubs" were both used. The name "Cubs" became official in 1906.
The team was very successful in its early years. They won the first National League championship in 1876. They won several pennants in the 1880s and then again in the early 1900s. After they won their second World Series in 1908, they went into the longest championship drought in the history of North American sports. They won the World Series in 1907, 1908, and 2016. They won the pennant, but lost the World Series in 1906, 1910, 1918, 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938, and 1945.
The Wrigley family, founders of the Wrigley Gum Company, owned the team from about 1920 to about 1980. The Chicago Tribune bought the team and operated them for close to 30 years. They were sold to the Ricketts family in 2009.
Stadium
When playing home games in Chicago, the Cubs play at Wrigley Field. The stadium was built in 1914 and has been the home playing field of the Cubs since 1916.
During games, the stadium is filled with Cubs fans, who are known for always cheering for their team, even if they are not winning. Even when the Cubs held the record for the longest championship dry spell in all of American professional sports (until they won the World Series in 2016), their fans remain loyal to them.
The Billy Goat Curse
The name "Billy Goat " comes from a bar known as the Billy Goat Tavern, located on lower Wacker drive in downtown Chicago. By the time the story of this "curse" started to get out, all the main characters were conveniently dead.
The story is:
During the 1945 World Series, a man by the name of Vasili "Billy Goat" Sianis attended Game 4 of the series with his pet goat. During the 7th inning of the game, the Stadium's security guards asked Sianis to leave the stadium because his goat was bothering other fans. Sianis became angry and cursed the Cubs, saying that they would never win or even play in a World Series as long as they played at Wrigley Field. Although the curse is often seen as a joke for most Cubs fans, some fans thought it could be the reason for the Cubs' championship drought between 1908 and 2016. The drought ended and the "curse" was reversed in 2016 when the team won their third World Series title.
In the 2016 World Series, the Cubs beat the Cleveland Indians. They fell 3 games to 1 to the Indians, but then, on the brink of elimination, won the next three games, and thereby won the series. Game 7 went down as a classic. It was an exciting back-and-forth game, in which the Cubs won in 10 innings to win their first World Series since 1908. The Cubs became sixth team to win a World Series after trailing 3 games to 1.
References
Other websites
Sun Times Cubs News
Chicago Tribune Cubs News
1870 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Illinois |
27330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes%20simplex | Herpes simplex | The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus. It causes two common diseases. Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals.
The disease is contagious, particularly when the disease is active. Contagious means that it can spread from one person to another. It is not possible to stop this disease completely after it has started in a person. However, there are some medical treatments that stop the disease for a little while.
An infection on the lips is commonly known as a cold sore or fever blister. A cold sore is not the same as a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is caused by something else.
Diseases caused by viruses
Sexually transmitted diseases |
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