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27332 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20Reymont | Władysław Reymont | Władysław Stanisław Reymont, born as Stanisław Władysław Rejment, (May 7, 1867 in Kobielce Wielkie, Poland – December 5, 1925 in Warsaw, Poland) was a well-known Polish writer, who won the Nobel Prize in 1924 for his four-volume epic novel "Chłopi" (The Peasants). This novel was about life of this part of the society. He also wrote "Ziemia obiecana" (The Promised Land), about industrial capitalism in 19th century Łódź.
Many people say he is one of the greatest and most prominent Polish writers of all time and one of the greatest in 20th century.
Biography
Reymont was born in the family of the organist. His father, Józef Rejment, a well-read man, had a musical education and in tuszyńskiej performed the parish duties of the organist, and also carried on Civil Status Registers and the correspondence of the parish priest with Russian authorities. Mother, Antonia from Kupczyńskich, had talent for a story. She came from the impoverished Cracow gentry; in mature years the writer has often emphasized this fact.
1867 births
1925 deaths
Polish Nobel Prize winners
Polish novelists |
27333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introversion%20and%20extraversion | Introversion and extraversion | Introversion and extraversion is a personality dimension. It was promoted by Carl Jung in the 1920s. Individual people differ on this scale. According to the theory, introverts get energy from inside themselves (ideas and concepts in their own minds), while extroverts get energy from outside of themselves (interacting with other people). There are many ideas about introversion and extroversion which are false, such as the idea(s) that all introverts are shy, antisocial and non-emotional.
The idea of introversion and extroversion has been used in many different personality tests and is a key determining factor for many things. Those who follow this way of looking at the world say that everyone has some parts of both traits in them, although one will usually dominate over the other.
At one time, extroverts were thought to make up almost three quarters of American society. In more modern times, however, researchers have been able to ascertain that the number of introverts almost equals the number of extroverts in the country. Interestingly, also, the prevalence of both types varies from country to country, with certain nations (Scandinavian countries, Japan) favouring introversion and others (most notably America) favouring extroversion.
Psychology
Human behavior |
27334 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sartell%2C%20Minnesota | Sartell, Minnesota | Sartell is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The 2000 census said 9,641 live in the city. Newer information says 12,629 people live in the city. Sartell is in both Stearns County and Benton County.
History
Sartell started as a small town near the Mississippi River. It was first named "The Third Rapids" because it was the third rapids that French fur traders came to as they went north from St. Anthony Falls in Minneapolis.
One of the first people to live in this young town was Joseph B. Sartell. He came in 1854 and worked as a millwright at a local sawmill. In 1877, he started a flour mill at the nearby Watab River. In 1884, he started the Sartell Brothers Lumber Company with his sons.
In 1905, some people started to build the Watab Pulp and Paper Company. They also started to build the Sartell Dam across the Mississippi near the "third rapids". Both of these things were finished in 1907. Seven people died when building the dam. Since that time, Watab Pulp and Paper was rebuilt several times and many people bought and sold it. Now a company called International Paper owns it.
It was in 1907 that residents of the town decided it was time to incorporate. Several influential people felt the town ought to be named "Wengert" after a local businessman. Another man lobbyied to have the town named "Oberly" after himself. However, because of his many relatives and generous contributions to the community, the town was incorporated as "The Village of Sartell" in honor of Joseph B. Sartell. From 1907 until 1973, there was a Sartell on nearly every City Council, the most prominent being Ripley B. "Rip" Sartell who was mayor for 31 years.
The town continued to grow slowly and developed a number of businesses and a "downtown" on the east side of the Mississippi along U.S. Highway 10. In the 1960s, the highway was re-routed, greatly contributing to the demise of the downtown area. The later construction of a new bridge over the Mississippi in the early 1980s replaced the remaining businesses. This and Sartell’s nearby location to St. Cloud, Minnesota's major retail center account for Sartell's lack of a traditional "downtown".
Because residents wanted to educate their children locally, Independent School District #748, Sartell-St. Stephen, was created in 1969. Despite not having a downtown the city continued to grow and the pace of the growth increased in the 1970s. From 1970 to the present, the population of the city has grown from 700 to over 10,000.
Government
Sartell's city council has a mayor and four council members. They are elected at-large to represent the community. They also legislate policy for the city. As of October 2005, Sartell's mayor is Robert Pogatshnik and its four council members are Mary Lewandowski, Tim O'Driscoll, Paul Orndorff, and Joe Perske. They have the authority to pass and enforce ordinances, establish public and administrative policies, create advisory boards and commissions, and manage the city's financial operations including preparing a budget, auditing expenditures, and transacting other city business as required by law. The City Council also appoints a City Administrator who overseas the day-to-day operations of the city and implements the policies of the Council.
Geography
The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 15.9 km² (6.1 mi²). 15.3 km² (5.9 mi²) of it is land and 0.6 km² (0.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 3.75% water.
The city is located on both sides of the Mississippi River. The area around the city has lots of farmland and forests.
Recreation
Because the Mississippi River goes through the city, people use the river to have fun. When it is warm, people ride boats, swim, catch fish and water ski on the river. When the river is frozen in winter, people ride snowmobiles, cross country ski, and catch fish through holes in the ice.
The city has also built places for people to have fun. These include 24 parks, walking pathways, playgrounds, a bike lane, tennis courts, baseball and soccer fields, ice rinks, a disc golf course and a wading pool.
Economy
Sartell's largest employer is Verso Paper. They own a paper mill in the city. Another large employer is DeZurik Water Controls.
Sartell's Chamber of Commerce says that the city has many small business.
Demographics
As of the census2 of 2000, there were 9,641 people, 3,443 households, and 2,513 families living in the city. The population density was 630.9/km² (1,633.9/mi²). There were 3,531 housing units at an average density of 231.1/km² (598.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.42% White, 0.29% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.21% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 3,443 households out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the city the population was spread out with 32.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 35.5% from 25 to 44, 15.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $52,531, and the median income for a family was $61,056. Males had a median income of $39,834 versus $27,476 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,667. 4.0% of the population and 3.0% of families were below the poverty line. 4.7% of those under the age of 18 and 8.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
Transportation
Transportation to and from Sartell is limited to surface roads, mainly U.S. Highway 10 and Minnesota Highway 15 which both pass along the outskirts of the city. A rail line runs through town but serves only as freight transportation for the local paper mill. The presence of dams along the Mississippi River and the waterway's relatively shallow depth render it useless for anything more than recreational watercraft traffic.
Sartell's proximity to St. Cloud allows for convenient access to St. Cloud Regional Airport.
Famous Sartellians
Craig Sauer, NFL linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings
Kurt Sauer, NHL defenseman for the Colorado Avalanche
Michael Sauer, drafted by the New York Rangers in July 2005
Other websites
City of Sartell
Sartell Historical Society
www.sartell.com - Useful Sartell links
Google Maps - Satellite photo of Sartell
TerraServer - Aerial photo of Sartell from 1991
Map Quest - Map of Sartell
International Paper Sartell Mill
DeZurik Water Controls
Cities in Minnesota |
27340 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/50s%20BC | 50s BC |
Events
Julius Caesar, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus make the First Triumvirate (ca. 59–53 BC).
Gallic Wars: Julius Caesar conquers much of Gaul, and leads two journeys to Britain (58–49 BC).
Bak Hyeokgeose makes the kingdom of Silla in Korea (57 BC)
Pompey builds Rome's first permanent (made to stay the same for a long time) theatre (54 BC)
Battle of Carrhae: the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus tries to attack the Parthian Empire. Surenais defeats him at Carrhae, now Harran in Turkey; Crassus dies. (53 BC).
Battle of Alesia: Vercingetorix leads a rebellion by the Gauls. Julius Caesar defeats him. (52 BC).
Significant people
Julius Caesar, Roman politician and general (lived 100–44 BC)
Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
Pompey, Roman general (lived 106–48 BC)
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (lived 115–53 BC)
Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman politician (lived 106–43 BC)
Vercingetorix, ruler of the Arverni (died. 46 BC)
Cassivellaunus, British war-leader
Ariovistus, German king
Commius, Gaulish king
Phraates III, King of Parthia (ruled 70–57 BC)
Mithridates III, king of Parthia and Media (ruled 57–54 BC)
Orodes II, king of Parthia (ruled 57–38 BC)
Surena, Parthian general (lived 84–54 BC)
Bak Hyeokgeose, king of Silla in Korea
Births
Livy, Roman historian (ca. 59 BC)
Seneca the Elder, Roman orator (ca. 54 BC)
Deaths
Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (53 BC)
Posidonius, Greek philosopher, astronomer, and geographer (51 BC) |
27341 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1690s%20BC | 1690s BC |
Events
1700 - 1500 BC Hurrian conquest
1698 BC- King Jie of China kills his minister Guan Longfeng according to Chinese legend.
The Exodus: The Israelites leave Egypt, Thrasyllus of Mendes says this. He was an Egyptian mathematician and astronomer who lived c. 1691 BC.
1691 BC June—Lunar Saros 32 begins.
Significant people
Belu-bani, King of Assyria, r. 1700–1691 BC.
Libaia, King of Assyria r. 1691–1674 BC.
Abi-eshuh, King of Babylon, r. 1712–1684 (middle chronology)
Jie, Legendary King of the supposed Xia dynasty (existence disputed) in China, r. c.1728–1675 BC
Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1714–1691 BC
Merhotepre Ini, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1691–1689 BC
Fourteenth dynasty Pharaohs (see List of Pharaohs for details), 1705–1690 BC
Lila-Ir-Tash king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1700–c.1698 BC.
Temti-Agun I king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1698–c.1690 BC.
Tan-Uli king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1690–c.1655 BC.
Agum I, King of the Kassites, r. 1705–1690 BC
Kashtiliash I, King of the Kassites, r. 1690–1680 BC
Itti-Ili-Nibi, King of the Sealand, r. c.1700–1683 BC
1695 BC—Death of Sarah, wife of Abraham, according to the Hebrew Calendar
1691 BC—Death of Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt
References
17th century BC |
27343 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1680s%20BC | 1680s BC | Events (things that happened):
The sixteenth dynasty starts in Egypt
People make leavened bread in Egypt.
Important people:
Hammurabi dies in 1686 BC
Heremon dies in 1684 BC, (Irish legend)
17th century BC |
27344 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1670s%20BC | 1670s BC |
Events
The fifteenth dynasty starts in Egypt.
Pharaoh (king) Tutimaios of Egypt dies in 1674 BC.
People write Ipuwer Papyrus in 1674.
Hyksos invade Egypt in 1674.
17th century BC |
27346 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1080s%20BC | 1080s BC | Events (things that happened):
The nineteenth dynasty ends in Egypt in 1186.
The Trojan War ends on the 24 April 1184 BC
Menestheus (in legends he is the king of Athens) dies. he has ruled for 23 years. His nephew, Demophon, becomes king. (Some people think that Menestheus died before, in the 1190s BC.)
Important people:
Ramesses III of Egypt is born in 1180. |
27347 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset | Sunset | A sunset, which in some American dialects is called a sundown, is the time where the Sun goes below the horizon to the West. It is not dusk, which is the point when darkness begins, which can be sometime after the Sun sets, this begins twilight. The opposite of the sunset is the sunrise.
Parts of a day
Astronomical phenomena |
27361 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop%20punk | Pop punk | Pop punk (or punk-pop) is a form of popular music that blends punk rock with pop music and rock music. Pop-punk music has a lighter, happier sound than most punk rock and hardcore punk music. Most punk rock and hardcore punk music sounds angry and harsh, and has lyrics (words) about protest and anger.
Late 1970s and 1980s pop-punk
There are several types of pop-punk. An early type of pop-punk was developed right after Punk rock became popular in the late 1970s. Most of this kind of music is very much like Punk rock, but it features things from other kinds of music like pop music and older rock music, and country music, so different people can enjoy it. Some people call the Ramones a pop-punk band. The Ramones were a band from the United States.
1990s pop-punk
In the 1990s, pop-punk became very popular in North America. Bands such as Green Day, Blink-182 and Zebrahead sold millions of recordings and did many tours.
Present day
In the 21st century, many bands have contributed to the pop punk genre. They include Fall Out Boy, Relient K, FM Static, Hawk Nelson, and Amber Pacific.
Controversy
Some people who like 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk do not like pop-punk. The 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk was usually angry, rebellious protest music. In contrast, 2000s pop-punk songs are nicer and lighter. Some people think 2000s pop-punk is too commercialized and nothing like the older punk music from the 1970s and 1980s.
Artists
Fall Out Boy
Green Day
Blink-182
Sum 41
The Donnas
FM Static
Supergrass
Presidents of the United States
Screeching Weasel
Simple Plan
Relient k
Last tuesday
MxPx
Amber Pacific
The F ups
Bowling for Soup
Mayday Parade
You Me At Six
All Time Low
Zebrahead
Punk rock |
27365 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl%20Crow | Sheryl Crow | Sheryl Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She can also play guitar and bass guitar.
Many of her songs have charted and are still popular. They include "The First Cut Is the Deepest", "Soak Up the Sun", "If It Makes You Happy" and "All I Wanna Do".
Personal life
Crow has never married. She has two adopted sons, Wyatt Steven Crow (born in 2007) and Levi James Crow (born in 2010).
She had breast cancer in 2006.
Singles
All I Wanna Do (1994)
Everyday Is a Winding Road (1996)
A Change Would Do You Good (1997)
My Favorite Mistake (1998)
Sweet Child o' Mine (1999)
Other websites
Official website
Actors from Missouri
Country musicians from Missouri
American guitarists
American movie actors
American rock singers
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Missouri
1962 births
Living people |
27366 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubby%20Checker | Chubby Checker | Ernest Evans (born October 3, 1941) better known as Chubby Checker, is a pop singer from the United States. He is most famous for his dance songs. After his famous appearance on American Bandstand, his cover version of Hank Ballard's "The Twist" hit #1 became a popular dance.
References
Singers from South Carolina
1941 births
Living people |
27370 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20people | Irish people | The Irish are an ethnic group who come from or came from the island of Ireland. There are two countries on the island of Ireland: the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Historically, the Irish have been primarily a Celtic people. Many countries, especially English-speaking countries, have people with Irish roots.
In Northern Ireland, there have been violent fights between the Unionists, who identify as British people and are mainly Protestant, and the Nationalists, who identify as Irish and are mainly Catholic. Irish people have a strong culture and beliefs.
Due to problems in Ireland, most importantly a famine between 1845 and 1852, caused by the potatoes in Ireland being destroyed by disease, many Irish moved out of Ireland, including Great Britain, and to other countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia. At present, many more Irish live in the United States than in Ireland, with many of them living in large American cities such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The population of Irish people in the United States is over seven times more populated than that of those who live in the original homeland of Ireland.
References
Other websites
Irish Immigrant who served in US Civil War
Cork man survived the Titanic
Irish Immigrant who served in World War I
Son of Irish Immigrants who served In World War I Scanlon picture can be found on Find a grave website
Celtic peoples |
27374 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Debussy | Claude Debussy | Achille-Claude Debussy (born St Germain-en-Laye, 22 August 1862; died Paris, 25 March, 1918) was a French composer. He was one of the most important composers of the early 20th century. Most of his compositions are for orchestra or for piano. He also wrote some songs, chamber music and one opera. He made his music very different from the Romantic style that other composers were using at the time. He is often called an Impressionistic composer because he was influenced by the group of painters called “Impressionists”. They were not so much interested in making their paintings look exactly like the real world, but preferred to paint things such as the effect of the sunlight shining on water. Debussy often did this in his music, which creates a special atmosphere.
Life
Claude Debussy did not have an easy childhood. His father was a travelling salesman and his mother worked as a seamstress. He learned the piano when he was young and was inducted into the Paris Conservatoire at age 11. For a time it seemed that he would become a concert pianist, but he did not do well enough in his examination. After winning an important prize, the Prix de Rome, he went to Rome for two years but he did not enjoy it. He visited Bayreuth in 1888 and 1889 to hear Wagner’s operas but he did not like them. He preferred sounds like that of the Javanese gamelan which he heard in Paris at the World Exhibition.
In 1899 he married a young woman named Rosalie Texier. He got a job as music critic of a journal called La revue blanche. He wrote his opera Pélleas et Mélisande which was performed at the Opéra-Comique. It was extremely successful and was performed 100 times there during the next ten years. He wrote exciting music for orchestra: Fêtes galantes and a work called La Mer (The Sea) which he worked at while staying in Brighton on the south coast of England. It is one of the most exciting pieces of music about the sea.
Debussy was starting to become very famous. His personal life changed. He left his wife because he had fallen in love with Emma Bardac who was an amateur singer for whom Gabriel Fauré had written a song cycle La Bonne Chanson. Her husband was a banker. She bought an apartment and Debussy lived with her there for the rest of his life. They had a daughter called Chou-Chou, born in 1905. They married in 1908.
Debussy’s next orchestral work was called Images. He began composing a set of preludes for piano. Other works followed: Khamma, Le martyre de St Sébastian and the ballet Jeux, which was produced in 1913 by Dyagilev’s company. People soon forgot about this work because only two weeks later the same ballet company produced Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring which caused a riot.
By this time Debussy was ill with colorectal cancer. His visit to London in 1914 was his last trip to another country. He wrote more piano works: a set of Études and a piano duet called En blanc et noir (In white and black). He planned to write six sonatas, each for a different group of instruments, but he only wrote three of them: one for cello and piano, one for flute, viola and harp and one for violin and piano. The Sonata for violin and piano (1917) was the last work he played in public (he played the piano part). He died of colorectal cancer in 1918.
His music
Saint-Saëns, for example, did not understand the way that the musical ideas flowed gently into one another. He was always an enemy of Debussy.
There is a lot of variety in Debussy’s piano music. Some of it is very difficult to play, e.g. the Études and pieces such as L’isle joyeuse (The happy island). Other collections are much simpler, e.g. Suite bergamasque which includes the very popular piece called Clair de lune (Moonlight). He wrote two books of preludes. Each of the pieces has a title, but the titles are printed at the end of each piece, as if he did not want the listener to know what it was about until afterwards.
Debussy wrote wonderfully for the voice, making the music just right for the rhythm of the French language. This can be heard in his songs and his opera. Using melodies and harmonies which are often quite simple he creates a special kind of dream-world which can be very powerful. He often uses the whole tone scale and the pentatonic scale which give the music a hazy feeling because it does not seem to be clearly in one particular key. He liked to use unusual chords just for their own sake, not in order to make them lead to a particular key. He also used the old scales known as the church modes.
Debussy’s music had a great influence on many composers in the 20th century. Cage, Messiaen, Boulez and Stockhausen all learned from listening to his music.
References
Groves Dictionary of Music Online
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from colorectal cancer
20th-century French composers
1862 births
1918 deaths |
27377 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.D. | P.O.D. | P.O.D. (which stands for Payable on Death) is a metal band from San Diego, California. Its fans are called "The Warriors", and the band is known for its Christian messages.
Members
The members are Sonny Sandoval (lead singer), Marcos Curiel (guitar player), Wuv Bernardo (drummer) and Traa Daniels (bass player).
History
The band released an album in 1999 called The Fundamental Elements of Southtown, which became very popular, and P.O.D. made a lot of fans who saw the band on MTV.
In 2001, P.O.D. made a second album called Satellite, which had a more nu metal post-grunge vibe and several hit songs, like "Boom," "Alive," "Youth of the Nation," "Set It Off," "Satellite," and "Portrait." In 2003, P.O.D. made the album Payable On Death, which had a heavy neo-grunge sound and a hint of reggae.
Their next album, Testify, was released in 2006. It was similar to Satellite in sound and featured two duets with Matisyahu. In 2008, P.O.D. released the album When Angels & Serpents Dance.
References
American heavy metal bands
Nu metal bands
Alternative metal bands
Christian metal bands
Reggae bands
Musical groups from San Diego, California |
27399 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential | Differential | Differential can refer to different concepts:
A differential equation in mathematical analysis
A differential (mechanical device), a mechanical device able to transmit power from one axis to another |
27400 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird | Blackbird | The blackbird (Turdus merula, or common blackbird) is a thrush. It is a member of the passerine songbird family Turdidae.
It has a huge range across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It has a number of subspecies across its range. Depending on latitude, the common blackbird may be resident, partially migratory or fully migratory.
Appearance
The adult male is black, with a yellow/orange bill (beak). Juveniles and females are brown, and less easy to see. Blackbirds are easy to find in gardens all over Europe and in Asia, South of the Arctic Circle. On average, Blackbirds live to be 2.4 years old, but some have been found to be 20 years old.
Behaviour and ecology
It is a terrific singer, and will breed whenever the weather is right.
The male common blackbird defends its breeding territory, chasing away other males or using a "bow and run" threat display. This is a short run, the head first being raised and then bowed with the tail dipped simultaneously. If a fight between male Blackbirds does occur, it is usually short and the intruder is soon chased away.
The female blackbird is also aggressive in the spring when it competes with other females for a good nesting territory, and although fights are less frequent, they tend to be more violent.
The male attracts the female with a courtship display: oblique runs and head-bowing movements, an open beak, and a "strangled" low song. The female stays still until she raises her head and tail to allow sex. This species is monogamous, and the established pair usually stay together as long as they both survive. Pair separation rates of up to 20% have been noted following poor breeding. Although socially monogamous, there have been studies showing as much as 17% extra pair paternity.
As long as winter food is available, both the male and female will stay in the territory throughout the year, although occupying different areas. Migrants are more social, travelling in small flocks and feeding in loose groups in the wintering grounds. The flight of migrating birds is bursts of rapid wing beats interspersed with level or diving movement, and differs from both the normal fast agile flight of this species and the more dipping action of larger thrushes.
References
Thrushes |
27403 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geta%20%28footwear%29 | Geta (footwear) | Geta are traditional Japanese sandals. They are stilted to keep the hem of a kimono above the ground. They are worn with tabi socks. Geta makes the person's feet stay out of the mud.
Usually Japanese people wear them with a casual kimono rather than formal one. It is common to wear them with bare feet when a yukata is worn. Also they are worn with western clothes.
Today, in Japan, most people rarely wear kimono and rarely wear geta. One reason for this is most gravel roads were changed to asphalt roads for Tokyo Olympic. Since 1995, the number of people who wear geta casually increased because of the pretty looks and sounds. In addition, the popularity of geta grew little by little through trend for yukata. At one time, Japanese people thought that it is hard to walk with geta and sometimes get injured by hanao. Hanao is a rope which is set between the big toe and second toe when geta are worn. However, because of efforts by yukata makers and footwear makers, Japanese people are starting to like to wear geta again.
Footwear
Japanese clothing |
27404 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabi | Tabi | Tabi are traditional Japanese socks. The sock is divided at the toes that forms them into two groups. Tabi socks are worn with zori or geta sandals. The Tabi is of many different colours mainly white.
Footwear
Japanese clothing |
27417 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz | Bydgoszcz (, ) is a city in the north of Poland, capital of Kujavia-Pomerania voivodship, on the Brda and Wisła rivers. As of 2020, 345 000 people live there. Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest cities in Poland - placed in the 8th position. The city was located in 1346 by the king of Poland Casimir III the Great. Patrons of the city are Saint Martin of Tours and Saint Nicholas.
The city is a big center of industry, trade, logistic and traffic cord. In the city is located the Ignacy Jan Paderewski International Airport. In Bydgoszcz, there's a big military garrison and headquarters of most NATO institutions present in Poland.
Tourism
Bydgoszcz belongs to the greenest cities in Poland, has more than 30 parks which occupy more than 970 hectares. In the north part of the city, the biggest city park in Poland - Myślęcinek - is located.
Bydgoszcz has many monuments, starting with the gothic cathedral and ending with the downtown, which has Art Nouveau tenement houses. A unique monument is the oldest in Poland artificial waterway - Bydgoszcz Canal, which connects the Vistula and the Oder rivers.
The most visited place in Bydgoszcz is Old Town with the Mill Island. The most important monuments in this area are gothic churches, including a cathedral, fragments of city walls and granaries from the XVII century.
Bydgoszczy's downtown was built almost completely between 1850 and 1914 and is famous for Art Nouveau tenement houses. The east part of the downtown was built on assumptions garden city movement. The Music District - with the Pomeranian Filharmonija, the Bydgoszcz Academy of Music and the Polish Theatre are also located here.
Bydgoszcz has many museums. The biggest one is the Leon Wyczółkowski Regional Museum which has a wide collection including art, numismatics, archeology and souvenirs related to Bydgoszcz.
Gallery
References
Cities in Poland |
27428 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mystery%20of%20Edwin%20Drood | The Mystery of Edwin Drood | The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the last novel written by Charles Dickens. The novel was not finished at the time of Dickens's death (9 June 1870) and his ending for it is unknown.
Summary
The story is set in a fictional town called Cloisterham, which is believed to be based on Rochester. It begins as John Jasper is leaving a place in London where opium (a powerful drug) is taken by lots of people. Jasper leads a choir (group of singers) in a large church in Cloisterham. The next day Jasper is visited by his nephew Edwin Drood. Edwin tells Jasper he is worried about getting married to a girl called Rosa Bud. He has to get married to her because his parents and Rosa’s parents said they had to.
The next day, Edwin finds Rosa in a nun’s house which is a school. At the same time, Jasper wants to learn about the graveyard, so he goes to find a man called Durdles, who knows a lot about the graveyard. A person called Neville Landless has a twin sister called Helena. They are both sent to a school in Cloisterham. Helena goes to live with Rosa in the nuns’ house, and Neville is taught by a reverend named Crisparkle.
We find out that Neville doesn’t like his stepfather who is a nasty man. He tells this to Crisparkle. Rosa tells Helena that she doesn’t like Jasper, who is her music teacher. She says she finds him scary. When Neville meets Rosa, he falls in love with her. He is angry that Edwin Drood doesn’t like her very much, but still wants to get married. Edwin makes Neville angry, and Neville attacks him. Jasper tells everyone that Neville is a violent (hurts a lot of people) person.
Reverend Crisparkle wants Edwin and Neville to be friends. He wants to say sorry to Edwin, but only is Edwin accepts the apology (saying sorry). They all decide to have dinner the day before Christmas at Jasper’s house, so that everyone can say sorry.
Mr. Gregious who takes care of Rosa, tells Rosa that she has a lot of money. This money is from her father who is dead. She asks him if they money will still be given to her if she doesn’t marry Edwin. Mr Gregious says that she will still get the money even if she doesn’t marry Edwin. Mr. Gregious meets Edwin and gives him a ring. The ring belonged to Rosa’s father, and gave is to Rosa’s mother when they got married. Mr Gregious says that if Edwin loves Rosa and wants to stay with her forever, he must give her the ring. If he doesn’t love Rosa, and doesn’t want to stay with her forever, he must give the ring back to Mr. Gregious. There is another man watching to make sure Mr. Gregious and Edwin follow the rules. Rosa and Edwin talk and they say they both don’t want to get married anymore. They want ask Mr. Grewgious to tell Jasper this. Edwin says he will soon give the ring back.
Meanwhile, Jasper is in the graveyard again with Durdles. Jasper gives Durdles some very strong wine, which makes him drunk. Jasper finds out that Durdles can tap the stone coffins and knows what is in them from this. Jasper is interested in this trick. Suddenly they see a boy called Deputy. Jasper thinks the boy was following them, so he holds him by the neck. He doesn’t kill him though, and lets him go.
On Christmas Eve, Neville buys a stick for walking. He wants to do some walking in his spare time in the countryside. Edwin goes to a jewellery shop because his watch is broken. A woman who uses opium (powerful drug) asks him what his first name is. He tells her. She says that she is happy his name is not Ned. She says that Ned is in danger. Edwin doesn’t listen to her, but he knows that Jasper sometimes calls him Ned.
They have the planned dinner, and everyone is friends again. Edwin and Neville go down to the river to see the storm. The next day, we find out that Edwin is missing. Jasper tells everyone that Neville killed him. Neville goes off for a walk, but the village people bring him back to the town.
Reverend Crisparkle stops Neville from going to jail by saying that he will look after him. He says that he will bring Neville forward whenever he is needed. Jasper is then told that Edwin and Rosa won’t get married. He is very upset. Crisparkle finds Edwin’s watch and other belongings at the river.
Half a year later Neville is living in London. A man called Mr. Tartar meets Neville and he wants to share his garden with him. He lives near Neville. A new character called Dick Datchery comes to Cloisterham. He lives near Jasper and watches him. Datchery meets Deputy and asks where Jasper lives. Deputy doesn’t ever go near there because he is afraid Jasper will choke (grab his neck) him again.
Jasper goes and visits Rosa. He tells her that he loves her. She tells him to leave. He doesn’t give up, and says he will destroy Neville unless she loves him. Because Neville is the brother of her friend Helena, Rosa is frightened. She goes to Mr. Grewgious in London, and Crisparkle follows her. Mr. Tartar meets him and asks him if he knows who he is. Crisparkle remembers that Tartar once saved him from dying in a river. They tell Rosa not to talk to Neville or Helena in case Jasper is watching. However, Tartar lets Rosa meet Helena. Grewgious finds a place for Rosa to live with another woman.
We see that Jasper is visiting the place where lots of people smoke opium in London. He has not been there for a long time. The woman who owns the place follows him. She promises not to lose him again like last time. She follows him all the way to Cloisterham. She meets Mr. Datchery, who tells her Jasper’s name. He also says that he is going to sing in the church service in the morning. The woman is called Princess Puffer. She goes to the service and shakes her fist (a sign of anger and hate) at Jasper.
Ending
Dickens died before the story was finished. He made a summary of the story as planned in a letter to his friend John Forster.</blockquote>
Modern versions
Despite its lack of completeness, the novel has a history of media exposure. There are two films (1935 and 1993) and three television versions (1960 and 2012 in English, and 1980 in Russian). The novel has been on radio and in the theatre. There are a number of versions in print.
In general, people have believed what Dicken's friend John Forster reported: Jasper murdered Drood. In 2015, the UK newspaper The Daily Mail and the University of Buckingham asked the public for their solution to the mystery. Out of 15,000 responses, the overwhelming verdict was that Jasper killed his own nephew and stashed his body in the church crypt, the same solution proposed by Dickens' friends and family.
References
Other websites
The Mystery of Edwin Drood - Published in monthly parts
Books by Charles Dickens
English novels
English-language novels
Books first published in serial form |
27439 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane | Vientiane | Vientiane () is the capital city of Laos. It is in the Mekong Valley, and over two hundred thousand people live in its central area.
Capital cities in Asia
Laos |
27444 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome | Dome | A dome is a feature of architecture that usually looks like the upper half of a sphere on top of a building.
It is a feature that makes many religious and government buildings stand out, because if someone is speaking to others inside or under a dome, the voice sounds louder. Also a dome makes it easier to identify an important building, for example a temple or a palace.
A large stadium with a roof over the playing field is often called a "dome". One example of that usage is the Metrodome.
Architectural elements |
27447 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address | Address | This article is about the kind of address that you find or communicate with someone through. Address can also mean public speaking. It can also be used when someone is working on something, or talking about something.
An address (pronounced AD-dress or ad-DRESS) is a way to find or communicate with someone. It can be a postal address or an e-mail address. On forms, it is common to ask for someone's name, address and phone number, so that the person can be found easily.
Postal address
A postal address is usually the location of someone's house, but sometimes it is the person's Post Office Box. It is the information that is put on a letter to have the letter delivered to a person.
Example (in England):
Mr John Smith
132, My Street,
Bigtown BG23 4YZ
England
Example (in the U.S.):
Mr John Smith
132, My Street,
Kingston, New York 12401
United States
Example (in Nigeria):
Mr Daniel Izuchukwu Nwoye
8, My Street,
Ilassan Lekki, Lagos 105102
Nigeria.
Email Address
An email address is used to send someone an e-mail. It has a username, and this is followed by the name of the person's email provider. The at sign (@) separates the two. For example:
john@gmail.com
horseycrazy@yahoo.com
larry.smith@msn.com
example50150@domain.eu
The "name" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, and a few special characters, but it cannot contain spaces. The "provider" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, but no special characters and no spaces. Some providers may restrict the "name" part in other ways. For example, Gmail does not allow underscores.
Human geography
Postal service
E-mail |
27461 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%20cell | T cell | A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, a white blood cell. T-cells plays an important role in the immune system. They attack infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells and completely destroy them. This stops viruses or cancer from spreading to healthy cells.
The "T" in T cell stands for thymus. The thymus is where T cells mature.
Types
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)
Helper T cells, (Th cells)
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells), used to be called suppressor T cells
Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells)
γδ T cells
Related pages
Major histocompatibility complex
Other websites
Janeway, Charles A. et al. 2001. Immunobiology. 5th ed, New York and London: Garland.
The Immune System (PDF)
(Successful!) Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1
Immunology
Blood cells |
27478 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscuit | Biscuit | A biscuit is a type of food. They are small baked breads or cakes.
Biscuits in British usage
In British English, Australian English, Canadian English and New Zealand English, biscuits are usually sweet and can be eaten with tea, milk or coffee. In North America these are called "cookies".
In spite of the difference, this is the meaning in the name of the United States' most famous maker of cookies and crackers, National Biscuit Company (now called Nabisco).
Biscuits in American usage
In American English, a "biscuit" is a small form of bread, similar to scones, made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent rather than yeast. (Biscuits, soda breads, and corn bread, among others, are sometimes referred to all together as "quick breads" to show that they do not need time to rise before baking.)
Breads
Desserts |
27480 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet | Electromagnet | Electromagnets are temporary and artificial magnets. They are magnets that are only magnetic when there is a coil of wire with electricity running through it. The coil of wire is called a solenoid. The strength of the magnet is proportional to the current flowing in the circuit. The electricity running through the wire is called a current. The current is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles. Electromagnets are used for a variety of purposes. In a simple example, an electromagnet can pick up pieces of iron, nickel, and cobalt.
Electromagnets can be made stronger by adding more coils to the copper wire, or adding an iron core through the coils (for example a nail). The current can also be increased to make the magnetism stronger. British electrician William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1825.
An electromagnet is useful because it can be turned on and off easily (using an electric current), whereas a permanent magnet cannot be turned off and will continue to affect its immediate environment.
Different alloys act differently. Iron stops being an electromagnet very quickly, but steel takes time to wear off. To make an electromagnet, copper wire is wound around an iron rod. The two ends of the wire are connected to the + (positive) and - (negative) side of the battery.
Usage
Electromagnets are used in everyday items such as burglar alarms, electric relays and fire bells. Electric motors are basically electromagnets. Their ability to change from the state of non-magnetic to magnetic just by passing an electric current through it allows it to be used in many different items. This ability is used in relays.
Electromagnets can also be used to make electricity. Movement of a magnet back and forth in front of the electromagnet will make an electric current.
Why electromagnets work
Electromagnets work because when electricity flows through a wire it makes a magnetic field around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field can be found by using the right-hand rule. This means that if a person points the thumb of their right hand in the direction of the current, the magnetic field would go around the wire the same way their fingers would wrap around the wire.
The magnetic field made by a single wire is not usually very strong. To make an electromagnet normally the wire is wrapped in many loops to make the fields of each piece of wire add together into one stronger magnetic field.
Other websites
Tools
Electromagnetism |
27481 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau | Palau | Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an island nation. It is in the Pacific Ocean. Palau is 300 miles (500 km) east of the Philippines. It got independence from United Nations trusteeship administration (administered by the United States of America) in 1994. It is one of the world's youngest and smallest nations. It is sometimes referred to in English under its native name Belau. The capital city of Palau is Melekeok. This has been true since October 1, 2006.
States
Palau is divided into sixteen administrative states:
Climate
Palau has a tropical climate all year round. Average yearly temperature is around 82 °F (27 °C).
Related pages
List of rivers of Palau
Palau at the Olympics
Palau national football team
Reference
Other websites
My Micronesia.com’s Palau section
Olekoi Palau
Palauan Embassy to the United States
WWFM 89.5 Radio Palau
East Javanese Beads as Palau Heirlooms
Palau photographs
Travel Notes - Runoko Rashidi in the Republic of Palau
Encyclopedia of the Nations - Palau
1994 establishments in Oceania |
27485 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%20country | Island country | An island country (also sometimes called island nation or borderless country) is a country that is made up only of islands. They are not connected by land to any other nation. Each island only belongs to that country, so there are no borders. Examples of borderless countries are Iceland, Japan and Madagascar.
Many island nations get money from fishing. |
27491 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llivia | Llivia | Llívia is a small Catalan town which is an exclave of Spain, being surrounded by France. The Spanish border is about one kilometre away. The town is part of Cerdanya, province of Girona. The French territory surrounding Llivia is the Pyrénées-Orientales département. Llivia had a total population of 1252 in 2005.
History
People lived there in Roman times. Originally, the settlement was a Roman fort (known as an oppidum). The name of the oppidum was Julia Libica.
Llivia was the capital of Cerdagne in antiquity, but in the early Middle Ages, Hix (a commune of Bourg-Madame, France) became the capital of the region.
Other websites
Official website
The bordermarkers of Llivia
Catalan Countries
Exclaves |
27503 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey%20Island | Monkey Island | Monkey Island is a well-known adventure game series made and published by LucasArts.
The games are known for their humor, and often use parody and clichés, both from pirate stories as well as from films.
The story takes place in the Caribbean. In the different games. The first one involves main character Guybrush Threepwood, who wants to become a pirate, has many adventures. Each of the games usually involves the evil undead ghost/zombie pirate LeChuck and the island which gave the series its name.
The Monkey Island series
The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge (1991)
The Curse of Monkey Island (1997)
Escape from Monkey Island (2000)
Tales of Monkey Island (2009)
The Secret of Monkey Island Special Edition (2009)
Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's revenge special edition (2010)
Video game series |
27510 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Arthur%20massacre | Port Arthur massacre | The Port Arthur massacre was a mass killing that took place at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia. On Saturday 28 and Sunday 29 April 1996 35 people were killed, and 18 people hurt. Martin Bryant used 2 semi-automatic guns to shoot people who were visiting Port Arthur. Port Arthur is a café and, hotel and historic site. Bryant is in jail for the crime.
The massacre was the worst single-day mass murder incident in Australian history. 35 people died on 28 April 1996, the middle day of the massacre. After the massacre, Australia made new laws about gun control. People could not buy guns very easily anymore. New laws were changed. This law also exits in new Zealand and many other countries.
Bryant had first killed the owners of a small guesthouse. then he went to the Port Arthur Historic Site. 20 of the people killed were shot in the Broad Arrow Cafe in 2 minutes of gunfire. before Bryant started shooting in the café he ate lunch Bryant went into the café and began shooting. There were more than 60 people in the cafe. He then went into the gift shop and continued shooting. Two minutes later he went back to his car to escape. He continued to shoot and kill people outside in the gardens.
Bryant then took a hostage and went back to the Seascape Guest House. He killed the hostage and then set fire to the house. He finally gave himself up to the police after 18 hours. He was burned in the fire.
Bryant was found guilty of killing 35 people. He was sentenced to a life sentence for each murder. The court said he was never to be released.
The ruins of the cafe are now a memorial to the people who were killed in the massacre. A square pond has been built as a place for quiet thinking. The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard spoke at the memorial in 2006. This was to remember 10 years since the massacre.
References
1990s in Australia
April events
Mass murder in 1996
Mass shootings in the 1990s
Massacres
Murder in Australia
Murders by firearm
Tasmania |
27511 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpacker%20murders | Backpacker murders | Between 1990 and 1996, a total of seven people were killed in Australia. Since all of the people were backpackers, the events are known as backpacker murders today. All of their bodies were found in Belangalo State Forest, which is close to Sydney. Ivan Milat killed all of these people.
What happened
7 people were found in Belangalo State Forest. Five of these people were visiting Australia - three Germans and two British people. The other two were visiting Sydney from other parts of Australia. Some of these people were by themselves. Some of these people were with a friend. The 7 people were all different from each other.
Television report
On the TV they said that tourists were killed, but not everyone who died was a tourist.
The crimescene
The 7 people were found all over Belangalo State Forest, which is a big area. One of them had their head chopped off. Someone had sex with some of them. Some of them had their clothes taken off. Some of them had bits of their bodies cut off and put somewhere else. Some of the bodies were by themselves.
Deaths
Some of the people had been killed with a knife. Some had been killed with a gun. Some seemed to have been strangled.
The 7 people who died had nothing in common. People who tried to find out who did it said that there may have been more than one person who killed them. They said that they may have been a part of a gang.
Catching Ivan Milat
Ivan Milat (born 1944 died 2019) was an Australian man from New South Wales who lived near Belangalo State Forest. So police arrested Milat and searched his house. They found out that:
Milat had a gun similar to the weapon used to murder the victims and items that belonged to the victims.
One man in England said that he was nearly killed by Milat.
Police then said that Ivan Milat must have tried to kill that man. They also said that Ivan Milat may have killed all of the other people.
Milat went to court, and people in court said that he did kill all of these people.
The mystery
Some people think that other people helped Milat. Some people said his brothers helped him, or a girl, or lots of other people. Police have said that there are more than 30 people that went missing that might have been killed by Milat.
1990s in Australia
Murder in Australia
Murder in the 1990s
New South Wales |
27512 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Azaria%20Chamberlain | Death of Azaria Chamberlain | Azaria Chamberlain (11 June 1980 – dissapeared on 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby who was born in Mount Isa, Queensland, and went missing in 1980 near Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Australia. The family were camping in a tent at the base of the rock. Her mother, Lindy Chamberlain, said that she had been taken by a dingo and killed. Police said that Lindy Chamberlain had murdered the baby and had lied about the dingo. After a long trial which was reported around the world, Chamberlain was convicted of murder and sent to jail. Chamberlain kept arguing that she was innocent. On August 24, 1980 Wally Goodwin found Azaria's bloodstained jumpsuit, booties, nappy and singlet near the base of the Rock near a dingo's den, the case was reopened since the 1980s.
After a long legal battle which involved three inquests, three appeals and a royal commission, she was released. In 2012, a fourth inquest found that Azaria had been taken by a dingo, and the death certificate has now been changed to show this. The inquest noted that there had been other dingo attacks in the region.
Lindy Chamberlain was released from jail on February 7 1986, but not cleared until September 15 1988, at which time Lindy and Michael (her husband) were declared innocent of all charges. She and Michael were divorced on June 27 1991. She met Rick Creighton on a speaking tour of the United States in February 1992 and married him on December 20 1992.
Azaria in popular culture
The disappearance of Azaria became one of the most argued about events in Australia. Many people thought that a dingo would be unable to kill a baby. This meant that the mother must have lied. People in Australia say "a dingo stole my baby" as a joke, when they think someone is lying. After a dingo killed a nine-year-old boy on Fraser Island in 2001, people have had to rethink their beliefs about dingos.
Author John Bryson wrote a book about the case, called Evil Angels. This was later made into a movie called Evil Angels and starred Meryl Streep and Sam Neill. The movie was released in other countries as A Cry in the Dark.
In 2005, a woman called Erin Horsburgh said that she was really Azaria Chamberlain and wanted police to do a DNA test to check. But police said that the woman was lying and they did not need to check. This created interest in the media, but there was no truth to the story.
References
1980 births
1980 deaths
Australian children
Missing people
People from Queensland |
27513 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Peter%20Falconio | Murder of Peter Falconio | Peter Falconio (20 September 1972 - c. 14 July 2001) was an English tourist who went missing in Northern Territory, Australia in 2001. Falconio was last seen near a place called Barrow Creek. This is one of Australia's greatest murder mysteries. Police say that he is dead. A trial decided that Bradley John Murdoch murdered Falconio.
Story
Peter Falconio and his girlfriend Joanne Lees had been fighting with each other. Lees was going to leave Falconio because she had a new boyfriend in Australia. Some people think that Lees wanted to kill Falconio because of this. Some people think that she might have asked Murdoch to kill Falconio for her.
History
Bradley John Murdoch sold drugs to people. Falconio and Lees liked to use drugs. It is thought that they knew each other, and that Falconio and Lees bought drugs from Murdoch. Falconio owed a lot of money in taxes, and he was scared. Falconio had told people that he wanted to fake his own death. Many people say they saw Falconio over a week after police say that he died. It was known that Murdoch had hurt people before this. He had once shot at some aborigines just for fun. He had told people that he thought he was being followed and was going to get rid of them. Some people think that he raped some women too.
Result
This remains a great mystery and many people have different stories as to what really happened. A movie called Wolf Creek was made that is similar to the story. It was not allowed to be shown until after the trial.
2001 crimes
2001 deaths
2000s in Australia
British people murdered abroad
English murder victims
Missing people
Murder in Australia
Murder in the 21st century
Northern Territory
People declared dead in absentia
People from West Yorkshire |
27514 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Howard | John Howard | John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939) is a former Australian politician who was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. John Howard is the second longest serving prime minister of Australia after Robert Menzies. John Howard is a member of the Liberal Party.
John Howard was a lawyer before he became a politician. He was in parliament from 1974 until 2007. From 1977 to 1983 he was the Treasurer in Malcolm Fraser's government. Malcolm Fraser lost the 1987 election to Bob Hawke. On 24 November 2007, John Howard lost to Kevin Rudd and his parliamentary seat to Maxine McKew. He became the second prime minister to lose a parliamentary seat after Stanley Bruce in 1929.
Early life
John Howard is the fourth son of Mona (nee Kell) and Lyall Howard. His parents were married in 1925. His eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert (Bob) in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill, and a sympathiser with the New Guard. Howard's ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish.
Howard was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood, in a Methodist family. His mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his paternal grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations. Howard worked there as a boy.
Howard suffered from a hearing impairment in his youth. It ruled out the chances of him becoming a barrister as a likely career from his mind. To this day, John wears a hearing aid.
Prime Minister (1996-2007)
First term
One of Howard's first initiatives was to unite the state governments of Australia to place a ban on gun ownership in Australia. This move came after the Port Arthur Massacre in Tasmania in 1996, where 35 people were killed and a further 37 injured at the hands of a gunman. In 1998, Howard and his Treasurer, Peter Costello took a big tax reform (the GST) to the election and won.
Second term
In 1999 John Howard's government held a referendum on whether Australia should become a republic and have a President instead of a Queen. However, John Howard did not support the referendum and urged people to vote no. The Australian Labor Party opposition led by Kim Beazley criticised John Howard's handling of the 1998 Australian Waterfront Dispute.
In 1999, Howard led a United Nations force into East Timor (INTERFET), to help them set up an independent democracy.
Third term
After the September 11 attacks, John Howard was involved in world issues. He was close with George W. Bush who was the leader of the United States. George Bush called John Howard a "key ally". John Howard sent SAS troops to Afghanistan and Iraq to support the United States, and signed a free trade agreement with the United States. Despite this alliance, Australia remained fairly neutral on Israel and Palestine.
Like before Howard, Australian trade with Asia got bigger while John Howard was leader. He invited the Chinese leader Hu Jintao to speak to the Australian Parliament for the first time. After the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, John Howard called the President of Indonesia and offered a billion dollars to help. John Howard increased immigration a lot and people came to Australia from all over the world, but he tried to stop boats of people coming without asking for visas first.
Fourth term
In 2005, he made it easier for bosses to get rid of workers by introducing the controversial WorkChoices industrial legislation introduced by his Workplace Relations Minister Kevin Andrews. This upset people and the Labor Party became more popular. On 24 November 2007, Kevin Rudd won an election and John Howard stopped being Prime Minister. John Howard also lost his seat in the Parliament to the Labor Party candidate Maxine McKew, a former ABC TV journalist.
References
1939 births
Living people
Australian Anglicans
Australian lawyers
Commonwealth Chairpersons-in-Office
Leaders of the Opposition (Australia)
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Monarchists
Politicians from Sydney
Prime Ministers of Australia
Treasurers of Australia
University of Sydney alumni |
27517 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20language | Swedish language | Swedish () is a language mostly spoken in Sweden and in parts of Finland, typically along the southern and western coasts and on the Åland islands. More than nine million people speak Swedish. It is similar to two of the other Scandinavian languages, Norwegian and Danish, and a person who understands one of these languages can understand the others. Other Scandinavian languages, such as Icelandic and Faroese, are less closely related and cannot be understood by Swedish speakers. Standard Swedish is spoken and written throughout Sweden, but there are some local dialects with differences in grammar and vocabulary in small towns and rural areas.
Swedish began as a dialect of Old Norse, which was a language that everyone in Scandinavia understood during the Viking Age. Around the 12th century Swedish began to slowly become different from the other dialects. These dialects later became what we today call Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese and Danish. Swedish is a Germanic language with some similarities to English because of the Vikings that invaded England in the 10th Century. It is even more similar to German and Dutch, partly because of the Hanseatic League of the Middle Ages, when Sweden traded very openly with Germany.
There are three characters in the Swedish language that are not used in English. These are å, ä and ö. The letter å is a vowel sound between [a] and [o], similar to the English word awe. The letter ä is a vowel sound similar to [ɛ], like in the English word bed. The letter ö is a vowel sound between [o] and [ɛ], pronounced [øː] like the u in the English word burn. These characters are also used in the Finnish language, while Norwegian and Danish languages replace ä and ö with similar characters æ and ø.
Swedish also has some important differences in grammar. Definite articles are suffixed onto the end of their nouns, so ett hus (a house) becomes huset (the house). Also unlike English, Swedish uses two grammatical genders called Common and Neuter. Nouns of the Common gender are sometimes called "en words", and many words for living (or once-living) things are "en words". Nouns of the Neuter gender are sometimes called "ett words".
Example of some words in Swedish
Basic Swedish Expressions
References
Other websites
Swedish Dictionary from Webster's Dictionary
An introduction to Swedish
Lexin Swedish-English dictionary
Germanic languages
Languages of Europe
Swedish culture |
27519 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Mikac | Walter Mikac | Walter Mikac is an Australian writer and motivational speaker.
Walter Mikac's wife and two small children were killed at the Port Arthur massacre. He has written two books, one called To Have And To Hold and the other is called Circle of Life: Sustenance for the Soul. It is about handling grief and tragedy. He helped create the Alannah and Madeline Foundation to help children who are the victims of violent crime
Other websites
The Alannah and Madeline Foundation
Walter Mikac - Saxton Speaker Bureau
The Port Arthur Massacre - Crime Library
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian writers |
27525 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Bryant | Martin Bryant | Martin Bryant (born 7 May 1967) is an Australian criminal who killed 35 people in Tasmania in 1996, in the Port Arthur massacre. He is now in prison for the most murders in Australian recorded history.
Bryant has been given a sentence of life in jail for each of the 35 murders. He is never to be released. He is held in solitary confinement (by himself) in Hobart's Risdon Prison.
Martin Bryant is believed to have an IQ (thinking level) of an 11-year-old. Guards and doctors report that his only interest seems to be himself. He has tried to kill himself several times in prison.
References
1967 births
Living people
Australian murderers
Australian prisoners
People convicted of murder
People from Tasmania |
27526 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%20League | Rugby League | Rugby League is a ball sport. Two teams of thirteen players play against each other. The ball used is oval in shape. The field is a rectangle shape. It is 100 metres long and 70 metres wide. It is played for 80 minutes (40 minutes each half).
A try is scored when a player scores or touches the ball down in the in-goal area (the try line included). A try is worth 4 points and if its converted (the goal kicker kicks the ball in between the top of the goal post), the team gets an extra 2 points. Another method of scoring points is through drop goals which are worth 1 point, or penalty goals which are worth 2 points.
Rugby League is played in over 30 countries in the world. The countries that play it the most are Australia, England, Ireland and New Zealand. The Rugby League World Cup has been played by Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland, France, Wales, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Scotland, United States, Italy, Cook Islands, Lebanon, Russia and South Africa. The current world champions are Australia, who won the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. The 2021 Rugby League World Cup will be held in England.
Other websites
Rugby |
27528 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin%20Hoffman | Dustin Hoffman | Dustin Hoffman (born August 8, 1937) is an American actor. He has been in many movies.
Early life
Hoffman was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the younger son of Lillian, a jazz pianist, and Harry Hoffman, who worked as a prop supervisor/set decorator at Columbia Pictures before becoming a furniture salesman. His brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman's family was Jewish, although he was not brought up religious. His family was also from Yviv in what is now Ukraine. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1955.
Dustin Hoffman's movies
Hoffman starred in The Graduate, Midnight Cowboy, Marathon Man, All the President's Men, Kramer vs. Kramer, Tootsie, Stranger than Fiction, Meet the Fockers and Rain Man.
Personal life
In 2013, Hoffman had successful treatment for cancer.
References
Other websites
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer survivors
Jewish American actors
Kennedy Center honorees
Movie producers from California
1937 births
Living people
Ukrainian Americans |
27529 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopper%20Read | Chopper Read | Mark Brandon "Chopper" Read (November 17, 1954 – October 9, 2013) was an Australian mobster who was born in Melbourne, Victoria. During his criminal career in the Melbourne mafia scene, he was convicted of many crimes, including armed robbery, assault, attempted murder, arson, impersonating a police officer and kidnapping. Read retired from a life of crime and wrote a series of fiction books based on his life as a criminal.
Read started his criminal career as a child; robbing drug dealers as a teenager. During this time he was the leader of a gang. While in prison as an adult, Read made another prisoner cut off his ears so he could leave prison where a gang wanted to have him killed. Read claims that he killed 19 people during his time as a criminal. His first book was written in 1991 while he was in prison. In 2000, a movie called Chopper was made about Read's life and based on his books, it stars Eric Bana as Read.
Read has stated that he had attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, hepatitis C, cirrhosis and liver cancer. He died of liver cancer in Melbourne.
References
1954 births
2013 deaths
Arsonists
Australian criminals
Autobiographers
Cancer deaths in Victoria (Australia)
Deaths from liver cancer
Kidnappers
Mafia
People convicted of assault
People convicted of attempted murder
Robbers
Writers from Melbourne |
27530 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle%20McFeast | Elle McFeast | Elle McFeast was a fictional character played by Australian comedienne Libbi Gorr, who started off on a show with Andrew Denton about sport in Australia called "Live and Sweaty". Gorr made up her character's name to make fun of Australian model Elle Macpherson. "McFeast" was the name of a hamburger from McDonald's.
McFeast had her own show for many years in Australia. She talked about many scary things, like jails and criminals, and made fun of them. One day she interviewed Chopper Read on her show. He was so scary that she had to stop her show.
Television characters |
27531 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle%20Macpherson | Elle Macpherson | Elle Macpherson (born Eleanor Nancy Gow on 29 March 1964, in Killara, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian supermodel and actress. She first became famous because of her advertisements for Coca-Cola where she wore a string bikini. She became a supermodel and became very famous. She is part owner of a cafe in America. She has been in a movie called Sirens. Macpherson is nicknamed "the body" because some people say she has a perfect body.
In 2010, she became the host and executive producer of Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. She is currently the host and an executive producer NBC's Fashion Star.
Personal life
Macpherson met Gilles Bensimon in 1984 on a photo-session for Elle magazine. They were married in May 1986, and divorced in 1989.
Macpherson has two sons, Arpad Flynn Alexander Busson (born 14 February 1998), and Aurelius Cy Andrea Busson (born 4 February 2003). The father is her former partner, French financier Arpad Busson.
Macpherson lives most of the time in Britain along with her two sons. She speaks fluent French and conversational Italian and Spanish.
From 2010 to early 2012, Macpherson was in a relationship with property developer Jeff Soffer.
Filmography
References
1964 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian models
Actors from Sydney |
27532 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Denton | Andrew Denton | Andrew Christopher Denton is an Australian comedian and television presenter who likes to make fun of politics. He is famous for his comedy and interviewing technique.
Career
Andrew Denton used to have a television programme about sports in Australia called Live and Sweaty. He now has a programme called Enough Rope where he interviews people about politics.
References
Australian comedians
Australian television presenters
1960 births
Living people
People from Sydney |
27533 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene%20Rivkin | Rene Rivkin | Rene Rivkin (June 6, 1944 – May 1, 2005) was an Australian man, born in Shanghai, who made much money by buying stocks and shares on the Australian stockmarket. Rivkin had his own television show and magazine to help people to make money. Rivkin had cheated to make money from the stock market. Rivkin became depressed. Rivkin was put in jail. He was released, and killed himself in Sydney. Before killing himself, Rivkin said on a television show called "Enough Rope" with Andrew Denton that if he went to jail he would kill himself. Andrew Denton has said that he is very sad about this.
1944 births
2005 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Australian criminals
People from Shanghai
People from Sydney
Suicides in Australia |
27534 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Bana | Eric Bana | Eric Bana AM (born Eric Banadinović on 9 August 1968) is an Australian actor. He was a comedian for a long time, and he was in a show called The Comedy Company. He then became a serious actor in the movie Chopper which is a biopic of criminal Chopper Read. His careerstarted with the sketch series Full Frontal. He became known for his role in the comedy drama The Castle (1997). Bana also acted in the movies Troy and Hulk.
References
Other websites
Australian comedians
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Actors from Melbourne
Stand-up comedians
Television producers
Television writers
1968 births
Living people |
27536 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American%20Vernacular%20English | African-American Vernacular English | African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a name for the way that some African-American people talk in English. Linguists named AAVE, which is used by some non-black people. Some of the dialect's pronunciations and grammar are similar to how people talk in West Africa.
AAVE first came about in the 16th and the 17th centuries. It became famous in 1996, when some educators in Oakland, California, said they wanted to use AAVE to help teach black kids. They called it Ebonics, but the term often has a negative connotation.
There are many rules that govern how the sounds of AAVE are different from Standard English. Some have to do with pronunciation and vocabulary (or lexicon), but most have to do with grammar, including verb tenses and sentence structure.
Hip hop music has made AAVE more famous since the 1980s. Some people think it is cool and try to speak or learn it even if they are not really familiar with it. Some non-black people speak it well.
Phonology
Many features set AAVE apart from other forms of American English (particularly, General American). McWhorter argues that what truly unites all AAVE accents is a uniquely wide-ranging intonation pattern or "melody", which characterizes even the most "neutral" or light African-American accent.
Many multisyllabic words in AAVE differ from General American in their stress placement. For example, police, guitar, and Detroit are pronounced with initial stress instead of stress on the last syllable or neutral stress.
Related pages
Southern American English
References
African-American history
American English |
27538 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/60s%20BC | 60s BC |
Things that happened
Philip II Philoromaeus ruled parts of Syris for a short time.
Important people
Pompey, Roman general, lived 106–48 BC
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, lived 132–62 BC
Philip II Philoromaeus
Gaius Antonius Hybrida, became praetor in 66 BC |
27542 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Vialls | Joe Vialls | Joe Vialls ( 1944 – 17 July 2005) was an Australian Internet journalist and conspiracy theorist. He was once a policeman and detective, but became a private investigator. He is most famous for writing many stories on the Internet about famous things that have happened around the world.
On April 17, 1984, a police woman called Yvonne Fletcher was killed while she was in London. Joe Vialls told people that he knew why she was really killed. Because of Joe Vialls, police in London spent a long time trying to find out what really happened. In the end, police agreed with Joe Vialls, and they said that they had found out what really happened because of Joe Vialls.
In April 1996, Joe Vialls said that he knew who had really killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, and that it was not Martin Bryant, who police said had killed people. Joe Vialls talked to Wendy Scurr who was there, and Stewart Beattie who was a gun expert, and he also talked to Martin Bryant's mother, to find out what really happened. Joe Vialls wrote a book and had many articles talking about what he thinks really happened. You can see 9 articles that Joe Vialls wrote here . Joe Vialls says that the Australian government killed people so that they could take guns away from people. This is the same story that the Australian National Rifle Association says.
References
Other websites
JoeVialls.net
Vialls, Joe
Australian journalists
1944 births
2005 deaths
People from Perth, Western Australia |
27545 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatts%20Group%20Limited | Tatts Group Limited | Tatts Group Limited, formerly known as Tattersalls, is the name of a company in Australia that helps people to bet money. Tattersalls has made lots of money. A woman named Helen Harvey owned Tattersalls and had lots of money. When she died, she gave the money to her friend Martin Bryant. When Bryant went to jail after he killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, he had to give all of the money to people who were killed or injured there.
Other websites
Tattersalls website
2006 establishments in Australia
Companies of Australia |
27547 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsukuba%2C%20Ibaraki | Tsukuba, Ibaraki | Tsukuba is a new city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is 50 km northeast of Tokyo and 40 km from Narita International Airport.
It has been recognized as a special city since 2007.
References
Other websites
The Tsukuba Wiki for foreign people
Cities in Japan
Settlements in Ibaraki Prefecture |
27548 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita%20International%20Airport | Narita International Airport | is a Japanese airport that is in Chiba, near Tokyo. It is one of the two primary airports in the Tokyo region.
The airport is east of Tokyo Station and east-southeast of Narita Station in the city of Narita in Chiba Prefecture.
Related pages
List of airports in Japan
References
Other websites
Narita International Airport ;
Airports in Japan
Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Chiba Prefecture |
27563 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pup | Pup | Pup means the babies of several species of animals, such as:
Dog
Other members of the canine family (a group of animals)
Seal
Shark
Fox
Mouse
Ring-tailed lemur
Rat
Pig
stingray
Pup could also mean:
Sopwith Pup, a biplane fighter aircraft with only one seat. It was used by the British in World War I |
27564 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor | Monitor | The word monitor is a Latin word for warner or suggester. The many uses of the word are listed below.
Display technology
A computer monitor (display screen)
A medical monitor, or any other hardware device that measures electrical events, such as a heart rate monitor
A speaker used on stage (facing the musicians) or in a studio to enable musicians to hear what is being performed
A video monitor, a television-like device used in studio, lab or test environments
A baby monitor, which lets parents hear what happens in their babies room from other parts of the house
Roles or positions
A hall monitor, one who patrols the hall of a school
Warships
USS Monitor, the ironclad warship of the American Civil War
A monitor (warship), a type of ship based on the USS Monitor and built by several navies for coastal defense in the 1860s and 1870s. It reappeared in a different form during the World War I and lasted until the end of World War II
A river monitor, the strongest type of river warships
Other meanings
Monitor lizards, a family of large tropical lizards (Varanidae)
Related pages
Monitoring
fi:Näyttö |
27568 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chest | Chest | The chest is the front part of the torso. It is between the neck and abdomen.
In mammals, the parts that make up the thorax are the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs. It starts from the neck and stops at the diaphragm.
In insects and crustaceans, it is the middle of the three main body sections. The walking legs are usually on the thorax.
Torso |
27585 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn | Blackburn | Blackburn is a town in Lancashire, England. The town has a population of about 105,000 people.
Blackburn is mentioned in one of the Beatles' songs. The town's football team is Blackburn Rovers F.C.
References
Towns in Lancashire |
27586 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield | Springfield | Springfield can be:
Springfield, Illinois, U.S. city
Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. city
Rick Springfield, musician and actor
Dusty Springfield, singer |
27589 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Security%20Agency | National Security Agency | The National Security Agency (NSA) is part of the US government. The agency was started in 1952, and its main office is in Maryland.
Its stated goal is to protect the US people by
Worldwide "earsdropping," secretly listening to what people are saying in other countries. It monitors, collects, decodes, translates and analyses information and data. That is known as signals intelligence (SIGINT).
Protecting the US from eavesdropping and SIGINT spying by foreign governments and agencies, called "penetration and network warfare." The agency does so by clandestine (secret) means, such as bugging electronic systems, and sabotaging their computer networks with viral software.
Related pages
Central Intelligence Agency
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Venona project
References
Official NSA website
NSA for kids
Further reading
Bamford, James, The Puzzle Palace, Penguin Books, .
Bamford, James, The Shadow Factory, Anchor Books, 2009, .
Church Committee, Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: 1976 US Senate Report on Illegal Wiretaps and Domestic Spying by the FBI, CIA and NSA, Red and Black Publishers (May 1, 2008).
Aid, Matthew, The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency, 432 pages, , Bloomsbury Press (June 9, 2009).
Shaker, Richard J. "The Agency That Came in from the Cold." (Archive, Archive #2) Notices. American Mathematical Society. May/June 1992 pp. 408–411.
"National Security Agency Releases History of Cold War Intelligence Activities." George Washington University. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 260. Posted November 14, 2008.
1952 establishments in the United States
National security
United States Department of Defense agencies
United States government agencies |
27591 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Wadlow | Robert Wadlow | Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22, 1918 – July 15, 1940) was the tallest person who ever lived.
Early life
Robert Pershing Wadlow was born to Addie Johnson and Harold Wadlow in Alton, Illinois on February 22, 1918, and was the oldest of five children. During elementary school, they had to make a special desk for him because of his size. In 1936, after graduating from Alton High School, he enrolled in Shurtleff College with the intention of studying law.
Height
Robert Wadlow was normal at birth but started growing abnormally when he was two, after a double hernia operation. He was six feet tall at age six. By the time he was 17, he was eight feet tall. Because he was so tall, he got lots of attention and became very famous, but his bones were very weak and he had to wear leg braces. In 1940, he was walking in a Fourth of July parade, when one of his braces made his ankle get infected; he died on the 15th of that month. When he died he was 8' 11.1". Robert was 6' 5" on his knees.
Death
Wadlow died at the age of 22. Four days later, at his funeral, 40,000 people attended and it took 12 people to carry his coffin. People remember him as the "Gentle Giant" and there is a statue of him at the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Dental Medicine. People now say Wadlow had something called gigantism, which made him so tall.
References
1918 births
1940 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in the United States
People from Alton, Illinois
World record holders
Deaths from hernia |
27592 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code | Code | A code is a way of changing information into something else. Sometimes this is done as a way of keeping a message secret. This is called encryption or cryptography.
One source gives this explanation: a code is "a word, number or some other symbol used to represent a word, phrase or syllable in plaintext". It is one of the earliest forms of cryptography. Contrast code with cypher, in which the individual letters are encrypted (changed).
Sometimes it is done as an easier way of sending a message. For example, when people on two different boats want to send a message, they may be too far away to shout, but they can send messages with a flag code. Another code that people use is called Morse code, which changes letters to dots and dashes, like this:
SOS: ···−−−···
Computers use codes, by changing letters into 1's and 0's. This method was invented for punched tape. Now the usual alphanumeric code is ASCII.
Some people write codes as a kind of game. They think it is fun to make ciphers, and fun to break them. Breaking a code means taking it apart to understand how it works, and then you can understand messages that are written in that code. Cryptanalysis is also serious business. Nations and other organizations have been breaking each other's ciphers for many centuries.
The algorithm (code) for making a message secret is called the encryption algorithm. To change a secret message back a decryption algorithm is needed.
References
Cryptography
Human communication |
27594 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender | Goaltender | For the similar jobs in other sports, see Goalkeeper.
The goaltender (also known colloquially as goalie or netminder) in ice hockey is the player who defends his team's goal net by stopping shots of the puck from entering his team's net, thus stopping the other team from scoring. They usually stay close to the net.
At the very end of a game, if a team is losing by one goal, teams may take their goaltender out of the game and replace him with another player. This makes it more likely that they will score a goal, however, it is also much easier for the other team to score without anybody defending the goal.
Ice hockey positions |
27627 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies | Wikispecies | Wikispecies is a sister project of Wikipedia, and so it is a wiki supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a free directory of species that wants to make a full catalogue of all living things. It tells of how species are classified into groups (taxonomy), and how those groups are similar to one another. It calls itself the "directory of life".
It is supposed to be written and used by scientists, not by normal people. The people who write Wikispecies do not need to show their education but need to show their general understanding in the area.
It was started in August 2004, with biologists around the world invited to help. Now, the project has become a good directory listing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species since April 2005. The links are provided in different languages.
The articles in Wikispecies are all written in the Latin names, so that scientists around the world, no matter what language that use, can use the website. There is information in the article telling people what the article's living thing is called in every other language that has a common name for it. Still, Wikispecies is mostly in English; its main page is in English, and it is run in English.
The taxoboxes in Wikipedia come from Wikispecies, where people in Wikipedia can go to refer.
As of July 1, 2014, Wikispecies has over 400,000 articles.
References
Other websites
Official Site
Simple English version
WikiSpecies Community Portal
Wikimedia
Science websites
Websites established in 2004 |
27709 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopp%20Lagoon | Lopp Lagoon | Lopp Lagoon is a tidal lake on Cape Prince of Wales (the westernmost tip of the Seward Peninsula) in the U.S. state of Alaska. Many creeks empty into it, but the most water comes from the Mint River. Some salt water from the Pacific Ocean also enters the lagoon through several channels between it and the Bering Strait.
It was named in 1900 for William Thomas "W.T." Lopp, the civilian leader of the 1897–8 Overland Expedition.
Historically, Lopp Lagoon has been an important source of food (salmon and waterfowl) for people living in the Wales, Alaska area.
References
USGS (no permanent link available)
Smith, Kathleen Lopp, Ed. Ice Window: Letters from a Bering Strait Village, 1892-1902. Juneau, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2002.
Northwest Arctic Subarea Contingency Plan from the Alaska Regional Response Team (PDF file)
Lakes of the United States
Geography of Alaska
Lagoons |
27710 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh%20people | Welsh people | The Welsh are people from Wales, a country in the United Kingdom. Welsh people speak two languages, Welsh and English. They can also speak other languages occasionally.
Celtic peoples
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom |
27711 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/League%20of%20Nations | League of Nations | The League of Nations (French: Société des Nations) was the predecessor to the United Nations. The League was founded in 1920, after World War I, but failed to maintain peace and prevent World War II. The League had a Council of the great powers and an Assembly of all of its member countries.
The League of Nations was thought up by US President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. It was to be a group of nations that worked together to keep peace. One of the reasons for its downfall was that, after a vote, the US Senate refused to join.
The League did not have the power to enforce any of its rules. That later proved to be a fatal flaw in the League's structure.
Another flaw in the League was that it was not representative enough. It never had more than 65 members, and the interests of the great powers often outweighed those of weaker members.
The League also had no troops of its own, and the decisions that it made were often slow. For example, when the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria (North-eastern China) in 1931, the League took a whole year to decide to tell Japan to leave. Instead, Japan left the League. When Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935, the League condemned it more quickly. Italy simply left the League and finished its conquest. After these disasters, the League was thought to be weak and powerless and stopped operations in 1939.
The League did not fail completely since it had prevented a few conflicts in Europe in the 1920s and worked hard to relieve various public health and social problems around the world.
In 1946, the inactive League of Nations formally ended and was replaced by the United Nations, which still does many of the same things that the League of Nations did.
United States
US President Woodrow Wilson arranged a plan for a "government of governments", or an international peacekeeping force. The idea was to settle problems between nations peacefully. Wilson tried to persuade the international community that the League would discourage aggression and tackle the underlying problems that often lead to war such as poverty. Wilson was, however, unable to convince the American public into supporting the League. The United States did not want to be part of Wilson’s approach for three reasons:
First, the United States had many German immigrants, who hated the Treaty of Versailles for blaming Germany for the war and making it pay heavy war reparations. To join the League of Nations, a country had to agree and accept the Treaty of Versailles. The German American people did not accept the treaty.
Second, Americans did not want to risk more Americans dying in another European war, like in World War I. They also felt that it would result in pointless actions such as sending soldiers all around the globe to sort out small disputes. That attitude was called isolationism. Most Americans felt it would be best to avoid British and other European affairs completely.
Third, the granting of women's voting rights in the United States brought a huge new voting block, which overwhelmingly desired to turn inward. Women were even more likely than men to oppose war and to be isolationist.
Members
1920
These countries joined League of Nations in 1920:
Argentina (left in 1921 and joined again in 1933)
Australia
Belgium
Bolivia
Brazil (left the organization in 1926)
British Empire
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
Dominion of Canada,
Commonwealth of Australia,
Federation of New Zealand,
Union of South Africa
Canada
Chile (left in 1938)
China
Colombia
Cuba
Czechoslovakia (left in 1939)
Denmark (left in 1940)
El Salvador (left in 1937)
France
Greece
(left in 1936)
(left in 1942)
(left in 1936)
India
Italy
Japan
(left in 1936)
(left in 1935)
(left in 1939)
(left in 1940)
(left in 1939)
Other websites
1919 establishments
1946 disestablishments
Geneva |
27713 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiolingual%20method | Audiolingual method | The Audiolingual Method is a method for teaching foreign languages. Linguists at the University of Michigan invented this method in the late 1950s. In the Audiolingual method, students first hear a language. Later, they speak the language, and after that, they read and write in it. This way of language teaching is similar to the Direct Method. Like the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not use the students’ native language. For example, if you are in an English class in Turkey, the teacher only speaks English, and no Turkish. However, unlike the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not teach vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drills grammar. In the Audiolingual method, grammar is most important for the student. In other words, the student must repeat grammar patterns after the teacher. The students do not learn lots of vocabulary. This method also uses psychology. The students get a reward for speaking correctly. They get punishment if they speak incorrectly; because it is based on habit formation, which is establishesd by stimulus, response and reinforcement. It gives priority to speaking the target language, and using the native language is not allowed.
Learning
Language |
27716 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro | Montenegro | Montenegro (meaning Black Mountain) is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is on the Adriatic Sea, between Albania (to the South) and Croatia to the North. Inland (to the East and South-East) it also has a common border with Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The country came to exist when its people decided to split from the country Serbia and Montenegro on May 21, 2006. For most of the 20th century it was part of Yugoslavia. It had also been independent before World War I and existed as a kingdom. Its leader is Filip Vujanović.
The national song is called Oj, svijetla majska zoroMontenegrin Cyrillic: Ој, свијетла мајска зоро"Oh, Bright Dawn of May."
The size of the economy's GDP is $4.114 billion and it has a population of 625,000 people. The traditional old capital of Montenegro is Cetinje, but Podgorica is the new one. The country adopted the Euro unilaterally as Montenegro does not have its own currency, but the adoption has raised the national debt to 57 percent of GDP in 2011.
Geography
History
Economy
Demographics
There are 621,873 people in Montenegro in 2020.
Related pages
List of rivers of Montenegro
Montenegro at the Olympics
Montenegro national football team
References
European Union candidate states |
27722 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20eclipse | Solar eclipse | As seen from Earth, a solar eclipse /ee-klips/ happens when the Moon is directly between the Earth and the Sun. This makes the Moon fully or partially (partly) cover the sun. Solar eclipses can only happen during a new moon. Every year there are about two solar eclipses. Sometimes there are even five solar eclipses in a year. However, only two of these can be total solar eclipses, and often a year will pass without a total eclipse.
The area in which an eclipse is total is only a narrow track along the Earth. Totality lasts only a few minutes. Outside this path, all eclipses are partial, and places far from the track get no eclipse at all. The track can be predicted many years before it happens.
A total solar eclipse is a natural phenomenon (event). Long ago, solar eclipses were thought to happen because of something supernatural or as a sign that something bad was going to happen. This is still believed in some cultures today. A total solar eclipse can frighten people who do not know what it means, because the Sun seems to disappear during the day and the sky turns dark in just a few minutes. Other people like to go to the eclipse path for a good view.
Solar eclipses happen somewhere on Earth almost every year, and very similar solar eclipses happen every 18 years, 11.3 days. This period is called the Saros cycle.
Types
There are four different types of solar eclipses:
A total eclipse is when the Sun is completely hidden behind the Moon. The dark shadow of the Moon covers the very bright surface of the Sun. This makes the corona easier to see.
An annular eclipse is when the Sun is directly behind the moon, but it looks like the Moon is smaller. This makes the Sun appear as a very bright ring or annulus around the shape of the Moon.
A hybrid eclipse (also called annular/total eclipse) is when it looks like a total eclipse in some parts of the Earth, and an annular eclipse in other parts. Hybrid eclipses do not happen as often as other eclipses.
A partial eclipse is when the moon is not exactly between the Sun and Earth, so it does not hide the Sun completely. This can usually be seen from a large part of the Earth.
The Sun's distance from the Earth is about 400 times the Moon's distance, and the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as big as the Moon's. This is why the Sun and Moon seem to be about the same size from Earth.
Looking at a solar eclipse
Looking directly at the bright surface of the Sun itself can hurt the retina of the eye greatly because of the radiation that comes from the Sun. It can even blind people. The retina does not feel pain, so damage may not be felt for hours.
The Sun is usually so bright that it is hard to look at it directly. However, when the Sun is covered in an eclipse, it is easier to look at it. Looking at the Sun during an eclipse is equally dangerous, except in the very short time when the Sun's surface is completely covered. Looking at the Sun's surface through binoculars, a telescope, or even a camera is extremely dangerous and can damage the eye in less than a second.
Looking at the Sun without an eclipse does not usually hurt the eye very greatly, because the pupil of the eye closes down and makes everything darker. If the Sun is almost completely covered, the pupil opens because there is not as much light. However, the parts of the Sun that can be seen are still equally bright, and can hurt the eye very much.
Related pages
Eclipse
Lunar eclipse
References
Other websites
Solar eclipse of January 15, 2010, Fred Espenak, NASA
Detailed eclipse explanations and predictions, Hermit Eclipse
Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site
World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths , Fred Espenak
Solar eclipse time sequence
NASA's Eclipse Home Page , Fred Espenak
Animated maps of past and future solar eclipses
Search among the 11,898 solar eclipses over five millennium and display interactive maps
Looking Back at an Eclipsed Earth 1999 August 11 from Mir EO-27 - Astronomy Picture of the Day 10 June 2007
Animated explanation of the mechanics of a solar eclipse , University of Glamorgan
Eclipse Image Gallery at The World at Night
Eye safety
Eye Safety During Solar Eclipses , F. Espenak (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)
How to Watch a Partial Solar Eclipse Safely , A. M. MacRobert (Sky & Telescope magazine)
UK hospitals assess eye damage after solar eclipse, British Medical Journal, August 21, 1999, p. 319–469
Astronomical phenomena
Eclipses |
27724 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Fischer | Kate Fischer | Kate Fischer (born November 30, 1973) is an Australian model and actress. She was a very famous model for a long time. She had a job working on television on a cartoon program with a puppet called "Agro". She was in a movie called Sirens with Elle Macpherson and Sam Neill.
Other websites
Official website
Rotten Tomatoes - Kate Fischer
It Takes Two official website
1973 births
Living people
Fischer, Kate
Actors from Adelaide
Australian models
Australian movie actors |
27731 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton%2C%20Illinois | Alton, Illinois | Alton is a city in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States. About 34,500 people lived in Alton as of the year 2006.
References
Other websites
Official Website for the City of Alton
Cities in Illinois |
27733 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian | Armenian | Armenian may mean:
Armenia, a country in South Caucasia (Transcaucasus)
Armenians, the Armenian people
Armenian language
Armenian alphabet
historical Armenian Kingdom:
Orontid Dynasty, 6th Century BC to 200 BC
Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity) also known as Artaxiad or Arsacid Armenia, 190 BC to AD 387/428.
Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) also known as Bagratid Armenia, AD 885 to 1045.
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1078 to 1375
Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Catholic Church
Armenian Evangelical Church
Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem
Armenian Genocide
Armenian Highland
Related pages
Kingdom of Armenia
Arminianism |
27736 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis | Minneapolis | Minneapolis is a large city in Minnesota next to St. Paul. St. Paul and Minneapolis are known as the Twin Cities because they are right next to each other. Minneapolis is the biggest city in Minnesota with about 392,000 people. The Mississippi River runs through the city.
Etymology
Minneapolis derives from Minne ha-ha and the Greek word for "city" or polis. Thus Minneapolis means "City of Waters." A nearby city called St. Anthony then joined with Minneapolis. The first mayor was Dorilus Morrison.
History
The American Indians first lived in Minneapolis around Lake Calhoun and St. Anthony Falls waterfall. They are called the Dakota or Ojibwe. They thought St. Anthony Falls was a spiritual place. Dakota hunted, fished, and planted food. The United States wanted the land in 1800 and bought it with the Louisiana Purchase. The army built Fort Snelling. Soon, people from the East Coast or "Yankees" came to Minneapolis. They used the waterfall for their flour mills. They named the new city Minneapolis.
Land and weather
Minneapolis is flat near the river and hilly away from it. The city is also in the middle of the country. The weather is like many places in America with hot summers and cold winters. The winter is very long, very cold, and there is almost no spring. The summer, on the contrary, is humid, meaning a lot of water is in the air. Mosquitos are also common in the city.
People
Minneapolis residents are sometimes known as "Minnesota Nice." That means that they are generally more polite than other people. Most residents of Minneapolis live in houses and apartments, and some now live in tall buildings like condos. Kids and parents work and play in the city. Many different people make up what is Minneapolis today. After the Dakota Indian were people from Britain, French Canada, and Spanish Mexico. They were followed by Scandinavians who are from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. Soon people from almost all parts of the world started arriving including East Europe, Russia, and Asia. Today the newcomers are from East Africa (Somali) and Southeast Asia (Hmong). Once, Minneapolis was even larger than it is today with 520,000 people. Later, many people moved away to suburbs.
Work and shopping
Numerous large companies are located Downtown in skyscrapers. These include lawyers, doctors and people in banks. They work near Nicollet Mall where there are restaurants and shops. Minneapolis also has neighborhoods. People there work in small stores too, like barber shops, grocery stores, hardware stores, and coffee shops. Internet is widely available in Minneapolis for work and other purposes.
Theatre and art
There are lots of art and shows in the city. The biggest theater is the Guthrie Theater, and the Children's Theatre Company puts on productions directed at younger audiences. There are also art museums, such as the Minneapolis Institute of Arts and the Walker Art Center.
Sports
Minneapolis hosts lots of sport teams for the state. The Minnesota Vikings play at US Bank Stadium. The Minnesota Twins at Target Field. Nearby is the Target Center where the Minnesota Timberwolves play.
References
County seats in Minnesota |
27737 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Louis | St. Louis | St. Louis is a large and major city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is by the Mississippi River. It was founded by the French. It was named after King Louis IX of France, who is also a Saint. It is often called the "Gateway City" because it was important to settlers traveling out west. Its most famous landmark is the Gateway Arch.
Climate
St. Louis has a hot-summer continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification) and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are often hot and humid with temperatures in July between 70 and 90 degrees.
Cuisine
St. Louis is famous for a number of dishes made local such as toasted ravioli and pork steaks.
Sports
St. Louis has two major sports both playing in the downtown area; the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. St. Louis had a National Football League team from 1995 to 2015, named the St. Louis Rams, which moved back to Los Angeles, California after that season.
Education
There are many colleges and universities in and around St. Louis. Some of these are Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, Fontbonne University, and Lindenwood University.
References
http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Missouri/St.%20Louis/
Other websites
Built St. Louis
St. Louis Convention & Visitors Bureau
St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association
City-data.com – St. Louis
Washington University - About St. Louis
The City of St. Louis, Missouri
Historic maps of St. Louis in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Missouri counties
Olympic cities
18th-century establishments in New Spain
1764 establishments |
27738 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Coady%20Wedemeyer | Albert Coady Wedemeyer | General Albert Coady Wedemeyer (1897–1989) was an American army officer during World War II.
Wedemeyer was born in Omaha, Nebraska on July 9, 1897. He studied at the United States Military Academy in West Point and graduated in 1919. After the start of World War II, he was made a temporary Lieutenant Colonel in 1941. Between 1941 and 1943, he served as a staff officer in the war-plans division of the U.S. War Department. He was the chief author of the 1941 Victory Program which advocated the defeat of the German armies in Europe. When the U.S. entered the war this plan was adopted and expanded. He helped plan the invasion of Normandy.
In 1943, Wedemeyer was made Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC) in the Southeast Asian Theatre.
Between 1944 and 1946, he was Chief of staff to General Chiang Kai-shek and commander of U.S. forces in China under the command SEAC. The China Burma India Theatre assigned to Joseph Stilwell was split in two with command of the Burma–India theatre going to General Daniel Sultan. Wedemeyer had been commander of the U.S. China Theatre (USFCT) in 1944–1945. He had an intimate knowledge of the Allied airlift from India over the Himalayas into China. This airlift was both to supply the Nationalist Chinese Army and the U.S. Twentieth Air Force engaged on Operation Matterhorn.
In 1948, as the Army Chief of Plans and Operations, Wedemeyer supported Lucius D. Clay's intention to create an airbridge during the Berlin Crisis. His expertise in this area was considerable as he had been U.S. Army theater commander in China during World War II and had been supplied by air over the mountains from India by army transport planes. This earlier operation had been commanded by Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, who was later named to head the Berlin Airlift operation.
Wedemeyer retired in 1951. He was promoted to general in 1954. He died December 17, 1989 in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. His son Albert Dunbar Wedemeyer was a captain in the U.S. army and a Central Intelligence Agency operative.
Other websites
Arlington Cemetery biography
Photo
Berlin Airlift
Britannica biography
Fact Finding Mission to China: Report by Wedemeyer (September 19, 1947)
American people of World War II
People from Omaha, Nebraska
1897 births
1989 deaths
American military people |
27739 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20H.%20Tunner | William H. Tunner | Lt. General William H. Tunner (July 14, 1906 - April 6, 1983) was an American general.
After the Burma Road was cut by the advancing Japanese in early 1942, he organized the Allied logisitical airlift from India in to China over the Hump which was to support Chiang Kai-Shek's Chinese forces and the Flying Tigers until the opening of the Ledo Road. He was the organizer of the Berlin Airlift (1948-49). He was played by Heino Ferch in the film "Nur der Himmel war frei" (2005)
Related pages
General Albert Coady Wedemeyer
1906 births
1983 deaths |
27740 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota%2C%20Florida | Sarasota, Florida | Sarasota is a city on the West coast of Florida, in the United States. It is the place where the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus has its home. In 2000, 52,715 people lived there (US. Census 2000). Many famous people have lived in the city, such as: Tom Cruise (actor), Brian Johnson (band singer), and Paul Reubens (the actor, "Pee-wee Herman").
Twin towns
Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
References
County seats in Florida
1902 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Florida |
27742 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Reubens | Paul Reubens | Paul Reubens (born Paul Rubenfeld; August 27, 1952) is an American actor, writer, movie producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for portraying Pee-wee Herman. He is of Jewish descent. He appeared in many movies and television series in the late 1970s and early 1980s and worked with a group called "The Groundlings". Around this time, Reubens created Pee-Wee for a stage show, which was a parody of old kids programs. In 1985, he starred in a movie called Pee-ee's Big Adventure, which was very successful. The next year, he got his own television program, Pee-wee's Playhouse. It was very popular.
Early life
He was born in Peekskill, New York and grew up in Sarasota, Florida.
Personal life
In 1991, Reubens was arrested for masturbating in an adult movie theatre. This ended the Pee-Wee craze and forced Reubens to stop playing the character.
He has since appeared in many other movies and there have been rumors that he would return as Pee-wee. These rumours have not been denied by any official.
Filmography
Movies
Television
Video games
References
Other websites
Official website
1952 births
Living people
People from Peekskill, New York
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Comedians from New York
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish screenwriters
Movie producers from New York
Writers from New York |
27743 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peekskill%2C%20New%20York | Peekskill, New York | Peekskill is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is the birthplace of New York Governor, George Pataki. Other famous people born there include Paul Reubens and Mel Gibson.
Cities in New York |
27750 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82kinia%20G%C3%B3rna | Małkinia Górna | Małkinia Górna is a village in Małkinia Dolna Community, Ostrowian County (head town of the county: Ostrów Mazowiecka), Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. There is probably the greatest village in Europe (by population) and one of the greatest places without town status.
Area: 6,97 km²
Population (as of 2006): 6000
Stanisław Tym (a famous Polish actor) birthplace
Rail tracks Siedlce-Ostrołęka
Related pages
Ostrów Mazowiecka
Brok
Villages in Poland
Ostrowian County (Poland) |
27754 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Calhoun | John C. Calhoun | John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was the vice president of the United States for John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Calhoun was Vice President under two different presidents. George Clinton is the only other vice president to serve under two presidents. Calhoun's father was an Irish immigrant.
Calhoun is probably best remembered for his strong beliefs in slavery and nullification, which said any US state had the right to reject a federal law if it was unconstitutional. President Andrew Jackson hated nullification and this disagreement started a feud between them. Calhoun was the first vice president in U.S. history to resign from office, doing so on December 28, 1832. In 1844 and 1845 he was United States Secretary of State.
References
Other websites
John C. Calhoun -Citizendium
1782 births
1850 deaths
Politicians from South Carolina
United States Secretaries of State
United States Secretaries of War
19th-century American politicians |
27755 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvis | Pelvis | The pelvis (plural: pelves) is the part of the vertebrate body to which the legs attach. It has a very ancient history. This article is only about the human pelvis.
Pelvis can mean the lower part of the trunk of the human body, between the abdomen and the thighs. Or it can mean just the bones in that region.
The pelvis is at the lower end of the spine. The pelvic skeleton is, at the back, the sacrum and the coccyx. At the front and to the left and right sides, there is a pair of hip bones. The legs are attached at the pelvis.
The pelvis protects the organs used for digesting and for reproduction. It has many muscles attached. The muscles are mostly to do with keeping the body upright and with walking and running. Muscles attach to the bones with tendons. The bones of the pelvis are attached to each other by and to the sacrum by ligaments.
The pelvis bones are symmetrical, the same on both sides.
1. The hip bone made of:
The top part is the ilium
The middle part is called the pubis
The lower part is called the ischium
2. The sacrum
3. The coccyx
Differences between the two sexes
Male and female human pelves are different. The female pelvis is wider and more shallow than the male pelvis. There is not much difference in young children before puberty. After puberty, the female pelvis is significantly larger than in males.
The function of this change is to make the female pelvis able to function in childbirth, when the foetus is born through the pelvis. The space is called the 'birth canal'. There are many variations between one female and another in the structure of the pelvis. These differences have been studied in detail. These days by using ultrasound, the pelvis of pregnant women can be assessed to see if natural birth is likely to go ahead with no problems. The study is part of the medical speciality known as obstetrics.
References
Bones
Human body features |
27757 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%20Episode%20I%3A%20The%20Phantom%20Menace | Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace | Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace is a science fiction movie released in 1999. This movie is the fourth movie that director George Lucas made in the Star Wars series.
Cast
Ian McDiarmid as Senator Palpatine
Ahemed Best as Jar Jar Binks
Kenny Baker as R2-D2
Frank Oz as Yoda
Story
Two Jedi Knights, Master Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi, are sent on a mission by the Galactic Republic to engage in peace talks with the greedy Trade Federation of Neimoidia. They learn that the Neimoidians are sending a blockade to the planet of Naboo. In order to warn the people of Naboo, they transport themselves on Trade Federation battleships, after their ship was destroyed purposely. They reach the swamps of Naboo, separately. Qui-Gon Jinn meets Jar Jar Binks, and they find Obi-Wan. Qui-Gon Jinn asks Jar Jar to tell them of a safe place to hide from the attacking droids. Jar Jar takes them to Otoh Gunga, his birthplace, but Jar Jar was sent into exile from Otoh Gunga years ago. As such, when he returned, Boss Nass, the Gungan leader, ordered Jar Jar to be executed. Obi-Wan, following his master's instructions, rescues Jar Jar and flees to the city of Theed on a bongo, a water transport system. They find the Queen, Amidala, who escapes with them to the Republic, but in the blockade, their ship's engine was damaged.
They barely had enough power to reach Tatooine, and still needed a new T-14 hyperdrive generator so as not to be stuck on the planet forever. They were not able to afford any, as the planet concentrates only on money, not galactic credits. Luckily, they met Anakin Skywalker, a young slave, who helped them gain the money by participating in a very dangerous podracing event. Finding abnormal midi-chlorians in the boy, Qui-Gon attempts to take Anakin as his Padawan, but was disallowed by the Jedi Council. On the other hand, war at Naboo breaks out and during the war, Qui-Gon, who faced a battle with a Sith apprentice named Darth Maul, died in the battle. Obi-Wan agrees to train Anakin as his Padawan. Anakin turns out to be a very successful padawan and later loses his mom.
Other websites
Star Wars Episode 1: The Phantom Menace The Movie Database
1999 movies
1999 science fiction movies
Movies composed by John Williams
Prequel movies
Phantom Menace, The
Movies directed by George Lucas
Movies with underwater settings
3D re-releases |
27758 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%20Episode%20II%3A%20Attack%20of%20the%20Clones | Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones | Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones is an American science fiction movie produced by Lucasfilm and 20th Century Fox. This is the fifth movie that George Lucas made in the Star Wars series. It shows the reasons why Anakin Skywalker eventually became Darth Vader.
Premises
It has been 10 years after the events of the blockade of Naboo and the Senate is deciding to build an army for the Republic as there aren't enough Jedi's to protect the Galaxy and several planets chose to leave the Republic and join the Separtist. As a Bounty Hunter is hired to kill Senator Padme Amidala and Obi-Wan Kenobi and his padawan Anakin Skywalker and after some investigation Obi-Wan Kenobi discovers the creation of a clone army on a planet Kamino in the name of a Jedi killed a decade ago!
Cast
Ewan McGregor as Obi-Wan Kenobi
Natalie Portman as Senator Padmé Amidala
Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker
Christopher Lee as Count Dooku
Ian McDiarmid as Chancellor Palpatine
Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu
Frank Oz as the voice of Yoda
Anthony Daniels as C-3PO
Kenny Baker as R2-D2
Temuera Morrison as Jango Fett
Leeanna Walsman as Zam Wesell
Silas Carson as Nute Gunray
Daniel Logan as Boba Fett
Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks
Story
Senator Padmé Amidala is nearly killed by an unknown assassin, and Supreme Chancellor Palpatine assigns two Jedi knights - Obi-Wan Kenobi and his apprentice Anakin Skywalker - to protect her. Anakin falls in love with Senator Padmé, and a war is started by the Separatists, who are led by the evil Count Dooku. Meanwhile, Obi-Wan Kenobi discovers the army of clone troopers made in the Planet Kamino, which, according to the makers, was ordered by a Jedi Master who was killed ten years back. While chasing the bounty hunter Jango Fett (whose DNA was used to make the clone army), Obi-Wan was captured by the Separatists in Geonosis and was sent off to be executed.
Anakin, meanwhile, was in his home planet of Tatooine, after dreaming of his mother. He tried to rescue his mother but was too late. He later began to hate the Sand People who took and killed his mother.
Padmé comforted him, and later asked him to save Obi-Wan in Geonosis. They too were sentenced to be executed but other Jedi knights came to save them. Master Yoda later arrived, bringing the Clone Troopers along to help the Jedi. But Anakin and Obi-Wan had to fight Count Dooku after they suffered injuries. Yoda comes to their rescue, but Count Dooku gets away.
Meanwhile, in the capital, Coruscant, Supreme Chancellor Palpatine gains more power because of the war.
Related pages
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace
Star Wars: The Clone Wars
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back
Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens
Star Wars Episode VIII:The Last Jedi
References
Other websites
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones at StarWars.com
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones at Moviefone
Star Wars Episode II -Attack of the Clones at The Movie Database
2000 movies
2000 science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Prequel movies
Attack of the Clones
Movies directed by George Lucas
Screenplays by George Lucas |
27760 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%20Mail | Cyprus Mail | The Cyprus Mail is a newspaper written in English based in Cyprus. It is made every day, except Monday. Some of its news can be found on its website.
Other websites
Official website
English-language newspapers published in Asia
Republic of Cyprus |
27761 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision | Collision | A collision occurs when two objects come in contact with each other. All collisions have the same momentum before and after a collision. Examples of collisions include car crashes, bouncing a ball, and playing pool. Collisions are made from two smaller sections called elastic and inelastic collisions.
Elastic Collisions
In the case of playing pool or bouncing a ball, an elastic collision occurs. An elastic collision generally occurs when an elastic or hard object experiences a collision that bounces off another elastic or hard object, where the kinetic energy and momentum are the same before and after the collision. In an experiment, a small amount of energy will still be lost because of the friction between the surface and the objects.
Inelastic Collisions
In the case of a car crash, an inelastic collision occurs. An inelastic collision generally occurs when a soft object experiences a collision that does not result in a bounce. Kinetic energy is lost during this type of collision because the energy is transformed into other forces. The momentum is the same before and after the collision.
Two Dimensional Collisions
In the case of a two dimensional collision, the rules in elastic and inelastic collision are still the same, but vectors are used to find the momentum before or after a collision.
Sources
Duncan, Tom. Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity. John Murray Ltd, 1995.
Wai, Loo Kwok. Longman A-Level Course in Physics: Volume 1. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2003.
Mechanics |
27762 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade | Belgrade | Belgrade is the capital city of the country of Serbia. Before the wars of the 1990s, it was the capital of Yugoslavia.
Belgrade is also one of the most popular travel destinations in Southeastern Europe. It is famous for a very busy nightlife and a lot of entertainment activities.
The main tourist attractions in Belgrade are:
Kalemegdan Fortress
Knez Mihailova Street
Belgrade Zoo
Memorial Complex "Josip Broz Tito"
History
The first settlements on the city's territory date back to Vinča cutlure. The city itself (under the name Singidunum) was founded by the Celtic Scordis tribe in the 3rd century BC. Then it was owned by the Romans, Byzantines, Avars, Slavs, etc. In 878 it was first mentioned as Belgrade. In 1403 it became the Serbian capital. In 1521, the city was conquered by the troops of the Ottoman Empire. In 1815 it again became the capital of Serbia. From 1918 to 2003 it was the capital of Yugoslavia. In 2003-2006, Belgrade was the unofficial capital of the confederal union of the two states of Serbia and Montenegro.
Related pages
Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra
Other websites
WorldFlicks in Belgrade: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps |
27763 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puncknowle | Puncknowle | Puncknowle is a village in Southwest Dorset, England, United Kingdom. In 2001, 491 people lived in it.
Villages in Dorset |
27775 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20economy | Hydrogen economy | A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical future economy in which the primary energy used for automobiles and other vehicles as well as creating electricity comes from hydrogen and renewable energy sources, like windmills and solar panel.
Purpose
The reason to use this is to replace the use of petroleum. It would also stop the use of fossil fuels which causes carbon dioxide along with many other greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide and methane, to be created. These float up into the atmosphere, damaging it. This is bad for the ecology.
Hydrogen
Economics
Energy |
27783 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiosaurus | Brachiosaurus | Brachiosaurus (meaning "Arm lizard") was a herbivorous dinosaur genus that lived in the Upper Jurassic period. The name comes from the fact that the Brachiosaur's front legs were longer than its back legs. Most other dinosaurs had back legs that were longer than their front legs or arms. Brachiosaurus was about 25 m (82 feet) long and 13 meters (42 feet) tall. It was one of the biggest dinosaurs.
Brachiosaurus was a sauropod. Its fossils were found in North America and Asia. At full stretch, Brachiosaurus could reach heights of up to 16 meters (52 feet). The Brachiosaurus skeleton in the Humboldt Museum in Berlin, Germany is both the tallest and largest complete sauropod skeleton. This means that it is also the tallest and largest complete dinosaur skeleton.
Jurassic dinosaurs
Brachiosaurs |
27788 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle | Barnacle | A barnacle is a cirripede, a kind of crustacean. It is covered with hard plates of calcium carbonate, and lives stuck to hard surfaces.
It does not look like a crustacean, and for many centuries it was thought to be a mollusc. In the 1830s, J.V. Thompson found their larvae, and followed their development through to their adult form. They have a nauplius larva, typical of crustaeans. Later Charles Darwin, who spent eight years working on barnacles, found that Thompson had been right.
Barnacles grow on hard surfaces like piers, boats, rocks, and on other animals such as turtles and whales. Barnacles are a different group from crabs and shrimps. They are considered a nuisance to the shipping industry and private boat owners.
Life-style
Barnacles are suspension feeders, sweeping small food into their mouth with their curved 'feet'. They are cemented to rock (usually), and covered with hard calcareous plates, which they shut firmly when the tide goes out. The barnacles reproduce sexually, and produce little nauplius larvae which disperse in the plankton. Eventually, the larvae change into cypris form, and attach on other hard surfaces to form new barnacles. Their comparative anatomy was worked out in detail by Charles Darwin.
Reproduction
Barnacles have the largest penis to body size ratio of the animal kingdom. A few forms have become fully parasitic on larger crustacea.
Barnacles are by far the commonest animals on rocky sea shores. Their numbers on a shore in the Isle of Man have been estimated as a thousand million (109), and they produce body material of 12 hundrededweight (~600 kg) of tissue, weighed after drying. Each year they let go a huge number of larvae, estimated as a million million (1012).p110
Darwin's work
Darwin set his work out in four parts: There were the barnacles on stalks (pedunculated), and those that sat on hard substrate (the sessile barnacles). Each of these was divided into living and fossil barnacles.
1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. Living barnacles.
1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain. Fossil barnacles.
1854: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc.
1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain
Gallery
References
Crustaceans |
27789 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20organization | International organization | An international organization is an organization, active in more than one country. These organizations can not command countries and citizens in a way a government can. Many are intergovernmental organizations meaning that rather than having people as members, they have individual countries as members. They make rules that the different governments follow. The United Nations is such an organization.
Some International organizations operate in many countries but do not have governments as members. The Red Cross is that kind of organization.
Other page
Cosmopolitan
International law
International relations
Non-governmental organization |
27796 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon%20of%20mass%20destruction | Weapon of mass destruction | Weapons of mass destruction are weapons that can cause a lot of damage to many people. In general, people see the following as weapons of mass destruction:
Chemical weapons, like poisonous gases (e.g. nerve gases)
Biological weapons. Those are usually germs, or other small living things that may cause a disease. E.g. Smallpox or Anthrax.
Nuclear weapons
Related pages
CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) weapons
Weapons |
27811 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20Arthur%2C%20Tasmania | Port Arthur, Tasmania | Port Arthur is a small town on the Tasman Peninsula, in Tasmania, Australia. It is about 80 km south east of the state capital, Hobart. It was settled as a penal colony (a very large prison for convicts). Port Arthur is now one of Australia's most important historic areas. In 2010 it was included on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites as one of the Australian Convict Sites. It is officially Tasmania's top tourist attraction. In 1996 the worst mass murder in Australian history took place here.
At the 2006 census, Port Arthur and the local area had a population of 499.
History
Australia's largest penal colony
Port Arthur was named after Van Diemen's Land lieutenant governor George Arthur. It started as a place to cut down timber from the forests in 1830. It is best known for being a penal colony. From 1833, until 1853, criminals from United Kingdom and Ireland were sent to Port Arthur as convicts. The prisoners were kept busy ship with jobs including building the prison, shoemaking, smithing, timber and brick making. In the 1840s there were more than 1100 prisoners. In 1842 the prisoners built a hospital and a big flour mill and grain store. At the time it was built, it was the biggest building in Australia. This was later turned into a cell block. After 1853 convicts from other prisons in Australia were sent to Port Arthur if they did more crimes, or would not behave properly.
In 1864 they started building the Asylum to hold the prisoners who had become insane. During the 1860s and 1870s the prisoners left at the prison were either too old, too sick, or insane to keep working. The prison closed in 1877.
For many years, researchers could not work out whether or not the fossils discovered at Port Arthur were remnants of the dinosaur era.
The Separate Prison
Port Arthur has the best example of a "Separate Prison" system. This system was started at Pentonville prison in London. The Separate Prison (sometimes called the Model Prison) was started in 1848, finished in 1853 and made bigger in 1855. It has 80 prison cells built in the shape of a cross. In the centre is a hall and a chapel. There are exercise yards built between the arms of the cross. The Separate system was a change in the way that prisoners were treated. Instead of physical punishment the system used psychological (mind) punishment. It was thought that physical punishment, such as whippings, only made prisoners worse. It did not turn bad people into good people. In the Separate prison they used the "Silent System". Prisoners wore a hood over their heads. They were not allowed to talk or make any noise. The guards wore special shoes and walked on mats so they wouldn't make any noise. Even in the chapel, each prisoner was kept in a separate wooden box where they could only see the altar. The prisoners were supposed to use the quiet time to think about the bad things they had done. Port Arthur was seen as the best prison in Australia.
An Inescapable Prison
Port Arthur was a natural prison. It is on the Tasman Peninsula which is almost completely surrounded by the sea. It is joined to the rest of Tasmania by a small narrow piece of land about 30 metres wide. This is called Eaglehawk Neck. The Neck had a fence, prison guards, and savage dogs to stop prisoners from leaving. There was no contact between visiting seamen and prisoners. Ships had to give the guards their sails and oars when they arrived to stop people leaving without permission. A semaphore message system was also set up between Port Arthur and Hobart. Messages could be sent in just 15 minutes.
Escape from Port Arthur was said to be impossible, like Alcatraz Island in the United States. Some prisoners did try to escape. One prisoner, George "Billy" Hunt, covered himself with a kangaroo skin and tried to get across the Neck. The hungry guards on duty tried to shoot him to make an extra meal. When he saw them pointing their guns, Hunt gave himself up. He was whipped 150 times. Bushranger Martin Cash successfully escaped along with two others.
The Boys' Prison
The British Empire's first boys' prison was built on Point Puer, 3 kms across Opossum Bay from Port Arthur. Puer is the Latin word for boy. It was for young boys, some as young as 9, like James Lynch, arrested for stealing toys. The boys were kept away from the main convict area. About 3,500 boys were sent to Point Puer. Like the adults, the boys were given hard work such as stone cutting and building. There was also a school run by 2 ex-convicts. One prisoner was James Gavagan. When he was 11 he stole some umbrellas. He was sent to Tasmania for 7 years. He arrived at Point Puer in 1835. When he turned 17, he was sent to the main prison at Port Arthur. He was released in March 1842. There is only a few stones left to mark the site of the boys' prison. Point Puer Excavation
The Church
The convicts built one of Australia's first non-denominational churches, built in a gothic style. All prisoners had to go to the church every Sunday. People who did not like the new prison system said that this did not seem to make the prisoners into good people.
Isle of the Dead
Port Arthur was seen as a much better prison, and would make the convicts better people. But life at Port Arthur was just as hard and brutal as other penal colonies. Some critics might even say that its use of psychological punishment, together with no hope of escape, made it one of the worst. Some stories say that prisoners would murder others to escape the prison. Murder would be punished by death. Isle of the Dead is a small island in the bay near Port Arthur. Everyone who died at the penal colony was buried on the island. There are 1646 graves on the island, but only 180, mainly those of prison staff, have a headstone.
Convict Railway
The first railway in Australia was a human powered railway at Port Arthur. The railway was built in 1836. The line ran from the beach at Taranna, Tasmania for 7 kms to Port Arthur. It carried both people and supplies. It meant that ships from Hobart could unload in the calm water and not have to travel right around Cape Raoul to Port Arthur through rough seas. The carriage was pushed along the tracks by 4 convicts. Very little sign of the railway has survived. The State Library of Victoria has a drawing of the convict railway.
Convicts to Tourists
When the penal colony closed in 1877 the area was renamed "Carnavon". During the 1880s the was sold and a small town was started. Many buildings were pulled down and the bricks sent to make new buildings in Hobart. Fires burned the area in 1895 and 1897 and ruined many of the old prison buildings. Some buildings were changed for the new town to make a post office and town hall.
Tourism started as soon as the prison closed. This brought money into the new town. Some of the old convicts gave guided tours of the prison. In 1927 tourism had grown so much the area's name was changed back to Port Arthur. 1916 saw the start of the Scenery Preservation Board (SPB) which looked after the Port Arthur site. By the 1970s the National Parks and Wildlife Service took over the site.
In 1979 the government gave money to protect the site as a tourist area, because of its historical importance. The post office and town hall of Port Arthur were moved to nearby Nubeena. Several grand sandstone buildings, built by convicts were cleaned up. These buildings include the Separate Prison, the Round Tower, the church, and the remains of the main prison building. The buildings are surrounded by green grass.
The mass graves on The Island of the Dead also attract visitors. The air about the small bush-covered island is described as being sad and peaceful by visitors.
Tourists can either walk around the area themselves, or go on a guided tours. There are also late night "ghost tours". There is a museum, with written records, tools, clothing and other interesting things from convict times.
Since 1987 the site has been managed by the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority, paid for by the Tasmanian Government.
Massacre
On 28 April 1996, Martin Bryant killed 35 people and hurt 37 others at Port Arthur. He was captured by the police. This is now called the Port Arthur massacre. This led to a national ban on semi-automatic shotguns and rifles. It also made a link between the Port Arthur and Dunblane, a Scottish town which also had a shooting that year.
References
Further reading
Barrington R (n.d.) Convicts and Bushrangers, View Productions, Sydney
Kneale, Matthew, (2000) English passengers London: Hamish Hamilton.
Smith R (1987) The Birth of a Nation: Australia's Historic Heritage — from Discovery to Nationhood, Penguin Books Australia Ltd, Ringwood,
Other websites
Official Port Arthur website
The Interactive Tour of Tasmania website
Port Arthur Archaeology Blog
History of Australia
Towns in Tasmania
Prisons
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Australian Convict Sites
Museums in Australia
Open air museums
1830 establishments
1830s establishments in Australia |
27859 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus | Odysseus | In Greek mythology, Odysseus was the great grandson of the Greek god Hermes. He was the king of the island Ithaca. He was married to Penelope. Odysseus and Penelope had a son called Telemachos. Odysseus is a major character in Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
Odysseus fought in the Trojan War. He invented the Trojan Horse, which helped the Greeks win the war. After the war, his adventurous journey home took 10 years. The story of that journey is told in the Odyssey. Odysseus angered Poseidon, the god of seas, when he half blinded his cyclops son Polyphemos. In anger, Poseidon stopped him from leaving the island. The Latin name for Odysseus is "Ulysses".
There have been many movies about Odysseus, because of his heroic and intelligent battle strategies.
Other websites
Odysseus |
27860 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast%20iron | Cast iron | Cast iron is an alloy of iron. The term is usually used for grey cast iron. There are two main types of cast iron: grey cast iron and white cast iron. The differences between the two are mainly based on the amount of silicon in the alloy. All cast iron has about 95% iron in it. Grey cast iron has 3% silicon and 2% carbon. White cast iron has less silicon.
The silicon in grey cast iron causes the carbon to change into graphite. This causes it to have a dark grey or almost black color. With less silicon, the carbon in white cast iron changes to cementite or iron carbide (Fe3C). This causes white fractures to form on the surface and give white cast iron the name.
Grey cast iron is very good at conducting heat. Because of this, it is often used to make cookware.
Alloys
Iron |
27868 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest | Incest | Incest means sexual intercourse between people who are closely related. Usually, this means members of the same family. In many societies, it is forbidden by law and religion. Which relatives it is forbidden to have sex with depends on the law, religion and culture. If pregnancy is a risk, there may be reasons based on health. Children that result from incest between blood relatives are more likely to have birth defects.
A scenario that often happens in the context of sexual abuse of children is that a parent has sex with his or her child.
Terminology and scope
The exact definition of the incest relationship varies. In some societies it is immediate relations, such as parents and their children; or brothers and sisters of the same parents. It sometimes includes extended family like aunts, nephews, nieces and uncles. That way, intercourse between cousins is legally permitted in the large majority of the world, but is disliked in many countries. In some U.S. states, such as Texas, the legal definition of incest includes first cousins, but not second cousins. A person who engages in incest is called an incestophile or incestualist.
Other societies define it much more widely, to include all "blood relatives", or all who live in the same household, or belong to the same clan. Some religions say that sex between people related by marriage is incest. For example, the Old Testament forbids sex between siblings-in-law. In South Africa, sex between a parent-in-law and child-in-law is illegal.
Types
The type of incest most often reported in the Western world is father-daughter incest. Incest between adults and children is a form of child sexual abuse. This form has been shown to cause one of the worst forms of childhood trauma, a trauma that often causes serious and long-term psychological damage, especially in the case of parental incest. Stepparents are more likely to abuse stepchildren than biological parents are to abuse their children, because people typically care about their own children more than they care about their stepchildren the Cinderella effect. It is suggested that the Westermarck effect prevents a person being attracted to anyone whom he lived in the same house as during his childhood, hence most people are never sexually attracted to their siblings or parents.
The term is often used to apply to less serious sexual relationships between related people. It is difficult to say how frequent incest is, but researchers have estimated that between 10% and 15% of people have at least one "incest experience" (this means some kind of sexual relationship falling short of actual incest). Less than 2% of these involve intercourse or attempted intercourse. Among women, research by Russell (1986) and Wyatt (1985) has given estimates as high as twenty percent (for such 'incest experience'). In a survey of women in San Francisco, of those who had grown up with a stepfather, 17% (1 in 6) said that he sexually abused her. In the same study, 2.5% (1 in 40) of the women said that they had been sexually abused by their father.
Incest between consenting adults is very rare, or rarely reported. Willing incest between adults is a crime in most countries. It is seen by some as a victimless crime. A reason why it is prohibited is because severely handicapped children are often born to parents who are blood-related. Other reasons for it being illegal are religion and to try to prevent sexual predation.
Summary
Most societies have some form of incest avoidance. The incest taboo is and has been one of the most common of all cultural taboos, both in current nations and many past societies, with legal penalties imposed in some jurisdictions. Most modern societies have legal or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages. However, in some societies, such as that of Ancient Egypt, brother–sister, father–daughter, and mother–son relations were practiced among royalty. In addition, the Balinese and some Inuit tribes have altogether different beliefs about what constitutes illegal and immoral incest.
References
Psychology |
27875 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Canterbury%20Tales | The Canterbury Tales | The Canterbury Tales is a book of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer. It was written in the 14th century. It was one of the first books to be written in Middle English. The book is about a group of pilgrims travelling from London to Canterbury. As they travel along, each person tells a story to pass the time. Chaucer planned to write 120 stories, with each person telling two stories on the way there and two on the way back. However, only 23 were completed, and one was partially finished. Two of the stories are written in prose. The others are written in verse. They were so popular that he was invited to read his stories to the king and royal court.
Background
Canterbury Cathedral
The Canterbury Tales is about a group of people who are pilgrims. They are travelling to an important sacred site. In the Middle Ages, many Christian people went on pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Santiago de Compostela and Canterbury. Canterbury Cathedral was a famous pilgrimage site because it contained the shrine (a place for remembering) of Saint Thomas Becket.
Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket had been the Archbishop of Canterbury in the 1100s. He had an argument with his old friend, King Henry II, and in 1170 he was murdered by some of the King's knights on order from the King. The King felt very sad and guilty. He had a magnificent tomb built for his old friend.
People began to visit the tomb. Soon, some people said that Thomas Becket was a saint, and that his bones could work miracles. He is regarded as a martyr for the Christian faith and as a saint by both the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. In the late Middle Ages his shrine made Canterbury one of the four most important pilgrimage places in Europe.
Pilgrims
Many pilgrims used to meet together in London. The Canterbury Tales tells of the meeting of a group at an inn in Southwark, which was a village south of the Thames River and now making up part of London. This was a good place to meet because people from the north could cross the Thames River by London Bridge.
Canterbury is in the south-east of England. Pilgrims used to gather in groups because it was dangerous to travel alone. In the days before modern banking, every traveller had to carry a lot of money to pay for food and accommodation (a place to sleep). Robbers often attacked people along the roads.
When pilgrims gathered in a group, the group could be made up of many different kinds of people, both rich and poor, noble and humble. The groups often contained a number of religious people such as priests, monks and nuns. In Chaucer's story, the most noble person is a knight.
The tales
The Canterbury Tales begins with a Prologue (which means "a few words to begin"). In the prologue Chaucer describes the time of year, which is April, when the weather begins to get warmer after winter. He says that it is at this time that people begin to go on pilgrimage. Chaucer tells the reader about the people who are gathered at the inn. He describes the people so clearly that many of them have become famous characters in English Literature, and have often been shown in paintings. Chaucer describes how each person tells a story to entertain the other as they travel along.
The Tales are:
The General Prologue it introduces each of the Pilgrims
The Knight's Tale the Knight tells of two friends duel with one another over the love of a woman
The Miller's Prologue and Tale the drunken Miller tells a vulgar tale of how a foolish Reeve was made a Cuckold by his unfaithful wife and a lodging scholar
The Reeve's Prologue and Tale the Reeve tells a nasty tale of how a cheating miller was beaten and his arrogant wife humiliated and his daughter seduced by a pair of students he had tried to steal and cheat from
The Cook's Prologue and Tale the drunken cook tells a vulgar tale of how a lazy apprentice is let go by his master to dance and revel
The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale the Man of law tells how a virtuous princess goes through many trials
The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale the Wife of Bath tells of how a Knight must find out what women most desire-or be executed
The Friar's Prologue and Tale the friar tells a morality tale of how a theving summoner tries to cheat a widow and ends up in Hell
The Summoner's Prologue and Tale the Summoner tells a vulgar tale of how a greedy friar gets his compupence
The Clerk's Prologue and Tale the clerk tells how a loving and patient wife endures a series of tests by her suspicious husband
The Merchant's Prologue and Talethe Merchant tells a vulgar tale of how a foolish merchant was made a Cuckold by his unfaithful wife
The Squire's Prologue and Tale the Squire tells a tale of romance [unfinished]
The Franklin's Prologue and Talethe Franklin tells a tale of a wife making a rash promise and the consequences
The Physician's Tale the physican tells a moral tale of a virtuous daughter
The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale the greedy and hypocritical Pardoner tells an ironic tale of how three drunken fools try to "kill" death-but end up killing one another
The Shipman's Tale the Shipman tells a comic tale of a miserly merchant was made a Cuckold by his greed wife
The Prioress' Prologue and Tale the prioress tells a conventional [although false] tale of a martyr
Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas- Chaucer tells a parody of a heroic Knightly Tale it is never finished at the request of the other Pilgrims!
Chaucer's The Tale of Melibee-Chaucer tells of a man and his wife arguing how best to avenge himself on his enemies
The Monk's Prologue and Tale-the Monk tells of tragedy-giving 17 examples out of 100!
The Nun's Priest's Prologue and Tale-the Nun priests tale is a retelling of Chanticleer and the Fox
The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale-the second Nuns tells a conventional story of Saint Cecilia
The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale-the Canon Yeoman [a newcomer to the Pilgrims] warns about how the search for the Philosopher's stone leads to ruin and then tells how a Canon tricks a gullible priest out of his money
The Manciple's Prologue and Tale the Manciple tells a morality tale against gossip
The Parson's Prologue and Tale the Parson delivers a prose treatise on penance
Chaucer's Retraction-Chaucer asks for forgiveness for the vulgar and unworthy parts of this and other past works, and seeks absolution for his sins. Some versions of the tales include:
The Plowman's Tale a anti-lollard tract added to the tales
The Tale of Gamelyn a tale Chaucer may have wanted to adapt to the Tales
Prologue and Tale of Beryn a spurious 15th century additions to Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales-the Pilgrims arrive at Canterbury
Some of the tales (stories) are serious and others are funny. Some of the funny stories are vulgar (sexually rude). A lot of the tales talk about the Christian faith. Sometimes the theme (main idea) of one story is followed into the next story, as a new story-teller responds (or answers) to a story they have just heard. All of the tales are about the way that people think and behave towards each other.
About The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales is written in the type of English that most ordinary people used in Chaucer's day. Chaucer was one of the first authors (writers) who wrote stories in English. Before, stories were written in Latin or French. Some other writers of Chaucer's time also wrote in English. Some of these writers were John Gower, William Langland, and the Pearl Poet.
Chaucer planned the stories before he wrote them but he did not finish his plan. He planned that each character would tell four stories: two while going to Canterbury and two while returning to London. If Chaucer had finished, he would have written 120 stories. He only actually wrote 24. Chaucer began to write the stories in the 1380s. He stopped writing them in the 1390s. Some think that he deliberately did not write the total 120 stories.
Chaucer was an important person in the royal court. Some people think that, in the stories, Chaucer was saying things about court politics. Some people think that Chaucer based his characters on people that he really knew and who were at the royal court.
Some people think that Chaucer copied ideas from others peoples’ writings because some of the stories in The Canterbury Tales are very similar to them. The characters, however, are very different. The characters have different occupations and personalities. They all tell different types of stories and they tell them in different ways.The big story is about many pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. They are riding horses and the trip takes several days. Chaucer does not say much about the big story and most of the writing is about the stories told by the pilgrims.
The two earliest manuscripts (hand-written copies) of The Canterbury Tales are the Hengwrt manuscript and the Ellesmere manuscript. There are also 84 manuscript and four printed copies of The Canterbury Tales that were made before 1500. There are quite a lot of differences in the different copies. Some experts on Chaucer have started The Canterbury Tales Project. The project is to read all these copies of The Canterbury Tales, find out the differences and write the most accurate copy.
Gallery of the Pilgrims
With the exception of the Innkeeper/host Harry Bailey, the various manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales had various drawings of each of the Pilgrims who told a tale; other Pilgrims mentioned who did not tell a tale or who were illustrated were the knight's yeoman, a haberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, a tapestry weaver; a plowman. The original intenent was that each pilgrim was to tell two tales to Canterbury and two on the way back for a free meal; that would have been an estimated 120 tales-instead of the 23 in the book. Indeed, the only Pilgrim who tells two tales is Chaucer himself: Sir Thopas [unfinished] and Tale of Melibee.
North Reading Room, west wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C
Related pages
English literature
William Shakespeare
Pilgrimage
British poems |
27878 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat | Sweat | Sweat, or perspiration, is a liquid made by the skin when the body is hot. Sweat is made in sweat glands under the surface of the skin. It comes out of tiny holes in the skin called pores. Sweat is mostly water, but it also contains some salts.
The body makes sweat to cool itself down. It is part of the body's thermoregulation. The sweat takes the heat from the body when it evaporates (turns to gas).
Some people think sweat makes a person smell bad. Many people use special sprays to stop this from happening. Deodorants hide the odor of sweat. Anti-perspirants stop the body from sweating.
The sweat glands in our skin contains two different groups of sweat glands: apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands.
Perspiration, or sweat, is your body's way of cooling itself, whether that extra heat comes from hardworking muscles or from overstimulated nerves. The average person has over 4 million sweat glands in their skin. Sweat glands are distributed over the entire body, except for the lips, nipples and external genital organs. The sweat gland is in the layer of skin called the dermis along with other "equipment," such as nerve endings, hair follicles and so on.
Sweat glands
The sweat gland is a long, coiled, hollow tube of cells. The coiled part in the dermis is where sweat is made, and the long part is a duct that connects the gland to the opening or pore on the skins's outer surface. Nerve cells from the sympathetic nervous system are connected to the sweat glands. There are two types of sweat glands:
Eccrine - the most numerous type that are found all over the body, particularly on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet and forehead. They are smaller, are active from birth, and they produce a sweat with no proteins.
Apocrine - the ones in the armpits (axilla) and the anal-genital area. They are larger than eccrine glands and they normally end in hairs rather than pores. Also, they do not do anything until puberty.
How sweat is made
We are constantly sweating, even though we may not notice it. Sweating is your body's major way of getting rid of excess body heat, which is produced by metabolism or working muscles. The amount of sweat produced depends upon our states of emotion and physical activity. Sweat can be made in response to nerve stimulation, hot air temperature, and/or exercise. First, let's concentrate on how sweat is made in an eccrine sweat gland.
When the sweat gland is stimulated, the cells secrete a fluid (primary secretion) that is similar to plasma -- that is, it is mostly water and it has high concentrations of sodium and chloride and a low concentration of potassium -- but without the proteins and fatty acids that are normally found in plasma. The source of this fluid is the spaces between the cells (interstitial spaces), which get the fluid from the blood vessels (capillaries) in the dermis. This fluid travels from the coiled portion up through the straight duct. What happens in the straight duct depends upon the rate of sweat production or flow:
Low sweat production (rest, cool temperature) - Cells in the straight duct reabsorb most of the sodium and chlorine from the fluid. This happens because there is enough time for reabsorption. In addition, water is reabsorbed osmotically. So not much sweat reaches the outside. Also, the composition of this sweat is significantly different from the primary secretion. There is not as much sodium and chloride, and there is more potassium.
High sweat production (exercise, hot temperature) - Cells in the straight portion do not have enough time to reabsorb all of sodium and chloride from the primary secretion. So, a lot of sweat makes it to the surface of the skin and the composition is close to, but not exactly like the primary secretion. The sodium and chloride concentrations are about half as much, and potassium is about 20 percent higher.
Sweat is produced in apocrine sweat glands in the same way. However, the sweat from apocrine glands also contains proteins and fatty acids, which make it thicker and give it a milkier or yellowish color. This is why underarm stains in clothing appear yellowish. Sweat itself has no odor, but when bacteria on the skin and hair metabolize the proteins and fatty acids, they produce an unpleasant odor. This is why deodorants and anti-perspirants are applied to the underarms instead of the whole body.
The maximum volume of sweat that a person who is not adapted to a hot climate can produce is about one liter per hour. Amazingly, if you move to a hot climate such as the American desert southwest or the tropics, your ability to produce sweat will increase to about two to three liters per hour within about six weeks! This appears to be the maximum amount that you can produce.
Function of sweat
When sweat evaporates from the surface of your skin, it removes excess heat and cools you. This is actually due to a neat principle in physics, which goes like this. To convert water from a liquid to a vapor, it takes a certain amount of heat called the heat of vaporization. This heat energy increases the speed of the water molecules so that they can escape into the air. For water, this value is 540 calories/gram or 2.26 x 106 joules/kilogram. So, if you can produce one liter of sweat, which is equal to 1000 g or 1 kg (density of water is 1 g/ml or 1 kg/l) in one hour, then 540,000 calories of heat can be removed from your body. This is an extreme example using the maximum amount of sweat that a person can make. Typically, all of the sweat does not evaporate, but rather runs off your skin. In addition, not all heat energy produced by the body is lost through sweat. Some is directly radiated from the skin to the air and some is lost through respiratory surfaces of the lungs.
A major factor that influences the rate of evaporation is the relative humidity of the air around you. If the air is humid, then it already has water vapor in it, probably near saturation, and cannot take any more. Therefore, sweat does not evaporate and cool your body as efficiently as when the air is dry.
Finally, when the water in the sweat evaporates, it leaves the salts (sodium, chloride and potassium) behind on your skin, which is why your skin tastes salty. The loss of excessive amounts of salt and water from your body can quickly dehydrate you, which can lead to circulatory problems, kidney failure and heat stroke. So, it is important to drink plenty of fluids when you exercise or are outside in high temperatures. Sports drinks contain some salts to replace those lost in the sweat.
Effect of emotion
Sweating responds to emotional state. So when you are nervous, anxious or afraid, there is an increase in sympathetic nerve activity in your body as well as an increase in epinephrine secretion from your adrenal gland. These substances act on your sweat glands, particularly those on the palms of your hand and your armpits, to make sweat. Thus, you feel a "cold" sweat. Also, the increased sympathetic nerve activity in the skin changes its electrical resistance, which is the basis of the galvanic skin response used in lie detector tests.
Excessive sweating
Excessive sweating usually occurs on the palms of the hand or the armpits. If it is not caused by emotional or physical activity it is called diaphoresis or hyperhidrosis. It is often an embarrassing condition. The cause or causes are unknown. The condition may be due to the following:
hormonal imbalances (e.g., menopause in women)
overactive thyroid gland (The thyroid hormone increases body metabolism and heat production)
certain foods and medications (e.g., coffee with its high amounts of caffeine)
overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system
The condition can be treated.
Other websites
Integumentary system |
27883 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult%20Swim | Adult Swim | Adult Swim (stylized as [adult swim] or shortened to [as]) is an American adult-oriented nighttime programming block of the basic cable network Cartoon Network that is programmed by its in-house production studio, Williams Street. Marketed as a separate network for ratings purposes, Adult Swim broadcasts nightly from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. ET/PT.
Debuting in 2001, Adult Swim serves as the nighttime identity of Cartoon Network, and it was established as alternative programming during late night hours when Cartoon Network's primary target audience would normally be sleeping. By 2005, Adult Swim would be granted its own separate Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to it targeting a different audience. The block features stylistically varied animated and live-action shows, including original programming, syndicated series, anime, original video animations, and short films with generally minimal or no editing for content.
Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, and pilots. The block's shows are known for their sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. Many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, and surrealist in nature. Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy.
References
2001 establishments in California
Adult Swim
American television networks
American television series
American television stations
Time Warner subsidiaries |
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