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D Most Churches and schools worked closely with the African political association. The independent churches movement in Nyanza. John Owalo is credited for leading in the establishment of independent churches in nyanza. He stared as a Roman Catholic, then joined the Church of Scotland mission CSM at Kikuyu before moving to the CMS first in Nairobi, then defected to Maseno. The reason why Owalo suffered from denominational defection is because he was seeking for a mission church that accommodated African cultural values and where Africans could be given a say I terms of leadership and worship. In 1907, Owalo claimed to have received a direct call from God with instructions to begin his own church. Though CMS at Maseno dismissed him as a lunatic , the colonial authority Nyanza PC John Ainsworth granted Owalo permission to start his own mission. In 1910, he founded the Nomiya Luo Church, which became the first independent church in Kenya. Owalo proclaimed himself as a prophet equating similar to Jesus. Other independent churches in Nyanza included; 1 Dini ya Roho Holy Spirit Church founded among the Luhyia in 1927 as a breakaway from the Friends African Mission. The members claimed to speak in tongues and believed in baptism by the holy spirit , 2 Joroho church founded by Alfayo Odongo Mango in 1932 among the Luo. It was similar to Dini ya Roho. 3 The Christian Universal Evangelical Union founded in 1938 In Siaya by Ismael Noo, a school teacher linked to the Anglican Church at Maseno. He began off as one of the leaders of the revival movement at Maseno, which emphasized salvation by the blood of Jesus and public confession of sin. His movement insisted that men and women should have sexual intercourse since they were saved. His church attracted many women and soon he was accused of infidelity with peoples wives. He officially broke away from the Anglican Church at a convention at Nyabondo in Nyakach to establish the Christian Evangelical Union. The church is currently known as the Christian Evangelical Church, having changed its name in 1965. The independent churches and schools movement in central Kenya Due to its proximity to Nairobi, the seat of colonial administration, central Kenya experienced the presence of white settlers more than any other region in Kenya.
His church attracted many women and soon he was accused of infidelity with peoples wives. He officially broke away from the Anglican Church at a convention at Nyabondo in Nyakach to establish the Christian Evangelical Union. The church is currently known as the Christian Evangelical Church, having changed its name in 1965. The independent churches and schools movement in central Kenya Due to its proximity to Nairobi, the seat of colonial administration, central Kenya experienced the presence of white settlers more than any other region in Kenya. The schools established by the so many missionary groups in the region only aimed at imparting basic literacy and numeracy skills to African converts. As the evangelized, the missionary groups condemned many traditional African practices and values like polygamy, consumption of traditional brews and female circumcision. It is behind this backdrop that independent churches and schools emerged in central Kenya. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 305 Kikuyu Independent schools Kikuyu elders out of the desire for western education for their children, without necessarily being Europeanized, set up independent schools. In 1913, a Kikuyu elder, Mukunga wa Njehu, donated land at Gaithieko, Kiambu where the first independent school In central kenya was built. In 1925, another school had been built and registered at Githunguri. The independent Schools Movement emerged in the 1920s as a result of the expulsion from mission schools of the children of the supporters of female circumcision. The two bodies that emerged as a consequence were Kikuyu Independent Schools Association KISA and the Kikuyu Karinga Educational Association KKEA The Kikuyu Independent Schools Association The Body was closely associated with the Independent Pentecostal Church and was predominantly in Murang a, Nyeri and Embu. Following a showdown over female circumcision, the kikuyu elders got permission from the DC to build a prayer House around Gituamba on land donated by two elders, Kagere Gatundu and Gathai Gachohi of Thiru sub-location. Between 1929 and 1932, a school was set up at the church.
The two bodies that emerged as a consequence were Kikuyu Independent Schools Association KISA and the Kikuyu Karinga Educational Association KKEA The Kikuyu Independent Schools Association The Body was closely associated with the Independent Pentecostal Church and was predominantly in Murang a, Nyeri and Embu. Following a showdown over female circumcision, the kikuyu elders got permission from the DC to build a prayer House around Gituamba on land donated by two elders, Kagere Gatundu and Gathai Gachohi of Thiru sub-location. Between 1929 and 1932, a school was set up at the church. This success inspired the emergence of similar churches and schools in Mariira, Kahiti and Gakarara in Kandara, Murang a.In 1934, KISA was established to coordinate the efficient running of these schools with its leaders including Daudi Maina Kiragu, Musa Muriithi, Hezekiah Gachui, Peter Gathecha and Johana Njoroge. The Association had the responsibility of establishing more schools and maintaining them as well as mobilizing funds for teacher training programmes. Their activities got the support of the colonial authorities which even permitted establishment of more schools that must be registered at the DO s office. By 1935, KISA had established 34 independent schools with an enrolment of 2,518 pupils. Similar schools emerged in the Rift Valley among the kikuyu squatters. Challenges encountered by KISA. A There were inadequate funds to support the large number of pupils and schools. B Many teachers were untrained. C Many of the KISA leaders lacked proper management skills. D Mission schools fought the efforts of KISA leaders. E There were disagreements among KISA leaders where some demanded for money for the land they had donated for the schools. The independent churches also suffered from lack of ordained ministers.
C Many of the KISA leaders lacked proper management skills. D Mission schools fought the efforts of KISA leaders. E There were disagreements among KISA leaders where some demanded for money for the land they had donated for the schools. The independent churches also suffered from lack of ordained ministers. This problem was solved when KCA invited the Most Reverend William Alexander, the Archbishop of the African Orthodox Church in South Africa in 1935, who established a seminary at Gituamba and ordained Daudi Maina Kiragu, Philip Kiande and Harrison Gachukia Kimanga as Ministers. In 1937 after Archbishop Alexander had left, Daudi Maina Kiragu and Harrison Gachukia Kimanga broke away and formed the African Independent Pentecostal Church which they claimed was independent from external influence. In 1938, KISA named their church the Independent Pentecostal Church. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 306 By 1952, at the time of its banning, KISA had 168 schools with an enrolment of 60,000 pupils in central Kenya and rift valley. Kikuyu Karinga Educational Association The association emerged out of a split at the Gituamba between the Murang a group and the -Kiambu members who were radical and were more closely associated with KCA. The term Karinga means pure implying unpolluted kikuyu customs and values. KKEA was opposed to all forms of cooperation with either the missionaries or the colonial authority. By 1940, it had established 12 schools in Kiambu and 11 in the rift valley. By 1952, it had established schools at Moshi and Arusha in Tanganyika. It established its own church in 1952 the African Orthodox Church of Kenya , relying on church ministers trained at Gituamba seminary. It was led by Arthur Gathuna and Philip KiandeThe Association was banned in 1952 after declaration of a State of Emergency. In 1939, the Kenya Teachers Training College was established at Githunguri, Kiambu, to train teachers for the independent schools. Mbiyu Koinange was the first principal. It was closed in 1952 alongside other independent schools. Problems faced by independent churches and schools a Poor leadership as many churches and schools were led by people without any management experience.
Mbiyu Koinange was the first principal. It was closed in 1952 alongside other independent schools. Problems faced by independent churches and schools a Poor leadership as many churches and schools were led by people without any management experience. Many of them lacked trained personnel who could run them efficiently. B They faced a lot of hostility from the colonial government and missionaries who constantly harassed them. C Ideological differences among their leaders on which name to adopt. There were also many leadership squabbles as all founders wanted to be recognized. D The schools were forced to follow the official syllabus and become members of the District Education Board. E The independent churches and schools competed with mission churches and schools for followers with the later declaring war on certain African practices POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND MOVEMENTS AFTER 1945. Factors that hastened political development in Kenya after 1945. A The Acquisition of western education by many Africans by 1945 which enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully and to understand political developments outside Kenya. B The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. Moreover, the colonial government failed to reward African ex-soldiers to embitter them more. C The change of government from Conservative to Labour Party in Britain in 1946 stimulated a new attitude in Britain towards decolonization. Africans in Kenya took advantage of this attitude. D The granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 aroused great confidence among Africans in Kenya to also clamour for their own independence. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 307 e The rise of Pan-Africanism in Africa after the 1945 Manchester conference contributed to the new demands for political independence in Kenya. F The formation of the UNO and the pressure it exerted on the European powers to decolonize helped the Kenyans in their course. G The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. H The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination.
G The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. H The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. I The costs incurred by the European nations during WW2 made their taxpayers become reluctant to raise any more funds for colonial expenditures. Characteristics of political parties formed after 1945. A They had a national outlook as members were drawn from different ethnic groups b Their main objectives was to fight for independence c Educated elites led them d They had a large membership. E They demanded for fair taxation for Africans. F They all demanded for improved conditions for African workers. G They all demanded for the return of alienated land. Kenya African Study Union When Eliud Mathu was nominated to the Legco on 10th October 1944, a number of well educated Africans led by Francis Khamisi agreed to form Kenya African Union KAU with the following objectives;. A To assist Mathu in his new task as the first African nominated to the LEGCO. B To create a Multi-ethnic political grouping representing the interests and constitutional rights of all Africans effectively. C To advocate for more constitutional reforms for Africans. D To demand for better living and working conditions. The interim officials were Harry Thuku chairman , Francis Khamisi Secretary and Albert Owino treasurer . Other officials were James Gichuru, John Kebaso, Simeon Mulandi, Harry ole Nangurai, S.0. Josiah, F.M. Ng anga, Jimmy Jeremiah, J.D. Otiende and S.D. Jakay. Two weeks after its formation, the governor ordered its officials to change its name to the Kenya African Study Union as it was meant to help Mathu in studying African problems. In January 1945, James Gichuru became the president of KASU after Harry Thuku resigned, being unable to cope with radicalism in the union. Under Gichuru, KASU published a newspaper - Sauti ya Mwafrika that concentrated on African grievances and the proposed East African Federation which they opposed. The organization rejected proposals to give more powers to European members in the Executive council.
Jakay. Two weeks after its formation, the governor ordered its officials to change its name to the Kenya African Study Union as it was meant to help Mathu in studying African problems. In January 1945, James Gichuru became the president of KASU after Harry Thuku resigned, being unable to cope with radicalism in the union. Under Gichuru, KASU published a newspaper - Sauti ya Mwafrika that concentrated on African grievances and the proposed East African Federation which they opposed. The organization rejected proposals to give more powers to European members in the Executive council. They refused to accept a European dominated government of the East For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 308 African Federation. Later in 1946 on KASU changed its name to KAU feeling that the former name was inappropriate. Kenya African Union Formed in February 1946, the main demands of KAU were; They protested against inadequate African representation in the LEGCO. They protested against the lack of Participation of Africans in the governance of Kenya. They even demanded for Self-government for Africans. They were against the continued existence of the Kipande System and forced labour. They demanded improvement of the African working conditions with better wages equal to what was paid to other races. They demanded an end to Land alienation and racial discrimination. They demanded an end to Imposition of taxes. They demanded compensation of ex-servicemen. They were protesting against Lack of education opportunities for Africans. The return to Kenya by Kenyatta in 1946 marked the beginning of mass nationalism. On 1st June 1947, Kenyatta became president of KAU after Gichuru stepped down for him. W.W.W. Awori was elected vice-president and Ambrose Ofafa and Muchohi Gikonyo were elected treasurer and secretary respectively. Kenyatta travelled widely in Kenya where he urged people to join KAU. After 1947 KAU began to face the problem of a standoff between Radicals like Fred Kubai and Paul Ngei who wanted to use force to acquire independence, and moderates like Kenyatta himself. Radicals who included Bildad Kaggia took over the Nairobi branch of KAU.When the national delegates conference was held in 1951, Jomo Kenyatta retained presidency, J.D.
CAUSES OF THE MAU-MAU REBELLION a The unemployment of the ex-soldiers who had been promised jobs after the World War II, but instead were made porters on European-estates. Similarly, people were For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 310 retrenched, traders pushed out to business by Asian retail trade monopoly and European settlers. B Africans, especially the Kikuyu, wanted their land returned. By 1948, 1.25 million Kikuyu were restricted to 2000 square miles 5,200 km , while 30,000 settlers occupied 12,000 square miles 31,000 km fertile land. In the reserves Africans suffered from congestion, starvation and diseases like typhoid, cholera. C It was a reaction against the Kipande system. This was a method of identity cards imposed on Africans to restrict them from unnecessary movements. D The introduction of racial discrimination in Kenya. The Europeans equated the black colour with low intelligence, uncivilized, barbaric and a backward race. All the best hotels, restaurants, schools, recreational centres and most fertile soils in Kenya were reserved for the whites only. E Africans were fed up of heavy and harsh taxation by the Europeans. Failure to pay tax was punishable by taking away the land or even imprisonment. So the Africans were forced to go and work under harsh condition and for long hours, yet poorly paid. F The dominance of the economy by the Asian and white settlers. The Africans were not allowed to take part in meaningful business, were not given positive consideration in awarding jobs. G They also wanted to be exposed to the social services e.g. education. The white settlers frustrated the African efforts to set up schools even the few educated Africans were not employed in the civil service. H Africans feared a gradual destruction of their culture by the whites e.g. the missionaries were totally against the circumcision of women among the Kikuyu and the traditional view of twins. I Africans wanted a fair share in the administration of their country Parliament . For a long time many Kenyans were excluded from decision making and political participation the whites and Asians in the Legislative Council did not represent their interests.
E A few progressive African farmers were allowed to grow cash crops. Kenya African National Union During the emergency period, From October 1952 to December 1959 African participation in the political process increased rapidly. The Kenya African National For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 315 Union KANU was formed after the First Lancaster House Conference of January 1960 resolved that nationwide political parties be formed in Kenya as a step towards decolonization. On 27th march 1960, at a meeting at Kirigiti, Kiambu convened by exKAU strongmen, James Gichuru and Oginga Odinga, KAU merged with Kenya Independent Movement and the People's Congress Party to form KANU. The colonial government declined to register KANU with Kenyatta as president since he was still in detention. In May 1960 James Gichuru took the presidency with Odinga as his deputy. Tom Mboya became the secretary General and Arthur Ochwada his assistant. Ronald Ngala and Daniel Moi were elected treasurer and assistant treasurer respectively in absentia as they were attending a commonwealth parliamentary Association meeting in London. In the party s constitution, drafted by Mwai Kibaki and Tom Mboya, the following were the objectives; a To attain political independence for Africans inn Kenya. B To achieve national unity through a unitary national constitution under one central government. C To create a society based on African socialism. D To eradicate poverty, ignorance and disease. E To get back African land. F To have all political detainees released. G To unite with liberation movements in other countries in a Africa in order to end imperialism and colonialism in the continent. H To encourage good neighbourliness in the East African Region. When Kenyata was released, he took over leadership of the party. During the independence elections in may 1963, KANU won 73 seats against KADU s 31 and African Peoples Party s 8 . Jomo Kenyatta became the Prime Minister on 1st June 1963. Achievements of KANU in the struggle for independence. A KANU mobilized Africans in Kenya and united them in the struggle for independence. B Through its numerous nationwide meetings, it provided political education to the Africans in Kenya.
A It united the smaller communities in Kenya. E.g the Kalenjin, Luhyia, Maasai and coastal communities. B It educated mobilized Africans against the colonial domination. C It pressed for the release of Jomo Kenyatta while hopping that he would eventually join on their side. D It participated in drawing up the independence constitution in the second Lancaster House conference. E As an opposition party though for a short time, it helped to provide checks on the KANU government. Challenges faced by KADU a There were suspicions of dominance of the party by some communities. B The party faced the problem of lacking adequate funds to carry out its countrywide campaigns for Independence. C Wrangles between senior officials of the party often undermined the party s operations. D Illiteracy among the majority of the members left the top leaders with too much responsibility over party affairs. E The party was prone to manipulations by the colonial authority in its operations. F The party members were faced with a lot of pressure from KANU to decamp. African People s Party The party also emerged after the 1962 Lancaster House conference, founded by Paul Ngei, one of the radical members of KAU s Nairobi branch. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 317 Paul Ngei had similar fears just like the founders of KADU that the Akamba interests would not be catered for in the proposed government arrangement that favoured KANU as well as KADU.The party was formed in February 1962. After Kenya became a republic in 1964, APP decamped from the opposition to join KANU. The trade-union movement. The early trade Unions in Kenya were formed along racial lines though all form them aimed at addressing labour problems that faced workers. The first trade union in Kenya was the Indian Trade Union formed in 1914 in mombasa. Upto 1914, there existed no African trade union in Kenya because of the following reasons; a Artisans and farm labourers were not allowed to join or form associations since it was feared they would organize sudden and unofficial strikes. B Majority of the Kenyans were illiterate and lacked the knowledge to run workers unions. C The migrant labour system militated against the establishment of such unions. D The colonial government fought attempts by Africans to form workers organizations.
E Elimination of the deliberate strategies applied by employers to keep Africans in their places of work all the time. The Union changed its name to African Workers Federation on 24th January 1947 at the advice of Eliud Mathu who also convinced them to end the strike. Meanwhile a trade dispute tribunal led by Mr. Justice Thacker was set up to look into the workers grievances. The AWF became very popular to all workers in Kenya due to the success of the strike. However its leaders were either repatriated from Mombasa to For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 318 their reserve areas or as was the case of Kibachia, arrested and detained in Baringo district. Achievements of AWF. A It mobilized workers from different communities to come together and fight for better wages. B It provided education to the workers about their rights. C It introduced the concept of collective bargaining among workers in Kenya. D It fought for better living and working conditions for workers. E It advocated for better allowances for African workers wives and children, a factor which resulted in better wages and salaries for workers. F Its activities made the colonial government change its attitude towards labour unions and start to give attention to workers grievances. G It succeeded in exposing the Kenyan workers grievances to the international community as its strike was internationally publicized. Kenya Federation of Labour Following the enactment of the Trade Unions Ordinance in 1952, various small African trade unions Kenya Local Government Workers Union, Domestic and Hotel Workers Union and East AFRICAN Federation of Building and Construction united to form the Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions KFRTU . Its officials included Mwichigi Karanja president , Aggrey Mwinya secretary general , S. Ondiege, Elikana Okusimba, Silas Okeya, David Jomo, S. Osore, James Wainaina and Dishon Sambili. Among the demands of KFRTU were the following; Increase in African wages. Improvement of the living conditions and poor housing for its workers Protest against the arrest and detention of union officials. Protest against forceful evacuation of the Aembu, Ameru and Agikuyu from Nairobi In 1953.
Among the demands of KFRTU were the following; Increase in African wages. Improvement of the living conditions and poor housing for its workers Protest against the arrest and detention of union officials. Protest against forceful evacuation of the Aembu, Ameru and Agikuyu from Nairobi In 1953. Protest against increase in the price of tea and bread in 1955 Protest against the continuity of the state of emergency. In 1953, Tom Mboya s Kenya Local Government workers Union KLGWU joined KFRTU. The following were elected officials in the 1953 elections. David Njomoprrsident, Stephen Obwaka- vice president, Tom Mboya- general secretary, G.W.Owuorassistant SG, Daniel Ng ethetreasurer and John Opiyo- ass treasurer. In 1955, it changed its name to the Kenya Federation of Labour KFL representing 35,000 members. Due to Tom Mboya s efforts KFL was affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICFTU . Achievements of KFL. A It kept the spirit of African nationalism alive during the emergency period when political associations had been banned. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 319 b It secured international support through its affiliation to ICFTU for the cause of African nationalism. C It educated Africans on their rights as workers. D It helped to improve the living conditions of African workers securing for them a major salary increment in 1956 e It prepared some African nationalists for leadership roles in the struggle for independence. For example, martin Shikuku and Tom Mboya. Role of trade union movement in the struggle for independence in Kenya a Trade Unions mobilized workers to strike against colonial government. B They Motivated workers to sustain the struggle for their political rights self governance c They provided national political parties with funds required for their operation. D Trade union leaders became prominent leaders of political associations that fought for independence. E They introduced the concept of collective bargaining for workers in Kenya. F The unions promoted regional cooperation in east Africa. G They improved working conditions of the Africans through their welfare duties. H They intensified the spirit of nationalism after ban on political parties. I They provided a training ground for nationalist leaders e.g.
The elected Africans formed the African Elected Members Organization AEMO with Odinga as chairman and Mboya as secretary. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 323 Demands of AEMO after formation a They contested the fewer African positions in the LegCo by condemning the Lyttelton constitution. While elected members were 29, nominated members were 30, majority of who were Europeans. B They protested the rigid voter qualification requirements imposed on Africans and demanded that every African of 21 years and above be allowed to vote, regardless of education or income. C They demanded that registration of voters be done on a common roll. D They called for the end of a State of Emergency. Role played by AEMO in the struggle for independence up to 1963. A They formed pressure groups to demand for greater political rights for Africans. E.g., formation of AEMO. B They formed the core team, which pressurized for independence. C They made known the grievances of Africans in International Fora. D They networked with other African nationalists elsewhere e.g. in Ghana and Nigeria to hasten achievement of independence in Kenya. E They fought for the release of detained nationalists e.g. Kenyatta. F They formed he national political parties e.g. KANU and KADU, which led the country to independence. G They educated and created awareness among the masses about the nationalists struggle. H They took part in the formulation of the independence constitution. The Lennox-Boyd Constitution. In 1958, Sir Allan Lennox- Boyd, who had succeeded Oliver Lyttelton as secretary State for Colonies visited Kenya and made the following constitutional proposals; a An increase by six LegCo Seats for Africans to bring their total representation to 14 seats. B A special membership in the LegCo, with four members from each race, who were to elected by other members of the LegCo. C An increase of the number of African ministers to two. AEMO members rejected the Lennox-Boyd proposals saying they still favoured white monopoly in the colony especially the specially elected membership to LegCo. AEMO also called for the unconditional release of Jomo Kenyatta. They even boycotted the Legco from 1958 to 1959 when a new constitutional conference was promised.
AEMO members rejected the Lennox-Boyd proposals saying they still favoured white monopoly in the colony especially the specially elected membership to LegCo. AEMO also called for the unconditional release of Jomo Kenyatta. They even boycotted the Legco from 1958 to 1959 when a new constitutional conference was promised. Acted of Betrayal became evident among Africans when Musa Amalemba and Wanyutu Waweru accepted the special seats appointment and even Amalemba went ahead to appointed the second African Minister for Housing in 1958.Other developments in 1959 included; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 324 The White moderates led by Michael Blundell who resigned as minister of agriculture formed the New Party of Kenya NPK . He was backed by 46 non -African members of the LegCo for his ideas of multi-racialism. The white extremists led by Captain Briggs formed the United Party UP demanding for the abolishing of the LegCo and replacing it with regional assemblies. This was aimed at preserving the white highlands as one regional assembly for European benefits. Increased divisions on AEMO between radicals and moderates .Ngala, Moi, Mate, Towett and Nyagah resigned from AEMO to form the Kenya National Party KNP advocating multi-racialism. This party was interestingly joined by all Arab and Asian members. The radicals led by Mboya, Odinga and Gikonyo Kiano formed the Kenya Independent Movement KIM that was exclusively for African membership. They demanded convening of a full constitutional conference to discuss Kenya s future and release of Jomo Kenyatta. The Lancaster House Conferences The Conferences were called to iron out the differences that arose out of the fact that both radical Europeans and AEMO members opposed multi-racialism. The First Lancaster House Conference 1960 The conference was convened by Ian MacLeod, the secretary of state for colonies. It was attended by all members of the LegCo.. The African team was led by Ronald Ngala and Tom Mboya was the secretary. The conference came up with the following compromise decisions; a The 12 elective seats In the LegCo would remain intact. B There were to 33 open seats in the LegCo, which were to be vied for on a common roll.
The African team was led by Ronald Ngala and Tom Mboya was the secretary. The conference came up with the following compromise decisions; a The 12 elective seats In the LegCo would remain intact. B There were to 33 open seats in the LegCo, which were to be vied for on a common roll. C Another 20 seats would be reserved 10 of these for Europeans, 8 for Asians and 2 for Arabs. D The composition of the Council of Ministers was to be altered to incorporate 4 Africans, 3 Europeans and 1 Asian. E The conference authorized the formation of countrywide political parties for Africans. KANU and KANU were formed. The Lancaster conference however failed to entirely please both Africans and the settlers. Some settlers, finding the new turn events so tough began to sell their property and leave Kenya. Africans though feeling that they had not been given a responsive government, accepted ministerial positions as follows; a Ronald Ngala- Minister for Labour, Social Security and Adult Education. B Julius Gikonyo Kiano- Minister for Commerce and Industry. C Musa Amalemba- Minister for Housing, Common Services, Probation and Approved Schools. D James Nzaui Miumi- Minister for Health and Welfare. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 325 Out of fear of political domination by the big tribes the following new alliances were formed; a The Kalenjin Political Alliance of Taita Towett. B The Coast African Political Union of Ronald Ngala. C The Kenya African People s Party of Masinde Muliro. In the 1961 elections KANU won but refused to form government demanding release of Kenyatta. KADU was invited by the governor, Patrick Renson to form a coalition government with Europeans and Asians. When Kenyatta came on 21st August 1961, Kariuki Njiiri offered his Murang a seat to Kenyatta to enable him join LegCo. The second Lancaster conference 1962 The main aim of this conference, called by the then secretary for colonies, Reginald Maulding was to draft the independence constitution acceptable to the two main parties KADU and KANU. It also aimed at reconciling the differences between the two parties.
When Kenyatta came on 21st August 1961, Kariuki Njiiri offered his Murang a seat to Kenyatta to enable him join LegCo. The second Lancaster conference 1962 The main aim of this conference, called by the then secretary for colonies, Reginald Maulding was to draft the independence constitution acceptable to the two main parties KADU and KANU. It also aimed at reconciling the differences between the two parties. KANU delegation was led by Jomo Kenyatta while Ngala led the KADU group. KANU conceded many KADU grounds to enable success of the negotiations. Main provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya a The independence constitution provided for a regional majimbo government with each region having a regional assembly and p resident. B It also provided for a bicameral parliament consisting of the senate and the house of representatives upper house and lower house. C The constitution stipulated that the Prime Minister was to be head of Government and Queen the Head of State, represented by the Governor General. D The constitution recommended a multiparty system of government and the party with the majority of seats forming the government. E It contained the Bill of Rights, which protected the individual s rights. In the elections of 1963, KANU won with 73 seats against KADU s 31, APP s 8. Jomo Kenyatta became the first Prime Minister on 1st June 1963.On 12 December, Kenya attained full independence. On 12th December 1964, Kenya became a republic with Kenyatta becoming an executive president. EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN AFRICA Factors for the rise of nationalism in Africa a The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation during the colonial period. For example land alienation in the Kenya Highlands, in southern Rhodesian, Algeria and South Africa which was accompanied with forced labour where the labourers faced mistreatment. B Africans were fed up of heavy and harsh taxation by the Europeans. They were exposed to heavy taxation, ranging from hut tax to breast tax in Belgian Congo. C Africans were fed up with the gradual destruction of their culture by the whites. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 326 Missionaries totally dismissed the age-old African traditions as being barbaric. This explains why independent schools and churches sprung up in central Kenya.
C Africans were fed up with the gradual destruction of their culture by the whites. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 326 Missionaries totally dismissed the age-old African traditions as being barbaric. This explains why independent schools and churches sprung up in central Kenya. D The introduction of racial discrimination to go hand in hand with colonialism. All the best social amenities in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya were reserved for the whites. The Europeans equated the black colour with low intelligence, uncivilized and a backward race. E Africans resented colonialism because it interfered with their political institutions. The colonial rulers disregarded traditional rulers, appointing their own puppets in their place. F The Acquisition of western education by many Africans by 1945 enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully and to understand political developments outside Africa. G The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. Moreover, the colonial government failed to reward African ex-soldiers to embitter them more. H The change of government from Conservative to Labour Party in Britain in 1946 stimulated a new attitude in Britain towards decolonization. This motivated African nationalists. I The rise of nationalism in Asia, culminating into the granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 aroused great confidence among Africans who worked closely with Asian nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, the India Prime Minister. J The rise of Pan-Africanism in Africa after the 1945 Manchester conference contributed to the new demands for political independence in Africa Many African lites attended the conference which served as a source of awakening. K The formation of the UNO and the pressure it exerted on the European powers to decolonize helped the Africans in their course. L The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. M The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. NATIONALISM IN GHANA The British annexed Gold Coast in 1874 after quelling a stiff resistance by the Asante.
USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. M The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. NATIONALISM IN GHANA The British annexed Gold Coast in 1874 after quelling a stiff resistance by the Asante. In response to the British imperialism, the Fonte Confederation was initiated in 1868, marking the birth of African Nationalism in Ghana. In 1897, the Aborigines Rights Protection Society was formed to guard against the alienation of African land. In the 1930s, African elites like J.B. Danquah launched the Gold Coast Youth Conference in order to awaken the youth to the economic and social needs of the country. Their efforts bore fruits because in 1946, governor Burns embarked on constitutional reforms leading For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 327 to increased African representation in the LegCo. Of the 18 slots given to Africans in the LegCo, 13 were to drawn from among the chiefs while 5 were to be popularly elected . The elites formed the United Gold Coast Convention UGCC and invited Kwame Nkrumah, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, to come and lead it since most of them were professionals lacking time for political commitment. Nkrumah appeared to have more political experience having participated in the 1945 Manchester conference. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Ghana a The early Introduction of cocoa growing led to adoption of money economy in Ghana ahead of other countries. This enabled faster social and economic transformation of the people. B The colonial government s attempt to tamper with cocoa growing by ordering cutting of coca trees hurt people to the level of developing nationalistic feelings against the British. C Ghana was one of the first countries in Africa to receive western education from the missionaries. There was a large class of elites with western university education accompanied with leadership skills to spearhead nationalism their country. D The existence of ex-servicemen in Ghana also played an important role in the campaign for independence. E The granting of trading licences by the government selectively to European traders while deliberately denying then Africans. F Ghana had comparatively better developed transport and communication system.
D The existence of ex-servicemen in Ghana also played an important role in the campaign for independence. E The granting of trading licences by the government selectively to European traders while deliberately denying then Africans. F Ghana had comparatively better developed transport and communication system. Also being a small country, movement of information, ideas and people was easy, quick and efficient. This facilitated nationalist activities. G The charismatic and strong leadership provided by Kwame Nkrumah brought cohesiveness among people of Ghana. He formed the CPP party, which became the symbol of struggle for the oppressed people of Ghana. H The participation of Kwame Nkrumah in the Pan-African Manchester conference in 1945, which championed the right of countries to self-determination, made the country take the lead in Africa in championing this right. I The people of Ghana were more exposed to international affairs than other countries in Africa due to its location in a region, which had the earliest contacts with European traders and colonizers. The peak of nationalism in Ghana. On 28th February 1948, the ex-soldiers led the Accra riots, protesting to Governor Gerald Creasy the failed fulfillment of the government pledges while in service during the World WarII. Two rioters were killed. The shooting incident sparked of chaos in the town leading to another 29 Africans being killed. Nkrumah was arrested together with his colleagues popularly known as the Big Six . Nkrumah, Danquah, William Ofori, Addo, Adjei and Obetsebi Lamptey . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 328 This arrest popularized Nkrumah among the Africans. The 1948 Alken Watson commission blamed the social-economic oppression for the riots. The governor ordered for constitutional reforms led by J.H Coussey. On 12th June 1949, Nkrumah broke ranks with the conservative UGCC senior members and formed the Convention People s Party CPP . His party gained support mainly from among the primary school leavers, storekeepers, artisans, peasants and cocoa farmers. Nkrumah advocated positive action through legitimate political action, newspaper and political campaigns and constitutional application of boycotts, strikes and non-cooperation based on the policy of absolute nonviolence on the basis of Mahatma Gandhi teachings. He started a newspaper, The Accra Evening News to expound CPP views.
His party gained support mainly from among the primary school leavers, storekeepers, artisans, peasants and cocoa farmers. Nkrumah advocated positive action through legitimate political action, newspaper and political campaigns and constitutional application of boycotts, strikes and non-cooperation based on the policy of absolute nonviolence on the basis of Mahatma Gandhi teachings. He started a newspaper, The Accra Evening News to expound CPP views. He was arrested, but secured landslide victory in the February 1951 elections while in jail. He was released to become the leader of government business in the new cabinet. CPP also won in the 1954 elections in which a new party, the National Liberation Movement NLM had emerged to compete CPP. NLM membership mainly from the Ashanti, were uncomfortable with Nkrumah because; He came from a small ethnic group little known in southern Ghana. His radicalism did not please the conservative Ashanti leaders. Again elections were called in July 1956 and CPP trounced NLM. This time, the British accepted the results and on 6th March 1957, the country attained political independence under Kwame Nkrumah Achievements of CPP under Kwame Nkrumah a CPP under Nkrumah united Africans of all ranks in Ghana in the struggle for national liberation. B The party introduced the concept of positive action to pressurize the government to liberate Africans. C CPP formed the first African government in Africa in 1951 after winning the elections. Under Nkrumah s leadership, Ghana began attaining economic development. D CPP, under Nkrumah, advocated for unity of all Africans in the country us other parties like NLM advocated for regionalism, a factor that enhanced progress towards political libration. How Kwame Nkrumah contributed to the liberation struggle in Africa. A He funded nationalists in other countries e.g. Guinea and Algeria. B He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. C When some countries were faced with threats from their former colonial masters after independence like in the case of Patrice Lumumba in DRC, Nkrumah provided them with his support. D He championed trade unionism in Africa. E He attended pan-African congress in 1945 which was key to defining the liberation struggles in Africa.
G The Portuguese practiced racism out of fear that if they educated Africans and gave them equal status, the Africans would outnumber them and throw them out. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Mozambique. A The arbitrary replacement of the traditional rulers by the Portuguese administrators whenever they felt they were not performing. B The massive alienation of African land by the Portuguese who pushed Africans to regions of unfavourable conditions. C The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation like forced labour where the labourers faced mistreatment. D The rampant racial discrimination through which Africans continued to lose agricultural land to the Europeans. Being from a poor country, the Europeans competed with Africans for simple jobs like taxi driving and often gaining advantage on racial lines. E The Portuguese imposed many restrictions on Africans, limiting their freedom of expression and intellectual advancement. For example, General Salazar, who rose to power in the 1920s, ensured strict censorship of the press. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 330 f The security police treated Africans with great cruelty. Any political unrest was crushed ruthlessly. The peak of nationalism in Mozambique. In early 1960, the Makonde people of Cabo Delgado province formed the MozambicanMakonde Union MANU .In June 1960 MANU organized a peaceful protest but in which over 600 Africans perished in police firepower. The government outlawed all African organizations with membership of over thirty people. African political activities went underground. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere inviting some of the liberation groups to relocate to Tanzania in 1962. The political groups united to form the Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO with Eduardo Mondlane Chirambo, formerly a lecturer at Syracuse University in USA, as its first president. From 1962 to 1964, FRELIMO undertook guerilla training in Bagamoyo and at the Mozambique institute in Dar es Salam in preparation for war. From September 1964, they began a full-scale war against the Portuguese along river Ruvuma and extending their attacks on the Cabo Delgado province. By 1967, the Portuguese forces numbered 65,000 soldiers. Mondlane Eduardo was assassinated in 1969.
C The British were dominant in many spheres of life yet they could neither speak nor understand Afrikaners language. D The Boers wanted to rule South Africa and restore Boer culture, language, education and literature. E They favoured republican states and complete independence for South Africa and noncooperation with British to fulfill their divine mission of bringing civilization to the heathen. F The Jameson raid flared up Boer sentiments. Jameson, a Briton led a force of 500 soldiers to invade Transvaal, a Boer territory. G Formation of union of South Africa under British terms. African Nationalism Its roots are traced in the 17th century with the first Boer occupation of South Africa. Africans resisted strongly against the interference with their political freedom and economic resources. This was in form of the Xhosa and Ndebele wars of the 17th c and the Zulu wars of 1870s led by Cetewayo. In 1906, a Zulu chief named Bambata staged another African uprising this time against the British who had annexed the Zululand in 1887.From 1910, when the union of South Africa was created and the Afrikaners gained political control of South Africa, Africans lost all the political privileges they previously enjoyed like ability to vote and contest parliamentary seats. Africans founded independent churches and formed organizations like the Orange River Organization. Factors for the growth of African nationalism in South Africa a The role of the Christian religion whose ideals encouraged Africans to fight for equality, as all people were equal before God. The Boers however treated Africans with contempt. B The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation like land alienation and causing them to be subjected to forced labour on Afrikaner farms. Even the native Land For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 333 Act of 1913 denied Africans the right to purchase land outside the areas set aside for Africans. C The influence of Pan-Africanism in South Africa as early as the 19th century when people like Rev. Dube founded the Ohlange Institute to educate fellow Africans in South Africa. D The introduction of racial discrimination enshrined in the apartheid law of 1948 convinced Africans that only freedom could save them. All the best hotels, restaurants, schools, recreational centres and most fertile soils were reserved for the whites only.
Dube founded the Ohlange Institute to educate fellow Africans in South Africa. D The introduction of racial discrimination enshrined in the apartheid law of 1948 convinced Africans that only freedom could save them. All the best hotels, restaurants, schools, recreational centres and most fertile soils were reserved for the whites only. E The Acquisition of western education by many Africans like Rev. Dube, Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully. They became pioneers of early African political parties. F The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. The war also exposed them to democratic ideals elsewhere. G The great exploitation of African labour through Labour regulations and laws. For example, the Mines and Works Act of 1911 effectively excluded Africans from all skilled occupations confining them to manual occupations in Mines and farms. H The development of large urban centres created an enabling environment for Africans to forge close inter-ethnic relations that enabled them to counter the Afrikaner racist policies. Formation of the African National Congress, 1912 Opposition to the Natives Land Act led to the formation of the South African Native NationalCongress renamed the African National Congress ANC in 1923 by South Africa's educated African elite in a meeting at Bloemfontein on January 8, 1912. The founding president was John L. Dube, a minister and schoolteacher. Pixley Ka Isaka Seme, a lawyer, was appointed treasurer. Solomon T. Plaatye, a court translator, became secretary general. Other members were Thomas Mapikela, Walter Robusana, Solomon Plaatye and Sam Makgatho. The congress was moderate in composition, tone, and practice. However, In 1940s, a militant form of nationalism emerged under the ANC Youth League formed in 1943 led by Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu and Oliver Tambo, emphasizing the inalienable right of the Africans to the African continent.
One such demonstration outside the police station at Sharpeville, the police fired on the demonstrators, killing at least 76 of them and wounding 186. Approximately 18,000 demonstrators were arrested, including the leaders of the ANC and the PAC, and both organizations outlawed. The ANC and the PAC Turn to Violence Prohibited from operating, both the ANC and the PAC established underground organizations in 1961. The militant wing of the ANC, Umkhonto we Sizwe Spear of the Nation , targeted strategic places such as police stations and power plants. Poqo Blacks Only , the militant wing of the PAC, engaged in a campaign of terror, targeting in particular African chiefs and headmen believed to be collaborators with the government and killing them. 17 Umkhonto leaders, including Walter Sisulu were arrested at Rivonia farm house. Along with Nelson Mandela, they were tried for treason. Albert Luthuli was confined by government to his rural home in Zululand until his death in 1967. Tambo escaped from South Africa and became president of the ANC in exile. Robert Sobukwe of Poqo was jailed on Robben Island until 1969 and then placed under house arrest in Kimberley until his death in 1978. The Johannesburg railway station bomber, John Harris, was hanged. The Black conscious movement - Soweto, 1976 In the absence of other forms of political expression, young people sought alternative means to express their political aspirations. African university students, disappointed with the multiracial National Union of South African Students NUSAS , decided to establish the South African Students' Organization SASO in 1969 with Steve Biko, an African medical student at the University of Natal, as president. In 1972, a Black allied workers union and the Black Peoples' Convention BPC was set up to act as a political umbrella organization for the adherents of black consciousness. In 1972, SASO organized strikes on university campuses resulting in the arrest of more than 600 students. On June 16, 1976, hundreds of high-school students in Soweto marched in protest against use of Afrikaans as a Language of instruction. Over 360 African school children were killed. On 12th September 1977, Steve Biko, who had been held in indefinite detention, died from massive head injuries sustained during police interrogation.
In 1972, SASO organized strikes on university campuses resulting in the arrest of more than 600 students. On June 16, 1976, hundreds of high-school students in Soweto marched in protest against use of Afrikaans as a Language of instruction. Over 360 African school children were killed. On 12th September 1977, Steve Biko, who had been held in indefinite detention, died from massive head injuries sustained during police interrogation. In October 1977, SASO, the BPC and all black consciousness organizations were banned. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 335 The peak of African nationalism in South Africa In 1983, P.W. Botha's government proposed establishment of separate houses of parliament for each racial group. In place of the single House of Parliament were; A 50-member all-white House of Assembly. A 25-member coloured House of Representatives. A 13 member Indian House of Delegates. Implications and results Whites thus retained a majority in any joint session. Liberal government opponents denounced Botha's plans arguing it would permanentlyexclude Africans from any political role in South Africa. Most blacks strongly condemned the new constitution as it reinforced the apartheid notion. Indians and coloureds also condemned the constitution feeling it weakened their participation in the political process Radical Afrikaners, led by Eugene Terry Blanche, vowed to use all means, including violence, to make sure that apartheid was not weakened. The United Democratic Front UDF , which was formed in late 1983 and the National Front NF aimed to use nonviolent means to persuade the government to withdraw its constitutional proposals and do away with apartheid. The UDF membership included, Bishop Desmond Tutu and the Reverend Allan Boesak, who emerged as its prime spokesmen. Black trade unions meanwhile resorted to economic and political protests. For example, TheNational Union of Mineworkers NUM , formed in 1983 by Cyril Ramaphosa, successfully brought work in mines to a stop in a dispute over wage increases. By end of 1985, 879, fatalities and 8000 arrests were linked to political unrest.
The UDF membership included, Bishop Desmond Tutu and the Reverend Allan Boesak, who emerged as its prime spokesmen. Black trade unions meanwhile resorted to economic and political protests. For example, TheNational Union of Mineworkers NUM , formed in 1983 by Cyril Ramaphosa, successfully brought work in mines to a stop in a dispute over wage increases. By end of 1985, 879, fatalities and 8000 arrests were linked to political unrest. ANC and UDF were banned. Meanwhile, Supporters of the Zulu-dominated Inkatha Freedom Party IFP and the banned ANC clashed in an upsurge of "black-on-black" violence that would cause as many as 10,000 deaths by 1994.President Botha resigned under pressure on August 14, 1989, the Electoral College named de Klerk to succeed him in a five-year term as president. In October 1989, De Klerk released Walter Sisulu and others except Mandela. He announced on February 2, 1990, the impending release of Mandela and unbanning of the ANC, the PAC, and the SACP, and the removal of restrictions on the UDF and other legal political organizations. Mandela was released on February 11, 1990, at age 71 after 27 years in prison. ANC officials elected Mandela deputy president in March 1990, under ailing president, Oliver Tambo. Between June 5, 1991 and June 17, 1991, the government repealed the pillars of apartheid, the Land Act of 1913, the Group Areas Act of 1950 and Population Registration Act of 1950, the most infamous, which had authorized the registration by race of newborn babies and immigrants . Most international sanctions were lifted soon after the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, and Land Acts were repealed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 336 In mid-1992 due to escalating violence, by IFP supporters on ANC sympathizers in Boipatong delayed the process of negotiation for elections.
ANC officials elected Mandela deputy president in March 1990, under ailing president, Oliver Tambo. Between June 5, 1991 and June 17, 1991, the government repealed the pillars of apartheid, the Land Act of 1913, the Group Areas Act of 1950 and Population Registration Act of 1950, the most infamous, which had authorized the registration by race of newborn babies and immigrants . Most international sanctions were lifted soon after the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, and Land Acts were repealed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 336 In mid-1992 due to escalating violence, by IFP supporters on ANC sympathizers in Boipatong delayed the process of negotiation for elections. On March 5, 1993, Chris Hani, the popular general secretary of the South African Communist Party SACP , was murdered threatening the process again. On April 12, 1994, a team headed by former British foreign secretary Lord Carrington and former United States secretary of state Henry Kissinger attempted in vain to break the logjam that was keeping the IFP out of the elections. However, on April 19, Buthelezi --under intense pressure from trusted local and international figures including a Kenyan diplomat professor Washington Okumu, relented and agreed to allow the IFP to be placed on the ballot. When the elections finally took place on schedule, beginning on April 26, 1994, ANC won 62.6 percent of the vote; the NP, 20.4 percent; and the IFP, 10.5 percent. Mandela was unanimously elected president by the National Assembly on May 9, 1994, in Cape Town. He was inaugurated on May 10 at ceremonies in Pretoria. Key South African Nationalists Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Umtata, to a Thembu royal family of Transkei. His forename Rolihlahla, means "troublemaker". Later he was given a clans name, Mandiba. His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch. In 1926, Gadla was sacked for corruption. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, a member of the amaMpemvu clan of Xhosa.
His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch. In 1926, Gadla was sacked for corruption. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, a member of the amaMpemvu clan of Xhosa. At a local Methodist school when he was about seven, he was baptised and given the English forename of "Nelson". His father died of an undiagnosed ailment when he was nine. Aged 16, he underwent the circumcision. Mandela joined Clarkebury Boarding Institute in Engcobo, the best secondary school for black Africans in Thembuland. In 1937, he moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort where he took an interest in boxing and running. Mandela joined Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo, a long time friend. He was studying Bachelor of Arts but was expelled in his first year for being involved in a Students' Representative Council boycott against university policies. Mandela relocated to Johannesburg, fearing early forced marriage, where met with his friend and mentor, Walter Sisulu. After 1948 Mandela began actively participating in politics. He led in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign as secretary General of the youth league. Mandela and 150 other participants in the freedom charter adoption were arrested on 5 December 1956 and charged with treason. In 1961 Mandela became leader of the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe Spear of the Nation . He coordinated sabotage campaigns against military and government targets. On 5 August 1962 Mandela was arrested and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. On 11 July 1963 police arrested other prominent ANC leaders at Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Together with Mandela, they were charged with capital crimes of sabotage at the Rivonia Trial. All were sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964 on Robben Island. Mandela remained there for the next For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 337 18 of his 27 years in prison. In March 1982 Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison, along with other senior ANC leaders. In 1988 Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison where he remained until his release on 11 February 1990.
On completing a teaching course at Edendale, Luthuli became principal and only teacher at a primary school in rural Blaauwbosch, Natal. Here he also became a lay preacher. In 1920 he declined a scholarship to University of Fort Hare to provide financial support for his mother. In1928 he became secretary of the African Teacher's Association and in 1933 its president. He was also active in missionary work. He became chief in1936, until removed from this office by the government in 1952 due to what colonial authority called conflict of interest. In 1944 Luthuli joined the African National Congress ANC . In 1945 he was elected to the Committee of the KwaZulu Province Provincial Division of ANC. A month later Luthuli was elected president-general of ANC. In 1955, he attended an ANC conference only to be arrested and charged with treason a few months later, along with 155 others. In December 1957, Luthuli was released and the charges against him dropped. Luthuli s leadership of the ANC covered the period of violent disputes between the party's "Africanist" and "Charterist" wings. In 1962 he was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow by the students, serving until 1965. In 1962 he published an autobiography titled: LET MY PEOPLE GOIn July 1967, at the age of 69, he was fatally injured in an accident near his home in Stanger. Methods used by nationalists in South Africa in their struggle for liberation from white minority rule a They used force to fight for their independence. B Africans used mass media to articulate their grievances, spread propaganda and mobilize the masses. C Riots e.g. the Soweto riots of 1976 against the proposal to make Afrikaner Boer language the medium of instruction in all schools. D There were demonstrations against Press Laws in 1960 at Sharpeville leading to massacres. E Guerilla fighters trained in Algeria, Ghana etc carried out acts of sabotage like bombing strategic installations and power plants. F The role of the clergy .e.g. Desmond Tutu who bitterly campaigned worldwide against apartheid. G Use of diplomacy and negotiations to convince the whites about the futility of apartheid policy.
I Banning of trade unions also frustrated the activities of nationalists. Where they were allowed to exist, they were monitored by the police. J The nationalists faced the challenge of movement restrictions through the pass laws that were introduced. K African Journalists were harasses and their newspapers proscribed by the government. LIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF KENYAN LEADERS Jomo Kenyatta. Early life Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau wa Ngengi to Ngengi wa Muigai and Wambui in Gatundu, Kiambu on 20th October 1891. His father died while Kamau was very young was adopted by his uncle Ngengi, who inherited his mother. When his mother died during childbirth, young Kamau moved from Ng'enda to Muthiga to live with his medicine man grandfather K ng wa Magana. He joined the Church of Scotland Mission CSM at Thogoto, as a resident pupil. In 1912, having completed his mission school education, he became an apprentice carpenter. In 1914, he converted to Christianity, assuming the name Johnstone Kamau. He left the mission later that year to seek employment as an For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 340 apprentice carpenter on a sisal farm in Thika. To avoid forced recruitment as WWI soldier, he lived with Maasai relatives in Narok, where he worked as a clerk for an Asian contractor. He took to wearing a traditional beaded belt known as a 'Kenyatta', a Swahili word which means 'light of Kenya'. In 1922 Kamau adopted the name Jomo Kenyatta, and began working for the Nairobi Municipal Council Public Works Department as a store clerk and water-meter reader. Marriage and family. In 1919 he married Grace Wahu. On 20 November 1920 Kamau's first son Peter Muigai was born. Grace Wahu lived in the Dagoretti home until her death in April 2007 at the age of around 100.In 1942, he married Edna Clarke and Peter Magana was born in 1943. In 1951 Kenyatta married Ngina Muhoho, daughter of Chief Muhoho and was independent Kenya's First Lady, when Kenyatta was elected President.
On 20 November 1920 Kamau's first son Peter Muigai was born. Grace Wahu lived in the Dagoretti home until her death in April 2007 at the age of around 100.In 1942, he married Edna Clarke and Peter Magana was born in 1943. In 1951 Kenyatta married Ngina Muhoho, daughter of Chief Muhoho and was independent Kenya's First Lady, when Kenyatta was elected President. Kenyatta and politics Kenyatta joined the EAA in 1922 which disbanded in 1925.Kenyatta worked as editor of the KCA's journal between 1924 and 1929, and by 1928 he had become the KCA's general secretary. In May 1928 Kenyatta launched a monthly Kikuyu-language newspaper called Mw gwithaniawhich was intended to draw all sections of the Kikuyu together. He also made a presentation on Kikuyu land problems before the Hilton Young Commission in Nairobi in the same year. In February 1929 Kenyatta was dispatched to London to represent the KCA in discussions with the Colonial Office. He wrote several letters and in the letter published in The Times in March 1930 set out five points: The security of land tenure and the return of the land taken by European settlers. Improved educational opportunities for Black Africans. The repeal of Hut and poll taxes. Representation for Black Africans in the Legislative Council. Freedom to pursue traditional customs such as female genital mutilation He returned to Kenya on 24 September 1930. He returned to London in 1931. In 1932 to 1933, he briefly studied economics in Moscow. At University College London from 1935 studied social anthropology. Kenyatta published his own book, Facing Mount Kenya in 1938. Kenyatta and pan-Africanism. In 1945, with other prominent African nationalist figures, such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Kenyatta helped organize the fifth Pan-African Congress held in Britain. Kenyatta and the struggle for independence. On arrival into Kenya in 1947, he became principal of Kenya Teachers College Githunguri. In 1947, he was elected president of the Kenya African Union KAU after James Gichuru stepped down. From 1948 to 1951 he toured and lectured around the country.
In the 1969 elections, Kenyatta banned the only other party, KPU led by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, detained its leaders, and called elections in which only KANU was allowed to participate. Kenyatta made use of detention, ethnic loyalties, and careful appointment of government jobs to maintain his commanding position in Kenya s political system. Kenyatta was again re-elected unopposed as President in 1974He remained president until his death four years later in 1978. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 342 Sickness and Death President Kenyatta had suffered a heart attack in 1966. In April 1977, then well into his 80s, he suffered a massive heart attack. On 14 August 1978, he hosted his entire family, including his son Peter Magana who flew in from Britain with his family, to a reunion in Mombasa. On 22 August 1978, he died in Mombasa due to old age . He was buried on 31 August 1978 at a mausoleum on Parliament grounds. Kenyatta s tenure as president featured the following problems. A There was a great split within KANU due to his land policy. Kenyatta compromised with the whites over their property. The Land-buying companies formed to buy European farms favoured one community. B From the onset of independence, KADU advocated for Majimboism and therefore opposing national unity. C The 1966 term featured border conflicts with Somalia, and more political opposition. He made the Kikuyu-led KANU practically the only political party of Kenya. He placed several of his Kikuyu tribesmen in most of the powerful state and security offices and posts. D Increasing loss of confidence in his government suspected of complicity in murders of Pio Gama Pinto, Tom Mboya and J.M. Kariuki. MP and Lawyer C.M.G. ArgwingsKodhek and former Kadu Leader and Minister Ronald Ngala. E Poverty, ignorance and disease were serious problems in Kenya in the early years of independence. F There was shortage of manpower since the inherited educational policy left Africans illequipped for skilled employment. G Kenya did not have adequate funds to provide for is development needs. H There was a serious problem of poor transport and communication.
F There was shortage of manpower since the inherited educational policy left Africans illequipped for skilled employment. G Kenya did not have adequate funds to provide for is development needs. H There was a serious problem of poor transport and communication. I The existence of Banditry Shifta Menace in north-eastern kenya also shifted attention from economic development. Achievements. A Mzee Jomo Kenyatta is credited with leading Kenya to independence and setting up the country as a relatively prosperous capitalist state. B He oversaw a peaceful land reform process, oversaw the setting up of the institutions of independent Kenya, and also oversaw Kenya's admission into the United Nations. C During his reign, the country was reasonably well governed, peaceful and stable, the economy developed and grew rapidly and attracted high levels of foreign investment, and a black Kenyan professional and business middle class was established. Failures a Kenyatta failed to mould Kenya, being its founding father, into a homogeneous multiethnic state. The country remains a de facto confederation of competing tribes. B His resettlement of many Kikuyu tribesmen in the country's Rift Valley province is widely considered to have been done unfairly. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 343 c His authoritarian style, with elements of patronage, favouritism, tribalism and or nepotism drew criticism and dissent, and set a bad example followed by his successors. D He had the Constitution radically amended to expand his powers, consolidating executive power. E He was also been criticized for ruling through a post colonial clique of his relatives, mainly African Kikuyu colonial collaborators from Kiambu, while giving scant reward to the real fighters for Kenya's independence. F Kenyatta has further been criticized for encouraging the culture of wealth accumulation by public officials their office influence, thereby deeply entrenching corruption in Kenya. G His policies are also criticized for leading to a large income and development inequality gap in the country favouring mainly Nairobi and the Country's Central Highlands, over others. Tom Mboya Thomas Odhiambo Mboya was born on August 15, 1930 in Kilimambogo, near Thika town. In 1942, he joined St. Mary's School Yala.
In 1958, during the AllAfrican Peoples' Conference in Ghana, convened by Kwame Nkrumah, Mboya was elected as the Conference Chairman at the age of 28.In 1960, Mboya together with others formed KANU. As Secretary General of KANU, Mboya headed the Kenyan Lancaster House delegation. After Kenya's independence on 1 June 1963, Mboya was elected as an MP for Nairobi Central Constituency today: Kamukunji Constituency and became Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs. As Minister for Economic Planning and Development, he wrote "Sessional Paper 10" adopted by Parliament in 1964 , which provided a model of government based on African values. He was gunned down on July 5, 1969 on Moi Avenue, aged 38 years. Mboya left a wife and five children. He is buried in a mausoleum located in Rusinga Island which was built in 1970. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 344 Ronald Ngala Early career Ngala was born in 1922 at Gotani in Giriama country. In 1929 the family moved to Vishakani near Kaloleni, which was to be Ngala's home for the rest of his life. Ngala attended Alliance High School and Makerere University College where he gained a teaching diploma. He worked as a teacher and later became headmaster of Mbale Secondary School in Taita-Taveta. In 1952 he was transferred to Buxton School in Mombasa where he served as the principal. Political career Ngala was elected to the Legislative Council in 1957 to represent the Coast Rural constituency. He formed the African Elected Members Organization AEMO together with other elected African MPs.at a meeting held on May 14, 1960 in Kiambu he was elected as the KANU's treasurer, a position he declined to take. At a meeting held in Ngong on June 25, 1960, the Kenya African Democratic Union KADU was formed with Ngala as its leader, in opposition to KANU.At the 1961 legislative council elections Ngala formed the first African government.
In 1952 he was transferred to Buxton School in Mombasa where he served as the principal. Political career Ngala was elected to the Legislative Council in 1957 to represent the Coast Rural constituency. He formed the African Elected Members Organization AEMO together with other elected African MPs.at a meeting held on May 14, 1960 in Kiambu he was elected as the KANU's treasurer, a position he declined to take. At a meeting held in Ngong on June 25, 1960, the Kenya African Democratic Union KADU was formed with Ngala as its leader, in opposition to KANU.At the 1961 legislative council elections Ngala formed the first African government. Ngala became Leader of Government Business and later Prime Minister. On 12 November 1964 the leaders of KADU, including Ronald Ngala, Masinde Muliro and Daniel arap Moi decided to dissolve KADU and join KANU. Ngala in the post independence periodRonald Ngala was made Minister of Cooperatives and Social Services in the Kenyatta government. He went on to become one of KANU s vice-presidents at the 1966 Limuru Conference. Ngala remained active in the government until he died in a road accident in 1972. The circumstances of Ngala's death in 1972 were suspicious. Daniel Arap Moi Early life and entry into politics Daniel Arap Moi was born on 2nd September, 1924 in Kurieng'wo in Sacho Location of Baringo County, raised by his mother Kimoi Chebii following the early death of his father. His elder brother Tuitoek played a guardian role, influencing him to go to school at an early age. In 1934, Moi joined African Inland Mission School, Kabartonjo. On October 20th 1936 he was baptised Daniel. In 1938, he transferred to African Inland Mission, Kapsabet and later to Government African School, Kapsabet where he was a school captain and a captain of the football team. He attended Tambach Teachers Training College. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955. He was posted as a Head teacher at Kabarnet where he studied privately and passed London Matriculation Examinations.
He attended Tambach Teachers Training College. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955. He was posted as a Head teacher at Kabarnet where he studied privately and passed London Matriculation Examinations. He was promoted in 1949 to the rank of P2 and transferred to Tambach Government African School as a Teacher Trainer. President Moi married Helena Lena Bommet in 1950 and they were blessed with 8 children; 3 daughters and five sons, Jennifer, Doris and adopted daughter June; Jonathan, Raymond, John Mark, Philip and Gideon . But they separated in 1974, before his presidency.. Lena died in 2004. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 345 Moi s long political career. In October 1955 the Electoral College selected Moi from a list of eight nominated candidates to fill a vacancy left by Joseph ole Tameno who resigned from the unofficial benches of the legislative council. In 1957, when elections were held, for LEGCO, Moi won with a landslide against Justus Ole Tipis and later joined AEMO. In 1959, he led AEMO members to visit Jomo Kenyatta in detention in Lodwar. In 1960 he founded the Kenya African Democratic Union KADU with Ronald Ngala to challenge the Kenya African National Union KANU led by Jomo Kenyatta. Moi was among the Kenyan delegation under the auspices of KADU who went to the London Constitutional talks of June 1960. Moi was elected to the Kenyan parliament in 1963 from Baringo North. Since 1966 until his retirement in 2002 he served as the Baringo Central MP and only served as a vice -president from 1967 until 1978 when he became the president. In 1976, the Kiambu Mafia, tried to infamously change the constitution to prevent the vicepresident automatically assuming power in the event of the president's death. However, Kenyatta withstood the political pressure and safeguarded Moi's position. Presidency When Jomo Kenyatta died on 22 August 1978, Moi became president. Political realities dictated that he would continue to beholden to the Kenyatta system which he had inherited.
However, Kenyatta withstood the political pressure and safeguarded Moi's position. Presidency When Jomo Kenyatta died on 22 August 1978, Moi became president. Political realities dictated that he would continue to beholden to the Kenyatta system which he had inherited. On 1 August 1982, fate played into Moi's hands when forces loyal to his government defeated an attempted coup d' tat by Air Force officers led by Hezekiah Ochuka. Moi took the opportunity to dismiss political opponents and consolidate his power reducing the influence of Kenyatta's men in the cabinet. He appointed supporters to key roles and changed the constitution to establish a de jure single-party state. Moi, his regime now faced an economy stagnating under rising oil prices and falling prices for agricultural commodities, singlehandedly convinced the KANU delegates at a conference at Kasarani in December, 1991 over the restoration of a multi-party systemin 1992 and 1997, marred by political violence and absence of an effective and organized opposition, Moi had no difficulty in winning, skillfully exploited Kenya's mix of ethnic tensions. Mwai Kibaki was elected President on 29 December 2002 and Moi handed over power to him. Moi After retirement. After leaving office in December 2002, Moi lived in retirement but still retained some popularity with the masses. He spoke out against a proposal for a new constitution in 2005. On 25 July 2007, Kibaki appointed Moi as special peace envoy to Sudan. On 28 August 2007, Moi announced his support for Kibaki's re-election. Moi owns the Kiptagich Tea Factory, established in 1979, which in 2009 the factory was under threat of being closed down by the government during the Mau Forest evictions. Challenges and achievements The major test to His leadership was in August 1982 when a detachment of Airforce soldiers attempted to overthrow his government but they were crushed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 346 Achievements Moi served as Chairman of the Organization of African Unity OAU for two consecutive terms - 1981 and 1982.
Moi owns the Kiptagich Tea Factory, established in 1979, which in 2009 the factory was under threat of being closed down by the government during the Mau Forest evictions. Challenges and achievements The major test to His leadership was in August 1982 when a detachment of Airforce soldiers attempted to overthrow his government but they were crushed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 346 Achievements Moi served as Chairman of the Organization of African Unity OAU for two consecutive terms - 1981 and 1982. He has also been involved in mediation between various conflicting sides in Uganda, Congo, Somalia, Chad, Sudan, Mozambique, Eritrea Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Burundi etc. He served as Chairman of Preferential Trade Area 1989-1990 , COMESA 19992000 , E.A. Co-operation 1996- 2002 and Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD 1993 -1998 . He has travelled widely, being called upon as a president to provide peace keeping forces in troubled parts of the world like Chad, Uganda, Namibia, Mozambique, Iran Iraq, Kuwait, Yugoslavia, Liberia, Morocco, Angola, Serbia Croatia, D.R. Congo, Sierra Leone and East Timor. Moi has supported the formation of regional economic bodies to increase trade and as a means for the developing countries to have a united voice in the global economy. On 30th December 2002, Moi handed over power to Mwai Kibaki in a peaceful transition that followed the Narc victory over Kanu in the December 2002 General Elections. Currently, Moi is setting up a foundation through which he hopes to participate in solving conflicts in the horn of African and the Great Lakes Region as well as help rehabilitate street children and those orphaned by HIV aids. Jaramogi Ajuma Oginga Odinga Oct.1911 Jan 20, 1994 . Early years and career Oginga Odinga was born at Nyamira Kang o, in Sakwa location in Bondo, in October, 1911.
Currently, Moi is setting up a foundation through which he hopes to participate in solving conflicts in the horn of African and the Great Lakes Region as well as help rehabilitate street children and those orphaned by HIV aids. Jaramogi Ajuma Oginga Odinga Oct.1911 Jan 20, 1994 . Early years and career Oginga Odinga was born at Nyamira Kang o, in Sakwa location in Bondo, in October, 1911. Christened Obadiah Adonijah, he later renounced his Christian names and became known as Ajuma Oginga Odinga. Young Odinga began his formal education in 1926, at Maranda. He sat for his common entrance examination in 1929. He Attended Maseno School where he sat his STD 8 exams in 1934. He enrolled at Alliance High School in 1935 upto, finishing his formal education with a diploma in education from Makerere University College in 1939. From 1940 to 1942 Odinga taught mathematics at the Church Missionary Society school, Maseno. From 1943 to 1946 he was headmaster of the Maseno Veterinary School. Odinga and Economic and social independence In 1944, he quit teaching and formed the Bondo Thrift Association in 1945.In 1947, he founded the Luo Thrift and Trading Corporation for commercial and political purposes, serving as its managing director until 1962. LUTATCO build their first shop, MasenoStore, posho mills at Ngiya, Bondo and Dudi. The company owned Ramogi Press in Nairobi in 1947, publishing a Dholuo newspaper, Ramogi, edited by Achieng Oneko, Odinga s student in Maseno School. They also published Nyanza Times, Radioposta, Sauti ya Mwafrika and Mumenyereri. Between 1956 and 1957, they built Ramogi House and Africa House Kisumu. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 347 He helped to form the Luo Union, which brought together all the Luo people. His efforts earned him admiration and recognition among the Luo, who revered him as Ker a title previously held by the fabled classical Luo king, Ramogi Ajwang, who reigned 400 years before him.
Between 1956 and 1957, they built Ramogi House and Africa House Kisumu. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 347 He helped to form the Luo Union, which brought together all the Luo people. His efforts earned him admiration and recognition among the Luo, who revered him as Ker a title previously held by the fabled classical Luo king, Ramogi Ajwang, who reigned 400 years before him. Odinga became known as Jaramogi man of the people of Ramogi . Odinga travelled across the major towns in East Africa raising funds that resulted in the building of the Ofafa Memorial Hall in Kisumu in 1957 which became the headquarters of the Luo Union. Odinga s political contributions 1948-1963 In 1947, he won the central Nyanza African District Council elections. In 1948 he joined Kenya African Union KAU having been influenced by a Luo Union and KAU leader, Ambrose Ofafa. In 1957 and became the political spokesman of the Luo. The same year, he was elected member of the Legislative Council for the Central Nyanza constituency. He became the chairperson of AEMO formed by the eight African elected Members of the LEGCO. He with Mboya and Kiano formed the Kenya Independence Movement after AEMO began to disintegrate. After the 1960 Lancaster House Conference, attended by a unified African delegation, Odinga emerging as one of the radical group leader, dissatisfied Africans with the conference decisions. Odinga and other members of the legislative council formed the Kenya African National Union KANU . Odinga's KANU used its strong showing in the 1961 general elections to help gain Kenyatta's release. Odinga after independence Kenya gained independence in Dec 1963, and Odinga was appointed minister for home affairs. When Kenya became a Republic in 1964, he was its first Vice-President. As VicePresident he did not agree with Jomo Kenyatta's government, and he resigned his post and quit KANU in 1966 to form the Kenya People's Union KPU . He openly challenged the government's use of private and foreign investment capital and its close ties with the West. Within KANU, a coalition formed against Odinga and in 1966 a KANU reorganization conference abolished his post of party vice-president.
Odinga after independence Kenya gained independence in Dec 1963, and Odinga was appointed minister for home affairs. When Kenya became a Republic in 1964, he was its first Vice-President. As VicePresident he did not agree with Jomo Kenyatta's government, and he resigned his post and quit KANU in 1966 to form the Kenya People's Union KPU . He openly challenged the government's use of private and foreign investment capital and its close ties with the West. Within KANU, a coalition formed against Odinga and in 1966 a KANU reorganization conference abolished his post of party vice-president. In October 1969, Odinga together with Achieng Oneko and other KPU members were jailed by the government. The KPU was banned, and he stayed in prison for 15 months. Odinga remained an opposition leader throughout the1970s. After Kenyatta's death in 1978, the new president, Daniel Arap Moi, tried to bring Odinga back into KANU. Moi, appointed Odinga as chairman of the Cotton Lint and Seed Marketing Boardwhere he did not last long, because he was still outspoken against Kenyatta's policies. When Odinga was reinstated into the party in 1980, he attacked Moi and Kenyatta as corrupt and protested U.S. military presence in Kenya. Odinga attempted to register a political party in 1982, but his plans were foiled when Kenyawas made a de jure single-party state in 1982, KANU party again banished Odinga. Throughout the 1980s, Odinga remained vocal in calling for democracy. In 1984, he tried to launch and register the Ramogi Development Trust RADET but the government denied it registration. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 348 Odinga and the Struggle for multi-parytism in the 1990s In 1991, Odinga founded the National Democratic Party, but the government refused to recognize it and briefly jailed Odinga. Later that year Odinga and five other opposition leaders formed the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD . But FORD split in 1992, and Jaramogi formed FORD-K finishing fourth behind Moi, Matiba and Kibaki.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 348 Odinga and the Struggle for multi-parytism in the 1990s In 1991, Odinga founded the National Democratic Party, but the government refused to recognize it and briefly jailed Odinga. Later that year Odinga and five other opposition leaders formed the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD . But FORD split in 1992, and Jaramogi formed FORD-K finishing fourth behind Moi, Matiba and Kibaki. In 1993, Odinga's reputation suffered when he admitted taking a campaign contribution from a bank accused of bribing government officials. In the months before his death in January 1994, Odinga tried to reconcile his branch of FORD with KANU, but without success. Wangari Maathai Early life of Wangari Maathai. Maathai was born on April 1, 1940 in the Ihithe village, Nyeri County, in the central region to Muta Njugi, a farm labourer on a white owned farm in the rift valley. In 1950, she joined Ihithe Primary School for primary education in 1951, Maathai moved to St. Cecilia's Intermediate Primary School at the Mathari Catholic Mission in Nyeri where she studied for four years. During this time, she converted to Catholicism, taking the Christian name Mary Josephine. In 1956 she joined Loreto High School Limuru. She was chosen to study at American universities in September 1960 under the Kennedy Airlift or Airlift Africa. In 1964, she joined the University of Pittsburgh to study for a master's degree in biology. In January 1966, upon her return to Kenya, Maathai dropped her Christian name, preferring to be known by her birth name, Wangari Muta. In April 1966, she met Mwangi Mathai, whom she later married in 1969 and had three children with him. In 1971, she became the first Eastern African woman to receive a Ph.D., in Anatomy from the University of Nairobi. She was a member of the Nairobi branch of the Kenya Red Cross Society, becoming its director in 1973.
Who partnered with the Green Belt Movement and offered her the position of coordinator. In 1987, Maathai stepped down as chairman of the NCWK and focused her attention on the newly separate nongovernmental organization. In October 1989, Maathai learned of a plan to construct the 60 -story Kenya Times Media Trust Complex in Uhuru Park. Her protests, some leading to her being harassed, led to the foreigninvestors to cancel the project in January 1990. In June 1992, both Maathai and President Arap Moi traveled to Rio de Janeiro for the UN Conference on Environment and Development Earth Summit where she became a chief spokesperson despite government protest. In 1998, Maathai protested against the privatization of large areas of pu blic land in the Karura Forest. In August 16, 1999, when the president announced that he was banning all allocation of public land. On October 8, 2004, Maathai became the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. On March 28, 2005, she was elected the first president of the African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council and was appointed a goodwill ambassador for an initiative aimed at protecting the Congo Basin Forest Ecosystem. Achievements of Wangari Maathai a As a member of the Kenya Association of University Women, she was on the forefront in campaigning for equal benefits for the women while at the university and also as a member National Council of Women of Kenya NCWK . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 350 b She succeeded in stopping the government from encroaching on a public utility at Uhuru park to construct the 60-story Kenya Times Media Trust Complex. C She succeeded in pressurizing the government to release political prisoners through painful hunger protests at Uhuru Park. The prisoners were released in early 1993. D Maathai was the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. E Maathai has been very instrumental in environmental protection through the Green Belt Movement. THE FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS. Role of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission in Kenya.
THE FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS. Role of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission in Kenya. A The Commission is responsible for conducting or supervising referenda and elections to any elective body or office. B It is responsible for continuous registration of citizens as voters and regular revision of the voters roll. C It Prescribes and reviews electoral boundaries in constituencies and wards at intervals of not less than eight years, and not more than twelve years. The constitution provides for 290 constituencies established under the following considerations; Community of interest, historical, economic and cultural ties Geographical features and urban centres Means of communication d It is responsible for regulation of the process by which parties nominate candidates for elections. E The commission is responsible for settlement of electoral disputes, including disputes relating to or arising from nominations. However it does not handle election petitions and disputes subsequent to the declaration of election results. F The registration of candidates for election. G Educate informs the public on the requirements for voters and contestants h Facilitation of the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections. I It is responsible for regulation of the amount of money that may be spent by or on behalf of a candidate or party in respect of any election. J Identifies, appoints and trains election officials. K Verifies and announces election results l Prepares ballot papers and other election materials. M Identifies and recommends polling stations. Types of elections. There are three types of elections in Kenya; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 351 a General elections. These are elections held after every five years. Initially they were meant to be held on the second Tuesday in August on the fifth year. But this has since been altered due to the delay in new constitution implementation process b By elections. These are elections of new leaders to fill vacant seats left following deaths of occupants, resignation or annulment of their election through successful petition in court. C Re run elections- this are elections held exactly one month after the general elections involving only two presidential candidates in case of no clear winner in the general election. Why Kenyans elect their representatives to parliament every five years. A It is a constitutional requirement that Kenyans elect MPs after every five years. B The elections give Kenyans a chance to practice their democratic right of choosing their representatives.
Why Kenyans elect their representatives to parliament every five years. A It is a constitutional requirement that Kenyans elect MPs after every five years. B The elections give Kenyans a chance to practice their democratic right of choosing their representatives. C It enables Kenyans control their elected representatives i.e. the fear of losing election ensures that elected representative serve the electorate well. D It enables Kenyans choose between representatives and between parties that express the policies that they agree with. E Through periodic elections, Kenyans are able to participate in activities of their government The following methods have been used in elections in Kenya. A Mololongo queuing b Acclamation c Secret ballot. THE 2007 ELECTIONS IN KENYA The electoral process that was adopted by the ECK under the stewardship of Samuel Kivuitu in the 2007 election was very unfair and yielded false results. This caused the outbreak of violence, bloodshed, destruction and loss of property. The Kreigler commission that was formed to look into the causes of the 2008 violence reported the following weaknesses. A Irregularities in the voter register which excluded 30 of the potential voters the register contained names of deceased persons. Women who had attained the voting age were found to be under represented. B Imbalanced distribution of registered voters among constituencies. Some constituencies like Embakasi had over 200, 000 registered voters while others like Mandera East had less than 20,000 registered voters. C Rampant cheating where in some cases the votes cast were more than 100 of the registered voters. D Existence of exclusive strongholds with some electoral areas being out of bounds for some political parties. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 352 e There was a defective system of voter tallying and relaying of information. Some of those declared winners finally lost their seats through election petitions. F Incompetence of the ECK officials with even the chairmen stating clearly that it was impossible to establish who won the elections. G The results relayed sometimes faced integrity queries. Some officials relayed cooked results. H The composition of the ECK raised suspicion especially among the opposition. The principles that govern the electoral process in Kenya.
Some officials relayed cooked results. H The composition of the ECK raised suspicion especially among the opposition. The principles that govern the electoral process in Kenya. A All citizens have the freedom to exercise their political rights b Not more than two-thirds of the members of elective public bodies shall be of the same gender. C Persons with disabilities must receive fair representation. D There must be universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality of vote. E The elections should be free and fair and will be by secret ballot, free from violence, intimidation, improper influence or corruption. F The elections will be conducted by an independent body, transparent; and administered in an impartial, neutral, efficient, accurate and accountable manner. Legislation on Elections. The following legislations govern the electoral process in Kenya. A The constitution of Kenya-that is a sovereign state and republic with the people owning all sovereign power directly or through democratically elected leaders. B The national assembly and presidential elections Act- it outlines the steps to be followed in the registration of voters, nomination of candidates, polling and counting of votes and other related processes. C The local government act- it gives the procedure and rules for conducting elections for county, municipal and town councils. D The electoral offences Act. It lays out the election offences like bribing of voters, threatening voters, voting more than once or causing violence on polling day or during campaigns. Voter registration. Qualifications of a voter in an electoral process in Kenya. A One must be an adult citizen at least 18 years old. B He she must be a Kenyan citizen in possession of an identity card or passport. C He she must be a registered voter. D He she must been registered at only one registration centre e One must not be an insane person. F He she must have been convicted of an election offence during the Preceding five years. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 353 Voter and civic education. Voter education refers to the provision of information, materials and programmes to voters with the intention of informing them about the specifics of voting process for a particular election. For example, information on who is eligible to vote, where and how to register. Civic education is aimed at conveying knowledge to the citizens about the country s politica l system and context.
C if he is nominated by a political party, or is an independent candidate who is supported in the case of election to the National Assembly, by at least one thousand Registered voters in the constituency; or in the case of election to the Senate, by at least two thousand registered voters in the county. Disqualifications for one from being elected a Member the National Assembly. A If the person is a State officer or other public officer, other than a Member of Parliament. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 354 b If a person has, at any time within the five years immediately preceding the date of election, held office as a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. C If a person has not been a citizen of Kenya for at least the ten years immediately preceding the date of election. D If a person is a member of a county assembly. E If one is of unsound mind. F If one is declared bankrupt. G Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of at least six months, as at the date of registration as a candidate, or at the date of election. H If one is found, in accordance with any law, to have misused or abused a State office or public office. An elected MP may lose his her seat in parliament under the following circumstances. A When he she ceases to be a Kenyan citizen. B He she receive a jail sentence exceeding 6 months or death penalty from a court of law. C When he she resign, through writing to the speaker, from the national assembly. D When he she is declared bankrupt by a court of law. E When he she is found to be of unsound mind. F When he she resigns from the sponsoring political party or as an MP. G When he she fails to attend 8 consecutive sessions during the life of a particular parliament without permission from the speaker. H When he she defects from one party to another. I When he she having been elected to parliament as an independent candidate, decides to join a political party. Campaigns. The campaign periods starts immediately after IEBC nomination of candidates and ends 12 hours before the polling day. The main purpose of campaigns is to give the voters chance to assess aspiring candidates and their party policies and strategies and then decide the right candidate. Polling Voting is done in the polling station.
The campaign periods starts immediately after IEBC nomination of candidates and ends 12 hours before the polling day. The main purpose of campaigns is to give the voters chance to assess aspiring candidates and their party policies and strategies and then decide the right candidate. Polling Voting is done in the polling station. It takes place from 6.00am to 6.00 pm on the Election Day. Counting of votes begins after the closure of the exercise. The presiding officer then announces the number of votes garnered by each candidate. The returning officer, the election officer in the constituency then tallies the total votes from all the polling stations and announces per candidate in the constituency. He she declares the elected mp for the constituency and councilors of each ward. He announces the number of votes per candidate for the presidential elections. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 355 The IEBC then declares the validly elected candidates for the presidential, National Assembly and Senate. Factors likely to interfere with free and fair elections in Kenya. A Ethnic loyalties polarization Party loyalties. People may be compelled to vote along tribal lines, in total disregard of the leadership records or accomplishment of those they elect. B Illiteracy of some voters. This curtails their ability to mark the ballot papers correctly. C Inadequate civic education. The lack of adequate sensitization of the voters can lead to ineffective election process. D Violence. Harassment of voters by rival groups Insecurity fear instilled in candidates. All forms of chaos makes accessibility to voting stations by voters difficult. E Corruption of candidates and their supporters. This is through bribing of voters to vote for certain candidates. F Incompetent election officials. Some election officials are partisan and therefore unable to preside over elections competently. G Rigging. On many occasions aspiring candidates or their agents have complained of rigging. H Transport difficulties. The electoral process in Kenya has been faced with the problem of Inaccessibility of some polling stations i Communication problems. During the voting day, some remote areas experience communication problems between the headquarters and the polling stations. J Extreme weather conditions. Delivery of polling materials has sometimes been affected by bad weather. K Gender insensitivity. For a long time, women have not been given a fair share in the electoral process in Kenya. L Use and misuse of mass media.
K Gender insensitivity. For a long time, women have not been given a fair share in the electoral process in Kenya. L Use and misuse of mass media. Some politicians own some media houses, sometimes they have subjected them to misuse. There has been also the problem of imbalance when it comes to media coverage of elections. Electoral guidelines and regulations that may help minimizeirregularities. A Whatever voting method is used, the system must be simple, accurate, verifiable, secure, accountable and transparent. B The votes cast must be counted, tabulated and the results announced promptly by the presiding officer at each polling station. C The results from the polling stations must be openly and accurately collated and promptly announced by the returning officer. D Appropriate structures and mechanisms to eliminate electoral malpractices must be in place, including the safekeeping of electoral materials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 356 Electoral disputes The following must be observed as pertains to election disputes: a Electoral petitions, other than in a presidential election, must be filed within 28 days after the declaration of the election results by the IEBC. B Service of a petition may be direct or by advertisement in a newspaper with national circulation. ELECTION OFFICIALS The following are the officers appointed by the IEBC to assist in administering elections. 1. District election coordinators. -. Officials responsible for all electoral matters at district level. They act as a link between people at the grassroots level and the IEBC headquarters. 2. Registration officers. They register voters in each constituency and issue them with voter s card. 3. Returning officers. Are in charge of elections in a constituency which has several polling stations. They perform the following functions: a They set up polling booths in each polling station. B They receive nomination papers from prospective candidates c They distribute ballot papers and boxes to polling stations. D They supervise the voting and counting of votes in the constituency. E They appoint the presiding officers in each polling station. F Announcing the results of the elections. 4. Presiding officers. In charge of polling stations. And perform the following duties; a They conduct the polls in an orderly, free and fair manner at the polling station. B They ensure that every eligible voter votes only once. C They help illiterate voters mark ballot papers.
And perform the following duties; a They conduct the polls in an orderly, free and fair manner at the polling station. B They ensure that every eligible voter votes only once. C They help illiterate voters mark ballot papers. D They seal the ballot boxes and transfer them to a central point in the polling station where the votes will be counted. E They maintain law and order at polling stations and report any irregularities to the returning officer. F They ensure that there is impartiality in conducting. 5. Polling clerks. On the polling day, they assist and guide voters, particularly those who are illiterate. 6. Security personnel. Police officers maintain law and order during the polling and counting of votes. 7. Counting clerks. They sort out ballots and then count the ballots per candidate. 8. Party agents. They represent candidates or political parties in a polling station or counting hall to ensure that the polling and counting procedures are transparent , orderly , free and fair. 9. Observers. These are neutral persons who make observations and write reports on the polling and counting exercise to indicate if the elections were free and fair or not. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 357 FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Kenyans directly or indirectly exercise their sovereign or absolute power through their democratically elected representatives. This power is delegated to the state organs or arms of government namely; a The parliament and the legislative assemblies in the county assemblies. B The national executive and the executive structures in the county government. C The judiciary and independent tribunals. The process of National government formation. After every election, the party with the majority of seats in the house forms the government by appointing cabinet secretaries from among professionals not among elected MPs with the approval of the National Assembly. The president then appoints the judiciary with the a dvice of the JSC. The president-elect is sworn in by the chief Justice and the members of the three arms of government also take oath. The three arms of government operate independently and work on checks and balances The executive is responsible for running the country by developing and implementing policies that lead to national development. Even after dissolution of parliament after its expiry, the cabinet exists until a new one is appointed. This is to ensure that there is no power vacuum and that government operations continue.
The president then appoints the judiciary with the a dvice of the JSC. The president-elect is sworn in by the chief Justice and the members of the three arms of government also take oath. The three arms of government operate independently and work on checks and balances The executive is responsible for running the country by developing and implementing policies that lead to national development. Even after dissolution of parliament after its expiry, the cabinet exists until a new one is appointed. This is to ensure that there is no power vacuum and that government operations continue. Role of government in Kenya a Government ensures that social and economic development is undertaken by putting in place policies to improve schools, hospitals, agriculture, trade, housing and industry. B It upholds human rights and freedoms and ensures that all citizens live in peace and harmony through the administration of justice and maintaining law and order. C Government organizes an effective defence force to protect the country from internal and external aggression. D It also has a duty to establish sound foreign policies to promote international cooperation with other countries by setting up foreign embassies and high commissions. E It has a duty to foster national unity by recognizing diversity and ensuring equitable sharing of national and local resources. F Government protects and promotes the interests and rights of the minorities and marginalized communities. COUNTY GOVERNMENT The county government is composed of County assemblies, county executive committees and county public service and exist in each of the 47 counties throughout Kenya. A county government consists of; a Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election in Kenya. B The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 358 c Members appointed by the county governor, with the approval of the county assembly, from among persons who are not members of the assembly. The structure of the executive arm of the county government. The executive authority of the county is vested in the county executive committee. The committee consists of; a The county Governor and the Deputy County Governor who are the chief executive and deputy chief executive of the county respectively. B Members who are not members of the assembly and appointed by the County Governor, with the approval of the assembly. They should be not more than ten other. If the assembly has less than thirty members, the members should be One-third of the number of members of the county assembly.
B Members who are not members of the assembly and appointed by the County Governor, with the approval of the assembly. They should be not more than ten other. If the assembly has less than thirty members, the members should be One-third of the number of members of the county assembly. NB; Members of a county executive committee are accountable to the county governor for the performance of their functions and exercise of their powers. The appointed members of the county executive committee cease to hold office once the office of the county governor falls vacant. The election of a county governor. The county governor is directly elected by the voters registered in the county at a general election for a term of 5 years. To be eligible for election as county governor, a person must be eligible for election as a member of the county assembly. If re-elected, can serve for another final term of 5 years. Each candidate for election as county governor nominates a person as his her running mate to be the deputy governor. Removal of a County Governor from office. A governor may be removed from office under the following grounds; a Gross violation of the Constitution or any other law. B When the county governor commits a crime under national or international law. C When the governor abuses office or is accused of gross misconduct. D When he she suffers from Physical or mental incapacity that hinders performance of the functions of office. The office of the county governor falls vacant when the holder of office; a Dies. B Resigns, in writing, addressed to the speaker of the county assembly. C Is convicted of an offence punishable by imprisonment for atleast twelve months. D Ceases to be eligible to be elected as a county governor. E Is removed from office under the constitution. The deputy county governor assumes office as a county governor for the remainder of the term of the county governor when a vacancy arises. Where the deputy governor is unable to act or his office is also vacant, the speaker acts as governor and elections must be held within sixty days after the speaker assumes office. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 359 THE COUNTY ASSEMBLY The composition of a County Assembly in Kenya is as follows; A county assembly consists of Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election.
The deputy county governor assumes office as a county governor for the remainder of the term of the county governor when a vacancy arises. Where the deputy governor is unable to act or his office is also vacant, the speaker acts as governor and elections must be held within sixty days after the speaker assumes office. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 359 THE COUNTY ASSEMBLY The composition of a County Assembly in Kenya is as follows; A county assembly consists of Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election. Members of special seats no more than two-thirds of the membership of the assembly is of the same gender. Members of marginalized groups, including persons with disabilities and the youth. The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. Nb-The members for special seats and marginalized communities are nominated by political parties in proportion to the seats received in the election in a particular county. The functions of a county assembly a County assemblies make laws for the effective performance of the county government. B It acts as a watch dog over the county executive committee. C It receives and approves plans and policies for managing and exploiting the county s resources, and, developing and managing the infrastructure and institutions. Conditions that must be met by a person seeking for election to a County Assembly a The person must be a registered as a voter in his her county. B The person must have been a Kenyan citizen for atleast ten years before the elections. C The person must be able to read and write in English and Kiswahili. D He or she must be of sound mind. E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. G The person must be nominated by a political party h If he she is an independent candidate, must be supported by at least five hundred registered voters in the Ward concerned. I The person must not have been declared bankrupt. J The person must not have served a sentence of imprisonment of more than six months. K The person must not have misused or abused a State or public office. Vacancy in the office of member of county assembly may happen if the member; a Dies. B Is absent from eight sittings of the assembly without permission, in writing, of the speaker of the assembly and is unable to offer satisfactory explanation for the absence.
C Two members, being one man and one woman, representing the youth. D Two members, being one man and one woman, representing persons with disabilities. E The Speaker, who shall be an ex officio member. The official languages of parliament are English, Kiswahili and Kenyan sign language. Parliament quorum is 50 members for the national assembly and 15 members for the senate. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 361 Office of parliament The following are the officers of parliament; Speakers and deputy speakers. Two Speakers, ex-officio member, one for each of the two houses. Each is elected by members of the respective house from among persons who are qualified to be elected as members of parliament but are not MPs. A deputy speaker is elected from among members of each of the houses by the mps. Their offices become vacant when; A new house of parliament first meets after an election. When he she resigns, dies. When a house resolution of two-thirds removes him her from office. The speakers Preside at any sitting of the house. In a joint meeting of the two houses, the speaker of the national assembly assisted by that of the senate presides over. The speaker has no vote in parliament and in case of a tie, The question is lost. The six speakers in Kenya since independence include; 1. 2008-upto date- Kenneth Marende. 2. 1993-2007- Francis Ole Kaparo 3. 1991- 1992-Professor Jonathan Ngeno 4. 1988- 1990-Moses Arap Keino 5. 1970 1987-Fredrick Mbiti Mati. 6. 1964-1969-Humphrey Slade became the first speaker of the single house. 7. 1963- Muinga Chokwe speaker of the upper house 8. 1963- Humphrey slade speaker of the lower house . Role of the speaker. A He she presides over the proceedings of the house and ensures that they are conducted in accordance with the rules of procedure. He enforces standing orders in the house. B The speaker disciplines members of the house who violate standing orders by ordering such them to leave the house or be barred from attending three house consecutive sittings. C Maintains order during debates and enforces rules which govern conduct of the house.
He enforces standing orders in the house. B The speaker disciplines members of the house who violate standing orders by ordering such them to leave the house or be barred from attending three house consecutive sittings. C Maintains order during debates and enforces rules which govern conduct of the house. The speaker interprets the rules of the house. D He she gives the MPs chance to contribute towards house debates to ensure that the minority are given a fair hearing before the will of the majority prevails. E He she represents and protects the authority of the house. F He she organizes and determines the business to be conducted in the house by receiving Bills, motions and questions for discussion in the house, and then prepares an order paper. G He she adjourns sittings if the house lacks a quorum. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 362 h He she keeps and maintains the attendance register and grants permission to MPs to be absent from sessions. MPs going out of the country must inform the speaker of their absence from Kenya. I He she heads the National Assembly department and takes charge of its general administration and welfare. He she is responsible for preserving dignity and order and for the comfort and convenience of the members and staff within parliament buildings. J He she chairs the speaker s committee, the committee of powers and Privileges and the Order Committee. K The speaker issues orders and makes rules for the regulation of visitors to parliament and represent parliament in its relations with foreign countries. L The speaker chairs the branches of the commonwealth Parliamentary Association, InterParliamentary Union and the Union of African Parliaments. He she represents Parliament at the commonwealth speaker s conference. M He she declares parliamentary seats vacant and issues writs for general elections and byelections. N He she receives and accepts letters of resignation from members of parliament. O He she swears in members of parliament before participating in the House deliberations. P He, summons parliament to a new when parliamentarians are on recess. Party leaders As part of parliament officers, there is the leader of the majority party and leader of minority party. The majority party leader is the person who is the leader in the national assembly of the largest party or coalition of parties. The minority party leader is the person who is the leader in the national assembly of the second largest party or coalition of parties. Role of party leaders.
The majority party leader is the person who is the leader in the national assembly of the largest party or coalition of parties. The minority party leader is the person who is the leader in the national assembly of the second largest party or coalition of parties. Role of party leaders. A They promote and uphold national unity through party activities. B They enforce adherence to principles of good governance, democracy and upholding human rights and fundamental freedoms and gender equality and equity. C The leaders work to advance the goals of the party and ensure their programme is carried out to the satisfaction of the party. D The leader of the majority party has to ensure and maintain support for legislation. E The leader of the minority party has to protect the rights of the minority. F The leader of the majority party has to ensure accountability and transparency in the party. And the government. Functions of parliament in Kenya. A The elected members of parliament Represents the will of the people, and exercises their sovereignty. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 363 b Parliament considers and passes amendments to the Constitution c It has powers to alter county boundaries as provided for in the Constitution. D Parliament has the duty to protect the Constitution and promote the democratic governance of the Republic. E Parliament is the sole body that has the power to make provision having the force of law in Kenya Functions of the National Assembly in Kenya. A The national assembly represents the will of the people and expresses their sovereignty since it represents people from the 290 constituencies and special interest groups. B The National Assembly deliberates on and resolves issues of concern to the people in the Constituencies and special interest groups. C The National Assembly enacts legislation that affect the nation-not the county government. For example the money bill may be introduced only in the national assembly. D The National Assembly determines the allocation of national revenue between the levels of government it controls revenue and expenditure in the republic. E It appropriates funds for expenditure by the national government and other national State organs it exercises oversight over national revenue and its expenditure. F The National Assembly reviews the conduct in office of the President, the Deputy President and other State officers It may initiate the process of removing them from office. G The National Assembly approves declarations of war and extensions of states of emergency. Functions of the Senate in Kenya. A The Senate represents the counties, and serves to protect the interests of the counties and their governments.
G The National Assembly approves declarations of war and extensions of states of emergency. Functions of the Senate in Kenya. A The Senate represents the counties, and serves to protect the interests of the counties and their governments. B The Senate participates in the law-making function of Parliament by considering, debating and approving Bills concerning counties. C The Senate determines the allocation of national revenue among counties It exercisesoversight over national revenue allocated to the county governments. D The Senate participates in the oversight of State officers by considering and determining any resolution to remove the President or Deputy President from office. The process of law making in Kenya. What is law making? This is the process of enacting new laws or amending the existing ones. The two conditions for the start of a law making process are a The presence of a speaker or his deputy. B A quorum of fifty members of the national assembly. C A quorum of 15 members of the senate. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 364 What is a bill? A bill is a proposed piece of legislation law . Bills originate in the National Assembly. A Bill not concerning county government is considered only in the National Assembly, and passed in accordance with the Standing Orders of the Assembly. A Bill concerning county government may originate in the National Assembly or the Senate, and is passed in accordance with the Standing Orders of the Houses. Bills are classified into two; a Public Bill- these deal with matters of public policy that affect all citizens of Kenya. They are also categorized into two; a. Government Bill-introduced by cabinet secretaries. B. Private member s Bill.-introduced by back-benchers in the national assembly a Private Bill.-this is a bill that affects a particular person, associations or people living in a small part of the country. Money Bill This a bill that has provisions dealing with taxes, payment of charges by public, appropriation , receipt ,custody or issue of public money, raising or guaranteeing of any loan, its repayment or other matters relating to such monies. The process The government departments and public offices to be affected by a bill consult first before it is drafted. A bill is then drafted by the government draftsman the parliamentary counsel in the attorney general s chambers. When the cabinet is satisfied with the draft, it is published in the Kenya gazette at least fourteen days before it is introduced to parliament.
The process The government departments and public offices to be affected by a bill consult first before it is drafted. A bill is then drafted by the government draftsman the parliamentary counsel in the attorney general s chambers. When the cabinet is satisfied with the draft, it is published in the Kenya gazette at least fourteen days before it is introduced to parliament. The main purpose of this is to give the public chance to view and criticize the Bill. The draft proposal is also presented to parliament to give members chance to research on it on preparation for a debate in thefuture. A Bill is first introduced by any member or committee of the relevant House of Parliament, but a money Bill may be introduced only in the National Assembly. Before either House considers a Bill, the Speakers of the National Assembly and Senate jointly resolve any question as to whether it is a Bill concerning counties and, if it is, whether it is a special or an ordinary Bill. When any Bill concerning county government has been passed by one House of Parliament, the Speaker of that House refers it to the Speaker of the other House. If both Houses pass the Bill in the same form, the Speaker of the House in which the Bill originated shall, within seven days, refer the Bill to the President for assent. The National Assembly may amend or veto a special Bill that has been passed by the Senate only by a resolution supported by at least two-thirds of the members of the Assembly. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 365 Within fourteen days after receipt of a Bill, the President assents to the Bill; or refer the Bill back to Parliament for reconsideration by Parliament, noting any reservations that the President has concerning the Bill. When a bill is referred back to parliament, the following procedure is followed; a Parliament may amend the bill in light of the president s reservations or pass the bill a second time without amendments. B If parliament amends the Bill after consideration of the president s reservations, the speaker must resubmit the bill to the president for assent. C Parliament could pass the bill without amendments or with amendments that do not fully accommodate the president s reservations if supported by; Two-thirds of the members of the national assembly, and Two-thirds of the delegations in the senate, if the bill requires approval of the senate. The bill then has to be submitted by the appropriate speaker to the president for assent within seven days.
B If parliament amends the Bill after consideration of the president s reservations, the speaker must resubmit the bill to the president for assent. C Parliament could pass the bill without amendments or with amendments that do not fully accommodate the president s reservations if supported by; Two-thirds of the members of the national assembly, and Two-thirds of the delegations in the senate, if the bill requires approval of the senate. The bill then has to be submitted by the appropriate speaker to the president for assent within seven days. If the president fails to assent the bill within seven days, the bill will be considered acted upon and therefore considered null and void. The process of the bill coming into force as a law. After presidential assent, a Bill becomes a law or an act of parliament. It is then published in the official gazette, the Kenya gazette, within seven days after assent. Sections of it may also be published in the local dailies so as to publicize the law t o all residents in the country. The Act of parliament then comes into force as a law on the fourteenth day after its publication in the Kenya Gazette unless the Act specifies a different date or time when it will come into force. The law then binds everybody in the country. Special Bills concerning county governments. Such Bills, when passed by senate, can only be amended or vetoed by National Assembly by a resolution of 2 3 of the members. When the veto or amend fails to pass, the speaker of the National Assembly must within seven days refer the Bill in the form adopted by the senate to the president for assent. Ordinary Bills concerning counties. If one house passes an ordinary bill concerning counties and the second house rejects it , the Bill must be referred to the mediation committee. A mediation committee refers to a committee comprising equal number of members from both houses appointed by the speaker with the task of formulating a version of the Bill that both Houses could pass. Both houses will then vote to pass or reject the formulated version. The Bill is considered rejected if the committee fails to reach an agreed version within 30 days. If the second House passes it in an amended form, the bill must be taken back to the orig inating house for consideration. If the originating house passes it as amended; it is referred to the president for assent within seven days. If it rejects it, it is referred to the mediation committee.
The Bill is considered rejected if the committee fails to reach an agreed version within 30 days. If the second House passes it in an amended form, the bill must be taken back to the orig inating house for consideration. If the originating house passes it as amended; it is referred to the president for assent within seven days. If it rejects it, it is referred to the mediation committee. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 366 Parliamentary supremacy Meaning of parliamentary supremacy This refers to the sovereign power exercised by parliament which makes law for the country. Parliament is supreme because, through elections, it has the people s mandate to legislate and govern on their behalf and is the only means through which people control government. How parliamentary supremacy is upheld in Kenya. A It is the only Body that makes and repeals laws. Technically, a constitutional court can overrule an act of parliament, but parliament can change the law to prevent that from happening. B Parliament can remove the president from office by impeachment. A member of the national assembly, with the support of at least a third of all the members, may move an impeachment motion. C Parliament through an amendment of the constitution, can limit the powers of the executive. It can also pass a vote of no confidence in the government, compelling the president and his her cabinet secretaries to resign. D Cabinet secretaries are accountable to the parliament for their activities in the ministries under their control. They have to answer questions in parliament about their ministries. E Bills prepared by the cabinet have to be legislated by parliament, which is a law making body. F Parliament has to approve government expenditure. The Cabinet secretary in charge of Finance annually presents the budget to parliament for approval by MPs. -. The public accounts committee scrutinizes government expenditure. The Auditor and controllerGeneral check the expenditure of all ministries and reports to parliament. NB; - The upholding of parliamentary supremacy however depends largely on the integrity and maturity of members of the national assembly. Ways in which parliamentary supremacy in Kenya is limited. A Parliament cannot make laws that contradict traditional customs and practices of the people, unless people want change. B Parliament cannot pass a law that contradicts the constitution. The supremacy of the constitution is upheld. C Increased power of the cabinet can reduce parliament s authority. If the cabinet is too powerful, it may influence parliamentary decisions. D The president can limit the supremacy by making independent decisions.
C Increased power of the cabinet can reduce parliament s authority. If the cabinet is too powerful, it may influence parliamentary decisions. D The president can limit the supremacy by making independent decisions. For example, the president has emergency powers which sidestep parliamentary supremacy. State of Emergency does not follow parliamentary directions. E Parliament supremacy can be limited by the application of international laws. Parliament may be forced to ratify a law out of necessity; failure to ratify an international law may invite punitive actions on the country. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 367 f Delegated legislation may also limit its powers, i.e. the operation of the county government by-laws may limit parliamentary supremacy although national legislation prevails over county legislation. G Referendum may be used to decide important issues as opposed to parliamentary decisions. Merits of parliamentary supremacy parliamentary system. A It increases harmony, since the legislature and the executive work together. This is realized when MPs, who represent the electorate, bring their views to the executive cabinet secretaries in the legislature. B This system allows ordinary citizens to participate in the governing process by electing their representatives to articulate their views on issues of national interest. C It ensures a responsible and responsive government since the cabinet is controlled by parliament in its actions. Cabinet cannot ignore public opinion, since people choose the MPs. Such could risk a vote of no confidence. D It instills a sense of responsibility in the executive since cabinet secretaries have to sit and answer questions in the house. E The system legitimizes actions taken by the government, particularly when such actions originate from recommendations passed by the MPs- the people s representatives. F A parliamentary system gives citizens a chance to participate in national political leadership through presenting themselves for election as members of parliament or county assemblies. G It provides for regular elections, giving the electorate the chance to reject non performing MPs and elect others who can perform. H Parliament is a training ground for effective leaders; the system enables Kenyans of ability and experience to prove their worth in parliamentary debates. Demerits of parliamentary supremacy. A It only works well where there are two parties; with one ruling while the other in opposition. In a case where there are more than two parties. A coalition government may be formed and this form of government is sometimes weak and unstable.
A It only works well where there are two parties; with one ruling while the other in opposition. In a case where there are more than two parties. A coalition government may be formed and this form of government is sometimes weak and unstable. Also where the legislature is dominated by one party, the cabinet tends to be dictatorial. B Such government may not be effective in times of emergencies. The head of government has to consult with the cabinet and the legislature before acting. C It weakens the executive. It compels the cabinet secretaries to spend most of their time in parliament instead of dealing with matters of their ministries. Terminative Role of Parliament in Kenya. This means that parliament has the power to impeach a president or pass a vote of no confidence in the government by a two-thirds vote majority of the national assembly, forcing the government to resign. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 368 Functions of the Parliamentary Service Commission a The Commission is responsible for providing services and facilities to ensure the efficient and effective functioning of Parliament b It is responsible for constituting offices in the house. C It prepares annual estimates of expenditure of the parliamentary service and submitting them to the National Assembly for approval, and exercising budgetary control over the service. D It is responsible for undertaking, singly or jointly with other releva nt organizations, programmes to promote the ideals of parliamentary democracy. E It performs other functions necessary for the well-being of the members and staff of Parliament; or prescribed by national legislation. THE EXECUTIVE Meaning of the executive. This is the arm of government which deals with the implementation of laws made by parliament. It is charged with the administration of affairs of a country as well as affairs which affect the country from outside. The National executive comprises; a The president. B The deputy president. C The cabinet. D The attorney general. E The director of public prosecutions f The public service. The president. He is the Chief Executive Officer of the republic of Kenya. He is the head of state and government in Kenya. He is the commander-in-chief of the Kenya Defence Forces. He is a symbol of national unity. He holds office for a five year term from the date of being sworn in to office and the term expires when the next candidate elected as president is sworn in. The constitution gives a twofive year term as the maximum period for the president s position.
The president becomes responsible and accountable to the electorate. He cannot go against public opinion. D The president enjoys legitimacy of power because it is derived from the people Powers and functions of the president of Kenya as derived from the constitution of Kenya. A As the Head of State, he performs the following functions; He represents the government and the people of Kenya both locally and internationally. He receives foreign diplomatic and consular reprentatives. B He is the head of Government. He nominates a deputy president to deputize him. He nominates and, with the approval of the national assembly, appoints or dismisses cabinet secretaries, the attorney general, the Director of Public Prosecutions, the secretary to the cabinet, Principal secretaries, High Commissioners, Ambassadors, and diplomatic and consular representatives, the chief justice and the deputy and all the judges in line with the recommendations of the Judicial Service Commission c He is the Commander-in-Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces He has powers to declare a state of emergency, declare war with the approval of parliament. He is the chairperson of the National Security Council of Kenya. D The President has the duty to safeguard the Constitution, ensure the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, safeguard the sovereignty of the republic, promote and enhance unity of the nation and promote respect for diversity. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 370 e The President has legislative powers to address the opening of each newly elected Parliament. He also addresses a special sitting of parliament once every year and any other time. F The President chairs Cabinet meetings and assigns responsibility for the implementation and administration of any Act of Parliament to a Cabinet Secretary. G He presides over national holidays during which he expounds on government policy. H He confers honours in the name of people and republic on men and women of Kenya for outstanding achievements. E.g. OGH, OBS, DSM, HSC and EBS. I He may, on petition of any person, exercise mercy powers in accordance with the advice of the advisory committee. E.g.; Grant a free or conditional pardon to a person convicted of an offence. Postpone execution of any punishment for an offender , for a specified period, or indefinitely Substitute a less severe form of punishment. Remit all or part of a punishment.
The Cabinet consists of a the President; b the Deputy President; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 372 c the Attorney-General; and d Not fewer than fourteen and not more than twenty-two Cabinet Secretaries. The President nominates and, with the approval of the National Assembly, appoints Cabinet Secretaries. A Cabinet Secretary should not be a Member of Parliament. Secretary to the cabinet. This office is an office in the public service. The office holder is nominated and appointed by the president, with the approval of the national assembly. He she has the following responsibilities; a Taking charge of the cabinet office. B Arranging the business of the cabinet subject to its directions. C Keeping minutes of the cabinet. D Conveying decisions of the cabinet to the appropriate persons or authorities. E Serving other functions as directed by the cabinet. Principal Secretaries. Each state department is under the administration of a principal secretary. He she is nominated and appointed by the president from among persons recommended by the public service commission and approved by the national assembly. This office is an office in the public service. General Functions of the cabinet. A The cabinet Advises and assists the president in governing the country. B The cabinet Discusses matters of national and international concern with the president. C The cabinet Formulates government policies and programmes. During parliamentary debates, the secretaries defend the same policies, interpret them to the people and ensure their implementation. D The cabinet initiates new bills and table government bills in the National assembly. E Cabinet secretaries on their individual capacity give direction to operations within their ministries. F The secretary for finance formulates and prepares the national budget which he she then presents to the National Assembly. The principle of collective responsibility of the cabinet. A The cabinet does not work in the light of day. Cabinet must abide by oath of secrecy. B It requires that the cabinet must act together as a team. The cabinet must speak together with one voice on all matters of government policy. C All cabinet members are collectively responsible to parliament and to the people through parliament. One act of a cabinet secretary is taken to be an act of all the members of the cabinet. D A minister would resign if in his conscience he cannot abide by the principle of collective responsibility. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 373 The functions of the Attorney-General in Kenya.
One act of a cabinet secretary is taken to be an act of all the members of the cabinet. D A minister would resign if in his conscience he cannot abide by the principle of collective responsibility. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 373 The functions of the Attorney-General in Kenya. A The Attorney-General is the principal legal adviser to the Government. B He represents the national government in court or in any other legal proceedings to which the national government is a party, other than criminal proceedings. C He performs any other functions conferred on the office by an Act of Parliament or by the President. D The Attorney-General has authority, to appear as a friend of the court in any civilproceedings to which the Government is not a party. E The Attorney-General has duty to promote, protect and uphold the rule of law and defend the public interest. The Director of public prosecutions. The DPP is nominated and with the approval of the National Assembly is appointed by the president to hold office for a term of eight years and can t be re-appointed. He she does not require the consent of any person or authority for the commencement of criminal proceedings. His her powers may be exercised in person or by subordinate officers acting under general or special instructions. A person qualified to be appointed a DPP should have the qualifications to be appointed a judge of the High Court. The functions of the Director of Public Prosecutions. A The Director of Public Prosecutions has power to direct the Inspector-General of the National Police Service to investigate any information or allegation of criminal conduct. B The Director of Public Prosecutions exercises State powers of prosecution and may institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court other than a court martial in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed. C He has powers to take over and continue any criminal proceedings commenced in any court other than a court martial that have been instituted or undertaken by another person orauthority, with the permission of the person or authority. D He has powers to discontinue at any stage, before judgment is delivered, any criminal proceedings instituted by the Director of Public Prosecutions or taken over by the Director of Public Prosecutions. THE PUBLIC SERVICE The public service includes all state organs in both levels of government and all state corporations. Values and principles of public service a High standards of professional ethics. B Efficient, effective and economic use of resources.
THE PUBLIC SERVICE The public service includes all state organs in both levels of government and all state corporations. Values and principles of public service a High standards of professional ethics. B Efficient, effective and economic use of resources. C Responsive, prompt, effective, impartial and equitable provision of services. D Involvement of the people in the process of policy making. E Accountability of administrative acts. F Transparency and provision to the public, of timely, accurate information. G Fair competition and merit as the basis of appointments and promotions For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 374 h Representation of Kenya s diverse communities. I Providing adequate and equal opportunities for appointment, training and advancement at all levels of the public service, for women and men, members of all ethnic groups and persons with disability. The Public Service Commission. This is the body charged with the responsibility of recruiting, promoting and managing the affairs of the public servants in Kenya in order to make it a motivated and an efficient workforce. The commission consists of a chairperson, a vice chair person and seven other members appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. The commission has a secretary who is the CEO and is appointed by the commission for a term of five years and is eligible for re-appointment. The following persons do not qualify for appointment to the commission; A person who in the proceeding five years, held office, or stood for elections as; i. A member of parliament or the county assembly. Ii. A member of the governing body of a political party. Iii. If the person holds any state office. Iv. A holder of an office in a political organization that sponsors or supports a candidate for election as Member of Parliament or county assembly. Functions and powers of the Public Service Commission. A The Commission is responsible for establishment and abolishment of offices in the public service. B It appoints persons to hold or act in Offices in the public service and confirm appointments. C It exercises disciplinary control over and removes persons holding or acting in public offices. D It promotes the values and principles throughout the public service. E It investigates monitors and evaluates the organization, administration and personnelpractices of the public service. F It has the duty to ensure that the public service is efficient and effective. G It develops human resources in the public service.
C In performing their functions and exercising their powers, national security organs must respect cultural diversity of the communities within Kenya. D Recruitment by the national security organs must reflect the diversity of the Kenyan people in equitable proportions. National security organs in Kenya. The national security organs are; a The Kenya Defence Forces. B The National Intelligence Service. C The National Police Service. National Security Council This is a body whose main responsibility is to exercise supervisory control over national security organs Composition of the National Security Council The Council consists of a. The President. B. The Deputy President. C. The Cabinet Secretary responsible for Defence. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 376 d. The Cabinet Secretary responsible for foreign affairs. E. The Cabinet Secretary responsible for internal security. F. The Attorney-General. G. The Chief of Kenya Defence Forces. H. The Director-General of the National Intelligence Service. I. The Inspector-General of the National Police Service. Functions of the National Security Council in Kenya. A It exercises supervisory control over national security organs. B It has duty to integrate the domestic, foreign and military policies relating to national security in order to enable the national security organs to co-operate and functioneffectively. C It makes assessment and appraisal, the objectives, commitments and risks to the Republic in respect of actual and potential national security capabilities. D The Council reports annually to Parliament on the state of the security of Kenya e With the approval of Parliament, The Council is responsible for deploying national forces outside Kenya for regional or international peace support operations; or other support operations. F It approves the deployment of foreign forces in Kenya. The Kenya Defence Forces. The Kenya defence Forces comprises; a The Kenya Army, established in 1963 and which protects the country against external land-based aggression. B The Kenya Air force, established in 1963, disbanded in 1982 and renamed 82 Air force. It helps in the control of locust invasion. C The Kenya Navy, based in Mombasa and created in 1964, patrols Kenya s territorial waters and is always on the alert for sea-borne invasions, and for illegal landings and departure, and unauthorized fishing by foreign vessels in Kenyan waters. Functions of the Kenya Defence forces. A The Defence Forces are responsible for the Defence and protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic.
C The Kenya Navy, based in Mombasa and created in 1964, patrols Kenya s territorial waters and is always on the alert for sea-borne invasions, and for illegal landings and departure, and unauthorized fishing by foreign vessels in Kenyan waters. Functions of the Kenya Defence forces. A The Defence Forces are responsible for the Defence and protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic. B They assist and cooperate with other authorities in situations of emergency or disaster. C They may be deployed to restore peace in any part of Kenya affected by unrest or instability only with the approval of the National Assembly. D The forces also assist in the preservation of internal security. For example the handling of the attempted coup by the Kenya Army in 1982. E They participate in nation building activities such as road and bridge construction. F The military also assists the public during emergencies and calamities such as floods, famine, fire outbreaks, landslides and other disasters. For example during the E l Nino rains-construction of mobile bridge on Mombasa-Nairobi highway. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 377 g The Navy specializes in detecting and fighting off criminals who use water masses like the Indian Ocean to commit crimes within the Kenyan territory. E.g. Somali Pirates. H The Kenya Army takes part in peacekeeping Missions, such as the United Nations peace keeping operations in different parts of the world and also the African Union and Commonwealth. The Kenya Defence Council. Its composition is as follows; a The cabinet secretary responsible for defence is the chairperson. B The Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces. C The Three Commanders of the defence forces. D The Principal Secretary in the ministry responsible for defence. Functions. It is responsible for the overall policy, control and supervision of the Kenya Defence Forces. Challenges facing the Kenya Defence Forces. A There has being cases of indiscipline, such as the abortive coup attempt in 1982. B There have been rampant cases of corruption facing some members of the Kenya Defence Forces, especially on matters of recruitment of new members into the defence forces, purchase of military and police equipment and deployment of officers on specialized duties. C Tribalism, regionalism and nepotism have also been experienced in the Kenya Defence Forces, thereby demoralizing hardworking officers who are left out unfairly during promotions.
A There has being cases of indiscipline, such as the abortive coup attempt in 1982. B There have been rampant cases of corruption facing some members of the Kenya Defence Forces, especially on matters of recruitment of new members into the defence forces, purchase of military and police equipment and deployment of officers on specialized duties. C Tribalism, regionalism and nepotism have also been experienced in the Kenya Defence Forces, thereby demoralizing hardworking officers who are left out unfairly during promotions. D Sometimes the Kenya Defence Forces faces the problem of lack of adequate funds to equip the forces with good equipment to facilitate their work. E The majority of the military personnel are not provided with opportunities to acquire further education. F Piracy and militia attacks and raids at the Kenyan Borders also present a major security challenge to the Defence Forces. G Invasion of Kenya s territorial waters by foreign fishermen and foreign fishing vessels from the big nations challenges the ability of the Kenya Navy to curb illegal fishing. H The location of Moi Airbase at Eastleigh presents a big challenge to the air force. The Airbase was built by Britain in 1964 when the population in the area was scarce. Today the area has human congestion i The defence forces also face challenges related to allegations on violations of human rights. After the 2008 elections violence, the Kenya Army was deployed to restore peace in Mt. Elgon, where they were accused of violating human rights by killing people, destroying property, and sexually assaulting women. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 378 The National Intelligence Service. Initially called the Special Branch, This is an independent civilian government agency dedicated to protecting the national security interests of Kenya and safeguarding its citizens from threats such as terrorism and corruption. Function of the National Intelligence Service a It is responsible for security intelligence and counter intelligence to enhance national security. B It liaises with the National police CID to investigate some of the threats that have criminal implications e.g. terrorism. And lay the appropriate charges. C Information gathered by the NIS assists the government in decision making and planning. D The NIS in its operations protects human rights issues and the individual freedoms. Challenges facing the National Intelligence Service. A Lack of trust from Kenyan citizens.
D The NIS in its operations protects human rights issues and the individual freedoms. Challenges facing the National Intelligence Service. A Lack of trust from Kenyan citizens. The citizens are reluctant to provide information to NIS as they view it not to be any different from the former Special Branch which was known to be a tool of oppression and torture. B The body lacks financial credibility and political independence. The extent to which NIS is Neutral in its handling of sensitive affairs is questionable. C Lack of a clear distinction between accountability and necessary secrecy has sometimes brewed tension. It is difficult to audit the activities of the Body just like any other government organization, due to the nature of its tasks. D The growing volumes and complexity of communications presents a significant security challenge for national intelligence and government agencies that seek to intercept, process monitor and analyze it. E External and internal threats for example Al-shabaab militia from Somalia, Merille Warriors from Ethiopia and Al-Qaeda attacks. Internally, the refugees hosted in Kenya and the illegal migrants from Somali and Sudan are also a threat. The problem of drug trafficking is also a threat. F Continuous capacity building training is a necessity, given the complexity of the task. However this remains a challenge. G Limited financial and human resources since inadequate funds are allocated to the service. This limits its operations. Sometimes even the staff employed is incompetent. H Political interference- with the aim of using the service to gain political mileage. I Ignorance of the Kenyan people on the kind of tasks the service undertakes and the advice it gives to the government. For example, anytime the country has been faced with tension or violence as was the case in 2008, the public seem not to understand the role of NIS. J The organ does not have implementation powers and is limited in terms of the ability to follow up an implementation of the advice given to the government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 379 The National Police Service. The East African Protectorate Police was first created in the 1890s. In 1920, it was renamed the Kenya Police. In 1953, control of the entire police force was placed under the Commissioner of Police. The National Police service was established in 2010 with a mandate to function throughout Kenya.
In 1920, it was renamed the Kenya Police. In 1953, control of the entire police force was placed under the Commissioner of Police. The National Police service was established in 2010 with a mandate to function throughout Kenya. It is headed by the Inspector-General who appointed by the president with the approval of the parliament. He She exercises independent command over the national police service The National polices Service Consists of; a The Kenya Police Service, headed by a deputy inspector general also appointed by the president in accordance with the police service commission recommendations. B The Administration Police Service, headed by a deputy inspector general also appointed by the president in accordance with the police service commission recommendations. Functions of the National Police Service a The National Police Service is responsible for the operations of the Kenya police service and the Administration police service in Kenya. B It has the duty of ensuring the highest standards of professionalism and discipline among its members. C It has the duty to prevent corruption and promote and practice transparency and accountability. D It has the duty to ensure that organs operating under it comply with constitutional standards of human rights and fundamental freedoms. E It ensures that the staff is trained to the highest possible standards of competence and integrity and to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and dignity. F It fosters and promotes relationships with the broader society. Functions of the police service Kenya police service and administration police service . A The police maintain law and order to ensure that those who break the law are arrested. B The police protect the law in order to safeguard both life and property. C It investigates crime and prosecutes offenders in the court. D The police confines suspected criminals in remand as they await the hearing and judgment of their cases in the court. E The police regulate traffic and arrests traffic offenders. They also check for defective or unroadworthy vehicles on the road in order to safeguard life. F Provides assistance and relief services to victims of natural calamities such as floods, fire outbreaks and other emergencies. G Takes part in national projects such as road construction, bridges, hospitals and other national facilities. H The police take a leading role during public holidays. They control the crowd and entertain people. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 380 i They liaise closely with international police Interpol , in order to investigate and arrest international criminals such as terrorists and notor ious Somali pirates.
D The Inspector-General of the National Police Service. E Both Deputy Inspectors-General of the National Police Service. Functions of the National Police Service Commission a The Commission recruits and appoints persons to hold or act in offices in the service. B The commission confirms appointments, and determines promotions and transfers within the National Police Service c It observes due process, exercises disciplinary control over and removes persons holding or acting in offices within the Service. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 381 Possible solutions to challenges facing the national security organs. A The security organs have acquired modern telecommunication equipment and vehicles to improve transport and communication in the security force. B Introduction of the post of public Relations Officer Spokesman in the organs to coordinate and disseminate information. C Raising of qualification requirements for anybody aspiring to join the security organs. This has paved way for employment of university graduates in the forces. D Introduction of professional training programmes for officers with the aim of improving the effectiveness of the organs of national security. E The terms and conditions of service for the members of the security organs have been improved f Community policing has-been introduced to help the security forces to get information from the public through hotlines and suggestion boxes. G There is increased patrolling by the Kenya navy as far north as Somali border to address maritime defence more seriously. H The aviation experts have recommended the relocation of Moi Airbase from its current location which id congested. Correctional services. The Correctional service Department in Kenya has its origins in the adoption of the India Prisons Act in Kenya in 1894 by the colonial government. Initially, prisons were under the supervision of the provincial Administration. In 1963 the Prisons Act was enacted to harmonize the treatment and conditions of offenders in Kenya s penal institutions. The Act s milestone provisions were; a Youth corrective training centres b Extra-mural and penal employment c Provision for organization, discipline, power and duties of prisons officers. Correctional services in Kenya are provided by the former Kenya Prisons Service. The Kenya Prisons Reform Programmee in 2001 adopted The Open Door Policy under which the following reforms were initiated. A Interactive collaboration with all stakeholders in the administration of criminal justice such as courts of law and members of the National Police Service.
Correctional services in Kenya are provided by the former Kenya Prisons Service. The Kenya Prisons Reform Programmee in 2001 adopted The Open Door Policy under which the following reforms were initiated. A Interactive collaboration with all stakeholders in the administration of criminal justice such as courts of law and members of the National Police Service. B Improvement in the management and conditions of the prisons, including rehabilitation programmes, with a view to empower prisoners with knowledge and skill, hasten their reintegration into society and empower them to be law abiding citizens upon release. The functions of Correctional Services in Kenya. A They Rehabilitate correct criminals through counseling. B They deter known criminals from committing other crimes. C They administer Punishment to sentenced criminals as prescribed by the court rulingsimplement the decisions of the courts regarding treatment of prisoners. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 382 d They confine prisoners convicted by the courts of law to ensure that the rights and freedoms of the public are protected. E They provide vocational training for prisoners in fields that they make them productive citizens of the country at the end of their jail term. F They keep watch over he behaviors of suspected criminals whose cases are still pending in the law courts. G They take care of the welfare of prisoners by providing them with the necessary medical attention. H They confine suspected dissidents who are a threat to state security. Challenges facing correctional services in Kenya a The challenge of overcrowding in prisoners on the rise, overcrowding in correctional facilities has been inevitable. This results in poor living and sanitation conditions for inmates. B Disease outbreak is a very common problem in our prisons mainly caused by inadequate and congested facilities. HIV and AIDS is rampant in prisons c Mistreatment of inmates by warders. This has once happened at Kingongo when some inmates were allegedly tortured and killed by warders when they attempted to escape. D Food shortage, inadequate medical facilities and poor clothing further compound the situation in prisons. The following reforms have been undertaken to improve the conditions of correctional services in Kenya. A Improvement in the quality of food, medical services and living conditions for prisoners. B Provision of sufficient beddings and clothing. C Introduction of extra-mural Penal employment for petty offenders to ease congestion in the prisons. D There has been supply of new and comfortable motor vehicles for efficient transport in the correctional services department.
B Provision of sufficient beddings and clothing. C Introduction of extra-mural Penal employment for petty offenders to ease congestion in the prisons. D There has been supply of new and comfortable motor vehicles for efficient transport in the correctional services department. E Petty offenders have been constantly released to ease congestion in prisons. For example the release of a record 11,500 prisoners in December 2003. Death row inmates who have also been in jail for over ten years have been released. F Easing of access to prisons visits by members of the public relatives. G Introduction of public Relations office to disseminate information. H Streamlining the hearing of cases with a view of keeping prisoners in remand for a short period before sentencing them. I The national government has also become directly involved the affairs of those receiving correction services. THE JUDICIARY. Judicial authority and legal system. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 383 Judicial Authority is derived from the people and is vested in courts and tribunals established by the constitution. Principles that guide Judicial Authority in Courts and Tribunals in Kenya. A Justice must be done to all, irrespective of status. B Justice shall not be delayed. C Alternative forms of dispute resolution must be pursued including reconciliation, mediation, arbitration and even traditional dispute resolution mechanism. D Justice shall be administered without undue regard to procedural technicalities. E The purposes and principles of the constitution must be protected and promoted. Ways in which the traditional Dispute resolution is limited in Kenya. A The mechanisms used in traditional dispute resolution should not contravene the Bill of RIGHTS. B The traditional court should not operate in a way that is repugnant to justice and morality or results in outcomes that are regnant to justice or morality. C The operations of the traditional courts should not be inconsistent with the constitution. The structure of the judicial system in Kenya. The Hierarchy of the court system in the Kenyan judiciary is in accordance with; a The seriousness of the cases the courts handle. B The punishment they give out c The geographical area of operation. The courts have either original or appellate jurisdiction. Difference between original and appellate jurisdictions. Original jurisdiction refers to the ability of a court to hear cases brought to a court for the first time.
The courts have either original or appellate jurisdiction. Difference between original and appellate jurisdictions. Original jurisdiction refers to the ability of a court to hear cases brought to a court for the first time. Appellate jurisdiction is the powers of a court to hear appeals brought in from a lower court. The Judiciary consists of the judges of the superior courts, magistrates, other judicial officers and staff. The Head of the Judiciary is the Chief Justice with the Deputy Chief Justice as the Deputy Head of the Judiciary. Chief Registrar of the Judiciary is the chief administrator and accounting officer of the Judiciary. The System of courts is as follows 1. Superior Courts Supreme Court consisting of the Chief Justice who is the president of the court, the Deputy Chief Justice-the vice-president of the court; and five other judges. Appointment to the Supreme Court requires the following qualifications; a. Degree in law from a recognized university or an advocate of the high Court of Kenya. B. Atleast fifteen years experience as a superior court judge or a distinguished academic, judicial officer, legal practioner and or other relevant legal field. C. High moral character, integrity and impartiality. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 384 Supreme Court Judges retire at the age of seventy Five Years. Functions of the Supreme Court of Kenya. A The Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes relating to the elections to the office of President. B It has appellate jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from the Court of Appeal; and any other court or tribunal. C The Supreme Court gives an advisory opinion at the request of the national government, any State organ, or any county government with respect to any matter concerning county government. D It has of right in any case involving the interpretation or application of the Constitution. E All courts, other than the Supreme Court, are bound by the decisions of the Supreme Court 2. Court of Appeal consisting of judges, not fewer than twelve, a president of the Court of Appeal elected by the judges of the Court of Appeal from among themselves. The court of Appeal has membership of 30 Judges currently . Each judge to be appointed to the court of Appeal should have ten years experience as a superior court judge or atleast ten years as a distinguished academic or legal practioner. The court of appeal does not have original jurisdiction except on an application for a stay of execution pending appeal to it on contempt proceedings. Function of the Court of Appeal in Kenya.
The court of Appeal has membership of 30 Judges currently . Each judge to be appointed to the court of Appeal should have ten years experience as a superior court judge or atleast ten years as a distinguished academic or legal practioner. The court of appeal does not have original jurisdiction except on an application for a stay of execution pending appeal to it on contempt proceedings. Function of the Court of Appeal in Kenya. The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the High Court; and any other court or tribunal as prescribed by an Act of Parliament. 3. High Court headed by a Principal Judge of the High Court, who shall be elected by the judges of the High Court from among themselves. Functions of the high court of Kenya. A The High Court has unlimited original jurisdiction in criminal and civil Matters. B It has jurisdiction to determine the question whether a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights has been denied, violated, infringed or threatened. C It has jurisdiction to hear an appeal from a decision of a tribunal appointed to consider the removal of a person from office. For example, appeals from the courts martial, Business and rental Tribunals on matters related to the constitution. D It has jurisdiction to hear any question respecting the interpretation of the Constitution including the determination of the question whether any law is inconsistent with or in contravention of this Constitution; e It determines any matter relating to constitutional powers of State organs in respect of county governments and any matter relating to the constitutional relationship between the levels of government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 385 f The High Court has supervisory jurisdiction over the subordinate courts and over any person, body or authority exercising a judicial or quasi-judicial function, but not over a superior court g It listens to appeals from the lower courts when the parties involved are not satisfied. H It deals with disputes that take place outside Kenya's territorial wate rs maritime. I It hears appeals from decisions made by professional disciplinary tribunals involving advocates of the high court and other members of the profession. J It acts as a constitution court by determining whether a case brought before it is constitutional or unconstitutional. K It listens to appeals from special courts when the parties are not satisfied with the decision made. L It corrects amends the irregularities in decisions made by lower courts. M It hears cases that carry death sentences involve large sums of money.
K It listens to appeals from special courts when the parties are not satisfied with the decision made. L It corrects amends the irregularities in decisions made by lower courts. M It hears cases that carry death sentences involve large sums of money. N It deals with cases that concern land succession disputes. O It hears election petitions. P It exercises divorce jurisdictions in matrimonial matters, q It hears appeals from tribunals E.g. Rent Restrictions, Business Premises Rent Tribunal. Termination of the services of a judge from office. A judge can be dismissed from service on the following grounds. A Inability to perform the functions of the office arising from mental or physical incapacity. B A breach of a code of conduct prescribed for judges or superior courts by an act of parliament. C Bankruptcy. D Incompetence. E Gross misconduct or misbehavior. The process of removal of a judge from office. Such a process is initiated by the Judicial Service Commission on its own initiative or on petition of any person to it based on any of the dismissal grounds. The commission, if satisfied with the petition or initiative, forwards the matter to the president, who will suspend the said Judge, within Fourteen Days after receiving the petition and on advice of the Judicial Service Commission. A tribunal is then appointed to determine the case. If the Judge is aggrieved by the decision of the Tribunal, he she may appeal to the Supreme Court within ten days after the tribunal has made its recommendation. The president will finally act in accordance with the recommendation of the tribunal. 4. Subordinate courts. A The Magistrates courts. Its jurisdiction in both Civil and criminal cases is limited to geographical areas. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 386 However the courts have unlimited Jurisdiction in proceedings concerning claims under customary law such as dowry, divorce, legitimacy, inheritance and the administration of estates of the deceased person. They have unlimited jurisdiction in dealing with matters related to land, adultery and inheritance. These are the courts responsible for sentencing persons who have broken law of the land. Reasons why a person who has broken the law should be sentenced by a court. I. To deter the criminal from future crimes. Ii. To deter others from committing similar offences since they would have known the punishment for breaking the law. Iii. To secure for the public a period o protection from the offender who is in prison. Iv.
Iii. To secure for the public a period o protection from the offender who is in prison. Iv. To reform the criminal through counseling and corrective training v. To satisfy the demands of the people for retribution through punitive justice. B The Kadhis courts. The courts are headed by a Chief Kadhi and not fewer than three Kadhis Qualifications for appointment as a Kadhi. A. One must profess the Muslim religion. B. One must possess such knowledge of the Muslim law applicable to any sects of Muslims. The jurisdiction of the Kadhis Court is limited to the determination of questions of Muslim Law relating to personal status, marriage, divorce or inheritance in proceedings in which all concerned parties profess to the Muslim religion. C The Courts Martial. This is a subordinate court that was established under the Armed Forces Act after the abortive 82 Air force coup. It has penal or disciplinary powers to ensure discipline within the armed forces. They try cases involving assisting an enemy, cowardice, desertion, insubordination, neglect of duty, drunkenness, malingering and absence without leave. There is no right to appeal to the high court against the decisions of the courts martial unless they involve constitutional cases. Industrial Court Juvenile Court The Judicial Service Commission. Membership of the JSC is as follows. A The Chief Justice who is the Chairperson of the Commission. B One Supreme Court judge elected by the judges of the Supreme Court. C One court of appeal judge elected by the judges of the court of appeal. D One High Court Judge and one magistrate, of whom one must be a woman and one a man elected by members of the association of judges and magistrates. E The attorney General. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 387 f Two advocates , one woman and one man each with atleast fifteen years of experience, elected by members of the statutory body responsible for the professional regulation of advocates LSK g One person nominated by the public Service Commission. H One woman and one man to represent the public, not being a lawyer, appointed by the president with the approval of the national assembly. I The chief registrar of the Judiciary, who will be secretary to the commission.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 387 f Two advocates , one woman and one man each with atleast fifteen years of experience, elected by members of the statutory body responsible for the professional regulation of advocates LSK g One person nominated by the public Service Commission. H One woman and one man to represent the public, not being a lawyer, appointed by the president with the approval of the national assembly. I The chief registrar of the Judiciary, who will be secretary to the commission. Members, except the AG and Chief Justice hold office for a term of 5 years and can be reappointed for one further term Functions of the Judicial Service Commission a The Judicial Service Commission promotes and facilitates the independence and accountability of the judiciary and the efficient, effective and transparent administration of justice. B It recommends to the President persons for appointment as judges. C It reviews and makes recommendations on the conditions of service of judges and judicial officers, other than their remuneration; and the staff of the Judiciary. D It appoints, receives complaints against, investigates and removes from office or otherwisediscipline registrars, magistrates, other judicial officers and other staff of the Judiciary. E It prepares and implements programmes for the continuing education and training of judges and judicial officers. F It advises the national government on improving the efficiency of the administration of justice. The concept of Independence of the Judiciary in Kenya. A In the exercise of judicial authority, the Judiciary is subject only to the Constitution and the law and not to the control or direction of any person or authority. B The office of a judge of a superior court cannot be abolished while there is a substantive holder of the office. C A member of the Judiciary is not liable in an action or suit in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in good faith in the lawful performance of a judicial function. The Judicial Act protects Judges and Magistrates against any form of victimization and molestation. D There is a separate system of command for the judiciary unlike other government departments. E Appointment of the magistrates is done independently by JSC, which is independent of PSC. The president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission appoints the Judges. F The judges are bound by the Oath of Allegiance to perform their duties without fear or favour. G Judges enjoy security of tenure.
The president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission appoints the Judges. F The judges are bound by the Oath of Allegiance to perform their duties without fear or favour. G Judges enjoy security of tenure. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 388 h Statutes fix salaries and allowances of Judges. Challenges facing the judiciary in Kenya. A There is constant Conflict between the three arms of government. This hinders the just operation of the judiciary. Too much interference from the Executive has undermined the independence of the Judiciary. B The long court processes have always delayed dispensation of justice in Kenya. C Corruption. This is common among the Judges who sometimes compromise their integrity due to greed Public doubts of its impartiality due to rampant corruption d Inadequate personnel. There are few qualified judges. For example in 2002, there were 47 judges serving a population of 30 million people. This causes delay in hearing of cases. E There is constant termination of cases by the Attorney General thereby denying justice to some genuine cases. F Poor co-ordination within the court system g Incompetence of some judicial officers. E.g. poor and inconsistent judgments. This has been attributed to flawed appointments and promotion procedures. H Lack of adequate funds to cater for the needs of the judiciary. This has led to inadequate court structures and facilities such as equipment, chairs, libraries etc. I Lack of continuous legal education to keep them a breast of the latest legal development and skills in information technology. J There is a lot of ignorance among the public in Kenya on judicial affairs and their legal rights ignorance on the legal rights. Members of the public fear the courts and the court language. K Information on the judiciary has not been made available to the public and it appears to be a preserve of a few. L Litigation fees are high limits public s access to the courts. Solutions to the problems facing Kenya s Judiciary. A There has been increased legal education given to officers and members of the public by the judiciary and other bodies like Kituo Cha Sheria, which releases information booklets and offers free legal advice to people. B The terms and conditions of service for judges and other officers were improved in 2002 in order to make them work better.
Solutions to the problems facing Kenya s Judiciary. A There has been increased legal education given to officers and members of the public by the judiciary and other bodies like Kituo Cha Sheria, which releases information booklets and offers free legal advice to people. B The terms and conditions of service for judges and other officers were improved in 2002 in order to make them work better. C The government also set up a committee led by Justice Aaron Ringera in what was famously referred to as Judicial Surgery, to investigate the conduct of judges. Those who were adversely mentioned in the report were suspended. D The government has recruited more legal officers to reduce the backlog of cases in courts. E The passing of the Vetting of Judges and Magistrates Act, 2011 VJM Act In March 2011, established the Judges and Magistrates Vetting Board, chaired by Sharad Rao ,which is carrying out the vetting exercise to restore public confidence in the Judiciary. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 389 Some of the mile stone decisions undertaken to restore public confidence in the judiciary include; The suspension of Deputy CJ Nancy Baraza and her final resignation for harrassing an innocent security guard. Dropping of President of the Kenyan Appellate Court Justice Riaga Omollo for political bias and authoritarian demeanor while carrying out his activities on the bench. Dropping Judge Samuel Bosire for condoning torture of suspects during Coup trial in 1982. Dropping of Court of Appeal Judge Emmanuel Okubasu for being unsuitable to continue holding office. Joseph Nyamu Justice Mohammed Ibrahim, though Praised as impartial and immune to corruption, was dropped for having an overflowing in-tray of cases Appellate judge Roselyn Nambuye was kicked out due to delays in delivering more than 270 judgements and being too wordy in her ruling. However Nambuye and Mohammed Ibrahim successfully appealed against the decision which once more saw their reinstatement on 21at September 2012 pending further investigations. The Rule of Law. Meaning of the Rule of Law . This is the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to arbitrary power. The concept is associated with the view of Albert Venn Dicey who published a book, The Law of the Constitution in 1895, in which he presupposes the supremacy of the law. That all persons whether individual or in government, are subject to the law.
Meaning of the Rule of Law . This is the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to arbitrary power. The concept is associated with the view of Albert Venn Dicey who published a book, The Law of the Constitution in 1895, in which he presupposes the supremacy of the law. That all persons whether individual or in government, are subject to the law. In Kenya, all citizens and residents are subject to and governed by the same law irrespective of their status, race and religion Elements of the rule of law. A The principle of legality. The state can only exercise those powers granted to it by the law. It should be a government of laws and not of men. B Separation of powers of the three arms of government. This refers to the practice of dividing the powers of government into the executive, legislature and judicial functions equally and putting in place a system of checks and balances to ensure they control each other. The three functions are to be independent of each other. C Equality before the law. Everyone should be treated equally under the law. D The judiciary must work without favour or the fear of intimidation in the administration of justice. The principles of the Rule of Law. Joseph Raz in an article titled, The Rule of Law and its Virtues outlines the following eight principles of the rule of law. A All laws should be prospective and open. A new law should only apply in future. B Laws should be durable and not changing every other day. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 390 c No centre of power, and specifically parliament, should enjoy monopoly right in making laws for citizens of a country, the judiciary should scrutinize parliament. D The independence of the judiciary should be protected. E The principal of natural justice should form an important element in the judicial system of a country. F There must be easy accessibility to the courts of law. They should neither be expensive nor intimidating. G The security forces should not use force in contravention of the law. Meaning of the concept of Natural Justice. It refers to the requirement that the bodies that resolve disputes adhere to at least minimum standard of fair decision making Two principles govern the Concept of Natural Justice. 1. The person affected by an impending decision must have the right to a fair hearing prior to the decision being made. 2. The person or body hearing the case should act in good faith and without Bias.
The person affected by an impending decision must have the right to a fair hearing prior to the decision being made. 2. The person or body hearing the case should act in good faith and without Bias. The right to fair hearing a The accused must be given prior notice of the case against him and given a chance to respond. B The accused must be given chance of knowing the case against him and stating his own case. C The person charged should have opportunity to consider, challenge and contradict any evidence, being fully aware of the allegations leveled against him. D The person has a right to legal representation by a legally qualified person. E All legal decisions should have reasons within the law.. The rule against Bias. Full inquiry must be conducted into the circumstances involved before the Arbitrator makes a decision. The decision made should be impartial with the adjudicator lacking interest in the outcome. A person is presumed innocent until proven otherwise and the police have no right to beat up suspects. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 391 HISTORY FORM FOUR NOTES World War World War I or the First World War was a war fought by many countries, which is why it is called a "world" war. It started in 1914 and ended in 1918. 135 countries took part in World War I, and more than 15,000,000 people died in the war. World War One - Causes The First World War, which began in August 1914, was directly triggered by the assassination of the Austrian archduke, Franz Ferdinand and his wife, on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian revolutionary, Gavrilo Princip. This event was, however, simply the trigger that set off declarations of war. The actual causes of the war were; 1 The system of Alliances An alliance is an agreement made between two or more countries to give each other help if it is needed. A number of alliances had been signed by countries between the years 1879 and 1914. For example, the Dual Alliance signed by Germany with Austria Hungary in 1879 and later joined by Italy in 1882 to become the triple Alliance. This system led to the division of Europe into two antagonistic power blocs. It led to fear and suspicion between nations. It transformed local disputes into a general conflict.
The Congress of Vienna, held after Napoleon's exile to Elba, aimed to sort out problems in Europe. Delegates from Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia decided upon a new Europe that left both Germany and Italy as divided states. Strong nationalist elements led to the re-unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany in 1871. The settlement at the end of the Franco-Prussian war left France angry at the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and keen to regain their lost territory. Large areas of both Austria-Hungary and Serbia were home to differing nationalist groups, all of whom wanted freedom from the states in which they lived. 6 Moroccan Crisis In 1904 Morocco had been given to France by Britain, but the Moroccans wanted their independence. In 1905, Germany announced her support for Moroccan independence. War was narrowly avoided by a conference which allowed France to retain possession of Morocco. However, in 1911, the Germans were again protesting against French possession of Morocco. Britain supported France and Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo. 7 Bosnian Crisis In 1908, Austria-Hungary took over the former Turkish province of Bosnia. This angered Serbians who felt the province should be theirs. Serbia threatened Austria Hungary with war. Russia, allied to Serbia, mobilized its forces. Germany, allied to Austria-Hungary mobilized its forces and prepared to threaten Russia. War was avoided when Russia backed down. There was, however, war in the Balkans between SPECIAL COVERAGE The First Moroccan Crisis The First Moroccan Crisis clearly indicated that Germany s relation with France was at best fragile. In 1905 Morocco was one of the few African states not occupied by a European power. In May 1905 it was agreed that an international conference should be held on Morocco in Algeciras. The Algeciras Conference of 1906 The main aim was to decide what was to be done with regards to Morocco. The two main protagonists at Algeciras were France and Germany. However, it soon became very clear to Germany that other European powers had sided with France Britain, Spain and Italy. The Algeciras Conference ended on April 7th For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 393 1906.The Germans got very little out of the conference. The plan to create a triple alliance or even a quadruple alliance to isolate Great Britain failed.
However, it soon became very clear to Germany that other European powers had sided with France Britain, Spain and Italy. The Algeciras Conference ended on April 7th For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 393 1906.The Germans got very little out of the conference. The plan to create a triple alliance or even a quadruple alliance to isolate Great Britain failed. Arguably, by the end of the conference, Britain and France had even closer ties to one another. A German presence in North Africa had also failed to materialize. The French media portrayed Germany as an inferior nation, much to the concern of the more experienced politicians in Paris. The Algeciras Conference may have resolved the crisis in Morocco but the outcome clearly defined Europe into certain camps. At this conference Germany publicly lost out . The Agadir Crisis of 1911 the Second Moroccan Crisis. The Agadir Crisis occurred in 1911 just four years after the First Moroccan Crisis. Germany s attention was diverted after the 1905-06 crises by other issues, mainly building up her navy so that it rivaled the Royal Navy. As a result France spent five years having far more influence in Morocco than Germany. They backed the corrupt Sultan, Abdul Aziz, who was accused by some of his countrymen of selling out Morocco to the French. The half-brother of Aziz, Mulay Hafid, took a stand on behalf of the Moroccan people who proclaimed him Sultan in January 1908. Fez also came under attack. In April 1911 a decision was made in Germany to send troops to Fez to support the foreign contingent living there. The plan was to send German warships to Agadir and Mogador ostensibly to defend German citizens in Morocco. A gunboat, the Panther , was sent to Agadir on July 1st 1911. What part did the Agadir Crisis play in the outbreak of World War One? The episode proved that Germany was hell-bent on trying to dominate Europe as a whole. Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George were among those who believed this. 1911 and 1912 when the Balkan states drove Turkey out of the area. The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state. Austria -Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions. Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high.
The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state. Austria -Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions. Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high. 8 The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand A secret society called Ujedinjenje Ili Smrt, 'Union or Death' or Black Hand was founded in Belgrade, an outgrowth of an older Serb nationalist group: Narodna Odbrana. When it was learned that the Heir-Apparent to the Austrian throne, Franz Ferdinand, was scheduled to visit Sarajevo in June of 1914, the Black Hand decided to assassinate him. Three young Bosnians were recruited, trained and equipped: Gavrilo Princip, Nedjelko Cabrinovic and Trifko Grabez. The murders of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie brought Austro-Serbian tensions to a head. As Vienna took a hard line against Serbia, the other powers in Europe took sides. The wheels of war gained speed. The Crisis of July turned into world war, just over thirty days after Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot. System of Alliances. By 1914, Europe had divided into two camps. 1 The Triple Alliance was Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 394 2 The Triple Entente was Britain, France and Russia. 1 The Triple Alliance The alliance between Germany and Austria was natural. Both spoke the same language German - and had a similar culture. Austria was in political trouble in the south-east of Europe - the Balkans. She needed the might of Germany to back her up if trouble got worse. Italy had joined these countries as she feared their power on her northern border. Each member of the Triple Alliance Germany, Austria and Italy promised to help the others if they were attacked by another country. By the close of the war the Central Powers had been extended to incorporate Bulgaria and Turkey 2 The Triple Entente The Entente Powers comprised a military alliance - driven by a variety of inter-related treaties - of France, Great Britain and Russia. The Entente alliance sprang from the military concerns of Germany's neighbours to east and west. Russia and France; accordingly in 1894 they signed an alliance based upon fears of growing German power.
When the Germans got to the Belgian city of Li ge, they did finally push the Belgians out of the city, but it had taken longer than the German generals had planned. On December 24-25, 1914, there was a temporary halt to the fighting on parts of the Western Front. This was the Christmas truce. The initial force behind the Christmas Truce came from the Germans. Christmas was celebrated in full, with men visiting across the lines and gifts of food and tobacco being exchanged. As Christmas ended, both sides reluctantly returned to war, the bonds forged at Christmas slowly eroded as units rotated out and the fighting became more ferocious. By 1915, the Western Front had become a stalemate as both sides engaged in trench warfare. The men on both sides took spades and dug lines of trenches went all the way from Switzerland to the North Sea, because they did not want to be killed. In front of the trenches, there was barbed wire that cut anyone who tried to climb over it, and mines that blew up anyone who tried to run across the "no man's land" that was in between the trenches. Gas was also an important weapon used. The war in the west was static in the next three years and attempts by the military commanders on both sides to break the stalemate led to deaths of many soldiers. At the battle of the Somme in 1916 60,000 British men died in a single day. It was one of the bloodiest days in the history of the British army. Seeking to shatter the Anglo-French lines, the German Chief of Staff, Erich von Falkenhayn, began planning a massive assault on the French city of Verdun. The Battle of Verdun lasted from February 21, 1916 until December 18, 1916 and was one of the longest and bloodiest battles of World War I. A brutal battle of attrition, Verdun cost the French an estimated 161,000 dead, 101,000 missing and 216,000 wounded. German losses were approximately 142,000 killed and 187,000 wounded. 2. The Eastern Front was fought in Central and Eastern Europe and was one of the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 396 main places where World War I took place. The start of the war on the eastern front involved an attack on Russia on 1st of august 1914.
2. The Eastern Front was fought in Central and Eastern Europe and was one of the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 396 main places where World War I took place. The start of the war on the eastern front involved an attack on Russia on 1st of august 1914. On August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia and six days later entered into hostilities with France and Britain. The Russians were decisively defeated by allied forces of Austria and Germany at the battle of Tanneberg in august 1914 and at the battle of Missourian Lakes in September 1914. War in the seas Some of the fiercest battles between the Allies and the central powers took place in the sea. By May 1916, Germany s main fleet was stationed in the North Sea to attack Britain s fleet. However, the British intelligence decoded the German wireless code and was able to prepare the royal navy to fully counter Germany s challenge. Both sides suffered causalities in the war that followed. 11 german ships and 14 British ships were lost. Importance of Britain s supremacy at sea a The British naval forces assisted in blocking the central powers particularly the Germans from accessing food and raw materials from other parts of the world. This derailed their war plans. B Her naval supremacy enabled the allies to capture colonies of the central powers. C The sea blockade enabled the allies to maintain uninterrupted communication with other allied forces, as well as safeguard the british food and raw material supplies from other parts of the world. The final phase of World War 1 The final phase of the war was a second Germany onslaught on France in 1918 where the Germans were decisively defeated in the hands of USA soldiers. End of World War I. Two events that led to the end of World War I were: 1 Russia s withdrawal from the war after the Great Russian revolution. 2 The declaration of war by the United States of America against the central powers. The First Russian Revolution In 1917, there was a revolution in Russia. The Russian people didn't want to fight anymore, because the war had been putting burdens on them, and many of them were poor and hungry. The Second Russian Revolution Two factions fought to rule over Russia. The passive Mensheviks lost against radical Bolsheviks. The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Lenin 1870-1924 which was Communist who followed the ideas of Karl Marx.
The Second Russian Revolution Two factions fought to rule over Russia. The passive Mensheviks lost against radical Bolsheviks. The leader of the Bolsheviks was Vladimir Lenin 1870-1924 which was Communist who followed the ideas of Karl Marx. The new government sued the Germans for peace, and signed a peace treaty called Brest-Litvosk with the Central Powers in March 1918 at the city of Brest Litovsk. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 397 The Germans and Russians stopped fighting. This gave Germany lots of land in Eastern Europe and the Baltic Sea USA entry into the war. The German generals using submarines named U-boats underwater boats attacked American ships Lusitania that were carrying food and weapons to Great Britain. Some Americans were killed by the submarines. Germany also wrote a secret telegram note to Mexico suggesting that the two countries work together to attack the United States the Zimmerman Telegram- because the person who sent it was named Arthur Zimmermanthe german foreign minister . Other reasons why USA entered the war on the side of the Allies were; a America was concerned with safeguarding her trade with Britain. US Anglo relationship was strong . USA was fully aware that the a defeat of Allied powers would cost her financial and industrial institutions b The USA and British intelligence were able to link some Germany sympathizers with the industrial sabotage in factories and trade unions in the USA. C Cruelty of the Germans led to the growth of anti-Germany feelings in the United States. Many of the Allies sympathizers had relatives in either France or Britain. American people decided that they wanted their country to enter the war to punish Germany. On April 6, 1917 the United States declared war against Germany and became part of the Allies. The socialist politicians declared Germany a republic and met with the Supreme Commander of the allied forces on 7th November 1918, Ferdinand Foch, to negotiate for end of the war with very stiff terms to the Germans. The stiff terms given to the Germans included; a Germany to withdraw from all occupied territories, including overseas colonies. B All German forces west of the Rhine to be withdrawn. C All German warships to surrender to the Allies. D Occupation of some parts of Germany by the Allies. E All Allied prisoners of war to be released. The Germans were given 72 hours to either accept or reject these stiff conditions.
D Occupation of some parts of Germany by the Allies. E All Allied prisoners of war to be released. The Germans were given 72 hours to either accept or reject these stiff conditions. Protesting bitterly, they signed an armistice on 9th November 1918. At 11:00 AM on 9th November 1918, the war ended. Reasons why the allies won World War I. a Allied powers had many supporters drawn from 25 states some of which were Britain, France, Belgium, Russia, Italy, USA, Japan and Portugal. They had more manpower than the central powers. B Germany failure to effectively control her expensive colonies and others turned against her. C USA entry into war on the side of the allies accelerated the defeat of the central powers. The industrial might of USA and her economic wealth helped the Allies to force the central powers to their knees. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 398 d The Allies had able and focussed political leaders like Lloyd George-the British Premier and Georges Clemenceau, the French Premier. E Germans axis powers made serious technical mistakes like invasion of the neutral Belgium by Germany which turned the world opinion against the central powers. F Superior naval power of the Allies. The superiority of the British Royal Navy enabled the Allies to enforce a naval Blockade that caused severe food shortages among the central powers. G Germany fought the war on many fronts. H Germany was badly led down by her colleagues like Italy who decamped and Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary who had to be assisted all the time. Turkey on her part easily accepted defeat. I The Allies had financial and industrial resources in Europe and in their colonies which were used to great advantage during the war. J The Allies had powerful weapons e.g. they used Tankers, Aircraft and Battleships. K The allies were united under the Command of General Foch which disadvantaged the central powers. German also used young and inexperienced soldiers after 1918 due to heavy causalities. L The central powers were surrounded by the Allies as they lay in the centre of Europe. They also lacked an extensive coastline and thus were easily blockaded. The Peace Treaties. In January 1918, Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA, outlined, in his speech to the congress, the fourteen points that were essential in maintenance of world peace.
They also lacked an extensive coastline and thus were easily blockaded. The Peace Treaties. In January 1918, Woodrow Wilson, President of the USA, outlined, in his speech to the congress, the fourteen points that were essential in maintenance of world peace. Among these were three great principles that formed the basis of world peace namely; 1. Self-determination of all peoples, i.e, the right of peoples all over the world to determine their own fate. 2. The need to make public all diplomatic and international agreements. 3. The need to establish a League of Nations which would provide an avenue for discussing all international problems, protect small states from aggression by large ones. In January 1919, statesmen from the 27 Allied powers converged at Paris, France to determine the fate of the defeated central powers. The central powers were not party to the discussions but were required to sign on the final draft. The Key personalities at the conference were; a Lloyd George PM of Britain b George Clemenceau PM of France c Woodrow Wilson President of USA d Vittorio Orlando PM of Italy Five treaties were signed with each of the central powers separately as follows; a The Treaty of Versailles with Germany 28th June 1919 b Treaty of St. Germaine with Austria 10th September 1919 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 399 c Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria 27th November 1919 d Treaty of Trianon with Hungary 4th June 1920 e Treaty of Sevres in 1920 and Lausanne in 1923 with Turkey. The Treaty of Versailles. It should be noted that all the above treaties were generally referred to as the Treaty of Versailles. Terms of the Versailles Treaty of 1919. A The treaty declared Germany an aggressor who was supposed to pay reparations and whose military capability was to be reduced. B She lost all her colonial passions with the African colonies being taken from her and put under supervision of the League of Nations. C The treaty of St. Germaine provided for the creation of Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Malta as mandated territories. D Germany was totally disarmed and only allowed to retain a force of 100,000 soldiers and her navy was disbanded.
C The treaty of St. Germaine provided for the creation of Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Malta as mandated territories. D Germany was totally disarmed and only allowed to retain a force of 100,000 soldiers and her navy was disbanded. Military conscription was banned in Germany. E Germany s population and size was reduced as Austria, with a large German population was allowed to remain independent. Italy acquired Stria, the Italianspeaking region of Austria. F Rhineland was to be permanently demilitarized. Germany troops were not allowed in the region. H By the treaty of Versailles, Germany lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to France. I The treaty established the League of Nation. Failures of the treaty of Versailles. A The treaty handed Germany a heavy punishment as if she was the only one to blame for World War 1. This provoked deep resentment and bitterness among the German nationals. B The treaty ignored the interests of the colonial people. The former colonial possessions of Germany and turkey were handed over to France and Britain in total disregard to the African grievances during the Versailles conference c The treaty failed to carter for the interests of the minority in Europe. The new republic of Austria was forbidden from merging with Germany though a national vote was for the merger. D Italy was given a raw deal in the settlement. She was only given Stria, an Italian speaking region formerly belonging to Austria. E Though the treaty proposal for the formation of the League of Nations came from the USA president Wilson, the US constitution prohibited commitment to such an organization, whose membership required a nation to help a future victim of aggression. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 400 RESULTS OF WORLD WAR I a Nationalist movements in Asia and Africa grew in strength and number after the war and a sense of patriotism arose. B USA gained an upper hand in the post war European affairs. She emerged as a leading world power. C German military capability was reduced on land and sea and heavy indemnity imposed on her. She lost all her colonies, which were made mandated territ ories of the League of Nations. D The end of the war marked the beginning of the decline of western imperialism. As early as 1920, there was a possibility of independence for colonial countries. The war encouraged imperial powers to give more freedom to their subjects.
D The end of the war marked the beginning of the decline of western imperialism. As early as 1920, there was a possibility of independence for colonial countries. The war encouraged imperial powers to give more freedom to their subjects. E The end of the war witnessed the creation of new states e.g. Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Finland. F Germany and Italy fell in the hands of dictators e.g. Mussolini and Hitler. G The war Created bitter feelings and mistrust among the countries that fought in the war. This continued until the outbreak of the Second World War. H It led to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia as radicals took over government there. I It led to a change of government in Britain. J There was greater use of motor vehicles and aircraft, which facilitated transport. K The art of surgery improved. L Between 1914 and 1918, European factories were destroyed and business brought down hence heavy losses. M There was massive destruction of property and infrastructure. N It led to the great depression 1920 to 1921, which affected economies worldwide. O It led to increased taxation by he colonial authorities to meet war and post -war demands. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS Origin and organization of the League of Nations. The League of Nations was established by the victors of the First World War in 1920 at the treaty of Versailles with the main aim of preventing the occurrence of another war. The idea of its formation was mooted by Woodrow Wilson, the US president who was supported by Lord Robert Cecil of Britain, Jan Smuts of South Africa and Leon Bourgeois of France. The League of Nation came into force during the first meeting in London Britain,on 10th January 1920. Reasons for the formation of the League of Nations in 1920. A It was formed for the Maintenance of world peace It was specifically created to prevent the outbreak of another world war b The League of Nations was meant to foster international cooperation in solving problems as they arise. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 401 c It was formed to jointly take instant action against an agreed aggressor by economic and possibly by military means. D Members were to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour as one way of maintaining peace in the world.
A It was formed for the Maintenance of world peace It was specifically created to prevent the outbreak of another world war b The League of Nations was meant to foster international cooperation in solving problems as they arise. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 401 c It was formed to jointly take instant action against an agreed aggressor by economic and possibly by military means. D Members were to secure and maintain fair and humane conditions of labour as one way of maintaining peace in the world. E It was formed to oversee development of territories lost to central powers during the First World War. E.g. Tanganyika, Togo, South West Africa etc. The main organs of the League of Nations were; The Council. It was made up of permanent and Non-permanent members. The permanent members were France, Britain, Italy and Japan. Non permanent members were four, elected by the general assembly. The main role of the council which sat in Geneva was to appoint committees and secretary General with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. It also dealt with disputes amongst member states, reduction of armament, execution of arbitral awards and admittance and expulsion of members. The Assembly. It met once a year at Geneva and was comprised of three delegates from each member state. It elected non-permanent members to the council. The functions of the Assembly included; a Control of the Budget of the organization including contributions and expenditure . B Admission of new members after approval of a two-thirds majority. C Appointment of non-permanent members of the League of Nations Council. D Consideration of treaties. E Supervision of the work of the League of Nations council. F Appointment of the 15 judges of the permanent Court of International Justice. G Giving approval to the appointment of Secretary-General. The Secretariat. The Secretariat, based in Geneva, consisted of the secretary general and his staff. It was the administrative body of the League of Nations. It kept records of the organization and conducted correspondences including treaties by member states. It implemented the decisions of the League of Nations. It provided continuity between one meeting of the council or the assembly and the next, The International Court of Justice. Set up between 1920 and 1922, it comprised of eleven judges and four deputy judges elected for nine years by the assembly and the council. It was based at the HagueHolland. Decisions made by the court were binding on all parties in dispute.
Set up between 1920 and 1922, it comprised of eleven judges and four deputy judges elected for nine years by the assembly and the council. It was based at the HagueHolland. Decisions made by the court were binding on all parties in dispute. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 402 International Labour Organization. It consisted of 4 delegates- two for member states and two for workers from each member state. Its main aim was to maintain good working conditions for men, women and children. The Mandates Commission. It had then responsibility of supervising the administration of the trustee colonies. The League of Nations also had several specialized agencies. Achievements of the League of Nations. A The League of Nations, through the Permanent Court of International Justice, maintained international peace and security. E.g. in the city of Danzig in spite of the hostility between the poles and the Germans. B The League of Nations achieved its objective of treating the minority with humane. The International Office for Refugees, for example, assisted refugees. Victims of the Nazi persecutions were also assisted. C The league assisted in the administration of the trust territories, through the Mandates Commission. E.g. in Togo, Tanganyika Cameroon and Rwanda-urundi. In addition, the territories acquired from turkey. E.g. Iraq and Palestine. D The league was able to solve several interstate disputes in a peaceful manner. E.g the frontier dispute between turkey and Iraq over the Mosul province 1924 -1926 , the dispute between Poland and Germany over northern Silesia. E The league successfully restored financial stability in Austria following the economic slump in the country after the World War 1. F It successfully enforced control over the manufacture and sale of arms. It also held disarmament meetings. G The league ensured signing of peace treaties to promote security in the world. For example, the Locarno treaties of 1925 that settled boundary disputes between Germany and France. Failures of the League of Nations. The League of Nations failed its Prime objective of maintaining world peace in the following ways; a It failed to solve the Sino-Japanese dispute after Japan invaded Manchuria in China in 1931. Japan after refusing to abide by the League s demands that it withdraws from the Chinese territory, even pulled out of the league in 1933. B The Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935.
The League of Nations failed its Prime objective of maintaining world peace in the following ways; a It failed to solve the Sino-Japanese dispute after Japan invaded Manchuria in China in 1931. Japan after refusing to abide by the League s demands that it withdraws from the Chinese territory, even pulled out of the league in 1933. B The Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1935. Benito Mussolini, rather than accept the League s verdict that he withdraws Italian troops from Ethiopia, pulled out of the League. C The League failed to stop German Violation of the terms of the Versailles Treaty. She embarked on a remilitarization programme and established a navy and an airbase. D Nations continued to make many defensive pacts in total disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. E Germany invaded other regions such as Poland and Austria between 1936 and For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 403 1939, while Russia invaded Finland in 1939 in violation of the League of Nations. Factors that undermined the effectiveness of the League of Nations. A Member countries were not willing to take disputes to the international court of justice. B German was still determined to increase its military strength and continue with its aggression policy. C Individual nations were more pre-occupied with national interests and pride, at the expense of the organization s interests. D The Versailles peace settlement resolutions were too harsh to Germany thus leaving the Germans aggrieved and refuse to cooperate with the League of Nations. E The League of Nations lacked the executive authority to implement its resolutions. F USA congress refused to ratify the treaty of the League of Nations. This denied the organization diplomatic and economic strength. G There was shortage of funds to implement the functions of the League of Nations. H The Appeasement Policy of Britain and France forced them to stand aside and avoid taking a firm action against Japan when she invaded china, Germany when she invaded and occupied Rhineland, and Italy when she attacked Ethiopia. The Second World War. The 1930 s witnessed the rise of dictators in Europe like Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy and General Francisco Franco of Spain who intentionally defied international opinion and disregarded the Versailles Treaty and League of Nations. Their activities and those of Japan began to interfere with prevailing peace in the world.
The Second World War. The 1930 s witnessed the rise of dictators in Europe like Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy and General Francisco Franco of Spain who intentionally defied international opinion and disregarded the Versailles Treaty and League of Nations. Their activities and those of Japan began to interfere with prevailing peace in the world. This happened at the time when USA had retreated into isolation leaving the task of maintaining world peace only to Britain and France. The Second World War involved most countries in the world with millions of people conscripted for service in both the military and war related industries. Causes of the Second World War. A Germany s dissatisfaction based on territorial grievances. The Versailles treaty of 1919 imposed harsh and humiliating conditions on Germany, which aggrieved the Germans to the level of being ready to go to war again. B The rise of nationalism in Europe. In Germany, the chancellor, Adolf Hitler who had the desire to dominate the whole world, fuelled it. For example, he encouraged German speakers in Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia to demand independence from Czechoslovakia. Italy under Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, in 1939 to regain her lost glory and national pride after the Adowa defeat I 1896. Syria rose up against France. C Political developments in Europe. In Italy in 1922, the fascist government under Benito Mussolini came to power. In For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 404 Germany, Hitler s Nazi government assumed power in 1933. The Fascist government in Italy emphasized on the regaining of lost glory. The Nazi government began a fresh new policy of aggression. D The economic problems caused by the great depression of 1929 to 1931. The great slump led to widespread unemployment, declining wages, poverty etc. These led to social discontent and political unrest in many countries of the world. E The failure of Germany to pay reparations. This was followed by the French invasion of the Ruhr industrial region- a German territory. This led to increased tension. F Weakening of the League of Nations. Japan left the League of Nations after protest over Manchuria, which she had grabbed, from china. Italy left the League of Nations after Mussolini had grabbed Abyssinia and annexed it against the will of the allies and Ethiopians. Russia invaded Finland in 1939 and the league was unable to intervene.
Japan left the League of Nations after protest over Manchuria, which she had grabbed, from china. Italy left the League of Nations after Mussolini had grabbed Abyssinia and annexed it against the will of the allies and Ethiopians. Russia invaded Finland in 1939 and the league was unable to intervene. There were many secret treaties among members of the league. G The Spanish civil war 1936-1939 . The republican revolution of 1931 ended the Spanish monarchy. The struggle between the royalists and socialists, however, continued. The European powers took sides in the civil war. France, Britain and Russia supported the royalists. Germany and Italy supported General Franco who was fighting from exile in Morocco. H Growth of military alliances. Hitler and Mussolini established a military pact in 1936 The Berlin-Rome Axis . It became the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis with the joining of Italy. The alliance between Russia and German to divide Poland widened the gap between them and the allied forces. It created fear and suspicion. I The invasion of Poland by Germany. This happened in September 1939 was the immediate cause of the war. This upset Britain and France, who stated their intensions of assisting Poland. They declared war on Germany in October 1939. COURSE OF WORLD WAR 2 The invasion of Poland by German forces on 1St of September 1939 and the subsequent declaration of war against Germany by Britain and France on 3rd of September 1939 marked the beginning of the Second World War. Meanwhile on 17 th September 1939, the USSR attacked Poland from the East, as per the secret clause in the Nazi -Soviet act of August 1939. Poland had been overrun by German and Russian forces by 27 th September 1939. The country was divided between Russia and Germany. The phoney war. This was a period during world war two when no major military operations were undertaken on the western front although war had been declared on Germany by For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 405 France and Britain. The period lasted eight months from 3rd of September 1939. It was used by the Allied countries to fully mobilise their forces for an attack on Germany since they had not initially been prepared. Hitler on his part did not want to be involved in war in the west since his armies had not fully recovered from the consequents in the east.
The period lasted eight months from 3rd of September 1939. It was used by the Allied countries to fully mobilise their forces for an attack on Germany since they had not initially been prepared. Hitler on his part did not want to be involved in war in the west since his armies had not fully recovered from the consequents in the east. During this period, two unsuccessful attempts were made to bring peace; a On 6th October 1939, Hitler and Stalin of Russia made an attempt to convince the to accept the Nazi Occupation of Poland and make peace. B On 7th October, King Leopold of Belgium and Queen Wilhelmina of Netherlands appealed to the Axis powers and the Western Allies to make peace. War in Western Europe. On 9th April 1940, Hitler launched a sea-borne invasion against Norway after attacking Denmark via land. They were assisted by a Norwegian Nazi sympathiser Vidkund Quisling. The prime minister of Norway and his Ministers fled to London and Hitler established a puppet government in the country. The defeat of British and French forces in Norway sparked off a parliamentary revolution in Britain forcing the PM Neville Chamberlain to resign to be replaced by Sir Winston Churchill. Germany extended their attack on Luxembourg, Netherlands and Belgium. The Allies were unable to contain the German advance and even retreated to the French port of Dunkirk, marking a major defeat of the allies in Europe. On 14th June 1940, the Germans captured Paris forcing the new Prime Minister Paul Reynaud to sue for peace with Hitler on 22nd June 1940. Under the peace agreement, The Germans took over Alsace Lorraine, Northern France and the Atlantic coastline. The French government fled to Vichy, southern France. Why the French were defeated so quickly. A The French forces were not psychologically prepared for the war and thus were found divided. B The French forces were not as well organized as the Germans thus exposing various military weaknesses. For example, the Germans were supported by combat planes which the French did not use. C Poor communication between the army and the airforce. The French generals failed to coordinate the war properly to the extend of ignoring the fact that the Airforce could have been used to drive German Bombers off. Having succeeded in their Paris onslaught, the Germans attacked Britain in July 1940. However, Winston Churchill, the British Premier, had mobilized forces to resist this attack successfully he even obtained reinforcement from USA.
The French generals failed to coordinate the war properly to the extend of ignoring the fact that the Airforce could have been used to drive German Bombers off. Having succeeded in their Paris onslaught, the Germans attacked Britain in July 1940. However, Winston Churchill, the British Premier, had mobilized forces to resist this attack successfully he even obtained reinforcement from USA. The battle of Britain determined the future of World War II. It forced Hitler to delay his attacks. War in North Africa. WWII in Africa was marked by the Italian successful attack on French and British Somaliland. Under Marshal Graziani, the Italian forces advanced to Egypt though unsuccessful. In June1942, German forces moved to North Africa to reinforce the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 406 Italians. However, British forces led by General Bernard Montgomery moved quickly and captured Malta which would have been used as a base for attack by the Germans. General Montgomery attacked the Germans at El Alamein in Egypt, forcing them to move to west. On 8thNovember 1942, British and American forces invaded Morocco and Algeria. Although the Germans continued fighting in Tunisia, by May 1943, their Army under General Rommel had surrendered. War in the Balkans. In August 1940, Hitler Attacked and captured Romania and Bulgaria. In April 1941, Yugoslavia and Greece were taken. Crete was taken in May 1941.On 22nd June 1941, Hitler attacked USSR forcing the Russian troops to retreat. However, he failed to capture Moscow before the onset of winter. In June 1942, the Germans resumed their offensive. They were finally defeated at the battle of Stalingrad on 31st January 1943 by the Russian Red Army led by Marshal Zhukov. The Germans lost 300,000 men while 100,000 survivors surrendered. By May 1944, the Russians had pushed the Germans from their territory and were approaching Germany itself. Why the Germans were defeated during the Russian Invasion. A The Germany army was fighting in several fronts at the same time as compared to the allies. This lack of concentration in one area allowed the other Russian army to defeat them. B The soviet forces employed the scorched earth policy which left very little for the German forces. C The Germans ill-treated the soviet people and exploited their economic resources causing resentment and unity to fight with determination.

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