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This lack of concentration in one area allowed the other Russian army to defeat them. B The soviet forces employed the scorched earth policy which left very little for the German forces. C The Germans ill-treated the soviet people and exploited their economic resources causing resentment and unity to fight with determi... |
A Germany had acquired far too many territories and she was unable to effectively control them. B The USSR recovered from her losses and began to rearm in a bid to fight against Germany. C The USA entry into the war in 1941 on the side of the allies contributed to the eventual defeat of the Germans. D Germany s Axis po... |
G Hitler's over-confidence and craziness did not allow him to comprehend the enormity of opposition up against him and the axis forces. H External support especially from the colonial people in Africa, Asia and elsewhere. I Axis powers dropped out of war one by one. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit htt... |
The city of Berlin was also divided between the east and the west. D Germany and Italy were weakened especially with the loss of their colonies. E U.S.A U.S.S.R emerged as superpowers. The pre-war balance of power was destroyed and the power vacuum was filled by two new superpowers, the USA and USSR f A weakness of the... |
C Help in getting collectives solutions to world problems. Problems of global concern like desertification, global warming, armament and environmental pol lution, are dealt with collectively. D Promote economic growth through trade. Due to good relations , there is expanded international trade which enables countries t... |
THE UNITED NATIONS. The UN was founded after world war Two as an organization of independent states with the following objectives; a To promote and maintain international peace and security and prevent the occurrence of another world war. B To foster friendly relations among nations of the world. C To promote respect f... |
The first Blueprint of the UN was prepared at a conference held at Dumbarton Oaks Estate, Washington from 21st September to 7th October 1944. Representatives of USSR, USA, UK and China agreed on the aims, structure and functions of a world organization. On 11th February 1945, the Yalta Conference held by US president R... |
The UNO structure comprises six principal organs as follows; THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY This is the main deliberative organ of the UNO, but which cannot enforce action on members. It comprises all member states. Functions of the UN General Assembly. To help in its operation, the general assembly has the following committees;... |
These are separate specialized agencies which are autonomous organizations related to the UN by special agreements. REF TO PAGE 49 OF EVOLVING WORLD Past Secretary Generals of the United Nations Organization since its inception. A Trygve lie of Norway 1946-1953 . B Dag Hammarskj ld of Sweden 1953-1961 c U Thant of Burm... |
F It has played a vital role in environmental protection. The Earth Summit , the UN Conference On Environment and Development held in Rio De Janeiro in 1992, resulted in treaties on biodiversity and climate change g Promoting self-determination and independence. The organization has brought about independence of 80 cou... |
THE COMMONWEALTH. Origin and structure of Commonwealth of Nations. It is a voluntary association of 54 sovereign countries around the world, which were initially part of the British Empire. The commonwealth origin is the British Empire comprising the British protectorates, colonies and dominions, which included Austral... |
B To promote development of poor member states. C To intensify co-operation between member states, in matters of education, sport and economic development. D To ensure personal liberty and equality of rights to all citizens regardless of race, colour, creed or political beliefs. E To oppose all forms of colonial domini... |
A Member states have received technical expertise through the provision of experts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 416 and advisers in various fields e.g. agriculture. B The developing member states of the organization have acquired skilled manpower through the provision of schola... |
THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT NAM STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION NAM was an organization that did not have formal structures like UNO and Commonwealth. It did not have a secretariat or a constitution. The movement had a For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 417 unique administrative style as fol... |
The Troika. The concept of Troika emerged on 6th April 1997 in New Delhi, India, during the meeting of foreign ministers of NAM representing past, present and future chairs. The concept simply implies a meeting of past, present and future chairs who began to meet in September 1997 as a discussion forum. Panel of econom... |
The attendance is by all NAM members and its meetings are held by the decision of the summit or the ministerial conference. The meetings are chaired by the chair of NAM. F Meeting of the standing ministerial committee on economic cooperation. These meetings are meant to strengthen south-south cooperation, reactivate th... |
The meeting was an attempt to transform the existing system of economic and financial relations in a manner that would liberate developing countries from a subordinate role into an equal position with industrialized countries. The members developed an action programme in the interest of economic cooperation. E The fift... |
L The twelfth Summit, Durban 1998. M The thirteenth Summit, Kuala Lumpar, 2003. Performance of the Non-Aligned Movement. Though critics have questioned the relevance of NAM after dismantling apartheid and achieving independence, and after end of cold war, there still exist situations that require NAM s participation. R... |
It was able to work to dismantle apartheid by its two-third world community membership despite the Reagan administration s opposition to sanctions against South Africa. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 421 g The movement has given members freedom to put their national interests bef... |
B Economic ties between the third world countries and their colonial masters had made it difficult for the member states to pursue an independent line. C Border disputes between neighboring member countries has weakened the course of the movement. E.g. between morocco and Algeria, North Korea and South Korea, Vietnam a... |
THE COLD WAR. The Cold War refers to the strained relations that existed between the western world led principally by the United States and the communist East led by the USSR, after the Second World War. It was so called because it was fought not with weapons, but with words, propaganda, military and financial aid to e... |
NB- in 1961, the USSR built the Berlin Wall, thus dividing East Berlin from West Berlin. G USA s military advancement. By 1945, the USA was the only country that possessed atomic weapons. This created fear. COURSE OF THE COLD WAR. The cold war was fought in Europe Asia, Latin America and Africa, The course of the Cold ... |
C Stalin set up the Communist Information Bureau COMINFORM to coordinate the work of communist parties in Europe and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMECON to counter the US Marshal Plan. D The NATO and Warsaw Pact. By the treaty of Brussels in March 1948, Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembour... |
She embraced communism, following the successful takeover of the country by the forces of Mao Tse-tung in October 1949, assisted by the Russians. The Sino-Soviet Treaty of friendship was signed in 1950. Korea, formerly controlled by Japan, was another front for cold war in Asia. When Japan was defeated in 1945, Korea w... |
The conflict took the form of a civil war which was only eased in 1989 when the USSR began to withdraw its troops. The cold war in Latin America the Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba became the theatre of cold war when USA unsuccessfully supported the Cuban dictator, General Fulgencio Batista against Fidel Castro who was fight... |
Cuba and Russia supported the MPLA government based in Luanda. Democratic elections were held in Angola in 1989, when USSR eased their aid to MPLA. FACTORS that led to the Cold War d tente by world powers. A The death of Stalin and the flexibility of Stalin s successor, Nikita Khrushchev. The successor of Joseph Stalin... |
The nations united to form the republic of Germany. This was a clear indicator of the joint commitment of the superpowers in maintaining their spheres of influence had been weakened. H The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. With the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, the Warsaw pact started to fall apart. In November 19... |
A Some African countries that were formerly socialist are in problems following collapse of USSR in 1990. E.g. Somalia, Ethiopia, Angola and Mozambique. B The end of the cold war has led to the removal of financial aid and military support for some African countries. Military or food aid is no longer rushed to countrie... |
The trade was responsible for the dispersal of black people all over the world. The suffering the slaves underwent made them become conscious of their colour and origin. The Africans viewed themselves as having a common destiny. Even those who remained in Africa were later subjected to the colonial experience including... |
Marcus Garvey 1887-1940 He was born on 17th August 1887 in the West Indies island of Jamaica to a family offreed slaves. The fact that Marcus was very dark is what shaped his philosophy of Pan Africanism. While a young man, he witnessed great European and Mullato discrimination on account of his complexion. He arrived ... |
Washington. 1856-1915 He was born in 1856 in USA to a poor slave family. He acquired a university degree in Agriculture at Hampton Institute. He is credited for promoting African Education. He started a model institute for training blacks in agricultural and industrial skills the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama .Unfortun... |
The conference marked the entry of Du Bois into Pan Africanism where he made his famous statement The problem of the 20th c is the problem of colourline . Objectives of the conference. To unite people of African origin in all parts of the world. To appeal for the end of European colonization and exploitation of Africa.... |
It emphasized international and interracial harmony and democracy. D The 4th mPan-African congress London and Lisbon 1923. It reiterated earlier For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 432 resolutions and also demanded that black people be treated like human beings. E The 5th Pan-African ... |
Key Resolution of the Manchester Conference a. Africans should concentrate on winning political power through non-violent means e.g strikes and boycotts. B. African intellectuals should play an important role in mobilizing the masses to fight for political liberation. Pursuant to the conference resolutions, Kwame Nkrum... |
C The divide and rule policy used by the Europeans made it impossible for Africans to communicate and cooperate. D Africans in each colony were mainly concerned with issues that affected them directly e.g. Land alienation, forced labour and taxation. E The only Countries that were independent Liberia and Ethiopia could... |
G He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. For example he assisted the Guinean leader, Sekou Toure , with Loans following the withdrawal of French support to the country after independence h He championed trade unionism in Africa as a means of promoting pan-Afri... |
C The movement provided an important forum where the people of African origin could discuss their problems. It promoted brotherhood among Africans. D The movement led to the Development of the spirit of solidarity among the African people when dealing with issues that concern the continent. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, ... |
Radical and the conservative leaders and between the francophone and the Anglophone countries. G The European powers domination of the international media was used to water down the importance of pan-Africans by spreading negative propaganda. H Some of the pan-African leaders could not agree on the best strategy of upl... |
5 The Brazzaville Conference December 1960 Attended exclusively by the 12 francophone conservative African states, the conference emphasized the need to respect international Frontiers and noninterference in the internal affairs of any African state. They promised political support for Mauritania in her boundary disput... |
Liberia, Tunisia and Togo met in Monrovia and agreed to work in unity to solve the Congo crisis. In august 1961, a bigger group made up of former French colonies met in Brazzaville to find a solution to the Congo crisis. In 1963, the regional groupings compromised and joined with others to form one organization. In May... |
E Condemnation of political assassination or any form of subversion by one country in another member country. F Dedication to the emancipation of territories under colonial rule. G Adherence to the principle of non-alignment. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 438 The structure of th... |
Somalia, Libya vs. Chad, morocco vs. Algeria, Chad vs. Nigeria and the Rwanda Burundi conflict. B The OAU achieved total liberation of African countries, with South Africa being the last one. It offered military support to the nationalistic struggles in Mozambique, Angola, Rhodesia, Namibia and South Africa. C It conde... |
D The problem of sovereignty. Many countries disregarded the OAU resolutions in favour of their sovereignty and national interests. E It lacked an effective machinery to effect its decisions. It also lacked a standing army to implement and effect its resolutions hence the term Toothless Bulldog coined by Gadaffi to ref... |
A Unlike the O.A.U, the A.U challenges the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of member states. It allows for intervention whenever a member state experiences conflict or widespread human rights violation. B O.A.U was like an Association of African Heads of State, but A.U is like a Union of African P... |
K To work with relevant international partners in the eradication of preventable diseases and promotion o good health on the continent. The structure of African Union The AU charter outlined the structure of AU as follows; 1. The Assembly. This is the supreme organ of AU meeting once a year to elect a chairperson and d... |
They perform the following roles; a Prepare projects and programmes of the Union and submit them to the executive council. B Ensure supervision, follow-up and evaluation of the implementation of For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 442 decisions taken by the organs of the Union. C Ensu... |
Challenges that faced the East African Community up to 1977. A Suspicion over perceived dominance among members. Tanzania and Uganda accused Kenya of acquiring the lion s share of benefits from the community. Kenyan industries for example were protected more by the common external tariffs. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, a... |
E A greater lesson had been learnt following the great losses and costs incurred by the East African countries following the collapse of the Community in 1977. Milestones in the Formation of the East African Community-2001. A The full East African cooperation was started on March 14, 1996, when the Secretariat of the P... |
It coordinates the activities of the sectoral committees. 4. The Sectoral Committees. These are committees created by the council on recommendation of the respective coordinating committee. 5. The East African Legislative Assembly. It provides a democratic forum for debate. It is also a watchdog of the activities of th... |
I Political squabbles in the individual countries slow down the progress of the community j Individual national interests have slowed down the implementation of the activities of the community the deep-seated differences between the member states over the proposed taxes on imports from countries outside the region. Ach... |
It meets twice a year. It manages the affairs of the community. 3. The Tribunal. Acting as the industrial court, it was established for settling disputes arising from the community. 4. The Executive Secretariat. Based in Lagos, Nigeria, it carries out the day-to-day administrative duties of the community. 5. Specialize... |
The leaders of the member states view each other with suspicion and mistrust due to differences in ideologies. F Lack of uniform currency. Each country has its own currency. This creates a problem of rates of exchange thus hindering trade. G Foreign interference. The presence of Israeli and French soldiers in Cote D Iv... |
COMESA is made up of the following organs; 1. The Authority of Heads of State and government. It is the supreme-policy making organ of COMESA. The authority meets once a year, but may hold an extra-ordinary meeting on request of any member of the authority. 2. The Council of Ministers. It comprises the designated minis... |
Achievements of COMESA. A It provides its members a wide, harmonized and more competitive market for internal and external trading. B It provides member states with a rational way of exploiting natural resources for their welfare. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 449 c COMESA has e... |
F Poor transport between member states. This hampers movement of goods in the region. G Pulling out of Tanzania and Namibia. The two founder members have opted for the South African Development Cooperation SADC . This has undermined COMESA. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 450 h So... |
Main features that characterized African socialism in Kenya. A Political Democracy where all people are politically free and equal b Various forms of ownership of wealth. E.g. free enterprise allowing private ownership of property, nationalization policy for key industries, partnership with private sector c Mutual soci... |
A Progressive taxation has put an additional burden of taxation on the poor thus discouraging development. B Political interference in public projects and wrangles among leaders retards development. C The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help has been discouraged by misappropriation of funds. D Corruption lead... |
C Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups has promoted national unity. D It has helped inculcate hard work in the people of Kenya. This has in turn encouraged various ethnic groups to develop their respective areas. E Harambee projects especially in rural areas have attracted ... |
D Political interference and wrangles among leaders. E The spirit of unity and co-operation and self-help may be killed by misappropriation of funds. F Poor co-ordination and supervision of Harambee projects. G Use of force or extortion of Harambee funds from the people dictatorial tendencies. H Corruption and negative... |
The philosophy perpetuated the Harambee spirit. B The philosophy helped in unifying different communities. The philosophy enhanced cooperation and unity of all. C Nyayoism was used as the rallying spirit for the collective contribution and approach to national development. D Nyayoism discouraged societal evils since it... |
Political impacts. A The philosophies have promoted nationalism and patriotism in the country. B African socialism has encouraged the democratization process as it champions for political equality. C It has promoted international cooperation and understanding SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND CHALLENGES I... |
In 1966, Joseph Murumbi was appointed the country s vice-president to replace Oginga. He resigned in 1967to pave way for Moi s appointment.1969 witnessed the political assassination of the flamboyant Tom Mboya in the hands of one, Nahashon Njenga on 5th July on Nairobi s Moi Avenue.1n 1969, KPU was banned following rio... |
Charles Njonjo, the Constitutional Affairs Minister was accused of masterminding the coup. In 1988, KANU introduced the infamous Queue voting method mlolongo that was open to abuse. In February 1990, Dr, Robert Ouko, minister of foreign affairs and international cooperation was murdered. The better part of 1991 witness... |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 457 In January 2003, the National Rainbow Coalition formed the new government with Mwai Kibaki as the president. In august 2003, Wamalwa Kijana, the vice president of the coalition government died after a short illness. Mood Awori was appointed the ... |
The constitutional changes in Kenya in the period between 1963 and 1991.The first meeting in Lancaster in 1960 resulted in an interim constitution that failed to grant any substantial autonomy to Kenya. The second Lancaster conference in 1962 negotiated a framework for self government. The third and final conference in... |
Voting age was lowered from 21 to 18. In 1979, both Kiswahili and English were declared languages of the national assembly. In 1982, Kenya became a de jure one party state. KANU became the only lawful party in Kenya. In 1987, the security of tenure of the Attorney General, Chief Secretary, The Comptroller and Auditor G... |
The CoE was chaired by Nzamba Kitonga, the deputy chair was Ms Atsango Chesoni, other members were Ms Njoki Ndung'u, Mr Otiende Amolo,Mr Abdirashid Hussein Mr Bobby Mkangi Professor Christina Murray South Africa Dr Chaloka Beyani Zambia and Dr Frederick Ssempebwav Uganda. 23 February 2009 Members of the CoE were appoin... |
F Massive rigging of the elections. The most notorious of all was the 1988 general elections, which were marred with widespread rigging. G The developments in Eastern Europe. Due to Gorbachev s liberal reforms, one party dictatorship in Eastern Europe was replaced by regimes that were more liberal. H Rampant corruption... |
This has weakened some parties. E The former KANU for a long time retained control of the government machinery,, the police force, the radio and television. These were utilized for the advantage of KANU for al long time. F There has been a problem of lack of funding from the government. Most of the political parties ha... |
All land between the high and low water marks. Any other land declared to be public land by an Act of Parliament. Community land Community land is land which is implied as owned by a group of people on the basis of customary norms, not through formal registration. It consists of: Land registered in the name of group re... |
2 The Harambee Scheme started in 1969, involved settling families on 16.25 hectares each. 3 The Haraka Scheme where squatters were settled in small plots of land in Central, Coast, Eastern and Rift Valley Provinces. 4 Shirika Scheme started in 1971 to settle the landless and unemployed on the former European lands. Und... |
B Transparent and cost effective administration of land. State institutions should be given powers and responsibilities of ensuring transparent and accountable administration of land. C Elimination of gender discrimination. In line with protection of human rights, for all, discrimination against women on issues of land... |
C It investigates present and past historical injustices, as a result of a complaint or on its on initiative, and recommends appropriate action. D It has a duty to encourage the use of traditional methods of dispute resolution in land conflicts. E It recommends the national land policy to the national government. F It ... |
F The problem of poor infrastructure in the country sometimes discourages farmers especially during the rainy season. G Ethnic clashes in Molo in 1991-1992, Likoni in 1997 and Mahi Mahiu in 2005 plus the post election violence in 2008 discouraged farmers from intense farming due to insecurity. H Poor technology hassled... |
B The government has embarked on the programmes of funding new markets for industrial products. C Infrastructure was improved through establishment of more roads, railways and improvement of water transport, to-transport raw materials labour and goods. D Power concerns were addressed through construction of the Seven F... |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 468 b Several educational Commissions were set up to streamline education. C The Harambee strategy was employed to expand educational facilities. Education Commissions. A The Kenya Education Commission 1964 The Ominde commission that recommended ove... |
Measures taken to improve the health sector in postcolonial Kenya. A The ministry of health was created to oversee health matters. B Expansion of health facilities through harambee and donor funds e.g. Nyanza Provincial hospital Russian Hospital c Many health training institutions were started e.g. Medical training col... |
H Allowing the media houses to play traditional music dance.. Students Read on sports, literature, theatre, music and dance from evolving world page 174. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES IN AFRICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE. THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. Political developments in Democratic Republi... |
He abolished the federal system and local assemblies and reduced the number of provinces to eight. In 1967, He formed the Peoples Revolution Movement MPR , which became theonly legal party in Congo. He in effect-replaced democracy with one-party dictatorship leaned to the west during the cold war.1n 1970, Mobutu declar... |
During the reign of the Belgians in Congo, no viable economic development was initiated. Little development was done in infrastructure in order to facilitate transportation of raw materials to the ports of Matadi etc. At independence, the country was faced with the problems of shortage of manpower, skills and entrepren... |
He also improved on the provision of health facilities. He banned religious education in schools. In 1971, attempted to revive indigenous culture through the Authenticity programme that involved renaming places that had foreign names. In the 1970 s, in an effort to improve the welfare of citizens, a national insurance ... |
B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption. By 1980, the country s currency was not worthy the paper on which it was printed. C There was also a problem of heavy foreign debt. The country was unable to service her debts. By 1980, Zaire had become the world s third biggest debtor nation. D There was a standstill i... |
Nyerere became the executive head of state and government while Karume as the first vice-president. In 1967, president Nyerere adopted the ideology of African Socialism through the Arusha Declaration In 1972, the first Vicepresident, Sheikh Abeid Karume, was assassinated. Aboud Jumbe succeeded him as Zanzibar s preside... |
Through the Ujamaa policy, president Nyerere tried to turn Tanzania into a country that had political and economic policies based on African traditions and aspirations. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 473 Under the policy, communal farms were created. Primary education was made fr... |
D The invasion of Tanzania by Uganda in 1978.and the consequent war with Uganda was costly to the country. It also threatened her cooperation with neighbours. E There was an escalation of corruption among leading members of Tanzania s political elite, including claims that President Hassan Mwinyi and his family capital... |
Political challenges that have faced African countries since independence a The political systems that were inherited from the colonial governments seemed to be unworkable in many independent African states. B Sharp ideological difference arose among the pioneer leaders of African states. Such differences internally ex... |
E Population pressure has led to overstretching of social services. There is a high dependency ratio since the population is largely youthful and unemployed. F Poor economic planning. Some economic policies have destabilized the economies. For the Ujamaa policy in Tanzania, the expelling of foreign investors in Uganda ... |
The Lancaster House Conference of 1962 forms the basis of devolution in Kenya. When the independent constitution was drawn during the conference, a federal system of government as proposed by the KADU delegates was adopted in Kenya. It made provisions for six regions. The legislature was to comprise two chambers the Se... |
A County governments shall be based on the democratic principles and separation of power. B County governments shall have reliable sources of revenue to enable them to govern and deliver services effectively. C No more than two-thirds of the members of representative bodies in each county government shall be of the sam... |
B It acts as a watch dog over the county executive committee. C It receives and approves plans and policies for managing and exploiting the county s resources, d It approves policies for developing and managing the infrastructure and institutions in the county. E It enhances legislation that may set out the structure a... |
B It implements, within the county, national legislation. C It manages and coordinates the functions of the county administration and its departments. D It prepares proposed legislation for consideration by the county assembly. E It provides the county assembly with full and regular reports on matters relating to the c... |
A County Governor can be removed from office under the following circumstances. A Gross violation of the Constitution or any other law. B When the county governor commits a crime under national or international law. C When the governor abuses office or is accused of gross misconduct. D When he she suffers from Physical... |
I It also puts in place measures to control drug abuse and access to pornography. Relationship between national and county government. A Governments at either level must exercise their powers and functions in a manner that respects the functional and institutional integrity of government at the other level. B Each of t... |
Possible solutions to the challenges that may face county governments in Kenya. A The National governments through the Equalization Fund should be able to provide adequate financial support to County governments located in areas of limited resources. This will assist in provision of essential services. B Those counties... |
A Estimates of revenue and expenditure, differentiating between recurrent and development expenditure. B Proposals for financing any anticipated deficit for the period to which they apply. C Proposals regarding borrowing and other forms of public liability that will increase public debt during the following year. The p... |
These are taxes levied on goods and services but with parliamentary approval. They include; a Value-added tax; an indirect sales tax paid on specific goods such as sugar, bread, petroleum products, clothes, electronic equipment and motor vehicles. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 4... |
Conditional grantsare the funds allocated by the national government for funding of specific projects and programmes. They include; The Equalization Fund for provision of basic services like water, health services, electricity and roads in marginalized areas. The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen c... |
D The national and county governments may impose charges for services. E The taxation and other revenue-raising powers of a county should not be exercised in a way that prejudices national economic policies, economic activities across county boundaries or the national mobility of goods, services, capital or labour. F N... |
A The government remunerates its employees through regular payment of salaries and wages. B The expenditure is also used to maintain public property throughout the country by allocating necessary funds to roads, airports, colleges, school text book provision and bridge maintenance. C The money is also used to service d... |
A Any national governments expenditure by state departments or state organs must be approved by parliament which acts as the public watchdog. B The controller of budget oversees the implementation of the national budget by authorizing legal withdrawals from public funds such as the equalization fund, consolidated fund ... |
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