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I The UN Charter on Human rights promotes the rights of women and their empowerment by affirming the equal rights for women and fighting discrimination based on gender j The UN Charter champions the rights of vulnerable groups like the minority migrant workers, abused children, indigenous people and persons with disabilities. The Kenyan Bill of Rights This is a statement of human or civil rights in the constitution of Kenya. The Bill of Rights is covered in chapter four of the constitution of Kenya 2010 . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 219 Importance of the Kenyan Bill Of Rights a States that every individual has the right to life b It guarantees liberty to all citizens by forbidding enslavement, detention without trial etc. C It protects the individual from all forms of torture and inhuman treatment d It guarantees the protection of private property and allows Kenyans to own property anywhere in the country. E It protects individuals freedom of conscience and religion. F It guarantees the protection of the freedom of speech and expression g It gives Kenyans the right to move freely throughout the country and to reside in any part of the country. H It guarantees individuals against any form of discrimination on the basis of colour, creed, and gender. I It protects individual against arbitrary search, arrest and entry into one s property without his her consent Rights and fundamental freedoms contained in the Kenyan Bill of Rights. 1. Right to life. Life begins at conception and no child should be deprived of life deliberately. Abortion is not therefore permitted unless occasioned by the need for emergency treatment or life of the mother is in danger. People who attempt to commit suicide are also punishable on the strength of their right 2. Equality and freedom from discrimination Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. This means that both men and women are equal before the law. Any form of discrimination is illegal and is prohibited in the constitution. 3. Human dignity Every person s dignity should be respected and protected. One must not ridicule or embarrass other members of society. 4. Freedom and security of a person. This right protects a person from being detained without a good reason and without trial. No person will be subjected to physical or psychological torture, corporal punishment or cruel and inhuman treatment. 5. Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labour. No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour.
5. Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labour. No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour. Every employer should treat his or her employees with dignity and not to force them to work. 6. Right to privacy. Every person has a right NOT to have him or herself, his or her property searched, or his or her possessions seized. Not revealing a person s family or private affairs unnecessarily or private communications interfered with. 7. Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 220 Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities. 8. Political rights Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the activities of, a political party. Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free expression of the will of the electors for any elective public body or office Every adult citizen has the right, without unreasonable restrictions, to be registered as a voter; to vote by secret ballot in any election or referendum and to be a candidate for public office, or office within a political party and, if elected, to hold office. 9. Freedom of movement and residence Citizens have a right to free movement and ownership of property in any part of the country. Anyone is also free to leave the country or enter and remain in the country 10. Economic and social rights Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care. Every person has the right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation. Every person has the right to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality. Every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. Every person has the right to social security. Every person has the right to education. A person shall not be denied emergency medical treatment. The State must provide appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants. 11.
Economic and social rights Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care. Every person has the right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation. Every person has the right to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality. Every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. Every person has the right to social security. Every person has the right to education. A person shall not be denied emergency medical treatment. The State must provide appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants. 11. Consumer rights Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality. Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services. Consumers have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests. Consumers have the right to compensation for loss or injury arising from defects in goods or services. 12. Right to fair labour practices Every worker has a right to fair labour practices like fair remuneration, reasonable working conditions, the right to join or practice in trade union activities and the right to go on strike .Every employer has a right to join an employers association and participate in its programmes and activities Responsibility. One must respect the right to fair labour practices of one s employees. Employees on the other hand must conduct themselves responsibly, even during strikes, to avoid causing physical injury to innocent people, or destroying property. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 221 13. Right to clean and healthy environment. Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment. It is our duty to ensure that the environment is protected for the benefit of present and future generations. 14. Freedom of conscience, religion, belief and opinion. Every person, whether individually or as a group, has freedom to manifest any religion or belief through worship, practice, teaching or observance, including observance of day of worship. One cannot be denied employment or educational opportunity because of belonging to a particular religion or because of one s belief or religion. A person cannot be forced to engage in any act that goes against his or her belief or religion. 15. Freedom of expression. This guarantees all Kenyans the freedom to seek, receive or impart ideas or information. It also guarantees freedom of artistic creativity, academic freedom, and freedom to conduct scientific research. 16. Freedom of media.
It also guarantees freedom of artistic creativity, academic freedom, and freedom to conduct scientific research. 16. Freedom of media. The freedom and independence of the media is guaranteed. The state should not interfere with the media. 17. Access to information Every person has a right to access information held by the state, or by others, which may be required for the protection of any right or fundamental freedom. The state is expected to make public any important information affecting the nation. Every person has a right to the correction or deletion of untrue or misleading information that affects the person. 18. Freedom of association Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing. 19. Protection of the right to property Every person is entitled to own property either individually or as a group, in any part of the country. However the property has to be legally acquired. This right provides all Kenyans a fair opportunity to invest in property and thus, prosper. 20. Right to language and culture Every person has the right to use a language, and embrace the culture of the person s choice. Every person has the right to form or join cultural groups. Every person is also protected from being forced to join any such group. Each linguistic group is free to use their language, practice their culture, and form associations and other organs of the civil society. It is unacceptable to force another person to perform, observe or undergo any cultural practice or rite. 21. Right to family An adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free consent of the parties. Parties to such a union enjoy equal rights. Both parties have a responsibility For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 222 to respect the rights of their spouses during marriage and even in the event of its dissolution. It is wrong to deny one s spouse access to marital property after separation or divorce. The constitution also recognizes marriages conducted under traditional, religious, personal or family law. Marrying of underage persons and forced marriages are outlawed in the constitution. 22. Fair administrative action Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices. 23. Access to justice. Everybody should access justice and a reasonable fee will be charged to enhance this, if required.
23. Access to justice. Everybody should access justice and a reasonable fee will be charged to enhance this, if required. If this is not free, many people will not access justice which will continue to be a preserve of the rich people. 24. Right of arrested persons. An arrested person has; a The right to be informed promptly in a language that the person understands of the reason for arrest, the right to remain silent and he consequences of not remaining si lent. B The right to remain silent. The right of a person to choose to talk or to remain silent. C The right to communicate with an advocate and other persons whose assistance is necessary freedom of speech with all those who will assist him or her in the case. D The right of not being compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against the person. E The right t be held separately from persons serving a sentence should not be held in prisons alongside those already convicted f To be brought to court as soon as reasonably possible, as but not later than twenty four hours after being arrested. G To be charged or be informed of the reason for the extension of detention or release, at the first court appearance. H To be released on bond or bail, on reasonable conditions, pending a charge or trial, unless there are compelling reasons as to why one cannot be released. 25. Fair hearing. Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights; a To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. B To be informed of the charges. C To have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence. D To a public trial before a court. E To have the trial begin and be concluded with few delays. F To be present when being tried. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 223 g To be represented by an advocate and be informed of this right immediately. Depending on the circumstances, the accused may be assigned an advocate by the state and at the state s expense. H To remain silent and not testify during the proceedings. I To be informed in advance, of the evidence the prosecution intends to present, and to have reasonable access to that evidence. J To challenge the evidence. K To refuse to give self-incriminating evidence.
I To be informed in advance, of the evidence the prosecution intends to present, and to have reasonable access to that evidence. J To challenge the evidence. K To refuse to give self-incriminating evidence. L To have the assistance of an interpreter if the accused person cannot understand the language used in the trial. M If convicted, to appeal, or apply for review by a higher court. 26. Rights of persons detained, held in custody or imprisoned. A person, who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned under the law, retains all rights and fundamental freedoms in the bill of rights. Except those that are impractical and inapplicable under the circumstances. A person who is detained or held in custody is entitled for an order Habeas Corpus- This is a law that states that a person who has been arrested should not be kept in prison longer than a particular period of time unless a judge in a court has decided that it is right. It is the right of the person who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned to be treated in a humane manner. Application of the Kenyan bill of rights to specific groups of people in Kenya Rights enjoyed by Children in Kenya A child refers to a young person from birth to full physical development. The term also refers to a person who has not attained the age of eighteen. The rights of children are contained in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and International Agreement on the Rights of the Child put in place in 1990. The rights include; a Survival rights Every child has the right to a name and nationality from birth. Every child has the right to basic nutrition, shelter and health care. B Development rights Every child has the right to free and compulsory basic education. Every child has the right to parental care and protection, which includes equal responsibility of the mother and father to provide for the child, whether they are married to each other or not. C Right of protection Every child has the right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour. Every child has the right not to be detained, except as a measure of last resort, and when detained, to be held for the shortest appropriate period of time.
Rights of Minorities and marginalized groups in Kenya The constitution specifies a marginalized community as; A community that because of its relatively small population has been unable to fully participate in the integrated social and economic life of Kenya as a whole. A traditional community that, out of need or desire to preserve its unique culture and identity from assimilation, has remained outside the integrated social and economic life of Kenya. An indigenous community that has retained maintained a traditional lifestyle and livelihood based on a hunter or gatherer economy. Pastoral persons and communities, whether nomadic or settled and because of their relative geographical location, have experienced only marginal participation in the integrated social and economic life of kenya as a whole. Rights of Minorities and marginalized groups a Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to participate and are represented in governance and other spheres of life. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 225 b Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to be provided special opportunities in educational and economic fields. C Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to be provided special opportunities for access to employment. D Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to develop their cultural values, languages and practices. E Minorities and marginalized groups have the right to reasonable access to water, health services and infrastructure. Rights of older members of society in Kenya a Right to fully participate in the affairs of society. B Right to pursue their personal development. C Right to live in dignity and respect and be free from abuse. D Right to receive reasonable care and assistance from their family and the State. The Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission This commission was entrenched in the Constitution of Kenya 2010 to replace the KNHRC. The commission constitutes atleast three but not more than nine members appointed by the president with the approval of the national assembly. Objectives; a To protect the sovereignty of the people. B To ensure secure observance by all state organs of democratic values and principles c To promote constitutionalism Functions of the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission. A It has a duty to promote respect for human rights an d develop a culture of human rights in the republic. B A duty to promote protection and observance of human rights in public and private institutions. C It monitors, investigates and reports on the observance of human rights in all spheres of life in the republic, including observance by the national security organs.
A It has a duty to promote respect for human rights an d develop a culture of human rights in the republic. B A duty to promote protection and observance of human rights in public and private institutions. C It monitors, investigates and reports on the observance of human rights in all spheres of life in the republic, including observance by the national security organs. D It receives and investigates complaints about alleged abuses of human rights and takes steps to secure appropriate redress where human rights have been violated. E It acts as the principal organ of the state in ensuring compliance with obligations under treaties and conventions relating o human rights. F It investigates any conduct in state affairs, or any act or omission in pu blic administration in any sphere of government, which is alleged or suspected to be prejudicial or improper, or to result in any impropriety, or prejudice. G It investigates complaints about abuse of power, unfair treatment, manifest injustice or unlawful, oppressive, unfair or unresponsive official conduct. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 226 HISTORY FORM THREE NOTES 1. EUROPEAN INVASION AND THE PROCESS OF COLONIZATION OF AFRICA Introduction In the last Quarter of the 19th century, Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium and Portugal were in Africa, competing for colonies to boost their social, economic and political standing. They convened the Berlin conference of 1884-1885 convened by Otto Von Bismarck, the Germany Chancellor where they shared Africa in Europe without regard to the inhabitants. This is what is termed the invasion of Africa. By 1914, apart from Liberia and Ethiopia, the rest of Africa had been colonized The scramble and partition of Africa Scramble It refers to the rushing for something. In the African situation, it meant the rush for and struggle by European powers to acquire various parts of Africa during the 19th century. Partition It refers to the sharing of something. In the African situation, it referred to the actual division of Africa by European powers during the Berlin conference of 1884 1885Methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa. 1 Signing of treaties; a Treaty signing with African leaders. The British signed the Maasai Agreements 1904 and 1911 , Buganda Agreement of 1900 and the Lewanika-Lochner treaty with Lozi.
D The Italians were defeated during their Ethiopian campaign, by Menelik II in the battle of Adowa in 1896. E The Portuguese forcefully established their rule over Angola, Guinea Bissau and Mozambique. 3 Use of missionaries as frontrunners. The Europeans used missionaries, carrying a bible in one hand and a gun in the other, who tried to convince the Africans to support the European goals. Missionaries manipulated local quarrels and took sides in a view to promote European occupation. For example, in the case of Buganda where we had religious conflicts between Protestants, Muslims, Catholics and Traditionalists. Sometimes the missionaries went to war against each other and against Africans. E.g the Franza-Ingeleza war of 1892 that pitted the Protestants British against the Catholics French . Fredrick Lugard s intervention on the side of Protestants set stage for the acquisition of Uganda by the British. In Bulozi, Father Francois Coillard convinced Lewanika of the benefits of British protection. In Nyasaland Malawi which was depicted as Livingstone s country, missionaries read role of Scottish missionaries shaped public opinion in favour of imperial control. 4 Treachery and Divide and rule policy The Europeans instigated inter-tribal wars causing some Africans to support them against warring communities. E.g. use of the Wanga against the Luo and the Luhya in Kenya, the Ndebele shona against the Lozi in Rhodesia. The Italians lied to Menelik II by signing a treaty of friendship but which was published in Italian version indicating that Ethiopia had agreed becoming an Italian protectorate. The Maasai agreement was written in a language that the Lenana never understood. 5 Use of company rule. The British and the Germans used chartered companies to acquire and rule their colonies. For example, the role played by the British South African Company of Cecil Rhodes, Imperial British East African Company of Sir William Mackinnon and the German East Africa Company of Carl Peters. 6 Luring enticements. The Europeans gave gifts like cloth, weapons tools, drinks etc to African chiefs like Lewanika of the Lozi and Mwanga of Buganda thus luring them into collaboration. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 228 7 Diplomatic skills.
6 Luring enticements. The Europeans gave gifts like cloth, weapons tools, drinks etc to African chiefs like Lewanika of the Lozi and Mwanga of Buganda thus luring them into collaboration. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 228 7 Diplomatic skills. This involved building relations with African leaders, which were later, used to acquire the areas. The British employed this method in Maasailand and Yorubaland. 8 A blend of diplomacy and force. The British for example initially signed treaties with the Ndebele Moffat and Rudd treaties , but they fought them during the Ndebele war of 1897. FACTORS THAT LED TO THE SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA Economic factors 1. The industrial revolution in Europe. A The revolution led to search for markets for European manufactured goods in Africa resulting in scramble for and partition. B The need for raw materials. The machines invented processed goods faster than use of hand. The Europeans came to Africa in search of raw materials like cotton, palm oil, copper and iron ore. C Cheap labour was also readily available in Africa after the abolition of slave trade. D There was desire by the entrepreneurs to invest excess capital gained from accumulation of profits from industrial investment. Africa provided an avenue for investment. E Industrial revolution led to improved transport system, which was necessary for effective colonization. F The military hardware manufactured during the revolution enabled Europeans to conquer African territories. G The discovery of medicine enabled the Europeans to survive the African conditions and protect themselves from diseases such as malaria, yellow fever etc. H Those who were rendered unemployed in Europe due to invention of machines had to move to Africa to assist in harnessing raw materials. I Industrial revolution led to intense rivalry in trade, which was projected, into Africa. 2. Speculation about the availability of deep pockets of minerals in Africa. Gold and Bronze had been items of trade in Africa for centuries. The discovery of Diamond at Kimberly in the 1860s and Gold in the 1870s precipitated their appetite for Africa more. Political reasons. 1. Unification of Germany after under Otto Von Bismarck after the FrancoPrussianwar of 1870-71. The rise of Germany upset the balance of power in Europe and there was need to rebalance out through acquisition of colonies in Africa.
1. Unification of Germany after under Otto Von Bismarck after the FrancoPrussianwar of 1870-71. The rise of Germany upset the balance of power in Europe and there was need to rebalance out through acquisition of colonies in Africa. France for example had to redeem her lost glory especially after the loss of mineral rich Alsace and Lorraine provinces by acquiring eight colonies in Africa. 2. The rise of Public opinion in Europe. There was growth of public support towards the acquisition of colonies. With the rise of democracy in European states in the 19th c, it was fatal for any government to ignore public opinion. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 229 a For example in 1882, due to public demand, the French assembly was compelled to ratify De Brazza s treaty with Chief Makoko thus creating a French colony in Congo. B German took over South-West Africa Namibia , Togo and Cameroon due to what Bismarck termed as public demand. C In Britain, the public demanded that Britain must maintain her position as the leading colonizing power by taking her share in Africa. 3. Militarism. Army officers in Europe favoured colonial expansionist wars to give them greater opportunities for glory or promotion. A For example, in Sudan, it was the military offers, in search of glory, and not the French government who directed the extent of French colonization. B British soldiers like Wolseley Kitchener supported the expansion of the British Empire in Africa. 4. The rise of Nationalism. In Europe, there was the rise of a general feeling of civilians that their nations should acquire overseas colonies for national prestige. The Germans began feeling they belonged to a superior race that must be shown by acquiring colonies in Africa. Strategic reasons 1. Construction of the Suez Canal. The Egyptian question . The construction of the Suez Canal, opened in 1869, promoted a link between Europe and Asia shortened the routes to Far East. It also promoted international trade. It also made Egypt gain some strategic importance to Europeans. The inability of Khedive Ishmael 1863-1879 to pay for the cost of the construction of the canal due to his extravagancy led to British full occupation of Egypt in 1882, being a major shareholder in the Anglo-Suez Company that owned the canal.
It also promoted international trade. It also made Egypt gain some strategic importance to Europeans. The inability of Khedive Ishmael 1863-1879 to pay for the cost of the construction of the canal due to his extravagancy led to British full occupation of Egypt in 1882, being a major shareholder in the Anglo-Suez Company that owned the canal. The dismayed French planned diversions of the Nile waters, and make Egypt a desert, after occupying territories to the south of Egypt. It was against the backdrop that Britain claimed Uganda source of the Nile in 1894, Kenya the gateway to Uganda in 1895 and Sudan where the Nile passes in 1898. 2. French activities in West Africa and the Congo The activities of France in Congo and West Africa, after loss of Egypt, through their Italian agent Savorgnan de Brazza in connection to acquisition of colonies alarmed other powers. This encouraged powers like Germany to join in the scramble and acquire Togo, Cameroon, Namibia and Tanganyika. 3. The personal activities of King Leopold II of Belgium. He endeavored to create a personal empire. In 1876, Leopold convened the Brussels Geographical Conference where he formed a business company, the International African Association comprising explorers and traders with a mission to civilize Africa, abolish slave trade and establish free trade. As a result of the activities of his agent, Henry Morton Stanley who created the Congo Free State, Leopold had established a personal empire in 1884 . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 230 It was the activities of king Leopold leading to intense rivalry amongst European nations over Congo that led to the convening of the Berlin Conference in 1884. Social reasons 1. The work of Christian missionaries They created an atmosphere of friendship with Africans by giving those gifts like cloths and beer, introducing economic activities like farming, carpentry, clerical work, among Africans, that were important virtues in the process of colonization. Where they were in danger, they pressurized their home governments to protect them. The missionaries had direct contact with the people of the interior of Africa and they were front-runners who paved way for the colonialists through their works. They preached peace, love and hard work and hence calmed down the emotions of Africans towards the Europeans.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 231 THE PROCESS OF PARTITION The fore runners to the process of partitioning Africa were the early explorers, missionaries and traders. Their activities were succeeded by the making of treaties and agreements in various parts of Africa between trading companies and the locals. . For example, the Buganda Agreement, the Heligoland Treaty and the Berlin act of 18841885.In places where the Europeans employed diplomacy, they won the support of many Africans who collaborated with the intruders. The Europeans sometimes blended diplomacy with wars of conquest or use of force especially against the resisting communities. The partitioning boundaries were drawn along physical features like rivers, mountains, etc. The Berlin conference On 15th November 1884, Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, the USA, Portugal and Italy convened in Berlin to lay down the rules for the partition and eliminate conflicts amongst European nations. Africans, whose continent was being shared, were not represented in the conference The Berlin Conference of 1884-85, partitioned Africa into different spheres of influence without recourse to war. Terms of the Berlin act of 1884-1885. A That all signatories must declare their sphere of influence an area under each nation s occupation b That once an area is declared a sphere of influence, effective occupation must be established in the area through establishment of firm colonial infrastructures to be followed by colonial administration. C That any state, laying claim to any part of Africa must inform other interested parties in order to avoid future rivalry. D That any power acquiring territory in Africa must undertake to stamp out slave trade in favour of legitimate trade and safeguard African interests. E That if a European power claims a certain part of the African coast, the land in the interior next to the coast became hers. F That the Congo River and the Niger River basins were to be left free for any interested power to navigate. G The European powers vowed to protect and safeguard European interests in Africa irrespective of their nationality. Impacts of the Partition Political effects a Introduction of European administration minimized intertribal wars and civil strife. B It led to development of strong African leadership and beginning of state formation. C Colonial government structures inherited by most independent African states have continued to be models of governments in African countries. D Rise of African nationalism to fight colonialism led to the development of African political awareness.
B It led to development of strong African leadership and beginning of state formation. C Colonial government structures inherited by most independent African states have continued to be models of governments in African countries. D Rise of African nationalism to fight colonialism led to the development of African political awareness. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 232 e The Europeans gained fame, prestige and national glory by having colonial possessions. F Negatively, it led to collapse of African traditional political systems and leadership. G Use of divide and rule promoted ethnic disunity that continues to trouble Africa many years after independence. H Boundary creation split apart many African communities. For example, the Somali are found both in Kenya and in Somalia, the Maasai in Kenya and Tanzania and the Ewe in Ghana and Togo. I In some cases some communities whose cultures were incompatible found themselves bunched together. Social impacts a Through the protection offered to missionaries, it stimulated the spread of Christianity to various parts of Africa. B It led to development of urban centres. Some towns grew as centres of administration e.g. Nairobi and Machakos. Others grew as railway terminus e.g. Kisumu. C African welfare was boosted. Some African benefited from western education and health facilities introduced by the Europeans. D European languages were introduced in Africa. E Negatively, it created landlessness as European settlers appropriated African land. F The Africans adopted some negative aspects of western culture. G Many Africans lost their lives through resistance. Economic effects a There was construction of roads, railway and other forms of infrastructure, which helped to open up the interior. B Imperialization helped to widen market for African produce especially with the establishment of local industries. C Africans were exposed to European manufactured goods increase in essential commodities. D Partition speeded up the economic growth of European nations. E Negatively, forced labour and exploitation of African resources left many parts of Africa impoverished and underdeveloped. F Africans were exposed to heavy taxation and denial to participate in economic activities like farming, trade etc. AFRICAN REACTION TO EUROPEAN COLONIZATION. RESISTANCE Some communities were keen on defending their age-old and ancient political, social and economic institutions and viewed the arrival of the Whiteman with suspicion. Their leaders did not want to lose their power, wealth and sources of prestige. Others were militarily prepared for the Europeans.
They were equipped with European guns. The army was divided into two flanks, the infantry or sofa, with 30,000 to 35,000 men, and the cavalry or sere of 3,000 men. There was a third wing of 500 men forming specially trained bodyguards. In 1881, Samori extended the empire to the east as far as Sikasso in Mali to the west, up to the Futa Djallon Empire. Meanwhile, the French were extending eastwards from Futa Djalon while the Mandinka were extending westwards towards Kenyeran trading centre, Next to the rich Bure Gold fields. In 1882, at the height of the Mandinka empire, the Frenc h accused Samori Tour of refusing to withdraw from an important market center, Kenyeran his army had blockaded the market . They thus started war on him. His bid to obtain assistance from the British to deal with the French failed as the later were not willing to enter into conflict with the French. From 1882 to 1885, Samori fought the French and had to sign infamous Bisandugu treaty on 28th march 1886 and then 1887. Significance of the Bisandugu treaties 1886-1887 a To Toure, these were acts of delay the real confrontation that with the French that would come at an opportune time. B He hoped that by this treaty, he would reach out at the British for a friendship treaty to enable him secure trade routes from the north under Tieba of Sikasso. C The French on their part hoped to use the treaty to enable them to arrange the conquest of the Tukolor Empire. D The treaties put the Mandinka under brief French protection. In 1888, he took up arms again when the French reneged on the treaty by attempting to foster rebellion within his empire. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 237 In 1890, he reorganized the army and concluded a treaty with the British in Sierra Leone, where he obtained modern weapons. He now stressed defense and employed guerilla tactics. The Franco- Mandinka war 1891-1898 Causes of the Franco-Mandinka war 1891-1898 a Samori wanted to safeguard the independence and religion of his empire. Being a staunch Muslim, he could not tolerate non-Muslims on his land.
He now stressed defense and employed guerilla tactics. The Franco- Mandinka war 1891-1898 Causes of the Franco-Mandinka war 1891-1898 a Samori wanted to safeguard the independence and religion of his empire. Being a staunch Muslim, he could not tolerate non-Muslims on his land. B He was not ready willing to lose the rich Bure Mines to the French whether through diplomacy or warfare. C His empire was at that time enjoying military and economic superiority. The French incursion was merely a threat to his territorial expansion that was to be fought at all costs. D His participation in trade had enabled him to acquire modern arms thus enabling him to build an equipped and well trained army which did not fear the encounter French. He even had facilities for arms repair. E His scheme to play off the British against the French, between 1882 and 1889, had failed. This upset him and therefore left him only with the fighting option. F The activities of the French of selling arms to his enemies such as Tieba of Sikasso were viewed by Samori as an act to weaken the Mandinka dominance. Course of the franco-mandinka war. Samori waged a seven year war against France whose army was led by Major Archinard. In 1891, with his improved weaponry and reorganized army, he defeated the French. In 1892, French forces overran the major centers of the Mandinka Empire, leaving death and destruction in their wake. In 1894, the French assembled all their troops in western Sudan Senegal, Mali, Niger, etc to fight Samori. Between 1893 and 1898, Samori s army retreated eastward, toward the Bandama and Como, resorted to the scorched earth tactic, destroying every piece of land he evacuated. He moved his capital east from Bisandugu to Dabakala, thus creating a second empire in 1893. This enabled him to delay the French. He formed a second empire, and moved his capital to Kong, in upper Cote d Ivoire. Disadvantages of Samori s second empire a He was cut off from Freetown where he used to buy firearms. B He was at war with the communities, which he had attacked in his expansionist wars. C His southern frontier was open to French attacks from the Ivory Coast.
Disadvantages of Samori s second empire a He was cut off from Freetown where he used to buy firearms. B He was at war with the communities, which he had attacked in his expansionist wars. C His southern frontier was open to French attacks from the Ivory Coast. D At his new empire, Samore was cut off from his gold mines at Bure thus; he had no wealth to keep his army running. E The occupation of the Asante Empire by the British in 1896 meant that enemies from all corners surrounded Samori Toure. In 1898, Samori, forced to fight a total war against innumerable odds like famine and desertion that weakened his forces, was captured on September 29, 1898, in his camp in For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 238 Gu l mou at the town of Sikasso in present-day C te d Ivoire and exiled to Ndjol , Gabon, where he died of pneumonia on June 2, 1900. Factors that aided Samori Toure in offering a protracted resistance to the Europeans a He had established military workshops with a trained cadre of artisans whom he used to repair and manufacture his own weapons. This guaranteed regular supply of weapons during the resistance. B He himself was a courageous fighter, a greater organizer and a military tactician and he personally commanded his army on the battlefield. C His adoption of the Scorched Earth Policy as he mobilized the entire population to retreat left the French to starve and delay their advance. D The success witnessed in trade enabled him to acquire guns and horses from the north, which were important in the resistance. E Through trade and subsequent tribute collection, he obtained adequate wealth, which he used to maintain a large army. F He had a large strong and well-organized army of 35,000 men, which was a formidable force for the French. G He used diplomacy in dealing with the French to buy time to reorganize and strengthen his army, and to negotiate with the British in Sierra Leone to guarantee regular supply of guns. H French soldiers were ignorant of the strange land they were fighting in and were faced with further problem of tropical disease. I Some of his soldiers had served in the French colonial army and were thus familiar with the French tactics.
G He used diplomacy in dealing with the French to buy time to reorganize and strengthen his army, and to negotiate with the British in Sierra Leone to guarantee regular supply of guns. H French soldiers were ignorant of the strange land they were fighting in and were faced with further problem of tropical disease. I Some of his soldiers had served in the French colonial army and were thus familiar with the French tactics. J He used Mandinka nationalism and Islam to unify the army. Many of Samori s soldiers believed that they were fighting a Jihad holy war and therefore fought with determination. Why samori was finally defeated. A Since his army and community were constantly on the move, they could not engage in any gainful economic activity to replenish their supplies. B The abandoning of the rich Bure Gold reserves as Samori retreated meant he had lost an important source of revenue that was initially used to sustain the army. C When he moved to his second empire, He was cut off from Freetown where he used to buy firearms. D Samori failed to get any support from other African societies due to lack of unity. Ahmed Seku of Tukolor and Tieba of Sikasso chose to rather assist the French than support Samori. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 239 e His second empire was open to attack from all sides by either the British or the French, making it difficult to defend. F The French had superior weapons and better means to re-equip their stores. They were also determined to defeat samori to set up an overseas colonial empire. G The use of the scorched earth policy was resented by the civilians since it left them with nothing after destruction. It thus starred up local resistance. H Even within his own empire, there was no total unity. The non-Mandinka communities and non-Muslims in the empire who had felt mistreated during his reign supported the French. I The refusal by the British to assist Samori dented his hopes of getting a European ally against the French. J Samori s retreat to Liberia was blocked and his capital besieged. He had to surrender to the French. The Ndebele Resistance Background The Ndebele were descendants of Nguni conquerors from South Africa fleeing from the mfecane wars who occupied what is now Matabeleland.
J Samori s retreat to Liberia was blocked and his capital besieged. He had to surrender to the French. The Ndebele Resistance Background The Ndebele were descendants of Nguni conquerors from South Africa fleeing from the mfecane wars who occupied what is now Matabeleland. Mzilikazi Ndebele King opened the door for the London Missionary Society led by Robert Moffat, who settled in Matabeleland in 1859. They assisted him in repairing his guns, inoculating cattle, writing and interpreting letters and providing medical care to the sick. Hehowever had little interest in Foreigners and even had those whose who accepted missionary influence killed. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and his son Lobengula took over. Lobengula was the Ndebele king at the outbreak of the Anglo-Ndebele war of 1893. He went to great lengths to appease the increasingly aggressive British imperialists from the South, Portuguese invasion from Angola and Mozambique and Germans from the south west. He used his diplomatic skills to buy time before engaging in war with the British. He even tried to pit one European nation against the other the Boers and the British . He in 1870 had granted a mining concession to Thomas Baines of Durban Gold Mining Co. in order to diffuse white intervention. In 1888, Lobengula signed the Moffat treat y which stated that he was not to sign any other treaty with other European groups without British permission. Rhodes sent his partner and agent Charles Rudd to compel Lobengula to acquiesce to the Rudd mining Concession- a verbal agreement between Lobengula and BSA Co granting the company a mining monopoly in Matabeleland. In return, he was to get a gunboat on River Zambezi or 500 sterling ponds, a monthly salary of 100 sterling pounds, 1000 rifles and 100,000 cartridges. Lobengula s conditions for concession were not incorporated in the final text. When the terms of the treaty were interpreted to him, he learned that he had been tricked into surrendering his kingdom to Europeans. In 1889, he repudiated the treaty and sent a fruitless delegation of Indunas Motshede and Babiyance to London to meet Queen Victoria.
In return, he was to get a gunboat on River Zambezi or 500 sterling ponds, a monthly salary of 100 sterling pounds, 1000 rifles and 100,000 cartridges. Lobengula s conditions for concession were not incorporated in the final text. When the terms of the treaty were interpreted to him, he learned that he had been tricked into surrendering his kingdom to Europeans. In 1889, he repudiated the treaty and sent a fruitless delegation of Indunas Motshede and Babiyance to London to meet Queen Victoria. Despite the Ndebele king's repeal of the concession, Rhodes, supported by the British crown, enacted a charter of the newly created British South Africa For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 240 Company investing it with an array of rights: the right to ma.ke treaties, to pass laws and to subject the natives to its police force, as well as to make grants of minerals and land to white settlers. Lobengula was thus pushed into reluctant resistance by white greedy rapacity. Causes of the 1893 Ndebele war. 1. The Ndebele detested the treachery used by the British in compelling Lobengula to sign the Rudd Concession 2. British occupation of Matabeleland had ended Ndebele powers over the shona whom they always raided for cattle and women. 3. The British acts of provocation inciting the Shona to raid the Ndebele for cattle . When the Ndebele chose to attack the shona, the British would then fight them under the pretext of protecting their interests in Mashonaland. 4. The attempt by the Ndebele indunas to punish some shona who disobeyed King Lobengula became the immediate cause. Course of the war. The war broke out in October 1893. The British army was led by Dr.Starr Jameson and comprised the shona police and other mercenaries from South Africa. At that time, the Ndebele had been weakened by smallpox and inferior weapons leading to little confrontation between them and the British. Lobengula chose to evacuate his people towards Northern Rhodesia. Atthe two battles of Shangani River and Mbembezi. The Ndebele were defeated by superior European gun-fire. Lobengula finally fled to Bulawayo where he died in 1894.
Atthe two battles of Shangani River and Mbembezi. The Ndebele were defeated by superior European gun-fire. Lobengula finally fled to Bulawayo where he died in 1894. The conquerors took advantage of the natives' inner divisions, with people of the low castes remaining passive and even some traitors helping the invaders. The aftermath of the British conquest in Zimbabwe was that cattle were seized from the natives and their land taken. Even the for the small plots that were left to them, Africans were often forcibly prevented from ploughing and sowing, since they were subjected to tax-collection and coerced labour in whiteowned farms. The Ndebele were pushed to the reserves of Gwaai and Shangani. Second Matabele War the Chimurenga war 1896-1897 The war of liberation which was dubbed Chimurenga , or the Second Matabele War was a fulfillment of prophesy of a great Shona spirit, Mbuya Nehanda, sister of the great Shona prophet Chaminuka. Mlimo, the Ndebele spiritual leader is in fact credited with fomenting the Second Ndebele War. He convinced the Ndebele that the White settlers were responsible for the drought, locust plagues and the cattle disease rinderpest ravaging the country at the time. Causes of the Chimurenga war a The war broke out because the Shona and the Ndebele feared disruption of their ageold and valued trade and trade routes. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 241 b They fought for economic and trade independence. The company had stopped shona Gold and ivory trade with the Portuguese and forced them to trade only with the company only and at low exchange rates. C They were fighting against land alienation. The BSA Company had alienated the Ndebele land and pushed them to the Gwaai and Shangani reserves that had no water and were infested with tsetseflies. D The war eroded the Ndebele traditional authority. When Lobengula s sons were sent to South Africa by Rhodes for education, they were denied chance of succeeding their father. E They detested the removal of the rights of chiefs to allocate land.
D The war eroded the Ndebele traditional authority. When Lobengula s sons were sent to South Africa by Rhodes for education, they were denied chance of succeeding their father. E They detested the removal of the rights of chiefs to allocate land. The British ruined the regimental system and refused to recognize the power of the indunas and Ndebele laws. F The British began to assume the rights to punish the subjects on behalf of the chiefs. Sometimes even the chiefs were also punished. E.g, Chief Moghabi s village was burnt. G They revolted against taxation which was an interference with their economic independence. The hut tax, introduced in 1894 was collected with much brutality. H The Ndebele were not pleased with the recruitment of the shona in the police force. They felt humiliated as the shona took the chance to revenge for the many years of oppression. I They resented the general brutality of the whites when dealing with the Africans, like threatening the black people with punishment just before pay, to cause them to run away. J They wanted the removal of the policy of forced labour on European mines and farmswhere workers operated under deplorable conditions, often whipped with syambok whip and worked for long hours without chance to engage in activities of their choice. K The company disregarded the Ndebele customs especially the class system. They treated everybody equally, including the Holi who were traditionally slaves to the Ndebele aristocrats. The traditional leaders were sometimes flogged before their subjects. L The confiscation, by the company, of 250,000 head of cattle in 1893 from the Ndebele. Leaving them with only 50,000 affected by cattle disease. The rights to raid the shona for cattle was also denied. M The people were resented more by the Natural calamities that continued to afflict them and which religious mediums like Mlimo blamed on the presence of the whites. N The influence of the Mwari cult leaders who urged people to resist with an assurance of victory against the British and immunity against the European bullets. Course of the war. Mlimo's call to battle happened at a time when the BSA Co's Administrator General Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid in Dec.
N The influence of the Mwari cult leaders who urged people to resist with an assurance of victory against the British and immunity against the European bullets. Course of the war. Mlimo's call to battle happened at a time when the BSA Co's Administrator General Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid in Dec. 1995 leaving the country's defenses in disarray. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 242 War in Matabeleland. On 29th March 1896, the Ndebele High Priest Umlugulu, with senior indunas, organized a ceremony to install Umfezela as Lobengula s successor. On that day, The Ndebele rebels killed the whites on their farms as they found them by surprise. They also killed African policemen in the British force. The European settlers took refuge in fortified camps in Bulawayo, Gwelo, Belingwe and Mangwe. The British immediately sent troops to suppress the Ndebele and the Shona, but it cost the lives of many settlers, Ndebele, and Shona alike. The Matabele military defiance ended only when Burnham found and assassinated Mlimo, thanks to a Zulu informant. The Ndebele finally agreed to peace talks with Rhodes during which Rhodes agreed to disband the shona police and give the Ndebele headmen some powers as indunas. The War in Mashonaland On 17 June 1896, the Hwata dynasty at Mazowe attacked the Alice Mine. They succeeded in driving away the British settlers from their lands on 20 June 1896. In the same month, Mashaykuma, working with the local spiritual leader Kagubi, the Zezuru Shona people in killing a British farmer Norton and his wife at Porta Farm in Norton. With the war in Matabeleland ending in October 1897, Gen. Carrington was able to concentrate his forces on Mashonaland. Nehanda Nyakasikana and Kagubi Gumboreshumba were captured and executed in 1898, but Mkwati, a priest of the Mwari shrine, was never captured and died in Mutoko.
With the war in Matabeleland ending in October 1897, Gen. Carrington was able to concentrate his forces on Mashonaland. Nehanda Nyakasikana and Kagubi Gumboreshumba were captured and executed in 1898, but Mkwati, a priest of the Mwari shrine, was never captured and died in Mutoko. Traditional leaders played a major role in the rebellion, notably Chief Mashayamombe, who led resistance in Mhondoro, Gwabayana, Makoni, Mapondera, Mangwende and Seke. Role of religion in the organization of the S hona Ndebele resistance a Religion united the Shona and Ndebele who had hitherto been bitter rivals. The two communities entered a common plan of action. B It boosted and sustained the morale of the masses and gave them spiritual strength to fight a might force. C Religion was used as a base of mass action. It provided the resistance with a common ideology. Much of the ideology used was derived from Umlugulu, the chief priest of the Ndebele Nyamanda, Lobengula s eldest son and Mlimo, the medium of Mwari Cult d Religious leaders provided leadership to the war against white aggressors who were considered immoral and brutal. E The Mwari Cult provided an important organization link between the Ndebele and shona since it was widespread. F The most important representatives of the Mwari Cult were Mkwati and Singinyamatse who were the backbone of the spiritual unity of the Ndebele. Why the Ndebele and shona were defeated a Disunity among Africans and between Shona and Ndebele. They fought on different fronts. Even some African communities supported the British against the shona and Ndebele. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 243 b The Ndebele social class lacked unity of purpose. The former aristocrats fought on their own while the former slave classes chose to even cooperate with the British. C British soldiers were well trained as compared to African soldiers. They also got reinforcement from Botswana and South Africa. D The arrest and execution of African leaders like Nehanda, Kagubi and Singinyamatse demoralized the people. E The British had superior weapons as compared to African inferior weapons.
They also got reinforcement from Botswana and South Africa. D The arrest and execution of African leaders like Nehanda, Kagubi and Singinyamatse demoralized the people. E The British had superior weapons as compared to African inferior weapons. F The magic failed to protect them against the enemy bullets. Many people were killed by the British including the leaders of the Mwari cult. G The determination of Cecil Rhodes, who negotiated for peace with Ndebele thus ending the war. This made the suppression of the Shona by the British easy. Results of the war. A The Africans lost their independence as the British established their authority over them. B There was an enormous loss of life and property. C The African land was alienated and they confined to reserves d Africans in reserves were be subjected to forced labour. E The war led to rapid spread of Christianity as the local people lost faith in their religion. F The Ndebele indunas gained recognition as headmen. G The Africans were exposed to severe famine, as the war hindered farming. H The colonial office in London lost confidence in company rule due to its poor administration. COLLABORATION What is collaboration? This was a style in which Africans responded to European intrusion through diplomacy, adaptation or allying with the Europeans for military support and for material gains Reasons for collaboration by some African communities. A Some African kings needed to safe guard themselves against internal and external enemies. E.g. Lewanika of Lozi who was facing threat from the Ndebele and the Ngoni. B Others wanted to promote trade with the imperialists so that they can gain material wealth. For example, the Wanga and the Shona. C Influence of the missionaries who convinced some African leaders to collaborate in order to get western education and civilization. E.g, Fran ois Coillard encouraged Lewanika to collaborate with the British. D In some communities, there was need for protection against other European powers e.g. the Lozi against the Portuguese. E Others were merely in need for assistance to gain regional supremacy. E.g the Maasai who were on downward trend as the Nandi were raising. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 244 f To some it was a means of showing courtesy visitors assuming that they would leave soon and being ignorant of European intentions. For example, Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda.
E.g the Maasai who were on downward trend as the Nandi were raising. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 244 f To some it was a means of showing courtesy visitors assuming that they would leave soon and being ignorant of European intentions. For example, Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda. G Other African leaders influenced some communities. For example, Chief Khama influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to resist. H Having witnessed the European military might against the resisting neighbours some communities saw it futile to resist stronger force The Lozi Collaboration Factors, which influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to collaborate with the British a Lewanika was encouraged to collaborate with the British by King Khama of Botswana who had already benefited from British protection against the Dutch in South Africa. B The European missionaries who had visited him earlier influenced Lewanika. For example, Fran ois Coillard who convinced Lewanika to ally with the British to gain western education. C Lewanika needed support against Portuguese and Germans who were approaching his territory. D Lewanika wanted the British to protect his kingdom from attacks by other African communities such as the Ndebele and Shona-protection against African enemies. E Lewanika also wanted the British to protect him against internal enemies e.g. in 1884, Lewanika faced an internal rebellion-to safeguard his position. F Lewanika desired western education especially for his sons and civilization in his country. G Desire for promotion of trade between Britain and his people. He was keen on acquiring European goods such as firearms for territorial defence. H He was fearful and considered it futile to resist a strong military force like Britain. How Lewanika collaborated with the British. Signing of treaties e.g. he first signed a treaty with Harry Ware in 1889 before signing the Lochner Treaty of 1890 and the Corydon Treaty of 1898. These treaties put Bulozi under British protectorate. Lewanika became friendly to British agents like Frank Lochner and the missionary, Fran ois Coillard, whom he allowed to establish a permanent mission station within his territory. He sent his sons to the Coillard mission school as a show of acceptance of westernization. Lochner Treaty of 1890. It was British missionary Francois Coillard who negotiated for the meeting between Frank Lochner, acting on behalf of Rhodes, and Lewanika in 1890.
He sent his sons to the Coillard mission school as a show of acceptance of westernization. Lochner Treaty of 1890. It was British missionary Francois Coillard who negotiated for the meeting between Frank Lochner, acting on behalf of Rhodes, and Lewanika in 1890. The treaty put Lewanika s Kingdom under the protection of the British South African Company. Terms of the treaty. A Lewanika gave the BSA Company mining rights in Bulozi except in certain farming and iron mining areas. B The company promised to protect the kingdom from outside attacks. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 245 c The British company promised to pay the king 2000 sterling pounds a year and 4 royalties of all minerals mined in the area. D A promise was made to develop trade, build schools and develop telegraphy in the kingdom. E Lewanika would still be a king but just a constitutional monarch, not an absolute ruler as before. F That a British resident would be posted in Lealui, the capital of the Kingdom, to monitor company activities and advise Lewanika on foreign affairs. The treaty consequently implied that Lewanika had given up his kingdom to the British company. In 1897, Robert T. Coryndon a former police officer was sent as a British resident in Bulozi. Upon his arrival, he made arrangements for the signing of the Lawley treaty of 1898 which further reduced the size of the area governed by Lewanika. In October 1900, he signed another treaty, the Coryndon Treaty with Lewanika. The Coryndon Treaty 1900 It had the following terms; a The British government would be responsible for administration of Bulozi. The company administrator would answer to the High Commissioner at the cape. B The company would appoint officials and pay for the administration of the area. C The company would provide schools, industries, postal services, transport and telegraphic facilities. D Lewanika would receive only 850 sterling pounds a year as his stipend. E The company was allowed to acquire land on the Batoka plateau. F The company maintained its rights to prospect for mineral in Bulozi. G Lewanika was to stop slavery and witchcraft in his area. H Lewanika was made paramount chief of Barotse.
F The company maintained its rights to prospect for mineral in Bulozi. G Lewanika was to stop slavery and witchcraft in his area. H Lewanika was made paramount chief of Barotse. His powers were reduced more when more white settlers arrived in 1905 ready to participate in government. NB; the Coryndon treaty made Lewanika a mere employee of the company, receiving only a stipend. He lost control of the former vassal states that no longer would pay tribute to him since they were now under the British. In the final run, Lewanika lost his independence just like any other collaborator or resistor. Results of Lewanika collaboration a Schools and health centres were put up in his kingdom. B He got British protection from Ndebele attacks. C It marked the beginning of the erosion of the independence and traditional authority of his empire. Lewanika lost his authority as the administration was taken over by the British South Africa Company d The British recognized Lewanika as a paramount chief of Barotse and gave him necessary protection. E Lewanika received payment of 2000 yearly f The British South Africa Company took over the control of the minerals For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 246 g The Lozi land was alienated and given to British settlers h The Lozi were later forced to pay taxes in order to maintain the administration. I The Lozi were forced to work as labourers on settler s farms j The Lozi were employed in the civil service k The British South Africa Company developed infrastructure in Barotseland l The British used Barotseland as a base to conquer the neighbouring communities. The Buganda collaboration. By the mid 19th century, Buganda had become the most powerful state in the interior of East Africa. However despite this might, the Kabakas Mutesa I and Mwanga chose the path of collaboration instead of resisting the European intrusion. Why kabaka Mutesa I 1856-1884 collaborated with the Europeans. A His kingdom was under threat form Khedive Ishmael of Egypt. He therefore wanted British assistance against the Egyptian threat. B There was threat from his traditional enemy, Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro Kingdom.
A His kingdom was under threat form Khedive Ishmael of Egypt. He therefore wanted British assistance against the Egyptian threat. B There was threat from his traditional enemy, Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro Kingdom. C Mutesa wanted to establish a centralized religious authority over Buganda to counter there power wielded by the traditional priest of the Lubaale Cult and the Muslim power and influence. D He wanted modernization and to gain Prestige from association with the Europeans. For example, western education, medicine and other material benefits. E He had the desire to trade with Europeans to get their goods especially firearms. Kabaka Mwanga 1884-1898 Mwanga s main problem when he took over power was religious indecision which eventually generated political instability. In January 1885, he executed three C.M.S converts. In October 1885, he had Bishop Hannington killed. In May 1886, 30 young converts were burnt to death at Namugongo for refusing to denounce their Christian faith. In 1888, under the urge of the traditionalists, he unsuccessfully attempted to expel all foreigners whom he blamed for causing chaos in his kingdom. He instead was disposed by a combined force of Muslims, Catholics and Protestants and replaced by his brother Kiwewa, sharing authority with foreigners. In 1890, Mwanga recaptured the throne assisted by the Christians and Kabalega of Bunyoro kingdom. He signed a protectorate treaty with Carl peters for the Germans and rejected a treaty offer by Fredrick Jackson of IBEACO. IN 1891, Mwanga signed a treaty of collaboration with Fredrick Lugard, the First British administrator sent to Uganda. This was after the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 had put Uganda a British sphere of influence. Why Mwanga collaborated a He wanted to acquire protection from internal and external enemies e.g religious groups and Banyoro. B He wanted to secure his position and safeguard the Baganda from interference. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 247 c He wanted the British to help him Gain regional supremacy over the surrounding kingdoms of Bunyoro, Ankole and Toro. However, throughout all the religious conflicts that continued in Uganda between the Protestants and the Catholics, Kabaka Mwanga always supported the Catholics to the Chagrin of the British administrators.
Why Mwanga collaborated a He wanted to acquire protection from internal and external enemies e.g religious groups and Banyoro. B He wanted to secure his position and safeguard the Baganda from interference. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 247 c He wanted the British to help him Gain regional supremacy over the surrounding kingdoms of Bunyoro, Ankole and Toro. However, throughout all the religious conflicts that continued in Uganda between the Protestants and the Catholics, Kabaka Mwanga always supported the Catholics to the Chagrin of the British administrators. He was disposed by Lugard in 1894 after the capture of his palace at Mengo. Under Kabaka Mwanga II, Buganda became a protectorate in 1894. This did not last and the Kabaka declared war on Britain in on July 6, 1897. He was defeated at the battle of Buddu on July 20 of the same year. He fled to German East Africa where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba. The Kabaka later escaped and led a rebel army to retake the kingdom before being defeated once again in 1898 and being exiled to the Seychelles. While in exile, Mwanga II was received into the Anglican Church, was baptized with the name of Danieri Daniel . He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, aged 35 years. In 1910 his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi. The war against Kabaka Mwanga II had been expensive, and the new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, Sir Harry H. Johnston, had orders to establish an efficient administration and to levy taxes as quickly as possible. This he did through the Buganda Agreement of 1900 The Buganda agreement The Buganda agreement was signed in 1900 between Sir Harry Johnstone, British Official, and Apollo Kagwa, representing the Baganda Reasons for signing of the Buganda agreement a The treaty was to define the position of Buganda in the country. B To introduce law and order in the country. C To reduce the cost of British administration since Buganda was to meet the cost of administration. D To define the relationship between Buganda and the British government.
B To introduce law and order in the country. C To reduce the cost of British administration since Buganda was to meet the cost of administration. D To define the relationship between Buganda and the British government. Terms of the Buganda agreement a The Buganda laws were to remain in effect as much as they did not interfere with protectorate laws that were to be applicable to Buganda Kingdom as well. Bugandakingdom was to be ruled by the Kabaka with the assistance of Katikiro. The Lukiko was to be the legitimate body making laws of Buganda and it was to compose 89 members. B Buganda people were to pay poll and hut tax. However, No tax was to be levied on Buganda unless approved by the Lukiko parliament . Revenue from Buganda was to be merged with all the revenue from other provinces. C The kabaka, ministers and Chiefs to be paid since they were now employees of the British government. D Buganda boundaries were defined to include parts of Bunyoro the ten sazas she had acquired from Bunyoro . The kingdom was therefore expanded to twenty counties. To ease administration, each county was placed under a Saza Chief. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 248 e Land tenure system was changed to include land on freehold basis Mailo land and crown land. The crown land was for protectorate government while the Mailo land was particularly for the kabaka, his ministers and his chiefs. F Though Buganda became a province within the protectorate, Ganda system of government was recognized and modified. It was to have three ministers katikiro, treasurer and chief justice. . The Lukiko had fixed number- 20-saza chiefs, 60 notables and 6 Kabaka sappointees. Results of the Buganda agreement. A British overlord ship was confirmed over Buganda. B Buganda was reduced to a status of a mere province. C The position of the king was reduced he lost his power to give or withhold land as well as the power to appoint or transfer chiefs. D The 1900 Agreement led to the birth of early nationalistic movements. For example, the Bataka Opposition Movement in the 1920s by the landless class people rising up against the land-owning group. E Modern economy and western education were introduced with Buganda taking the lead.
D The 1900 Agreement led to the birth of early nationalistic movements. For example, the Bataka Opposition Movement in the 1920s by the landless class people rising up against the land-owning group. E Modern economy and western education were introduced with Buganda taking the lead. F Buganda formed the basis for the British administration as baganda were appointed as British administrators. G It strengthened the special position of Buganda in relation to other communities in Uganda. H Sazas were increased from 10 to 20 and saza chiefs got land and right to impose land rent. I It led expansion of Christianity and decline of Islamic influence. J Bunyoro kingdom became aggrieved as results of loss of part their territory that was transferred to Buganda by the British. This caused friction later. Results of African collaboration a Just like resistors, the collaborating communities also lost their independence and were eventually colonized. Bulozi and Buganda finally became British Protectorates. B The collaborating community leaders gained some recognition, though with reduced powers. Lewanika foe example became the paramount Chief of Barotseland while Kabaka gained the title, His Highness . C The collaborators were able to secure some amount of protection from their traditional enemies. The Lozi were protected from the Ndebele while the Baganda were protected from the Banyoro. D The collaborators were used by the Europeans to exert their authority over other African societies. The baganda on their part were used to administer Busoga. E The collaborating Africans gained from missionary work. Lewanika s sons for example gained western education. Hospitals and schools were also built in the kingdoms. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 249 f There was increased trade between the collaborating communities and the Europeans. The communities gained European goods such as glassware, clothes, guns and ammunition. G The collaborators just like resistors were later subjected to economic exploitation such as land alienation, mining, taxation and forced labour. ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA CAUSES OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR EAST AFRICA Factors that contributed to the scramble and partition of East Africa 1. The rise of Nationalism in Europe.
G The collaborators just like resistors were later subjected to economic exploitation such as land alienation, mining, taxation and forced labour. ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA CAUSES OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR EAST AFRICA Factors that contributed to the scramble and partition of East Africa 1. The rise of Nationalism in Europe. The Unification of Germany, after the Franco- Prussian war 1870-71 upset the balance of power in Europe and there was need to rebalance out through acquisition of colonies in Africa including east Africa. The Germans also felt that the only way their nation could gain recognition among other European powers was through securing colonial possession. 2. Strategic location of East Africa in relation to Egypt. Europeans were concerned with the source of the river Nile in East Africa and control of the Suez Canal. Therefore, the ownership of East Africa was crucial to the Egyptian affairs. East Africa, had, from the days of the Portuguese conquest in the 15th century, proved to be a strategic location for fresh supplies. That is why the Germans and the British competed for possessions in the region. 3. The need to speed up economic development of the European countries. The industrializednations were rushing for colonies to tap raw materials to keep their factories running. There was also a popular believe that East Africa contained pockets of precious metals awaiting exploitation. They were also driven by the search for market for European produced goods. The Europeans were also looking for places to invest their capital. 4. The rise of Public opinion in Europe. There was growth of public support towards the acquisition of colonies. E.g., the Daily Press in London spoke well about acquiring colonies. 5. Social factors. East Africa was to be occupied as a means of stamping out slave trade and replacing it with legitimate trade. The Europeans were keen on spreading their culture to east Africa. They wanted to protect their missionaries who were already operating in east Africa The process of Partition The Berlin conference failed to fully resolve the rivalry between the Germans and the British in East Africa. The activities of Karl Peters and Harry Johnstone for the Germans and the British respectively in the Mount Kilimanjaro region depicted intense rivalry which almost led to war. The two signed treaties with local chiefs as a way of legalizing their arbitrary declaration of their spheres of influence.
The Europeans were keen on spreading their culture to east Africa. They wanted to protect their missionaries who were already operating in east Africa The process of Partition The Berlin conference failed to fully resolve the rivalry between the Germans and the British in East Africa. The activities of Karl Peters and Harry Johnstone for the Germans and the British respectively in the Mount Kilimanjaro region depicted intense rivalry which almost led to war. The two signed treaties with local chiefs as a way of legalizing their arbitrary declaration of their spheres of influence. Karl peters even declared german protectorate over Ungulu, Uzigua, Usagara and Ukami. These activities together with For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 250 those of Sir William Mackinnon of the Imperial British East Africa Company became the immediate cause of the partition of east Africa. The partition of East Africa was sealed through the following two treaties. The Anglo-German Agreement of 1886 The agreement facilitated peaceful settlement of the german and British claims on east Africa as follows; a The Sultan was given the 16 KM 10mile coastal strip from Vanga to Lamu. He also acquired islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, mafia, Lamu, pate and Towns like Lamu, Kisimayu, Mogadishu, Merca, and Brava. B Germany acquired the coastline of Witu the region between river Umba in the North and river Ruvuma in the south. C The British got the territory north of river Umba up to river Juba in the north. However, the treaty failed to determine the western boundary, thus leaving Uganda up for grab to any power that got there first. Uganda therefore became a theatre of intense rivalry between Karl Peters who even secured a treaty with Kabaka Mwanga in 1890 and Fredrick Lugard who tried in vain to sign a treaty with Kabaka Mwanga. This tension is what led to the Heligoland Treaty of 1890. Terms of the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 a Germany officially recognized Uganda as a British sphere of influence protectorate. B Germany abandoned her claim over the territory of Witu for British in exchange for Heligoland island in the North sea c Germany accepted British protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba.
This tension is what led to the Heligoland Treaty of 1890. Terms of the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 a Germany officially recognized Uganda as a British sphere of influence protectorate. B Germany abandoned her claim over the territory of Witu for British in exchange for Heligoland island in the North sea c Germany accepted British protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba. D Germany acquired a strip of land on Lake Tanganyika from Britain and the Coastal region of Tanganyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar. E The Sultan of Zanzibar retained a 16km 10 miles Coastal strip. This treaty thus ended the scramble for and partition of East Africa. BRITISH OCCUPATION OF KENYA Methods used by the British to occupy Kenya. A Signing of treaties. The following treaties were signed either by the British or on behalf of the British to facilitate their occupation of Kenya; A treaty by Sir William Mackinnon and the Sultan of Zanzibar Barghash in 1887 which effectively put Zanzibar under the British for 50 years. The Maasai Agreements of 1904 and 1911 between Oloibon Lenana and the British The Anglo-Germany Treaties of 1886 and 1890. B Collaboration. The British collaborated with communities like the Wanga and Maasai who were later used as bases to extend British Authority over other areas. C Establishing operational bases. The British built Forts like Fort Smith Kabete and Fort Hall Murang a to enhance their political control. D Use of company Rule. In the initial stages, due to the fear of the enormous costs of effective occupation and administration, the British mandated the IBEA. Company to For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 251 administer the Kenyan protectorate. The Imperial British East Africa Company of Sir William Mackinnon was given the royal charter in 1888 and thus had the following new powers; a Levying and collecting taxes and institute custom duties in the area. B Establishing political authority and Maintain of law and order in the British East Africa. C Promoting legitimate trade and Eradicate slave trade d Developing and civilizing the indigenous peoples with the assistance of the imperial consul based in Zanzibar. Achievements of the IBEAC.
B Establishing political authority and Maintain of law and order in the British East Africa. C Promoting legitimate trade and Eradicate slave trade d Developing and civilizing the indigenous peoples with the assistance of the imperial consul based in Zanzibar. Achievements of the IBEAC. A The company succeeded in quelling local aggression in the British spheres of influence from communities such as the Nandi, Maasai and Akamba. B The company established a series of Forts at Kibwezi, Machakos, Smith and Dagoretti, which laid the basis for colonial administration in Kenya. C The company improved transport and communication in the protectorate by pioneering road construction in Kenya. For example the Sclater s Road between Kibwezi and Busia in 1894 which assisted in transportation of railway building materials. D The company succeeded in eradicating slavery to some extend and securing freedom for many slaves. E The company also developed a rubber industry along the coast and the interior. Reasons why Britain used the IBEA Company to administer her possession a Absence of a clear policy on the administration of colonial possessions. This gave room to the use of the company to administer the colony. B The company could provide cheap administrative capital that Britain had failed to raise for colonial governance. The colonies were not yet economically viable c There was a problem of inadequate personnel to be used in the administration of the colonies. D I.B.E.A.Co s long experience in the region. The company had invested heavily in east Africa, hence making its participation in the administration of the colony inevitable. Why company rule had failed by 1895. A The region lacked strategic natural resources for export thus making the IBEACO, a trading company, to operate at a loss and narrow its revenue base. Minerals like Gold, copper and Diamond were not existent. B The company lacked sufficient capital to carry out the day- to- day administrative operations. The company had spent the little funds available in the construction of fortified trading stations, with little reward. C Transportation of goods in the region proved expensive and slow as the region did not have any navigable rivers For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 252 d The company faced the problem of poor coordination of its activities caused by lack of proper channels of communication between the head office in Europe and the offices in the colony.
B The company lacked sufficient capital to carry out the day- to- day administrative operations. The company had spent the little funds available in the construction of fortified trading stations, with little reward. C Transportation of goods in the region proved expensive and slow as the region did not have any navigable rivers For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 252 d The company faced the problem of poor coordination of its activities caused by lack of proper channels of communication between the head office in Europe and the offices in the colony. E Some of the company officials were corrupt and therefore misappropriated funds. F The company faced numerous resistances especially in the Nandi country thus disrupting their operation. At one time, Fort Smith was set on fire by African resisters. G Some of the company officials lacked experience in administrative matters since most of them came merely as traders. H The company officials also were affected by the harsh tropical climate and diseases like malaria and sleeping sickness that killed many. The company thus surrendered the Charter in 1895 to the British government for a compensation of 250,000 dollars Factors facilitated the establishment of the British control over Kenya during the 19th century? A The Christian missionary factor. They created an atmosphere of friendship with Africans, which was important for colonization. They also occasionally called home for protection against hostile communities. B Presence of trading company IBEACO. The companies through their agents signed treaties with African rulers and among themselves as a means of initiating effective occupation of Kenya. C Superior military power good army. The European armies were more efficient than he African ones. This was witnessed in the ability to quell the numerous wars of resistance like the Nandi resistance. D Disunity among African communities. By the time the British came to East Africa, the Wanga were up against the neighboring communities in western Kenya, the Nandi and the Maasaiwere at war and the Mijikenda against the coastal Arabs over land. This was of advantage to the British. E Signing of treaties. There was Collaboration of some communities with the British. The Maasai signed the Maasai Agreement of 1900. The Wanga also signed various treaties with the British. F The British policy of indirect rule was readily acceptable, thus reducing the chances of resistance. G Financial support from the home government.
The Wanga also signed various treaties with the British. F The British policy of indirect rule was readily acceptable, thus reducing the chances of resistance. G Financial support from the home government. KENYA PEOPLES RESPONSES BRITISH INVASION OF KENYA Africans in Kenya offered varied responses to the British intrusion into their country. Some resisted while other collaborated. The communities that resisted actively included the Nandi, Agiryama, Bukusu, Somali and sections of the Agikuyu For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 253 The Nandi Resistance 1895-1906 Reasons why the Nandi resisted British occupation of their land a The Nandi had gained a lot of pride, having subdued their neighbours E.g the Luo, Maasai, Abagusii and Abaluhyia. At that time, they were enjoying a sense of superiority that gave them confidence to take the British Intruders head-on. B The Nandi military superiority made them feel equal if not superior to the whites. Their warriors were well- trained and equipped and had gained a lot of experience through the numerous cattle raids the conducted against their neighbours. C The Nandi detested the physical appearance of the white people which they considered as evil and must be expelled from their community. D The Nandi were opposed to Land alienation by the British. They disliked the grabbing of their land for railway construction white settlement. E Kimnyole s prophecy that foreigners would dominate the Nandi motivated them to fight against the Europeans. F The Nandi had a long history of resisting and fighting intruders. They had successfully warded off the Arab and Swahili traders in the 1850s. G The Nandi resisted as a means of safeguarding their independence which they had enjoyed for a long time. H The Nandi also enjoyed unity under the leadership of Koitalel Arap Samoei between 1895 and 1905. This had helped them to register numerous victories against neighbouring communities. They therefore felt strong enough to resist the British. Course of the Nandi rebellion The Nandi wars of resistance began in 1895. The Nandi mainly employed guerilla warfare ambushing the caravan traders and mail carriers who passed in their territory.
They therefore felt strong enough to resist the British. Course of the Nandi rebellion The Nandi wars of resistance began in 1895. The Nandi mainly employed guerilla warfare ambushing the caravan traders and mail carriers who passed in their territory. When two Nandi warriors strayed into the Guasa Mesa administrative camp headed by Andrew Dick in 1895, he murdered them as a response to the attacks by the Nandi on foreigners passing in their territory. The Nandi retaliated through the murder of a British trader, Peter West and thirty of his workers. This sparked off British punitive expeditions against the Nandi with the first in 1897 which however failed to stop the Nandi raids. When the railway reached the Nandi territory, they refused to cooperate with the railway builders and even kept stealing building materials to make weapons and ornaments. They even ambushed and murdered railway builders. In 1900, the British sent three punitive expeditions under Colonel Evatt, the commander of the Uganda Rifles reinforced by the Maasai, Baganda, Swahili and Indian mercenaries. The Nandi were supported by the Kipsigis enabling them to resist for so long causing high death toll on the British and the Nandi as well. The year 1901 witnessed a temporary truce worked out by the British administrator, Walter Mayes 1901-1905 , after realizing the heavy causalities both sides were experiencing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 254 The war was re-ignited when the Nandi realized that the British had started settling and farming on their land. They destroyed the railway in protest. The British reacted by destroying crops and villages and stealing cattle for the next three years. The Nandi war of resistance only ended when the British officer in Nandi, Captain Meinertzhagen, hatched a plan to have Koitalel, the chief coordinator of the r sistance, killed. He and his advisers were killed in October 1905, during a peace meeting convened by Meinertzhagen. The Nandi finally sought for peace in December 1905 ending the ten year long resistance. Why the Nandi offered the longest and strongest ever resistance to the British intrusion in Kenya. A The British intrusion into their territory happened when the Nandi were at the best of their power and superiority. B Existence of a superior military organization based on the age set system.
Why the Nandi offered the longest and strongest ever resistance to the British intrusion in Kenya. A The British intrusion into their territory happened when the Nandi were at the best of their power and superiority. B Existence of a superior military organization based on the age set system. The Nandi army was strong and could match any foreign force. The regimental age-set system supplied the Nandi with young men who were experienced in battle, disciplined, organized and were effective. C The Nandi also possessed knowledge of weapon manufacture and repair through their local ironsmiths and using stolen railway material. D The Nandi enjoyed regular supply of food and war equipment which sustained the fighters for a long period. This was mainly aided by the Nandi mixed economy enabling them to turn livestock for food when the British destroyed crops. E The Nandi had good knowledge of the terrain in which they were fighting the intruders thus having an advantage over the British who were not familiar with the terrain. The difficulties faced by the British as posed by the terrain disadvantaged them durin g the resistance f The Nandi knowledge of Guerilla tactics. This enabled them to organize many surprise attacks while vandalizing key British installations like the telegraph lines. G The existence of strong leadership. The Nandi leadership was religiously inspired and therefore very strong. The Orkoiyot was their symbol of unity and strength and was believed to possess some supernatural powers that gave courage to the fighters. H Their enemies, the British troops, were slowed down in their advance by problems like respiratory disease due to the wet and cold climate. The Nandi were accustomed to these conditions i The Nandi received assistance from the Kipsigis fighters the Elgeyo, Lembus and Nyangori which enabled them to hold off the British for Six weeks in 1900. Why the Nandi were defeated in the hands of the British a The British obtained support, against the Nandi, from the collaborating communities like the Somali and the Maasai. B The British military strength remained superior to that of the Nandi especially in terms of the weapons. Their guns were superior to the Nandi spears. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 255 c There was an outbreak of smallpox in the Nandi country 1890. This weakened them by killing many and rendering others unable to fight on.
Their guns were superior to the Nandi spears. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 255 c There was an outbreak of smallpox in the Nandi country 1890. This weakened them by killing many and rendering others unable to fight on. D They Nandi failed to get support from the neighboring Kenyan communities like the Luo and the Abaluhyia who were not friendly to them. E The treachery employed by Captain Meinertzhagen, the British commander who lured Nandi Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei to a meeting where he was killed. F The death of Koitalel Arap Samoei demoralized the Nandi into even signing for peace. G The British used Scorched Earth Policy, which seemed more punitive to the Nandi since their houses were burnt and livestock confiscated. Results of the Nandi resistance. A The Nandi country was colonized by the British after 1906. The Nandi lost their independence. B There was massive loss of life. Koitalel Arap Samoei, his entire council of elders and over 1000 warriors were killed. The British also experienced casualties on the part of their forces. C There was destruction of property through burning and looting. E.g the British confiscated at least 5000 herds of cattle and burnt more than 5000 huts and grain stores. D There was massive land alienation. The Nandi were pushed into reserves where they experienced impoverishment due to drought and cattle diseases. The Nandi lot their territory and traditional salt licks at Kapchekendi and Kamelilo that were now inhabited by the whites. E The Nandi military organization disintegrated thus making them lose their dignity and authority in the region. F The Nandi were separated from their close cousins and allies the Kipsigis through the creation of the Nandi Reserves where they were confined. Their economic lifestyle of grazing animals freely was also disrupted. G Many Nandi warriors were recruited into the colonial police. Agiriama resistance.
Their economic lifestyle of grazing animals freely was also disrupted. G Many Nandi warriors were recruited into the colonial police. Agiriama resistance. A Bantu speaking group inhabiting the coastal region, their reaction to the British invasion was motivated by the reaction of the Mazrui Arabs and the Swahili who rose up against the British in 1895.The Agiriama reaction began as an offer of support to the Mazrui Arabs, with whom they had long trading links, during their conflict with the British over succession to the TakaunguSheikhdom. The Agiriama was also hitting back against the Busaidi Arabs who were encroaching on their territory. The British had supported the Al Busaidi collaborators throughout succession conflict. The British reacted by bombarding Rashid s Headquarters at Mweli forcing the Agiriama and the Mazrui to resort to guerilla warfare. While the Mazrui Arabs later surrendered, the Agiriama now resorted to full scale r sistance against the British encroachment in 1914. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 256 Causes of the Agiriama resistance a They did not want to pay taxes, especially hut tax that was hurting to traditionally polygamous group, to the British. The British also were forcing them to pay it in terms of labour instead of allowing them to sell their grains and livestock to pay. B They had lost their independence the British replaced the Agiriama traditional rulers with their own appointees c They were opposed to forced labour on British plantations for little or no pay especially on land that had been snatched from them. D The British did not respect their culture. The British policemen at Kitengani insulted the Agiriama culture by raping their women. E The Agiriama were reacting against forced conscription into the King s African Rifles. They were forced to produce 1000 able-bodied men within a month, join the British army f They lost their land to the British due to the massive land alienation for settler farming. They were forced to offer paid labour on their own former land to the chagrin of the elders. G The British, who were seeking to take over the Agiriama role as middlemen, disrupted their trade in ivory and food stuffs h They disliked the British-appointed headmen whose duties included collection of taxes and recruitment of labour.
They were forced to produce 1000 able-bodied men within a month, join the British army f They lost their land to the British due to the massive land alienation for settler farming. They were forced to offer paid labour on their own former land to the chagrin of the elders. G The British, who were seeking to take over the Agiriama role as middlemen, disrupted their trade in ivory and food stuffs h They disliked the British-appointed headmen whose duties included collection of taxes and recruitment of labour. Course of the resistance The Agiriama resistance was inspired by a Giriama prophetess, Mekatilili WA Menza. She was joined by an Elder, Wanje wa Madorika in mobilizing people to a mass resistance against the British rule. The immediate course of their reaction was the forced military recruitment into the KAR. To provoke the British to war, they barred their young men from moving outside their villages to work. Mekatilili and Wanje called on the people to return to their ancestral shrine at Kaya Fungo and offer sacrifices and denounced all appointed puppet rulers in favour of the traditional council of elders. The two administered traditional oaths to unite and inspire the people to war. I.e. the Mukushekushe oath for women and the Fisi oat for men. When a state of emergency was declared by the British over the Agiriama, they resorted to Hitand-run warfare. They attacked the homes of loyalists, Europeans and collaborators forcing the missionaries to seeker refuge at Rabai. The British countered the hit-and-run warfare with burning villages and crops and driving away livestockThe resistance only subsided when Mekatilili and Wanje were arrested and deported to Kisii. The Arabs, under Fadhili bin Omari, mediated between the Agiriama and the British, marking the end of the war under the following terms; a The Agiriama to offer a specific number of labourers for European settlers and public works. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 257 b They would also offer a certain number of able-bodied men to serve in the King s African Rifles. C The British would occupy all the land to the north of River Sabaki. Role of Mekatilili in the Agiriama resistance.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 257 b They would also offer a certain number of able-bodied men to serve in the King s African Rifles. C The British would occupy all the land to the north of River Sabaki. Role of Mekatilili in the Agiriama resistance. A She encouraged the Agiriama to face the British by administering the Mukushekushe and Fisi oaths to unite the people to war. B She presented the grievances of the Agiriama, some of which the British later addressed. C She rallied the people together against a common enemy thus laying the basis for nationalistic struggles for independence. Results of the Agiriama resistance to the British a Many people lost their lives some as fighters while others were caught in the crossfire. B The Agiriama lost their independence to the British c There was Rampant destruction of property i.e. food stores at home, food crops in the fields and cattle. Some property was lost through confiscation. D The community s economic activities were disrupted, especially the lucrative trade at Takaungu, where they had been acting as middlemen. E The Agiriama were prohibited from brewing traditional liquor. F The British withdrew their order demanding Agiriama to move out of their homes. G For the first time women took up the leadership of the rebellion e.g. Mekatilili Bukusu resistance Reasons why the Bukusu resisted the British rule a They wanted to safeguard their independence and culture i.e. circumcision. B They were being compelled to recognize Nabongo Mumia as the overall leader of Abaluhyia. C The Bukusu did not like the idea of paying taxes to the British through force. D They resented the British demand in 1894, that the Bukusu warriors surrender guns they possessed. E The British invasion had happened when the Bukusu were enjoying immense military power. Course of the resistance The Bukusu resistance began with the ambush of a trade caravan heading to Ravine through bukusuland. The Bukusu stole all the rifles. When they were commanded to surrender all the guns in 1894 and declined, the British sent a punitive expedition which however was defeated. The British administrator at Elureko, Charles Hobley sought for reinforcement from Major William Grant of the Ugandan protectorate.
The Bukusu stole all the rifles. When they were commanded to surrender all the guns in 1894 and declined, the British sent a punitive expedition which however was defeated. The British administrator at Elureko, Charles Hobley sought for reinforcement from Major William Grant of the Ugandan protectorate. In 1895, at the battles of Lumboka and Chetambe, the Bukusu were summarily defeated. Methods used by the Bukusu to resist the British. A Use of Warfare. They directly fought the British troops led by Major William Grant, at Lumboka and Chetambe hills. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 258 b Ambushes. The Bukusu ambushed a caravan of traders, sent by the commanding officer at Kavirondo to the Ravine Station. C Revolting against rule by Wanga agents. The Bukusu Murdered a Wanga agent, Hamisi, who had been sent, to administer the area. Effects of the Bukusu resistance a The Bukusu lost most of their land through massive land alienation b They lost their independence as bukusuland was declared part of the British East Africa Protectorate c There was massive loss of life within the Bukusu and the British forces. D There was loss f property and disruption of Bukusu economy. The Bukusu lost their cattle and sheep. E Bukusu women and children were taken prisoners by the British. The Somali resistance. The Somali resistance was a reaction to the British declaration that Jubaland was a British protectorate. They were led by their leader Ahmad bin Murgan. Causes of Somali resistance. A The Somali were opposed to the division of Somaliland into the British and Italian spheres of influence, which separated the clans. B They were opposed to punitive expedition sent against them by the British. C The Somali people being Muslims were opposed to being controlled by the British who were Christians. D The British attempted to stop the Somali raiding activities against their neighbors. E The Somali were against British control of their pastureland and watering points. F The British wanted the Somali to drop their nomadic way of life. Course of the resistance.
E The Somali were against British control of their pastureland and watering points. F The British wanted the Somali to drop their nomadic way of life. Course of the resistance. The British initially reacted minimally to the Somali aggression on their Kisimayu neighbourhood in 1898 due to the following reasons; a They viewed such an undertaking as to expensive in terms of the arms and military personnel that would have been involved. B The Somali were a nomadic group therefore it was very hard and time consuming to suppress them. C There was no economic justification for waging such a war on a highly unproductive territory. However, when the Somali murdered the British sub-commissioner for Jubaland, Mr Jenner, in 1900, the British dispatched a punitive expedition of Indian regiments against them. The Somali rose up again in 1905 against the British after they had procured Firearms. The Somali skirmishes continued into 1914 with the change of boundaries and finally ended in 1925 when Jubaland was put under the Italian Somaliland. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 259 Results of the Somali resistance a There was massive loss of life, as many Somalis were killed. Sub-commissioner Jenner was also killed. B The British divide the Darod and Hawiye clans through the boundary changes of 1914. C The Somali cattle were confiscated. D Somali lost their independence through the declaration of the protectorate status. E The process of colonization by Europeans was delayed considerably. F There was favorable boundary change that saw Ogaden being placed under Italian Somaliland. Collaboration In Kenya, the Maasai, Wanga and a section of the Agikuyu, Akamba, and Luo collabo rated. The Maasai collaboration In the 19th century, the Maasai community changed from a once feared community to one marred by succession disputes and natural calamities. The Disputes between Lenana and Sendeyo over succession of Mbatian after he died weakened the Maasai community to the level of merely collaborating with the British intruders. Sendeyo moved with his followers to northern Tanzania leaving behind Lenana s group who chose the path of collaboration. Reasons for the Maasai collaboration with the British a Losses of the Maasai military supremacy.
The Disputes between Lenana and Sendeyo over succession of Mbatian after he died weakened the Maasai community to the level of merely collaborating with the British intruders. Sendeyo moved with his followers to northern Tanzania leaving behind Lenana s group who chose the path of collaboration. Reasons for the Maasai collaboration with the British a Losses of the Maasai military supremacy. At the time the British came to Kenya, the Nandi had overtaken the Maasai in terms of military superiority. They therefore sought for foreignsupport against their aggressors. B Internal feuds. There were a series of succession disputes in the period between 1850 and 1890 caused by differences in economic activities. In one of the disputes, when Lenana seemed to be losing to Sendeyo, he appealed to the British for support. C Natural calamities disasters. The Maasai country witnessed severe hunger, livestock and human diseases in the 1850s. These weakened them more making them unable to resist. D Threat and wars from the Agikuyu. When the Maasai went to reclaim their women and children at the end of the hunger period, they were met with outright threat of attacks from the Agikuyu. They therefore sought British support. E Prophecy of Mbatian. He prophesized the coming of a white man who was more powerful and that the Maasai should not bother to resist him. F Lenana personally chose the path of collaboration because he wanted to consolidate his position and that of his kingdom. He was looking for the much needed military support to overcome his sibling, Sendeyo of the Loita Maasai. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 260 The process of Maasai collaboration. The attempt by Lenana to secure assistance against Sendeyo was the beginning of his collaboration with the British. The Kedong massacre incident Maasai warriors attacked a caravan of Swahili and Agikuyu traders travelling from Ravine and the resultant death of 100 Maasai at the hands of three white men Andrew Dick and two French companions made the Maasai the immediately seek for collaboration with the British. They cooperated with the British in establishment of colonial administration. The provided mercenaries in the British punitive expedition against the Nandi, Kipsigis and Kikuyu.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 260 The process of Maasai collaboration. The attempt by Lenana to secure assistance against Sendeyo was the beginning of his collaboration with the British. The Kedong massacre incident Maasai warriors attacked a caravan of Swahili and Agikuyu traders travelling from Ravine and the resultant death of 100 Maasai at the hands of three white men Andrew Dick and two French companions made the Maasai the immediately seek for collaboration with the British. They cooperated with the British in establishment of colonial administration. The provided mercenaries in the British punitive expedition against the Nandi, Kipsigis and Kikuyu. Maasai were rewarded with cattle acquired from uncooperative peoples e.g. The Nandi and Agikuyu They exchanged gifts and used British manufactured goods. Lenana was made a paramount chief. Between 1904 and 1923, a fair proportion of the Maasai agreed to be moved from one grazing land to another to pave way for British settlement. They signed the first Maasai agreement in 1904 by which they moved into two reserves, one to the south of Ngong and the railway and the other up on the Laikipia plateau. A corridor of five kilometres was set aside in Kinangop for the Eunoto ceremony that accompanied circumcision. The second Maasai agreement of 1911 implied the Maasai abandon the Laikipia plateau to rejoin others in the enlarged southern reserve. Results of the Maasai collaboration a Lenana was made a paramount chief of the Maasai in 1901. B The collaboration led to the separation of the Maasai related clans. The Purko Maasai were divided into the Loita and Ngong Maasai. C There was massive land alienation with the Maasai being moved to the Ngong and Laikipia reserves and later the southern reserve. D Maasai freedom in conducting rituals was curtailed with their confinement to a five square-mile reserve for initiation rites. E The Maasai lost their independence. Just like any other part of kenya, Maasailand became part of the British protectorate. F There was total disruption of their territorial integrity. Even their cattle economy was disrupted as the number of livestock was reduced. There was an attempt to cause them to abandon their nomadic habit.
F There was total disruption of their territorial integrity. Even their cattle economy was disrupted as the number of livestock was reduced. There was an attempt to cause them to abandon their nomadic habit. G The Maasai gained material reward in form of cattle and grains looted from resisting communities like the Nandi and Luo of Ugenya. H Their age old custom of livestock cross- breeding with their Samburu neighbours was disrupted with the curtailing of their migratory behaviour. Their stock was therefore weakened. I Some Maasai were hired as mercenaries against the resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 261 Wanga Collaboration Nabongo Mumia, the Wanga leader from 1880, was an ambitious and shrewd leader who had the desire to expand his Kingdom through collaboration with British intruders and soliciting their military assistance. Reasons for Wanga Collaboration a Nabongo Mumia hoped that by collaborating, he would be made a paramount Chief of the entire western region. B There was family rivalry over leadership. This compelled Mumia to seek help against his brother Sakwa. He wanted to safeguard his position at home. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 33 c He wanted British protection against the Nandi, who were by then enjoying military superiority, the Bukusu and the Luo of Ugenya d He wanted to revive a disintegrating kingdom. E He wanted to take advantage of the British western civilization particularly education and religion. He also wanted material gains from the British. F He aimed at achieving territorial expansion. Mumia aimed at ruling up to Kabras, Kimilili, Marama, Butsotso, Ugenya and Samia. G He realized that his community was very small and it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. H Having realized that the British declaration of western Kenya as their sphere of influence was inevitable, he chose to become their ally at the earliest opportunity ever. Process of Wanga Collaboration.
G He realized that his community was very small and it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. H Having realized that the British declaration of western Kenya as their sphere of influence was inevitable, he chose to become their ally at the earliest opportunity ever. Process of Wanga Collaboration. Mumia s contact with the outside world began when he befriended the Swahili and Arabcaravan traders and later the IBEA Company merchants when they visited wangaland. They built a fort and a trading station at Elureko, his capital, which was to remain the headquarters of the British administration in western Kenya until 1920. Ways in which Nabongo of Wanga collaborate with the British. A He offered his seat-elureko to become an operational base of the British expeditions. B He offered his men to fight alongside the British in their expeditions against other communities. C He provided Wanga agents to aid the British in administering the conquered areas. D The Wanga provided food, water and shelter to the British invading forces. E They gave the British free passage through their territory and offered them hiding places during the battles. F Mumia signed treaties of friendship with the British. Results of the Wanga collaboration with the British. A Wanga kingdom was strengthened using military support from the British. Wanga kingdom was expanded. Nabongo gained more territories e.g. Samia, Bunyala and Busoko For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 262 b Their king Mumia was declared a paramount Chief thus raising his prestige. He ruled as a British paramount chief ruling as far as Bunyala, Gem , Ugenya and Alego, upto 1926, when he officially retired c Mumia warriors became agents of the British colonialism. The warriors were used to subdue the Luo, Bukusu and Nandi. D The Wanga Princes became agents of British rule over western Kenya. For example, Mumia s half-brother Murunga was appointed chief of the Isukha and Idakho. E Mumias headquarters at Elureko became the seat of British administration in western Kenya upto 1920 when it was moved to Kakamega. F Mumia and his people gained material benefits from the British through trade, western education and religion.
For example, Mumia s half-brother Murunga was appointed chief of the Isukha and Idakho. E Mumias headquarters at Elureko became the seat of British administration in western Kenya upto 1920 when it was moved to Kakamega. F Mumia and his people gained material benefits from the British through trade, western education and religion. G Nabongo Mumia became an important ally of the British administration in western ken ya, providing them with vital information over the appointment of chiefs and Headmen in western Kenya. H Due to the Wanga Collaboration, there was intensified enmity and hostility between the Wanga people and other Abaluhyia subsections who viewed the Wanga as traitors. I However, The Wanga, just like any other collaborator or resister lost their independence when Kenya was declared a British Colony in 1920. Mixed reactions The communities that exhibited mixed reaction were the Akamba, Agikuyu and Luo. The Akamba Reaction The arrival of the British traders threatened to destabilize the prominence enjoyed by the Akamba as middlemen during the long distance trade. The British even tried to stop the Akamba from organizing raids on their Oromo, Agikuyu and Maasai neighbours. Why did the Akamba decide to resist British administration? A The British failed to respect Akamba traditions and customs. For example, the cutting down of the ithembo shrine tree for a flag post at Mutituni in 1891. B When the Akamba attacked the Agikuyu, The British intervened against them. This was not taken kindly. C The Akamba were protesting the misconduct of Company officials based at Machakos who stole from the local people and raped Akamba women. D The establishment of colonial administration disrupted the long distance trade, which was the Akamba lifeline. E The establishment of British rule meant loss of independence for the Akamba. F The establishment of military posts in Ukambani without their consent. The British built a fort at Masaku in 1890. G The British kept on disrupting their peace by sending military expeditions that resulted in death and massive destruction of property. H The Akamba were also resisting forced labour. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 263 Course of the Akamba resistance.
G The British kept on disrupting their peace by sending military expeditions that resulted in death and massive destruction of property. H The Akamba were also resisting forced labour. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 263 Course of the Akamba resistance. In 1890, Nzibu Mweu led he Akamba in boycotting to sell goods to the company agents. Prophetess Syonguu also ordered the Iveti Warriors to attack the Masaku fort in the same year as a reaction to the cutting down of the ithembo tree for a flagpole. The British agents were defeated during this surprise attack. When the British tried to stop the Akamba raids on their neighbours in 1894, a Warrior, Mwatu wa Ngoma ordered the Akamba warriors, who had been inspired by medicinemen, to attack the British. The British responded with devastating consequences on the side of the Akamba forcing them into collaboration with the British District Commissioner, John Ainsworth. Mwatu wa Ngoma became a collaborator. Later, another gallant fighter, Mwanamuka, led the Kangundo people to attack the colonial police at Mukuyuni and Mwala, killing six. With the assistance of Maasai mercenaries, the British sent a punitive expedition against the Akamba and even confiscated their livestock. When Mwanamuka tried to blockade the Lukenya area to cut off communication between Fort Smith and Masaku, he was met with devastating consequences that forced him to also petition for peace. Why a section of the Akamba collaborated with the British. A They had lost heavily during the Akamba-British war of 1894 causing them to fear the British. B The ruthlessness with which the British attacked the Akamba scared many warriors into collaborating. For example, the Machakos station superintendent, Leith dispatched troops to deal with Syonguu s forces in 1891, causing merciless killings and looting of property. C Some especially the trades collaborated expecting material gains. D Collaborators wanted to gain prestige. E They wanted to get guns to be used in robbing for wealth. F The Akamba had been weakened by the 1899 famine and were therefore unable to effectively tackle the British. Reasons for the Akamba defeat a Some of the Akamba were not patriotic to the resistance course.
E They wanted to get guns to be used in robbing for wealth. F The Akamba had been weakened by the 1899 famine and were therefore unable to effectively tackle the British. Reasons for the Akamba defeat a Some of the Akamba were not patriotic to the resistance course. Some self-serving opportunists allied with the colonial agents with the aim of enriching themselves thereby resulting in the Akamba defeat. B Internally, the Akamba lacked territorial cohesion. It was therefore very difficult to coordinate a strong resistance to British rule among a highly segmented society lacking in a centralized system of government. C Sections of The Akamba community experienced severe famine in 1899. They were weakened to the level of being unable to stage a gainful resistance to the British. D The role of missionaries who pacified some sections to the level of collaborating with the intruders. The missionaries actively undermined their religious practices and traditional beliefs. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 264 e When the Akamba caravan trade and raiding activities were disrupted, they had lost a significant source of livelihood and thus became weakened more. Consequences of the Akamba reaction a The Akamba lost their independence as their territory was declared a British protectorate. B There was massive alienation of Kamba land to pave way for white settlement. C Many people, especially the Akamba warriors lost their lives during the confrontations with the British soldiers. D The British interfered with the Akamba culture by cutting down the Ithembo tree and raping their women. E The Akamba were subjected to heavy taxation in order to raise revenue for the colonial administration. F Many of the Akamba men were forcefully conscripted into the King s African Rifles to fight in World War I. The Agikuyu reaction The Agikuyu was also a highly segmented nature lacking in territorial unity. This explains why they had mixed reaction against the British. Explain the causes of Agikuyu resistance. A The British failed to respect Agikuyu traditions and customs. The missionaries campaignedagainst female circumcision and Kikuyu forms of worship. B Misconduct of company officials. They stole from the local people, killing some of them, and raped Agikuyu women. C The Agikuyu were revolting against the forced supply of grains and water, by their women, to the British soldiers.
B Misconduct of company officials. They stole from the local people, killing some of them, and raped Agikuyu women. C The Agikuyu were revolting against the forced supply of grains and water, by their women, to the British soldiers. D There was massive land alienation, which had left many landless or pushed to unproductive land. E Harassment of the Agikuyu, by British punitive expeditions. To enforce their policies, the British usually applied excessive force. F The British had begun meddling in the Agikuyu internal affairs making them suspicious of their intentions. G Fear of Loss of independence by some leaders like Waiyaki wa Hinga. H The Agikuyu were reacting against the punishment meted on them by the British for raiding Fort Smith in 1892. Reasons why some Agikuyu collaborated. A Agikuyu leaders like Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Karuri wa Gakure wanted to derive personal wealth and prestige through collaboration. B Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Karuri wa Gakure hoped that by collaborating, they would be made paramount Chiefs among the Agikuyu. C The collaborators wanted British protection against their enemies amongst the Agikuyu and other neighbouring communities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 265 d They wanted to take advantage of the British western civilization particularly education and religion. E They also wanted material gains from the British through trading with them. F The Agikuyu of Nyeri realized that it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. They therefore chose to collaborate. Organization of the Agikuyu reaction When captain Lugard established a fort at Dagoretti in 1890, he began relating with Waiyaki WA Hinga who was in charge of the area. Wayaki s people supplied Lugard s men with food. However, when Wilson took over from Lugard who had left for Uganda, his soldiers began looting food and livestock from the Agikuyu. The Agikuyu reacted by setting the Dagoretti fort on fire. Waiyaki was arrested by the forces sent by Subcommissioner Ainsworth, and died enroute to Mombasa.
Wayaki s people supplied Lugard s men with food. However, when Wilson took over from Lugard who had left for Uganda, his soldiers began looting food and livestock from the Agikuyu. The Agikuyu reacted by setting the Dagoretti fort on fire. Waiyaki was arrested by the forces sent by Subcommissioner Ainsworth, and died enroute to Mombasa. It is alleged that he was buried alive at Kibwezi after provoking his captors. Kinyanjui WA Gathirimu, a collaborator, succeeded Waiyaki at Dagoretti. In 1899, Fort Dagoretti was closed down due to a series of raids. Francis Hall opened another Fort at Murang a renamed Fort Hall after his death in 1901 after the locals were subdued and forced to accept the British Colonial rule. British trader John Boyes forged an alliance with Karuri WA Gakure, the Agikuyu leader at Fort Hall, which enabled him to subdue the resisting Agikuyu groups. He also made contacts with Wang ombe of Gaki Nyeri who together with Gakure supplied the British with mercenaries in exchange for confiscated loots from resisting groups. Meinertzhagen, who succeeded Francis Hall in 1902, subdued the Muruku and Tetu section led by Chief Gakere of the Agikuyu. Chief Gakere was murdered and his associates deported to the coast after they wiped out the entire Asian caravan on the slopes of the Aberdares. The Agikuyu of Iriani Nyeri were defeated in 1904 and their Aembu and Ameru allies sought for peace in 1906, having seen the effects of resisting. By 1910, British rule had been established in the entire Mount Kenya region. With the Agikuyu settling peacefully in the reserves upto 1920s when they began to agitate again. Results of the Agikuyu mixed reaction. A The reactions fuelled mistrust, hatred and animosity in most of Kikuyuland. Such feelings of mistrust continue among the Agikuyu of Murang a, Kiambu and Nyeri up-todate.
Results of the Agikuyu mixed reaction. A The reactions fuelled mistrust, hatred and animosity in most of Kikuyuland. Such feelings of mistrust continue among the Agikuyu of Murang a, Kiambu and Nyeri up-todate. B There was massive alienation of Agikuyu land by the British with the help of the collaborators like Wang ombe WA Ihura and Gathirimu who gave land to the British for construction. C Some Agikuyu leaders amassed a lot of wealth and rose to prominence. For example, Karuri wa Gakure and Wang ombe of Nyeri, d The collaborators like Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and his people received western education and were converted to Christianity. E There was massive loss of lives for the resisters. For example Waiyaki wa Hinga and many Agikuyu fighters were killed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 266 f The Agikuyu, both collaborators and Resisters lost their independence when their territory was declared a British protectorate. G The Agikuyu wars of resistance forced the British to shift their administrative base from Fort Dagoretti to Fort Hall. H There was massive destruction of property. The Agikuyu razed down Fort Dagoretti. The Agikuyu villages were burnt by the British. The Luo reaction. The resisters were the Luo of Sakwa, seme, Uyoma, Ugenya and Kisumu. The collaborators were the Luo of Gem and Asembo, led by Chief Ruoth Odera Akang o. Reasons for the resistance against the British by the Luo of Ugenya. A To protect their land and national heritage. B To protect their freedom and independence c Protect their livestock, grains and fish from being taken by the British soldiers who were undisciplined d The Luo had become a formidable nation in the area and did not entertain any intruder. E They were also provoked by the punitive expedition sent against them by Mumia and the British. Why the Gem and Asembo Luos collaborated. A Their chief, Odera Akang o had been influenced by the Wanga Neighbours who had gained materially from their collaboration.
E They were also provoked by the punitive expedition sent against them by Mumia and the British. Why the Gem and Asembo Luos collaborated. A Their chief, Odera Akang o had been influenced by the Wanga Neighbours who had gained materially from their collaboration. B Odera also needed British assistance to subdue the Luo of Seme, Uyoma, Sakwa and Ugenya, and the Nandi, who were a threat to his people. C He realized the futility of resisting the British through the experience of his neighbours. Course of the Luo resistance. The Luo of Ugenya set off the resistance by attacking the Wanga in an attempt to expand. They vandalized British key installations like the telegraph wires and administrative stations. In 1896, the British sent an expedition against them and 200 people were killed. When the British attacked the Seme Luo for cattle and Grains, they were provoked into revolting. They attacked the Asembo Luo who had collaborated with the British. The British invaded them in 1898 with devastating effects in terms of property and life loss. The Luo of Kisumu rose up in 1898 attacking a British Canoe party on Winam Gulf for taking their fish without paying. They were however overcome. The Gem and Asembo Luos led by Ruoth Odera Akang o supported the British throughout all these confrontations. Results of the Luo reaction a Both collaborators and resisters lost their independence to the British. B The Luo lost their property through burning and looting. C There was massive loss of lives, especially among the Ugenya Luo. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 267 d It Bred hatred between the collaborators and resisters e The collaborating communities were able to gain western education and religion as the British established schools and missions in their areas. F The African leadership was replaced with the British administration, thereby undermining traditional political systems. G The Luo were alienated from their land to pave way for the British occupation and settlement. Colonial system of administration in Kenya In their administration of Kenya, the British employed both central government and local government as the basic administrative framework. Central Government The protectorate was divided into provinces headed by Provincial commissioners, who acted as representatives of the Governor. The governor was answerable to the colonial s ecretary in Britain. Hierarchy of colonial administration in Kenya 1.
Central Government The protectorate was divided into provinces headed by Provincial commissioners, who acted as representatives of the Governor. The governor was answerable to the colonial s ecretary in Britain. Hierarchy of colonial administration in Kenya 1. Colonial secretary. Based in London, he was the political head of the British colonial administration and overall coordinator of the colonial policies as passed by the British parliament. 2. Governor. Reporting to the colonial secretary, he was the representative of the British government in the Kenyan colony. He headed the executive council which effected colonial policies and programmee he gave assent to laws from the LEGCO before they were implemented. 3. Provincial Commissioners. They represented the governor at provincial level and implemented the policies and laws that were enacted by the legislative council that was established in 1907. They supervised the work of DCs, Dos and the entire provincial administration on behalf of the governor. 4. District commissioners. They implemented policies and maintained law and order and security in their districts. They headed the District Advisory Committees. They coordinated the work of Dos and Chiefs. 5. District Officers. They implemented orders from the DCs and coordinated the work of the chiefs. They maintained law and order in their divisions. 6. Chiefs. They acted as a link between the people and the Governor at local levels. They maintained law and order at the locations and coordinated the work of headmen. 7. Headmen. They were a link between the government and the people at the grassroots level. They mobilized people for development within their villages. NB. The principal function of Chiefs and Headmen under the Headman s Ordinance and Chiefs Authority Act was tax Collection and labour recruitment for public works and European settlers. Their duties were confined in the African reserves. The advisory and Executive Councils guide the governor and effected the colonial policies. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 268 Local Government. The British introduced the Local Government in colonial Kenya because; a They wanted to involve the local communities in administration of the region. This would reduce the costs of administration. B They wanted to mobilize local people in resources exploitation in order to stir up development c Local Government was a means of providing a legal forum for the local people to make decisions about their day to day affairs d The Local Government would provide an important link between the Central government and the locals. E The Local Government would provide a means through which the government would understand Africans better.
This would reduce the costs of administration. B They wanted to mobilize local people in resources exploitation in order to stir up development c Local Government was a means of providing a legal forum for the local people to make decisions about their day to day affairs d The Local Government would provide an important link between the Central government and the locals. E The Local Government would provide a means through which the government would understand Africans better. F It also originated from the desire by European settlers to safeguard a number of privileges for themselves by getting directly involved in local administrative units Local Native Councils They were established in 1922 after the passing of the Native Authority Ordinance. In 1924, the District Advisory Councils DACs were renamed Local Native Councils LNCs Objectives of the LNCs a To encourage and develop a sense of responsibility and duty among the Africans. B To provide a mechanism through which educated Africans could articulate their grievances at District level. C To ensure proper restriction of the Africans in their reserves. D To provide a means through which the government would understand the Africans better so that to contain them. Achievements of the Local Native councils a The councils succeeded in restriction African political Agitations and other activities to their reserves. B The LNCs provided basic social needs like water, cattle Dips, Public Health, Education and Markets. C They succeeded in maintaining basic infrastructure in their areas of jurisdiction. D They succeeded in collecting taxes to finance their operations. NB; in 1948, the LNCs were renamed African Native Councils. Pascal Nabwane became the first African chairmen of the ADCs in 1958. The ADCs operated as local authorities for Africans until 1963. Impact of Local government a It exploited local resources and initiated development. B It created a link between the central government and the local people. C It helped maintain law and order using the small police force set up in 1896. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 269 d It promoted infrastructural development and general welfare of Africans. It used the levied taxes to improve social services such as schools and hospitals. E It helped in the arbitration of African disputes through the District African Courts. E.g, Land disputes were settled by the LNCs.
It used the levied taxes to improve social services such as schools and hospitals. E It helped in the arbitration of African disputes through the District African Courts. E.g, Land disputes were settled by the LNCs. Factors that undermined the local Government a Shortage of trained personnel to work in the LNCs and ADCs. B Poor transport and communication leading to poor coordination of their activities. C Lack of adequate revenue to finance their operations as the colony lacked strategic mineral resources. D There was a lot of rivalry between the settlers and the locals, later becoming the freedom struggles. This hampered the operations of the councils. E Racial discrimination was so pronounced that basic services were absent in African areas. Many Africans survived through self-help schemes. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION The methods mainly used by the British to administer their colonies were 1. Direct rule. 2. Indirect rile. Difference between direct rule and indirect rule. Indirect rule was a system under which the British recognized the existing African political system and used it to rule over the colonies. Direct rule was a system where the Europeans the British entrenched themselves in the direct administration of their colonies. Indigenous political and administrative institutions and leaders are replaced with European systems. Indirect rule This was a policy advanced by Fredrick Lugard, the British High Commissioner in the protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1900 to 1906.To Lugard, as summed up in his book, The Dual Mandate in the Tropical Africa 1922 , the resident acts as a sympathetic adviser to the native chief, on matters of general policy. But the native ruler issues his instructions to the subordinate chiefs and district heads, not as orders of the resident but as his own .Such a system was applied in Kenya and in West Africa. Why Britain used indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria a Britain lacked enough manpower to handle all the administrative responsibilities in the colonies. For example, in the Nigerian protectorate, there were only 42 British officials by 1900. B Lack of adequate funds for colonial administration from the parent government made her use the existing traditional political system as a means of cutting down the administrative costs. C The use of indirect rule was a means of diffusing the expected stiff resistance from the Africans. The traditional rulers were to be made to feel that they had lost no power.
B Lack of adequate funds for colonial administration from the parent government made her use the existing traditional political system as a means of cutting down the administrative costs. C The use of indirect rule was a means of diffusing the expected stiff resistance from the Africans. The traditional rulers were to be made to feel that they had lost no power. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 270 d The policy of administration had succeeded in India and Uganda, thus motivating them to apply it in Kenya and Nigeria. British rule in Kenya In Kenya, the British lacked both funds and experienced personnel to facilitate their administration. Kenya also did not have a reference model of an administrative system like that in Buganda Kingdom. It was only among the Wanga section of the Abaluhyia and the Maasai where traditional chiefs that were recognized by the British existed. Where the institution of chieftainship did not exist as the case of the Agikuyu, the British appointed chiefs men with ability to communicate in Kiswahili and organize porters like Kinyanjui WA Gathirimu in Kiambu, Karuri wa Gakure in Murang a and Wang ombe wa Ihura in Nyeri. The passing of the Village Headman Act in 1902 gave the chiefs the responsibilities of maintaining public order, hearing of petty cases and clearing of roads and footpaths. The 1912 0rdinance increased the powers of the chiefs and their assistants headmen ; they were now allowed to employ other persons to assist them, such as messengers and retainers. They were to assist the District officers in Tax collection and control brewing of illegal liquor and cultivation of poisonous plants like Cannabis sativa. They were to control carrying of weapons and mobilize African labour for public works. The selected colonial chiefs however faced two problems; a Most of them lacked legitimacy and were therefore rejected not only by the African elders who regarded them as nonentities, but also by the young generation who saw them as tools of colonial oppression and exploitation. B Many of the colonial chiefs were young and inexperienced. C Many of the chiefs also became unpopular since they used their positions to amass riches in terms of large tracts of land, livestock and wives.
The selected colonial chiefs however faced two problems; a Most of them lacked legitimacy and were therefore rejected not only by the African elders who regarded them as nonentities, but also by the young generation who saw them as tools of colonial oppression and exploitation. B Many of the colonial chiefs were young and inexperienced. C Many of the chiefs also became unpopular since they used their positions to amass riches in terms of large tracts of land, livestock and wives. E.g Chief Musau wa Mwanza and Nthiwa wa Tama acquired 8000 herds of cattle and 15 wives respectively in kambaland. The structure of administration was as discussed earlier with governor being answerable to the colonial secretary in London. Below him were provincial commissioners, district commissioners, district Officers and Chiefs. All the administrative positions above that of the chief were occupied by European personnel. The British in Nigeria. Nigeria comprised the Lagos colony and protectorate, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. These regions were later amalgamated into the Nigerian protectorate in 1914.In Northern Nigeria, Fredrick Lugard employed indirect rule. Reasons for the use of indirect rule by the British in northern Nigeria. A The system was cost-effective. There was need to reduce the administrative cost by using the local chiefs in administration while employing very few British officials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 271 b Northern Nigeria had communities with a well-organized centralized system of government complete with Islamic sharia whose use provided a base to govern the protectorate. I.e. The Sokoto Caliphate c The vastness of the region coupled with the inadequate British administrative work force and Poor transport and communication network made it difficult for the British officials to effectively administer some parts of the region. D The system would help dilute African resistances since governance was by local rulers. TheBritish were keen on guarding against the local resistance to their administration. E The method ensured smooth transition from African to British dominion. It was a way of deliberately preparing Africans for self-government. F Indirect rule had been tried successfully in Uganda and India. Indirect administration as applied in northern Nigeria In Northern Nigeria, the existing emirates with centralized system of administration formed thebasis of local governance. The Emirs were retained and were to rule under supervision of the British resident officials. The British administration was based on the local customs and laws.
F Indirect rule had been tried successfully in Uganda and India. Indirect administration as applied in northern Nigeria In Northern Nigeria, the existing emirates with centralized system of administration formed thebasis of local governance. The Emirs were retained and were to rule under supervision of the British resident officials. The British administration was based on the local customs and laws. Chiefs chosen by the British were to be acceptable by the local people. Local chiefs collected taxes and a portion of it was given to the Central Government. Local Native Courts operated as per the laws of the land. The Emirs were allowed to try cases in their own Muslim courts. The Emirs were mandated to maintain law and order. They possessed firearms. In 1914, Northern and Southern Nigeria were Brought under one syatem of administration. However Lugard found it hard to apply indirect rule in Southern Nigeria. Why indirect rule was not successful applied in southern Nigeria a Southern Nigeria lacked a centralized indigenous system of administration, which would have been vital in the application of indirect rule. B The south had many ethnic groups, many languages and many disparities in customs, whichdenied it the homogeneity necessary for the application of indirect rule. C The southern people were infuriated by the British introduction of new concepts like forced labour and direct taxes. D The British did not give themselves time to understand the operation of the social, political and economic systems of the people of southern Nigeria. E The educated elites in the south felt left out of the administration of their own country in favour of the illiterate appointees of the British. F There existed communication barrier between the British supervisors, the warrant chiefs and the people, which sometimes led to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. G The warrant chiefs sometimes misused their powers in tax collection and molesting women sexually. H The brutish had used excessive force in dealing with any form of resistance and this made them unpopular For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 272 Problems associated with indirect rule as a system of government. A Indirect rule could only e applied where centralized government was present. Its application in stateless societies often faced difficulties. B Where chiefs were imposed, especially in the stateless societies, their authority lacked legitimacy and only resulted in suspicion and lack of confidence. This would lead to constant riots when they tried to exert their authority.
The local political institutions based on the Induna system had been destroyed when the British conquered and occupied Zimbabwe. D Existence of enough B.S.A Co personnel on the spot who were familiar with the area as well as the British system of government. E Favourable climatic conditions and the expected rich mineral deposits attracted many settlers who later provided the necessary personnel. F There was a strong desire by the Europeans to be able to direct their own affairs and destiny without interference from within or without The spirit nationalism The BSAC administrative structure in Southern Rhodesia 1905-1923 The government was headed by a resident Commissioner who was appointed by the Company stationed at Salisbury. Below him were various commissioners in charge of the Districts all Europeans . Below them were African Chiefs whose duty included collecting tax, recruiting labour and maintaining law and order. In 1898, a LEGCO was established heavily dominated by the European settlers. An Executive Council, consisting of the Resident Commissioner and 4 nominees of BSA.Co was also established. In 1902, a Native Affairs Department, headed by a European Native For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 274 Commissioner was created thus entrenching the dominance of Europeans in Zimbabwe. The duty of the commissioner was to allocate land to Africans, collect taxes and recruit labour. For lack of enough valuable minerals in Zimbabwe as expected, the Europeans compensated by acquiring large tracts of land from African communities with some having grants of upto 3000 acre pieces of land. Europeans occupied 21 million acres while Africans despite their majority were confined to 24 million acre reserves. The Company relinquished control in 1923 to for Zimbabwe to become a crown colony. Crown colony Rule 1923-1953 Why the settlers favoured crown colony over merger with South Africa. A The merger would have led to domination by Afrikaners in their political matters. B Their economic interests would have been neglected in favour of those of Afrikaners. As a crown colony, a Governor was appointed in 1923 to represent the Queen of England. British government was empowered by the constitution to veto any legislation that would discriminate against Africans. This however never happened practically. For example, the government formulated the Two-Pyramids Policy or parallel development policy characterized by discrimination against Africans. At the base of the pyramid was the majority Africans relegated to offering cheap labour for the white settlers.
This however never happened practically. For example, the government formulated the Two-Pyramids Policy or parallel development policy characterized by discrimination against Africans. At the base of the pyramid was the majority Africans relegated to offering cheap labour for the white settlers. At the apex were the minority whites who took the highest positions in the economic and political system. To legitimize the two pyramids policy were two Acts that were passed in 1930 and 1934. A Land Apportionment Act of 1930 The Act introduced rigid territorial segregation with land being divided into white s and Africans portions. No African was allowed to acquire land outside their segregated portion. The minority whites acquired over half of the best arable land. Africans were given the semi arid areas infested by mosquitoes. Land was categorized into four; 1 Native Reserve Area- for Africans population. The Land was characterized with congestion since it was inadequate. 2 Native Purchase Area- for Africans to buy. Such areas had harsh climatic conditions. 3 European Area- For Whites only. 4 Unassigned Area- For government expansion of buildings and other uses. Effects of the Land Apportionment Act on Africans a Many Africans became migrant labourers, moving to mines, towns and European farms to provide cheap labour since their land was unproductive. B Large tracts of African land were alienated and they were confined to only 29 million acres while only 50,000 whites occupied 49 million acres of land. C This exposed Africans to problems like overgrazing that further deteriorated their land. D There was widespread poverty among Africans. For those on the reserves, they faced starvation, those in towns faced slum life. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 275 e Africans suffered racial segregation in provision of social services in urban areas. F There was disruption of social roles as African men moved to towns and settler farms. Women took over men s jobs in the reserves. G Land apportionment became the seedbed for the rise of African nationalism in Zimbabwe. H Africans were exposed to over taxation to compel them to provide labour to the Europeans. B The Industrial Conciliation Act of 1934. The prime objective of the Act was to protect white workers from African competition. The government through the act prohibited Africans from setting up a trade union.
B The Industrial Conciliation Act of 1934. The prime objective of the Act was to protect white workers from African competition. The government through the act prohibited Africans from setting up a trade union. Africans from beyond southern Rhodesia were imported to provide labour to the whites at low wages. The act resulted in relegation of Africans to the lowest level while skilled jobs were set aside for the Europeans. The two acts resulted in the humiliating conditions for the Africans which resulted in the rise of African Nationalism that continued more after the Second World War. As an answer to African agitation, the government invited more white settlers giving them more large tracts of land. The settlers also began to agitate for the formation of a federation of the three central African territories southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland .In 1953, the British government gave approval for the formation of the federation of central African countries. The Central African Federation. The federation was organized as follows; 1 Each territory had its own government responsible for local administration. 2 Each territorial government was responsible for all aspects of native affairs within its boundaries. 3 The British government was directly involved in the administration of the two northern protectorates. 4 An African Board was established to ensure that no racist legislation against the Africans was passed in the federation parliament. 5 The Federal Parliament was given powers to deal with all matters involving more than one territory and foreign affairs. The first Prime Minister of the Federation, Garfield Todd, being sympathetic to African protests over formation of the federation, legalized the formation of trade Unions and funded African education and Agriculture. Unfortunately when Todd was replaced in 1958, all his programmees were abandoned. In 1963, the federation was dissolved and shortly afterwards Malawi and Zambia became independent as southern Rhodesia remained a self -governing colony. The reign of Ian Smith Ian Smith s Rhodesian Front Party, controlled by the white extremists with no regards for Africans, won the 1962 elections. On 15th October 1965, Smith led the settlers to announce a Unilateral Declaration of Independence UDI , from Britain implying that political leadership was now fully in the hands of the white rebel settlers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 276 This declaration provoked instant protest not only within Africa but also from the international community.
In 1963, the federation was dissolved and shortly afterwards Malawi and Zambia became independent as southern Rhodesia remained a self -governing colony. The reign of Ian Smith Ian Smith s Rhodesian Front Party, controlled by the white extremists with no regards for Africans, won the 1962 elections. On 15th October 1965, Smith led the settlers to announce a Unilateral Declaration of Independence UDI , from Britain implying that political leadership was now fully in the hands of the white rebel settlers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 276 This declaration provoked instant protest not only within Africa but also from the international community. UN declared sanctions against South Rhodesia though countries like South Africa and Portugal unfortunately continued to trade with her making the sanctions ineffective. In 1970, UDI declared itself a republic under a new constitution that entrenched whites position in Zimbabwe by spelling the following; a Voting qualifications for Africans were revised and were now based on income. This automatically disenfranchised the majority of Africans. B The land tenure system was revised to enable the Europeans to purchase land from the government. Meanwhile the war of independence had began in 1966, provoked by the 1965 UDI declaration, with a patriotic front formed by Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU of Mugabe Robert and Zimbabwe African People s Union ZAPU of Joshua Nkomo waging a guerilla warfare. Zimbabwe became independent in 1980, with Robert Mugabe as the fits Prime Minister. Effects of British rule in Zimbabwe. A It led to African land alienation by white settlers Africans were displaced from their ancestral lands. B The establishment of white settlement subjected Africans to abject poverty and suffering. Africans were subjected to intense economic exploitation through taxation and forced labour. C African traditional economy was undermined as many of the Africans were forced to work for the Europeans. D African interests were ignored in the day-to-day running of the colony. E African traditional rulers lost their autonomy and became mere puppets of British administration. F African cultures were undermined, for example through the separation of families as people sought alternative livelihood. G The white settlers were to enhance the production of cash crops as transport, trade and industry were developed. H Africans were denied freedom of movement and confined I reserves. I Positively, it led to development of transport network the region.
G The white settlers were to enhance the production of cash crops as transport, trade and industry were developed. H Africans were denied freedom of movement and confined I reserves. I Positively, it led to development of transport network the region. J It led to introduction of new crops in the region k It led to rise of nationalism as many Africans could no longer bear the burden of suffering in the hands of the whites. ASSIMILATION Definition. This was a system of administration in which French colonies were given a culture and civilization similar to that of France. This system was influenced by the French revolution of 1789, which emphasized the equality of all men. In Africa, it was perfected by Lewis Faidherbe in Senegal when he was governor from 1854 to 1865.To many historians Assimilation was a deliberate French policy to help them destroy African For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 277 Chieftaincies and Kingdoms that were thriving at the time of their arrival. Under the system, Africans had to; Learn the French language. Practice the French legal system. Apply the French civil and political system. Convert to Christianity and learn French mannerism including eating and dressing habits. Later on assimilation evolved into association which had been first applied in Africa in central Africa by Savorgnan de Brazza. Association involved letting the subjects develop independently due to the belief that nonwesterners were racially inferior and would therefore never be accepted as equal to Europeans even when assimilated. French administration in West Africa The French system of administration was highly centralized. The eight French colonies were grouped into the confederation of French West Africa. They were governed from one capital, Dakar, Senegal. The federation was headed by a Governor-General answerable to the French Minister for colonies in Paris. Each colony was headed by a lieutenant- Governor answerable to the Governor-General in Dakar. Each colony was divided into cercles provinces , each headed by a commandant de cercle. Each cercle was further divided into small districts each headed by a chef de sub-division below whom were African chiefs chefs de cantons in charge of locations . At the base were chefs de village in charge of the sub-locations. All the French overseas colonies were seen as overseas provinces and each elected a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies in Paris lower House .
Each colony was headed by a lieutenant- Governor answerable to the Governor-General in Dakar. Each colony was divided into cercles provinces , each headed by a commandant de cercle. Each cercle was further divided into small districts each headed by a chef de sub-division below whom were African chiefs chefs de cantons in charge of locations . At the base were chefs de village in charge of the sub-locations. All the French overseas colonies were seen as overseas provinces and each elected a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies in Paris lower House . However the French administrators appointed lacked high standards of education and some were military officers simply rewarded with senior administrative positions. This led to inefficiency. French administration in Senegal In Senegal, the policy of assimilation was only applied in the four communes of St.Louis, Goree, Rufisque and Dakar. In the rest of the country, African chiefs who ruled were put I three grades namely; a Chefs de province: - equivalent of the paramount chiefs, they were usually successors of the pre-colonial chiefs. B Chefs de Canton: - these were ordinary people appointed by the French officials due to their ability, to be charge of locations. They kept register of taxpayers the location, helped the government in conscription of Africans into the army and assisted in mobilizing forced labour for road construction and other public works. C Chefs de village:- these were usually traditional heads of the community village who were given the responsibility of collecting taxes, maintenance of law and order, organizing relief during floods and locust invasion and maintaining roads I their areas. The privileges which were enjoyed by assimilated Africans in the four communes of Senegal included; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 278 Economic privileges They were exempted from forced labour. They were allowed to work in France. They were exempted from paying taxes. They were allowed trading rights like the French people. Political privileges They were allowed to send representatives to the French Chamber of Deputies. They were enfranchised like the French people in France right to vote They enjoyed the rights of the French Judicial System like the French. They were allowed to operate Local Authority structures which were similar to those in France. They were allowed to retain Muslim law. They were exempted from arbitrary arrest through the Indigenization policy. Characteristics of assimilation.
They were allowed to retain Muslim law. They were exempted from arbitrary arrest through the Indigenization policy. Characteristics of assimilation. A Administrative assimilation. There was an administrative relationship between the French colonies and their mother country. Colonies were regarded as overseas provinces. B Political assimilation. The colonies were represented in the French chamber of deputies thus maintaining a close political identity. C Economic assimilation. The French currency was used in the colonies to enhance the economic relationship. D Personal assimilation. Africans in the Quatre communes were given French citizenship and other privileges enjoyed by French citizens. Reasons why assimilation was successful in the four communes a There was a high percentage of Mullato population within the communes, who readily accepted the French culture making it easy for the French to apply assimilation. B Africans were familiar with Europeans and their culture due to long interaction with them through trade. C Many people had converted to Christianity and this made it possible for the French to apply their policy. Factors that undermined the application of the French policy of assimilation in West Africa a There was opposition by local people who did not want the French to interfere with their culture. B The Traditional African rulers resisted the policy since they did not want to lose their authority and influence over the assimilated people. C The French traders in West Africa also opposed the system they viewed assimilated Africans as a potential threat to their commercial monopoly in the region. D The policy of assimilation ran the risk of undermining the very foundation of French colonialism, as it was not possible to exploit Africans who had attained the assimile status. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 279 e Missionary school system of education undermined the French policy of assimilation since there was segregation in provision of mission education. F Nationalism conflicted with the policy of assimilation. G Assimilation was becoming too expensive to the French government especially because West African colonies were not self-supporting yet. H The vastness of the French colonies made it difficult to supervise the implementation of the policy. I Muslims resisted fiercely the French attempt to convert them to Christianity. J Racial discrimination against the indigenous people also contributed to the failure of the system. This is because many Frenchmen never accepted assimilated Africans as their equals.
I Muslims resisted fiercely the French attempt to convert them to Christianity. J Racial discrimination against the indigenous people also contributed to the failure of the system. This is because many Frenchmen never accepted assimilated Africans as their equals. K The French citizens in the motherland opposed the policy as they feared being outnumbered in the chamber of deputies. Ways in which Nationalism undermined the policy of Assimilation in French West Africa. A It emphasized loyalty or devotion to one s country and national independence or separatism, which were against the policy of assimilation. B Nationalists agitated for boycott of anything of French origin. C The nationalists created awareness on the value of African culture and systems; this encouraged Africans to condemn assimilation. D The nationalists created awareness on the importance of African unity which exposed the hypocrisy of assimilation Consequences of assimilation in Senegal. A The policy of assimilation undermined African cultures, as many Africans embraced the French culture. For instance, the French language became the official language in the colony. B The authority of traditional African leaders was eroded and even many were replaced by the assimilated Africans. C The colony was incorporated into the French republic and regarded as an overseas province of France. D Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters of France. Some Senegalese like Blaise Diagne were elected as deputies in the French parliament. E The spread of Islam was greatly frustrated, especially in the four communes where Africanswere converted to Christianity. F A great rift emerged between the assimilated Africans , who were regarded as French citizens and the rest of African communities , who were subjected to taxation and forced labour For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 280 The policy of association. Under this system, the French colonial government was to respect the cultures of her colonial peoples and allow them to develop independently rather than force them to adopt French civilization and culture. Unlike the assimilated Africans, subjects retained their cultural practices e.g polygamy and Islam. The subject came under a system of law known as indigenat where the subject could suffer arbitrary arrest or be forced to serve a longer period in the army than assimilated citizens Why the French government replaced the policy of assimilation with that of association in 1945 a The French had realized that assimilation would lead to equality between them and the colonized people.
F A great rift emerged between the assimilated Africans , who were regarded as French citizens and the rest of African communities , who were subjected to taxation and forced labour For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 280 The policy of association. Under this system, the French colonial government was to respect the cultures of her colonial peoples and allow them to develop independently rather than force them to adopt French civilization and culture. Unlike the assimilated Africans, subjects retained their cultural practices e.g polygamy and Islam. The subject came under a system of law known as indigenat where the subject could suffer arbitrary arrest or be forced to serve a longer period in the army than assimilated citizens Why the French government replaced the policy of assimilation with that of association in 1945 a The French had realized that assimilation would lead to equality between them and the colonized people. B Assimilation was too expensive especially because West African colonies were not selfsupporting yet. C The method clashed with the commercial interests. The French businesspersons and their friends in the colonial administration saw Africans as source of cheap labour. They therefore disapproved the idea of uplifting them. D The French had realized that not all the colonial people could be assimilated. Only the elite ones among them could. Association aimed at transforming the Native elites into Frenchmen while allowing the other masses to learn enough French for communication purposes. E They had realized that there was need to allow the colonies to enjoy the freedom of developing according to existing traditional political and social structure. Respect for the culture of her colonies. The similarities between the French and the British colonial administrations a Both methods emphasized the superiority of the colonial master and his overlord ship in Africa. The Europeans were in charge and took all senior positions. B The administrative systems applied in both were meant to assist the colonial masters in controlling their territories in Africa. C Both systems led to massive economic exploitation of resources in Africa. E.g. minerals, labour, and market land etc. D In both Africans reacted to the systems in a hostile manner. E Both methods led to loss of independence and freedom for the African. F In both, every power trained a local army to maintain law and order. G In both, Africans were oppressed through taxation and forced labour. H In both, the position of chief was created where there was none. I.e. in Kenya, Southern Nigeria, and Somali.
H In both, the position of chief was created where there was none. I.e. in Kenya, Southern Nigeria, and Somali. Main differences a The British were keen to appoint traditional rulers as chiefs. The French on the other hand were not keen to appoint traditional rulers but simply handpicked individuals who met their qualifications those who embraced French culture and civilization . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 281 b The British gave the traditional rulers a lot of power, unlike the French who undermined African chieftaincies. C The British colonies were administered separately by a governor accountable to Britain, unlike the French colonies which were governed as federations equated to provinces of France. D Most of the French administrators were military officers. The British used a mixture of amateurs and professionals. E Whereas the British applied mainly the policy of indirect rule, the French applied the policy of assimilation and later, association. F The French colonies elected their representatives to the Chamber of Deputies in France, while British colonies had legislative councils where policies were debated in the colonies. G Laws applied in the French colonies were legislated in France while in British colonies laws were enacted by the respective legislative assemblies. H In French colonies, assimilated Africans became French citizens with full rights, while the elite in the British colonies remained colonial subjects. I Indirect rule preserved African cultures while assimilation undermined them. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN KENYA. The Uganda Railway The railway was built between 1896 and 1901 with George Whitehouse as the Engineer. Work was mainly done by 32,000 Indian coolies and 5,000 clerks and craftsmen. The locals could not provide skilled labour. It costed the British taxpayers about 6 million sterling pounds. Reasons for the construction of the Uganda railway line. A To promote trade with the outside world by encouraging the exploitation of available resources and enable the colony sustain itself b To link Uganda with the Coast so that the British can achieve their strategic interests. C To enable missionaries to go the interior to spread Christianity. D To help stop slave trade since slaves would no longer be needed to ferry goods to and from the coast.
A To promote trade with the outside world by encouraging the exploitation of available resources and enable the colony sustain itself b To link Uganda with the Coast so that the British can achieve their strategic interests. C To enable missionaries to go the interior to spread Christianity. D To help stop slave trade since slaves would no longer be needed to ferry goods to and from the coast. E To provide quick, safe and convenient means of transport for government administrators troops f Open up Kenya for economic development to stop slave trade promote legitimate trade g To maintain law and order so that economic development could be achieved. H To make Africans more productive and able to generate revenue in form of tax to the colonial government. I To activate interior trade to enable transportation of imported goods to the interior of the colony. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 282 The construction The railway construction works commenced in Mombasa in 1896. By 1901, the railway had reached Kisumu then Port Florence passing through Nairobi in 1899. Numerous feeder lines were later laid down as follows; The Nairobi Thika Branch 1914 , Konza Magadi 1915 , Voi- Moshi 1918 , Rongai- Solai 1925 , Eldoret-Kitale 1926 , Eldoret- Jinja 1927 , Gilgil-Nyahururu 1929 , Thika- Nanyuki 1930 and Kisumu Butere 1930 In 1948, the Kenya Uganda Railway had been linked with the Tanganyika network to become the East African Railways. Problems experienced during the construction of the Uganda railway. A There was insufficient labour since African labour force was not forthcoming. In the case of the Akamba and the Maasai, they were forcefully recruited. B The climate of the interior was not suitable for the European labour force. The Europeans constantly fell ill, thus interfering with construction progress. C The Arab rebellion under Mbaruk Rashid between 1895 96 at the coast delayed the railway construction. D There was an additional expense of constructing special jetties since Mombasa port was not large enough. E The Man-eaters of Tsavo created danger and havoc to the construction works. F The rift valley terrain was difficult. It was rugged with many hills and escarpments thus causing difficulties in construction.
E The Man-eaters of Tsavo created danger and havoc to the construction works. F The rift valley terrain was difficult. It was rugged with many hills and escarpments thus causing difficulties in construction. G Hostility of some Kenyan communities to intruders e.g. the Nandi who vandalized the railway and telegraph lines. H Insufficient building material since most of them came from Europe and their delivery often delayed, The effects of railway construction. A It led to development of European settler farming in order to make the railway pay for its construction. B There was rampant land alienation. The colonial government alienated African land for railway construction forcing communities like the Maasai and Nandi to move into reserves. C There was rise of wage labour for the railway and later for the settler farmers. D It led to growth of urban centres along the railway line e.g. Nairobi. E Railway construction promoted economic growth of the East African region. This is because farm produce and other commercial products could easily reach market. F It led to rise of large Asian settlement since many Indians were employed as railway workers. This Asians boosted trade in east Africa. G It led to development of other forms of infrastructure like the roads and telecommunication lines. This stimulated trade development. H It led to transfer of the administrative capital from Mombasa in 1905 to Nairobi. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 283 i When the railway reached Kisumu in 1902, it led to major changes to the ad ministrative boundaries within East African region. Initially, the western region up to Naivasha was part of Uganda. J The railway became a major revenue source for the colonial authorities. K It facilitated the establishment of colonial rule in Kenya since it was possible for rapid movement of troops. L It facilitated the cultural and social interaction among the different races. M The railway made rural-urban migration and the resultant enterprises such as hawking and charcoal selling possible. N Other forms of transport and communication developed and expanded along the ralwayline. For example: roads and telecommunications. O Christian missionaries were able to move into the interior, where they established missionschools.
N Other forms of transport and communication developed and expanded along the ralwayline. For example: roads and telecommunications. O Christian missionaries were able to move into the interior, where they established missionschools. SETTLER FARMING AND COLONIAL LAND POLICIES As a means of raising revenue to meet the cost of administering the Kenya colony and maintain the Uganda railway, the colonial government encouraged the influx of white settlers to the white Highlands . The administration did this by; a Providing efficient railway transport connecting the coast and the interior b Alienating of the white highlands for European settlement. C Advertising the availability of free land in foreign newspapers d Giving loan incentives e Providing security The settlers however faced the initial challenges of crop and animal diseases, labour shortage, lack of inputs and African aggression. Why the colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya. The reasons why the colonial administration led by Sir Charles Eliot 1900- 1904 and later Sir Edward Northey encouraged settler farming in the white highlands were; a They hoped that settler farming would meet the cost of administration and railway maintenance. B The British industries were also in need of cheaper raw Materials in an increasingly competitive European Market. These raw materials would be cheaply produced by the settlers. C The settlers would also help control the prevailing Asian immigration and influence in Kenya. D The colonial government wanted to make Kenya a white man s country by encouraging white settlers to form the backbone of the economy. E Kenya Highlands had cool wet climate and fertile volcanic soils suitable for Europeansettlement and agriculture. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 284 f There was need to get rid of social misfits in Europe and the landless who would be offered avenues in the Kenya colony. G Existence of already willing entrepreneurs lake Lord Delamere and Captain Grogan who were ready to come to Kenya and engage in profitable agriculture. Factors which promoted settler farming a The land policies availed cheap African labour to settler farmers. The alienation of African land and Creation of African reserves forced Africans to work in the settler farms. B Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow some cash crops in order to enable Europeans continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. C The government built and maintained various forms of transport. For example the railway, Bridges and roads which facilitated faster movement of produce and inputs.
B Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow some cash crops in order to enable Europeans continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. C The government built and maintained various forms of transport. For example the railway, Bridges and roads which facilitated faster movement of produce and inputs. D The government Reduced freight charges in the importation and exportation of agricultural inputs and products. E The government encouraged formation of cooperatives to help in the processing and marketing of produce. F The establishment of financial institutions such as Agricultural Finance Corporation and Banks provided the settlers with credit facilities. G The government availed extension services for crops and animal farming through the establishment of the Department of Agriculture and research stations to improve the quality of crops and animals. H Trade tariffs were also removed and settlers were granted concessions. Problems experienced by settlers. A Inadequate labour as Africans refused to work. Bush clearance and preparation of land for cultivation was therefore a problem. B Constant raids by the local inhabitants such as the Nandi, Maasai and Agikuyu threatened their peace and security. Some communities even raided their dairy farms for cattle. C Some of the settlers lacked faring experience. Some of the settlers had not engaged in farming before and therefore lacked basic agricultural knowledge. D Inadequate capital often hindered procurement of farm inputs. Machinery, labour. Some settlers became bankrupt and could not meet the day to day operational costs on the farms. E Lack of proper knowledge on farming seasons hence crop failure. The climate and soils in the colony were alien to the settlers. F There was the problem of poor transport and communication as it had become difficult for the government to network all areas occupied by settlers with roads and communication lines. G Inadequate and unreliable market for their produce. They mainly relied on foreign market which could not serve in the case of perishable commodities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 285 h Pests and diseases were prevalent in the white highlands. The settlers were assailed by various human, animal and crop disease. Settler Crop cultivation The main crops cultivated were coffee, wheat, tea and sisal. 1 Coffee. Coffee was first introduced by the Roman Catholic Fathers of St. Austin s Mission near Nairobi in 1889. It required plenty of farm inputs in terms of chemicals and labour.
Coffee was first introduced by the Roman Catholic Fathers of St. Austin s Mission near Nairobi in 1889. It required plenty of farm inputs in terms of chemicals and labour. Therefore was a preserve of wealthy European settlers. Coffee Planters Corporation was founded in 1908 by Lord Delamere s Efforts, and led to the spread in the growing of coffee. By 1913, coffee had become the leading cash crop in Kenya grown mainly in Murang a, Thika and Kiambu. Africans were unfortunately not allowed to grow coffee until 1937 Reasons why Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow coffee before 1937 a Europeans wanted to continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. This could not be available if Africans were allowed to earn some money through growing of coffee. B European settlers did not want to compete with Africans in coffee growing. They feared that it would limit market for their produce. C The settlers claimed that Africans did not have knowledge of growing coffee. They claimed that African participation in cash crop growing would lead to low quality products. D They feared that diseases would spread from African farms to settler plantations. E European settlers claimed that African farmers would produce low quality coffee due to inadequate resources. 2 Wheat. It was introduced in Kenya in 1903 by Lord Delamere who experimented on his Njoro farm. It was however until 1912, when a more resistant variety was developed, that wheat growing took root in Kenya. In 1908, Lord Delamere set up Unga Ltd which boosted wheat farming in Kenya. It was grown in the Nakuru and Uasin Gishu areas. Like coffee, wheat farming was the preserve of wealthy European settlers from Australia, Canada, Britain and South Africa. Africans began to grow wheat only after independence. 3 Sisal. It was introduced in Kenya from Tanganyika in 1893 by Richard Hindorf, a german Doctor. Initially, it was cultivated around Thika in 1904. By 1920, it had become the second largest income-earning crop after coffee. The main sisal growing areas included Baringo, Koibatek, Ol Donyo Sabuk, Ruiru, Thika, Voi, Taita and Taveta. Africans began growing coffee in 1964 though its growth declined due to the completion it faced from synthetic fibre. 4 Tea.
Initially, it was cultivated around Thika in 1904. By 1920, it had become the second largest income-earning crop after coffee. The main sisal growing areas included Baringo, Koibatek, Ol Donyo Sabuk, Ruiru, Thika, Voi, Taita and Taveta. Africans began growing coffee in 1964 though its growth declined due to the completion it faced from synthetic fibre. 4 Tea. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 286 Tea was introduced in Kenya in 1903 around Limuru by Messrs Caine Brothers. It was until 1925 when tea began being grown successful with large tea estates being established by tea companies like Brooke Bond and Africa Highland from India. The main tea growing areas were Nandi, Kericho, Sotik, Nakuru, Murang a and Kiambu. Stock rearing. Lord Delamere carried out many experiments in sheep and cattle rearing at his Equator Ranch in Njoro though the Maasai raids in his farm and cattle diseases frustrated his efforts. After cross-breeding exotic types with local stock, he came up with more resistant variety. The government also set up an experimental livestock farm in Naivasha. In 1925, the Kenya Cooperative Creameries was established due to Delamere s efforts. Later, the Uplands Bacon Factory was established near Limuru to promote pig rearing. In 1930, the Kenya Farmers Association KFA was established Colonial land policies in Kenya. To empower the settlers to take up more arable land in Kenya, the Legislative council passed the following Land Acts or Ordinances; 1 The Indian Acquisition Act 1896 . It empowered the authorities to take over land for the railway, government construction and public utilities. 2 The Land Regulations Act 1897 . It allowed the government to offer a certificate of occupation and a lease of 99 years. This Act encouraged settlers to take up land left vacant by the Agikuyu due to drought and famine. 3 The East African Land Order in Council 1901 . It defined crown land as all public land which was not private. The government could take up any land at will, sell it or lease it for use by settlers. 4 The Crown Land Ordinance 1902 .
It defined crown land as all public land which was not private. The government could take up any land at will, sell it or lease it for use by settlers. 4 The Crown Land Ordinance 1902 . It allowed the government to sell or lease crown land to Europeans at 2 rupees per 100 acres or rent at 15 rupees per 100 acres annually. 5 The Maasai Agreement 1904 . It led to creation of the Ngong and Laikipia reserves while the settlers took up Maasai land for livestock farming. For example Lord Delamere in Nakuru. 6 The Elgin Pledge of 1906. The government through the British Secretary of State, Lord Elgin confirmed that the Highlands were reserved for settlers. This barred the Asian attempts to buy land in the highlands. 7 The second Maasai Agreement of 1911. The Maasai were pushed out of the fertile Laikipia reserve to pave way for more European settlement and large scale farming. 8 The Crown Land Ordinance 1915 . This provided for land registration scheme for settlers. It defined crown land as land occupied by and reserved for Africans who could be evicted any time. Farm sizes wee increased from 5,000 to 7,500 acres. 9 The Kenya Annexation Order in Council 1920 . It announced that Africans were tenants of the crown even in the reserves. 10 The Land Commission 1924 . It fixed boundaries of the reserves, which were later legalized in 1926. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 287 11 The Native Trust Ordinance 1930 . It stated that African reserves belonged t the Africans permanently. 12 The Carter Commission 1932 . It fixed the boundaries of the white highlands, leading to population pressure in the African reserves. All Africans were removed from the highlands into the reserves. 13 The Kenya Highlands Order in Council 1939 . It fixed boundaries of the white highlands and reserved them permanently and exclusively for Europeans. Effects of the colonial land policies a The displaced Africans were confined to native reserves thus leading to congestion overuse of land. By 1914, settlers like Lord Delamere and Captain Crogan owned 100,000 and 220,000 acres of land, respectively, at the expense of African congestion in the reserves. B Africans who lost their land became poor.
Effects of the colonial land policies a The displaced Africans were confined to native reserves thus leading to congestion overuse of land. By 1914, settlers like Lord Delamere and Captain Crogan owned 100,000 and 220,000 acres of land, respectively, at the expense of African congestion in the reserves. B Africans who lost their land became poor. Many Africans became squatters and lived in misery and hopelessness. C The situation in the reserves and the landlessness forced to supply labour in settler farms for wages in order to pay taxes. D The displaced Africans moved to towns looking for employment. Their movement to towns led to growth of urban centres. E The traditional socio-economic set-up of the Africans was disrupted. Communities could no longer migrate in search of better lands and pasture. Family roles changed as women increasingly took over headship of families while men sought for paid employment. F The large European farms suffered acute shortage of labour as many Africans were unwilling to work on them. G It led to the introduction of the Kipande System enforced by the Native Registration Ordinances of 1915 and 1920, to prevent the African labourers from deserting their duties on European farms. H Taxes were imposed on Africans and were to be paid only in monetary form. This was meant to compel Africans seek for wage employment. I The reserving of the highlands for the whites only denied Indians access to agricultural land, compelling them to resort to businesses and residences in urban areas. J Loss of land led to bitterness and made Africans later to form political organizations to demand for their land spread of nation THE DEVONSHIRE WHITE PAPER. The Mandate of the League of Nations compelled Britain, just like any other colonial authority to institute reforms that would involve addressing African grievances. Governor Edward Northey who had given many concessions to the settlers was recalled to Britain in 1922. Other reforms that were instituted were; a Abandonment of Racial segregation policy in Kenya except in the highlands. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 288 b Allowing Asians to elect four members to the Legco, which was initially settlerdominated. This however was not done until 1933.In March 1923, settlers in a form of protest to these reforms sent a delegation to London to try to settle scores with the Secretary for Colonies, the Duke of Devonshire.
Other reforms that were instituted were; a Abandonment of Racial segregation policy in Kenya except in the highlands. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 288 b Allowing Asians to elect four members to the Legco, which was initially settlerdominated. This however was not done until 1933.In March 1923, settlers in a form of protest to these reforms sent a delegation to London to try to settle scores with the Secretary for Colonies, the Duke of Devonshire. The fundamental set of principles that were issued in this meeting are what came to be known as the Devonshire White Paper. Factors that led to the issuing of the Devonshire white paper. A The influence of The Dual Mandate . This was a book of the League of Nations that had regulations concerning colonial mandates. Britain was committed to the principle of trusteeship whereby she was interested on its African population than European settlement b The rise of race conflicts i.e. Africans versus European dominion and European versus Asian conflicts. The Indians were opposed to the privileged position of European settlers. C The banning of racial segregation .The decision by the colonial government to ban racial segregation apart from the white highlands only, disappointed the settlers who wanted the ban lifted hence they sent a delegation to London to see the colonial secretary. D The African general resentment. Their resentment was on land alienation, forced labour, taxation system, kipande system, low wages and no political representation. Terms of the Devonshire White Paper a White highlands were reserved for European settlement only b Indians would be allowed to elect five members to LEGCO not on a common roll, but on a communal roll. C Racial segregation was abolished in all residential areas. D Restriction on Indian immigration was lifted e A nominated missionary was to represent African interests in the LEGCO. F The European Settlers demand for self government in Kenya was rejected. G African interests were declared paramount before those of immigrant races if there was a conflict. H The settlers were to maintain their representation in the LEGCO. I The Colonial Secretary was given mandate to exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony. Implications of the Devonshire white paper.
H The settlers were to maintain their representation in the LEGCO. I The Colonial Secretary was given mandate to exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony. Implications of the Devonshire white paper. The issuance of the paper left the Settlers, Asians and Africans more dissatisfied than ever before as follows; On the part of the settlers; a The Indian call for equality, to them, was unrealistic since they could not stomach the mixing of Oriental and Western cultures in Kenya. B Since European culture was superior, they felt that racial segregation was justified in all spheres. C To the settlers, instead of giving in the Indians grievances, they would rather give in to African demands since they had moral rights to protect African interests. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 289 d To them, the white highlands were primarily theirs and they had a legal claim over them. On the Asian part; a They wanted equality of all races instead of settler dominance in Kenya especially pertaining to settlement in the white highlands. B They opposed policies on residential segregation and restriction on their immigration. The government was inviting more settlers to check Indian immigration into Kenya by this time. C They wanted direct and adequate representation in the Legco based on a common roll free election not communal roll . D They objected separate taxation for Europeans and Indians and segregated education. The Devonshire White paper was therefore viewed as the product of the struggle between the Asians and the Europeans. The paper made the Asians join their African comrades in the struggle for freedom, especially in the trade Union Movement. Settler dominance In Kenyan affairs continued upto 1963 despite recommendations done in the white paper. Results of the Devonshire white paper a The Devonshire white paper saved Kenya from becoming another Rhodesia or South Africa. The European demand for self-government was rejected. B In theory, settler s dominance was weakened but in practice, the white paper upheld the dominance of the settlers more than that of the Africans e.g. segregation in residential areas in towns continued, they dominated the economy because they retained the white highlands. C The paper did not satisfy the Asians since they did not gain access to the white highlands. D Although many Asians came to Kenya, the Asians did not achieve equality with Europeans through a Common Roll. The Indian congress refused to cooperate with the government; they declined to hold elections for the Legislative Council seats offered to them.
C The paper did not satisfy the Asians since they did not gain access to the white highlands. D Although many Asians came to Kenya, the Asians did not achieve equality with Europeans through a Common Roll. The Indian congress refused to cooperate with the government; they declined to hold elections for the Legislative Council seats offered to them. No Asian seats, five in all were occupied until 1933. E Africans were to be represented by a nominated missionary, John Arthur, instead of representation by an African. For the first time, Africans were represented in the Legco. F The Devonshire White Paper Benefited the Africans by declaring recognizing Kenya as an African country where African interests should be paramount g It failed to resolve African land and labour grievances. H It sensitized the Africans on their plight leading to formation of politi cal parties. URBANIZATION Towns that were already in existence before the advent of colonialism include Mombasa, Lamu and Malindi. Many other towns in the interior grew during the colonial period. Factors which led to the establishment of urban centres in Kenya during the colonial period For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 290 a Development of transport network. Construction of roads and the Uganda railway led to growth of some towns as transport terminus or along the transport lines e.g. Nairobi, Voi, Nakuru and Kisumu. B Growth of trade in the interior of Kenya. Most towns began as trading centres for Indian commercial entrepreneurs. E.g Machakos, Nakuru, Kisumu, Nairobi and Voi. C Development of administrative posts. The colonial government established administrative posts in various parts of the country. These posts later grew into urban centres. E.g Fort Hall, Embu, Kapsabet, Meru and Garissa. D Rural-urban migration. The movement to urban areas by African labourers from various parts of the country led to further growth of urban centres. E Development of agriculture. Settler farming led to growth of towns like Eldoret which began as agricultural collection centres f Development of Agro-based industries like flour mills, meat-processing plants and sawmills which attracted labourers from all parts of the country to be transformed into urban centres. G Development of mining activities. This stimulated development of industries in the mining areas leading to urban growth. E.g. Kakamega, Athi River and Magadi.
This stimulated development of industries in the mining areas leading to urban growth. E.g. Kakamega, Athi River and Magadi. Why Africans moved to urban areas in colonial Kenya. A The Urban centres had recreational facilities and social amenities which attracted the Africans, fed up with hardship conditions in the reserves. B The Africans expected Job opportunities with better wages in the towns where there were industries as compared to the rural areas. C Some Africans were escaping from forced labour and taxation. D The African entrepreneurs wanted to take advantage of the wider markets in the towns to escape poverty in the crowded reserves. Ways through which the colonial government controlled Africans migration to urban centers. A Taking headcount of those who were supposed to live in urban centres b Enacting strict rules about migration into urban centre c Creation of African reserves d Ensuring that only those who had specific activities to undertake in the urban centres lived there e Introduction of kipande system. Positive effects of urbanization during the colonial period. A It promoted interaction between people of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds, who exchanged ideas and experiences. The centres became seedbeds of political activities that eventually culminated into the struggle for independence. B Urbanization promoted national integration and instilled a sense of nationhood among Kenyans as it watered down the differences and prejudices between communities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 291 c The welfare associations formed by Africans in urban areas, like the Bara Association in Mombasa for all hinterland people, united them for a common cause by lessening ethnic hostilities. D Through sporting and cultural activities that took place in towns, relationships between different ethnic groups and races were cemented. E Many Africans benefitted from the numerous employment opportunities as shoe shiners and repairers, charcoal sellers, hawking in industries and in European homes. F Due to the Abundance of labour and raw materials, industries in urban areas expanded further. Negative effects of urbanization during the colonial period in Kenya a There were inadequate housing facilities to meet the demands of the people. This led to overcrowding especially in slums shanties led to the outbreak of diseases. Lack of planning of housing led to poor drainage and sanitation facilities. B Africans in urban areas were subjected to racial discrimination. The social services provided to the Africans were inadequate and of poor quality.
Lack of planning of housing led to poor drainage and sanitation facilities. B Africans in urban areas were subjected to racial discrimination. The social services provided to the Africans were inadequate and of poor quality. Even houses in towns were occupied according to the various racial groups, with Europeans enjoying the best facilities. C Increased population in urban centres led to serious water shortages. D Establishment of industries in urban centres led to pollution of the environment, whichaffected the health of the inhabitants. E There was rampant unemployment as urban centres could not cope with the large influx of labourers and increased competition for the available jobs f Many unemployed people in urban areas got involved in social vices crimes such as drug abuse, alcoholism and promiscuity, due to desperation and poverty. G Africans working in urban centres received low wages with employers taking advantage of the high supply of labour, which affected their standards of living. H The mass rural-urban migration brought about intensification of migration regulations to control the numbers of African migrants. The Kipande system became stricter. I Economic activities in the rural areas were disrupted by the absence of men who had moved to urban areas. Women took up men s roles. EDUCATION AND HEALTH Education. Formal education in colonial Kenya was provided by four groups; The Christian Missionaries. The Colonial government through local councils. The Africans themselves. Community organizations Asians Major milestones in the development of education in Kenya during the colonial period. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 292 Initially, the provision of education was the preserve of the missionaries. For example, the Church Missionary Society CMS pioneered by setting up a school at Rabai in 1844 and another in Mombasa in 1873. Features of Missionary education a It was elementary. The subjects taught included religion, writing, reading, reading, hygiene and arithmetic. B It was industrial and technical in approach, aiming at training Africans to be carpenters, masons, agricultural assistants and shoe repairers. C It was denominational and aimed at inculcating doctrines of a particular church in the learners. Objectives of Missionary education. A To impart in the Africans Agricultural Skills in order to promote settler farming. B To give the Africans basic technical skills to improve their industrial knowledge. C To train some Africans as Catechists to enhance the spread of Christianity.
A To impart in the Africans Agricultural Skills in order to promote settler farming. B To give the Africans basic technical skills to improve their industrial knowledge. C To train some Africans as Catechists to enhance the spread of Christianity. D To offer Africans basic literacy and numeracy to read the bible and do simple arithmetic. Education development in Kenya in the period between 1904 and 1963 was facilitated by the following factors; 1 The WWI ex-soldiers experiences which convinced them of the advantage of higher education. 2 Increase in African nationalism that demanded for better education for Africans. 3 The need to produce better and more skilled manpower for the future independent Kenya. 4 Primary education had produced qualified children who needed higher education. In 1911, the colonial government agreed to share the burden of providing education to Africans with the missionaries. In 1913, the first Government African School was started at Machakos. It became a centre for Technical and Teacher training. In 1918, the education commission made the following far-reaching recommendations to the government in line with the Fraser Commission report of 1908 which had recommended a racially segregated system of education; a Provision of technical education to Africans. B Maintenance of racially segregated Schools. C More cooperation between the colonial government and the missionaries. D Appeals for grants-in-aid for mission schools. In 1924, a commission came to Kenya the Phelps Stokes Commission to look into the education situation. It recommended that Africans should receive Practical AgriculturalOriented Education suitable for rural areas. Other recommendations included; a That there should be a uniform system of education in all government and missionary schools. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 293 b That sufficient training for teachers and related personnel should be enhanced by establishing colleges. C That schools should be built in the rural areas. This was done through the education ordinance of 1924. Due to its recommendations, the Native Industrial Training Centre was built at Kabete in 1924 and Jeanes School, Kabete 1925 for offering technical and industrial education. Other schools were started later at Kapsabet, Kajiado, Tambach, Kitui, Kwale, Kabianga and Kapenguria. The 1924 Education Ordinance created an advisory committee on African education. The representation to the committee was missionaries, colonial officials and settlers.
B They wanted to access higher education, since the government and missionaries were only offering them technical and industrial education, so that to be able to compete for the white-collar jobs with other races. C They would also use the schools as a forum to air their grievances and to create political awareness in their community. The Nomiya Luo Mission built several schools in Nyanza between 1908 and 1910. Other schools were built in Gem-Luanda region between 1913 and 1918 and in central Kenya in 1923 in Kiambu. In 1934, the Kikuyu Independent Schools Association KISA and the Kikuyu Karinga Education Association founded more schools. In 1938, Githunguri Teacher Training College had been established under Mbiyu Koinange. Health. Developments in provision of health services in colonial Kenya Initially, just like in the case of education, the Christian missionaries were concerned with provision of health services in colonial Kenya. The colonial government was majorly concerned with eradication of plague, malaria and sleeping disease which the Pioneer European settlers suffered from. Preventive medicine was later introduced to help stop various infections of killer diseases. The Church of Scotland Mission and the Church Missionary Society soon opened medical facilities in Kikuyu 1902 , Kaimosi 1903 , Kaloleni 1904 and Maseno 1905 . Dr, Arthur, a missionary and pioneer doctor, put up the Thogoto Mission Hospital in 1907 and the facility exists prominently upto today as the Kikuyu Eye Unit Hospital and Kikuyu Rehabilitation Centre. Objectives of the Health centres. A To eradicate diseases such as smallpox, malaria and sleeping sickness. B To train medical personnel to handle western medicine. C To improve health and hygiene for Africans and Asians in towns where they lived in overcrowded areas lacking in sanitary facilities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 295 Africans began being trained in the provision of emergence health services during the first war. The East African Medical Corps was formed . Between 1919 1922, missionaries began to train Africans as Medical Dressers and Dispensers.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 295 Africans began being trained in the provision of emergence health services during the first war. The East African Medical Corps was formed . Between 1919 1922, missionaries began to train Africans as Medical Dressers and Dispensers. After the opening of the Alliance medical college in 1920 and the establishment of a Medical training centre under the Nurses and Midwives Ordinance many African school leavers trained as laboratory and pharmacy assistants. A Public Health Ordinance was passed in 1921 giving the Medical Department powers to institute measures for the control of malaria and prevent communicable diseases. As a follow up to the 1921 Ordinance, new health units were established in the four different African reserves. The Rural Dispensary System was established to supplement the missionary efforts in provision of health care. Health centres were built in rural areas as part of the colonial government efforts to improve health facilities. After 1945, the Development and Research Authority DARA gave 47,000 sterling pounds for health care and improvement of health services. In 1949, the Bureau of Medical Research was set up as an agency of the East African High Commission. In 1950 King George IV hospital today the Kenyatta National Hospital was started as a hospital for Africans and in 1951, it started training female nurses. By 1962, there were over 100 rural health centres in the country. Role of Africans in Health Provision Africans were more pre-occupied with superstitions and over-reliance on traditional medicine which negated their participation in provision healthcare..The traditional medicinemen were dismissed by missionaries despite their wealthy knowledge on herbal Medicine. Today, many people rely on traditional herbalists to compliment healthcare provision. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN KENYA 1919-1963 Early Political Organizations In Kenya Upto 1939 African participation in the First World War contributed to rapid political developments in Kenya in the following ways; a When many African from different communities and countries met, they realized that they shared numerous interests and problems which necessitated political unity. B The Africans disapproval of the Whiteman s immortality during the war, as he could also get wounded, die and suffer like them. This motivated them to strive for equal rights when they came back. C The introduction of many unfair measures after the war made their lives difficult.
B The Africans disapproval of the Whiteman s immortality during the war, as he could also get wounded, die and suffer like them. This motivated them to strive for equal rights when they came back. C The introduction of many unfair measures after the war made their lives difficult. For example, governor Northey introduced the Soldier settlement scheme in 1919 to settle British ex-soldiers while African ex-soldiers got a raw deal. Other factors for the rise of early political organizations included; a The introduction of the Kipande system in 1920 which was used to force Africans to provide labour for the European settlers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 296 b The replacement of the Indian Rupee with the shilling in 1921 meant that those in possession of the rupee had valueless money at a short notice. C The reduction of African wages and the increase in hut tax and poll tax in 1920 from 10 to 16 shillings. D The change of status of Kenya from a protectorate to a colony in 1920 which d awned on the Africans that the Whiteman was here to stay unless this move was fought. Kikuyu Association This was the first political organization in Kenya. It was founded in 1920 by Loyalist Kikuyu chiefs, concerned about the continued grabbing of African land for European settlement. They also complained about the planned reduction of African wages after the replacement of the rupee with the shilling, the kipande system which they equated to slavery. The patron was Paramount Chief Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Chief Koinange wa Mbiyu was the president. The secretary was I.M.Ishmael. Other members were Josiah Njonjo, Philip Karanja, Mathew Njoroge and Waweru wa Mahui. The Association, being made of loyalist chiefs, was never aggressive in its demands. The members therefore failed to get any meaningful concessions from the government. Later, Harry Thuku and Abdalla Tairara joined the association together with other Christian converts who were labourers, colonial house servants and clerks in Nairobi and central Kenya. When Thuku tried to introduce radicalism in the Association, he was forced to decamp on 7th June 1921 and founded the Young Kikuyu Association. The East African Association.
The Association, being made of loyalist chiefs, was never aggressive in its demands. The members therefore failed to get any meaningful concessions from the government. Later, Harry Thuku and Abdalla Tairara joined the association together with other Christian converts who were labourers, colonial house servants and clerks in Nairobi and central Kenya. When Thuku tried to introduce radicalism in the Association, he was forced to decamp on 7th June 1921 and founded the Young Kikuyu Association. The East African Association. It began off as Young Kikuyu Association YKA in 1921 having been inspired by the Young Buganda Association in Uganda. Its founders included Harry Thuku, Abdalla Tairara, Mwalimu Hamisi and Muhamed Sheikh. Harry Thuku, the leading founder of this association was a mission educated elite who was working as a telephone operator in Nairobi. He became dissatisfied with the nonaggressiveness of the Kikuyu Association which was dominated by loyalist chiefs, in pressing the colonial government for Africans demands. YKA being very aggressive demanded; The return of African land. Better working conditions for Africans. Reduction of taxes. Withdrawal of Kipande system which had been introduced in 1920. Increase in wages. YKA incorporated other ethnic community members thus necessitating it to change the name to the East African Association in July 1921. The officials included Harry Thuku Chairman George Samuel Okoth, Abdalla Tairara, Kibwana Kambo, Jesse Kang ethe, Z. K. Sentongo from Uganda, Maitei ole Mootian, Molanket ole Sempele from Tanzania, James Mwanthi and Muhamed Sheikh. EAA became a very popular association in the 1920s attracting huge crowd in its meetings. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 297 Grievances of the East African Association They were demanding for the removal of the status of Kenya as a colonial territory. They were demanding for a common roll for all in the legislative council elections. They wanted the return of the alienated land, back to African owners. They were opposed to forced labour. They wanted more educational facilities and opportunities for Africans. They were demanding that all labour in urban areas be paid fair wages. They wanted the compulsory selling of cattle be stopped.
They wanted more educational facilities and opportunities for Africans. They were demanding that all labour in urban areas be paid fair wages. They wanted the compulsory selling of cattle be stopped. Removal of Kipande System. Protested European domination of government. Wanted hut tax that was exclusively paid by Africans abolished. Due to the radical approach that was adopted by Harry Thuku, the colonial Governor had him arrested on 15th March 1922 and detained at the Kingsway Police Station now Nairobi Central Police Station . On 16th March 1922, a Kikuyu Woman, Muthoni Nyanjiru, challenged the African men to violence demanding the release of Thuku. More than 21 people including Muthoni Nyanjiru, were killed when the police opened fire on the over 1000 people who were surging forward. Harry Thuku was deported to Kisimayu. His colleagues Waiganjo and Mugekenji were banished to Lamu as EAA was banned. Consequences of Harry Thuku s arrest a The political parties that succeeded the EAA continued using even more radical approach when they realized that the colonial government was determined to continue using Iron Rule in Kenya. B Governor Edward Northey was recalled to London by the then Colonial Secretary, Sir Winston Churchill due to the way he mishandled the Thuku affair. C The colonial government did not allow formation of any other countrywide political Associations among Africans until 1945. D Thuku became the undisputed flag-bearer of Kenyan Nationalism prior to formation of later political parties. The kikuyu central association. When EAA was banned, its former officials Joseph Kang ethe and Jesse Kariuki founded the Kikuyu central Association. It was formed in 1924 at Kahuhia, Fort Hall with Kang ethe becoming the president and Henry Gichuru, secretary. Job Muchuchu Treasurer , James Beauttah secretary-general and Jesse Kariuki vice-president . All these were extremist politicians whose activities were closely monitored by the government. Grievances of the Kikuyu Central Association. They were demanding for the removal of the 1915 Crown Land Ordinance that made Africans mere tenants and not real owners of their land. They were demanding for African representation in the Legislative Council. They were opposed to forced labour.
They were demanding for the removal of the 1915 Crown Land Ordinance that made Africans mere tenants and not real owners of their land. They were demanding for African representation in the Legislative Council. They were opposed to forced labour. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 298 They wanted free primary education as opposed to the colonial education system. Establishment of a secondary school, training facility for hospital workers and a school for girls. Removal of kipande system. They demanded that all colonial laws be translated into Gikuyu Language so that all members of the community could understand them. They demanded for the appointment of a well-educated Paramount Chief elected by the majority of the Agikuyu. Wanted hut tax abolished and other taxes reduced They advocated for the growing of coffee and other cash crops by Africans. To work towards the restoration of alienated African land. To pressurize the colonial government to abolish racial segregation. Respect of African culture customs e.g. Circumcision polygamy Agitating release of political prisoners e.g. Harry Thuku. By 1925, KCA had attracted membership from all large urban centres in Kenya and the Kikuyu squatters in the Rift Valley. They presented their demands to Governor Grigg when he visited Fort Hall in 1925.In 1927, KCA relocated its headquarters from Murang a to Nairobi in order to link up with other Kenyan elites. In 1928, Jomo Kenyatta became its Secretary- General, taking over from James Beauttah who had been transferred from Nairobi in an act of sabotage by the government. Kenyatta started the Association newspaper, Muigwithania which was instrumental in reviving the cultural values of the Agikuyu. When the Hilton Young Commission was formed in 1927 to look into the question of the federation of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika, KCA through Jomo Kenyatta presented the following demands to it; Introduction of free primary education for Africans. Provision of secondary and higher education for Africans. Abolition of kipande system Appointment of Africans to LEGCO Release of Harry Thuku Giving of Title Deeds to Africans as a guarantee against any further land alienation. Rejection of the proposed East Africa Federation KCA championed female circumcision arguing that it was a beautiful cultural practice which eradicated prostitution in the community.
Provision of secondary and higher education for Africans. Abolition of kipande system Appointment of Africans to LEGCO Release of Harry Thuku Giving of Title Deeds to Africans as a guarantee against any further land alienation. Rejection of the proposed East Africa Federation KCA championed female circumcision arguing that it was a beautiful cultural practice which eradicated prostitution in the community. When the Church of Scotland Mission, African inland Mission and CMS expelled all sympathizers with the practice from their missions, KCA responded by leading the pack in the beginning of independent schools and churches. KCA sent Jomo Kenyatta, accompanied by Parmenas Mukiri, to present Agikuyu grievances in 1929 to the colonial office in London. It also helped kikuyu elders in preparing evidence to the Kenya Land Commission in 1931.Rivalry for power within the KCA between 1931 and 1938 nearly rocked the association. The Association was banned in 1940 alongside others. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 299 Kavirondo Tax Payers and Welfare Association It started as Young Kavirondo Association YKA in December 1921 at a Baraza held in Ludha, central Nyanza, by mission educated Luo and Luhyia men. The meeting was meant to discuss issues affecting African communities. The official of the Association were Jonathan Okwiri chairman , Simon Nyende Treasurer , Benjamin Owuor secretary , Rueben Omulo, Ezekiel Apindi, George Samuel Okoth, Mathayo Otieno, Joel Omino and Jolmeo Okaka. The demands of the YKA included; They were demanding for addressing of the problem of change of the status of Kenya from a protectorate to colonial territory. Demanded for a government school to be built in central Nyanza. Demanded for a self- government for nyanza province with a separate legislative council and an elected African president. They were opposed to forced labour and labour camps. An end to land alienation. Creation of the position of paramount chief for central and southern Nyanza, just like Mumias was for northern Nyanza. Removal of Kipande System. Demanded to be given title deeds for their land. Wanted hut tax removed. The advocated for better wages.
Demanded to be given title deeds for their land. Wanted hut tax removed. The advocated for better wages. The members presented their demands to the Nyanza PC in May 1922 and met governor Northey in Kisumu in July 1922 at Nyahera in Kisumu. The governor agreed to authorize the closing down of labour camps and reduce taxation. However, the revocation of the Crown Colony Status was out of question. In 1923, however, government, alarmed by the mobilization level of YKA in Nyanza, compromised its leadership and Jonathan Okwiri handed over chairmanship to Archdeacon Owen fearing the banning of the association the way EAA had been. Under Owen YKA changed its name to KTWA with its emphasis shifting from political grievances to social grievances focusing on killing rats, digging latrines and keeping compounds clean. It also adopted the use of written memoranda in expressing their grievances. All Nyanza chiefs became Vice-presidents of the association under its new constitution. In 1931, the association split up into Luo and Luyia Factions due to disagreements. The Abaluhyia faction formed the North Kavirondo Central Association that had close links with the KCA. It was formed with the objective of stopping any further land alienation for European use without compensation, especially after the 1930s Kakamega Gold rush. By 1944, many of the top leaders of the KTWA had been co-opted into the colonial administration with Okwiri becoming a chief. Benjamin Owuor, Nyende and Okwiri were made members of the LNC in central Nyanza. KWTA was therefore weakened and became extinct in 1944. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 300 Ukamba Members Association UMA was formed in 1938 by Samuel Muindi Mbingu Chairman , Elijah Kavula Vicechairman , Isaac Mwalozi secretary and Simon Kioko treasurer as an association of the Akamba of the eastern part of Kenya. The leaders who founded this association were closely associated with East African Association of Harry Thuku. For example, James Mwanthi, Ali Kilonzi and Muhamed Sheikh. Reasons for the formation of Ukamba Members Association a The Akamba wanted to fight against land alienation for European ranchers causing shortage of land for grazing.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 300 Ukamba Members Association UMA was formed in 1938 by Samuel Muindi Mbingu Chairman , Elijah Kavula Vicechairman , Isaac Mwalozi secretary and Simon Kioko treasurer as an association of the Akamba of the eastern part of Kenya. The leaders who founded this association were closely associated with East African Association of Harry Thuku. For example, James Mwanthi, Ali Kilonzi and Muhamed Sheikh. Reasons for the formation of Ukamba Members Association a The Akamba wanted to fight against land alienation for European ranchers causing shortage of land for grazing. B To oppose the colonial policy of de-stocking who argued that overstocking was responsible for soil erosion in Kitui and Machakos regions. In 1936, the Liebigs Group established a meat processing plant to effect the de-stocking policy. C To oppose heavy taxation. D To represent the Akamba people s interests. E To fight for the Akamba rights and freedoms They wrote memorandum to the colonial government with the assistance of Asian lawyers. It mobilized people to fight for their rights through meetings and signing of petitions. They got support from KCA and the Asian representative to the Legco, Isher Das. The association used Muigwithania journal of KCA to advance their cause. On 28th July 1938, UMA members including women and children demonstrated and marched to Nairobi with their cattle to seek audience with the governor over destocking and grazing policies. They staged a sit in Nairobi for 6 weeks led by Muindi Mbingu until the governor conceded to their demands at a meeting in Machakos. However, their leader, Muindi Mbingu was arrested in September 1938 and deported to Lamu until 1946. The Association was banned at the beginning of World War II. Problems that faced UMA in its operations a The colonial government had a negative attitude towards the activities of the association. This discouraged open participation. B Arrest of their leader Muindi Mbingu and his deportation to Lamu demoralized the movement. C The Association alongside others was banned, with the World War II looming. Coast Africa Association The Association was formed in 1943 with Noah Mwana Sele as president, Muhamed bin Mwichande as vice president, E.W.
B Arrest of their leader Muindi Mbingu and his deportation to Lamu demoralized the movement. C The Association alongside others was banned, with the World War II looming. Coast Africa Association The Association was formed in 1943 with Noah Mwana Sele as president, Muhamed bin Mwichande as vice president, E.W. Timothy as secretary General and H.G.Banks as honorary treasurer. Other officials were Muhamed bin Omar, Enoch Benjamin and H. Harrison. Demands of Coast Africa Association. A The demanded for improved education and the general welfare of Africans in the coastal region For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 301 b The elevation of Shimo la Tewa to a high school. C The establishment of evening classes in the region so as to give African adults a chance to pursue basic western education. D to protest inadequate healthcare services for the Africans. E They were demanding for appointment of Africans as administrators. F They demanded that tax collected from African drinks be used to develop African rural areas. G They demanded for the revocation of allocation of Mijikenda land to Asians and Arabs. H They demanded for African representation of Coast region in the LEGCO in 1947. Unlike other Associations CAA did not present their grievances in political meetings bur instead used written memoranda and also their newspaper, the Coast African Express whose editor wads Elkana Young. This explains why the association existed while others had been banned. In 1955 however, the association began to disintegrate due to the following reasons; a The departure of their leaders Francis Khamisi and Ronald Ngala who joined the Mombasa African democratic union and the LEGCO. B Leadership wrangles based on ethnic consideration. C Shortage of funds to run the activities of the association. It succeeded in achieving elevation of Shimo la Tewa school into a high school and a Legco position for the Mijikenda. Taita hills Association It was formed on 22nd June 1939, being modeled on the KCA and UMA styles. Its objectives were; To achieve equal political status with whites and Asians. To help the Taita community to advance. To protest the destocking policy. Most of the fertile land of the community had been occupied by European settlers who were growing coffee on it.
To help the Taita community to advance. To protest the destocking policy. Most of the fertile land of the community had been occupied by European settlers who were growing coffee on it. Oppose the plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. They were opposed to the kipande system and forced labour. The Europeans forced the Wataita to work on coffee plantations and ferry the coffee over long distances for low wages. The pioneer founder of the Association was Daniel Mapinga, a young catechist, who began mobilizing the Wataita against oppressive measures used by the colonial government. Unfortunately he died in 1837.In 1939, Woresho Kolandi Mengo, Jimmy Mwambichi and Paul Chumbo took over his course and established THA with the help of KCA leadership. Achievements a The association succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 302 b The colonial government stopped the de-stocking plan among the Wataita. C The government revised the Taita reserve boundaries and reduced the land initially carved for European settlers. Problems experienced a It failed to attract prominent personalities I Tata. B It lacked support of all the African groups in the region. For example the Wataveta and Wagisiga were reluctant to join THA. C The association was banned alongside others in May 1940. D Their leader Mwambichi was deported after being arrested. Problems faced by early political organizations. A Their members were subjected to harassment by the colonial government, especially arresting and dispersing demonstrators. B The organizations were demoralized through the deportation of the leaders like Thuku EAA . Muindi Mbingu UMA and Mwambichi THA . C The associations experienced political wrangles between members as witnessed in KCA between 1931 1nd 1839 and CAA upon departure of its tow key leaders. D Many of the leaders of the organizations had little experience in running political parties and therefore mismanaged their offices. E The organizations were faced with financial inadequacy.
C The associations experienced political wrangles between members as witnessed in KCA between 1931 1nd 1839 and CAA upon departure of its tow key leaders. D Many of the leaders of the organizations had little experience in running political parties and therefore mismanaged their offices. E The organizations were faced with financial inadequacy. Many Africans were experiencing financial problems due to land alienation, taxation and poor working conditions and therefore could not adequately contribute to the associations. F There was a lot of disunity since most organizations were ethnic-based Features of the political associations formed in Kenya before 1939 a They lacked a national outlook since they were ethnic tribal based oriented urban based . Most of them were confined to one or two ethnic communities except EAA. B Most of them received material and moral support from the Asians c Mission-Educated African young men led them. For example, Harry Thuku, Okwiri and Mwambichi. D They were formed in response to socio-economic and land problems of various ethnic groups. E They all agitated for an end to European exploitation and oppression rather than demand for political independence. F Most of them did not attract large membership due to their ethnic tendency. G They were non-militant and tended to be moderate and their demanded. H They were characterized by squabbles over leadership. Achievements of early political parties. A They provided political education to the African communities through their political rallies. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 303 b They communicated the communities feelings to the colonial government through publications, memoranda or speeches. C They defended the African cultures against further erosion by the European missionaries. For example KCA defended female circumcision among agikuyu. D They re-awakened the masses by making them conscious of the political situation in the country. D Some succeeded in to stop further land alienation by restraining the Europeans from displacing the Africans to the reserves. For example THA succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. E The played the role of trade Unionism by fighting for the welfare of the workers in the absence of formal trade unions. F They publicized Africans grievances to the international community.
For example THA succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. E The played the role of trade Unionism by fighting for the welfare of the workers in the absence of formal trade unions. F They publicized Africans grievances to the international community. For Example, the role played by Jomo Kenyatta on behalf of KCA. G They pioneered in the growth of nationalism by forging inter-community relations in the struggle for independence. EMERGENCE OF INDEPENDENT CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS MOVEMENT IN KENYA This was an expression of African protest against European interference with traditional African economic and political organization. Reasons why independent churches and schools emerged in Kenya a The desire by majority of Africans to retain their cultural values while at the same time converting to Christianity. Many were unhappy with the western influence of Christian missionaries who taught against traditional customs. B Africans were unhappy with the 3Rs style of education in mission schools which only prepared them for low positions in government or employment on European farms and homes. They desired to be equal to Europeans and Asians. C Independent schools emerged as a reaction against colonial domination and exploitation in terms of taxation, kipande, forced labour and racial discrimination. D Africans desired leadership in their own churches instead of being led by European missionaries whom they viewed as agents of colonialism. E The role played by Africans like John Owalo and Elijah Masinde who claimed to have received divine calls to begin independent churches. F Some Africans felt dissatisfied with the interpretation of the scriptures. The Holy Spirit Church, for example, broke away on this account. G Some churches were formed to allow Africans to express their Christianity freely through dancing, singing and drum beating which many mission churches did not accommodate. H Characteristics of independent churches and schools. Characteristics of independent churches and schools. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 304 a All of them accommodated African cultural values. B Both churches and schools valued Christianity and western education but were against the westernizing influence by missionaries. C Africans held positions of leadership in the churches and schools. D Most Churches and schools worked closely with the African political association. The independent churches movement in Nyanza. John Owalo is credited for leading in the establishment of independent churches in nyanza.

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