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Exercise Daily: When you remain physically active and exercise daily, your blood flow improves in your entire body. With the increased blood flow, the number of oxygen increases and you feel more energetic, fresh and mentally active. 6. Stay Away from Smoking and Alcohol: If you keep drinking and smoking, no matter how much you spend on your health and how hard you try, your efforts are going to be wasted. Quit smoking and drinking to ensure you lead a healthy life. 7. Be Social, as Much as You Can: Isolation and lack of communication are the two biggest reasons for depression, mental and physical illnesses. No matter how busy your family and work life is, try to dedicate some time to friends and socialize with them. A man cannot stay healthy without interacting with other people. Communicating with others lowers the stress level. If you have heard of laughter therapy, it also has the same purpose to reduce the stress in which you laugh with other people. Everyone needs acceptance and friendship that is fulfilled only when you socialize with others. 8. Use clean and safe water 9. Develop hygienic practices Challenges to health promotion and solutions Lack of proper communication channels - To identify the best communication channels, and to understand the dynamics of the targetRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 7 population, conduct focus groups, surveys, or other assessments about how they receive information. Lack of community motivation - Conduct education and outreach to identify community awareness of health concerns, determine community members expectations, and to motivate individuals to achieve better health outcomes. Cultural and social issues - Many rural communities have deeply rooted traditions and cultures around food, lack of trust for medical professionals and outsiders, and or social beliefs around certain behaviors. Make a conscious effort to recognize and understand these norms before implementing the program and develop strategies to address them. Involving members from the target population in this process can help achieve cultural competency and encourage participation. Resources and sustainability - Rural communities have finite financial, technological, and workforce resources. Program staff may be involved in other activities and commitments. To create sustainable support for the program, focus on a shared vision and involve partner organizations and a larger body of community stakeholders. Barriers to participation - Local circumstances such as geography can influence program implementation and operations. The program design should accommodate lengthy travel times, availability of or lack of transportation, childcare needs, and site availability to minimize potential barriers to program participation. C. |
Barriers to participation - Local circumstances such as geography can influence program implementation and operations. The program design should accommodate lengthy travel times, availability of or lack of transportation, childcare needs, and site availability to minimize potential barriers to program participation. C. Nutrients and their functions in the body Macro and micronutrients The nutrients your body needs to promote growth and development and regulate bodily processes can be divided into two groups: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in larger amounts, namely carbohydrates, protein, and fat. These provide your body with energy, or calories. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 8 Macronutrients are the elements in food that you need to grow and function normally. All macronutrients are obtained through the diet as the body can t produce them on its own. Carbohydrates, protein, and fat are the three main suppliers of nutrition in your diet. While all macros provide valuable energy to your body, they each fulfil different functions. O Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, and vegetables. They re the most important source of quick energy in your diet because they re easily broken down into glucose, which the muscles and brain use to function. O While carbohydrates are found in healthy foods like vegetables, they re also found in unhealthy foods like cakes and doughnuts, which has given them a bad reputation in various diets. O The important distinction to make in this instance is between simple and complex carbohydrates. The difference between the two is the chemical structure which affects how quickly the sugar is absorbed by the body. O Simple carbohydrates, or bad carbohydrates, generally release sugar faster because they are made with processed and refined sugar and don t contain any vitamins, minerals, or fibers. Complex, or goodRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 9 carbohydrates , are processed more slowly and are filled with various nutrients. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 10 Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes, and an antibody in the immune system. They make up parts of bodily structures like connective tissues, skin, hair, and muscle fibres. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins don t serve as a direct source of energy, but work like building blocks for other structures in the body. |
Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 10 Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes, and an antibody in the immune system. They make up parts of bodily structures like connective tissues, skin, hair, and muscle fibres. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins don t serve as a direct source of energy, but work like building blocks for other structures in the body. The nutritional value of a protein is measured by the quantity of essential amino acids that it contains, which varies depending on the food source. Animal products, such as meat and fish, contain all of the essential amino acids. Soy products, quinoa, and the seeds of a leafy green called Amaranth also contain all of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins usually lack at least one amino acid, so eating a combination of different plant proteins throughout the day is important for vegetarians and vegans. The recommended daily intake of protein is between 0.75 grams and 1 gram per kilogram of your body weight. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 11 The distinction between saturated and unsaturated fats is important because your body only needs the latter. Unsaturated fats regulate metabolism, maintain the elasticity of cell membranes, improve blood flow, and promote cell growth and regeneration. Fats are also important in delivering fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K into the body. While your body doesn t necessarily need saturated fats, they do provide your body with cholesterol, which plays an important role in hormone production. Your body does produce its own cholesterol, but a small amount introduced through your diet can help build cell membranes, produce hormones like oestrogen and testosterone, help your metabolism work, produce vitamin D, and produce bile acids which help digest fat and absorb nutrients. However, a diet rich in cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. Fats should make up between 30 35 per cent of your daily caloric intake, with a maximum of 10 per cent of that being saturated fats. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 12 Micronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts, which are commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals. |
However, a diet rich in cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. Fats should make up between 30 35 per cent of your daily caloric intake, with a maximum of 10 per cent of that being saturated fats. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 12 Micronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts, which are commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 13 Like macronutrients, your body doesn t produce micronutrients in the quantities that it needs, so eating a diet rich in vitamins and minerals is essential for a healthy body. Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by elements such as heat, air, or acid which means they can denature when cooked or exposed to air, making it slightly more difficult to ensure you re getting them in your diet. Minerals on the other hand are inorganic and aren t broken down in this way. This means that your body absorbs the minerals in the soil and water your food has come from. Each vitamin and mineral has a specific role in your body, and the best way to ensure you re meeting all your bodily needs is by eating a healthy, varied diet. Not only are micronutrients crucial for nearly every process in your body, they can also act as antioxidants. In the right quantity, they protect your body against disease and deficiencies. Eating a balanced diet promotes this and improves your chances of getting a variety of minerals and vitamins through your food into your bloodstream. While they work together, vitamins and minerals have different tasks in the body. |
In the right quantity, they protect your body against disease and deficiencies. Eating a balanced diet promotes this and improves your chances of getting a variety of minerals and vitamins through your food into your bloodstream. While they work together, vitamins and minerals have different tasks in the body. One of the main functions of vitamins is to help release the energy found in the food that you eat Vitamins help build protein and help your cells multiply They make collagen, which helps heal wounds, support blood vessel walls, and promote healthy bones and teethRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 14 Vitamins keep your eyes, skin, lungs, digestive tract and nervous system in good condition They build your bones, protect your vision, and interact with each other to help your body absorb the vitamins it needs to They protect you against diseases Minerals maintain the correct balance of water in your body They promote healthy bones and stabilise the protein structures that you get from the protein you eat, including those that make up your hair, skin, and nails They get the oxygen moving around your body Minerals assist in your ability to taste and smellRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 15 There are multiple food items that fulfil both macro and micronutrient functions. Incorporating these foods into your diet will allow your body to function at an optimal level. Other than oxygen and water, the food you eat is the only input your body has to perform the functions it needs for you to go about your daily life. The better quality the input, the better your body will be able to function and perform. Signs and symptoms of common macro and micronutrient deficiencies and measures for intervention Nutrients are the organic substances congregated inside the food and used by the body for the maintenance of life and growth. We get nutrients needed for our body from the food we consume i.e. rich in nutrients, for the proper growth and functioning of body. In absence of nutritious food, various health problems and deficiency diseases collides in our bodies. |
We get nutrients needed for our body from the food we consume i.e. rich in nutrients, for the proper growth and functioning of body. In absence of nutritious food, various health problems and deficiency diseases collides in our bodies. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 16 Some of the common results occurred due to nutritional deficiencies are: Marasmus Kwashiorkor Goiter Anemia Night blindness Scurvy Rickets etc MUSCLES JOINTSMuscle crsmping: agri B82 6uti 8.8688 ParaMago Cac demaling 1 86 Poss Conk sar 83.917, fokc ack knracks inthe comer ofthe moth 2 Weak tooth enamel Varna DKShoeiPain ongue 5285, FlleComo omed or tate:Bumps onthe beck f the ams Varn ADryer veoh shins A Unusual pve arnEssen: arc Ree dring menstruation: 6Dermat BoteRedvetcn mars 2 5 Han PA amen 2 foeNereuonesrnabity 1b. 65 naomi 63 85 8605Disinenron 82 312 Re-inventing CBCAggpossible solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 18 Macro nutrients Major deficiency disorder Symptoms Prevention Mitigation measures Carbohydrates Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemia -Energy loss and fatigue -Weight loss, -Constipation -Balanced diet. -Educate children on the importance of carbohydrates. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Awareness on the importance of balanced diet Fats Heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, pediatric obesity, childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome -Small bumps on back of upper arms. -Variation of skin. -Mixed oily and dry skin -Regular exercise -Low intake of oily foods -Educate children on the effects of junk foods. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Awareness on the importance of fats and its adequate intake. Proteins Kwashiorkor, marasmus and hypoalbuminemia -Loss of muscle mass. -Increased risk of bone fractures. -Risk of infections. -Inhibit proper body growth in children -Establishment of nutrition centers, therapeutic feeding centers. |
-Maximum zinc intake can cause symptoms that range from nausea and vomiting to impaired immune system functioning. For this reason, adults older than age 19 should not take more than 40 mg of zinc a day. -Improving the processes by which Zn moves from the soil into the plant and eventually into the edible part of the grain that has the potential to mitigate problems associated with Zn deficiency in crops and humans. -Awareness of the importance of animal-source foods in the diet for infants and young children Vitamin A Night blindness, xerophthalmia, -Slowing growth and development in fetus, raise risk of anemia in pregnant women, -Vision disturbances, joint pain. -Behavior modification where high intake of vitamin A rich foods -Dietary modification: Home and community provisioning to increase availability of vitamin A rich foods. -Gardening Project to Increase Production and Consumption of Vitamin A-Rich Foods -Small animal husbandry and fish Production to increase household and community availability of preformed Vitamin A Sources -Multi-Mix Complementary and Weaning Foods Folate Vitamin B6 Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube and other birth defects, heart disease, stroke -Mood Changes -Weakened immune function. Tiredness and low energy -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase Production and Consumption of Vitamin B6-Rich FoodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 21 -Tingling and Pain in Hands and Feet -Seizures -Sore, Glossy Tongue. Cobolamine Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia -Constipation, diarrhea -Nerve problems like numbness or tingling, -Vision loss -Mental problems like depression, or behavioral changes -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B12 rich foods. -RDA vitamin B12 is 2.4 mcg for men and women age 19 and over. Pregnant women have slightly higher requirements: 2.6 and 2.8 mcg per day, respectively. -Since the body is able to store enough vitamin B12 to meet its needs for several months, vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely rare among healthy people whose daily diet includes foods that are naturally rich in or enriched with vitamin B12. Thiamine Vitamin B1 Beriberi Wernicke and Korsakov syndromes -Fatigue. |
Pregnant women have slightly higher requirements: 2.6 and 2.8 mcg per day, respectively. -Since the body is able to store enough vitamin B12 to meet its needs for several months, vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely rare among healthy people whose daily diet includes foods that are naturally rich in or enriched with vitamin B12. Thiamine Vitamin B1 Beriberi Wernicke and Korsakov syndromes -Fatigue. -Irritability -Reduced Reflexes. -Tingling Sensation in Arms and Legs. -Muscle Weakness. -Blurry Vision. -Nausea -Improved nutrition, removal alcohol consumption -Consumption of animal products. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B1-rich foods Riboflavin Vitamin B2 Nonspecific fatigue, eye changes, dermatitis, brain dysfunction, impaired iron absorption -Dryness and cracking of the skin -Red, dry tongue called magenta tongue. -Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA is 1.3 milligrams daily for men and 1.1 mg for women. A higher dose of 3 mg per day can help to prevent cataracts. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B2-rich foodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 22 -Skin rash. -Anemia. -Weakness and fatigue. -Vision problems Niacin Vitamins B3 Pellagra -Thick, scaly-pigmented rash on skin when exposed to sunlight. -Swollen mouth and bright red tongue. -RDA of niacin for adult males is 16 milligrams mg a day and for adult women who aren t pregnant, 14 mg a day Increase production and consumption of vitamin B3-rich foods Vitamin B6 Dermatitis, neurological disorders, convulsions -Skin Rashes. -Mood Changes. -Weakened immune function. -Tiredness and Low Energy. -Seizures. -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B6-rich foods Vitamin C Scurvy fatigue, hemorrhages -Rough, Bumpy Skin. |
-Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B6-rich foods Vitamin C Scurvy fatigue, hemorrhages -Rough, Bumpy Skin. -Corkscrew-Shaped Body Hair -Bright Red Hair Follicles -Spoon-Shaped Fingernails with Red Spots or Lines -Dry, Damaged Skin -Slowly Healing Wounds The United States U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements ODS advice the following intake of vitamin C: -Up to 6 months: 40 mg, as normally supplied though breastfeeding -During pregnancy, women should consume 85 mg of vitamin C, rising to 120 mg while breastfeeding. -Promotion of health research projects on vitamin C deficiency and its associated factors. -Increase production and adequate consumption of vitamin C-rich foodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 23 -Smokers need 35 mg more than nonsmokers do every day. Vitamin D Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, colorectal cancer -Bone and Back Pain -Depression -Impaired Wound Healing -Bone Loss -Hair Loss -Muscle Pain -Increase vitamin D supplement -Eat foods rich in vitamin D -Increase exposure to natural sunlight -Maintain a healthy body weight -Monitoring and treating medical conditions: -Using vitamin D supplements Calcium Decreased bone mineralization, rickets, osteoporosis -Tingling Fingers-Muscle crampsLethargy-Poor appetite -Reducing intake of caffeineInclusion of dairy products in daily diet-Educate children on the importance of dairy products. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Monitoring and treating medical conditionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 24 Role of water and dietary fiber in promoting health THE WAY FIBER ACTS Fiber strengthens the consistency to food which forces you to chew properly and break the food up. Fiber is, in general, non-digestible and will end up intact in the large intestine colon . Fiber absorbs water up to five times its weight and expands as it passes through the bowel. In summary, fiber has a recognized role in regulating gastro-intestinal function, particularly in helping to prevent constipation. SOURCES AND RECOMMENDED QUANTITIES There are three food groups which are excellent sources of fiber, they are : Cereals e.g. |
The first part is called the duodenum. The jejunum is in the middle and the ileum is at the end. The large intestine includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a fingershaped pouch attached to the cecum. The cecum is the first part of the large intestine. The colon is next. The rectum is the end of the large intestine. Functions of the various parts of the human digestive system The digestive process Organ Movement Mouth ChewingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 27 Organ Movement Esophagus Peristalsis Stomach Upper muscle in stomach relaxes to let food enter, and lower muscle mixes food with digestive juice Small intestine Peristalsis Pancreas None Liver None Large intestine Peristalsi Mouth. Food starts to move through your GI tract when you eat. When you swallow, your tongue pushes the food into your throat. A small flap of tissue, called the epiglottis, folds over your windpipe to prevent choking and the food passes into your esophagus. Esophagus. Once you begin swallowing, the process becomes automatic. Your brain signals the muscles of the esophagus and peristalsis begins. Lower esophageal sphincter. When food reaches the end of your esophagus, a ringlike muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and lets food pass into your stomach. This sphincter usually stays closed to keep what s in your stomach from flowing back into your esophagus. Stomach. After food enters your stomach, the stomach muscles mix the food and liquid with digestive juices. The stomach slowly empties its contents, called chyme, into your small intestine. Small intestine. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine. Large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis helps move the stool into your rectum. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 28 Rectum. |
The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis helps move the stool into your rectum. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 28 Rectum. The lower end of your large intestine, the rectum, stores stool until it pushes stool out of your anus during a bowel movement. How does my digestive system break food into small parts my body can use? As food moves through your GI tract, your digestive organs break the food into smaller parts using: motion, such as chewing, squeezing, and mixing digestive juices, such as stomach acid, bile, and enzymes Mouth. The digestive process starts in your mouth when you chew. Your salivary glands make saliva, a digestive juice, which moistens food so it moves more easily through your esophagus into your stomach. Saliva also has an enzyme that begins to break down starches in your food. Esophagus. After you swallow, peristalsis pushes the food down your esophagus into your stomach. Stomach. Glands in your stomach lining make stomach acid and enzymes that break down food. Muscles of your stomach mix the food with these digestive juices. Pancreas. Your pancreas makes a digestive juice that has enzymes that break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas delivers the digestive juice to the small intestine through small tubes called ducts. Liver. Your liver makes a digestive juice called bile that helps digest fats and some vitamins. Bile ducts carry bile from your liver to your gallbladder for storage, or to the small intestine for use. Gallbladder. Your gallbladder stores bile between meals. When you eat, your gallbladder squeezes bile through the bile ducts into your small intestine. Small intestine. Your small intestine makes digestive juice, which mixes with bile and pancreatic juice to complete the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Bacteria in your small intestine make some of the enzymes you need to digest carbohydrates. Your small intestine moves water from your bloodstream into your GI tract to help break down food. Your small intestine also absorbs water with other nutrients. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 29 Large intestine. In your large intestine, more water moves from your GI tract into your bloodstream. Bacteria in your large intestine help break down remaining nutrients and make vitamin K. Waste products of digestion, including parts of food that are still too large, become stool. |
In your large intestine, more water moves from your GI tract into your bloodstream. Bacteria in your large intestine help break down remaining nutrients and make vitamin K. Waste products of digestion, including parts of food that are still too large, become stool. Common conditions and diseases affecting the digestive system Some digestive diseases and conditions are acute, lasting only a short time, while others are chronic, or long-lasting. They include acid reflux heartburn - Gastroesophageal reflux GER happens when your stomach contents come back up into your esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD is a more severe and longlasting condition in which GER causes repeated symptoms or leads to complications over time. Symptoms Causes Gastroesophageal reflux GER and gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD commonly cause symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation. GERD may develop when your lower esophageal sphincter becomes weak or relaxes when it shouldn t. constipation - Constipation is a condition in which you may have fewer than three bowel movements a week; stools that are hard, dry, or lumpy; stools that are difficult or painful to pass; or a feeling that notRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 30 all stool has passed. You usually can take steps to prevent or relieve constipation. Diarrhoea - Diarrhea is loose, watery stools three or more times a day. Diarrhea may be acute, persistent, or chronic. Acute diarrhea is more common than persistent or chronic diarrhea. Complications of diarrhea are dehydration and malabsorption. Indigestion dyspepsia - Indigestion is a general term that describes a group of gastrointestinal symptoms that occur together, including pain, a burning feeling, or discomfort in your upper abdomen; feeling full too soon while eating; and feeling uncomfortably full after eating. Food poisoning - Food poisoning is an infection or irritation of your digestive tract that spreads through foods or drinks. Food poisoning is most often acute, and most people get better on their own without treatment. In some cases, food poisoning leads to serious complications, such as dehydration. Liver disease - The liver has many important functions, including digesting your food and processing and distributing nutrients. There are many kinds of liver diseases and conditions. Some, like hepatitis, are caused by viruses. Others can be the result of drugs or drinking too much alcohol. |
Liver disease - The liver has many important functions, including digesting your food and processing and distributing nutrients. There are many kinds of liver diseases and conditions. Some, like hepatitis, are caused by viruses. Others can be the result of drugs or drinking too much alcohol. Long-lasting injury or scar tissue in the liver can cause cirrhosis. Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin, can be one sign of liver disease. Stomach and duodenal ulcers - A peptic ulcer, or stomach or duodenal ulcer, is a sore on the lining of your stomach or duodenum. PepticRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 31 ulcers can lead to complications such as bleeding, perforation, penetration, or blockage in your stomach or duodenum. Gas in the digestive tract - A gas is a substance that has no fixed size or shape. The gas inside your digestive tract is made of air and other gases. Gas typically leaves your digestive tract through your mouth when you belch or through your anus when you pass gas. Gas normally enters your digestive tract when you swallow air and when bacteria in your large intestine break down certain undigested carbohydrates. Others include: - Worms - Hernia - Pancreatitis - Crohns disease Ways of preventing common conditions and diseases affecting the human digestive system. 1. Eat small, frequent mealsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 32 Prevent indigestion, bloating and heartburn by changing how often you eat without increasing your overall calorie intake. Instead of three meals a day, enjoy four to five smaller meals and eat them slowly. Taking time to chew food properly makes you feel full, which can help prevent overeating that can cause gas, bloating, heartburn and indigestion. 2. Drink plenty of water and limit alcohol Water helps your body flush waste and toxins, and helps your colon eliminate waste, which prevents constipation. The amount of water you need every day may depend on numerous factors, such as activity level, geographic location and temperature. If you have questions about how much water you need per day, check with your doctor. Make sure you also limit your alcohol consumption, . Alcohol interferes with acid secretion and nutrient absorption. Too much alcohol can contribute to heartburn, diarrhea and liver issues. 3. Exercise regularly Daily physical activity can help your body s digestive system move things along and eliminate waste. |
Too much alcohol can contribute to heartburn, diarrhea and liver issues. 3. Exercise regularly Daily physical activity can help your body s digestive system move things along and eliminate waste. Try walking, cycling, swimming, using an elliptical trainer or hiking. 4. Maintain a healthy body weight Extra kilograms, especially around the midsection, can make digestive issues, such as heartburn, gas and burping, worse. If you need to lose weight, you don t need to rush it. Make easy, small changes for healthy weight loss. 5. Eat a balanced diet Stay away from fried, greasy foods that are hard to digest, Instead, fill your plate with fiber-rich foods, like cherries, grapes, bell peppers, beans, whole grains and nuts. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 33 Add fish to your list of healthy foods as well. The omega-3 fatty acids in fish can improve digestive issues by stabilizing cell walls to reduce inflammation. Probiotic-containing foods also help with digestion. Probiotics, such as yogurt and kefir, contain good bacteria that can fight any bad bacteria lurking in your gut. 6. Manage your stress level Stress can cause butterflies in your stomach. A sad experience can be gutwrenching. The reason is because your brain has a direct impact on your stomach. B. Excretory System The excretory system is a passive biological system that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, so as to help maintain internal body reactions and prevent damage to the body. The organs include: - Kidney - Skin - Respiratory system Functions of the skin - Provides a protective barrier against mechanical, thermal and physical injury and hazardous substances. -. Prevents loss of moisture. -. Reduces harmful effects of UV radiation. -. Acts as a sensory organ touch, detects temperature . -. Helps regulate temperature. -. An immune organ to detect infections etc. -. Production of vitamin D. Causes of common skin conditions and diseasesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 34 - Bacteria trapped in your pores or hair follicles. -. Conditions that affect your thyroid, kidneys or immune system. -. Contact with environmental triggers, such as allergens or another person s skin. -. Genetics - Fungus or parasites living on your skin. -. Medications, such as the ones that treat inflammatory bowel disease IBD . -. Viruses. -. Diabetes. -. Sun. |
- Viruses. -. Diabetes. -. Sun. Signs and symptoms of skin diseases - Discolored skin patches abnormal pigmentation . -. Dry skin. -. Open sores, lesions or ulcers. -. Peeling skin. -. Rashes, possibly with itchiness or pain. -. Red, white or pus-filled bumps. -. Scaly or rough skin. Ways of preventing skin diseases - Avoid sharing utensils, personal items or cosmetics. -. Disinfect objects you use in public spaces, such as gym equipment. -. Drink plenty of water and eat a nutritious diet. -. Limit contact with irritants or harsh chemicals. -. Sleep seven to eight hours per night. -. Use sun protection to prevent sunburn and other sun damage. -. Wash your hands regularly with soap and water. Importance of a healthy skinRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 35 As the largest organ of your body, the skin plays the role of first line of defense in keeping you safe from infections and other unfriendly elements. It is for this reason that your skin needs to be in good health always. The following are benefits of a healthy skin. -. Protection from infection: Your skin protects your body from the many viruses and bacteria you are exposed to daily. Healthy skin also helps you react better to important changes around you by feeling pain or pressure. -. Protection against UV: It also protects you from the rays of the sun specifically ultraviolet light that can damage cells - The supply of vitamin D: Healthy skin produces vitamin D when exposed to the sun, and vitamin D is important for many body functions. C. Circulatory system The circulatory system cardiovascular system pumps blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to the rest of the body. The veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart to start the circulation process over. Your circulatory system is critical to healthy organs, muscles and tissues. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 36 Structure and function of the hearteee tremeesasRecinventing CBG solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 38 Blood vessels Your heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels: - Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body s tissues. The exception is your pulmonary arteries, which go to your lungs. -. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart. |
Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 36 Structure and function of the hearteee tremeesasRecinventing CBG solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 38 Blood vessels Your heart pumps blood through three types of blood vessels: - Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to your body s tissues. The exception is your pulmonary arteries, which go to your lungs. -. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to your heart. -. Capillaries are small blood vessels where your body exchanges oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood. -. The right atrium receives blood from the veins that has already circulated through the body and pumps it over to the right ventricle. -. The right ventricle passes the blood on to the pulmonary artery, which sends it to the lungs to pick up oxygen. -. The left atrium receives the now oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle. -. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the body through a large network of arteries. The contractions of the left ventricle, the strongest of the four chambers, are what create blood pressure in the body. Your heart s main function is to move blood throughout your body. Your heart also: - Controls the rhythm and speed of your heart rate. -. Maintains your blood pressure. Causes of common conditions and diseases of the circulatory system. Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases affecting your heart and blood vessels. These diseases can affect one or many parts of your heart and or blood vessels. A person may be symptomatic physically experiencing the disease or asymptomatic not feeling anything at all . Cardiovascular disease includes heart or blood vessel issues, including: - Narrowing of the blood vessels in your heart, other organs or throughout your body. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 39 - Heart and blood vessel problems present at birth. -. Heart valves that aren t working right. -. Irregular heart rhythms. What are cardiovascular disease risk factors? You may be more likely to develop cardiovascular disease if you have risk factors such as: - High blood pressure hypertension . -. High cholesterol hyperlipidemia . -. Tobacco use including vaping . -. Type 2 diabetes. -. Family history of heart disease. -. Lack of physical activity. -. Having excess weight or obesity. -. Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. -. Overuse of alcohol. -. Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs. |
- Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat. -. Overuse of alcohol. -. Misuse of prescription or recreational drugs. -. Gestational diabetes. -. Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions. -. Chronic kidney disease. Symptoms of heart issues - Chest pain angina . -. Chest pressure, heaviness or discomfort, sometimes described as a belt around the chest or a weight on the chest. -. Shortness of breath dyspnea . -. Dizziness or fainting. -. Fatigue or exhaustion. Symptoms of blockages in blood vessels throughout your body - Pain or cramps in your legs when you walk. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 40 - Leg sores that aren t healing. -. Cool or red skin on your legs. -. Swelling in your legs. -. Numbness in your face or a limb. This may be on only one side of your body. -. Difficulty with talking, seeing or walking. Conditions and diseases of the circulatory system - Valve disease: Tightening or leaking in your heart valves structures that allow blood to flow from one chamber to another chamber or blood vessel . -. Coronary artery disease: Problem with your heart s blood vessels, such as blockages. -. Heart failure: Problem with heart pumping relaxing functions, leading to fluid buildup and shortness of breath. -. Aortic disease: Problem with the large blood vessel that directs blood from your heart to your brain and the rest of your body, such as dilatation or aneurysm. -. Cerebrovascular disease: Issue with the blood vessels that deliver blood to your brain, such as narrowing or blockages. Ways of preventing common conditions and diseases of the circulatory system - Avoiding all tobacco products. -. Managing other health conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol or high blood pressure. -. Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. -. Eating a diet low in saturated fat and sodium. -. Exercising at least 30 to 60 minutes per day on most days. -. Reducing and managing stress. Importance of a healthy circulatory systemRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 41 1. To maintain cholesterol and blood pressure High cholesterol levels increase your risk for developing cardiovascular disease, but that s not all. Unhealthy cholesterol in the blood can also lead to heart attack and stroke, according to the American Heart Association. High blood pressure levels are even more threatening to your overall health. |
To maintain cholesterol and blood pressure High cholesterol levels increase your risk for developing cardiovascular disease, but that s not all. Unhealthy cholesterol in the blood can also lead to heart attack and stroke, according to the American Heart Association. High blood pressure levels are even more threatening to your overall health. Besides a heightened risk for heart attack, stroke and heart failure, you re also more likely to develop peripheral artery disease, angina, vision loss and kidney disease or failure. 2. To reduce feelings of depression Did you know that cardiovascular disease can increase your chance of feeling depressed? Research shows that 33 percent of heart attack victims end up showing depressive symptoms. 3. To lower your risk of developing dementia There s a connection between heart health and mental well-being, but it goes beyond feelings of depression. Research shows that poor heart health is also associated with dementia. When you don t properly take care of your heart with smart lifestyle decisions you re narrowing your blood vessels, which then limits the amount of blood that can get to the brain. Without proper blood flow, your brain can t work the way it s supposed to and you may have trouble making decisions, reasoning with others and remembering familiar faces and places. MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL HEALTH a. Mental health Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 42 Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including: - Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry - Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse - Family history of mental health problems Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors. |
Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 42 Over the course of your life, if you experience mental health problems, your thinking, mood, and behavior could be affected. Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including: - Biological factors, such as genes or brain chemistry - Life experiences, such as trauma or abuse - Family history of mental health problems Mental illness, also called mental health disorders, refers to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior. Examples of mental illness include depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and addictive behaviors. Importance of mental health - Positive mental health allows people to: - Realize their full potential - Cope with the stresses of life - Work productively - Make meaningful contributions to their communities Ways to maintain positive mental health include: - Getting professional help if you need it - Connecting with others - Staying positive - Getting physically active - Helping others - Getting enough sleep - Developing coping skills Signs and symptoms of mental illness and disorders - Feeling sad or down - Confused thinking or reduced ability to concentrate - Excessive fears or worries, or extreme feelings of guilt - Extreme mood changes of highs and lows - Withdrawal from friends and activitiesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 43 - Significant tiredness, low energy or problems sleeping - Detachment from reality delusions , paranoia or hallucinations - Inability to cope with daily problems or stress - Trouble understanding and relating to situations and to people - Problems with alcohol or drug use - Major changes in eating habits - Sex drive changes - Excessive anger, hostility or violence - Suicidal thinking Measure to prevent mental health - Seek help from your primary care provider. -. Reach out to a close friend or loved one. -. Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community. -. Being active - Eating well - Staying in touch - Quality sleep - Self-acceptance b. |
- Reach out to a close friend or loved one. -. Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community. -. Being active - Eating well - Staying in touch - Quality sleep - Self-acceptance b. Mental health in the community Factors affecting mental health These factors are both psychological and social - childhood abuse, trauma, or neglect - social isolation or loneliness - experiencing discrimination and stigma, including racism - social disadvantage, poverty or debt - bereavement losing someone close to you - severe or long-term stress - having a long-term physical health condition - unemployment or losing your jobRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 44 - homelessness or poor housing - being a long-term carer for someone - drug and alcohol misuse - domestic violence, bullying or other abuse as an adult - significant trauma as an adult, such as military combat, being involved in a serious incident in which you feared for your life, or being the victim of a violent crime - physical causes for example, a head injury or a neurological condition such as epilepsy can have an impact on your behaviour and mood. It's important to rule out potential physical causes before seeking further treatment for a mental health problem . Although lifestyle factors including work, diet, drugs and lack of sleep can all affect your mental health, if you experience a mental health problem there are usually other factors as well. Life style activities that promote positive mental wellbeing strategies - Getting professional help if you need it - Connecting with others - Staying positive - Getting physically activeRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 45 - Helping others - Getting enough sleep - Developing coping skills - Participating in health clubs - Journaling USE OF MEDICINE a. Safe use of medicine Medicines, often referred to as drugs, are used to prevent or treat diseases and other health conditions. Medicines can be obtained by a prescription or over the counter OTC . Prescribed and prescribed medicine Prescribed medication is medicine that you can only have if the doctor has given you a prescription for it, such as antibiotics. Non-prescribed medication is medicine that you can buy over the counter from the chemist or pharmacist, for example aspirin or cough medicine. Non-prescribed medicines are sometimes called homely remedies . |
Prescribed and prescribed medicine Prescribed medication is medicine that you can only have if the doctor has given you a prescription for it, such as antibiotics. Non-prescribed medication is medicine that you can buy over the counter from the chemist or pharmacist, for example aspirin or cough medicine. Non-prescribed medicines are sometimes called homely remedies . Instructions on a prescription - Labelling and Package Leaflet in More Detail - Route of Administration - Name of the Pharmacist or Pharmacy - Ingredients of the Medicine - Content of Active Substance in Pharmaceutical Preparations - Units - For the indication of strength or amounts of active substances and excipients the following physical parameters are used: volume, mass and or quantity, with units according to theRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 46 international system SI . The following units and derived units are used: - Dose - Dose and frequency are indicated, if necessary at what times of the day. In case of variable doses on demand the maximum use per 24 h and sometimes a maximum per week should be stated. Additional instructions may be needed, i.e. Shake well before use , or Take with meals , depending on the type of medicine. -. Expiry Date and Beyond-Use Date - Expiry date and storage instructions are legally required on the label of all medicines. After the expiry date the manufacturer cannot guarantee the quality and safety of the product, no matter whether the package has been opened or not - Storage - Storage instructions that are important for the usage period should be on the label e.g. Keep refrigerated, or Store at room temperature . -. Instructions on Use - Oral and Written Instructions - When dispensing medicines, oral instructions on use should be given in the pharmacy together with additional written information as appropriate. The way patients or caregivers receive instructions is one of the factors determining the quality of their manipulations with the medicine. Also it is important to try to understand a patient s capabilities, language skills and situation. Research has shown that demonstrating, followed by copying by the patient, and additional written instructions all lead to better results, compared to just oral instructions. -. Packaging - Opening a package in the right way may require explanation e.g. eye drop bottles, suppository strips, orally disintegrating tablets . Sometimes a user may prefer a specific container, for instance a jar instead of a tube for ointments. -. Way of Use - Tablet Types - Solid oral dosage forms need explanation on the type. |
Eye drop bottles, suppository strips, orally disintegrating tablets . Sometimes a user may prefer a specific container, for instance a jar instead of a tube for ointments. -. Way of Use - Tablet Types - Solid oral dosage forms need explanation on the type. An effervescent tablet has to be dissolved before use, but small dispersible tablets could also be swallowed as a whole, with a glass of water. Taking the medicine with water is allowed, but not necessary in orally disintegrating tablets, which are designed to disintegrate on the tongue. -. Dividing Tablets - Dividing or breaking tablets is another point of interest, and not only when it is mentioned in the prescription, or as a means of obtaining the prescribed dose. In many cases patients divide tablets on their own initiative, to ease swallowing or because they want to take a lower dose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 47 - - The package leaflet does not always indicate whether a tablet may be divided, and the presence of a score line does not guarantee that splitting is possible or even allowed - - Measuring Liquids - In pharmacy preparations packaging and measuring devices are part of the design of a product. In other words, attention should be paid to the feasibility of measuring the expected quantities with the supplied device from the container chosen. |
In many cases patients divide tablets on their own initiative, to ease swallowing or because they want to take a lower dose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 47 - - The package leaflet does not always indicate whether a tablet may be divided, and the presence of a score line does not guarantee that splitting is possible or even allowed - - Measuring Liquids - In pharmacy preparations packaging and measuring devices are part of the design of a product. In other words, attention should be paid to the feasibility of measuring the expected quantities with the supplied device from the container chosen. -. Dangers of using unprescribed medicine on human health or Over the Counter medicine - You don t know how this medication may interact with prescription medications or over the counter aids that you are also currently taking - This medication may be dangerous for an individual with your specific medical conditions ie, if you have liver damage, kidney dysfunction or heart disease Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 48 - You may think the medication is one drug while it s actually another due to similarities in names ie, sertraline and cetirizine - You could simply be allergic to the medication - The medication could be in the wrong dose for someone of your age, weight, or sex or for someone with your medical history - You may not know whether the medication needs to be taken with or without food - The medication may have serious short term or even long lasting side effects that you are unaware of - The medication may have the potential to be habit-forming ie, have a risk of causing addiction Common effects of medicine in the body Some common examples mild adverse effects related to drugs include: - Constipation - Skin rash or dermatitis - Diarrhea - Dizziness - Drowsiness - Dry mouth - Headache - Insomnia - Nausea Examples of more serious effects include: - Suicidal thoughts - Abnormal heart rhythms - Internal bleedingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 49 - Cancer Correct use of medicine - Follow instructions. Read all medicine labels and be sure to follow instructions. Don t take a larger dose of a medicine, thinking it will help you more. This could be very dangerous and even deadly. And don t skip or take half doses of a prescription drug to save money. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist if you can t afford the medicine. -. Take medicine on time. Some people use meals or bedtime as reminders to take their medicine. Other people use charts, calendars, or weekly pill boxes. |
- Take medicine on time. Some people use meals or bedtime as reminders to take their medicine. Other people use charts, calendars, or weekly pill boxes. You can also set timers and write reminders to take your medication. Medication reminder apps for smartphones are becoming more popular; these apps can help you remember when and how to take your medications each day. -. Turn on a light. Don t take medicine in the dark; you might make a mistake. -. Report problems. Call your doctor right away if you have any trouble with your prescriptions, OTC medicines, or supplements. There may be something else you can take. -. Ask your loved ones for help. Take a friend or relative with you to your doctor s appointments if you think you may need help understanding or remembering what the doctor tells you. -. Check before stopping. Take prescription medicine until it s finished, or your doctor says it s all right to stop. Note that some medicines are supposed to be taken only as needed. -. Don t share. Do not take medicines prescribed for another person or give yours to someone else. Proper ways of storing medicine Know that heat, air, light, and moisture may damage your medicine. Store your medicines in a cool, dry place. For example, store it in your dresser drawer or a kitchen cabinet away from the stove, sink, and any hot appliances. You can also store medicine in a storage box, on a shelf, or in a closet. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 50 If you are like most people, you probably store your medicine in a bathroom cabinet. But the heat and moisture from your shower, bath, and sink may damage your medicine. Your medicines can become less potent, or they may go bad before the expiration date. Pills and capsules are easily damaged by heat and moisture. Aspirin pills break down into vinegar and salicylic acid. This irritates the stomach. Always keep medicine in its original container. Take the cotton ball out of the medicine bottle. The cotton ball pulls moisture into the bottle. Ask your pharmacist about any specific storage instructions. Keep children safe. Always store your medicine out of reach and out of sight of children. Store your medicine in a cabinet with a child latch or lock. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 51 FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT a. |
Always store your medicine out of reach and out of sight of children. Store your medicine in a cabinet with a child latch or lock. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 51 FIRST AID AND BASIC LIFE SUPPORT a. First aid Emergency care or treatment given to an ill or injured person before regular medical aid can be obtained Contents of the first aid kit and their uses A basic first aid kit may contain: - plasters in a variety of different sizes and shapes - small, medium and large sterile gauze dressings - at least 2 sterile eye dressings - triangular bandages - cr pe rolled bandages - safety pins - disposable sterile gloves - tweezers - scissors - alcohol-free cleansing wipes - sticky tape - thermometer preferably digital - skin rash cream, such as hydrocortisone or calendula - cream or spray to relieve insect bites and stings - antiseptic cream - painkillers such as paracetamol or infant paracetamol for children , aspirin not to be given to children under 16 , or ibuprofen - antihistamine cream or tablets - distilled water for cleaning wounds - eye wash and eye bathRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 52 precautions to observe while offering first aid to an injured person - washing hands and other skin surfaces; - wearing gloves, masks, and protective eyewear; - wearing protective suits, gowns or aprons; - Being careful with sharp objects; - disinfecting all contaminated surfaces; - using designated disposal containers; - using protective resuscitation masks for cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR ; - not eating, drinking, applying cosmetics or lip balm, smoking, or handling contact lenses where exposure may occur; and - contacting the environmental services staff who is trained to clean spills of bodily fluids. Methods for safe disposal of first aid materials A clearly labelled first aid waste bin will be supplied and maintained in the following way: - Fitted with a bag that can be sealed and removed each day if required ; - Cleaned and sanitized daily if required ; - Located in a suitable place that is not readily accessible to children. B. |
Check that there's nothing embedded in the wound. If there is, take care not to press down on the object. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 54 Instead, press firmly on either side of the object and build up padding around it before bandaging, to avoid putting pressure on the object itself. If nothing is embedded: apply and maintain pressure to the wound with your gloved hand, using a clean pad or dressing if possible; continue to apply pressure until the bleeding stops use a clean dressing to bandage the wound firmly if bleeding continues through the pad, apply pressure to the wound until the bleeding stops and then apply another pad over the top and bandage it in place; don't remove the original pad or dressing, but continue to check that the bleeding has stopped If a body part, such as a finger, has been severed, place it in a plastic bag or wrap it in cling film and make sure it goes with the casualty to hospital. Always seek medical help for bleeding unless it's minor. Burns and scalds If someone has a burn or scald: cool the burn as quickly as possible with cool running water for at least 10 minutes, or until the pain is relieved while cooling the burn, carefully remove any clothing or jewellery, unless it's attached to the skin if you're cooling a large burnt area, particularly in babies, children and elderly people, be aware that it may cause hypothermia it may be necessary to stop cooling the burn to avoid hypothermia cover the burn loosely with cling film; if cling film isn't available, use a clean, dry dressing or non-fluffy material; don't wrap the burn tightly, because swelling may lead to further injury don't apply creams, lotions or sprays to the burn For chemical burns, wear protective gloves, remove any affected clothing, and rinse the burn with cool running water for at least 20 minutes to wash out the chemical. If possible, determine the cause of the injury. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 55 In certain situations where a chemical is regularly handled, a specific chemical antidote may be available to use. Be careful not to contaminate and injure yourself with the chemical, and wear protective clothing if necessary. Choking The information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old. |
Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 55 In certain situations where a chemical is regularly handled, a specific chemical antidote may be available to use. Be careful not to contaminate and injure yourself with the chemical, and wear protective clothing if necessary. Choking The information below is for choking in adults and children over one year old. Mild choking If the airway is only partly blocked, the person will usually be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe. In situations like this, a person will usually be able to clear the blockage themselves. If choking is mild: encourage the person to cough to try to clear the blockage ask them to try to spit out the object if it s in their mouth don't put your fingers in their mouth to help them because they may accidentally bite you If coughing doesn t work, start back blows Severe choking If choking is severe, the person won t be able to speak, cry, cough or breathe, and without help they ll eventually become unconscious. To help an adult or child over one year old: Stand behind the person and slightly to one side. Support their chest with one hand. Lean the person forward so that the object blocking their airway will come out of their mouth, rather than moving further down. Give up to five sharp blows between the person s shoulder blades with the heel of your hand the heel is between the palm of your hand and your wrist . Check if the blockage has cleared. If not, give up to five abdominal thrustsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 56 Abdominal thrusts shouldn't be used on babies under one year old, pregnant women or obese people. To perform abdominal thrusts on a person who is severely choking and isn t in one of the above groups: Stand behind the person who is choking. Place your arms around their waist and bend them well forward. Clench one fist and place it just above the person's belly button. Place your other hand on top of your fist and pull sharply inwards and upwards. Repeat this up to five times. The aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust, rather than necessarily doing all five. If the obstruction doesn't clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, ask for an ambulance, and continue until help arrives. The person choking should always be seen by a healthcare professional afterwards to check for any injuries or small pieces of the obstruction that remain. |
The aim is to get the obstruction out with each chest thrust, rather than necessarily doing all five. If the obstruction doesn't clear after three cycles of back blows and chest thrusts, ask for an ambulance, and continue until help arrives. The person choking should always be seen by a healthcare professional afterwards to check for any injuries or small pieces of the obstruction that remain. Drowning If someone is in difficulty in water, don't enter the water to help unless it's absolutely essential. Once the person is on land, if they're not breathing, open the airway and give five initial rescue breaths before starting CPR. If you're alone, perform CPR for one minute before phoning for emergency help. If the person is unconscious but still breathing, put them into the recovery position with their head lower than their body and phone an ambulance immediately. Continue to observe the casualty to ensure they don't stop breathing or that their airway becomes obstructed. Electric shock domestic Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 57 If someone has had an electric shock, switch off the electrical current at the mains to break the contact between the person and the electrical supply. If you can't reach the mains supply: don't go near or touch the person until you're sure the electrical supply has been switched off once the power supply has been switched off, and if the person isn't breathing, call for an ambulance Afterwards, seek medical help - unless the electric shock is very minor. Fractures It can be difficult to tell if a person has a broken bone or a joint, as opposed to a simple muscular injury. If you're in any doubt, treat the injury as a broken bone. If the person is unconscious, has difficulty breathing or is bleeding severely, these must be dealt with first, by controlling the bleeding with direct pressure and performing CPR. If the person is conscious, prevent any further pain or damage by keeping the fracture as still as possible until you get them safely to hospital. Assess the injury and decide whether the best way to get them to hospital is by ambulance or car. For example, if the pain isn t too severe, you could transport them to hospital by car. It's always best to get someone else to drive, so that you can deal with the casualty if they deteriorate for example, if they lose consciousness as a result of the pain or start to vomit. |
If you think someone has swallowed a poisonous substance, call to get immediate medical help and advice. The effects of poisoning depend on the substance swallowed, but can include vomiting, loss of consciousness, pain or a burning sensation. The following advice is important: Find out what's been swallowed, so you can tell the paramedic or doctor. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 59 Do not give the person anything to eat or drink unless a healthcare professional advises you to. Do not try to cause vomiting. Stay with the person, because their condition may get worse and they could become unconscious. If the person becomes unconscious while you're waiting for help to arrive, check for breathing and, if necessary, perform CPR. Don't perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the casualty's mouth or airway is contaminated with the poison. Don't leave them if they're unconscious because they may roll onto their back, which could cause them to vomit. The vomit could then enter their lungs and make them choke. If the casualty is conscious and breathing normally, put them into the recovery position and continue to monitor their conscious state and breathing. Shock In the case of a serious injury or illness, it's important to look out for signs of shock. Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system fails to provide enough oxygenated blood to the body and, as a result, deprives the vital organs of oxygen. This is usually due to severe blood loss, but it can also occur after severe burns, severe vomiting, a heart attack, bacterial infection or a severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis . The type of shock described here isn't the same as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident. Signs of shock include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 60 - pale, cold, clammy skin - sweating - rapid, shallow breathing - weakness and dizziness - feeling sick and possibly vomiting - thirst - yawning - sighing Seek medical help immediately if you notice that someone has any of the above signs of shock. Lie the person down if their injuries allow you to and, if possible, raise and support their legs - use a coat or blanket to keep them warm - don't give them anything to eat or drink - give them lots of comfort and reassurance - monitor the person if they stop breathing, start CPR and re-alert the emergency services Stroke The FAST guide is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke. |
The type of shock described here isn't the same as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident. Signs of shock include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 60 - pale, cold, clammy skin - sweating - rapid, shallow breathing - weakness and dizziness - feeling sick and possibly vomiting - thirst - yawning - sighing Seek medical help immediately if you notice that someone has any of the above signs of shock. Lie the person down if their injuries allow you to and, if possible, raise and support their legs - use a coat or blanket to keep them warm - don't give them anything to eat or drink - give them lots of comfort and reassurance - monitor the person if they stop breathing, start CPR and re-alert the emergency services Stroke The FAST guide is the most important thing to remember when dealing with people who have had a stroke. The earlier they receive treatment, the better. Phone for emergency medical help straight away. If you think a person has had a stroke, use the FAST guide: Facial weakness is the person unable to smile evenly, or are their eyes or mouth droopy? Arm weakness is the person only able to raise one arm? Speech problems is the person unable to speak clearly or understand you? Time to phone for emergency help if a person has any of these symptoms CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation What to do after an incidentRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 61 If someone is injured in an incident, first check that you and the casualty aren't in any danger. If you are, make the situation safe. When it's safe to do so, assess the casualty and, if necessary, call for an ambulance. You can then carry out basic first aid. Assessing a casualty The 3 priorities when dealing with a casualty are commonly referred to as ABC, which stands for: Airway Breathing Circulation Airway If the casualty appears unresponsive, ask them loudly if they're OK and if they can open their eyes. If they respond, you can leave them in the position they're in until help arrives. While you wait, keep checking their breathing, pulse and level of response: are they alert? Do they respond to your voice? Do they respond to pain? Is there no response to any stimulus are they unconscious ? |
Do they respond to your voice? Do they respond to pain? Is there no response to any stimulus are they unconscious ? If there's no response, leave the casualty in the position they're in and open their airway. If this isn't possible in the position they're in, gently lay them on their back and open their airway. To open the airway, place one hand on the casualty s forehead and gently tilt their head back, lifting the tip of the chin using two fingers. This moves the tongue away from the back of the throat. Don't push on the floor of the mouth, as this will push the tongue upwards and obstruct the airway. If you think the person may have a spinal injury, place your hands on either side of their head and use your fingertips to gently lift the angle of the jaw forward and upwards, without moving the head, to open the airway. Take care not to move the casualty s neck. However, opening the airway takes priority over a neck injury. This is known as the jaw thrust technique. Breathing To check if a person is still breathing: look to see if their chest is rising and falling listen over their mouth and nose for breathing sounds feel their breath against your cheek for 10 seconds If they're breathing normally, place them in the recovery position so their airway remains clear of obstructions and continue to monitor normal breathing. Gasping or irregular breathing is not normal breathing. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 62 If the casualty isn't breathing, phone for an ambulance and then begin CPR. Circulation If the casualty isn't breathing normally, then you must start chest compressions immediately. Agonal breathing is common in the first few minutes after a sudden cardiac arrest when the heart stops beating . Agonal breathing is sudden, irregular gasps of breath. This shouldn't be mistaken for normal breathing and CPR should be given straight away. Safety precautions to observe for prevention of accidents and injuries Avoid slips and falls Repair damage to flooring that could cause someone to trip and keep hallways clear of clutter. Outside, ensure all walkways are shoveled and salted immediately after snow falls. Be aware of electrical hazards If you have several items plugged in at desks, make sure you invest in an Uninterruptible Power Supply to protect computers and keep the power from spiking. If renovations are being done that involve electrical systems, move staff to a safe work area. |
Outside, ensure all walkways are shoveled and salted immediately after snow falls. Be aware of electrical hazards If you have several items plugged in at desks, make sure you invest in an Uninterruptible Power Supply to protect computers and keep the power from spiking. If renovations are being done that involve electrical systems, move staff to a safe work area. Limit manual handling and lifting If jobs require people to lift items regularly, ensure a system is in place to get at hard-to-reach items. If they need to lift heavy objects, make sure employees have the tools they need and know how to operate them safely. Keep a well-stocked first aid kit in plain sight If you have a large office, place several kits throughout the area and make sure someone on staff is trained in first aid. Create an emergency action planRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 63 Outlines emergency exits, practice fire drills, co-ordinate safe meeting places and create a system to account for employees whereabouts. Promote fire safety Identify potential fire hazards in your office and train staff how to use fire extinguishers. Avoid injuries by storing items safely Place heavier items lower to the ground and distribute weight evenly in cabinets and on shelves. Help reduce back pain and repetitive strain injuries Make sure desk chairs are properly adjusted, and computer monitors are at the right height for each user. Proper ergonomics will aid the longevity and health at desks all day. C. Road safety Road safety, pedestrians and passengers Road safety - teaching people how to behave safely when driving or crossing the road: Pedestrian - a person who is walking, especially in an area where vehicles go Passenger - a person who is travelling in a vehicle but is not driving it, flying it, or working on it: Factors that contribute to road accidents Over Speeding: Most of the fatal accidents occur due to over speeding. It is a natural psyche of humans to excel. If given a chance man is sure to achieve infinity in speed. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 64 Drunken Driving: Consumption of alcohol to celebrate any occasion is common. But when mixed with driving it turns celebration into a misfortune. Alcohol reduces concentration. It decreases reaction time of a human body. Limbs take more to react to the instructions of brain. It hampers vision due to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear and incite humans to take risks. |
Limbs take more to react to the instructions of brain. It hampers vision due to dizziness. Alcohol dampens fear and incite humans to take risks. Distraction to Driver: Though distraction while driving could be minor but it can cause major accidents. Distractions could be outside or inside the vehicle. The major distraction now a days is talking on mobile phone while driving. Act of talking on phone occupies major portion of brain and the smaller part handles the driving skills. This division of brain hampers reaction time and ability of judgement. This becomes one of the reasons of crashes. One should not attend to telephone calls while driving. If the call is urgent one should pull out beside the road and attend the call. Some of the distractions on road are: 1.Adjusting mirrors while driving 2.Stereo Radio in vehicleRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 65 3.Animals on the road 4.Banners and billboards. The driver should not be distracted due to these things and reduce speed to remain safe during diversions and other kind of outside distractions. Avoiding Safety Gears like seat belts and helmets: Use of seat belt in four-wheeler is now mandatory and not wearing seat belt invites penalty, same in the case of helmets for two wheeler drivers. Wearing seat belts and helmet has been brought under law after proven studies that these two things reduce the severity of injury during accidents. Wearing seat belts and helmets doubles the chances of survival in a serious accident. Safety Gears keep you intact and safe in case of accidents. Two wheeler deaths have been drastically reduced after use of helmet has been made mandatory. One should use safety gears of prescribed standard and tie them properly for optimum safety. Direct Consequences of Accidents: 1 Fatality Death 2. Injury 3. Property Damage Ways of preventing road accidents Education and awareness about road safety Strict Enforcement of Law Engineering: a Vehicle design b Road infrastructure Keep distance Don t drive while dizzy or under the influence of alcohol Drive at the right speedRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 66 Do not use your phone while driving. Road safety signs and signals men at work - used to alert drivers of upcoming road work. Orange is used on this sign because it is one of the most visible colors to the human eye, and can be noticed above other traffic signs on the road. |
Property Damage Ways of preventing road accidents Education and awareness about road safety Strict Enforcement of Law Engineering: a Vehicle design b Road infrastructure Keep distance Don t drive while dizzy or under the influence of alcohol Drive at the right speedRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 66 Do not use your phone while driving. Road safety signs and signals men at work - used to alert drivers of upcoming road work. Orange is used on this sign because it is one of the most visible colors to the human eye, and can be noticed above other traffic signs on the road. U- turn pedestrian crossingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 67Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 68 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SANITATION a. Environmental health Environmental health is the branch of public health that: focuses on the relationships between people and their environment; promotes human health and well-being; and fosters healthy and safe communities. Environmental health is a key part of any comprehensive public health system. The field works to advance policies and programs to reduce chemical and other environmental exposures in air, water, soil and food to protect people and provide communities with healthier environments. The major causes of environmental issues are: - Pollution - Solid Waste - Deforestation - Global Warming - Depletion of Natural Resource Importance of environmental healthRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 69 1. Reduces risk of diseases Over the past two years, we have seen the severe damage that harmful microbes and pathogens such as the coronavirus pandemic can cause. Environmental health awareness can prevent disease outbreaks and reduce the burden of disease. 2. Enhances quality and length of life When all of the criteria for human life, such as food safety and shelter, are provided and maintained, length and quality of life increase. 3. Increases biodiversity and habitat protection We need biodiversity for our ecosystems and animal kingdoms to thrive. By raising environmental health awareness, we can enforce better protection for the creatures and plants around us. 4. Limits global warming The gradual increase of global temperatures is not something we can outrun. But there are specific measures that we can put in place to slow it down and find solutions. Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. How can the environment affect our health? If we want to survive and thrive as a species, it is vitally important that we tend to the environment's needs just as much as our own. |
Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years. How can the environment affect our health? If we want to survive and thrive as a species, it is vitally important that we tend to the environment's needs just as much as our own. Here are just some ways that environmental health hazards can trigger poor human health. 1. Respiratory diseases Air-borne pollutants and toxins can filter into our lungs and cause severe respiratory diseases. Ensuring a high level of air quality will prevent these kinds of diseases. 2. Increased risk of waterborne diseasesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 70 Cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio can all be transmitted by poor water and sanitation. Contaminated drinking water is estimated to cause 485 000 diarrhoeal deaths each year. People living in low-income communities are most at risk for infectious diseases, especially waterborne diseases. 3. Danger from natural disasters Even the healthiest environment cannot escape the occasional natural disaster. But environmental health procedures can reduce their impact significantly. 4. Lack of nutrition Lack of nutrition often looks like a lack of healthy and affordable grocery stores near homes. This is called a food desert. Without proper access to nutrient-dense food, our bodily systems cannot function optimally. Every human has a right to live in an environment that supports their health, not degrades it. Environmental factors affecting human healthRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 71 1. Chemical Safety Different chemicals can impact human health in different ways, and often, exposure to dangerous or foreign substances creates health vulnerabilities. The chemical safety field is concerned with minimizing the effects of both natural and synthetic chemicals. 2. Air Pollution Studies have shown that air pollution effects on humans are a significant public health concern, not only because of their role in climate change, but also because exposure to air pollution can increase morbidity and mortality. 3. Climate Change and Natural Disasters Another environmental issue with serious ramifications for human health is climate change, along with the increase in natural disasters that has accompanied the shift in Earth s climate. 4. Diseases Caused by Microbes Diseases caused by microbes also known as microorganisms present another area of public health concern. Trillions of microbes exist within the human body, and they also live in water, soil, and air. 5. Infrastructure Issues Infrastructure issues can also have a major impact on community health. |
Trillions of microbes exist within the human body, and they also live in water, soil, and air. 5. Infrastructure Issues Infrastructure issues can also have a major impact on community health. Examples include the following: Poorly maintained roads increasing risk of car accidents Lack of access to clean drinking water Lack of local health care infrastructure, such as clinics capable of giving vaccinations 6. Poor Water Quality A number of factors can contribute to poor water quality, including industrial waste and pollution, lack of access to proper water treatment and sanitation services, and outdated plumbing infrastructure. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 72 Measures to curb environmental factors affecting health As we all know, the primary cause of environmental issues is human activity. Therefore, the following are the specific measures taken to reduce the environmental issues: - Plant more trees - Reduce the use of automobiles - Use renewable sources of energy - Reuse and recycle waste products - Disposal of solid and harmful waste properly - Sensitization and advocacy - Environmental clean up Importance of a healthy environment - Limits effects of respiratory diseases - Reduces risk to waterborne diseases - Reduces occurrence of natural disasters like drought - More of nutritive foods b. Types of Environmental contaminants Environmental contaminants are chemicals that accidentally or deliberately enter the environment, often, but not always, as a result of human activities. Some of these contaminants may have been manufactured for industrial use and because they are very stable, they do not break down easily. If released to the environment, these contaminants may enter the food chain. Other environmental contaminants are naturally-occurring chemicals, but industrial activity may increase their mobility or increase the amount available to circulate in the environment, allowing them to enter the food chain at higher levels than would otherwise occur. They include: Biological contaminants - Biological contaminants include bacteria, viruses, animal dander and cat saliva, house dust, mites, cockroaches, and pollen. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 73 There are many sources of these pollutants. By controlling the relative humidity level in a home, the growth of some sources of biologicals can be minimized. A relative humidity of 30-50 percent is generally recommended for homes. Standing water, water-damaged materials or wet surfaces also serve as a breeding ground for molds, mildews, bacteria and insects. House dust mites, the source of one of the most powerful biological allergens, grow in damp, warm environments. |
A relative humidity of 30-50 percent is generally recommended for homes. Standing water, water-damaged materials or wet surfaces also serve as a breeding ground for molds, mildews, bacteria and insects. House dust mites, the source of one of the most powerful biological allergens, grow in damp, warm environments. Sources pollens, which originate from plants viruses, which are transmitted by people and animals mold bacteria, which are carried by people, animals, and soil and plant debris household pets, which are sources of saliva and animal dander skin flakes droppings and body parts from cockroaches, rodents and other pests or insects viruses and bacteria The protein in urine from rats and mice is a potent allergen. When it dries, it can become airborne. Contaminated central air handling systems can become breeding grounds for mold, mildew and other sources of biological contaminants and can then distribute these contaminants through the home Many of these biological contaminants are small enough to be inhaled. Biological contaminants are, or are produced by, living things. Biological contaminants are often found in areas that provide food and moisture or water. For example: damp or wet areas such as cooling coils, humidifiers, condensate pans or unvented bathrooms can be moldy draperies, bedding, carpet and other areas where dust collects may accumulate biological contaminants Health Effects from Biological Contaminants Some biological contaminants trigger allergic reactions, including: hypersensitivity pneumonitis allergic rhinitis some types of asthma Infectious illnesses, such as influenza, measles and chicken pox are transmitted through the air. Molds and mildews release disease-causing toxins. Symptoms of health problems caused by biological pollutants include:Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 74 sneezing watery eyes coughing shortness of breath dizziness lethargy fever and digestive problems Chemical contaminants - Chemical contaminants are substances that are unintentionally present in food or feed. These substances may be present in food as a result of various stages of its production, processing or transport. They might also result from environmental contamination. Chemical contaminants may be harmful to humans and animals. The most relevant food and feed contaminants include: Natural toxins naturally occurring substances that are produced by different organisms. |
They might also result from environmental contamination. Chemical contaminants may be harmful to humans and animals. The most relevant food and feed contaminants include: Natural toxins naturally occurring substances that are produced by different organisms. Examples include plant toxins such as alkaloids or mycotoxins. Environmental contaminants substances that are released into air, water or soil often as a result of industrial or agricultural activities. They can also enter the food and feed chain. Environmental contaminants include polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs , dioxins, persistent chlorinated pesticides, and brominated flame retardants but also metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury. Process contaminants chemicals that naturally form in food and feed during industrial processes or cooking, such as acrylamide and furan. Gases this includes: Nitrogen oxides, Sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead among others. Heavy metals - The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic have been the most common heavy metals that induced human poisonings. Effects of Environmental on human health Environmental contaminants can make people sick. Different contaminants can cause a variety of health problems. Common health problems fromRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 75 environmental contaminants include breathing problems such as asthma , heart disease, and some types of cancer. Ways of preventing and controlling environmental contamination In the energy sector, pollution prevention can reduce environmental damages from extraction, processing, transport and combustion of fuels. Pollution prevention approaches include: increasing efficiency in energy use; use of environmentally benign fuel sources. In the agricultural sector, pollution prevention approaches include: Reducing the use of water and chemical inputs; Adoption of less environmentally harmful pesticides or cultivation of crop strains with natural resistance to pests; and Protection of sensitive areas. |
Difference between cleaning and disinfection of equipment and surfaces for infection control Cleaning removes dirt, dust and other soils from surfaces. Sanitizing removes bacteria from surfaces. Disinfecting kills harmful bacteria and viruses from surfaces. Infection control prevention measures - Hand hygiene - Environmental hygiene - Cleaning and disinfecting equipment s - Safe handling and disposal of wastes - Respiratory hygiene and Cough etiquette - Use of protective gear - Vaccination - Body screening Making a personal protective Equipment PROJECTRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 78 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH a. Pubertal growth and development Puberty is the time in life when a boy or girl becomes sexually mature. It is a process that usually happens between ages 10 and 14 for girls and ages 12 and 16 for boys. It causes physical changes, and affects boys and girls differently. Girls may start normal puberty as early as age 7 or not start at all until age 15. For boys it is usually anywhere between ages 9 and 15. Physical changes i. Girls - The first sign of puberty is usually breast development. -. Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. -. Menstruation or a period usually happens last. Ii. BoysRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 79 - Puberty usually begins with the testicles and penis getting bigger. -. Then hair grows in the pubic area and armpits. -. Muscles grow, the voice deepens, and facial hair develops as puberty continues. -. Your voice deepens. -. You may have nighttime emissions or "wet dreams.". Emotional changes in girls and boys during Puberty 1. Feeling overly sensitive During puberty, since your body undergoes many changes, it is common to feel uncomfortable about them and become overly sensitive about your physical appearance. As a result you may feel irritated quite easily, lose your temper or feel depressed. It will be useful to be aware of the changes in your behaviour and talk about it with someone that you're comfortable talking to. 2. Looking for an identity Since you are in the process of becoming an adult, you may feel inclined to figure out what makes you unique as a person. There is also a general tendency that you associate more with your friends than your family members. Psychologically, it may be because your friends are going through a similar phase as you. |
Looking for an identity Since you are in the process of becoming an adult, you may feel inclined to figure out what makes you unique as a person. There is also a general tendency that you associate more with your friends than your family members. Psychologically, it may be because your friends are going through a similar phase as you. You may try to figure out how you are different fromRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 80 others and how you fit into the world. This may eventually lead to some sort of a struggle to become more independent of your parents and family. 3. Feeling uncertain Since you're not completely an adult and are not a child anymore, puberty can potentially lead to uncertain times. As a transition phase, you may begin to wonder and think about new and unfamiliar aspects of life such as career, livelihood and marriage. Since, all of this is new and unfamiliar when you start thinking along these directions, you may feel uncertain about the future. This uncertainty becomes more evident when the expectations that people close to you have from you also change. You may be expected to take on greater responsibilities than what was expected from you as a child. Eventually you will grow into your new roles and become more certain about yourself, but this process will take its own time depending on how you respond to this situation. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 81 4. Peer pressure With the onset of puberty, your conversations with your friends will increase. Your peer group and you are likely to be influenced by what you see around you in popular media and the culture that is represented through them. You might often pick up on what's in and what's out in terms of the way you dress, your language and even your behaviour depending upon what you see. This maybe uncomfortable at times and would probably even change your likes and dislikes. It's also one of the ways in which you struggle to fit in with your peers. These events can lead to a gap between what is perceived as appropriate by your parents and your friends. 5. Conflicting thoughts Since you are somewhere in between as a teenager during puberty, you may feel stuck between how you were as a child and how you wish to be as an adult. For example, you might want to be more independent and at the same time, might also look for support from your parents. Another example could be along the lines of whether you wish to give up on your interests that you had as a child to be able to fit in with your friends. |
Conflicting thoughts Since you are somewhere in between as a teenager during puberty, you may feel stuck between how you were as a child and how you wish to be as an adult. For example, you might want to be more independent and at the same time, might also look for support from your parents. Another example could be along the lines of whether you wish to give up on your interests that you had as a child to be able to fit in with your friends. As a result you may feel conflicted and look for clarity. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 82 6. Mood swings To add to the uncertainty and conflicting thoughts, you may also experience frequent and sometimes extreme changes in your mood. For example, sometimes your mood will swing between feeling confident and happy to feeling irritated and depressed in a short span of time. These frequent swings in how you feel are called mood swings. They may occur due to shifting levels of hormones in your body and other changes taking place during puberty. 7. Feeling conscious about self The onset of puberty can vary on an individual basis. Therefore the way you grow maybe different from the way your friends grow. This can make you conscious about the way you're growing up and your body. These experiences are more pronounced for girls because they develop faster and earlier than boys. Also the changes in their bodies such as development of breasts and widening of hips are more noticeable. This may make them feel more conscious about their body in presence of their peers of the same age groupRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 83 8. Getting sexual feelings Puberty is also the phase after which you develop sexual maturity. Sexual maturity is the stage of your life when you can have children. One aspect of sexual maturity is being curious about sex and also about bodies of people that you are attracted to. With the onset of puberty, it is normal for a boy or a girl to be sexually attracted to people that they would want be more than 'just friends' with. You may also feel sexually excited by normal everyday activities such as reading a romantic novel or watching a romantic scene on television. These feelings are normal and there is nothing to feel guilty about. You may have many questions about sex. It is a good idea to talk to a mature adult like your mother, doctor or a counselor with whom you're comfortable discussing sex. Social changes in boys and girls during puberty Identity Young people are busy working out who they are and where they fit in the world. |
You may have many questions about sex. It is a good idea to talk to a mature adult like your mother, doctor or a counselor with whom you're comfortable discussing sex. Social changes in boys and girls during puberty Identity Young people are busy working out who they are and where they fit in the world. You might notice your child trying out new things like clothing styles, subcultures, music, art or friendship groups. Friends, family, media and culture are some of the influences on your child s choices in these years. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 84 Independence Your child will probably want more independence about things like how they get around and where they go, how they spend their time and who with, and what they spend money on. As your child becomes more independent, it ll probably mean some changes in your family routines and relationships, as well as your child s friendships. Responsibility Your child might be keen to take on more responsibility both at home and at school. This could include things like cooking dinner once a week or being on the school council. Sometimes you might need to encourage a move towards more responsibility. New experiences Your child is likely to look for new experiences, including risky experiences. This is normal as your child explores their own limits and abilities, as well as the boundaries you set. Your child also needs to express themselves as an individual. But because of how teenage brains develop, your child might sometimes struggle with thinking through consequences and risks before they try something new. Values This is the time your child starts to develop a stronger individual set of values and morals. Your child will question more things. Your words and actions help shape your child s sense of right and wrong. Influences Friends and peers might influence your child, particularly your child s behaviour, appearance, interests, sense of self and self-esteem. You still have a big influence on long-term things like your child s career choices, values and morals. Sexual identityRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 85 Your child might start to have romantic relationships or go on dates . But these aren t always intimate relationships. For some young people, intimate or sexual relationships don t occur until later on in life. Media The internet and social media can influence how your child communicates with friends and learns about the world. They have many benefits for your child s social development, but also some risks. Talking with your child is the best way to protect them from social media risks and ensure their internet safety. |
Media The internet and social media can influence how your child communicates with friends and learns about the world. They have many benefits for your child s social development, but also some risks. Talking with your child is the best way to protect them from social media risks and ensure their internet safety. Personal Hygiene needs during puberty Personal hygiene is the practice of keeping your body clean and healthy. -. Bathing at least twice a day. -. Avoid picking, popping, or squeezing pimples. This can lead to scars and infection. -. Wear clean clothes every day. Change socks and underwear daily. If clothes smell bad, we smell bad. -. Wear protective clothing, including a hat and sunglasses that block UV light. -. Avoid the sun when its rays are strongest, between 10 am and 4 pm. -. Keep hands and fingernails clean. Wash hands before and after eating, after using the bathroom, after sneezing or coughing into the hand, and whenever dirty. -. Trim nails every week or two. Cut them straight across. Then, round them in a small curve. Use manicure scissors, clippers, and or nail file. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 86 Once your child reaches puberty, they will begin to menstruate or have nocturnal emissions. You can help your child manage these rites of passage by talking about them before they happen. Here are tips for personal care: Explain menstruation periods to your child. Provide menstrual products and explain how to use them. Discuss how often to change them, how to dispose of them, and how to clean the vulva from front to back to avoid infection. Explain nocturnal emissions wet dreams to your child. Teach them how to wash up and change damp bedsheets. Assure your child that this is a typical part of puberty and is different than bed-wetting. Discuss pleasure and masturbation with your child. Explain that selftouching is an activity that is done in private. Expect your child to want more privacy and time in the bathroom. Discuss family rules about sharing the bathroom and the importance of asking for consent before entering a private space, such as a bathroom or bedroom. Measures for management of menstrual hygiene These hygiene practices can help you stay healthy and comfortable during your period: Wear lightweight, breathable clothing such as cotton underwear . Tight fabrics can trap moisture and heat, allowing germs to thrive. Change your menstrual products regularly. |
Measures for management of menstrual hygiene These hygiene practices can help you stay healthy and comfortable during your period: Wear lightweight, breathable clothing such as cotton underwear . Tight fabrics can trap moisture and heat, allowing germs to thrive. Change your menstrual products regularly. Trapped moisture provides a breeding ground for bacteria and fungi. Wearing a pad or period underwear for too long can lead to a rash or an infection. Keep your genital area clean. Wash the outside of your vagina and bottom every day. When you go to the bathroom, wipe from the front of your body toward the back, not the other way. Use only water to rinse your vulva. The vagina is a selfcleaning organ. Changing the natural pH balance of your vagina by washing or using chemicals to cleanse out the vagina can be harmful and may result in yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis. Use unscented toilet paper, tampons, or pads. Scented hygiene products can irritate the skin and impact your natural pH balance. Drink enough liquids. This can help wash out your urinary tract and help prevent infections, like vaginal candidiasis. Track and monitor your period. Your menstrual cycle is a valuable marker for your overall health. Irregular periods can be a sign of conditions like diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and celiac disease. You can track your period on a calendar or with an app on your phone designed for this purpose. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 87 Visit a healthcare provider for your annual check-up. An annual well-woman exam is a full check-up includes a pap smear, a pelvic exam, and a breast exam. These exams are essential for good reproductive health as they can catch early signs of cancer or other health issues. Myths and Misconceptions on menstrual experience in the communityRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 88Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 89 Not every woman gets her period and not every female who gets a period considers themselves a woman. Transgender men and nonbinary people may get their periodsTrusted Source, just as transgender women and nonbinary people might not have periods. Menstruation isn t always just a woman s issue. It s a human issue. |
Transgender men and nonbinary people may get their periodsTrusted Source, just as transgender women and nonbinary people might not have periods. Menstruation isn t always just a woman s issue. It s a human issue. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 90 Identifying an intersex Person Intersex people are born with biological characteristics that don t fit inside the strict binary of female and male. At birth a clitoris that s larger than expected a penis that s smaller than expected no vaginal opening a penis without a urethra opening at the tip the opening might instead be on the underside At Puberty Monthly pains increased, and breasts grew significantly. Closed vagina At adulthood - identifying with the same sex - growth of two organs male and female - Two gender characteristics showing at the same time - One organ is inactive b. Reproductive Health Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 91 The three components of reproductive health are - family planning, sexual health, and maternal health. 1. Family planning - Family planning is one of the most important components of reproductive health. As defined by the WHO, family planning is the ability of a couple to anticipate and attain their desired number of offspring with proper spacing and timing between their births. This can be achieved via taking proper precautions and birth control methods. The use of contraceptives and treatment of involuntary infertility is an important part of family planning. 2. Sexual Health: This component of reproductive health deals with sexual relationships with a positive approach. It does not only deal with the proper use of contraceptives for unwanted pregnancies but also with the prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDs or sexually transmitted infections STI . 3. Maternal health: It mainly refers to taking care of a woman s health during the period of her pregnancy and to providing her the proper access to all the medical care and assistance that might be needed in cases of emergency. Importance of reproductive health 1. It aids in making the youth understand sexual health. 2. |
Importance of reproductive health 1. It aids in making the youth understand sexual health. 2. It helps in creating awareness among the crowd that falls under the category of adolescence as this is the phase when hormonal changes in the body take place leading to the development of reproductive interest. 3. It helps in the prevention of sexually transmitted infections such as AIDS or HIV. 4. It keeps the mother and the child away from infectious diseases and helps in delivering a healthy baby. 5. Complete knowledge regarding early pregnancy, problems like infertility or problems to conceive, male sexual problems, birth control methods,Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 92 pregnancy, and post-childbirth care of the mother and baby can be achieved and taken care of. 6. Adolescents can follow safe sexual practices and not get involved in wrong methods and illegal practices. Practices that enhance reproductive health Have frequent intercourse, especially 5 days before and after ovulation. Don t smoke. Limit alcohol. Cut back on caffeine if you re a woman. Stay at a healthy weight. Women who are too heavy or too thin may have reduced fertility. Heat exposure can lower sperm count in men, so wear loose underwear, avoid hot tubs, and don t rest your laptop computer near your scrotum. Get plenty of sleep. Try to avoid night shift work, which can disrupt hormone production. Exercise regularly, but don t overdo it! Excess exercise can interfere with ovulation. Limit vigorous exercise to 5 hours or less per week if you re trying to get pregnant. Take folic acid supplements to improve ovulation and, if you conceive, prevent birth defects. Limit meat in your diet. Eat more fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids or plant-based proteins, which may improve ovulation. Practices that affect reproductive health Female genital mutilation FGM female genital mutilation also called female genital cutting or female circumcision as any procedure which involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia see Figure 5.1 or which causes any other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other nontherapeutic reasons. Instruments used include knives, scissors, razors, andRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 93 pieces of glass. Occasionally sharp stones and cauterization burning are used. |
Practices that affect reproductive health Female genital mutilation FGM female genital mutilation also called female genital cutting or female circumcision as any procedure which involves the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia see Figure 5.1 or which causes any other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or any other nontherapeutic reasons. Instruments used include knives, scissors, razors, andRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 93 pieces of glass. Occasionally sharp stones and cauterization burning are used. Early marriage Early marriage is a common practice in many regions. Parents often wish to see their daughters married and to see grandchildren before they die. People also practice early marriage for traditional reasons. If a girl is not married at an early age, other members of the community may think she must be too unattractive or ill-behaved to get a husband. This attitude usually causes shame to both the girl and her family. Early marriage is associated with many health and social consequences. These include: Health impacts of early marriage: Early pregnancy, which may lead to nutritional deficiencies for the mother and child Increased risk of death due to pregnancy-related causesRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 94 Risks to baby include premature birth, low birth weight reflecting poor nutritional status , fetal loss, and neonatal mortality death of the newborn within the first 28 days of life Vaginal tear and fistula Sexual abuse Young married girls are less likely to participate in decision making. Social impacts of early marriage: Disrupts life of the victim Limited opportunity for education and employment Higher likelihood of broken marriage Rural-urban migration which may predispose them to prostitution, STIs, HIV and AIDS Stigma, and low self-esteem. Polygamy It is a form of marriage in which a person marries more than one spouse. Polygyny from Greek words: poly many; gyny woman refers to a polygamy in which a man has two or more wives. About 25 of married women in Kenya are in polygynous unions . It is usual for a young girl to be married to an older married man. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 95 Myths and misconceptions about reproductive health in the community 1. |
About 25 of married women in Kenya are in polygynous unions . It is usual for a young girl to be married to an older married man. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 95 Myths and misconceptions about reproductive health in the community 1. Infertility is much more common among women -Infertility doesn t just affect women. In the Kenya, 10 15 percent of couples are infertile, and both men and women can equally contribute to infertility. Causes of infertility in males may include: Abnormal sperm production or function Problems with the delivery of sperm Overexposure to certain environmental factors Damage related to cancer and its treatment Causes of infertility in females may include: Ovulation disorders Uterine or cervical abnormalities Fallopian tube damage or blockage Endometriosis Primary ovarian insufficiency early menopause Pelvic adhesions Damage related to cancer and its treatment 2. Men reach their sexual peak at a younger age than women - Many people believe that men and women have different sexual peaks or ages where they can perform at their sexual best. However, sexual desire, performance, and frequency constantly fluctuate and are related to many factors beyond just your age. 3. Sperm can only live for a short time after it s released - After ejaculation, a male s sperm can actually live in the female reproductive tract for upRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 96 to five days, even if you thoroughly wash yourself after sex. For this reason, if a man has sex with a woman, even a few days before she ovulates or before she s in her fertility window, there's still a chance a pregnancy could occur. 4. You can t get an STI from oral or anal sex - You can get an STI from any kind of sex vaginal, oral, or anal or by close intimate contact with a partner. However, using protection like a latex condom during any type of sexual activity is proven to significantly lower your risk of getting or transmitting STIs. 5. STIs can only be transmitted when symptoms are present - This is false. In many cases, an STI may not cause symptoms, but can still exist in your body and be spread to sexual partners. Even without symptoms, STIs can harm one s health. |
STIs can only be transmitted when symptoms are present - This is false. In many cases, an STI may not cause symptoms, but can still exist in your body and be spread to sexual partners. Even without symptoms, STIs can harm one s health. That s one reason why it s important to get regularly tested for STIs as there may not be any obvious warning signs of an infection. 6. You can get an STI from sitting on a toilet seat - STIs are transmitted through sexual intercourse, close intimate contact, or the exchange of bodily fluids. STIs can only live on surfaces for a short amount of time so it s very unlikely that someone could receive an infection from sitting on a toilet seat unless they had an open sore or cut touching the seat. 7. You can t get HIV from getting a tattoo - Though often less common than other routes of transmission, it is possible to contract HIV from getting a tattoo or body piercing if the instrument in this case the needle is not sterile and has someone else s blood on it or the ink has been shared. 8. You can t get pregnant on your period - While conception is most likely when intercourse occurs a few days before or during ovulation, it is still possible to get pregnant during your period. Sperm can live in the female body for up to five days after sexual intercrouse under the right conditions, so in some cases sperm can fertilize an egg a few days after it has been released in ovulation. 9. The withdrawal method is effective in preventing pregnancy- Yes, you can get pregnant from the withdrawal or pull out method, so it s preferred to always use protection like a condom during intercourse if pregnancy is not desired. One reason why? A male s pre-ejaculatoryRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 97 fluid can contribute to a pregnancy as this fluid contains sperm cells making conception possible even if the withdrawal method is used. 10. You can t get an STI if you use a condom - While condoms are 98 effective in preventing STIs, it s still possible for sexually active individuals to get an STI any time they have sex, even if a condom is used. That s why it s a good idea to regularly test for STIs even if you make sure to always use condoms during sex. |
Eventually, the random motion of all the potassium permanganate particles results in the purple colour being equally dispersed throughout the water. The process appears slow as the dissolved particles collide with the water molecules and each other, slowing their progress. Changes of state of matter A change of state is a physical change in a matter. They are reversible changes and do not involve any changes in the chemical makeup of the matter. Common changes of the state include melting, freezing, sublimation, deposition, condensation, and vaporization. Why matter states changes It is possible that we have seen changes in the state of matter as the ice cubes melt into liquid water, or when the water boils and turns into vapour but have we ever thought about the reason behind this? The changing states of matter occur as the matter absorbs or loses energy. When an object absorbs energy, molecules and atoms accelerate their movement and this increased energy kinetics can push particles so that they alter their state. The energy that is absorbed is typically thermal or heat energy. Changing States of Matter There are generally three types of matter: liquid, solid, and gas. In the solid state, the particles or molecules are tightly together which is why they possess an intenseintermolecular force of attraction. The liquid states of particles, however, are apart from one another and thus have less force to attract them. In the case of gas, the particles are extremely far from one another and exhibit a negligible force of attraction. If there are changes in the temperature or pressure of a material, the change of states of matter takes place. The state of matter can be changed by changing temperature and pressure. The impact of temperature changes on states of matter shifting will be directly related to changes in the interaction between molecules that make up the substance. If the temperature drops, particles can soften into a robust structure. The diagram below depicts the change of states of matter through different types of processes taking place in those states: Here to understand this phenomenon we can take an example of the conversion of ice into water. In this conversion, the ice which is a solid form of water gets changed into water which is the liquid form itself. This change in the state occurs due to a process known as melting, and in this process, when kept at a higher temperature the solid ice gets converted into liquid water. In melting, mainly the liquefaction of ice takes place. |
O Frost formation: When the temperature drops below 0 C, water vapour in the air condenses directly into solid ice crystals. O Water boiling: When water is heated, it changes from liquid state to gas state steam . O Condensation of water vapour: When water vapour in the air cools below 100 C, it changes from gas state to liquid state and condenses to form liquid water droplets. O Sublimation: An example of sublimation is when solid dry ice frozen carbon dioxide changes into carbon dioxide gas without melting. Causes and Effects of Changing States of Matter The main cause of change in states of matter is due to the addition or loss of energy in the state of a substance that is altered physically. This phenomenon is connected with the movement of molecules. Solids possess very little kinetic energy, meaning that they only vibrate and keep the bonds of chemical strength. If the energy source is placed in e.g. heat energy, which can later be converted into kinetic energy then the molecules begin spinning and vibrating faster, which causes the strength of the bonds to diminish. If a certain amount of heating is applied this is different for each substance, for example, the melting point of the water is 0 C while the boiling point is 100 C those molecules will be moving towards the point of not remaining in their original form. When energy levels are reduced and reversed, the process begins again. Whereas, the effects of change in the state of matter are only two which are mentioned as well as explained below: o Change in Temperature: The temperature change occurs in states of a matter when it undergoes heat transfer to its surroundings. When a substance is placed in surroundings of a different temperature, heat is exchanged between the substance and the surroundings, causing both to achieve an equilibrium temperature. So when an ice cube is exposed to heat, its water molecules absorb heat energy from the surrounding atmosphere and begin to move more energetically, causing the water ice to melt into liquid water. O Change in Pressure: The change in pressure occurs in states of a matter only when it undergoes liquefaction. We can understand this effect from the examples of smoke rising all over the stage at performances or parties. Dry ice is the only thing that exists solid carbon dioxide . The solid carbon dioxide is kept at high pressure and instantly melts when pressure is reduced down to 1 bar. The space between particles of the material is what determines its physical state. |
Dry ice is the only thing that exists solid carbon dioxide . The solid carbon dioxide is kept at high pressure and instantly melts when pressure is reduced down to 1 bar. The space between particles of the material is what determines its physical state. In the end, when pressure is applied to the gas, it is compressed into a liquid. Then, the pressure applied to liquids becomes solid. Pressure does not affect solids. If pressure is applied to the material and the chemical state of the substance shifts from liquid to gas and after that, liquid changes to solid. Experiments of Changing States of Matter Below are mentioned three experiments that depict all the five processes that take place during the change of state of matter: o If we take an ice cube and put it in a bowl then after some time it will melt into water. This depicts the conversion of a solid into liquid due to the process of melting which took place due to an increase in the temperature of the substance. Now if we put that bowl that has water in a freezer, then the water will again solidify into ice and again change its state. This phenomenon occurs due to the conversion of liquid into solid by the process of freezing. Freezing can only take place when the temperature of a substance is decreased. O Now if you put a bowl filled with water outside your home in the sun then after some days there will be no water. Due to an increase in the temperature, the liquid water changes its form into gaseous water vapour which depicts the process of evaporation taking place. Now to depict condensation we can take a bottle and fill it with some chilled water and as time goes by we can see small droplets of water outside of thebottle which occurred due to the process of condensation taking place. Condensation occurs when the gaseous water vapours come in contact with the cold water having a decreased temperature; they start to solidify and get converted into liquid water again. O If we take some dry ice and put it in a bowl then after some time we can see that the dry ice will disappear. This occurs due to the process of sublimation taking place in it. Sublimation converts the solid into a gaseous form and it occurs only when the temperature is increased. To reverse this process we can decrease the temperature as well as pressure and the atmospheric dry ice will again solidify. Applications of Changing States of Matter The phenomenon of change of states of matter can be found in the following examples: 1. |
They are also called chemical changes There are many differences between physical and chemical changes and it is important to understand them to be able to understand these concepts clearly. The comparisons and differences between physical and chemical changes are given below along with their examples. To understand physical and chemical properties and changes better, it is important to know what they are. Differences between Physical and Chemical Change Physical Change Chemical Change When a substance undergoes a physical change, its composition remains the same despite its molecules being rearranged. When a substance undergoes a chemical change, its molecular composition is changed entirely. Thus, chemical changes involve the formation of new substances. Physical change is a temporary change. A chemical change is a permanent change. A Physical change affects only physical properties i.e. shape, size, etc. Chemical change both physical and chemical properties of the substance including its composition A physical change involves very little to no absorption of energy. During a chemical reaction, absorption and evolution of energy take place. Some examples of physical change are freezing of water, melting of wax, boiling of water, etc. A few examples of chemical change are digestion of food, burning of coal, rusting, etc. Generally, physical changes do not involve the production of energy. Chemical changes usually involve the production of energy which can be in the form of heat, light, sound, etc. In a physical change, no new substance is formed. A chemical change is always accompanied by one or more new substance s . Physical change is easily reversible i.e original substance can be recovered. Chemical changes are irreversible i.e. original substance cannot be recovered. Thus, it can be understood that the primary difference between physical and chemical changes is that physical changes are reversible, whereas chemical changes are usually not. Test your Knowledge on Difference Between Physical And Chemical Change QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q1 How can you tell the difference between physical and chemical changes? The appearance or form of matter changes during a physical change, but the type of matter in the substance does not. A chemical change, on the other contrary, results in the creation of at least one new substance with new properties. Q2. Why is it important to know the difference between physical and chemical changes? It s essential to recognise the difference between chemical and physical changes. Several changes are obvious, but there are some fundamental concepts to be aware of. Physical changes usually refer to changes in the physical state of stuff. When two or more molecules interact, chemical changes occur on a molecular level. Q3. |
Physical changes usually refer to changes in the physical state of stuff. When two or more molecules interact, chemical changes occur on a molecular level. Q3. What are the examples of physical and chemical changes? Examples of chemical changes would be burning, cooking, rusting, and rotting. Examples of physical changes could be boiling, melting, freezing, and shredding. Most physical changes can be reversed if sufficient energy is provided. Q4. How to tell whether it s a physical or chemical change? Check for indications that a chemical change has taken place. The following are indications of a chemical change: Gas is created. Bubbles can occur in liquids. An odour is created. The colour of the substance changes. Sound is generated. There is a shift in the temperature. The environment either heats up or cools down. Light is generated. A precipitate develops. Reversing the change is difficult or impossible. Q5. What are three forces that can cause a physical change? Forces such as motion, temperature, and pressure can create physical changes. Oxygen in the air reacts with sugar, and the chemical bonds are destroyed. Elements and compounds Elements are pure substances which are composed of only one type of atom. Compound is substances which are formed by two or more different types of elements that are united chemically in fixed proportions. Elements and Their Symbols Chemical elements are the basic building blocks of matter. Elements are referred to by their names and their symbols. This makes it easier to write chemical structures and equations. Examples The first 20 elements of the periodic table are listed below. These elements include some of the most abundant in the universe hydrogen, oxygen, carbon as well as some of the most unusual phosphorus, boron . 1. H - Hydrogen 2. He - Helium 3. Li - Lithium 4. Be - Beryllium 5. B - Boron 6. C - Carbon 7. N - Nitrogen 8. O - Oxygen 9. F - Fluorine 10. Ne - Neon 11. Na - Sodium 12. Mg - Magnesium 13. Al - Aluminum 14. Si - Silicon 15. P - Phosphorus 16. S - Sulfur 17. Cl - Chlorine 18. Ar - Argon 19. K Potassium 20. |
Cl - Chlorine 18. Ar - Argon 19. K Potassium 20. Ca - Calcium Notice that the symbols are one- and two-letter abbreviations for their names, with a few exceptions where symbols are based on old names. For example, potassium is K for kalium, not P, which is already the element symbol for phosphorusCommon Metals Magnesium: It has a symbol of Mg. Calcium: It has a symbol of Ca. Chromium: It has a symbol of Cr. Iron: It has a symbol of Fe. ... Zinc: It has a symbol of Zn. Mercurys-Hg Gold-Au Tin Sn Uses of elements 1. Hydrogen - Rocket propellant, chemical reagent, potential alternative fuel, coolant for electrical equipment, airship lifting gas. 2. Helium - Lifting gas for balloons airships, coolant for superconductors. Shielding gas for welding. 3. Lithium - Batteries, psychiatric medications, constituent in light structural metals. 4. Beryllium - Light, hard, strong structural metal, x-ray transparent materials. 5. Boron - Composite materials, cleaning agents, semiconductors, chemical reagents. 6. Carbon - Structural material, jewellery diamonds , basis for all organic compounds, adsorbent material, pencils. 7. Nitrogen - Primary component of the atmosphere, fertilizer production, rocket propellants, shielding gas for welding. 8. Oxygen - Primary active component of atmosphere, medical use, rocket propellant, steelmaking, support of combustion. 9. Fluorine - Toothpaste, pharmaceuticals, etching of glass, rocket propellant for use outside the atmosphere . 10. Neon - Electric signs, lasers. 11. Sodium - Table salt, glassmaking, baking soda, reducing agent. 12. Magnesium - Structural material, dietary supplement, flashbulbs, fireworks. 13. Aluminium - Structural material, ceramics aluminium oxide . 14. Silicon - Semiconductors, glassmaking, abrasives, structural material. 15. Phosphorus - Fertilizers, rust remover phosphoric acid , matches. 16. Sulphur - Primary starting material for sulphuric acid which has MANY uses , vulcanized rubber, detergents, odorant in natural gas, fungicide. 17. |
What is an easy way to remember the first 20 elements? You just need to remember 2 sentences First Sentence - Hi Hello Listen Be. B.C. News On Friday Night. Hi-H-Hydrogen Hello-He-Helium Listen-Li- Lithium B.-Be-Beryllium B.-B-Boron C.-C-Carbon News-N-Nitrogen On-O-Oxygen Friday-F-Fluorine Night-Ne-Neon Second sentence - Natives Might All Sing Party Songs Clearly Arousing Kitty Cats Natives-Na-Sodium Might-Mg-Magnesium All-Al-Aluminium Sing-Si-Silicon Party-P-Phosphorus Songs-S-Sulfur Clearly-Cl-Chlorine Arousing-Ar-Argon Kitty-K-Potassium Cats-Ca-CalciumOXYGEN Preparation of oxygen One of the most common methods for the laboratory preparation of oxygen is by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treating hydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Oxygen is one of the most important and basic elements found in the earth s atmosphere. All living animals need oxygen in the air to survive. Without oxygen, there would be no trace of life on earth. Apart from being one of the basic elements on earth for a living being to survive, it is important in a lot of other areas as well. Oxygen is used in medical applications, commercial and industrial practices all over the world. It is very much possible to manufacture oxygen in a laboratory. Apart from the necessary apparatus, the main ingredients required to make oxygen in a laboratory are hydrogen peroxide and manganese IV oxide. It must be noted that hydrogen peroxide is the main ingredient for the preparation and the manganese IV oxide acts as a catalyst to enhance the speed of the process. Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen https: www.youtube.com watch?v nkeniDKGs6Q There are a lot of laboratory processes for producing oxygen. Among them, one of the most common ways of preparation of oxygen is in a laboratory by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treatinghydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Produce oxygen by heating potassium manganate VII , then identify it with a glowing splint This experiment should take 30 minutes. |
Laboratory Preparation of Oxygen https: www.youtube.com watch?v nkeniDKGs6Q There are a lot of laboratory processes for producing oxygen. Among them, one of the most common ways of preparation of oxygen is in a laboratory by the method of preparation of oxygen by simply treatinghydrogen peroxide in a particular manner so that it decomposes to form water and oxygen from which then, the oxygen can be extracted. Produce oxygen by heating potassium manganate VII , then identify it with a glowing splint This experiment should take 30 minutes. Equipment Apparatus Eye protection Test tube holder Ceramic wool Test tube Spatula Bunsen burner Splints Heat-proof mat Chemicals Potassium manganate VII Health, safety and technical notes Always wear eye protection. When KMnO4 is heated, tiny particles shoot out. These are trapped by the ceramic wool. Potassium manganate is an oxidiser and harmful,Procedure 1. Place two spatula measures of potassium manganate VII in a test tube. 2. Place a small piece of ceramic wool near the top of the test tube. This stops fine dust escaping. 3. Gently heat the test-tube containing the potassium manganate VII . 4. Light a splint and extinguish it, to make a glowing splint . 5. Place the glowing splint just above the top of the test tube. Keep heating the test tube. The splint should relight. 6. Scrape out the ceramic wool. Let the test tube cool to room temperature and then wash it out. 7. Notice the colours produced when the test tube is washed out. 8. Record your observations. Conclusion Oxygen is one of the most important and basic elements found in the earth s atmosphere. All living animals need oxygen in the air to survive. Without oxygen, there would be no trace of life on earth. Over the years, scientists have discovered multiple ways of preparation of oxygen in laboratories and also identified other diverse uses of this gas. Oxygen is used in medical applications, commercial, and industrial practices. There are a lot of different methods of preparing oxygen and different methods may have different purity rates of the concerned gas. |
Water extinguishers are coloured signal red. Other extinguishers will be predominantly signal red with a label, band or circle covering at least 5 of the surface area of the extinguisher in a second colour indicating the contents of the extinguisher. Fire Rating All extinguishers capable of extinguishing class A, B or F fires carry a fire rating which is indicated by a number and letter eg 13A, 55B . The number is indicating the size of fire it can extinguish under test conditions. The larger the number, the larger the fire it can extinguish. The letter indicates the fire classification as above. Class C, D and the electrical symbol do not carry a numerical rating. All extinguishers capable of extinguishing class F fires have a rating based on 4 benchmark tests using 5, 15, 25 and 75 litres of sunflower oil. The oil is heated to auto-ignition and allowed to pre-burn for 2 minutes. The fire is then extinguished and no re-ignition shall occur within 10 minutes of extinguishing the fire. Chosing Fire Extinguishers The following factors should also be considered when siting fire extinguishers: Extinguishers should normally be sited on escape routes on all floors at what is called fire points . They should be fixed in a location where the extinguisher can be reached quickly. The best place is near a door leading to a place of safety or near a specific fire risk. They should be fixed where they can be easily seen. Fixing them inside cupboards or behind doors will waste valuable time if a fire breaks out. Do not place them over cookers or heaters or in places of extreme temperatures, hot or cold. Extinguishers should be fixed at an elevated height, so that the carrying handle is 1m from the floor for heavier units heavier than 4kg and 1.5m for smaller units. Extinguishers should be within reasonable distance from any fire risk: 1. Class A: 30m 2. Class B: 10m 3. Class C: 30m 4. Class D: case-by-case basis, by expert advice 5. Class F: 10m If you have to travel through doorways, the maximum travel distances need to be reduced. |
Only tackle a fire in its very early stages Always put your own and other peoples safety first On discovering the fire, immediately raise an alarm Make sure you can escape if you need to and never let a fire block your exitIf you cannot put out the fire or if the extinguisher becomes empty, get out and get everyone else out of the building immediately, closing all doors behind you as you go. Then ensure the fire brigade has been called Fire Triangle Trying to understand the seemingly endless list of fire safety regulations can be a complex and confusing task. Whether you are attempting to identify the different types of fire extinguisher and their appropriate uses or are learning about the benefits of a fire blanket, it is vital to remember that the various stringent rules are there for a reason and this reason ultimately relates to the fire triangle. Something usually taught in school, the fire triangle which is also known as the combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the chemical reaction which must occur to create a fire. It is composed of three elements fuel, heat and oxygen which must all be present for a fire to ignite. It also demonstrates the interdependence of these ingredients in creating and sustaining a fire and teaches us that removing any one of these elements would prevent or extinguish the fire. The fire triangle is often used as a basic form of fire safety training and looks at the dynamics of fire itself. By looking at and understanding this in more detail, it is much easier to grasp the need for, and details of, fundamental fire regulations so let s get back to basics Fuel In order for a fire to start there must be a material to burn and this is referred to as the fuel. Fuel is any kind of combustible material, including paper, oils, wood, gases, fabrics, liquids, plastics and rubber. The fuel for a fire is usually characterised by its moisture content, size, shape and quantity and this will determine how easily the fuel will burn and at what temperature. Heat In addition to a fuel source, heat must be present in order for ignition to take place. All flammable materials give off flammable vapours which, when heat is present, combust. Heat is also responsible for the spread and maintenance of fire as it removes the moisture from nearby fuel, warming the surrounding area and pre-heating fuel in its path, enabling it to travel and develop with greater ease. Oxygen As well as fuel and heat, fires also need oxygen to stay alight. |
All flammable materials give off flammable vapours which, when heat is present, combust. Heat is also responsible for the spread and maintenance of fire as it removes the moisture from nearby fuel, warming the surrounding area and pre-heating fuel in its path, enabling it to travel and develop with greater ease. Oxygen As well as fuel and heat, fires also need oxygen to stay alight. Ambient air is made up of approximately 21 oxygen and, as most fires only require at least 16 oxygen to burn, it acts as the oxidising agent in the chemical reaction. This means that when the fuel burns, it reacts with the oxygen to release heat and generate combustion. Extinction of the fire To stop a fire, one of the three elements of the fire triangle must be removed. So, if a fire runs out of fuel, it will smoulder out; if you can cool a fire down it will lose heat and go out; and if the oxygen is removed it will suffocate. Therefore, attempts at combatting a fire and also preventing a fire are based upon these principles. Fire blankets, for example, suppress a fire, removing the oxygen and, as a result, putting it out. Similarly, fire extinguishers are developed to eliminate one of the three elements such as water fire extinguishers which cool the fire down and remove any heat. By the same codes of practice, fire prevention methods are also developed in relation to the chemical reaction which occurs when fire takes place. Undertaking safety steps such as storing flammable liquids away andmaking sure piles of paper or fabric are not left near any possible heat sources are highly important. By using this fundamental fire safety knowledge, the prevalence of fires and the damage they cause can be significantly reduced. |
GRADE 8 CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS NOTES STRAND ONE: FOUNDATIONS OF CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS Definition of creative arts and sport: Creative Arts This is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. Sport A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainment. Roles of creative arts and sports The roles of creative arts and sports are divided into two different types namely: - Economic roles - Social roles Social roles of creative arts and sports Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports inspire creativity, talents and abilities. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Help develop problem solving skills Learning resilience and perseverance Make one to gain confident Economic roles of creative arts and sports Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Create employment opportunitiesTourist attractions sites preservation of culture 1.2 Components of creative arts and sports Creative arts are made of the following components: Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as; Drawing. Painting. Sculpture. Montage. Collage Play - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage. |
Rhyme 8. Tone 9. MoodEndurance and agility of physical Agility This is the ability to move and change the direction and position of the body quickly and effectively while under control. It requires quick reflexes, coordination, balance, speed, and correct response to the changing situation. Agility training has been included in several endurance training programs. Maximum oxygen consumption rate is a direct measurement of an individual's endurance capacity and its relationship to agility has not been studied. Endurance- refers to your body's physical capability to sustain an exercise for an extended period. It's made up of two components: cardiovascular endurance muscular endurance. Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of your heart and lungs to fuel your body with oxygen Physical activities that build up endurance Brisk walking or jogging. Yard work mowing, raking Dancing. Swimming. Biking. Climbing stairs or hills. Playing tennis or basketball Pitch This is a property of a sound and especially a musical tone that is determined by the frequency of the waves producing it. Bass staff On the bass clef, the notes going through the lines on the staff from the bottom up are G, B, D, F and A. To make it easy to remember these notes, we use the sentence Good Boy Deserves Fruit Always . The notes going through the spaces on the bass clef from the bottom up are A, C, E, and G. 1. Lines: The lines of the bass staff, from bottom to top, correspond to the notes G, B, D, F, and A. A handy phrase to remember this is Good Boys Do Fine Always . 2. Spaces: The spaces, from the lowest to the highest, represent the notes A, C, E, and G. A ledger lineThis is a small line that extends the stave when we run out of room. With the ledger line drawn, we can place the A. Next, let's discuss the Bass Clef also called the F Clef . The staff line in between the two dots of the clef is F. Ledger lines G major scale piano G major is a musical key that has G as the tonic. |
Replace the mask immediately if it is damaged or soiled. Skin and Body Protection PPE includes the following categories to protect employees from physical hazards: Head Protection PPE includes hard hats and headgears and should be required for tasks that can cause any force or object falling to the head. Safety Tips: Ensure that there are no dents or deformities on the shell and connections are tightened inside. Do not store in direct sunlight as extreme heat can cause damage. Choose appropriate cleaning agents as it can weaken the shells of hard hats and may eliminate electrical resistance. Always replace a hard hat if it was used for any kind of impact, even if the damage is unnoticeable. Body Protection PPE includes safety vests and suits that can be used for tasks that can cause body injuries from extreme temperatures, flames and sparks, toxic chemicals, insect bites and radiation. Safety Tips: Ensure that they are clean and free from cuts and burns. Always get a good fit to ensure full body protection. Ensure bodysuit is heat-resistant clothing when working with hightemperature hazards. Hands Protection PPE includes safety gloves and should be used for tasks that can cause hand and skin burns, absorption of harmful substances, cuts, fractures or amputations. Safety Tips: Ensure hand protection fits perfectly with no spaces and is free from cuts, burns, and chemical residue. Always replace them if any sign of contamination was observed. Use rubber gloves when working with heat and electricity to reduce the risk of burn or electrical shock. Foot Protection PPE includes knee pads and safety boots and should be used for tasks that can cause serious foot and leg injuries from falling or rolling objects, hot substances, electrical hazards, and slippery surfaces. Safety Tips: Ensure boots have slip-resistant soles that can protect against compression and impact. Ensure the sole plate is in good condition to prevent punctures. Fall Protection PPE includes safety harnesses and lanyards and should be strictly used for tasks that can cause falling from heights and serious injury or death. Safety Tips: Ensure that the straps are free from tears, deformities, and burn marks. Check the buckles if connected securely and tightly. Dispose of the equipment if used after a falling incident. Hearing Protection PPE includes ear muffs and plugs and should be used for tasks that can cause hearing problems and loss of hearing. |
Check the buckles if connected securely and tightly. Dispose of the equipment if used after a falling incident. Hearing Protection PPE includes ear muffs and plugs and should be used for tasks that can cause hearing problems and loss of hearing. Safety Tips: Ensure the equipment fit the ear canal perfectly. It is recommended to use formable earplugs to fit different sizes of ear canals. Use protectors that reduce noise exposure to an acceptable level to have room for communication. Ensure earplugs are clean and in good condition. Other examples of PPE include: safety glasses or goggles safety shoes high-visibility clothing or vests heat-resistant gloves anti-vibration gloves welding PPE such as helmets and flame-resistant clothing chemical-resistant suits or aprons safety harnesses and lanyards Use PPE always and anywhere where necessary. Observe the instructions for use, maintain them well and check regularly if they still offer sufficient protection. Why is it Important to wear PPE? Prevent unnecessary injury in the workplace; protect employees from excessive chemical exposure; prevent the spread of germs and infectious diseases including COVID-19; help businesses comply with regulatory requirements Improve employee productivity and efficiency. Supports worker during work e.g. safety shoes, safety rope Important safety rules in the workplace Here are examples of safety rules in a workplace: 1. Follow the dress code It is important to dress according to the workplace dress code. This may prohibit jewelry or open-toe shoes, for example. Often a workplace may require employees to wear specific footwear and long sleeves and pants in order to protect against common workplace accidents. Dress codes can promote professionalism and also help keep employees safe. 2. Wear safety gear Safety gear is necessary in labs, around machinery and on construction sites, for example. Companies include safety gear in the dress code when it is necessary for your job. Safety gear is a precaution against hazardous materials and potentially dangerous working conditions. 3. Maintain personal hygieneMaintain your personal hygiene, such as cleanliness, to help prevent illness at work. Good hygiene can also help promote health and self-esteem, which reduces risks. 4. Take responsibility for your personal safety To take responsibility for your personal safety means ensuring that you follow safety procedures. If employees rely on themselves to keep the workplace safe, this can create a safe environment for all. |
4. Take responsibility for your personal safety To take responsibility for your personal safety means ensuring that you follow safety procedures. If employees rely on themselves to keep the workplace safe, this can create a safe environment for all. Responsibility also prevents negligence, which can limit on-the-job accidents. 5. Maintain a clean workspace It is important to keep your desk or other personal workspaces clean. Be sure to put away supplies when they are not in use. Gathering necessary materials before starting a task can help keep a clean workspace. Maintaining your work area promotes organization and attentiveness, both aspects of promoting safety in the workplace. 6. Follow work procedures A company creates work procedures to help comply with safety protocols and best practices, so if you follow work procedures, safety standards are likely met. It is important to follow procedures even if you think performing a task differently might save time. Often there'll be an employee handbook or safety station where the company provides their work procedures. 7. Learn how to act in an emergency Learn emergency protocols including where to go in case of a fire or during a natural disaster such as a tornado. Much like work procedures, companies design emergency protocols with strong consideration for safety regulations. Knowing where to go or how to behave during an emergency protects you as well as your coworkers. 8. Report accidents if they occurReport accidents to the managers or other personnel when they occur. If you injure yourself or cause an accident, be sure to report it and follow procedure immediately to help reduce the risks of further harm or endangering coworkers. This helps to get proper treatment for your injury and addresses the possible causes of the incident to prevent it from happening again. It is important to follow company policy and report even minor incidents. Your employer may require a written report of the incident as well. 9. Report unsafe conditions If you observe an unsafe practice or condition such as faulty equipment, it is helpful to report this so that personnel can address the situation and make corrections to prevent an incident. Unsafe conditions pose a threat to your coworkers and to you, so reporting a potentially dangerous situation is in the best interest of all employees. Consider marking any unsafe condition to protect others who may encounter it while you go to report it. 10. Lift objects carefully Professionals advise lifting by squatting and using your knees when picking items up instead of bending at your waist because this can cause strain on your back and may result in injury. Use equipment if necessary or ask for help in lifting heavy items. |
10. Lift objects carefully Professionals advise lifting by squatting and using your knees when picking items up instead of bending at your waist because this can cause strain on your back and may result in injury. Use equipment if necessary or ask for help in lifting heavy items. Back pain is a common workplace injury that you can avoid with proper posture and using caution in actions that you often repeat at work, such as carrying materials. 11. Operate machinery that you are familiar with Only operate machinery that employers authorize you to use. Some types of workplace equipment, such as forklifts, require training. Training can prevent misuse and provide proper safety knowledge and skill for machines. It is important to become familiar with all equipment that is in regular use at work. 12. Use break times Taking breaks can maximize employee attentiveness because they are well-rested. Breaks provide other benefits, such as time to relax and reduce stress. Duringbreaks, you may need to sit or stretch to maintain personal safety and prevent muscle injury. 13. Stay in your work zone While working, try to stay in your designated work area. This allows you to be familiar with your surroundings and increases the likelihood that you understand the rules of conduct in the area. If you visit another working area, try to find a professional who can help you navigate the area so you are confident in your surroundings. 14. Stay alert and attentive Being alert and attentive to your surroundings in a work environment helps identify risks. It is important to limit distractions as well and ensure you focus on tasks at work. Taking care to be mentally present while working helps you actively follow procedures and practice caution. 15. Keep exits clear Try to keep walkways clear and take care not to block exits. This prevents falls and helps people leave the room or building safely and quickly in the event of an emergency. In small spaces keeping walkways clear can be difficult but it may be useful to practice a walk-through to ensure that employees can maneuver safely around equipment. 16. Ask for help If you require assistance, ask for help. This greatly reduces the risk of having an accident and helps foster a safe work environment by setting an example. Refer to company protocol when performing tasks or operating equipment, and if protocol suggests doing a task with another employee, do not attempt the task alone. 17. Use caution signs Use caution signs when applicable. For example, wet floor signs prevent slips on a floor after you mop or after a spill. |
17. Use caution signs Use caution signs when applicable. For example, wet floor signs prevent slips on a floor after you mop or after a spill. Areas at work may require barriers or signs when equipment such as forklifts are in use. Another example is road signs to notify drivers of workers or highway cleanup crews. It is important to placecaution signs while working and read and obey caution signs placed by others. 18. Use proper equipment Use the equipment a procedure recommends to help prevent an accident. Companies usually provide equipment to limit strain on employees and to comply with safety regulations. It is also important to learn how to operate any equipment that is available before using it for work. 19. Eat in designated areas Employers sometimes restrict food and drink to specific areas at work to prevent spills, contamination and unsafe conditions. Having liquids around machines risks spills that can cause malfunctions and eating where you work can cause contamination and possibly result in illness. If your workplace requests employees eat in a certain place or restrict food and drinks in a work environment, it is important to observe this rule. 20. Follow safety guides Follow all safety guides put in place to protect you and your coworkers. Companies design safety rules to prevent incidents. Sometimes rules result from a previous accident which is why it is important to report your injuries as well as unsafe conditions. If you do not understand why a safety rule exists, you can ask your employer for clarification. 21. Use tools, equipment and machinery properly Proper use of tools and machinery can prevent injuries. Only operate machines you are trained or certified to use and ensure that they are cleaned and maintained regularly. You should always use machines and equipment for their intended purposes. Use equipment such as a wheelbarrow or a forklift to help you lift and move heavy items to prevent straining or injuring yourself. 22. Report any unsafe conditions Fix any unsafe conditions or workplace hazards as soon as you notice them. If it is dangerous for you to remove the risk, notify a supervisor right away. 23. Wear all necessary safety gear Always wear the necessary safety equipment. The proper safety gear in your workplace could be reflective gear, fire-retardant clothing, industrial work wear or something as simple as nonslip shoes. Be sure to always wear a breathing mask if your space has debris or dust, or if you have to deal with toxic or dangerous chemicals or fumes. 24. Keep your workplace clear from clutter Having a clean workspace will positively impact your job satisfaction and keep you and your coworkers free from danger. |
Be sure to always wear a breathing mask if your space has debris or dust, or if you have to deal with toxic or dangerous chemicals or fumes. 24. Keep your workplace clear from clutter Having a clean workspace will positively impact your job satisfaction and keep you and your coworkers free from danger. You could trip and fall over scattered objects and they could hide another hazard you cannot see. 25. Stay hydrated Drink enough water to remain alert and avoid dehydration. Even in the winter, it is essential to stay hydrated with water and warm liquids to prevent lightheadedness and lack of focus. 26. Practice good posture when sitting or lifting Use ergonomic desks and keyboards to avoid straining your wrists and arms. Sit up straight, keep your shoulders in line with your hips and lift with your legs when you are moving objects. Poor posture can cause strain on your back, neck and shoulders, which can lead to serious injury. 27. Take regular breaks Look away from your computer screen regularly to avoid eye strain. Taking regular breaks allows your body an opportunity to rest from the tasks you are doing. When you return, you will be more focused and have a higher level of concentration. 28. Be aware of your surroundings Being aware of your surroundings is paramount to avoiding workplace injuries. Here are some things to be aware of in your environment: Look for spills or items on the floor that could be tripped over. Note the appropriate safety equipment and gear for each task you are doing. Choose mechanical aids such as a forklift or wheelbarrow to help lift items and encourage others to do the same. Keep emergency exits clear and uncluttered so they are accessible in the event of an emergency. Use tools and machines properly to avoid injury and encourage other workers to do the same. Label hazardous areas and materials with appropriate signage. Know where the first aid kits are and which staff members are trained to administer first aid if an injury occurs. Know of the emergency procedures in the event of a fire, flood or earthquake. Only use secure, steady ladders and never use boxes or anything else as an improvised ladder. Test railings first before using them to make sure they are secured properly. 29. Never take shortcuts Procedures exist to keep workers safe. Though skipping a step or not wearing safety gear may save you time, it isn t worth getting injured over. Use every tool and machine according to the instructions. 30. |
Though skipping a step or not wearing safety gear may save you time, it isn t worth getting injured over. Use every tool and machine according to the instructions. 30. Remain aware of new safety procedures Though it is the responsibility of the company to make staff aware of new safety procedures, it is your responsibility to make sure that you fully understand the information. If you re unsure about a new procedure, ask questionsBenefits of a safe and healthy work environment - Summary The safer the work environment, the more productive it is. Productive employees are an asset to all companies. For instance, productive employees can produce more output in less time, reducing operational costs. Workplace safety promotes the wellness of employees and employers alike. Better safety equates to better health. Healthier employees do tasks more efficiently, and they are happier in general. There are very few accidents in a safe working environment. This results in less downtime for safety investigations and reduces costs for worker s compensation. This also reduces the time needed for employees to heal from injuries. Damage to industrial equipment creates costs for replacement and repair. Avoiding workplace injuries and damage to industrial equipment will incur fewer expenses and increase profit. If employers are concerned about the safety of their employees, the employees are more confident and comfortable in general. Also, absenteeism rates drop, and employees are more focused on doing their tasks. 1. Increased productivity and efficiency As mentioned earlier, your employees need to focus entirely on their work, and to do so, they need to be relieved of the worries and stress that come with unsafe and unhealthy working conditions. If the employees at your workplace are constantly under the stress regarding the future of themselves as well as their dependents, they will not be able to live up to the amount of productivity and efficiency that is required of them, and which is necessary for the company. 2. Reduced compensation cost As the common saying goes, Prevention is better than cure . Indeed, instead of having to pay a huge sum to compensate for poor employee health, it is much easier to invest in a healthy and safe workplace. Every time an unfortunate accident or health hazard occurs, you will have to bear the expenses of both the compensation claims of your employees and well the hiring costs for temporary staff. Not to mention, these incidents would also come up with a huge ordeal of paperwork. |
If all, or at least most, companies engage in a safe and healthy work environment, it will create a more sustainable, and safer work environment overall. Ways to Promote Health and Safety in the Workplace Now that we have gone into why you should have a healthy and safe workplace, let s focus on answering this question, how can you promote health and safety in the workplace! 1. Safety training Comprehensive safety training, including various safety programs and training courses on fire safety, handling of safety equipment, emergency exits, and more safety practices, should be provided to your employees right when they are on boarded. Also, the training should be reinforced at repeated intervals to keep your employees updated about their safety measures. 2. Wellness programs Wellness programs are a collection of initiatives undertaken by employers to encourage health and fitness and other healthy habits amongst employees. They act as preventive measures to intercept illnesses even before they occur so that you can cut off the weed right at the root. 3. Paid leaves It is quite normal for your employees to fall sick at some point. Thus, it is imperative to offer them paid leaves, so that they can take some time off and fully recover. It is also important so that in case of contagious diseases, they do not spread the disease to your other employees, thus risking their safety. 4. Regular checkups and Medical consultations It is always a good idea to catch disease at its first stage and ward it off at the earliest. This means getting regular checkups. Simultaneously, in situations of emergencies, it is very handy to have medical consultations by professionals. By offering these facilities to your employees, you can save them a lot of inconveniences, and encourage healthy behavior. 5. Reward good health and safety practices A great way to make good habits stick is to reward them with proper incentives. Incentives can be something as simple as a discount coupon or name the Employee of the Week. This will also add to the job satisfaction factor of your employees. FIRES Consequences of Fire Fires can be devastating and cause significant damage to property and human life. Unfortunately, fires can happen anywhere and at any time, and it is essential to know the most common causes to prevent them from happening. The consequences of fire can devastate the natural environment, human life, and property. Some of the most significant consequences of fire include: 1. Property Damage Fires can cause significant damage to property, including buildings, vehicles, and personal belongings. |
Loss Of Productivity A loss of productivity is another significant consequence of fires. After a fire, employees may need to spend time cleaning up and repairing the damage caused by the fire, which can take away from their regular work duties. Additionally, there may be insurance claims to file and paperwork to complete, which can be time-consuming and further disrupt the workday. The longer the disruption lasts, the greater the impact on productivity, which can have financial consequences for the business. 7. Increased Insurance Premiums Increased insurance premiums are another potential consequence of workplace fires. After a fire, a business may see an increase in its insurance premiums. This is because insurance companies view businesses that have experienced a fire as higher risk and more likely to file a claim in the future. As a result, insurers may increase the premiums for the business s property and liability insurance policies. These higher premiums can significantly impact the business s bottom line. 8. Damage To Brand Reputation Damage to brand reputation is another significant consequence of workplace fires, particularly if the incident receives media coverage. A fire at a business can attract significant media attention, damaging the company s brandreputation. Customers may perceive the business as unsafe or unreliable, leading to a loss of trust and decreased revenue. Additionally, negative publicity can spread quickly through social media, further damaging the business s reputation. The impact on brand reputation can be particularly devastating for small businesses, which may have fewer resources to recover from the damage caused by the fire. 9. Occupational Health And Safety Issues Occupational health and safety issues are another potential consequence of workplace fires. Fires can release hazardous materials like smoke, chemicals, and other toxic substances. This can pose a serious risk to the health and safety of employees, particularly those who work close to the fire or are responsible for cleaning up the aftermath. In addition, firefighters and other first responders who respond to the fire may also be at risk for exposure to these hazardous materials. 10. Financial Loss Financial loss is another significant consequence of workplace fires. Repairing or replacing damaged equipment, materials, and property can add up quickly and significantly impact a business s finances. In addition, the business may experience a loss of revenue due to the interruption of normal operations or the need to close temporarily. This can be particularly difficult for small businesses that may not have the financial resources to absorb the costs of a workplace fire. Furthermore, if the business cannot recover from the financial losses caused by the fire, it may have to close permanently. 11. |
This can be particularly difficult for small businesses that may not have the financial resources to absorb the costs of a workplace fire. Furthermore, if the business cannot recover from the financial losses caused by the fire, it may have to close permanently. 11. Regulatory Fines And Penalties Regulatory fines and penalties would be another potential consequence of workplace fires, especially if the fire was caused by violating safety regulations. Regulatory agencies such as OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration can investigate workplace fires and determine whether any safety regulations were violated. The agency may impose fines and penalties on the business if violations are found. These fines and penalties can be significant and add to the financial losses caused by the fire. Causes of Fire in the Workplace There are many potential causes of fires in the workplace, and employers and employees need to be aware of them to minimize the risk of a fire occurring. Some common causes of fires in the workplace include: 1. Electrical Problems Electrical problems are among the leading causes of workplace fires. These issues can occur in any industry and result in significant damage, injuries, and even fatalities. The following are some common electrical problems that can lead to fires in the workplace:A. Overloading Electrical Circuits And Outlets Overloading occurs when too many devices or appliances draw power from the same electrical circuit or outlet. This can cause the circuit to overheat, resulting in a fire. Common signs of overloading include flickering lights, warm or discolored outlets, and frequently tripped circuit breakers. To prevent overloading, ensure that the electrical load does not exceed the capacity of the circuit or outlet, and avoid using multiple high-wattage appliances simultaneously. B. Damaged Or Frayed Wiring Damaged or frayed wiring can expose the conductor, leading to electrical shorts and sparking. This can ignite nearby flammable materials, causing a fire. Regularly inspect the wiring for signs of damage, and replace any damaged or frayed wires immediately. Also, ensure that all electrical work is performed by a licensed electrician. C. Misuse Of Extension Cords And Power Strips Extension cords and power strips can contribute to fires if they are improperly used. Overloading power strips, using damaged extension cords, or running cords under carpets or through walls can cause overheating and create fire hazards. When using extension cords and power strips, follow the manufacturer s guidelines and ensure they are rated for the intended use. Additionally, avoid using them as a long-term solution for powering equipment. D. |
When using extension cords and power strips, follow the manufacturer s guidelines and ensure they are rated for the intended use. Additionally, avoid using them as a long-term solution for powering equipment. D. Outdated Electrical SystemsOlder buildings may have outdated electrical systems not designed to handle the power demands of modern technology. This can lead to overloading and other electrical hazards. If you suspect your workplace has an outdated electrical system, consult a licensed electrician to assess the system and make any necessary upgrades. E. Tips For Preventing Electrical Fires To minimize the risk of electrical fires in the workplace, consider the following tips: Regularly inspect and maintain electrical systems, including wiring, outlets, and circuit breakers. Replace damaged or frayed wiring immediately. Use extension cords and power strips according to the manufacturer s guidelines and avoid overloading them. Upgrade outdated electrical systems to meet modern power demands. Train employees on properly using electrical equipment and reporting any potential electrical hazards. By addressing these common electrical problems, you can help reduce the risk of workplace fires and create a safer environment for employees. 2. Smoking Materials Improper use and disposal of smoking materials, such as cigarettes, cigars, and ecigarettes, are leading causes of workplace fires. These fires can result insignificant property damage, injuries, and even fatalities. To minimize the risk of fires caused by smoking materials, consider the following: A. Cigarettes, Cigars, And E-Cigarettes When not extinguished properly, smoking materials can smolder for hours before igniting nearby flammable materials, such as paper, upholstery, or trash. In addition, malfunctioning e-cigarettes and their batteries have been known to cause fires and explosions. B. Designated Smoking Areas And Proper Disposal Of Smoking Materials To reduce the risk of fires related to smoking materials: Create designated smoking areas away from flammable materials and building entrances. These areas should be clearly marked and equipped with appropriate receptacles for disposing of cigarette butts and other smoking materials. Train employees on adequately disposing of smoking materials and ensuring they are fully extinguished before disposal. Regularly clean and maintain smoking areas, including removing accumulated cigarette butts and other debris. C. Fire-Resistant Materials And Ashtrays In designated smoking areas, use fire-resistant materials, such as metal or ceramic ashtrays, to minimize the risk of fires. |
Regularly clean and maintain smoking areas, including removing accumulated cigarette butts and other debris. C. Fire-Resistant Materials And Ashtrays In designated smoking areas, use fire-resistant materials, such as metal or ceramic ashtrays, to minimize the risk of fires. Regularly empty and clean ashtrays to prevent the buildup of smoking materials. Additionally, consider providing fireresistant trash receptacles in smoking areas to prevent fires caused by the improper disposal of smoking materials. D. Implementing A Smoking Policy In The Workplace A comprehensive smoking policy can help reduce the risk of fires related to smoking materials. This policy should include the following: Designating specific smoking areas and ensuring that employees are aware of their locations. Providing guidelines for the proper disposal of smoking materials. Regularly communicating the importance of fire safety related to smoking materials. Enforcing the policy consistently and addressing any violations promptly. Addressing the risks associated with smoking materials can help protect your workplace from fires and create a safer environment for employees. 3. Human Error Human error is often a contributing factor in workplace fires. Mistakes or oversights can lead to dangerous situations and increase the risk of fires. Here are some common human errors that can cause fires and how to address them: A. Unattended Cooking or Heating Appliances Leaving cooking or heating appliances unattended can lead to overheating or ignition of nearby flammable materials. To prevent fires caused by unattended appliances: Encourage employees to always stay in the area when using cooking or heating appliances. Set timers to remind employees to check on appliances regularly. Ensure that all appliances are turned off and unplugged when not in use. B. Improper Storage of Flammable MaterialsInappropriately storing flammable materials, such as chemicals, solvents, or combustible materials, can increase the risk of fires. To prevent fires related to the improper storage of flammable materials: Follow industry-specific guidelines and regulations for the storage of flammable materials. Clearly label flammable materials and store them in designated, wellventilated areas away from ignition sources. Train employees on the proper handling and storage of flammable materials. C. Inadequate Training On Fire Safety Procedures Lack of proper training can lead to mistakes and oversights that increase the risk of fires. |
Train employees on the proper handling and storage of flammable materials. C. Inadequate Training On Fire Safety Procedures Lack of proper training can lead to mistakes and oversights that increase the risk of fires. To ensure employees are well-prepared to prevent and respond to fires: Provide regular fire safety training, including fire prevention strategies, proper use of fire extinguishers, and evacuation procedures. Conduct fire drills to familiarize employees with evacuation routes and procedures. Encourage employees to report any potential fire hazards or concerns to management. D. Tips For Reducing Human Error-Related Fires Reducing the risk of fires caused by human error involves creating a culture of safety and vigilance. Consider these tips to minimize human error-related fires: Establish clear guidelines and procedures for fire prevention and safety. Train employees on fire safety procedures and the proper use of equipment. Encourage open communication about potential fire hazards and the importance of reporting concerns. Regularly evaluate and update fire safety procedures to address new risks or changes in the workplace. By addressing human error, you can significantly reduce the risk of workplace fires and create a safer environment for employees. 4. Combustible Dust Combustible dust is a serious fire hazard in certain industries, especially those that process powders, grains, or other finely divided materials. This dust can accumulate on surfaces and equipment and ignite, causing a fire or explosion. Here are some common combustible dust-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Industries At Risk For Combustible Dust Fires Industries that handle, process, or store combustible dust are at risk for fires and explosions. These industries include food processing, chemical manufacturing, wood processing, and metalworking. To minimize the risk of fires caused by combustible dust: Identify potential sources of combustible dust in the workplace. Train employees on the hazards of combustible dust and the importance of proper housekeeping and ventilation. B. Proper Housekeeping And Dust Control Measures Proper housekeeping and dust control measures can help prevent the accumulation of combustible dust and minimize the risk of fires. To control combustible dust: Develop and implement a comprehensive housekeeping program that regularly cleans all surfaces and equipment, particularly those that come into contact with combustible dust. Use vacuum systems equipped with explosion-proof and dust-tight fittings to collect combustible dust. |
Proper Housekeeping And Dust Control Measures Proper housekeeping and dust control measures can help prevent the accumulation of combustible dust and minimize the risk of fires. To control combustible dust: Develop and implement a comprehensive housekeeping program that regularly cleans all surfaces and equipment, particularly those that come into contact with combustible dust. Use vacuum systems equipped with explosion-proof and dust-tight fittings to collect combustible dust. Use wet cleaning methods, such as mopping and damp sweeping, to prevent dust generation. C. Proper Ventilation Systems Proper ventilation systems can help control combustible dust buildup and reduce the risk of fires. To ensure proper ventilation: Install an effective ventilation system that provides adequate airflow and removes combustible dust. Ensure that ventilation systems are regularly inspected and maintained by qualified personnel. Monitor airflow and air quality in areas where combustible dust is present. Addressing combustible dust-related fire hazards can protect your workplace from fires and explosions. It s essential to train employees on the hazards of combustible dust, implement proper housekeeping and dust control measures, and ensure that ventilation systems are designed and maintained to control the buildup of combustible dust. 5. Arson Intentional fires set by employees or outsiders can cause significant damage to the workplace, jeopardizing the safety of employees and visitors. These fires can bechallenging to prevent, but implementing certain security measures can help deter arson. Here are some common arson-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Intentional Fires Set By Employees Or Outsiders Arson is a deliberate act of setting fires, and it can be difficult to prevent or predict. Motivations for arson can vary from vandalism or theft to revenge or personal conflicts. To minimize the risk of arson: Implement security measures, such as surveillance cameras, guards, and access control systems, to deter and detect potential arsonists. Train employees on the importance of fire safety and report any suspicious activities or behaviour. Conduct background and reference checks on all job applicants, especially those with access to flammable materials or sensitive workplace areas. B. Security Measures To Deter Arson Security measures can help deter arson and minimize its impact. To secure your workplace from arson: Install surveillance cameras in strategic locations, including entrances, exits, and areas with flammable materials. Use access control systems to limit access to sensitive areas of the workplace. |
Security Measures To Deter Arson Security measures can help deter arson and minimize its impact. To secure your workplace from arson: Install surveillance cameras in strategic locations, including entrances, exits, and areas with flammable materials. Use access control systems to limit access to sensitive areas of the workplace. Hire security guards to patrol the premises, especially during non-business hours. Conduct regular fire safety and security training for employees. C. Fire-Resistant Building Materials And Design Fire-resistant building materials and designs can help prevent the spread of fires caused by arson. To minimize the damage caused by arson: Use fire-resistant materials like concrete, brick, or steel to construct the building. Install fire-resistant doors and windows, and keep them closed when not in use. Ensure the building has fire suppression systems, such as sprinklers and fire extinguishers. Regularly inspect and maintain fire suppression systems to ensure their proper functioning. By implementing security measures and using fire-resistant building materials and design, you can help prevent and minimize the impact of fires caused by arson. It s also essential to remain vigilant and create a culture of safety that encourages employees to report any suspicious activities or behavior. 6. Heating Equipment Heating equipment is another common cause of fires in the workplace, especially during colder months. To minimize the risk of fire, it s essential to properly maintain and operate these devices. Here are some potential heating-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Space Heaters Space heaters can be a convenient way to provide additional warmth in the workplace, but they also pose a fire risk if not used correctly. To prevent fires related to space heaters, follow these guidelines: Ensure that space heaters are placed on a stable, level surface and at least three feet away from flammable materials such as curtains, furniture, or paper products. Never leave space heaters unattended or running overnight. Use space heaters with built-in safety features, such as tip-over switches and overheat protection. Plug space heaters directly into the wall outlet and avoid using extension cords or power strips. Regularly inspect space heaters for damage or malfunction and discontinue use if any issues are found. B. Central Heating Systems Central heating systems, including forced-air, radiant, and baseboard heating, can cause fires if not properly maintained. |
Regularly inspect space heaters for damage or malfunction and discontinue use if any issues are found. B. Central Heating Systems Central heating systems, including forced-air, radiant, and baseboard heating, can cause fires if not properly maintained. To reduce the risk of central heating-related fires: Schedule annual inspections and maintenance by a licensed professional. Regularly clean and replace air filters to prevent dust and debris buildup, which can cause overheating. Keep vents and air ducts free of obstructions to ensure proper airflow. C. Boiler And Furnace Malfunctions Boilers and furnaces produce heat in many commercial and industrial settings. Malfunctions in these systems can result in fires or even explosions. To prevent boiler and furnace-related fires: Schedule regular inspections and maintenance by a qualified professional. Safety devices like pressure relief valves and flame supervision systems function correctly. Monitor for signs of overheating, leaks, or other potential hazards, and address any issues promptly. D. Proper Maintenance And Safety Precautions For Heating Equipment By following proper maintenance and safety precautions, you can significantly reduce the risk of fires caused by heating equipment in the workplace: Schedule regular inspections and maintenance for all heating equipment. Train employees on the safe use and operation of heating devices, including space heaters and central heating systems. Establish clear guidelines for the placement and use of space heaters. Monitor heating equipment for signs of malfunction or potential hazards and address any issues promptly. These steps to ensure the safe operation of heating equipment will protect your workplace from fires and contribute to a more comfortable and productive work environment. 7. Poor Housekeeping Poor housekeeping can contribute significantly to workplace fires. The accumulation of clutter, waste materials, and debris can block emergency exits, create fire hazards, and impede the ability of employees to evacuate the building quickly. Here are some common poor housekeeping-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Accumulation Of Clutter And Waste Materials The accumulation of clutter and waste materials can create fire hazards by providing fuel for fires and impeding the ability of employees to evacuate the building quickly. To prevent fires caused by clutter and waste materials: Implement a comprehensive housekeeping program that includes regular cleaning of all surfaces and areas of the workplace. Encourage employees to keep their work areas clean and free of clutter. |
Accumulation Of Clutter And Waste Materials The accumulation of clutter and waste materials can create fire hazards by providing fuel for fires and impeding the ability of employees to evacuate the building quickly. To prevent fires caused by clutter and waste materials: Implement a comprehensive housekeeping program that includes regular cleaning of all surfaces and areas of the workplace. Encourage employees to keep their work areas clean and free of clutter. Establish procedures for properly disposing of waste materials, such as paper, cardboard, and other combustible materials. B. Blocked Emergency Exits And Fire Doors Blocked emergency exits and fire doors can prevent employees from quickly evacuating the building in the event of a fire. To prevent fires caused by blocked emergency exits and fire doors: Ensure that all emergency exits and fire doors are clearly marked and accessible. Develop and practice emergency evacuation plans to ensure employees are familiar with evacuation routes and procedures. Regularly inspect emergency exits and fire doors to ensure they function correctly. C. Regular Cleaning And Maintenance Schedules Regular cleaning and maintenance schedules are essential in preventing fires caused by poor housekeeping. To maintain a clean and safe workplace: Establish regular cleaning and maintenance schedules for all areas of the workplace. Train employees on the importance of housekeeping and the proper use of cleaning equipment and supplies. Conduct regular inspections of the workplace to identify and address potential fire hazards. By addressing poor housekeeping-related fire hazards, you can protect your workplace from fires and ensure the safety of employees and visitors. It s essential to implement a comprehensive housekeeping program, ensure that emergency exits and fire doors are accessible, and establish regular cleaning and maintenance schedules to maintain a safe and healthy workplace. 8. Mechanical Friction Mechanical friction can generate heat and sometimes lead to workplace fires. Overheated machinery, equipment, or their components can ignite flammable materials, liquids, or dust in the vicinity. Here are some common mechanical friction-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Overheated Machinery And Equipment Machinery and equipment can overheat due to friction between moving parts, excessive use, or mechanical failures. Overheating can cause fires by igniting nearby flammable materials or even the lubricants used in the equipment. To prevent fires related to overheated machinery and equipment: Ensure that machinery and equipment are operated according to the manufacturer s guidelines. |
Overheated Machinery And Equipment Machinery and equipment can overheat due to friction between moving parts, excessive use, or mechanical failures. Overheating can cause fires by igniting nearby flammable materials or even the lubricants used in the equipment. To prevent fires related to overheated machinery and equipment: Ensure that machinery and equipment are operated according to the manufacturer s guidelines. Monitor equipment for signs of overheating, such as excessive noise, vibration, or smoke, and address any issues promptly. Maintain proper ventilation in areas where machinery and equipment help dissipate heat. B. Lack Of Proper Maintenance Fires caused by mechanical friction can often be attributed to a lack of proper maintenance. Poor maintenance can lead to excessive wear, misalignments, and other issues that increase friction and the risk of fires. To prevent fires related to poor maintenance: Establish a regular maintenance schedule for all machinery and equipment, including cleaning, lubrication, and inspection of components for wear or damage. Follow the manufacturer s recommendations for maintenance and repairs. Train employees on the importance of machinery and equipment maintenance and their role in preventing fires. C. Importance Of Regular Inspections And Repairs Regular inspections and timely repairs are crucial in preventing fires caused by mechanical friction. Inspections can identify potential issues before they lead to overheating or other hazards. To ensure the safety of your workplace: Schedule regular inspections of machinery and equipment by qualified personnel. Address any identified issues or concerns promptly, including repairs or replacements of worn or damaged components. Maintained detailed records of inspections, repairs, and maintenance to track the condition of machinery and equipment over time. By addressing mechanical friction-related fire hazards, you can protect your workplace from fires and ensure the safe operation of machinery and equipment. 9. Flammable Liquids And GasesFlammable liquids and gases are present in many workplaces and pose a significant fire hazard if not stored and handled properly. These substances can ignite easily and spread quickly, causing fires and explosions. Here are some common flammable liquid and gas-related fire hazards and ways to address them: A. Common Flammable Substances In The Workplace Many workplaces commonly use flammable substances, including gasoline, solvents, paints, propane, and natural gas. Identifying all flammable substances in the workplace is crucial to minimize the risk of fires. B. Proper Storage And Handling Procedures Proper storage and handling procedures can help prevent flammable liquids and gas ignition. |
Conduct regular safety audits to ensure that employees are following safety protocols. B. Failure To Report Potential HazardsEmployees who fail to report potential fire hazards, such as damaged electrical cords, malfunctioning equipment, or blocked fire exits, can also contribute to workplace fires. To prevent fires caused by failure to report potential hazards: Encourage employees to report any potential fire hazards immediately. Develop a system for reporting and addressing potential fire hazards. Conduct regular inspections to identify potential fire hazards. By addressing negligence-related fire hazards, employers can help prevent workplace fires and protect the safety of employees and visitors. Training employees on safety protocols, encouraging them to report potential hazards, and conducting regular inspections to ensure the workplace is safe and free of fire hazards is essential. Conclusion Fires can cause devastating consequences, and it is important to understand their causes to prevent them from occurring. While some causes of fires are unavoidable, such as natural disasters, others can be prevented with proper education and precautions. Some common causes of fires include cooking equipment, electrical malfunctions, smoking materials, candles, and heating equipment. These causes can be prevented by specific actions such as ensuring proper ventilation, installing smoke detectors, and correctly using the equipment. It is important to be vigilant and take necessary precautions to prevent fires from occurring and protect yourself and your property from their devastating consequences. Remember that prevention is the key to avoiding these dangerous and destructive events. Injuries caused by fire in the work environment a. Burn Injuries There are four categories, or degrees, of burn injuries, signifying the depth to which tissue is damaged: First degree burns. This injury is comparable to sunburn. The victim can expect minor pain and redness erythema on the epidermis, the top layer of skin. Generally, the burn will heal over a few days. Some evidence suggests that these burns may be associated with an increased risk of skin cancer later in life. Second degree burns. The damage extends to the lower layers of the skin the papillary or reticular dermis. Blisters form, and the site is moist and extremely painful to the touch. Bacterial infection and cellulitis are risks with this category of burns. Healing may require several weeks to a month. Third degree burns. The skin is charred at all layers and appears dry and leathery. The site is usually painless because of nerve damage. |
Third degree burns. The skin is charred at all layers and appears dry and leathery. The site is usually painless because of nerve damage. Natural healing is impossible; the skin must be surgically excised and skin grafts used. The chance of infection is very high. Fourth degree burns. The skin is incinerated at all layers; muscle tissue and bone are charred. Severe nerve damage renders the injury site painless. Thisis a life-threatening injury that may require amputation or extensive plastic surgery. The risk of infection and gangrene is very high. B. Respiratory Injuries The combination of suffocation also called asphyxiation and smoke inhalation during a Wilmington residential fire can be devastating. Breathing injuries are the primary causes of death in U.S. house fires. There are three different components of these injuries: Oxygen-depleted air. A burning fire consumes oxygen from the air. The remaining mix of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide cannot keep a person alive. Carbon monoxide is toxic and bonds more closely than oxygen to the hemoglobin in the blood, making it difficult to revive a patient with oxygen therapy alone. Prolonged exposure to oxygen-depleted air causes confusion, drowsiness, and death. Inhaled hot gases. Inhaling super-heated combustion products can scorch and scar nasal passages and lung tissue. This can lead to permanent and disabling lung problems. Smoke. Smoke consists of carbon particles, ash, volatile organic compounds, and a variety of toxic gases including hydrogen sulfide. These can damage the respiratory system permanently, congest or obstruct breathing, and cause seizures and coma. Fire Hazards and Control Measures Fire hazards refer to any situation, substance, or event that has the potential to cause a fire or increase the likelihood of a fire occurring. Fire hazards, including homes, workplaces, and public buildings, can be found everywhere. Control measures are actions taken to minimize or eliminate the risk of a fire occurring. Some common fire hazards include: 1. Electrical Fires Electrical fires are caused by faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, or malfunctioning electrical appliances. They can occur due to damaged or frayed cords, improper use of extension cords, and outdated or non-compliant electrical systems. Electrical fires are particularly dangerous because they can start inside walls and spread rapidly, often going unnoticed until significant damage has occurred. |
Electrical Fires Electrical fires are caused by faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, or malfunctioning electrical appliances. They can occur due to damaged or frayed cords, improper use of extension cords, and outdated or non-compliant electrical systems. Electrical fires are particularly dangerous because they can start inside walls and spread rapidly, often going unnoticed until significant damage has occurred. Regular inspection and maintenance of electrical systems and practicing safe usage of electrical appliances can help prevent electrical fires. 2. Cooking Fires Cooking fires are the leading cause of home fires and injuries. They typically occur when food or cooking oil overheats, creating flames that can quickly spread to nearby combustible materials. Unattended cooking, grease buildup, and the improper use of cooking appliances contribute to the risk of cooking fires. To prevent these fires, it is essential to never leave cooking unattended, keep flammable items away from heat sources, and properly maintain and clean cooking appliances. 3. Heating Equipment Fires Heating equipment, such as furnaces, space heaters, and fireplaces, can cause fires when they malfunction or are used improperly. These fires often occur when combustible materials are placed too close to heating devices or when heating equipment is not adequately maintained. To prevent heating equipment fires, follow manufacturer guidelines for usage and maintenance, keep flammable materials at a safe distance, and have heating systems inspected regularly by a professional. 4. Smoking-Related Fires Smoking-related fires typically occur when lit cigarettes, cigars, or pipes come into contact with flammable materials like upholstery, bedding, or curtains. These fires can be particularly deadly, as they often start when occupants are asleep or unaware. To prevent smoking-related fires, never smoke in bed, ensure proper disposal of smoking materials in fire-resistant containers, and avoid smoking while under the influence of alcohol or medication that may cause drowsiness. 5. Arson And Intentional Fires Arson is the deliberate act of setting fire to a property intending to cause damage or harm. These fires can be challenging to predict and prevent, often resulting from criminal or malicious intent. However, implementing security measures, such as surveillance cameras and access control systems, can deter potential arsonists and help identify them if a fire does occur. 6. Combustible Dust Fires Combustible dust fires can occur in industrial settings where fine particles of materials, such as wood, coal, or metal, accumulate and become airborne. If these particles come into contact with an ignition source, they can create a powerful explosion. |
3. Fire-Resistant Building Materials And Design Utilizing fire-resistant building materials and design techniques can slow fire spread and limit structural damage. These materials, such as fire-resistant drywall, insulation, and doors, can withstand high temperatures and help maintain the structural integrity of the building during a fire. The fire-resistant design also includes creating fire compartments and providing adequate means of escape to ensure occupants can exit safely in the event of a fire. 4. Fire Detection And Alarm Systems These systems are designed to detect the presence of fire, smoke, or high temperatures and alert occupants or emergency services. Smoke detectors sense the presence of smoke, while heat detectors identify rapid temperature increases. Gas detectors, on the other hand, detect the presence of combustible or toxic gases. These devices can be connected to a central alarm system, which will notify occupants and emergency services in case of a fire. 5. Fire Suppression Systems Fire suppression systems are designed to control or extinguish fires, minimizing damage and protecting occupants. Fire extinguishers are portable devices that use chemicals, foam, or other agents to smother a fire. Sprinkler systems are installed in buildings and release water when triggered by heat or smoke. Clean agent systems use inert gases or chemicals to suppress fires without causing harm to people or the environment. These systems can be automatic or manual, depending on the specific application. 6. Emergency Planning And Preparedness This involves creating fire escape plans, conducting fire drills and training, and establishing emergency communication systems. Fire escape plans are essential for ensuring occupants know the quickest and safest routes to exit a building in case of a fire. Regular fire drills and training sessions help familiarize occupants with evacuation procedures and the proper use of fire safety equipment. Emergency communication systems, such as public address systems and emergency call boxes, allow for rapid dissemination of information during a crisis, enabling people to respond efficiently and effectively. 7. Systems Of Work Systems of work must be designed to minimize fire risk. The degree to which this is done and the exact procedures implemented should be decided through the risk assessment process. An example of a safe system of work applied to fire safety is using a permit-to-work system to control hot work where naked flames or a significant ignition source will be created . Typical Precautions For Control Of Hot Work: Combustible and flammable materials are removed from the work area. Items that cannot be removed are covered with fire-retardant blankets. The floor is swept clean. Any wooden floor is damped down. |
Items that cannot be removed are covered with fire-retardant blankets. The floor is swept clean. Any wooden floor is damped down. A suitable fire extinguisher is at hand. A fire-watcher is present in the area while the work is carried out. The work area is visited routinely after the work has finished checking the area for smoldering. 8. Good Housekeeping Good housekeeping is fundamental to fire safety and is about keeping the workplace: Waste-free by removing waste regularly e.g. emptying full litter bins so that it does not build up and increase the fire risk as a potential fuel source. Tidy so that combustible and flammable materials are returned to safe storage after use e.g. solvents returned to the solvent store . Well-ordered so that fuel and ignition sources separate e.g. ensuring fan heaters are not obstructed . Pedestrian routes should also be kept clear e.g. with no obstructions by the fire-escape door , so they can be used during a fire evacuation. Fire escape plansIf on fire Stop, Drop, Cover and Roll Smother the flames with a blanket Move away from heat source First aid for burn injuries Protect your own safety at all times For all burns apply cold running tap water for at least 20 minutes If running water not available, wet 2 cloths and alternate them onto the burn every 2 minutes Keep the rest of the body warm Do NOT use ice, butter, creams, etc. Remove clothing and jewellery as they can hold heat on the burn and jewellery can stop blood flow to the burn. Seek medical attention for any burn bigger than a 20 cent coin, or that blisters or if there are any concerns. Ensure that all adults in the household know and understand proper first aid. Where appropriate, children should be taught general first aid principles. STOoPStrip hot clothes jewellery. Turn on cool tap never use ice .Run burn under cool water for10 minutes. Keep the rest of theperson warm. Organise medical assistance 999, A E, GP .Protect burn with cling film orclean cloth Do not use dressings,fluffy cloth, creams or lotions . |
In these situations, it is crucial to shut off the power supply first before extinguishing the fire using an appropriate fire extinguisher. Class D Fires Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium or titanium. These fires require special extinguishing agents designed for Class D fires, as regular extinguishing methods may be ineffective or even dangerous. Evacuation Procedures In the event of a fire, quick and safe evacuation is vital. Here are the key steps to follow during an evacuation: Alerting Others Immediately notify others about the fire by activating fire alarms or verbally informing them. Time is of the essence, and early warning can save lives. Assessing the Situation Before moving towards an exit, assess the situation for any potential hazards or obstacles. If necessary, choose an alternative evacuation route. Escaping Safely Move swiftly but calmly towards the nearest exit, following the predetermined escape plan. Crawl low if there is smoke, as cleaner air is closer to the floor. Do not use elevators during a fire. Fire Safety in Specific Settings Fire safety practices may vary depending on the specific setting. Here are some considerations for different environments:Home Fire Safety Install smoke detectors on each floor of your home. Keep flammable materials away from heat sources. Develop and practice a family fire escape plan. Teach children about fire safety and the hazards of playing with fire. Workplace Fire Safety Familiarize yourself with workplace fire safety protocols and evacuation plans. Attend fire safety training sessions provided by your employer. Keep work areas clean and free from clutter. Report any potential fire hazards to the appropriate authority. School Fire Safety Schools should have well-maintained fire alarm systems and conduct regular fire drills. Educate students about fire safety and the importance of following fire evacuation procedures. Ensure that fire exits are clearly marked and accessible. Have a designated assembly area for students and staff during evacuations. Fire Safety Equipment and Maintenance Regular maintenance of fire safety equipment ensures its effectiveness when needed. Consider the following: Fire Sprinkler Systems Fire sprinkler systems automatically detect and suppress fires. Regular inspections and maintenance are essential to ensure their proper functioning. Fire Alarm Systems Fire alarm systems provide early warning of a fire. Test these systems regularly and replace batteries as needed. If a fire alarm is faulty, report it immediately for prompt repair. Fire Extinguisher Maintenance Fire extinguishers should be inspected and serviced annually by professionals. Ensure that they are easily accessible, properly labeled, and have clear instructions for use. |
If a fire alarm is faulty, report it immediately for prompt repair. Fire Extinguisher Maintenance Fire extinguishers should be inspected and serviced annually by professionals. Ensure that they are easily accessible, properly labeled, and have clear instructions for use. Conclusion Fire safety is a critical aspect of protecting ourselves and others from the devastating consequences of fires. By understanding fire safety principles, implementing preventive measures, and being prepared to respond effectively, we can minimize the risk of fires and mitigate their impact. Additionally, knowledge of basic first aid techniques for fire-related injuries equips us to provide immediate assistance and support to those in need. Remember, fire safety is a collective responsibility. By taking proactive measures, spreading awareness, and practicing fire safety in our homes, workplaces, and schools, we can create a safer environment for everyone. Firefighting methods Cooling method The principle of this fire extinguishing method is to spray the fire extinguishing agent directly on the burning object to reduce the temperature of combustion below the ignition point and stop the combustion. Or spray the fire extinguishing agent on the material near the fire source, so that it will not form a new fire point due to the heat radiation of the flame. The cooling fire extinguishing method is one of the main methods of fire extinguishing, and water and carbon dioxide are commonly used as fire extinguishing agents to cool down and extinguish the fire. The fire extinguishing agent does not participate in the chemical reaction in the combustion process during the fire extinguishing process. This method is a physical fire extinguishing method. Isolation method The isolation fire extinguishing method is to isolate or remove the burning material from the surrounding unburned combustible material, interrupt the supply of combustible material, and stop the combustion due to lack of combustible material. The specific methods are:1. Remove combustible, combustible, explosive and combustion-supporting materials near the fire source; 2. Close the valves of combustible gas and liquid pipelines to reduce and prevent combustible substances from entering the combustion zone; 3. Try to block the scattered flammable and combustible liquids; 4. Demolition of flammable buildings adjacent to the fire source to form a space zone to prevent the spread of fire. Asphyxiation The suffocation fire extinguishing method is a fire extinguishing method that prevents the air from flowing into the combustion zone or uses the incombustible zone or dilutes the air with incombustible substances, so that the burning substance does not get enough oxygen and extinguishes. |
Try to block the scattered flammable and combustible liquids; 4. Demolition of flammable buildings adjacent to the fire source to form a space zone to prevent the spread of fire. Asphyxiation The suffocation fire extinguishing method is a fire extinguishing method that prevents the air from flowing into the combustion zone or uses the incombustible zone or dilutes the air with incombustible substances, so that the burning substance does not get enough oxygen and extinguishes. The specific method is: 1. Cover the burning material with incombustible or non-combustible substances such as sand, cement, wet sack, wet quilt; 2. Spraying water spray, dry powder, foam and other fire extinguishing agents to cover the burning material; 3. Fill containers and equipment in fire with water vapor, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other inert gases; 4. Airtight fire buildings, equipment and holes; 5. Spray non-combustible gas or non-combustible liquid such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, carbon tetrachloride, etc. Into the combustion area or on the combustion materialElectrical accidents Electrical hazards A hazard is something that has the potential to cause harm. Electricity is a hazard, as it can cause severe injury and even death. The main hazards are: Contact with live electrical parts resulting in electric shock and burns. Electrical faults, causing fires. Fire or explosions from electricity igniting a flammable or explosive atmosphere. Uncontrolled electrical hazards can cause Electrical injuries. Severe pain Heart failure Breathing difficulties Muscle spasms, which can cause other injuries such as fractures Tissue, nerve and muscle damage Burns Electrocution Arc flash Electric shock Other serious injuries Fires or explosions, posing a threat to life, property, and the overall safety of a place and its occupantsElectric shock A person can receive an electric shock if they come into contact with live electrical parts or if electricity arcs. An electric shock can result in minor or severe harm. It can also cause death, which is known as electrocution. Coming into contact with live electrical parts can: Cause severe pain. Stop the heart from beating properly. Prevent a person from breathing. |
Coming into contact with live electrical parts can: Cause severe pain. Stop the heart from beating properly. Prevent a person from breathing. Cause muscle spasms, which can cause other injuries such as fractures. Cause tissue, nerve and muscle damage. The injuries from an electric shock are varied and will depend on: The voltage and current The higher the voltage and current, the likelihood of death increases. However, just 50 volts AC can cause a person s heart to stop and prevent breathing. The path of the current If it travels through vital organs, it can cause more damage. The length of exposure to the current Injuries will be more severe if exposed for longer. The resistance Wet skin reduces resistance and allows for the current to flow more freely. It is the electrical current that makes electricity dangerous, as it can flow through the body. Alternating current AC is considered more dangerous than direct current DC , as it can cause internal damage even at a smaller magnitude. However, both AC and DC are dangerous, above a particular voltage, and have different effects on the body. The voltage allows the current to enter the body, as it reduces the resistance. It is not always the electric shock that causes injury either. It can contribute to other accidents, e.g. falling from a ladder whilst working at height. Burns When an electrical current flows through the body, it heats tissues as it travels, which can cause severe burns and internal tissue damage. Electrical burns can be severely disabling and can leave extensive scarring. Severe burns may even result in major surgery and amputations. Burns are more common with high voltages, but they can occur at 230 volts if the current flows for longer. Burns can also occur when a person: Receives an electric shock due to arcing jumping . Arcing also creates ultraviolet radiation, which can damage a person s eyes. Touches electrical equipment that has become hot due to a fault thermal burns . Is caught in a fire caused by an electrical fault. Fire and explosion Workers do not have to come into direct contact with electricity to be harmed by it. Electricity can be an ignition source, which can cause fires and even explosions if there is an explosive atmosphere. Electrical accidents involving fires and explosions can result in multiple fatalities, severe injuries and extensive property damage. |
Fire and explosion Workers do not have to come into direct contact with electricity to be harmed by it. Electricity can be an ignition source, which can cause fires and even explosions if there is an explosive atmosphere. Electrical accidents involving fires and explosions can result in multiple fatalities, severe injuries and extensive property damage. Injuries can vary depending on the seriousness of the fire explosion and how far a person is from the event. Most electrical accidents and injuries occur as a result of the following: Not isolating electrical installations and equipment properly before working on them. Working on or near live electrical systems thought to be dead. Inadequate information and instruction provided on electrical risks. A lack of training and competence to undertake tasks involving electricity. Inadequate training is one of the main causes of electrical accidents. An unsafe safe system of work. Using electrical equipment in wet conditions or touching it with wet hands. Faulty, damaged and defective electrical systems, wiring and equipment. Misuse of electrical equipment and appliances. Poor design, construction and installation of electrical installations and wiring. Overloading of electrical systems causing them to overheat, e.g. plugging too many devices into a circuit and using incorrectly rated fuses. Inadequate maintenance, inspection and testing of electrical systems and equipment. The risk of an electrical accident will be higher for those working directly on or adjacent to live electrical equipment and with higher voltages. However, all workers and others on the premises are at some risk where electricity is used in the workplace In addition to the hierarchy of control, other measures can also minimize electrical risks. Here are some tips: Do Ensure the power supply is regularly tested by a competent person and taken out of service if unsafe. Keep isolators and other electrical systems clear at all times and clearly identify them with signs. Ensure anyone working with electricity is trained and competent. The level required will depend on the task, e.g. maintenance of electrical equipment will require a higher level of training and competence. Use portable electrical equipment safely, e.g. not misusing it, using it for its intended purpose and storing it properly after use. Fully pull out electrical extension reels when in use to prevent overheating. When defrosting raw foods, keep them away from other foods to prevent cross-contamination. Complete a pre-use check of electrical equipment to ensure it is safe. |
Fully pull out electrical extension reels when in use to prevent overheating. When defrosting raw foods, keep them away from other foods to prevent cross-contamination. Complete a pre-use check of electrical equipment to ensure it is safe. Switch off and unplug electrical equipment during maintenance, cleaning, repairing or adjusting. Switch off all non-essential electrical equipment at the end of the working day. Not only is this safer, but it also saves energy. Do not Do not overload sockets, as this can cause overheating and fire. Do not force a plug into a socket if it does not fit. Do not route electrical cables where they could be damaged or where someone could trip. Use cable protectors if they cannot be re-routed. Do not use electrical equipment with wet hands or near water. Do not keep liquids by electrical equipment, e.g. open drinks next to computers. Do not plug multiple extension leads together daisy-chaining . Do not pull electrical equipment out of a socket by its lead. Always grip the plug. Electrical shock: First aid The danger from an electrical shock depends on the type of current, how high the voltage is, how the current traveled through the body, the person's overall health and how quickly the person is treated. An electrical shock may cause burns, or it may leave no visible mark on the skin. In either case, an electrical current passing through the body can cause damage inside the body, cardiac arrest or other injury. Under certain circumstances, even a small amount of electricity can be fatal. When to contact your doctor A person who has been injured by contact with electricity should be seen by a health care provider. Symptoms of an electrical injury Often, the main symptom of the electrical injury is a skin burn. High-voltage injuries may cause severe internal burns. If muscle damage is extensive, it swells to the extent that the arteries are compressed. Toddlers who bite or suck on extension cords can burn their mouth and lips, causing added deformities and growth problems of the face and other facial structures. A minor shock may cause muscle pain causing the person to startle and or fall. The electricity may also cause abnormal heart rhythms causing heart problems or exacerbating current ones. The nerves and brain may also be affected which may cause memory and behavioral problems. |
A minor shock may cause muscle pain causing the person to startle and or fall. The electricity may also cause abnormal heart rhythms causing heart problems or exacerbating current ones. The nerves and brain may also be affected which may cause memory and behavioral problems. Caution Don't touch an injured person who is still in contact with an electrical current. Call your local emergency number if the source of the burn is a high-voltage wire or lightning. Don't get near high-voltage wires until the power is turned off. Overhead powerlines usually aren't insulated. Stay at least 20 feet about 6 meters away farther if wires are jumping and sparking. Don't move a person with an electrical injury unless there is immediate danger. When to seek emergency care Call your local emergency number if the injured person experiences: Severe burns Confusion Difficulty breathing Heart rhythm problems Cardiac arrest Muscle pain and contractions Seizures Loss of consciousness Take these actions immediately while waiting for medical help: 1. Turn off the source of electricity, if possible. If not, use a dry, nonconducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood to move the source away from you and the injured person. 2. Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of circulation, such as breathing, coughing or movement. 3. Try to prevent the injured person from becoming chilled. 4. Apply a bandage. 5. Separate the person from the current source before giving any first aid. 6. Call the emergency number or nearby medical responders if available . 7. If the electricity source cannot be turned off, use insulating objects such as brooms or chair to push the person affected away from the currentElectrical Injuries: first aid Electrical injuries occur when an electrical current passes through the body that causes inadvertent damage and burns to the internal organs thereby affecting their functions. Faulty electrical lines, machinery and appliances may result in an electrical injury. Others causes of electrical injuries may occur with contact with household wiring or power lines. There are a number of factors that determine the intensity of the injury such as the type of current, the duration of exposure and many others. This page will outline the symptoms and management of an electrical burn. This page is for learning purposes only. |
There are a number of factors that determine the intensity of the injury such as the type of current, the duration of exposure and many others. This page will outline the symptoms and management of an electrical burn. This page is for learning purposes only. To learn to recognize and manage minor and severe electrical burns register for a Canadian standard first aid course with one of our training providers. First Aid for an electrical injury Check for breathing Separate the person from the current source before giving any first aid. Turn off the electrical current, unplug the cord, turn off or remove the fuse from the fuse box. Simply turning off the appliance or machine may not stop the electricity flow. Call the emergency number or nearby medical responders if available If the electricity source cannot be turned off, use insulating objects such as brooms or chair to push the person affected away from the current. Do not use wet or metal objects and ensure that you are standing on something dry and does not conduct electricity such as rubber mat or newspapers Once the person is away the source of electricity, check the person s airway and breathing pattern as well as the person s pulse. If you notice a burn in the person s body, remove the clothing over the affected area and rinse the burned area with cool running water until the pain subsides. Do not apply anything ice, water, toothpaste or ointments on the affected site; do not break the blisters; never remove the dead skin. If the person fainted and become unconscious, lay him down his back with his head slightly lower than the rest of the body and cover him with a warm blanket. If you suspect cervical or spine injury related to electrical injury, never move the person. Speak to a doctor about medication for pain. Composite materials A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical and chemical properties. When they are combined they create a material which is specialized to do a certain job, for instance to become stronger, lighter or resistant to electricity. They can also improve strength and stiffness. |
Composite materials A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical and chemical properties. When they are combined they create a material which is specialized to do a certain job, for instance to become stronger, lighter or resistant to electricity. They can also improve strength and stiffness. The reason for their use over traditional materials is because they improve the properties of their base materials and are applicable in many situations Common composite materials include Masonry and reinforced concrete Composite wood, such as Plywood Reinforced plastics, such as fiberglass Ceramic matrix composites Metal matrix composites Various other advanced composite material What are the Different Types? Some common composite materials include: Ceramic matrix composite: Ceramic spread out in a ceramic matrix. These are better than normal ceramics as they are thermal shock and fracture resistant Metal matrix composite: A metal spread throughout a matrix Reinforced concrete: Concrete strengthened by a material with high tensile strength such as steel reinforcing bars Glass fibre reinforced concrete: Concrete which is poured into a glass fibre structure with high zirconia content Translucent concrete: Concrete which encases optic fibres Engineered wood: Manufactured wood combined with other cheap materials. One example would be particle board. A specialty material like veneer can also be found in this composite Plywood: Engineered wood by gluing many thin layers of wood together at different angles Engineered bamboo: Strips of bamboo fibre glued together to make a board. This is a useful composite due to the fact it has higher compressive, tensile and flexural strength than wood Parquetry: A square of many wood pieces put together often out of hardwood. It is sold as a decorative piece Wood-plastic composite: Either wood fibre or flour cast in plastic Cement-bonded wood fibre: Mineralized wood pieces cast in cement. This composite has insulating and acoustic properties Fiberglass: Glass fibre combined with a plastic which is relatively inexpensive and flexible Carbon Fibre reinforced polymer: Carbon fibre set in plastic which has a high strength-to-weight ratio Sandwich panel: A variety of composites that are layered on top of each other Composite honeycomb: A selection of composites in many hexagons to form a honeycomb shape. Papier-m ch : Paper bound with an adhesive. |
It is sold as a decorative piece Wood-plastic composite: Either wood fibre or flour cast in plastic Cement-bonded wood fibre: Mineralized wood pieces cast in cement. This composite has insulating and acoustic properties Fiberglass: Glass fibre combined with a plastic which is relatively inexpensive and flexible Carbon Fibre reinforced polymer: Carbon fibre set in plastic which has a high strength-to-weight ratio Sandwich panel: A variety of composites that are layered on top of each other Composite honeycomb: A selection of composites in many hexagons to form a honeycomb shape. Papier-m ch : Paper bound with an adhesive. These are found in crafts Plastic coated paper: Paper coated with plastic to improve durability. An example of where this is used is in playing cards Syntactic foams: Light materials created by filling metals, ceramics or plastics with micro balloons. These balloons are made using either glass, carbon or plastic Careers related to use of composite materials Careers in the fibre glass and plastics industry 1. Grinder Primary duties: Grinders are responsible for operating, maintaining and repairing machines that break large plastics into smaller pieces for processing purposes. They follow specified instructions and engage in a variety of grinding activities. Grinders work closely with other plastics employees to prevent loss of production and keep production efficient. Prior to a grinding operation, they inspect machinery to prevent any potential malfunctions. They also lubricate the grinding wheels so the machine is able to grind more effectively. After grinding plastics, they may also use hand tools to file or finish the surface of the plastic product. 2. Blow molding technician Primary duties: Blow molding technicians are responsible for operating machines that mold plastic objects by blowing air into the plastic, causing it to expand. They assemble blow molding machines, maintain them and make repairs as necessary. They also provide instructions to the employees who cut and prepare the molded parts. Blow molding technicians ensure the general cleanliness of blow molding machines and may perform thorough inspections of both the machines and any blow molding equipment prior to using them. They may also assist with thetraining of additional molding personnel and educate them about important safety processes. 3. Patternmaker Primary duties: Patternmakers are responsible for creating plastic foundry patterns and making sure that patterns conform to the desired specifications. They use measuring instruments like scales and micrometers to measure plastic items and operate machines like drill presses to produce more distinct patterns. |
3. Patternmaker Primary duties: Patternmakers are responsible for creating plastic foundry patterns and making sure that patterns conform to the desired specifications. They use measuring instruments like scales and micrometers to measure plastic items and operate machines like drill presses to produce more distinct patterns. They may also adapt or repair a damaged pattern or a template and use computer-aided design software to produce new designs. Patternmakers frequently work with plastic manufacturers and other professionals to ensure their patterns are accurate. 4. Plastic manufacturer Primary duties: Plastic manufacturers are responsible for molding, casting and assembling products made from plastic, including combs, dishes, toys, car parts and a number of other items. They ensure the machines that help to construct the items function properly. During blow molding, injection molding and compression molding, they engage in quality control processes to ensure the products meet the specified requirements. They may use blenders or color mixers to produce colored plastic materials and mix different colors together. When working around hot machines and plastics and drilling and cutting plastic parts, manufacturers often employ safety precautions to prevent potential accidents. 5. Quality control technician Primary duties: Quality control technicians are responsible for performing inspections of finished plastic goods, checking the dimensions of goods to ensure they're compliant with desired specifications, monitoring for various defects and establishing a system to report and repair defects. Technicians often help to train the plastics employees who create and assemble the plastic goods and instruct them on how to best exceed customer expectations and produce high-quality goods. They create and implement a set of quality control standards and communicate any quality issues to production managers and supervisors. They may also conduct regular audits of a facility's overall operations. 6. Production supervisorPrimary duties: Production supervisors are responsible for managing and leading plastics and manufacturing employees. They coordinate production activities with suppliers to optimize machines, employees and processes. Production supervisors create production schedules for employees to follow to ensure the timely shipment of goods, review production and operating reports, help solve maintenance and manufacturing issues, document operations procedures and establish channels of communication to allow for additional accountability between management and employees. They may also assist with the preparation of new moldings, equipment and supplies, and train and educate new plastics employees on production processes. 7. Mold maker Primary duties: A mold maker in the plastics industry is responsible for producing precision moldings and ensuring that they can mass-produce each molding with a high degree of accuracy. Precision moldings are plastic moldings that eventually become high-quality consumer goods. Mold makers mix modeling materials with other substances to create molds. |
Mold maker Primary duties: A mold maker in the plastics industry is responsible for producing precision moldings and ensuring that they can mass-produce each molding with a high degree of accuracy. Precision moldings are plastic moldings that eventually become high-quality consumer goods. Mold makers mix modeling materials with other substances to create molds. They also adapt and modify molds for plastic injection moldings and other operations. Prior to the molding process, a mold maker might use measuring and gauging tools to perform an inspection before a large-scale molding operation. They may also provide assistance to millwrights and machinists during the injection molding process. 8. Maintenance manager National average salary: 70,148 per year Primary duties: Maintenance managers in the plastics industry are responsible for making repairs to manufacturing equipment, improving injection molding and managing other maintenance employees. They help manage the movement of plastic molds to and from manufacturing facilities, track expenditures and labor costs to ensure compliance with the manufacturing facility's budget and implement programs to reduce costs and improve production processes. They also manage bids for construction work and research new processes to implement to improve output. Maintenance managers frequently monitor plastics employees to ensure they're in compliance with health, safety and environmental regulations and ordinances. 9. Assembler Primary duties: In the plastics industry, assemblers are responsible for assembling a variety of plastic products, in addition to tools and machinery. They create, decorate and package finished goods according to specifications and work instructions. Assemblers often inspect and test the finished goods for defects prior to packaging them and notify a production manager if they find any. They may also label the product according to available instructions and meet with supervisors and other plastics personnel to discuss the implementation of new safety regulations and work standards. 10. Plastics engineer Primary duties: Plastics engineers are responsible for designing and creating materials, molds, tools and other items made from plastic. They develop and assemble new injection molding equipment, manage plastics projects, provide other engineers with assistance during the plastics production process and ensure other engineers follow any applicable safety requirements. They also work to find ways to lower the cost of manufacturing and analyze customer requirements to ensure all molded products are of high quality. Plastics engineers may also perform tests of the finished products and establish specifications for new product designs. 11. Injection mold operator Primary duties: Injection mold operators are responsible for assembling and operating machines that shape plastic. |
Plastics engineers may also perform tests of the finished products and establish specifications for new product designs. 11. Injection mold operator Primary duties: Injection mold operators are responsible for assembling and operating machines that shape plastic. They implement quality control measures to ensure each mold meets the required specifications, manage any issues that might arise during the molding process, make any necessary repairs to machinery and perform routine maintenance and order new parts, if necessary. Injection mold operators help to ensure that the work environment is safe and that all employees follow any applicable health and safety regulations. They may assemble a variety of molding equipment according to design directions or building blueprints and clean the equipment after using it. 12. Plant manager Primary duties: Plant managers in the plastics industry are responsible for the daily operations of a plastics department or manufacturing facility. They helpsupervise plastics employees and provide them with regular operational and developmental training. Plant managers develop and implement strategic plans to enhance production and make quality improvements. They review manufacturing processes and look for opportunities to make innovations, reduce costs and improve the quality of finished goods. They may also research different types of plastics to determine which ones are likely to be the most effective Careers in Construction With Salaries and Duties The construction industry offers a variety of careers with work on commercial, industrial, private or civil engineering projects. Whether new construction, renovations and remodeling or performing maintenance and repairs, the construction field is a strong employment option for many. Knowing about the various careers in construction and what they do and earn can help you decide if it's the field for you. 1. Tile setter Primary duties: A tile setter covers walls, floors, ceilings and stairs with various tile materials, like ceramic, porcelain, marble, terrazzo or mosaic. They mix and apply setting materials like grout, ensure the proper placement and clean the tilesafter installation. Tile setters often work for construction companies or masonry contractors or are self-employed. 2. Drywall finisher Primary duties: A drywall finisher measures, cuts and sets drywall panels around mechanical structures, wall frames or other building elements and can create simple or ornamental surfaces through various application methods and tools. They apply the finish material and restore or maintain plaster or putty on partitions, ceilings and interior or exterior walls. Drywall finishers even out dents, apply the desired coating or color and level off the top layers of the exterior of a building. 3. Quantity surveyor Primary duties: A quantity surveyor is responsible for setting and managing the budgets for construction projects. |
Drywall finishers even out dents, apply the desired coating or color and level off the top layers of the exterior of a building. 3. Quantity surveyor Primary duties: A quantity surveyor is responsible for setting and managing the budgets for construction projects. They visit job sites and review blueprints to prepare estimates, and they negotiate contracts to secure specific prices for their clients. Quantity surveyors also complete administrative tasks, such as documents detailing and recording project costs and reconciling project versus company finances. 4. Roofer Primary duties: A roofer is a skilled trade worker who specializes in roof construction. They replace, repair or install the roof on nearly any type of architecture from single-family homes and garages to large-scale buildings, like hospitals, schools or shopping malls. They are knowledgeable about various roofing styles, like gabled, flat, gambrel or hip roofs. Roofers help customers or project managers choose from tiles, wood shingles, metal or other roofing materials and coordinate to ensure projects finish on time. 5. Elevator technician Primary duties: An elevator technician, also called an elevator mechanic, installs, assembles, replaces or maintains large equipment like elevators, escalators, moving walkways, or chairlifts. They may do large-scale installations, like assembling several pieces of each equipment type at an airport or shopping mall, or do smaller installations, like one elevator in an office building. 6. Sprinkler fitter Primary duties: A sprinkler fitter is a type of plumber who installs, modifies, inspects, tests, and repairs sprinkler systems. They install new fixtures or repair and replace outdated ones by soldering and welding tubes, pipes and fittings. Sprinkler fitters also educate the public about the importance of fire prevention and using sprinkler systems, doing speaking engagements or working with community leaders. Most sprinkler fitters work for plumbing or construction companies, though some are independent contractors. 7. Foreperson Primary duties: A foreperson coordinates and supervises a crew of workers within their trade, like masonry, electricians or general contractors. They keep track of schedules, project deadlines or milestones, deliveries or supplies and ensure workers skillfully do their job. Forepeople can also work within subsets of the construction field, too, like hardscaping and landscaping on the exterior spaces of construction projects, for example. 8. Millwright Primary duties: A millwright handles the installation, maintenance and setup of industrial machinery and equipment used on construction sites. |
Forepeople can also work within subsets of the construction field, too, like hardscaping and landscaping on the exterior spaces of construction projects, for example. 8. Millwright Primary duties: A millwright handles the installation, maintenance and setup of industrial machinery and equipment used on construction sites. They use specialized tools, like welders or hydraulic bolters, to align and replace the individual parts of machinery. Millwrights also handle moving machinery on- and off-site. 9. Cabinetmaker Primary duties: A cabinetmaker reads architectural blueprints and builds the woodwork, cabinetry, furniture and other ornamental design elements for a project. They work with materials like laminate, wood and fiberglass to build or repair pieces. Most cabinetmakers work for furniture manufacturers, construction companies and contractors or are self-employed. 10. Glazier Primary duties: A glazier is a construction worker who works with glass installation. From insulated glass that keeps warm or cool air to tempered glass that breaks less, glaziers install or replace windows, mirrors, skylights, storefronts, display cases or shower doors. Some glaziers also work with plastic, marble, granite and other glass substitutes used in construction. 11. Solar installer Primary duties: A solar installer, sometimes called a photovoltaic PV installer, assembles and maintains rooftops or other systems that turn sunlight into energy. They read renderings to measure, cut and bold the framing and solar modules and perform electrical current checks to ensure the system works under code and standards. 12. Sheet metal mechanic Primary duties: A sheet metal mechanic fabricates and installs thin metal sheets for various construction applications. They fasten metal seams, weld, bold and build support framework. Sheet metal mechanics often work for fabrication plants, construction companies, factories or even aircraft builders. 13. Civil engineer Primary duties: A civil engineer designs and oversees public construction and public works projects, such as airports, bridges and roads. They research potential project locations to learn about the areas, use software to design structures and present their ideas. Civil engineers often have administrative tasks, such as submitting permits, managing the project and preparing 14. Structural engineer Primary duties: A structural engineer is a specialized type of civil engineer focused on developing structures that withstand pressure, such as bridges and dams. They evaluate existing structures or plans for structures to determine how gravity and lateral loads may affect them, prepare cost estimates, submit permits and supervise construction. When necessary, structural engineers may advise on the best way to demolish structures safely. |
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