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Structural engineer Primary duties: A structural engineer is a specialized type of civil engineer focused on developing structures that withstand pressure, such as bridges and dams. They evaluate existing structures or plans for structures to determine how gravity and lateral loads may affect them, prepare cost estimates, submit permits and supervise construction. When necessary, structural engineers may advise on the best way to demolish structures safely. 15. Architect Primary duties: An architect draws plans and designs buildings, whether for new construction, redevelopment or renovation. They have high-level design and drawing skills to create safe, functional and unique designs for projects of all sizes, like housing developments, libraries, airports, government buildings, churches, shopping plazas, highways and city planning projects. Career options in ceramics include: Pottery or ceramics instructor General art teacher Ceramic artist Pottery designer Ceramic manufacturer Assistant Professor- Design Ceramics Ceramic Engineer Ceramic and Glass Designer Design Studio Assistant Model Maker Product Designer Careers in the paper industry 1. Production operator Primary duties: A production operator is a manufacturing professional who works in assembly lines to inspect and complete products. These operators assess line machine performance to troubleshoot potential issues for production efficiency. Production operators remove defective materials or products from assembly lines to ensure quality control measures. 2. Print technicianPrimary duties: A print technician manages printing equipment, programming and set up. These technicians review product specifications to calibrate printers with the correct color control or page arrangement settings. Print technicians collect printed pages for cutting, compressing, assembling and binding. 3. Screen printer Primary duties: A screen printer works with their clients to develop print designs, patterns and stencils. These professionals operate printers, mix and load ink, along with preparing materials for printing. Screen printers perform maintenance on their machines to reduce potential errors, such as inkblots, smudges or misprints. 4. Printer Primary duties: A printer manages the development of print product designs and implementation. These professionals may design books, labels or newspapers, along with deciding on printing methods to accomplish those designs. Printers supervise print orders to ensure they remain consistent with client demands. 5. Production worker Primary duties: A production worker packages completed products in the manufacturing process. These workers review products and process them on conveyor belts for final packaging. Production workers operate packing machinery, along with cleaning and maintaining them for a safe work environment. 6. |
These workers review products and process them on conveyor belts for final packaging. Production workers operate packing machinery, along with cleaning and maintaining them for a safe work environment. 6. Press operator Primary duties: A press operator operates presses to produce an image or text on materials. These operators develop printing plates with their client's desired designs, along with setting up machinery to ensure that prints are successful and free of errors. Press operators clean and maintain their equipment to ensure printing accuracy. 7. Wood finisher Primary duties: A wood finisher handles chemical treatment products to achieve certain effects or looks on wood products. These finishers sand, shape and treatwood with solutions to alter their texture, color and durability. Wood finishers might spray, brush or rub finishing products to restore or seal them. 8. Print manager Primary duties: A print manager oversees printing production processes and product quality. These managers train and supervise printing personnel to maintain operational standards. Print managers review completed print products to identify errors and areas for improvement with workflow or equipment management. 9. Bindery operator Primary duties: A bindery operator is a publishing professional who operates paper binding machinery. These operators inspect and prepare binding materials to ensure accuracy. Bindery operators remove unwanted products or byproducts from machine operating areas to maintain a clean and safe work environment. 10. Framer Primary duties: A framer is a construction professional who builds or repairs wooden frames for buildings. These professionals may specialize in framing for residential, commercial or industrial buildings or for floors, roofs or walls. Framers read blueprints and communicate with contractors to determine wood materials and construction methods. 11. Sales associate Primary duties: A sales associate is a company or brand representative who provides customers with product recommendations or solutions. These associates engage customers and answer their questions to persuade them to purchase a product. Sales associates listen to customer demands to help them find the product that fits their needs. 12. Maintenance mechanic Primary duties: A maintenance mechanic programs and repairs machinery. These mechanics test and troubleshoot equipment to identify problem areas and perform repairs. Maintenance mechanics perform preventative maintenance and parts replacements to ensure machine functionality and optimization. 13. Laboratory technician Primary duties: A laboratory technician is a scientific professional who provides research and experimentation support. These technicians label, categorize and document laboratory samples, along with operating equipment to test them. Laboratory technicians enter their test results in a 14. Quality specialist Primary duties: A quality specialist tests and reviews products for defects or malfunctions. These specialists assess component qualities and functions to determine if they meet product specifications. |
Laboratory technicians enter their test results in a 14.Quality specialist Primary duties: A quality specialist tests and reviews products for defects or malfunctions. These specialists assess component qualities and functions to determine if they meet product specifications. Quality specialists identify inconsistencies and develop strategies to minimize production errors for higherquality results.15.General manager Primary duties: A general manager handles the daily operations of a business, from staffing to marketing. These managers hire, train and supervise personnel to enforce business standards and safety regulations. General managers perform business evaluations to identify areas for improvement and implement goals and budgets.16.Carpenter Primary duties: A carpenter is a construction professional who installs and repairs wood structures. These professionals inspect frameworks and wood components to identify damages and develop methods to repair or improve them. Carpenters work with other construction professionals, such as installers, inspectors or roofers. |
Disadvantages Flavour and some color may be lost from the food into liquid. Loss of nutrients especially water-soluble vitamins may be high. Foods to Boil Eggs: Hard- and soft-boiled eggs require different stovetop boiling times. Generally speaking, aim for 5 minutes for a soft yolk, and 6-7 for a hard-cooked egg. For more details, see my other egg cooking techniques, including one in the Instant Pot. Pasta: Every pasta is different, but the goal is to boil until the pasta is al dente, or to the tooth. Ideally, the pasta should still provide some resistance instead of being completely soft all the way through. Potatoes and root vegetables: Depending on the density and size of the potato or root vegetable, this can vary. It is considered cooked when the tip of a sharp knife can be inserted easily into the vegetable without too much resistance. Blanching vegetables: No more than a few moments for green vegetables like broccoli, green beans, and spinach. Grains: Every grain has its own unique cooking time, so read the instructions carefully. Spelt, farro, quinoa, millet, wheat berries all cook up beautifully with boiling. Rice: If you don t use a rice cooker, boiling rice is the next best way to cook it. Brown, wild, and black varieties all take much longer than any of the white rices, so plan accordingly and read the instructions on the label of each carefully. Some rice requires exact measurements of water for an accurate rice-towater ratio, while others can be boiled freely in water and then drained. Ways to Make Water Boil Faster The old adage of a watched pot never boils seems true if you ve ever waited an eternity for a large stock pot of water to heat up. If you re wondering what you can do to speed up the process, there s some science that suggests that adding a water-soluble substance like salt or sugar to the liquid can lower the boiling temperature somewhat and make that water boil faster. If that doesn t appeal to you, put the lid on your pot and that should help. Safety Rules The boiling utensil should be matched with the quantity of food to be cooked. If not enough space is available water will spill as it boils. The food handler should take care when placing foods into or removing items from, boiling liquids. |
If it hasn t, all is not lost: just filter it out with a strainer or coffee filter. Once your starch has cooled enough to handle, spray it generously on your fabric and press as desired. If you desire more or less stiffness in your fabric, you can alter the recipe to suit your needs. Safety precautions to be observed when carrying our various special treatments - Wearing protective equipment s - Washing hands regularly - Ensure surfaces are dry and not watery to avoid falls - Chemical disinfection should be used with a lot of care.- Always check for objects inside clothing s that can cause injury - Ensure you carry out special treatment in open place or laundry room. |
There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an electronic eye to detect movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to detect movement and requires regular cleaning to work properly. Mouse alternatives There are other devices that can do the same thing as a mouse. Many people find them easier to use, and they also require less desk space than a traditional mouse. The most common mouse alternatives are below. Trackball: A trackball has a ball that can rotate freely. Instead of moving the device like a mouse, you can roll the ball with your thumb to move the pointer. Touchpad: A touchpad also called a track pad is a touchsensitive pad that lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger. Touchpads are common on laptop computers. Assembling and disassembling computer case Part1: How to assemble a CPU step by step This part is all about CPU assembling. Specifically, you have to be very careful with this process. Following are the steps to assemble CPU: 1. Take Inventory 2. Make space and time 3. Prepare your CPU case 4. Install motherboard 5. Install the processor 6. Install the processor heat sink 7. Install the RAM 8. Install SMPS 9. Install the HDD 10. Install CD DVD drive 11. Connect Expansion cards 12. Install SYS Rear cooling fan 13. Bus cable connection 14. Power Cable connection 15. Front Panel connector connection1. Take Inventory: Before you start, take inventory of your parts. Make sure you have the following components and tools with you. 1. Case Tower Cabinet 2. Motherboard 3. Processor 4. Heat Sink and CPU Fan 5. SMPS 6. Hard disk drive 7. CD DVD drive 8. RAM 9. CMOS Battery 10. A good screwdriver sets 2. Make Space, Make Time: Building a PC takes space. You can use your dining room table to build your PC. So, make sure you have plenty of working space and a few hours to proceed with minimal interruption. You must work on a flat, stable tabletop surface or bare floor, where you have room to lay out all of the items, to begin with, assemble. 3. Prepare your CPU cabinet: Now it is time to prepare the case. |
You must work on a flat, stable tabletop surface or bare floor, where you have room to lay out all of the items, to begin with, assemble. 3. Prepare your CPU cabinet: Now it is time to prepare the case. Remove the case cover from the CPU cabinet. You need to check Screw brass standoffs are perfectly placed or not. If it is not in a proper position, in that case, you need to position them accurately. Always check the manual and follow their instructions 4. Install the motherboard: Fig: motherboard and Back panel cover You must take great care, especially when installing the motherboard. First, remove the motherboard of its packaging and put it on top of the antistatic bag it came in. Remember, you always want to safeguard your components from potentially hazardous static electricity. 1. You need to secure the motherboard onto the PC case chassis and inspect carefully for any visible defects. 2. Next, review the motherboard handbook, to make sure you are familiar with the motherboard layout and understand which socket is which. Manuals are immensely helpful, usually easy to read, and include illustrations instructions. 3. Check the layout of the sockets on the motherboard. And confirm that the ports on your motherboard s back panel match the holes on the case s Input output I O shield installed in your case. If it is necessary, then remove the old I O shield bytapping it firmly a few times with the thicker end of a screwdriver. And then replace it with the shield that came with the new motherboard. 4. You need carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs. After that line up all the holes, use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the motherboard. 5. Don t forget to place the CMOS in the proper position. 5. Install the processor CPU : Fig: CPU placement 1. Use the unlocking mechanism to open the CPU socket which is, usually a lever. 2. Carefully line up the pins and place the chip in its socket; it will fit only when oriented correctly. An arrow or a missing pin on one corner of the chip will show you how to line things up. 3. Align with the triangular symbol with the processor and socket key marks, as shown in the Figure. 4. Lower the lever to lock the CPU into place. 6. Install the CPU heat sink: You should follow the manufacturer instructions to install the heat sink and the cooling fan. |
Lower the lever to lock the CPU into place. 6. Install the CPU heat sink: You should follow the manufacturer instructions to install the heat sink and the cooling fan. If you bought an OEM CPU and a separate heat sink, then you need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease over the chip. The thermal grease ensures proper transfer of heat. There are some heat sinks that come with this grease already applied. In that case, you don t need to use thermal grease over the chip. 1. Attach the clip that holds the heat sink in place, keeping in mind that it may require a fair amount of force. Again, follow the instructions that came with the heat sink. They will show you how to fit it correctly. If you are in doubt, you can visit the manufacturer s website for more information. 2. Plug the CPU fan s power connector into the proper connector on the motherboard. 7. Install RAM memory: Fig: Install RAM 1. Unlock the two tabs from both ends of the RAM slot. 2. To install the RAM, insert them into the proper sockets and push down firmly but evenly until the clips on both sides of the socket pop into place. If yourmotherboard supports dual-channel memory, consult the user manual to determine which pairs of RAM sockets you should use. 8. Install the Power Supply Unit SMPS : Fig: Install Power supply unit SMPS 1. Place the SMPS inside the CPU cabinet in the proper position. If you are not able to find the correct location, then check the manual. 2. Final steps, to install SMPS, you need to tighten the screw to secure the SMPS to the case. 9. To install HDD: You can see a 3.5 inch bay inside the CPU cabinet. If you are unable to find it, then check the manual of the case to identify the bay location. Place the HDD inside the bay properly and tighten the screw. Fig: Install drives 10. To install CD DVD: You can see a 5.25 inch bay inside the CPU cabinet. If you are unable to find it, check the manual of the case to identify the bay location. Place the CD DVD inside the CPU cabinet to align with the 5.25-inch bay. And, finally, you need to tighten all the screws to hold firmly. 11. Install Expansion cards: Expansion cards help to increase the functionality of your computer. You can place Expansion cards on the motherboard. |
11. Install Expansion cards: Expansion cards help to increase the functionality of your computer. You can place Expansion cards on the motherboard. Fig: Install Expansion Cards PCI compatible expansion cards can place on the PCI slots of the motherboard. PCI-e compatible expansion cards can place on the PCI-e slots of the motherboard. Video cards or graphics cards can place on the AGP slot of the motherboard. You must know about various parts of a motherboard such that, you can effortlessly identify the different connectors. 12. Install Sys Rear cooling fan: Cooling FansFind the location where you can place the Sys Rear cooling Fan. Generally, SYS Rear cooling can place below the SMPS. Fig: Cooling fans 13. Bus cable connection: Amazingly, bus cable or data cable connections are prime connections. Bus cable helps to share information or data between the storage device and motherboard. Sata-pata bus and connector If your motherboard has a SATA Bus connector, then you need to use SATA cables. AND if your motherboard has a PATA Bus connector, then you can use PATA cable or IDE cable. In general, two bus cables need to connect inside the CPU. First, Bus cable connects the HDD and motherboard. And the second Bus cable connects the CD DVD drive and motherboard. 14. Power Cable connection: Fig: Cable connection This one is the final step of assembling a CPU. You need to provide power to the different parts of the CPU. Plug the ATX power connector from your power supply into the matching port on your motherboard. 1. You can find a 20 24 pins ATX power connector port on the motherboard. The 20 24 pins ATX power connector cable coming from SMPS needs to connect here. Check the lock system in both ends of the connector and the port, and place it properly. As always, refer to your motherboard s manual for the exact locations. 2. There is another 4-pins ATX power connector port, you can find on the motherboard. You can locate this port near the processor socket. You must connect the 4-pins power connector in this port properly. 15. Front Panel connector connection: Use your motherboard user manual and find the description of front-panel connectors. First, attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches. After that, the hard-disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB to the corresponding pin on your motherboard. Part2: How to assemble PC This one is the final part of assembling a computer system. |
First, attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches. After that, the hard-disk activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB to the corresponding pin on your motherboard. Part2: How to assemble PC This one is the final part of assembling a computer system. 1. Check your keyboard connector port. If it is a USB connector, then connect your keyboard into the proper USB port. And if it is a PS 2 connector, then connect to the correct, PS 2 port. 2. Same steps you need to follow to connect your mouse into the proper port. 3. You require a VGA Video Graphic Array cable to connect the monitor and CPU. Find the 15 pins male connector on the backside of the CPU cabinet and your monitor. Use the VGA cable to connect the CPU cabinet and the monitor. Finally, you need to tighten the lock screws. 4. If you have a speaker, you can connect the speaker on the backside of your CPU cabinet. To get sound from the speaker, you need to plug the speaker s cable with the Aux port. 5. And if you have a printer, you can connect the printer on the backside of your CPU cabinet. These days, you can connect your speaker BUS cable on the USB port. Finally, connects power to the various parts of your computer. You have to connect the power cable with the CPU case, monitor, speaker, and printer. Check your PC Set-Up: It is time to turn on your system and check your PC set up. Make sure the keyboard, mouse, and monitor are all plugged into the appropriate ports on the back of the PC. Plug the power cord back in, and turn the machine on. To boot a computer you need hardware and software. Till now you have understood to assemble a computer. If you want to work on that computer you need to install an Operating System. If you do not know how to install an operating system on a computer, check the following two articles: Disassembling a PC? Disassembling a PC means disconnecting the different components of a PC. Steps for disassembling a PC Generally, people want to know both assemble and disassemble steps of a computer. Therefore I am sharing my ideas to help you to assemble and disassemble a computer system. 1. Unplugged the AC power supply to the PC from the wall socket 2. Remove the Cover or chassis or case. 3. |
Unplugged the AC power supply to the PC from the wall socket 2. Remove the Cover or chassis or case. 3. Unplugged bus cables and ATX power cables 4. Remove Adapter Cards if any 5. Now Remove the processor and the heat sink and fan 6. Remove hard disk and CD DVD drives 7. Next, remove the Memory Modules 8. Remove the Power Supply SMPS 9. Finally, Remove the Motherboard1. Unplugged the AC power supply to the PC from the wall socket This one is the first step to begin a PC disassemble process. Always remember first disconnect all the power supply connected to your computer system before starting to remove parts. 2. Remove the case covering Loose the screws and remove the case covering to access the inside parts of the CPU cabinet case. 3. Unplugged bus cables and ATX power cables Disconnect all the cables one by one inside the CPU case. First, disconnect ATX power cables from the motherboard. After that, disconnect power supply cables, bus cables from the HDD SSD, and motherboard. 4. Remove adapter cards if any If any adapter is connected then, disconnect the card from the motherboard. 5. Remove the processor and the heat sink and fan Now its time to remove the heat sink from the motherboard. Generally, the CPU fan and the heat sink attach together. If it is separated in that case, you need to remove the fan first after that, you can remove the CPU heat sink. In the final step, unlock the processor socket and remove the processor from the motherboard carefully. 6. Remove hard disk and CD DVD drives Its time to remove the other parts of the computer system. Remove the Hard disk drive or SSD from the motherboard. You can also remove the CD DVD drive from the CPU case. Sometimes, to remove CD DVD drive from the CPU case, you need to remove the front cover of the CPU cabinet case first. After that, you can remove the ROM drives. 7. Remove memory modules In this process, you do remove the RAM from the motherboard. First, unlock the RAM from both ends and pull the RAM carefully. 8. Remove the Power Supply Unit PSU Already you know, SMPS supplies power to the various parts of the computer system. Here you need to remove the SMPS from the CPU cabinet case. 9. Remove the motherboard The final step of the PC disassemble process is this one. |
Here you need to remove the SMPS from the CPU cabinet case. 9. Remove the motherboard The final step of the PC disassemble process is this one. Carefully remove the motherboard from the CPU cabinet case. Note: Remember, bolts or screws are the very essential things. They help to make rigid, all the parts used inside the computer. To remove any part from the computer system mostly, you need to take out bolts first. Here in PC disassemble steps, I have ignored that portion. Conclusion Assembling and disassembling a computer system is not a difficult task but requires keen observation and knowledge of the different components of thesystem. You need to be extra careful when fitting in these components and make sure that they are not fitted forcefully but firmly. In case of hardware failure or to install new add-on cards, you need to have good knowledge to assemble and disassemble a computer system Major parts of a computer case https: www.youtube.com watch?v HB4I2CgkcCo Inside a computer Have you ever looked inside a computer case, or seen pictures of the inside of one? The small parts may look complicated, but the inside of a computer case isn't really all that mysterious. This lesson will help you master some of the basic terminology and understand a bit more about what goes on inside a computer. Motherboard The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and connections to your computer's ports such as USB ports . The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer. CPU processor The central processing unit CPU , also called a processor, is located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the mouse, or start an application, you're sending instructions to the CPU. The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU. A processor's speed is measured in megahertz MHz , or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz GHz , or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. |
The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat from the CPU. A processor's speed is measured in megahertz MHz , or millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz GHz , or billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed of the computer depends on the speed of many different components not just the processor. RAM random access memory RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed. This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage. RAM is measured in megabytes MB or gigabytes GB . The more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish whenyou have several programs open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to their computers to improve performance. Hard drive The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or unplug it. When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs. Power supply unit The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components. If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug the computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should touch a grounded metal object or a metal part of the computer casing to discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine. Expansion cards Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI peripheral component interconnect cards. |
Static electricity can be transmitted through the computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine. Expansion cards Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI peripheral component interconnect cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-in video, sound, network, and other capabilities. However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update the capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards. Below are some of the most common types of expansion cards. Video card The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most computers have a GPU graphics processing unit built into the motherboard instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots to get better performance. Sound card The sound card also called an audio card is responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound. Network card The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection often called Wi-Fi . Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion slot. Bluetooth card or adapter Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's often used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and printers. It's commonly built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card. For computers that don't have Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongleTHE MOTHERBOARD Power supplyfor CPUfan24pins ATMountingPete xt PetesMotherboard Definition of the Motherboard A motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer that connects the different parts of a computer together. It has sockets for the CPU, RAM and expansion cards and it also hooks up to hard drives, disc drives and front panel ports with cables and wires. Motherboard is also known as a mainboard, planar board or logic board, system board, mobo or MB. It links all the individual parts of a computer together and also, allows the CPU to access and control these separate parts. Other than bridging internal components, the motherboard ports also allows you to connect external devices to the computer. |
Motherboard is also known as a mainboard, planar board or logic board, system board, mobo or MB. It links all the individual parts of a computer together and also, allows the CPU to access and control these separate parts. Other than bridging internal components, the motherboard ports also allows you to connect external devices to the computer. Such external devices would include the monitor, speakers, headphones, microphone, keyboard, mouse, modem and other USB devices. Functions of the Motherboard The functions of a computer motherboard are as follows: i. The motherboard acts as the central backbone of a computer on which other modular parts are installed such as the CPU, RAM and hard disks. Ii. The motherboard also acts as the platform on which various expansion slots are available to install other devices interfaces. Iii. The motherboard is also responsible to distribute power to the various components of the computer. Iv. They are also used in the coordination of the various devices in the computer and maintain an interface among them. V. Some of the Sizes in which the motherboards are available are : BTX, ATX, mini-ATX, micro-ATX, LPX, NLX etc.. Types of Motherboards A computer s motherboard is typically the largest printed circuit board in a machine s chassis. It distributes electricity and facilitates communication between and to the central processing unit CPU , random access memory RAM , and any other component of the computer s hardware. There is a broad range of motherboards, each of which is intended to be compatible with a specific model and size of the computer. To comprehend what motherboards are and what they do, we must first examine their various types and specifications. 1. Advanced Technology AT motherboard Due to their larger physical dimensions which can be measured in hundredths of millimeters , these motherboards do not work properly with computers that fall into the category of smaller desktops. A larger physical size makes it more difficult to install new hardware drivers. The power connections on these motherboards are in the form of sockets and plugs with six prongs each. Due to the difficulty in recognizing these power connections, users often have issues while trying to connect and operate them. In the 1980s, motherboards of this sort were all the rage, and they continued to be manufactured far into the 2000s. 2. Standard ATX motherboard ATX is an enhanced version of the AT motherboard that Intel created in the 1990s. |
In the 1980s, motherboards of this sort were all the rage, and they continued to be manufactured far into the 2000s. 2. Standard ATX motherboard ATX is an enhanced version of the AT motherboard that Intel created in the 1990s. Its name means advanced technology extended, and its initials stand for advanced technology. Unlike AT, it is much more compact and enables the associated components to be interchanged. The connection elements have witnessed significant progress and development. 3. Micro ATX motherboardThe length and width of these motherboards, measured in millimeters, are also 244 mm size metrics will differ as per the manufacturer . This motherboard has fewer ports and slots than the Standard ATX board. Users who do not want excessive connections and subsequent upgrades, like adding more RAM, an extra GPU, or other Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI cards, are better suited for this kind of motherboard than others. This motherboard may be installed in any case with enough space to accommodate 244 mm by 244 mm. It can also be installed in larger cases that are compatible with Standard ATX or eXTENDED ATX motherboards. 4. Extended ATX motherboard The dimensions of this motherboard are 344 millimeters by 330 millimeters dimensions will differ with different manufacturers . This motherboard supports a single or a twin CPU configuration and has up to eight RAM slots. Additionally, it has a higher number of PCIe where e is for Express and PCI slots, which may be used to add PCI cards for a wide range of applications. Workstations and servers are both able to use this software. There is sufficient room on all eATX motherboards, making them ideal for desktop computers, thanks to the significant space provided for airflow and the attachment of various components. 5. Flex ATX motherboard These ATX Form Factor mainboards do not enjoy the same degree of popularity as their ATX Form Factor counterparts. They are the ones within the ATX family that are considered the most compact. They were designed to occupy a minimal amount of space and had a minimal price tag. Flex ATX is a modification of mini ATX that Intel created between 1999-2000. It is a motherboard standard. 6. Low-Profile EXtended LPX motherboardIn comparison to previous iterations, this has two significant enhancements. |
4. RAM memory RAM slots connect the random access memory RAM to the motherboard. RAM allows the computer to temporarily store files and programs that are being accessed by the CPU. Computers with more RAM capacity can hold and process larger files and programs, thus enhancing performance. However, RAM contents are erased when the computer is shut down. A computer usually has two RAM slots. However, some computers have up to four RAM slots in the motherboard to increase the available memory. 5. Basic input output BIOS system The BIOS contains the firmware of the motherboard. It consists of instructions about what to do when the computer is turned on. It is responsible for initializing the hardware components and loading the computer s operating system. The BIOS also allows the computer s operating system to interact and respond with input and output devices such as a mouse and keyboard. In some motherboards, the legacy BIOS is replaced by the modern extensible firmware interface EFI or the unified extensible firmware interface UEFI . UEFI and EFI allow the computer to boot faster, provide more diagnostic andrepair tools, and provide a more efficient interface between the operating system and computer components. 6. Chipsets The chipsets of a computer control how the computer hardware and buses interact with the CPU and other components. Chipsets also determine the amount of memory users can add to a motherboard and the type of connectors that the motherboard can have. The first type of chipset is the northbridge chipset. The northbridge manages the speed at which the CPU communicates with the components. It also controls the processor, the AGP video slot, and the RAM. The second type of chipset is the southbridge chipset. The southbridge chipset controls the rest of the components connected to the computer, including communication between the processor and expansion ports such as USB ports and sound cards. 7. Cooling fans The heat generated when electric current flows between components can make a computer run slowly. If too much heat is left to build up unchecked, it could damage computer components. Thus, a computer performs better when kept cool. Cooling fans increase the airflow, which helps to remove heat from the computer. Some elements, such as video adapter cards, have dedicated cooling fans. 8. Adapter cards and expansion slots Adapter cards are integrated into the motherboard to enhance a computer s functionality. Examples include sound and video adapters. The expansion slots allow users to install compatible adapter cards. |
Adapter cards and expansion slots Adapter cards are integrated into the motherboard to enhance a computer s functionality. Examples include sound and video adapters. The expansion slots allow users to install compatible adapter cards. Examples of expansion slots include the peripheral component interconnect PCI slot, the AGP slot which enables the insertion of video cards , the PCI Express serial bus slot, and the PCI-extended slot. 9. CMOS batteryThe CMOS battery is a small round battery found on the motherboard of every computer. It provides power to the complementary metal oxide semiconductor CMOS chip. The CMOS chip stores BIOS information and computer settings, even when powered down. The CMOS battery allows users to skip resetting BIOS configurations, such as boot order, date, and time settings, each time they power on their computer. 10. Storage devices Storage drives store data permanently or retrieve data from a media disk. The storage devices can either be installed in the computer as hard drives or in removable drives that can connect to the computer through the USB ports. Hard disk drives HDD or solid-state drives SSD are computers primary storage drives. Computers with SSDs execute tasks much faster and perform better than HDDs. Users can also use optical drives such as compact discs to store information. 11. Front panel connectors Front panel connectors connect the light-emitting diode LED lights on the front of the case to the hard drive, the power button, the reset button, and the internal speaker for testing. Some USB and audio devices also have LED lights. These front panel connectors are usually plugged into small pins on the motherboard. Although the pins are grouped and color-coded, their layout structure varies depending on the model of the motherboard. 12. Power connector The power connector provides an electric supply to the computer to function as intended. The power supply connector has 20 pins and converts 110-V AC power into -12-Volt, -5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt direct current DC power. Functions of a Motherboard The following are seven functions of a motherboard:1. Manages data flow The BIOS component of the motherboard ensures that the operating system interacts well with input and output devices, such as the keyboard and mouse, to process instructions. This ensures that the data sent to the computer moves as expected to perform the intended purpose. It also manages data flow through its USB ports, allowing for data transfer between devices. Additionally, it ensures the processor can access information from the RAM to boost efficiency. 2. |
It also manages data flow through its USB ports, allowing for data transfer between devices. Additionally, it ensures the processor can access information from the RAM to boost efficiency. 2. Conserves resources The motherboard saves consumers time, energy, and money by connecting all the computer connects. The motherboard provides a platform on which manufacturers can connect all the necessary components to ensure that the computer functions. Thus, saving consumers time and energy as they do not have to assemble and connect different parts manually. Moreover, collecting the individual components can prove costly as consumers would be forced to incur additional transport and other miscellaneous costs. 3. Optimizes power distribution The motherboard provides and distributes power optimally. Computers require electricity to function. The motherboard has a power connector plugthat connects the computer to a power source and converts it into a form of electrical power that the computer can use. After that, the motherboard ensures that the electric current is distributed optimally to different system components. The motherboard has an integrated circuit technology with pre-defined connections that ensure each element gets the necessary power. Moreover, the circuits ensure less energy is consumed to make the computer an energyefficient machine. 4. Drives communication The motherboard makes communication between different components easier. For a computer to process a particular set of instructions, sometimes it may require several components to communicate and work together to complete the task. In such scenarios, the motherboard relies on its circuit technology to enable communication between these components. The motherboard may also depend on some of its components, such as the CPU, BIOS, expansion ports, and USB ports, to interact with the computer s operating system. 5. Enhances performance The motherboard boosts the capabilities of a computer. Motherboards often transform the capabilities of a computer. For instance, they have additional features and functionalities, such as built-in sound and video capabilities that can enhance the computer s output. Motherboards also allow users to connect peripheral devices such as printers, enabling computers to perform additional tasks such as printing documents. Additionally, users can expand and upgrade factory-made motherboard parts such as memory slots or hard disks to boost the capabilities of their computers. 6. Improves reliability A good motherboard boosts the overall reliability of the computer. A highquality motherboard provides a stable foundation for its components to operate on. A good motherboard has proper cooling, and its integrated circuit technology is set in place. These factors enable it to control the computer s hardware efficiently by ensuring that each element functions as expected andcommunicates with the other components. |
Data bus 3. Control bus The buses connect the CPU microprocessor to each of the memory and I O devices. The CPU is involved in sending or receiving information to or from memory location, input or output device, and a secondary memory device FDD or HDD . When the CPU sends data to a device or memory, it is called WRITE operation and when the CPU receives data it is called READ operation. The functions of buses are described now. Address Bus The address bus is unidirectional, information flows over it only in one direction, from the CPU to the memory or I O devices. The CPU generates addresses on the lines of the address bus. Each of the addresses corresponds to one memory location or one I O device. When the CPU wants to communicate with READ or WRITE , a certain memory location or I O device, it places the appropriate address on its address output. This address is then decoded to select the desired memory location or I O device. This decoding process usually requires address decoder circuits. Microprocessor local buses Data Bus The data bus is bidirectional and data can flow to the CPU through it. The data bus can be either input or output depending on whether the CPU performs a READ or a WRITE operation. During READ operation the data bus receives data that has been placed on the data bus by memory or I O device selected by the address. During WRITE operation the data bus acts as the output and places data on the data bus which are sent to a selected memory location or I O device. Control Bus The control bus consists of a set of signals that are used to synchronize the activities of separate microcomputer elements. Some of these control signals are sent by the CPU to the other components to tell them the type of operation in progress. The I O devices can send control signals to the CPU. Read Write, Rest, and interrupt are examples of control signals used in a microcomputer. Other busesCOMPUTER MONITOR OR VIDEO DISPLAY UNIT TYPES, AND FEATURES VDU 1. Short for visual display unit, VDU is an any device used with computers to display text and images. For example, a flat-panel display and a projector are both examples of VDUs. However, VDU most commonly describes the CRT cathode ray tube monitor, a now archaic standard replaced by flat-panel display methods like LED lightemitting diode . Early VDUs had a 13" screen size. |
For example, a flat-panel display and a projector are both examples of VDUs. However, VDU most commonly describes the CRT cathode ray tube monitor, a now archaic standard replaced by flat-panel display methods like LED lightemitting diode . Early VDUs had a 13" screen size. By the mid-1990s, 15" and 17" VDU screen sizes became more common, with some 20" screen sizes being released. By the early 2000s, flat-panel monitors with 15" and 17" screen sizes gained popularity and started replacing CRT monitors. 2. Short for video display unit, VDU is a computing device that allows input from a user and output to a display, like a computer monitor. A VDU consists of a display device and a keyboard and could include a mouse. In the United States, it is sometimes known as a video display terminal or VDT video display terminal . Please note The computer monitor is an output device that is used to display softcopy data that is processed on the system unit. A computer monitor is also known as a screen or Visual Display Unit VDU . Some types of computer monitors are CRT, LCD, TFT, Plasma, OLED, LED, touch screen, and curved screens. To acquire a new computer screen, some of the features to consider are resolution, size, technology, refresh rate, video connector, aspect ratio, and viewing angle among other factors. Types of Computer monitors Computer monitors have evolved from the bulky big Cathode Ray Tube monitor to the ultra-slim curved screen that we have today. Some of the computer monitor types that you will find in the market include: 1. Cathode Ray Tube CRT . These are the oldest types of computer monitors and they used the technology of cathode rays. On the back of the screen, there is a cathode gun that shot rays through a vacuum into the screen. The screen has an anode and material that glows when hit by the electrons. The rays hit the glowing material and the image is created appropriately. The monitor had a long back side because the front and cathode gun had to be at a distance for it to give the best results. 2. Liquid Crystal Display LCD . They used the crystal liquid which is easy to be manipulated and changed when light strikes it. Compared to CRT they are lightweight, slimmer, and use less power. 3. |
They used the crystal liquid which is easy to be manipulated and changed when light strikes it. Compared to CRT they are lightweight, slimmer, and use less power. 3. Light emitting diode LED It uses the light-emitting diode as the backlight which makes it slim because it doesn t need the distance that is required in CRT. They produce images with high resolution, are slimmer, less bulky, and produce less heat and less power. 4. Organic Light Emitting Diode OLED It is the latest technology an improvement from LED but still very expensive to produce in bulky. It has an organic substrate that glows when electricity is passed through it. They use less power and they are even slimmer because they don t need backlight since the substrate can produce light. 5. Touchscreens monitors Currently, computer screens are manufactured to take instruction from the human touch. An operating system such as Microsoft Windows 8 and above versions was developed to support a touch screen operation. There are 4 main technologies used for touch screens. A. Capacitive touch screen These screens use the capacitor concept which stores charge. Since the human body has electrical charges when you touch the screen at a specific position you discharge that particular point. The information is then sent to the processor which interprets what needs to be done. They are mostly used on smartphones in today s applications. B. Resistive touch screen The resistive screen uses the concept of resistors where it has two layers with a gap between them. For it to be effective the user has to press and not just touch because the two layers must make contact at the point where it has been pressed. When it is pressed the point can be identified and interpreted appropriately. These touch screens can be touched with a finger and any other objectthat can exact pressure and not a must that it has electrical changes. C. Infrared touch monitors They have an infrared emitter and receiver which create an invisible grid of rays. When you touch the screen you disrupt the ray transmission which is then recorded as a touch. D. Surface acoustic wave monitor These touch screens use sound waves to detect the touch. They have transducers and receivers on the opposite corners of the screen. When you touch the screen you disrupt the sound wave which is sensed as a touch command. 6. Plasma display panel They are flat-panel types of screens made up of small cells containing plasma. Plasma contains charged particles ions and electrons . |
6. Plasma display panel They are flat-panel types of screens made up of small cells containing plasma. Plasma contains charged particles ions and electrons . When electricity is passed through them they emit light which forms an image. They are not common computer screens because they are more economical for big-size screens. 7. Curved computer monitor These are replacing flat screen monitors by offering a curved viewing screen. They offer a better viewing angle compared to a flat screen Factors to consider when choosing a good computer monitor1. Resolution: It is the number of pixels that can be displayed per inch of the screen. The higher the number the more clear the image that is displayed. 3. Aspect ratio: It is the ratio of the length horizontal and width vertical of the monitor. It determines how the image will be stretched on the screen. The main ratios are 4:3 and 16:10. 4. Viewing angle: It is the angle where you can view the image without distortion. CRT screens had a wide viewing angle than LCD screens. 5. Power consumption: LCD uses the least power compared to CRT and OLED type of technology. Less power means power is conserved and also it reduces overheating. 6. Technology: screen comes from different technology modes as discussed in different types above. The technology will determine the image quality, cost, and user preference. 7. Connector video input: latest video connector for monitors is HDMI. However, to be on the safe side you should have a computer screen that supports more than one way of connecting. If you are buying a screen for an already existing system unit make sure you check which is a compatible type of supported connection. 8. Ergonomics: most users spend more time on the screen and would like to get a screen design for comfort. Select a screen that has height adjustability, and can change screen brightness and contrast among other designs. 9. Refresh rate: this is the rate at which the screen can refresh the displayed image per second. A higher refresh rate means the image will be clear and it will not look like it hangs. It is measured in hertz and the higher the better. Most computer screens have 144Hz. 10. Contrast and brightness: contrast ratio is how dark the black part is and how bright the white parts of an image can get. While brightness is the measure of light that the screen can produce. 11. Built-in speakers: latest monitor come with an inbuilt speaker that can be used to complement the system unit speakers. |
While brightness is the measure of light that the screen can produce. 11. Built-in speakers: latest monitor come with an inbuilt speaker that can be used to complement the system unit speakers. 12. USB port: USB port is a common connector interface in today s devices including screens. They can be used to load data without even connecting to the system unit. For future improvement and use, you can select a monitor that has a USB port. Types of computer screen connectors Every computer offers a connection port that allows the computer monitor to be connected to the system unit so that it can receive data being transmitted. Most monitors are connected using a VGA cable. The cable connects the VGA card which translates the information from the system unit into images and text that the user can be able to view. Other screen connectors are AUX, HDMI, DVI, and Display Port. Structure of Visual Display Unit The structure of a Visual Display Unit VDU can vary depending on the specific type of device, but most VDUs have several key components in common. Here is a general overview of the structure of a VDU:1. Display panel: This is the part of the VDU that actually displays the visual information. It is typically made of a thin layer of crystal or plastic, and can display images using a variety of technologies, such as liquid crystal display LCD or organic light-emitting diode OLED . 2. Backlight: Many VDUs, especially those used in portable devices, use a backlight to illuminate the display panel. This helps to make the images on the screen more visible in low light conditions. 3. Circuitry: The VDU contains a number of electronic circuits that control the display panel, the backlight, and other components of the device. 4. Housing: The VDU is typically enclosed in a housing or casing that protects the internal components and provides a way to mount the device. 5. Input output I O ports: The VDU may have one or more I O ports that allow it to receive data or signals from other devices, such as a computer or a cable TV box. 6. Power supply: Most VDUs require a source of power, which may be supplied through a power cord or a built-in battery. Functions of Visual Display Unit Some specific functions of a VDU include: 1. Displaying text and graphics: VDUs use a screen to display text and graphics, which can include text documents, spreadsheets, websites, and more. 2. |
Functions of Visual Display Unit Some specific functions of a VDU include: 1. Displaying text and graphics: VDUs use a screen to display text and graphics, which can include text documents, spreadsheets, websites, and more. 2. Providing a visual interface: VDUs allow users to interact with a computer or other device by providing a visual interface through which users can see and understand the information being processed and input commands and data. 3. Allowing for multitasking: VDUs allow users to work on multiple tasks at the same time by displaying multiple windows or programs on the screen. 4. Supporting high-resolution displays: Some VDUs support highresolution displays, which can provide a more detailed and accurate representation of the information being displayed. 5. Providing connectivity: VDUs may have connectivity options, such as HDMI or DisplayPort, which allow users to connect the VDU to other devices, such as a computer or a television. Uses of Visual Display Unit Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, are used in a wide range of applications. Some common uses of VDUs include: 1. Office work: VDUs are commonly used in office environments to display text documents, spreadsheets, and other business-related information. 2. Education: VDUs are used in classrooms and educational settings to display educational materials and videos, and to allow students to interact with educational software. 3. Entertainment: VDUs are used to display movies, television shows, and video games, and they can also be used to access streaming services like Netflix or Hulu. 4. Gaming: VDUs are often used in conjunction with gaming consoles or PC gaming systems to display video games. 5. Design and graphics: VDUs are used by designers and graphic artists to create and edit graphics and other visual content. 6. Medical and scientific research: VDUs are used in medical and scientific research to display data and images, such as MRI scans or microscopy images. 7. Military and aviation: VDUs are used in military and aviation applications to display maps, navigation information, and other data. 8. Industrial and manufacturing: VDUs are used in industrial and manufacturing settings to display production data, machine status, and other information. Benefits of Visual Display Unit Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, offer a number of benefits, including: 1. |
8. Industrial and manufacturing: VDUs are used in industrial and manufacturing settings to display production data, machine status, and other information. Benefits of Visual Display Unit Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, offer a number of benefits, including: 1. Improved productivity: VDUs allow users to work more efficiently by providing a clear and easy-to-read display of text and graphics. 2. Multitasking: VDUs allow users to work on multiple tasks at the same time by displaying multiple windows or programs on the screen. 3. High-resolution displays: Some VDUs support high-resolution displays, which can provide a more detailed and accurate representation of the information being displayed. 4. Connectivity: VDUs may have connectivity options, such as HDMI or Display Port, which allow users to connect the VDU to other devices, such as a computer or a television. 5. Easy to use: VDUs are generally easy to use, with simple controls and an intuitive interface. 6. Energy efficient: Many modern VDUs are energy efficient, which can help reduce electricity consumption and reduce the environmental impact of using a computer. 7. Customization: VDUs can be customized to meet the specific needs of the user, such as adjusting the display settings to reduce eye strain or to optimize the display for specific tasks. 8. Access to information: VDUs allow users to access a vast amount of information and data that is stored on computers, which can be useful for research, education, and more. Limitations of Visual Display Units VDUs Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, have a few limitations, including: 1. Limited viewing angles: Some VDUs have limited viewing angles, which means that the display may appear distorted or washed out if viewed from certain angles. 2. Limited display size: The size of a VDU is limited by the size of the screen, which may not be large enough to display certain types of information or graphics. 3. Limited color depth: Some VDUs may not support a wide range of colors, which can impact the accuracy and quality of the display. 4. Limited refresh rate: The refresh rate of a VDU refers to how often the display is updated, and a lower refresh rate can result in a less smooth and responsive display. 5. |
4. Limited refresh rate: The refresh rate of a VDU refers to how often the display is updated, and a lower refresh rate can result in a less smooth and responsive display. 5. Limited resolution: The resolution of a VDU refers to the number of pixels on the screen, and a lower resolution can result in a less detailed and accurate display. 6. Limited lifespan: Like all electronic devices, VDUs have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced after a certain period of time. 7. Cost: VDUs can be expensive, particularly high-end models with advanced features. 8. Environmental impact: The production and disposal of VDUs can have an impact on the environment, as they contain materials and chemicals that can be harmful if not properly managed. Hazards of Visual Display Unit There are a few potential hazards associated with using Visual Display Units VDUs , also known as computer monitors, including: 1. Eye strain: Prolonged use of a VDU can cause eye strain, which can cause symptoms such as dry eyes, blurred vision, and headache. 2. Repetitive strain injury: Repetitive actions, such as typing or using a mouse, can cause repetitive strain injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome. 3. Back pain: Poor posture while using a VDU can cause back pain, particularly if the workstation is not set up correctly. 4. Electromagnetic fields: Some VDUs emit electromagnetic fields, which have been linked to an increased risk of cancer and other health problems. However, the risks associated with electromagnetic fields from VDUs are generally considered to be low. EXAMPLES OF VDULCD vs LED Displays: The Differences When it comes to choosing between LCD and LED displays, the decision can often be confusing. At first glance, they may seem identical, but there are key differences in their construction, performance, and energy efficiency. In simple terms, LED displays are a type of LCD with a unique backlighting system, and they tend to offer better image quality and power efficiency than standard LCDs. LCD Displays LCD, which stands for Liquid Crystal Display, utilizes a panel of liquid crystal molecules to create images. These molecules twist and untwist to control the amount of light passing through them. However, they do not produce light on their own. Instead, they use a separate backlight or reflector to illuminate the liquid crystals. The backlight in traditional LCD panels is often a Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp CCFL . |
However, they do not produce light on their own. Instead, they use a separate backlight or reflector to illuminate the liquid crystals. The backlight in traditional LCD panels is often a Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp CCFL . While these displays offer good image quality, they have some limitations. Generally, they consume more power and are bulkier than their LED counterparts. Moreover, they may not provide as high contrast or as vibrant colors. LED Displays LED, or Light Emitting Diode displays, are essentially a type of LCD display. The key difference lies in the backlighting system. Instead of using CCFL, LEDdisplays use tiny light-emitting diodes to illuminate the liquid crystals. This change in lighting source opens up a range of benefits. Firstly, LED displays are more energy efficient. LEDs consume less power than CCFL, making them a greener choice. Secondly, they allow for a slimmer and lighter design, making them ideal for modern, sleek devices. One of the critical advantages of LED displays is the potential for greater picture quality. In LED displays, the diodes can be dimmed or brightened individually. This feature, known as local dimming, enhances the contrast ratio, making blacks appear deeper and whites brighter. Consequently, images are more vibrant and lifelike. PRINTERS Different Types of Printers and Their Functions: What Are the Types of Printers? Thermal Transfer Printers Thermal printers use heat to create an image on special thermal paper. They provide direct thermal and thermal transfer, and they re commonly used in receipt printers, shipping label printers, and fax machines. Additionally, they re fast, quiet, and don t require ink or toner. However, the print quality of a thermal printer may fade, and the paper can be expensive. Dye-Sublimation PrintersDye-sublimation printers use heat to transfer dye onto special paper or other materials like fabric or plastic. They re popular for high-quality photo printing and creating customized items like mugs and T-shirts. Additionally, they produce vibrant, long-lasting prints with excellent color accuracy, but the cost of consumables ink and paper can be relatively high. And they re not ideal for standard office documents. 3D Printers 3D printers create three-dimensional objects by layering material often plastic on top of itself based on a digital 3D model. |
The best part? UV printing offers vibrant colors and durability on various surfaces. However, initial equipment costs can be high, and maintenance may be needed to keep the printer functioning optimally. Digital Presses Digital presses make a great choice for commercial printing and publishing. They re high-volume printing machines suitable for large quantities of books, brochures, and other printed materials. They offer fast, consistent, high-quality printing for large print runs. However, they re expensive and may require specialized training to operate effectively. In summary, there s a wide array of printers, each designed for specific purposes and printing needs. Choosing the right printer depends on the type of documents or images you need to print, the printing volume, and your budget. Consider your requirements carefully to select the printer that best suits your needs, whether for everyday home use, office tasks, creative projects, or industrial applications. Other Types of Printers 9. Plotters HP 9862A Calculator Plotter Example: HP Design Jet T210 A plotter prints vector graphics by drawing lines on paper using a pen. Some plotters use markers to draw multiple, continuous lines onto paper, while some use knives to cut a material like leather or vinyl. The latter is called cutting plotters. These devices have been phased out by computer-controlled printing machines. However, cutting plotters are still used in many industries. Pros Prints on large sheets of paper with high resolution Draws a single pattern more than one thousand times with no degradation Works with various materials, including cardboard, plywood, plastic, and aluminum Cons Expensive and larger than a conventional printer 8. Impact Printers The impact printer physically presses an inked ribbon against the page. Its plastic or metal head strikes the ink ribbon, whereby the ribbon is pressed against the page, and the specific character impression is printed on the paper. Although this mechanism is quite old, impact printers are still widely used in workplaces and industries. Many different types of impact printers have been developed to date. The most common ones are:8.1 Line Printers IBM 1403 line printer Example: Printronix P7-1500N line matrix printer As the name suggests, Line printers print one line of text at a time the full width of the page . They use a continuous feed of paper instead of individual cut sheets. And they can print up to 2,500 lines per minute. |
The most common ones are:8.1 Line Printers IBM 1403 line printer Example: Printronix P7-1500N line matrix printer As the name suggests, Line printers print one line of text at a time the full width of the page . They use a continuous feed of paper instead of individual cut sheets. And they can print up to 2,500 lines per minute. Pros High-speed printing More durable Low operating costs Consumables are less harmful to the environment Cons Low print quality and cannot print graphics Very noisy, requires sound-absorbing cases 8.2 Dot Matrix Printers Epson LX310 Example: Tvs MSP 250 In a dot matrix printer, the pins are arranged in one or multiple vertical columns. The print head which contains several pins moves up and down or in a back and forth motion and prints by striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the page. This is just like a typewriter, but it can also print arbitrary patterns and not just particular characters. A character printed by a dot matrix printer is actually an accumulation of multiple dots on a very small region of the paper. The printer can be used for text, multiple fonts, and basic graphical printing. The outputs, however, have a dotted appearance. Pros Low printing cost Reliable Prints on multipart forms or carbon copies Useful for data logging Cons Slow speed Limited print quality They can be used to print multiple copies at the same time with the help of carbon copying. Thus, they are widely installed in offices and shops where multipart forms are required. 8.3 Daisy Wheel Printers The daisy wheel and print head on a Diablo D-25 printerExample: Commodore DPS 1101 A daisy wheel printer contains a disk and attached extension on which molded metal characters are mounted. When printing, the printer rotates the disk to each character and strikes it into an ink ribbon to create characters on paper. Pros Can use heavy paper grades and fan-fold paper Can create carbon copies Low costs and maintenance Cons Slow speed Low print quality 7. Minilab Printers SureLab D870Example: Epson Sure Lab D1070DE Minilabs are small photographic-developing and printing systems that are used in several retail stores to provide quick photo finishing services. |
When printing, the printer rotates the disk to each character and strikes it into an ink ribbon to create characters on paper. Pros Can use heavy paper grades and fan-fold paper Can create carbon copies Low costs and maintenance Cons Slow speed Low print quality 7. Minilab Printers SureLab D870Example: Epson Sure Lab D1070DE Minilabs are small photographic-developing and printing systems that are used in several retail stores to provide quick photo finishing services. A minilab machine is made of two systems: a film processor and a printer paper processor . Pros Perfect for photo processing High-capacity ink packs Prints on double- or single-sided sheet media Provides better exposed, color-corrected prints in less than 30 minutes Cons Quite pricey Larger and bulkier and than typical printers The Agfa and Kodak minilab machines use C41b chemistry to process films and RA-4 chemistry to process the paper. Depending on the device capabilities and operator s expertise, films can be ready for collection within 20 minutes. 6. Thermal PrintersF2C portable thermal printer Example: Polono Label Printers A thermal printer is made of three components: Thermal head: Generates heat to produce an image on the page Platen: A roller that moves the page Spring: Holds the printhead and paper together by applying small pressure The printer passes paper with a thermochromic coating over a print head. This print head contains several electrically heated elements, typically arranged as a line of small, closely spaced dots. The coating on the paper turns black in the region where it is heated, generating an image. These printers can have a resolution of up to 1,200 DPI. Although most of them print black and white monochrome text, some produce twocolor images. Due to decent print quality, speed, and portability, thermal printers are widely used in the banking, retail, grocery, healthcare, and airline industries. Voucher printers in slot machines, information kiosks, and point of sale systems are some of the commercial applications of these printers. |
Although most of them print black and white monochrome text, some produce twocolor images. Due to decent print quality, speed, and portability, thermal printers are widely used in the banking, retail, grocery, healthcare, and airline industries. Voucher printers in slot machines, information kiosks, and point of sale systems are some of the commercial applications of these printers. Pros More quiet and faster than dot matrix printers Easier to use as there is less use of software involved Requires less maintenance Comes in various models and sizes Cons Prints fewer colors The high heat limits wax and resin choices They are also used to generate sub-seafloor seismic imagery and print real-time records of side-scan sonar. In the data processing field, they are used for quickly creating hard copies of continuous hydrographic or seismic records. 5. Dye-sublimation PrintersTexart RT-640 Example: Texart XT-640 High-Volume Dye-Sublimation Printer Dye-sublimation printers utilize heat to transfer dye onto materials like card, paper, fabric, or plastic. They use the CMYO cyan, magenta, yellow, over coating system to deposit the ink on the surface one color at a time. The ink is deposited via a heat press, which ultimately changes from solid to gas hence the name sublimation and enters the material. The process is carried out at lower temperatures and higher pressures. Small heating elements on the print head change temperatures quickly to lay different amounts of dye. Polyester and polyester resin-coated substances are the perfect materials for this printing technique. Pros Allows printing on rigid surfaces Print thousands of colors using four-color ink CMYK Best for creating ID cards and photographic prints Short learning curveCons The item may lose color over the months Specific type of ink is required Professional and consumer dye-sublimation printers are developed for creating photographic prints, ID cards, license plates, etc. And since these printers are available in various sizes and styles, consumers can print on various products like mouse pads, coffee mugs, handbags, smartphone cases, dresses, pillows, and more. 4. Solid Ink Printers Example: HP Laserjet M209DW As the name suggests, these printers use solid ink instead of fluid ink or toner powder. |
And since these printers are available in various sizes and styles, consumers can print on various products like mouse pads, coffee mugs, handbags, smartphone cases, dresses, pillows, and more. 4. Solid Ink Printers Example: HP Laserjet M209DW As the name suggests, these printers use solid ink instead of fluid ink or toner powder. The printer melts the ink which is usually a waxy resinbased polymer to print images on paper or any substrate. This is how the process goes: small pucks or spheres of solid ink are stored in a hopper. From there, they are transferred to the printhead and melted as per the requirement. Pros Provides precise prints with bright colors Can print on many different types of media Less waste generated compared to inkjet or laser printers Suitable for intermittent use with long periods of downtime Cons The printer need to pause and reheat in between prints Ink may clog printhead nozzles This type of printer can create large graphic images with bright and vivid colors at reasonable costs. It is suitable for users who always have to print in color and require high-quality images. And since the solid ink doesn t dry out over time, you don t have to order new cartridges when you need to print something after a long time. 3. 3D PrintersPrusa I3 MK3S Example: Tronxy X5SA Pro 3D printers are based on a technique called additive manufacturing. They create a physical three-dimensional object from a CAD computeraided design or digital model. It involves adding materials such as powder grains or composites or bio-materials layer by layer at the millimeter scale. Unlike injection molding and CNC machining that uses various cutting tools to make objects, 3D printers require no cutting tools. They construct objects directly onto the built platform. Pros Enables fast design and production Gives you the flexibility to create anything that fits within its build volume Minimize waste Cost-effective Cons Not yet versatile enough to work with most materials Requires post processing Depending on the type of printer, material used, and size of the object, a print takes several hours to complete. The finished object often requires post-processing like sanding, paint, or other conventional finishing touches to achieve the desired surface finish. 3D printing processes can be categorized into 7 groups: 1. Vat photo polymerization 2. |
The finished object often requires post-processing like sanding, paint, or other conventional finishing touches to achieve the desired surface finish. 3D printing processes can be categorized into 7 groups: 1. Vat photo polymerization 2. Material Extrusion 3. Sheet Lamination 4. Directed Energy Deposition 5. Material Jetting 6. Binder Jetting 7. Powder Bed Fusion Modern 3D printers are advanced enough to create complex structures and geometries that would be otherwise impossible to build manually. They can be used to build a range of objects, from simple prototypes to intricate final products, such as medical instruments, aircraft parts, ecofriendly buildings, and even artificial organs using layers of human cells. 2. Liquid Inkjet PrintersHP Smart Tank 530 Example: Canon PIXMA G3260 The inkjet printer creates an image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper or plastic substrates. Its print head moves back and forth as the paper feeds through rollers. The complete image is made of thousands of minuscule dots, like the pixels on a television screen. These dots are extremely small between 50 and 70 microns in diameter and positioned very precisely with resolutions up to 1200 x 1440 DPI. Also, these dots can have multiple colors combined together to produce high-quality pictures. Pros Quieter than impact printers Practically no warm uptime Really good at producing natural shades and colors Easy to set up and use Cons Liquid ink can dry out when stored for a longer period of time Expensive ink refillsLiquid inkjet printers perform best on nonporous paper and slightly heavy bond paper with a hard surface that effectively prevents colors from bleeding. They are available in many different varieties and sizes, ranging from small cost-efficient consumer models to expensive professional machines. While most home inkjet printers are lightweight and have low per-page costs, commercial machines are larger and print on a broader range of materials. 1. Laser Printers Pantum M6602NW Example: HP OfficeJet 5255 Laser printers have become a common consumer product, often used along with personal computers. Their working principle involves electrophotographic, which is the same technique used in photocopy machines. To create a high-quality image, the laser printer continuously passes a laser beam back and forth over a photoreceptor drum. This drum is nothing but a negatively charged cylinder. |
Their working principle involves electrophotographic, which is the same technique used in photocopy machines. To create a high-quality image, the laser printer continuously passes a laser beam back and forth over a photoreceptor drum. This drum is nothing but a negatively charged cylinder. It collects positively chargedpowdered ink toner and transmits the image to paper. The paper is then slightly heated to permanently fuse the image onto it. The standard resolution in most laser printers is 600 DPI, whereas the high-end production machine can have a resolution of 2,400 DPI. Plus, they can print at a much faster rate than inkjet printers. A high-end model can print about 12,000 monochrome pages per hour or 6,000 colored pages per hour. However, they don t print color photos as well as inkjet printers do. That s why most photographers and designers prefer inkjet printers for gallery-quality photos. Pros Fast printing speed Noiseless Produces high-quality monochrome prints Mechanical components are reliable and durable Cons High initial investment cost Not suitable for high quality graphics Laser printers are well suited for office use due to their capability to quickly print large amounts of documents. Overall, they are excellent for text, documents, and printing medium-quality color photos1.1 LED Printers OKI MC853dn Example: Xerox VersaLink C7000DN LED light-emitting diode printers are generally grouped with laser printers because they use a similar technique for creating text or graphics. Both use a toner, drum, and fuser to provide high-quality prints. However, LED printers have an array of light-emitting diodes instead of a laser and mirror. Since LED printers contain fewer moving parts, they are more reliable and efficient than traditional laser printers. Plus, they are cheaper to manufacture and less prone to mechanical wear. Pros Contains fewer moving parts Inexpensive and reliable Noiseless Provides excellent image quality Cons High initial cost Slower printing speed than laser printersFactors to consider when selecting a printer Choosing the best printer can be overwhelming with so many options. To help you decide which type of new printer you should buy, consider the following factors and your specific needs: Printing Purpose Home Use: If you need a printer primarily for occasional home use, like printing documents, school assignments, or family photos, an inkjet printer should suffice. |
Plus, they are cheaper to manufacture and less prone to mechanical wear. Pros Contains fewer moving parts Inexpensive and reliable Noiseless Provides excellent image quality Cons High initial cost Slower printing speed than laser printersFactors to consider when selecting a printer Choosing the best printer can be overwhelming with so many options. To help you decide which type of new printer you should buy, consider the following factors and your specific needs: Printing Purpose Home Use: If you need a printer primarily for occasional home use, like printing documents, school assignments, or family photos, an inkjet printer should suffice. They re affordable and can handle a variety of printing tasks. Small Businesses: A laser printer is a good choice for a small office or home office SOHO where you must print frequently. It offers fast and efficient text printing. Color or Black and White Consider an inkjet or color laser printer if you need to print in color. For basic black-andwhite documents, a monochrome laser printer is cost-effective. Print Volume For bulk printing, a laser printer with a high page-per-minute PPM rate and a large paper tray may be more suitable. Inkjet printers make a better choice for lower print volumes. Printing Photos If you re into photography and want to print photos, a dedicated photo printer or a highquality color inkjet printer with photo capabilities is a good choice. Consider other costs like glossy photo paper for the printing process, maintenance, etc. Size and Space Consider the available space where you plan to put the printer. Consider a compact inkjet printer if you have a small space, as laser printers can be larger. All-in-One or Single Function An all-in-one a multifunction printer combines printing, copying, scanning, and even faxing in one machine. It s convenient for saving space and money if you need these functions. Connectivity Options Ensure the printer you choose has the connectivity options you need. Common features include USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and mobile printing capabilities. Cost Considerations Think about both the upfront cost of the printer and the long-term cost of consumables like ink or toner cartridges. Some printers may be inexpensive initially but cost more to maintain. Brand and Model Consider reputable brands known for quality and reliability. Read reviews and compare printer models within your budget. Additional Features Some printers have extra features like automatic duplex double-sided printing, touchscreen controls, and memory card slots for direct photo printing. |
Brand and Model Consider reputable brands known for quality and reliability. Read reviews and compare printer models within your budget. Additional Features Some printers have extra features like automatic duplex double-sided printing, touchscreen controls, and memory card slots for direct photo printing. Assess whether these features matter to you. Compatibility Ensure the printer is compatible with your computer s operating system. Most modern printers support Windows and macOS, but it s always good to check. Warranty and Support Check the warranty, warranty extensions, and available customer support for the printer. Extremely reliable customer service can be crucial if you encounter any issues. Environmental Considerations If you re eco-conscious, look for printers with energy-saving features, recyclable ink or toner cartridges, and eco-friendly certifications. In summary, the type of printer you should buy depends on your specific needs and budget. Consider your printing volume, fast print speeds, whether you need color printing, available space, and any extra features for high-quality prints you require. It s also a good idea to read reviews and compare prices before deciding. Considering these factors, you can find a printer that suits your print jobs and helps you achieve your printing goals efficiently. How to Print a Document from Your Computer 1 Make sure that your printer is connected and turned on. If your printer connects over Wi-Fi, this will mean making sure that you're on the same Internet network as your printer; otherwise, you'll need to plug your printer's USB cable into your computer. Check your printer's manual to confirm how to set it up if you haven't already done so. Be sure to update your printer drivers. 2 Open the document you want to print. This could be a PDF, Word document, Excel spreadsheet, or even photos. Use the File Explorer to find the file if needed. 3 On your keyboard, press Ctrl P . This is the keyboard shortcut to open the print menu. You can also manually open the print menu by clicking the printer icon. In some apps, you'll need to click File and then Print. The print menu may look different depending on the application used to open your file. 4 Select your printer. Click the "Printer" drop-down box, then click your printer's name. If you don't see your printer, you'll need to add it. 5 Select a number of copies. In the "Copies" box, type in the number of copies of the document that you'd like to print. |
First we ll tell you what RAM memory alternatively referred to as main memory, primary memory, or system memory, Random Access Memory RAM in a computer system, it is also sometimes known as read-write memory or RWM, then we ll go over how RAM works in Macintosh s and pcs. Also, there are different kinds of RAM, including VRAM, PRAM, DRAM and SRAM . Random access memory RAM This is the most common type of main memory. It is called random access memory RAM because ; its content can be read directlyregardless of the sequence in which it was stored. As opposed to ROM, the content in RAM is held temporarily and its content is lost once the computer is turned off. Characteristics of random access memory RAM are: 1.Data can be read retrieved and written stored in it. 2 .RAM is a temporary volatile storage because its content disappears when the computer is switched off. 3.Its content is user defined i.e. the user dictates what is to be contained in the RAM. Types of RAM There are two types of-RAM namely, static RAM SRAM and dynamic DRAM .Static RAM is very fast compared to dynamic RAM and holds its content as long as there is power. Dynamic RAM on the other hand can only hold its content for a short while even when power is all .To maintain the content of dynamic RAM, the memory chip is designed in away that its content is refreshed automatically rewritten severally per second. Static RAM is more expensive. It is mostly used to make special types of memories. Special purpose memories Apart from ROM and RAM there are several types of special purpose memories found inside the CPU or in the input and output devices. These memories are vital because they increase the overall performance of data and instructions moving in and out of the CPU. These memories include buffers, registers and cache memory. Buffers This is a temporary holding place that may be part of the CPU or built in an input or output device. Because the CPU is very fast compared to the input or output devices, buffers provide temporary storage so that the CPU is set free to carry out other activities instead of waiting for all data to be entered or information to be output. For example since a printer cannot work at the speed of a CPU, the printer buffers temporarily holds the output to be printed hence freeing the CPU to perform other functions. Buffers can hold more than one piece of data at a time. |
Example: 453 This number is the answer 321 145413 1284 321 x 4 1284 1701 Subtract 1284 from 1454 and bring down the 1 1605 321 x 5 1605 963 Subtract 1605 from 1701 and bring down the 3 963 321 x 3 963 0 Subtract 963 from 963 Exercise 3 Do these calculations. Show your method. Not just an answer. A 432 128 - 248 529 b 164 600 196 4169 GM 2023 c 35 x 78 d 5 822 16 e 80 357 619 450 f 231 609 218 344 g 27 x 39 h 9 206 28 Exercise 4 1. Use the HORIZONTAL METHOD a 456 350 239 b 648 352 371 2. Use the VERTICAL METHOD a 1 226 x 82 b 3 437 x 24 HCF and LCM The HCF and LCM are numbers that share the same factors. These are called common factors and you can find the highest common factor, HCF, of two or more numbers. You can also find the lowest common multiple, LCM, of two or more numbers. Example: The multiples of 12 are 12 ; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72 ; 84; and the multiples of 15 are 15; 30; 45; 60; 75; 90; which means that the LCM of 12 and 15 is 60. You can use the prime factor method for finding the LCM or an HCF . For example: 12 2 x 2 x 3 and 15 3 x 5 so the LCM is 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 which contains all possible prime factors of both numbers. The HCF of 12 and 15 is 3 as that is the highest factor common to both numbers. |
12 GM 2023 Complete the sums below using BODMAS BOMDAS. No CALCULATORS are allowed. Show all working out. A 30 X 12 4 0f 20 b 17 x 25 x 24 2 10 x 10 c 24 14 x 25 5 d 235 80 x 50 10 215 of 8 e 200 20 285 95 8 4 f 790 1 000 125 50 10 g 50 35 of 75 32 h 470 692 x 10 20 630 PROBLEM SOLVING: BRAIN TEASER Two lighthouse beacons can be seen from the top of a hill. These two beacons start flashing at the same time. One beacon flashes every 4 minutes and the other flashes every 9 minutes. Calculate how long it will be before they both flash at the same time again. Use your 4 x and 9 x table to calculate. Exercise 8 There are special rules that apply to the number zero and the number one. 1. What happens to numbers when you multiply or divide by 1? Solve these problems. A 28 1 b 28 1 c 8 344 1 d 8 344 1 e What can you conclude about multiplying or dividing by 1? 13 GM 2023 2. What happens to numbers when you add or subtract 0? Solve these problems. A 429 0 b 429 0 c 5 360 0 d What can you conclude about adding or subtracting 0. 3. What happens when we multiply by 0? A What does it mean when we say 4 0? 4. What happens when we divide 0 by a whole number? A 0 4 b 0 8 c 0 58 d 0 347 5. What happens when we divide by zero? |
What happens when we divide 0 by a whole number? A 0 4 b 0 8 c 0 58 d 0 347 5. What happens when we divide by zero? A 4 0 b 8 0 c 58 0 d 347 0 RATIO AND RATE RATIO A ratio is used to compare the sizes of two or more quantities that use the same unit of measurement. A ratio of 5:6 means that for every 5 of the first quantity, there are 6 of the second quantity. Ratio can also be written as a fraction. In the ratio 5:6, the first quantity would be written as 511. The second quantity would be written as611. Ratios can be simplified, e.g., 10:12 can be simplified to 5:6. Another example: The ratio of an original price of a coat to the sale price is R300:R210. We simplify this to 10:714 GM 2023 RATE A rate is used to compare the sizes of two or more quantities that use different units of measurement, e.g., hours h , minutes m , Rands R , millimeters mm , centimeters cm , etc. Exercise 9 1. Simplify the ratio 32:16. 2. Write the fraction 32 48 in its simplest form. 3. Now write the ratio 32:48 in its simplest form. 4. The ratio of women engineers to men engineers in a construction company is 2:7. A There are six women engineers. How many men engineers are there in the company? B How many engineers are there in the company altogether? C What fraction of the total number of engineers are women? D The company decides to improve their gender equality. The company wants to change the ratio of women engineers to men engineers to 2:5. The company cannot afford to employ more than 28 engineers in total. When the company achieves this ratio, how many women engineers and men engineers would they have? SHARING A WHOLE IN A GIVEN RATIO Share R 2 250,00 in the ratio 3:2:1 This means 3:2:1 that 3 2 1 6 parts of the whole 2 250. |
CONVERTING FRACTIONS To convert an improper fraction to a mixed number, simply divide the number by the denominator: Example: 12 5 12 5 2 r 2 We write this as 2 25 To convert a mixed number to an improper fraction, multiply the whole number by the denominator. Add the numerator to this. Write this answer as the numerator and keep the denominator the same. Examples: 8 Multiply 8 by 2, and then add 1 This will give you a total of 17 The improper fraction will therefore be 172 Exercise 12 1. Convert the improper fractions to mixed numbers: 3 15 1000125 2. Convert the mixed numbers to improper fractions: 1323; 17811; 437; 6415; 971218 GM 2023 Equivalent fractions SIMPLIFYING FRACTIONS To simplify a fraction, you must reduce the fraction to its smallest form. To do this, you need to divide both the numerator and the denominator by the same highest common factor. Example:12 30 The highest number that can fit into both 12 and 30 is 6. 6 is therefore the highest common factor HCF Divide the numerator and denominator by the highest common factor. E.g. 12 30 66 25 SO: 12 30 25 NB: A common fraction must always be written in the simplest form! Exercise 13 1. Equivalent fractions a 3035 7 b 1144 1 c 6390 7 d 911 99 19 GM 2023 2. |
12 30 66 25 SO: 12 30 25 NB: A common fraction must always be written in the simplest form! Exercise 13 1. Equivalent fractions a 3035 7 b 1144 1 c 6390 7 d 911 99 19 GM 2023 2. Simplifying fractions 1890 ; 32545 ; 946112 ; 52460 FRACTIONS OF QUANTITIES When asked to work out a fraction of a quantity, use one of the following methods: Method 1: 110 of 30 Bodmas Rule: of becomes x 110 301 Multiply numerators, then denominators 3010 Reduce answer to simplest form 31 3 Method 2: 110 of 30 by 10; x1 3 Exercise 14 a 34 of 200 b 710 of 150 c 58 of 800 d 45 of 375 GIVING PARTS OF QUANTITIES AS FRACTIONS First change the amounts to the same unit of measurement. Write both amounts as fractions. Reduce the fraction to its simplest form. Example: What fraction is 20c of R2? R2 200c Same unit of measurement 20200 2010 Both amounts as fractions 110 Simplest form 20 GM 2023 Exercise 15 1. Solve the problems given below, in your books, and remember to show your workings: a What is 34 of 640? B What is 23 of 900? C What fraction is 58 of 800? D What is 56 of 300? E What fraction is 14 hours of 1 week? Exercise 16 1. Complete by filling in , or . Show your working out: a 20 b 10 c 60 d 18 e 8 f 102 2. Arrange these fractions in descending order, show your working out: a 4 6 79 b 2 6 812 3. |
5 3 2 6. 6 of 3 2 Exercise 20 1. A baker uses 1 45 of a 10kg bag of flour each day. How much flour does he use? A In a day b In a week 2. A recipe for biscuits makes 24 biscuits. A baker needs to make 3 34 of that amount. How many biscuits will he make? 3. Kimera is given R240. Her mother tells her to spend 38 on flour, 15 on sugar and to bring home the change. A What fraction of the money will she bring home? B How much money will this be? 4. Oliver s petrol tank is 45 full. His car will use 1215 of this amount to complete its next journey. What fraction of petrol will be used? 23 GM 2023 5. A shop keeper grants a discount of 23 off a damaged product so that he can clear a space for his new stock. The original sale price is R330. How much will the customer pay for the damaged product? 6. Siya is given R450 for his birthday. He uses 15 to buy shoes, 115 on CDs, 16 for games and 12 on clothes. A What fraction of the money has been spent? B How much change will he receive? 7. There are 185 learners in a Grade Seven group. 35 of these learners are girls. How many boys are there? DECIMAL FRACTIONS What is a decimal fraction? A decimal fraction is a number that is written with a comma. Decimals are commonly used to indicate temperature, length, mass, money, and other forms of measurement. Proper common fractions can be expressed in a decimal form e.g. 4,9 4 910 If we have 9 units and we add 1 more, we now have a Ten. Each place value on the left is 10 times bigger than the one on the right, e.g. |
Example: 493,64 700 496,64 100 733 GM 2023 4,9664 7 0,705 Exercise 28 1. Complete the following: a 71,435 7 d 24,1 4 b 6,257 5 e 288,144 12 c 837,84 6 2. Write down the answers to the following: a 165,2 1000 d 143 725,811 1000 b 18,976 10 e 0,8 100 c 0,0731 100 3. Use any method to complete the following: a 29,185 50 b 571,424 700 c 32,13 9000 d 146,5 20 e 8166,128 400 FINANCIAL MATHS Money in South Africa: The rand, sign R: and the code ZAR , is the currency of South Africa and is issued by the South African Reserve Bank. It gets its name from the Witwatersrand, the ridge upon which Johannesburg is built and where most of South Africa s gold deposits were found. The rand has the symbol R and is equal to 100 cents, symbol c . 34 GM 2023 FINANCES PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT Profit is the surplus remaining after total costs are deducted from total revenue. Revenue means your income. Profit can be calculated in different ways. Normally when we talk about a 10 profit, we calculate it on the cost price. We sometimes also refer to a 10 mark-up. Example: If I sell a football which cost me R200,00 for R220,00, I made a 10 profit. Loss is the excess of expenditure over income. Discount is the amount deducted from the asking price before payment. Remember that profit and loss do not only apply to businesses but also to your personal income. Exercise 29 Are you making a profit or a loss in these examples. How much profit or loss? 1a You are buying sweets for 45c and selling them for 65c each. |
Exercise 29 Are you making a profit or a loss in these examples. How much profit or loss? 1a You are buying sweets for 45c and selling them for 65c each. I made a profit loss of amount per sweet. B You are buying pencils for R2,00 each and selling them for R2,40 each to your friends. You manage to sell 40 pencils. I made a profit loss of amount . C On Saturdays you hire a stall at the local flea-market for R50,00. You are buying juice for R1.50 each and selling them for R2,50 each. Last Saturday it was cold, and you only managed to sell 40. I made a profit loss of amount . D You are buying biscuits in large packets of 100 for R10,45 per packet. You are selling to your friends for 30c per biscuit. During the first break, you manage to sell 75 biscuits. I made a profit loss of amount . E You are buying fruit directly from the market and selling it to your neighbours, friends, and family. Last weekend you bought 3 boxes of bananas. Each box contained 12 bunches of 12 bananas each. Each box cost you R75,00. You managed to sell 80 of35 GM 2023 the bananas at 65c each before the rest were too ripe and you had to throw them away. I made a profit loss of amount . 2a You are buying sweets for 45 c each and you want to make a 25 profit. How much must you sell them for? Amount . B You are buying pens for R1,27 each and you want to make a 17 profit. How much must you sell them for? Amount . C On Sundays you hire a stall at the local flea-market for R50,00. You buy juice for R1,50 per box and you normally sell 200 units per Sunday. If you want to make a 35 profit after paying for the stall, how much must you ask per fruit juice? Amount . FINANCES - BUDGET Do you know what a budget is? Can I have my own budget or is it only for adults? Budget is the estimate of cost and revenues over a specific period. |
FINANCES - BUDGET Do you know what a budget is?Can I have my own budget or is it only for adults?Budget is the estimate of cost and revenues over a specific period. Budget is like a scale where you try to balance your income and your expenses. Important: Your income should always outweigh your expenses. Creating a budget is the most important step in controlling your money. The first rule of budgeting is: Spend less than you earn!Example: If you received a R250,00 allowance pocket money per month and another R80 for your birthday, you cannot spend more than R330,00 for the entire month. Net income is, like profit, the surplus remaining after all costs are deducted from total gross revenue. If the expenses exceed the income, we call it a shortage. It is always a bright idea to SAVE for a RAINY day!FINANCES- LOANS AND INTEREST What is a loan?What is interest?A loan is a sum of money that an individual or a company lends to an individual or a company with the objective of gaining profits from interest when the money is paid back.36 GM 2023 Interest is the fee charged by a lender to a borrower for the use of borrowed money, usually expressed as an annual percentage of the amount borrowed, also called interest rate. There are two kinds of interest: Simple and compound. Simple or flat rate interest is usually paid each year as a fixed percentage of the amount borrowed or lent at the start. With compound interest, you also pay interest on the interest!The simple interest formula is as follows: Interest Principal x Rate x Time Where: Interest is the total amount of interest paid. Principal is the mount lent or borrowed. Rate is the percentage of the principal charged as interest each year. Time is the time in years to pay back the loan. It is never a good idea to BORROW money. Rather SAVE until you can afford to buy something!END OF TERM 1 AND WE MADE IT! |
All art uses some blend of many or all of these aspects in order to be pleasing to the eye or to communicate its message. For example, Grant Wood's Fall Plowing uses a blend of color, repetition, line, shape and balance to bring his piece to life. He uses bold greens, yellows and reds, hard, flowing crop lines, and repetition of fun shapes to guide the viewer's eye over what seems to be a fairly serene scene of a freshly plowed field. To analyze the visual elements of visual arts one has to Consider the composition, colors, textures, size, space, and other visual and material attributes of the artwork The seven principles of visual arts 1. Balance refers to the visual weight of the elements of the composition. It is a sense that the painting feels stable and "feels right.". Imbalance causes a feeling of discomfort in the viewer. Balance can be achieved in 3 different ways: Symmetry, in which both sides of a composition have the same elements in the same position, as in a mirror-image, or the two sides of a face. Asymmetry, in which the composition is balanced due to the contrast of any of the elements of art. For example, a large circle on one side of a composition might be balanced by a small square on the other side Radial symmetry, in which elements are equally spaced around a central point, as in the spokes coming out of the hub of a bicycle tire. Contrast This is the difference between elements of art in a composition, such that each element is made stronger in relation to the other. When placed next to each other, contrasting elements command the viewer's attention. Areas of contrast are among the first places that a viewer's eye is drawn. Contrast can be achieved by juxtapositions of any of the elements of art. Negative Positive space is an example of contrast. Complementary colors placed side by side is an example of contrast. Notan is an example of contrast. Emphasis This is when the artist creates an area of the composition that is visually dominant and commands the viewer's attention. This is often achieved by contrast. Movement is the result of using the elements of art such that they move the viewer's eye around and within the image. A sense of movement can be created by diagonal or curvy lines, either real or implied, by edges, by the illusion of space, by repetition, by energetic mark-making. |
This is often achieved by contrast. Movement is the result of using the elements of art such that they move the viewer's eye around and within the image. A sense of movement can be created by diagonal or curvy lines, either real or implied, by edges, by the illusion of space, by repetition, by energetic mark-making. Pattern is the uniform repetition of any of the elements of art or any combination thereof. Anything can be turned into a pattern through repetition. Some classic patterns are spirals, grids, weaves. For examples of different pattern types see the Artlandia Glossary of Pattern Design. A popular drawing practice is Zentangles, in which an abstract or representational outline is divided into different areas, each of which contains a unique pattern. Rhythm This is created by movement implied through the repetition of elements of art in a nonuniform but organized way. It is related to rhythm in music. Unlike pattern, which demands consistency, rhythm relies on variety. Unity Variety You want your painting to feel unified such that all the elements fit together comfortably. Too much unity creates monotony, too much variety creates chaos. You need both. Ideally, you want areas of interest in your composition along with places for your eye to rest. PAINTING Colour wheel Colour wheel a diagram used in the visual arts to represent the colours of the visible spectrum and their relationships to one another. The colours are arranged systematically into a circle, with each hue usually falling into one of three categories: 1. Primary2. Secondary 3. Intermediate. Colour gradation strip for colour contrast Start with your chosen colour at the top of the column on your palette cool blues below the cool blue column, warm reds below the warm red column and apply in a broad band on your canvas. Back to your palette, add white to your colour and mix it in the column below the first colour. Still life drawing Still Life drawing is literally creating a two dimensional image of inanimate objects. Various media are used to emphasize a skill or topic. Still Life drawings created as preliminary studies for paintings are typically pencil, pastels, or pen and ink. A still life drawing is created by placing objects in a design setting that utilizes available light and contrasts in shapes in an eye pleasing manner. The artist sketches the basic shapes first and continues to fill in details and or color until the desired outcome is achieved. |
What Is Time Signature 3 4? The time signature or meter 3 4 is show in the music as a 3 above a 4. This comes before the music starts but after the clef and key signature. The 3 stands for 3 beats per measure and the 4 tells us that each beat is a quarter note. This means that the notes in each measure will add to three quarter notes. See if you can spot the three quarter note beats in this line of music. Now here it is with the beats labelled. Master Time Signatures With Our Free Mini Course Get 10 video lessons complete with worksheets and quiz to learn about simple, compound and irregular meters. How To Count In 3 4 3 4, like all meters, has a distinctive feel to it. We count 3 4 as 1..2 3 .1 2 .3 and you can see this on the music below. These three quarter-note beats are counted regardless of how those beats are divided up. Here is a piece by Chopin. It contains more complex rhythms with a variety of note lengths, however this piece would still counted with three quarter-note beat. Can you spot where each beat falls? Now here it is with the beats added. 3 4 Is A Simple, Triple Time Signature There are three broad types of time signature: simple, compound and irregular. Simple time signatures have beats that divide into two. Compound time signatures have beats that divide into three and irregular time signatures have a mixture of beats. In time signature 3 4 each beat is a quarter note and therefore can be divided into TWO eighth notes. This makes 3 4 a Simple Time Signature. It is a Triple time signature because there areThe notes below show how each quarter note beat in 3 4 time can be divided into two eight notes. Athletics and Montage Athletics is a sport that includes a number of events involving running, jumping, throwing or walking. Middle distance races. Middle distance race starts with a standing start, athletes start from an upright, standing position the crouch forward with one foot about 18 inches behind the other. The leading foot and shoulder both point forward. The upper body should not be twisted. Strategies applied by middle distance runners during a race: Pacing Stride length Recovery. Pacing rate at which an athlete runs. |
The upper body should not be twisted. Strategies applied by middle distance runners during a race: Pacing Stride length Recovery. Pacing rate at which an athlete runs. An athlete knows how long it takes him or her to cover a certain distance. Stride length it is the uniform length of steps taken during running. Recovery - It is a stop, walk or slow jog made after striding. It helps an athlete to catch a breath and relax before striding again which helps in developing speed and running skills. Middle-distance running events are track races longer than sprints, up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance even MONTAGE is the production of a rapid succession of images in a motion picture to illustrate an association of idea. Photomontage. Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. It is assembly of images that relate to each other in some way to create a single work or part of a work of art. Photomontage is an image constructed from collaged photographs. Characteristics shown in photomontage. Superimposition-combine two images to create something new. Use of pictures. Emphasis on shape. MELODY Composing melody A melody is a collection of musical tones that are grouped together as a single entity. Most compositions consist of multiple melodies working in conjunction with one another. In a rock band, the vocalist, guitarist, keyboardist, and bassist are all playing melodies on their respective instruments. The basic process of melody writing is to create a musical sequence of notes, often referred to as a line, that's interesting and pleasing to the listener. This is done by using pitch notes and rhythm beats . Melodies are most often built using scales or modes. There are a few ways to extend a melody, depending on the style of music and the desired effect. Here are a few methods that may be helpful: Repeat and vary the melody. Repeat the melody multiple times, with slight variations each time. This can create a sense of familiarity and build tension. Add a countermelody. Introduce a new melody that complements the original melody. |
This can create a sense of familiarity and build tension. Add a countermelody. Introduce a new melody that complements the original melody. This can create a sense of harmony and depth. Use harmonic progression. Change the chords that the melody is played over. This can create a sense of movement and tension. Add a coda. Add a section at the end of the melody that provides a sense of closure. NETBAL Netball is a ball sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of seven players. The primary objective is to shoot a ball through the defender's goal ring while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own goal ring. Passes in netball 1. Chest pass in Net ball. Chest pass is a way of throwing the ball to a teammate where the ball is released and received at the chest level. The pass is usually used when the teammates are not far from each other. Learning points for the chest pass. 1. Grip Spread your fingers out behind the ball to form a W formation, holding it at chest height with your elbows out in front of you. 2. Stance. Face the direction you want the ball to go in. Step forwards with your dominant foot as you begin to straighten your arms. 3. Execution of the pass. Push the ball away from your body at chest height by powerfully extending the arms forwards and flicking the wrists. Follow through with the arms, wrists, hands and fingers in the direction of the throw. Chest pass drills Dodging and marking in Netball. Dodging is a technique used to counter the marking attempts. It is applied by members of the team in control of the ball. The player being marked attempts to get free from the marker and move into space to receive a pass. It may involve changing pace and use of deceptive body actions to put the marking player off balance. Deceptive means misleading or trickiness while off-balance means not steady or stable. Intercept means block a pass or prevent it from reaching destination or to block something from happening. Body movements used by a player when dodging an opponent. Using bending or leaning movements with the body trunk to the left or right or left once or repeatedly. Sprinting off from the marker. Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. |
Sprinting off from the marker. Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass. The intention is to obstruct passes made by the team in control of the ball. A player can mark an opponent in possession of the ball or an opponent without the ball. Marking opponent with the ball. Marking opponent without the ball. Body movements used by a player when marking an opponent. Standing in front of the player being marked. Standing beside the player being marked. Raising hands up or to the side to reach the path of the ball. Stepping forward, or sideways while avoiding any obstruction. Things to learn when dodging and marking stance. Marking a player without the ball. Establish the basic stance for marking with body weight on your toes. Take a position slightly in front of the player you intend to mark. Be on your toes, with knees slightly bent, ready to catch the ball or move in the direction of the opponent. The hands should be on the side of the body. React quickly when the opponent being marked makes any movement, move in the direction of the opponent using short steps, shuffle sideways without crossing the feet. Focus on both the ball and the player and forth from one place to another. Activity. Guided by the teacherDemonstrate Basic stance for dodging, marking, body movement for dodging and marking. Footwork in Netball. Landing techniques. In netball, the ball is played using hands. During play, the players may: Run to doge an opponent or to reach a ball. Jump to catch a high ball or rebound from the ring. Stop the running action suddenly to dodge an opponent or avoid getting to an offside position. Land on the floor or the ground as dedicated by the laws of gravity in integrated science and as guided by the law of the game. However, players need to land safely for safety and healthy living. There are two landing techniques in Netball: The double foot landing. Single foot landing. Pivoting. |
Batik fabrics often include colorful, intricate, ornamental designs. What are two types of batik art? There are several different varieties of batik art. Two main types include hand-painted or drawn and stamped, block printed, or machine-printed. What is the batik method? The traditional batik method includes the drawing of a pattern on fabric, then the application of hot wax on the pattern, the dyeing of the fabric, removal of the wax, or some wax, then sometimes additional rounds of dyeing. The parts under the wax are not dyed. Other methods than the aforementioned traditional method exist. Light and Dry Crackle Effects has been formulated to create dry, cracked floors on the undersurfaces of vehicles, dioramas and vignettes. This product has been developed for the creation of scale crackle effects. On an acrylic base, use a thin coat and let dry. Descant recorder or Any other western instrumentDescant recorder, is the third-smallest instrument of the modern recorder family and is usually played as the highest voice in four-part ensembles SATB soprano, alto, tenor, bass . Recorders made today are designed after originals preserved in museums and based on historical evidence regarding dimensions, materials and pitch. Recorders come in many different sizes. The main kinds, from small to large, are: sopranino, descant soprano , treble alto , tenor and bass. Examples of western solo instruments. Instruments Playing technique Fingering chart for the G scale. Violin Bowing on the strings Guitar. Plucking the strings Trumpet in B flat Blowing air while producing a buzzing sound. Tones can be varied by pressing the valves. Xylophone Hitting the bars with a small mallet. Each piece of wood is a different length so it produces different sounds when they are hit. Piano Pressing on the keys. Playing the recorder using appropriate techniques. The following techniques are used to play descant recorder: Tonguing. Gently say tu when blowing air into the recorder. Embouchure. This is how one places their mouth on the recorder s mouthpiece to ensure that no air is lost when blowing into the instrument. Fingering. Correct placement of the fingers on the recorder. As a rule, the left hand is always at the top part of the recorder. All the holes must be tightly covered to prevent leakage of air. |
Correct placement of the fingers on the recorder. As a rule, the left hand is always at the top part of the recorder. All the holes must be tightly covered to prevent leakage of air. Blowing. Blow warm air into the recorder. Blowing gently gives a good sound. Blowing too hard generates unpleasant sounds. Slurring. This is the technique of playing more than two notes in one breath. This involves only the movement of fingers while the airflow is constant. Staccato. Playing notes in a detached manner. Notes to be played staccato have a dot above or below the note. Tone quality. Listen carefully to the sound you produce when you blow into the recorder. Blowing gently and having consistent air gives a good tone. Blend and balance. Being able to listen to what the other in an ensemble are playing helps to blend and create a balanced sound. Interpret performance directions when playing the descant recorder. You should be able to play melodies on the descant recorder while observing the following directions: a. Repeat. Repeat signs are two dots that are placed before or after a double bar line. Whey they are placed after a double bar line, it means it is the start of the repeat. However, when they are placed before a double line, it means the end of repeat. B. 1st and 2nd ending The two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. C. Da capo al fine It is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine. It means one goes back to the beginning of the piece and plays to the point written. D. Dal segno al fine. It is often abbreviated as D.S al fine. It means you go back to a point in the piece of music with the sign and play or sing to the bar marked Fine end then stop. E. Accent. The note with sign is played with emphasis. F. Fermata. This sign means that you can hold the note a little longer that its given time value or number of counts. G. Dynamics. This refers to how quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played. Italian terms are used to indicate dynamics in the piece of music. Dynamics English meaning. |
This refers to how quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played. Italian terms are used to indicate dynamics in the piece of music. Dynamics English meaning. Pianissimo pp Very soft Piano p Soft Mezzo piano mp Moderately soft Mezzo forte mf Moderately wide. Forte f Loud. Fortissimo ff Very loud. H. Tempo. This term is used to refer to how fast or slow a piece of music can be played. Italina terms are used to indicate what tempo the music is played Tempo terms English meaning. Andante At a walking pace 73-77 beats per minute Allegro Fast 109-132 beats per minute Adagio Slow ss-65 beats per minute Lento Slowly 40-45 beats per minute VerseVerse is writing arranged in lines which have rhythm and which often rhyme at the end. ... A slim volume of verse. I have been moved to write a few lines of verse. Synonyms: poetry, poems, lyrics, rhyme More Synonyms of verse Composing a verse Start by committing your main ideas to paper, then go back and refine them later. Draw on devices like simile and metaphor to tell your story in a way that's engaging to the listener. Don't just explain the action give life to it through concrete images and unexpected turns of phrase. VOLLEYBAL Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's Overarm and Jump serve in Volley. Over arm serve. Over arm serve is where a player tosses the ball with one hand and strikes it in the air above their head with the other hand so that it crosses the net and lands into the opponents side. Safety instructions. Ensure you perform thorough warm up activities. Avoid congestion by maintaining a safe distance from your peers. Follow instructions. Jump serve in Volleyball. This is a type of serve where the serving player increases power and serve height by jumping to hit the ball when serving in volleyball. Minor Games and basic rules. Minor games are small sided games that help you practice skills learnt in volleyball while applying the rules of the games. Safety precaution. Never fist hit the ball as you could hit someone s face. Do not swing on the post. |
Safety precaution. Never fist hit the ball as you could hit someone s face. Do not swing on the post. Do not go under the net, always walk around the nets. Do not throw the ball over the net, roll it under the net. Diagram of human figures playing Volley. Student activities monitored and instructed by the teacher Draw human figures of players serving or volleying a ball. C Serve the ball using the jump serve over a net. D Perform the volley for skill acquisition, KENYAN FOLK DANCE Classifying Kenyan folk dance African folk songs are classified according to the following. Their origin. Occasion. Function. Type. A. Community of origin. -. African songs can be classified according to their origin. -. The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. -. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita. -. These songs are passed on by oral tradition from one generation to the next. -. The music is related to the culture of a particular or region. For example, you can identify the culture od a particular community or region by their dressing, languageused, musical instruments, props, body adornments, ornaments, body movements, vocal embellishments used to enrich music, style of sing and tone among others. B. Occasion. -. African folk songs can also be categorized according to occasions they are performed. -. For example: - naming folk songs. -. Initiation folk songs. -. Marriage folk songs. -. War folk songs. -. Funeral folk songs. -. Worship folk songs among others. C. Function. Folk songs belong to the people with a common culture. Therefore, folk songs keep people connected to their cultures and heritage. They give history of the people and their culture. Folk songs usually pass important information, stories, messages and history from generation to generation. Folk songs are used to express emotions. They narrate stories of joy and sorrows in the simplest way. Folk songs are used as a means of unifying the community members when they come together to sing. |
Folk songs are used to express emotions. They narrate stories of joy and sorrows in the simplest way. Folk songs are used as a means of unifying the community members when they come together to sing. This also creates positive outcomes or consequences if they do not watch their actions and intention. Some of the folk songs are purely for entertainment, enjoyment by performers and the audience. D. Type. African folk songs can also be classified according to the type such as: Lullabies. Dirges. Love songs. Protest songs. Children s songs among others. Creating improvised implements to use in performance of Folkdance songs. Folk dances are performed by different participants who plays different roles as follows: Soloist-person who leads the rest of the participants in singing the melodies and dancing during the performance of the dance. Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments. Along side the participants, folk song dances also require other implements so help in identifying different cultures and diversities such as costumes, ornaments, body adornments, body make ups, props etc. During a folk-dance performance, participants wear specially designed cloths, hides or skins called costumes. Costumes are made using locally available materials such as sisal fibre, sisal string, comb and pair of scissors. The participants also decorate their bodies using different paints to make patterns. This is called body adornments. Body adornments are made using the following materials: Water paints. Chalk powder. Objects or items of different shapes and sizes like bottle tops, water bottles, combs, folk and other design shaped objects. Dancers also use beads, necklaces, bracelets and anklets during the dance performance. These are called ornaments. Body ornaments are made using locally available materials such as: Pieces of thread. Pair of scissors. Grains such as beans, maize soaked in water to make them soft A needle. The costumes, body adornments and ornaments vary from one community to another expressing different cultures in Kenya. The following are social importance of songs to the pastoralists: Songs they sing accompany their journey to facilitate movements. |
Grains such as beans, maize soaked in water to make them soft A needle. The costumes, body adornments and ornaments vary from one community to another expressing different cultures in Kenya. The following are social importance of songs to the pastoralists: Songs they sing accompany their journey to facilitate movements. They songs are sung during their herding sessions to take away boredom. They are a source of unity and collaboration among the community members. They educate on the importance of the animals and other resources. They tell the history of the community. General uses of Folk songs. As a source of entertainment. As a source of cultural and national unity. In teaching subjects such as history, literature and geography among others. To educate. To rebuke. To advise. To worship. To encourage. To promote culture. To give moral teachings. Economic importance of the songs. Economic importance or economic significance of something refers to the monetary or trade value of an item. Songs have economic importance to individuals, the cultural community and even the country. General these are the economic importance of folk songs: Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others. Folk songs musicians also earn the country foreign exchange when they perform outside the country. Folk musicians also earn the country revenue when they pay taxes. Folk musicians can be independent artists by recording and selling their music. Indigenous Kenyan craft Baketry Kenya's artistic heritage also includes a rich tradition of traditional crafts, such as beadwork, woodcarving, pottery, and basket weaving. These crafts have been passed down through generations and are often used for practical purposes as well as for ceremonial and decorative purposes basketry items made using coil techniques This method is widely used throughout the world in making strong, fairly rigid objects for daily use: partitions for dwellings, baskets to be carried on the back, cages, and fish traps with a Mediterranean variety composed of three layers of standards and a knotted thread . Swimming Breast stroke in swimming. |
Indigenous Kenyan craft Baketry Kenya's artistic heritage also includes a rich tradition of traditional crafts, such as beadwork, woodcarving, pottery, and basket weaving. These crafts have been passed down through generations and are often used for practical purposes as well as for ceremonial and decorative purposes basketry items made using coil techniques This method is widely used throughout the world in making strong, fairly rigid objects for daily use: partitions for dwellings, baskets to be carried on the back, cages, and fish traps with a Mediterranean variety composed of three layers of standards and a knotted thread . Swimming Breast stroke in swimming. Breast stroke is a stroke in which the arms are pushed forward and then swept back in a circular movement, while the legs are tucked in towards the bod and then kicked out in a sideways and backward movement. Description of the prone body position. The body lies in a horizontal position in the water with the head in line, with the spine and the face in the water, eyes looking down. The arms are extended forward and the legs are held close together, toes pointed. The breast stroke begins with a forceful push from the poolside in order to generate some propulsion, which results in a glide. The body moves in a smooth, continuous and effortless motion while lying on the stomach and glides in a horizontal position. From the glide phase, the propulsive arm action takes place and then the leg action as the arms recover. The body is then in a streamlined glide for a short moment in each before the next stroke begins. Glide. For effective gliding in the water, the body should be well streamlined. This can be affected by the underwater recovery movements, as the propulsive force remain still and streamlined. For example, as the legs kick to provide propulsion, the arms should be extended forward to create the ideal streamlined body position at the front. Similarly, as the arms pull around, the legs should be in the glide phase to create the same streamlined body position at the back. Gliding helps to make the breast stroke movement smooth and reduces the effort required by the arms to move forward, resulting on a more efficient swimming technique. It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide. |
It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide. Stand waist-deep in water, with knees bent or feet flat against the side of the pool. You can hold onto the side of the pool with one hand for support. Breathe in and put your face in the water. Puch off the wall and glide to the prone body position. Lie flat, head facing down with your body in line with the water surface. Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface. Do not let your hips drop in the water. Stretch your legs behind with toes pointed but slope your body slightly to allow the legs to stay beneath the water. Keep your neck and shoulders as relaxed as possible to aid the arm action and reduce strain. Keep your body straight and streamlined to make swimming easier and enhance speed. The head movement should be kept to a minimum, and the shoulder should remain level throughout the stroke. Arm action. The arm pull technique is needed to assist the leg movement and also to keep the breast stroke streamlined and efficient. Cath phase. I. Begin with the glide position, arms extended out in front of you, fingers and hands together, palms facing downwards. Ii. Pitch your hand outwards and downwards to an angle of about 45 degrees at the start of the catch phase. Iii. Pull your arms outwards and downwards until they are appropriately shoulderwidth apart. Your elbows should begin to bend, and your shoulders to roll inwards at the end of the catch phase. Propulsive phase. Sweep your arms downwards and inwards, and let the hands pull to their deepest point. The elbows bend to 900 and remain high. At the end of the down sweep, your hands, your hands should sweep inwards and slightly upwards. The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position. |
The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position. They should recover under, on, or over the water surface ready to restart the arm action. Leg action. The legs are the powerhouse of the breast stroke, and the full leg kick should be a simultaneous and flowing action, resulting in a powerful boost that propels the whole stroke. I. Start with your legs straight and together. Ii. Bend your knees and bring the heels towards your seat with the sole of the feet facing outwards for the frog kick . Iii. Sweep the legs outwards and download in a flowing circular path. The heels and soles of your feet should drive around and back to provide power and propulsion to the stroke. Iv. Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke. Breathing in takes place every time your arms pull back to all the body to lift and the head to rise. Lift your shoulders to bring your face out of the water to breath. Don t raise your head, let the head naturally rise with the shoulders so your chin is resting just above the water. Inhale through your mouth before letting your shoulder drop as you sweep with your arms. Breath out as your legs kick back and extend your arms forward. The head returns to the water to exhale as the arms stretch forward to begin their recovery phase. Timing. A well-executed breast stroke timing sequence is key to achieving a smooth and efficient swimming stroke as you will effortlessly glide through the water. A. Try to time your arm action and leg kick so there is always something propelling you through water. B. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover. C. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide d. As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips. E. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action. |
B. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover.c. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide d. As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips.e. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action.f. Time the arm strokes and kick so that the arms and legs are both at their full length as the kick finishes.g. Rest in the phase position as your body glides through the water. Then the glide begins to slow down, it is time to start another stroke. Water treading To maintain an upright position in deep water by moving the feet with a walking movement and the hands with a downward circular motion. |
1 GILBERT MWANGI O711510486 KALOLENI JUNIOR SCHOOL CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS TERM 1 2024 LESSON NOTES Foundations of Creative Arts and Sports Introduction to Creative Arts and Sports By the end of the Sub Strand, the learner should be able to: a describe categories of Creative Arts and Sports, b outline the relationships among the categories of Creative Arts and Sports, c create a chart on the categories of the Creative Arts and Sports, d appreciate the categories of Creative Arts and Sports Foundations of Creative Arts and Sports Components of Creative Arts and Sports describe the components of Visual Arts, b describe elements of a story, c perform activities demonstrating the components of fitness, d execute basic elements of Music, e appreciate the components of Creative Arts and Sports Introduction to Creative Arts and Sports. What is creative arts? Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainment. 2 Roles of Creative arts and sports in the society. Social roles of Creative arts Sports. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Economic roles of Creative arts and Sports. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. |
There are different genres of Performing Arts namely music, drama, dance, film and elocution. They can also be referred to as the disciplines of Performing Arts. 2. Each discipline is divided into smaller areas, for example music vocal and instrumental music , drama skit and play , dance Creative and folk dances , film documentaries, fiction films and elocution verse, narrative . These are known as the genres of Performing Arts. 3. Ln some cases, several disciplines can be used together in a particular performance. For example, songs can be used in narratives and skits to make them more interesting poetry is used with background music, while a movie trailer uses drama, film and music. Activity 3: Discussing the Importance of Performing Arts in Society 1. Performing Arts are used as a medium of self-expression. 2. Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. 3. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. 4. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performance 5. Performing Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life. 9 Importance of doing research of art Preparation for a presentation Factors to consider when making preparation and presentation of art research . 1. Relevance of the content It is important that the information in the presentation is relevant to the main topic. This help in preventing the speaker and the audience from talking about things not related to them. The information should be well organized starting from what the audience knows to providing new information 2. Oral presentation When making oral presentation, use appropriate language and expressions. Remember also to maintain eye contact with the audience. 3. Team work Every member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience. All members should demonstrate respect for one another and unity when carrying out the group activity. Guidelines to follow when making a presentation on categories of arts 1. Introductions Introduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. |
Introductions Introduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. Body of the presentation Discuss the meaning of the arts Give as many examples of the arts as possible Show actual samples, pictures or drawing to emphasize your points Demonstrate where necessary10 Conclusion Ask the audience whether there are questions of contributions Answer the questions confidently, ask other group members, the audience of the teacher if you are not able to give a response to the question. When there are not more questions, thank the audience for the co- operation. Presentation and appreciation categories of arts A presentation involves talking to an audience about the topic, an idea or a product. The main purpose of a presentation is to pass information and persuade an audience about a certain idea or topic. Elements of presentation Speaker of the presenter The role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience. The speaker also controls the presentation. The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audience These are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. The content This is the information you will pass to the audience. The resources used in the presentation These may include o samples of artwork o presentation software o charts o posters11 Career pathways in the arts Career pathways - is an area of study taken so as to lead and prepare someone for a specific career. The arts is a wide a field that has very many opportunities. Careers in the art range from traditional fine art emerging digital and media design. The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary school The arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include: - music - dance - theatre and film Visual and applied art: - fine art - applied art - time based media Pupil s activities Pg. 1012 Presentation on career pathways in the Art When making a presentation on the career in the arts, follow the same procedure as in the categories of the arts. Make sure you have done a good research and that you have enough point for the presentation. |
In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. 3. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them. 16 Use common words or names of the members in the class to practise the rhythmic patterns with semiquavers, for example: apple juice, ripe mango, mama mboga etc. 17 Activity 3: Grouping Notes into Beats in Simple Time 1. Notes of small value such as quavers and semiquavers are joined together to form a crotchet beat. This is known as grouping notes. 2. A horizontal line, known as a beam, is used to connect two or more notes of small value to form a crotchet beat. 3. The number of beams in a group is equal to the number of flags or tails in the separate notes. 4. The following shows how the notes are grouped into beats. Note 1. Music is made up of strong and weak beats. 2. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert 3. The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. 4. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each. 18 1. The repetition of the strong beat after either two, three or four beats is known as meter. 2. In written music short vertical lines, known as bar lines, are used to separate the groups of beats into twos, threes or fours. These groups of beats are known as bars. The first beat of every bar is accented and double bar lines are used at the end. 3. The meter of music is shown using a symbol of two numbers, one on top of the other. This is a called a time signature. The top number shows the number of beats in a bar and the bottom number shows the value of the beats. 19 The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. 4. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats. Activity 4: Writing Rhythms in Simple Time on Monotone. Can You Recall? 1. A time signature is a symbol made up of two numbers that shows the meter of a piece of music. 2. Music is divided into strong and weak beats. 3. |
Demonstrations for javelin a. Grip in javelin Place the javelin along the length of your plan Hold the javelin at the back of the cord Keep the point of the javelin pointed in the direction you want to throw Keep the javelin lined up with your eyes Keep your grip relaxed Types of grips in javelin There are three types of grip in javelin a. The American grip b. The V grip c. The finish grip22 a. The American grip Here you Place your thumb and the first two joints of you index finger behind the cord The V grip hold the javelin between your index and middle fingers, behind the cord. The finish grip: place your thumb and the first tow joints of your index finger behind the cord, while the index finger supports the shaft of the javelin. Extend the index finger further away. Leaning points in javelin Carriage 1. Hold the javelin near your head above your shoulder 2. The javelin should point down towards the ground slightly. 23 3. Ensure the javelin is parallel to the ground. 4. Look at the direction of your through. Approach run After you have the javelin in position, begin running towards your target with the javelin Keep your hips high and down on the balls of your feet Let your free arms swing across your body Extend the arm carrying the javelin fully behind you. Keep your head facing in the direction of your target Turn so that the left side of your body faces your target. Cross over. Place yourright foot on the ground and your left foot forward and elevated. A. Put your right ahead in a lean back positions b. Pull the javelin back a little further so that the tip is lined up with your eyebrows c. Keep the right foot close to the ground d. Let the right heel touch the ground e. As the right foot moves forward, move the left foot up and lean your trunk back at 115 degree angle. F. Place your right foot on the ground and you left leg forward and elevated g. Direct your shoulder and hips towards your left target. H. Wait for your left foot to touch the ground i. Straighten your torso j. Turn your face toward the direction of the throw with the javelin parallel to your shoulder k. |
Write tonic sol-fas of the melody below the staff. Remember "doh' is the note that gives the key its name, for example, in C major, doh is C, 4. Practise singing the tonic sol-fas of the melody, first in crotchets and then using the correct rhythm. Notice the movement of successive notes in each of the melodies. Stepwise motion is where the interval between any two neighbouring notes is not more than a step on the scale. In some cases there can be more than a step between two successive notes of a melody. This type of motion is called skipwise motion or movement by leaps. Each melody has a shape, which depends on the successive movement of notes. A melody can move upwards, downwards, in waves forming a curve and so on. This is referred to as the melodic shape or contour. Activity 3: Creating 1-bar Melodies in Simple Time on Treble Clef Things To Remember Before you begin creating a melody, you should: draw the staff, add the treble clef, write the key signature of the scale you want to use, and write the time signature you will use. Work in Pairs 1. What are the qualities of a good melody as was discussed in the previous activity? 2. Practise Writing a 4-bar melody in simple time in major scales of C, G, D and A. 3. Sing or play the melody you have created. 4. Describe the melodic motion and shape or contour. 28 5. What is the first and the last note in each of the melodies? Activity 4: Playing or Singing Melodies Created by Self and Others Can You Recall? What are the qualities of a good melody? Work in pairs 1. Take turns to play each other's melodies. 2. Discuss the qualities in each of the melodies played. Group Activity With the guidance of your teacher, use mobile apps or computer software to create, notate and play back 4-bar melodies. Activity 5: Appreciating Melodies Composed by Self and Others Listen and Learn 1. You have created 4-bar melodies in simple time in the major scales of C, G, D and A 2. In pairs, take turns to sing or play or use: digital devices to listen to and appraise each other's melodies. 3. Take turns to sing your melodies to the class. |
Communication good marking is a product of communicating with teammates to develop a suitable plan or approach to counter the playing actions of the attacking teams 6. Courageous a good marker should be courageous to withstand non-avoidable contacts that may occur during one on one tackling situations 7. Peripheral vision a player who is marking needs to see what is happening around him or her and not just focuses on the player being marked alone. Body feign in handball Body feigns are performed by using the trunk legs. They involve a shift of balance and weight. This can be done with or without the ball. Body feigns are used to free the player from an opponent and get a better position for receiving or passing the ball. Types of dodging technics include: a. Single feign dodge b. Double feign dodge37 Single feign dodge In group of five players, form two lines facing one another 5m apart Players approach each other In closing to one another, each of them performs a single feign to the opposite side. Leaning point for double feign dodge Take a position at least 5m in front of an opponent Make a short run and break it with a double foot landing referred to as a zero step Lean towards either the right or left and repeat the feigning. Complete the original intended love. Drill 1: Pair feign dodge In pairs without the ball, stand facing each other One of you to practice the double feign dodge Repeat three times and switch roles Drill 2: Quinque drill In groups of five, place a cone in the court and make a line facing the cone Sprint to the cone and stop on zero steps, feign to the right, then left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Dribbling in handball Dribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. Types of handball dribbling 1. High dribble 2. |
Dribbling in handball Dribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. Types of handball dribbling 1. High dribble 2. Low dribble38 Demonstrating low dribble Stand with the feet shoulder-width apart The knees should be slightly bent and body weight on the balls of the feet Push the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better control The arm of the non- dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balance Use a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with the enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level. This constitutes a low level. Control the ball by flexing the wrist and the fingers Bounce the ball below knee level for a low dribble Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball Learning points for high dribble Stand with the feet shoulder- width apart Keep erect with a slight lean forward and body weight on the balls of the feet Push the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better control The arm of the non-dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balance Use a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level for a high. This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handball Drill 1: Step and dribble Take three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps. |
This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handball Drill 1: Step and dribble Take three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps. Increase the number of dribbles between three- step sections At the end of the sequence, make a shot or a pass Drill 2: Walking drill Walk across the court with a ball five times making a high dribble Repeat the drill using a low dribble Drill 3: The cone drill Place seven cones in a line 1.5m apart In groups of five, practice zigzag movement pattern in and out of the cones one at a time Start with a low dribble and later a high dribble39 As you perfect the dribble, make more challenging by shortening the distance between the cones Drill 4:The court drill Individually dribble a ball along a court marking using high and low dribbles. Use a movement pattern of three high dribble and three low dribbles. SHOOTING IN HANDBALL Shooting it involves throwing the ball in to the opponent s goal to make a score. Safety measures to be observed when performing shooting in handball Never aim to hit or injure the goalkeeper with the ball. Take turn and shoot one player at a time Warm up adequately before starting the shooting activity Adhere to the instructions given by the instructor Be conscious of the nature of the floor or the ground while making a falling or a dive shot . . . Types of shots in handball include: a Jump shot b Dive shot c Running shot d Falling shot e Lob shot40 Demonstrating jump shot A jump shot is where a player can shoot from a stationary position and gain horizontal distance and the releasing powerfully towards the goal at the highest point of the jump. Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ball Make a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running short Running shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression. |
Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ball Make a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running short Running shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression. Make two or three steps towards the attacking goal end then make a shot at the goal Follow through with a swing of the throwing hand41 Demonstrating a dive shot Take a position outside the 6m line facing the attacking goal. Take off with both feet high and the head fast towards the goal area. Release the ball while airborne and land in the goal area with the body low. Convert your landing into a roll for safety. Learning points for falling shot Take a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .body Learning points for lob shot Take a position outside the 6m line Face the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defense Throw the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeper Flick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy. |
Learning points for falling shot Take a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .body Learning points for lob shot Take a position outside the 6m line Face the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defense Throw the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeper Flick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy. 42 Drills for shooting in handball Drill 1: Step and shoot In groups of five make a line facing the goal with the leader at the free throw line The leader makes a pass to the first player in the line The player makes 3 steps and then a jump shot After making a jump shot the player joins the line from the back Repeat the activity3 times then change to practice a running shot Drill 2: Drill and shoot In a group of four players, make a line at the substitution zone facing the goal where you intend to shoot Use a high dribble to move towards the goal area On reaching the free throw line, catch the ball and make a jump shot Retrieve the ball and run along the goal line to the corner and then along the sideline to join your teammates After three attempts change and practice a running shot Drill 3: Corner drill In a group of five, make a line at the corner of the court The leader to stand at a point within the court The first player in the line to run along the goal area line When at a comfortable position, catch the ball from the group leader and make a dive short. Pupils activities Pg. 35. 43 Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Western Solo Instrument Western Solo Instruments Activity 1: Tuning the Descant Recorder or Any Other Solo Western Instrument Study the following instruments and answer the questions that follow. 1. What can you see? 2. With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. 3. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. 4. |
3. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. 4. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument. Activity 2: Playing the Scale Of C Major On Staff What I need to know 1. Western instruments have different fingering charts to guide in playing of different pitches. 2. Use digital devices to download the fingering charts for the instrument of choice. 3. Below is the fingering chart for the Descant Recorder showing the notes of the scale of C major. Descant Recorder Fingering Chart44 Individual Activity 1. Practise playing the notes of the scale of C major ascending and descending on your instrument using the fingering chart. 2. On a digital device, watch videos to learn how to play the scale of C major. 3. Use the fingering provided to the play the notes C D EF G A B C' on the descant recorder. 4. Practise playing the scale in ascending and descending order. Group Activity Play familiar tunes in the scale of C major on your instrument. Activity 3: Sight Reading Simple Melodies in C Major To do individually and in groups. 45 1. Look at the clef below. 2. Check the key signature and keep the key in your head while playing 3. Look at the time signature. 4. Clap or tap the rhythms of each of the melodies before you play them. 5. Locate the notes on the instrument. 6. Look at the melodies and play. 1. Sight-reading is playing of music without prior preparation. 2. Your teacher will provide 2-bar melodies for you to sight-read. 3. Do so without referring to the fingering chart or tapping the rhythms before playing. Activity 4: Playing with Appropriate Techniques 1. Every instrument has specific techniques to be applied while playing. For example, for strings there is bowing, plucking, strumming, fingering; and for wind, there is tonguing, blowing and fingering. 2. All the techniques when well applied ensure good tone quality. How To Produce a Good Tone on The Descant Recorder 1. Blow gently into the descant recorder as you make the sound du with the tongue. This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. 2. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. 3. |
2.Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound.3.If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard.46 Activity 5: Observing Performance Directions What I Need to Know 1.Performance directions are words, phrases or signs showing the appropriate tempo, dynamics, articulation and repeats in a piece of music.2.The directions help to enhance the overall effect in a performance.3.With your teacher s guidance, play various melodies observing the performance directions shown.4.Your teacher will also help you search for short duets in C major to be played in pairs and groups.47 Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Football. |
Is the most advanced creature to appear on earthImportance of Fossil Records. Fossils refer to the preserved remains of plants and animals that are found beneath the surface of the earth. Fossil records help to understand how human beings evolved, lived, adapted and changed their physical appearance in the past. Fossil records have the following importance:Provide past evidence on how plants and animals adapted to their environment. Helps to establish evolutionary relationship between organisms and their ancestors. Fossil records help to establish the time period in which organisms lived. Fossil records help archeologists and other natural scientists to place important events and species in the appropriate historical and geographical era. Fossil records of humans help us to understand the social, political and economic life of man over years. They give us information on the culture of humans, clothing, food, and beliefs in the past. Fossil records give us information on the economic activities of man such as the animals they hunted, crops they cultivated, fishing among others. Fossil records give us information on the type and uses of tools and other materials used by humans in farming, hunting, war or religious activities over the years. They provide evidence of Africa being the cradle of humanity. Locations of human remains discovered in Africa. Prehistoric sites are places where man s remains which are evident of his past existence were found. The oldest known human remains in Africa were discovered in Ethiopia, dating back to around 200,000 years ago. The following are a few examples of where and when pre-historic human remains have been discovered in Africa. Other places are:Fort Ternan Kenya where Ramapithecus or Kenyapithecus were found. Changes that took places in humans as a result of evolution. Evolution of human beings has been a continuous process resulting from various changes and adaptations. These changes are characterized in their teeth, arms, body shape, brain size, structure of their legs and shape of their head. These changes were important for them to adapt to new environmental conditions for survival. Human beings evolved to walk on two legs, freeing their hands for tool use and enhancing mobility. Overtime, the human brain had grown, leading to advanced cognitive abilities. They developed the ability to make and use tools. Humans developed language, enabling communication. Evolution influenced teeth, adapting them to a diverse diet including plants and animals. Humans evolved complex social structures, forming family units and communities. |
Humans developed language, enabling communication. Evolution influenced teeth, adapting them to a diverse diet including plants and animals. Humans evolved complex social structures, forming family units and communities. Humans have had reduced hair on the bodies. 1.2 Early civilization. Places of origin of early visitors to the East Africa coast. East Africa was visited by visitors from Europe and Asia. They included the following:ArabsPortuguese. Indian. Persians. Chinese. Greek. Egyptians. Phoenicians. Romans. Syrians. Swahili civilization along the East African Coast. The east African coastline is a long stretch made up of Somali, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. Swahili civilization developed from the interactions between local bantu speaking communities and the Arab traders who visited the East African Coast. They practiced a blend of Islam and traditional African religions. They changed the culture, religions, economic and even social way of life. They came up with new clothing designs to blend with different cultures. This includes Kanga, kanzu and taqiyah. They also introduced special Swahili foods such as biryani, pilau, mahamri among others. Swahili people were known for their skills in trading, fishing and seafaring. They established city-states such as Kilwa, Mombasa and Zanzibar which later become centres of trade. They traded their goods such as gold, ivory and slaves. They built impressive religious structures such as mosques and houses made from makuti, coral stones and lime. The Swahili people constructed dhows which were small wooden boats that helped them navigate along the East African Coast of the Indian Ocean. They also had networks of trade routes that connected them to other parts of Africa and the Middle East. Over time, European powers established colonies in East Africa. They abolished the slave trade, which had a significant source of wealth for the Swahili city-state. However, the Swahili people and their culture still thrive along the East African Coast to date. The Swahili language is spoken by people of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and even Democratic Republic of Congo. Factors that led to the growth of East Africa city-states. Bantu migration and arrival of the Arabs. Migration of Bantu speaking people to the east African coast where they interacted with the Arabs. Bantus practiced agriculture while Arabs were traders. This helped in the establishment of trading centres that grew into city-states. Trade. |
Bantus practiced agriculture while Arabs were traders. This helped in the establishment of trading centres that grew into city-states. Trade. There were trading activities between the East Africa merchants and traders from India, China, Persia and Arabia. The East African cities exported agricultural products and slaves. Monsoon winds. Facilitated the movement of vessels of traders to travel from one coast to another. Rise of Islam. Conversion of Islam linked Swahili states to massive trade networks that crossed the coastal area. Good deep natural harbours. The natural harbours along the coast ensured the safe docking of vessels. Swahili language and culture. City-states are considered the product of Swahili language and cultural heritage. Best practices of early civilization that contributed to the development of the modern world. Ancient Egypt was the beginning o building designs and construction of permanent buildings we have today. The hieroglyphics form of writing in Egypt used to keep records developed into modern writing and education. Knowledge of planning and predicting of seasons based on the calendar started in the early civilisation. Today, it has been developed further to include weather forecasting in predicting accurate changes in weather. Industrial development in the ancient Kingdom was based on simple skills. Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today, most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology borrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof irrigation. This has been applied in the agricultural sector. Tools such as jembes or hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisation. The political structure of the modern government resembles the government structure adopted in early civilisation. The current civilization owes its development to the ancient based on the following reasons:1.3 Population growth in Africa. Population growth is determined to carrying out a national census and comparing the outcome with the previous census outcome. Population growth can either be positive or negative. Positive population growth results when the birth rates and immigration rates are higher than death rates and emigration rates. This results in rapid population growth. Negative population growth rate occurs when there are some people leaving a population through death or emigration as compared to those joining it through birth and immigration. This results in slow population growth. Population growth is the change of population size in a region over a period of time. Several factors influence population growth. These include:Migration. High birth rate. Reduced death rate etc. |
These include:Migration. High birth rate. Reduced death rate etc. Population census data among countries in Africa, is counted and analysed to guide the government in planning and making decisions that affect lives of many people. Causes of Population growth in Africa. Population growth in Africa is influence by various causes and has both positive and negative effects. Population growth in Africa is caused by:High fertility rates-African countries have high birth rates due to cultural, social and economic factors such as early marriages, limited access to contraceptives and traditional beliefs that value large families. Declining mortality rates-improved healthcare, access to clean water and advancement in medical technology have led to lower infant and child mortality rates. Urbanization-rapid urbanization in Africa has led to increased migration from rural areas to cities in search of better opportunities. This contributes to growth of population. Lack of education-lack of education limits individual understanding of the family planning methods and contraceptives which results in high birth rates. Natural calamities- natural calamities such as drought and famine results in high deaths in Africa. This slows down the rate of population growth. Effects of population growth in Africa. Over-exploitation of resources. Unemployment and poverty due to few employment opportunities. Shortage of social amenities. Increased innovation. Development of urban centres due to increased population. Food insecurity. Increased crime rates. Ready markets for goods and services. Increase in supply of human labour. Types of Migration in Africa. Deforestation to provide human settlement. Strain on limited resources such as land, water and food and in infrastructure and services such as housing, transportation and sanitation. Loss of culture and diminishing of trust among citizens. Rise in dependency ratio which increases the economic pressure on the work force. Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another. The place that people move from is called the place of origin. The place people move to is called the place of destination. People migrate due to different reasons. There are different types of migration as follows: Internal migration-this is the movement of people within a country. Internal migration has the following types of migration as well. Rural to urban migration-migration involving people moving from rural areas to urban area. Urban to Rural migration-involve moving from urban areas to rural areas. Rural to rural migration-involves moving rural areas to other rural areas. Urban to urban migration-involves moving from one urban centre to another. External migration- migration of people from their country to other countries. |
Rural to rural migration-involves moving rural areas to other rural areas. Urban to urban migration-involves moving from one urban centre to another. External migration- migration of people from their country to other countries. Effects of migration in Africa. Development of urban centres due to increase in population. Congestion of urban areas dur to increase in the population. Migration results in cultural diversity. Growth of slums due to poor living conditions. Pressure on public services such as schools, housing and healthcare. Separation of families. Money sent to home countries in form of remittances boost the local economy. Results in rural areas having more elderly people as the younger ones migrate in search of a better life. Demographic trends in Kenya. Kenya s demographic trend have been changing over the years. Population growth-Kenya s population has been growing steadily over the years, and it is currently estimated to around 50m people. Urbanization-more and more Kenyans are moving from rural areas to urban centers in search of better opportunities. This has led to the growth of cities like Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu. Age structure-Kenya has a relatively young population, with large proportion of people under age of 30. This has implication for education, employment and social services. Ethic diversity-Kenya is the home to many different ethic groups, each with its own language and culture. This diversity can be a source of strength, nut also present challenges in terms of national unity. Health and mortality- Kenya had made significant progress in improving health outcomes recently, but challenges remain. Infant mortality rates are still high and HIV AIDS continues to be a major public concern. STRAND 2 PEOPLE AND RELATIONSHIPS. 2.1 Building Self-esteem. Building self-esteem refers to the process of developing a positive perception and belief in one s own worth and abilities. It involves recognizing and appreciating one s strengths, accomplishment and unique qualities, while accepting and learning from mistakes and setbacks. Factors that influence self-esteem in day-to-day life. There are many factors that can influence a persons self-esteem in day-to-day life. The factors include:Positive interactions such as showing empathy and acts of kindness can boost our selfesteem while negative interaction can lower it. Accomplishing personal goals or achieving success in different areas of life can increase our self-esteem. Negative body image can lead to low self-esteem while positive body image can boost it. |
The factors include:Positive interactions such as showing empathy and acts of kindness can boost our selfesteem while negative interaction can lower it. Accomplishing personal goals or achieving success in different areas of life can increase our self-esteem. Negative body image can lead to low self-esteem while positive body image can boost it. Supportive environment can boost our self-esteem while a negative environment can lower it. Unrealistic beaty standards and expectations can lead to low self-esteem. Ways of building a healthy self-esteem for promotion of social cohesion. A healthy self-esteem is important in promoting social cohesion. It helps to enhance positive interactions and respect for others. We can build a healthy self-esteem by:Believing in yourself and embracing your strengths and weaknesses. Celebrating successes and achievements. Maintaining a positive attitude. Being king to yourself by doing things you enjoy, practising positive self-talk among others. Promoting body positivity and unhealthy body image. Being assertive. Healthy esteem in social interactions. Healthy esteem involves demonstrating confidence, self-worth and self-acceptance in our thoughts, behaviours and interaction with others. We can exhibit show a healthy self-esteem by; Being confident in ourselves. Setting goals and working towards achieving them. Seeking support or guidance when faced with challenges. Handling criticism positively. Practising self-care such as maintaining personal hygiene and doing physical exercise. Values that enhance healthy self-esteem in day-to-day life. Integrity. Responsibility. Patience. Love. Kindness. Respect. 2.2 Emotional care. Emotional care refers to one s well being and the ability to cope with challenges in life and recognise our own feelings and the emotions of those around us. Ways of dealing with difficult emotions in daily life. Difficult emotions refer to feelings that are challenging to manage. They include:Anger. Sadness. Fear. Loneliness. Guilt. Anxiety. Shame. Difficult emotions can be overwhelming and may lead to distress, elf criticism and reduced self-esteem. We should manage difficult emotions in a healthy manner that I not harmful to ourself and others. We can deal with difficult emotions by:Recognizing and accepting that difficult emotions are a natural part of the human experience. Identifying the emotions. Seeking support from others. Finding what triggered the emotions. Engaging in physical activities. Guiding and counselling. Real life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions. |
Engaging in physical activities. Guiding and counselling. Real life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to recognise, understand and manage our own emotions as well as the emotions of others. Rel-life situations that require emotional intelligence in day-to-day interactions can be encountered in various environments such as:School environment. Family environment. Social environment. Emotional intelligence is important because:It helps individuals make better decisions. It helps one to manage emotions. It helps to maintain healthy relationships with others. You can be described as having emotional intelligence if you show the following qualities:Self-awareness-recognise and understand one s emotions, strengths and weaknesses. Self-regulation -ability to control one s emotions, stay calm under pressure and in challenging situations. Self-motivation -involves staying focuses, setting goals and maintaining a positive attitude, especially when faced with challenges. Empathy -involves understanding and appreciating the feelings of others and responding with compassion and support. Social skills -ability to build and maintain healthy relationships. It also involves effectively communicating with others. Exhibiting emotional intelligence. We can exhibit emotional intelligence by:Recognizing and understanding your own emotions. Learn to manage and control your emotions. Identify our emotional triggers. Finding positive ways of coping with stress and difficult emotions. Journaling the emotions experience. Understanding and appreciating the feelings of others. 2.3 Resilience. Resilience is the ability to bounce back and recover from adversity, challenges or stressful situations. It is the ability to cope with challenges while maintaining a positive mindset. Resilient individuals are able to persevere in the face of setbacks, learn from failures and fin solutions to problems. Situations thar require resilience in day-to-day life. Resilience is important because it helps to approach challenges with a positive attitude. Circumstances that require resilience include:Dealing with chronic or terminal illness. Overcoming grief after loss of a loved one. Failure. Losses in business. Practising a new skill. Rejection or discrimination. Characteristics of a resilient person. The following are characteristics of a resilient person. Problem solver-willing to find solutions for the challenges they are facing. Positive attitude-maintains a positive mindset even when faced with challenges. They believe that they can overcome the challenges they face. Flexible-they can easily adopt to changing circumstances. They are open to new ideas and can change. |
They believe that they can overcome the challenges they face. Flexible-they can easily adopt to changing circumstances. They are open to new ideas and can change. Perseverance-not giving up easily, even when things get tough. It involves staying committed to one s goals and working hard to achieve them. Emotionally intelligent-they are able to recognise, understand and manage their emotions when faced with challenges. Confident-believes in themselves and their abilities. This helps them stay motivated and confident, even when faced with challenges. Growth attitude resilient people view challenges as opportunities for growth and learning. Self-awareness resilient people understand their emotions, strengths and weakness. Good communicator resilient individuals often possess good communication skills, which enable them to express their needs, thoughts and emotions effectively. Accepting a resilient person accepts reality and face challenges head-on, instead of avoiding them. Values that enhance effectiveness in resilience in life. Courage -resilient people show courage by tackling challenges, risks and persisting even when faced with setbacks. Patience-resilient people show patience by thinking long-term, setting achievable goals and staying positive even when faced challenges. Integrity -resilient individuals show integrity by staying true to their values and acting ethically in tough situations. Humility-resilient individuals display humility by seeking help when needed. Gratitude -resilient individuals express gratitude by focusing on the positive aspects of their lives and showing appreciation, regardless of the circumstances. Ways of Building Resilience in different situations. Knowing when to ask for help. Developing a positive mindset. Embracing change. Building your self-esteem. Managing stress positively. Improving your problem-solving skills and coping strategies. 2.4 Socio-Cultural diversity and inclusion. Socio-cultural diversity refers to social, cultural, racial and ethnic backgrounds that exists in different communities. It can be seen the way people dress, the food they eat, languages they speak, the festivals they celebrate and the social interactions they engage in. Socio-cultural diversity refers to social and cultural characteristics that exist among people. It includes differences in aspects such as ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, gender, age and socio-economic status. Inclusion refers to the practice of giving people from diverse background equal access to opportunities without discrimination or exclusion based on factors such as race, gender, beliefs or ability. |
Socio-cultural diversity refers to social and cultural characteristics that exist among people. It includes differences in aspects such as ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, gender, age and socio-economic status. Inclusion refers to the practice of giving people from diverse background equal access to opportunities without discrimination or exclusion based on factors such as race, gender, beliefs or ability. Ways of celebrating various socio-cultural diversity in the community. We can celebrate cultural diversity by:Participating in music and drama festivals which represents various cultures. Celebrating Utamaduni day. Organizing and participating in cultural festivals. Encouraging intermarriages between people from different races and ethnic communities. Interacting freely with people from different religious, race, ethnic communities among others. Cooking and eating dishes from different cultures. Promoting respect for socio-cultural and inclusion in society. We can promote respect for social-cultural diversity and inclusion in he following ways:Learning about different cultures. Participating in cultural events of other communities. Participating in the Kenya Music and Drama Festivals. Creating awareness about socio-cultural diversity and inclusion. Preserving cultural artefacts in museums and cultural centres. Respecting and celebrating various socio-cultural diversities. 2.5 Building healthy relationships. Relations refers to connections between individuals. Engaging in healthy relationships in day-to-day. Ways of building health relationship include:Effective communication. Empathy. Respect. Trust. Resolving conflicts. Building healthy relationships for sustainable lifestyle. Tips for building healthy relationships for sustainable lifestyles. Shared values. Communication. Educate and inspire. Shared activities. Volunteer together. We can build healthy relationships which will enable us to support healthy lifestyles by engaging in activities such as:Planting trees. Engaging in physical exercises. Engaging in business enterprises. Cleaning waste in the community. Signs that indicate unhealthy relationship. Poor communication. Lack of trust. Disrespectful behaviour. Physical abuse. Emotional abuse. Repeated patterns of conflict. Characteristics of an unhealthy relationships. Unhealthy relationships often involve difficulties in effectively expressing needs and feelings. Unhealthy relationships involve dishonesty which results in lack of trust. Unhealthy relationships can exhibit disrespect through constant criticism. Unhealthy relationships involve jealous. Values that enhance healthy relationships in life. Trust-allows people to feel safe, protected and connected. Respect -promotes consideration in relationships. Unity -involves a sense of togetherness, shared goals and support for each other. This strengthens the bond in a relationship. |
Respect -promotes consideration in relationships. Unity -involves a sense of togetherness, shared goals and support for each other. This strengthens the bond in a relationship. Gratitude -can improve relationship by enhancing a positive outlook and appreciation for others. Love -involves care, respect and affection which creates a nurturing and positive environment that contributes to emotional wellbeing in relationships. Empathy - -allows people to understand and share their feelings which enhances understanding in relationships. 2.6 Peaceful Conflict resolution. Conflict is a disagreement or argument between individuals or groups of people. It can arise to differences in opinion, interest or belief. Situations that may lead to conflict in a family. Poor communication -leads to misunderstandings and disagreements. Competition such as sibling rivalry. Parental comparison between siblings. Unequal distribution of house chores. Differences in valueStressCharacteristics of a peaceful family. Provides support, love and care for its members. Maintains open and honest communication, allowing each member to express their thoughts, feelings and concerns without fear of judgment. Spends quality time together and engages in activities that strengthens their bond. Family members shows respect towards each other, creating an environment where each person feels important and valued. They have conflict resolution mechanism or strategies, allowing them to address disagreements and challenges in a healthy. Family members provide emotional support, celebrate accomplishments and offer encouragement during tough times. Non-violent ways of solving family conflict. Non-violent methods of resolving conflict are approaches and strategies that aim to address disagreements and disputes without resorting to physical violence or harm. Some of the non-violent methods of resolving family conflict include:Negotiation- family members should discuss and find a solution that meets everyone s needs. Problem-solving- involves willingness to identify the issue that resulted in the conflict and solving them. Both parties should find lasting solution to the problem. Mediation-involves a neutral third party to help in communication and amicable solutions. Apologizing -family members should apologise for harmful actions and words. Forgiveness - family members should forgive each other to promote peace. Importance of resolving family conflicts peacefully. Maintains healthy and positive relationship. Sets a positive example for the family. Reduces stress and tension within the family. Promotes understanding and empathy among family members. STRAND 3 COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING. 3.1 Community Service-Learning Project. A community service project refers to a voluntary initiative undertaken to solve a specific need or improve the well-being of the community. |
STRAND 3 COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING. 3.1 Community Service-Learning Project. A community service project refers to a voluntary initiative undertaken to solve a specific need or improve the well-being of the community. Identifying a problem or a gap in the community. The following are ways to determine the gaps or needs in the community. Classroom discussion where learners discuss and share their observations and experiences regarding community needs. Field trips to community centres, shelters or NGOs working in the area may assist learners to interact with individuals involved in community development, who knows more about gaps they address and the needs they fulfil. Conducting survey where learners design and distribute questionnaires to their peers, family members and community members to gather their opinions on community needs. Conducting media analyses where learners analyse local news articles, social media platforms or online community forums to understand the concern and needs expressed by the community members. Implementing the plan for solving the identified problem. Set clear objectives. Break down the project into tasks. Assign responsibilities for individuals responsible for each task. Set deadlines for each task. Gather the resources required for the project. Perform the tasks allocated as planned. Regularly monitor the progress of each activity. Assess the effectiveness of the solution implemented and measure the impact achieved making adjustments where necessary. Benefits of Community Service Learning. Give us opportunity to apply what you have learnt in classroom to real-life situation. Helps to develop skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, communication, collaboration and leadership. One gains better understanding of social issues and needs facing our communities. Boosts our self-esteem and personal growth s we overcome challenges while conducting he project. Community benefits from the project. Encourages diversity since learners from different backgrounds participate in shared projects. STRAND 4 NATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENTS. 4.1 Map reading and interpretation. A map is a representation of an area, drawn to scale and showing various features such as roads, rivers and landmarks. Map reading is the process of interpreting and analysing information presented on a map. Marginal information to interpret maps. Marginal information refers to the information and additional facts found around the margin or border of a map. The information is always given on the margin of the map sheet. Elements of a map. They include: Title. Frame. Key. Compass direction. Scale. THE FOLLOWING ARE ELEMENTS OF MARGINAL INFORMATION. |
Compass direction. Scale. THE FOLLOWING ARE ELEMENTS OF MARGINAL INFORMATION. A topographical map is a representation of the earth s physical features and manmade features in details. These features include:Rivers. Roads. Railways. Mountains among others. Types and Uses of Scales on maps. A scale is a ratio of distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. It helps in understanding the relationship between distance on the map and actual distance in the physical world. There are 3 types of scale as follows:Statement scale. Representative scale. Linear scale. Statement scale. This is a written description of the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the actual ground. For example,A statement scale might say:1 centimetre represents 100 kilometres. Representative scale. This is a ratio scale that expresses the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the actual ground. For example, a representative scale might be expressed as 1:10,000, which means that one unit on the map represents 10,000 of the same units on the ground. It is also referred to as a fraction scale. Linear scale. A linear scale is a graphic representation of the relationship between the distance on the map and the distance on the ground. It is usually shown as a bar or line with markings that indicate the distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground. Uses of scales on Maps. Used to measure distance on maps and compare them to actual distance on the ground. They are used to determine level of details that a map can display. Scales enable us to draw a map expressing the actual distance on a small flat surface. Scales can be used to determine the shortest route to follow when navigating. Converting scalesConverting representative fraction scale RF into linear scaleNOTE:Scales used on maps can be representative, linear or statement. Scales are important as they enable us to find actual distance on the ground. They also enable us to determine details presented by a map. This is determined by the size of maps. The size of maps is determined by scale. This can be:Small scale maps -this is a map that has a scale larger than 1:1000,000. Medium scale maps this is a map whose scale range from 1:25,000 to 1:50,000. |
The areas of all the strips are added together. For example, in the following field in a map, Find the length of each strip, calculate the area of each and add all the areas of the rectangle strips. Use of grid squares. This methos is used in most topographical maps which always have grid squares formed by eastings and northings and they are drawn to a scale of 1:50,000 with each square representing an area of 1km2. To calculate area of an irregular shape on the map, use the following procedure. Mark complete squares and record their number, multiply the total number with 1km2. Calculate half squares using different marks, the total number of half squares should be divided by 2 and then multiplied by 1km2. Add the total area of complete squares to the total area of the half squares to get the total area of the feature. Methods of representing relief on topographical maps. Relief of an area means the physical appearance of the land surface in term of shape, size, height above see level elevation and slope. Earth surface is made up of various natural features such as water bodies, landforms and rocks. A location s relief is the difference between the highest and lowest elevations. On topographical maps, some features are represented using different methods as shown in the table. Ways in which vegetation is represented on a topographical map. Colouring different colours are used to represent different types vegetation. Symbols different symbols can be used to represent different types of vegetation such as trees, crops among others. Text label -labels with text explaining the type of vegetation can be used. Interpreting Physical features on a map. Topographical features have numerous physical features indicated on them and represented differently. The relief features are widely shown by means of contours. Contours on the maps occupy patterns with respect to the shape of the landforms relief features . Relief on topographical maps are represented using different lines. The lines are arranged differently depending on the type of relief being represented as shown in the table below. 4.2 Weather and Climate. Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a specific time, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area, including average temperatures, precipitation levels and other meteorological factors. Factors influencing weather and climate in Africa. |
Weather refers to the atmospheric conditions of a particular place at a specific time, such as temperature, humidity, precipitation and wind. Climate refers to the long-term patterns of weather in a particular area, including average temperatures, precipitation levels and other meteorological factors. Factors influencing weather and climate in Africa. DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATIC REGIONS IN AFRICA. Characteristics of Equatorial Climate. Temperatures are very high throughout the year, averaging to about 260 C. The hottest months in the year are march and September when the sun is overhead at the equator. Daily temperature range is very small about 30C. Humidity us high throughout the year. It mainly receives convectional rainfall. The rain falls mainly in the afternoons. Rainfall falls mainly over a short period of time, about 15-20 minutes. The rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the year, averaging about 2,000 mm. Characteristics of Tropical climate. Found alongside east African coast. High rainfall is experienced ranging between 100mm to 2000mm per year. There is moderate temperature of about 220 C due to low altitude. The region receives convectional rainfall due to nearness to large water bodies. There is high humidity throughout the year due to high rate of evaporation. It has two main seasons wet and dry. Modified equatorial climate. Mostly located close to large water bodies. Experiences long rains between march to may and short rains between October to December. Modified tropical climate. Mostly located in the high lands of Africa such as the Ethiopian highlands, East Africa rift highlands, Kenya and Tanzanian highlands. Desert climate. Also known as a rid climate. Evaporation rate are high making it difficult for plants to survive. Hot and dry winds cause low rainfall. It is experienced in areas such as Sahara Desert, Nubian desert and Kalahari deserts in Africa. 4.3 Vegetation in Africa. Vegetation refers to the plant life that grows in a particular region or area. It includes all types of plants such as trees, shrubs, grasses and flowers. Factors influencing vegetation distribution in Africa. Climate. Drainage. Pest. Soil. Human activities. Altitude. Government policy. Relief. Characteristics of major vegetation regions in Africa. Natural vegetation in Africa includes:Tropical rainforest. Savannah vegetation. Desert vegetation. Semi desert vegetation. |
Savannah vegetation. Desert vegetation. Semi desert vegetation. Mediterranean vegetation. Mountain vegetation. Mangrove vegetation. Tropical rainforest. Found in equatorial type of climate that experiences high rainfall. The emergent layer is made of giant trees that are taller than average canopy trees. Vegetation is ever green, thick and dense. The leaves of plants are broad. Trees in the vegetation zone are mainly hardwood such as oak, mahogany, teak, ebony and ironwoods among others. Savannah vegetation. Grasses have deep roots. Trees are often deciduous hence they shed leaves during dry season to conserve water. Tree have deep roots for search of water. Vegetation zone is dominated by various grass species which can grow tall and form dense carpet across the landscape. Trees are scattered with main trees being acacia and baobab. This vegetation is a home to large herbivores such as elephants, giraffes, zebras and antelopesThis vegetation zone experiences distinct wet and dry seasons. Desert vegetation. Little or no plants. Animals can stay for long without water. Plants germinate after a long period of time. Plants grow to taller heights. Plants are short and mostly shrubs. There are special places with water known as oasis. Semi desert vegetation. Has short, scanty and thorny bushes. Vegetation have adaptations that enable them to preserve water such as thick stems, small needle-like leaves and thorn to scare away animals. Vegetation is usually drought resistant. Mediterranean vegetation. Trees have thick back and wax coated leaves that help them reduce transpiration. Citrus fruits such as oranges, olives and grapes are commonly cultivated. Mountain vegetation. This type of vegetation is found in high mountains in Africa. The vegetation is not uniform all over the mountain due to the effects of altitude, soil, winds and other local physical variations. Mountain vegetation is characterized by rapid changes in vegetation due to changes in altitude. The vegetation zones on a mountain include:4.4 Historical sites and monuments in Africa. Africa has many historical sites and monuments such as fort Jesus, Kilwa, great Zimbabwe. The Giza pyramids, Meroe, Timbuktu and Robben IslandImportance of historical sites and monuments for preservation of cultural heritage. Historical sites and monuments are important to a country because:They are sites of tourist attraction. The earn a country foreign exchange through tourism. |
The Giza pyramids, Meroe, Timbuktu and Robben IslandImportance of historical sites and monuments for preservation of cultural heritage. Historical sites and monuments are important to a country because:They are sites of tourist attraction. The earn a country foreign exchange through tourism. They create jobs for people who work on the sites. Some sites and monuments serve as cultural and religious centres. Historical sites preserve some aspects of architectural development. Historical sites and monuments represent tangible remains of society. Ways of conserving historical sites and monuments in Africa. Cleaning the historic sites and monuments. Regularly monitor the conditions of the historical sites and monuments to identify any changes or threats. Avoid writing on the walls of the historic sites and monuments. St regulations and laws governing the use of historic sites and monuments. Create awareness to the community members for them to conserve the sites and monuments. Decorating the places to make them more attractive. Reconstruct worn-out parts. STRAND 5 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND GOVERNANCE. 5.1 The Constitution. A constitution is the rule book for state or country. It sets the basic principles by which the state or country is governed. Components of the Constitution of Kenya. Preamble- sets out guiding principles and objectives of the constitution. Bill of rights outlines the fundamental rights and freedoms of all individuals in Kenya. Structure of the government-establishes the three arms of government-the Executive, Legislature and Judiciary- and goes a head to define their powers and functions. Devolution-provides for the establishment of country government and outlines their powers and functions. Citizenship-defines who is considered a citizen of Kenya and outlines the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Land and responsibilities- Sets out principles for the management and use of land and the protection of the environment. Leadership and integrity- Establishes standards of ethical conduct for public officers and provides for mechanisms to ensure accountability. Elections-sets out the principles and procedures for conducting elections in Kenya. Public finance-outlines principles of public fianc management, including budgeting, taxation and public debt. National security provides for the security of Kenya and outline the roles and responsibility for security agencies. Amendment of the constitution-sets out the procedures for amending the constitution. The roles of the three arms of government in reference to the relevant chapters in the constitution. Interrelationship between the three arms of Government. The interrelationship between the three arms of government are crucial for the functioning of a democratic government. |
The roles of the three arms of government in reference to the relevant chapters in the constitution. Interrelationship between the three arms of Government. The interrelationship between the three arms of government are crucial for the functioning of a democratic government. The executive branch proposes laws and policies which are then debated and approved by the legislature branch. The judiciary, in turn, ensures that these laws are constitutional and applied fairly. The executive branch also relies on the judiciary to resolve disputes and interpret the law. Additionally, the legislature branch has the power to impeach the President or other government officials if they are found to have committed serious misconduct. The guiding principles in the Constitution of Kenya. Leadership principles in the constitution of Kenya. Accountability-leaders are responsible for their actions and decisions. Inclusivity-leaders should promote diversity and ensure equal opportunities for all. Transparency-leaders should be open and honest in their dealings. Participatory -leaders should involve citizens in decision making processes,Good governance -leaders should promote efficiency, effectiveness and fairness. Integrity principles in the constitution of Kenya. Honesty-leaders should be truthful and trustworthy. Ethics -leaders should adhere to moral and ethical standards. Anti-corruption -leaders should fight against corruption and promote integrity. Public interest -leaders should prioritise the welfare of the public. Accountability -leaders should be answerable for their actions and use of public resources. Ways of upholding constitutional principles of leadership and integrity in daily interactions with each other. Uphold the constitutional principles of leadership and integrity in daily interactions. Lead by example and demonstrate ethical behaviors. Act with honesty, transparency and accountability. Respect the rights and dignity of others. Promote equality, fairness and justice in all interactions. Foster a culture of trust, teamwork and collaboration. Make decisions based on the best interest of the people and the nation. Strive for excellency and continuous improvement in all endeavours. Embrace diversity and inclusivity in our interactions. Uphold the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice for all. Exhibiting good leadership intended in Chapter Six of the Constitution of Kenya. Good leadership in chapter six of the constitution is intended to promote integrity, transparency and accountability. It emphasizes the need for leadership to be honest, ethical and responsible in their actions and decisions. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of leadership being servants of the people and working towards the well-being of the citizens. Good leadership in chapter six encourages leaders to uphold the values of national unity, inclusivity and respect for diversity. |
It emphasizes the need for leadership to be honest, ethical and responsible in their actions and decisions. The chapter also emphasizes the importance of leadership being servants of the people and working towards the well-being of the citizens. Good leadership in chapter six encourages leaders to uphold the values of national unity, inclusivity and respect for diversity. It also highlights the need for leaders to promote social justice, equality and freedoms of all individuals. The chapter emphasizes the need for leaders to promote national values and principles of governance. Good leadership in chapter six aims to foster a culture of good governance and ethical conduct among leaders. 5.2 Human Rights. Human rights are defined as the fundamental rights that all human beings possess regardless of their race, national or ethnic origin, residence, religion or any other status. Respecting and protecting human rights in the community. Respecting human rights involves recognizing the inherent dignity and equality of every individual. It is our daily duty to advocate for and ensure that community practices protect individual freedoms. Everyone should feel free from unwarranted harm. Listening to other s perspective, avoiding making assumptions and fostering an atmosphere of mutual respect in interaction are some of the ways to respect human rights. We should stand up against discrimination when you witness it, promote inclusivity, and ensure that everyone in the community is treated fairly. Investigating how children s rights are violated in the society. Children, like everyone else have fundamental rights that are crucial for their well-being and development. The include the right to education, health and protection. Children are more often vulnerable to violations of their rights due to their age, dependency on adults and lack of access to adults. We should find out whether children have access to quality education, and if any barriers or discriminations exist based on gender or social-economic status. Collaborating with local authorities, Non-governmental organizations and child protection agencies to ensure children s voice and experience are heard will uphold children s right. Empowering children as active participants equips communities to address root causes of rights violations. By investigating how children s rights are violated, we can shine a light on areas that need improvement, advocate for change.,. And work towards creating a society where every child s rights are protected and respected. The rights of children as stipulated in the children s Act, 2022 and African charter on the right and welfare to the child. |
Empowering children as active participants equips communities to address root causes of rights violations. By investigating how children s rights are violated, we can shine a light on areas that need improvement, advocate for change.,. And work towards creating a society where every child s rights are protected and respected. The rights of children as stipulated in the children s Act, 2022 and African charter on the right and welfare to the child. World children day was established in 1954 as a Universal Children Day and it is celebrated on 2oth November annually. O This day aimed to promote international togetherness, awareness among children worldwide and improving children s welfare. It is an important date as it is the date in 1959 when the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. It is also the date in 1989 when the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Children Act, 2022 is a law in our country that outlines the rights of children and ensure their well-being. It covers things like education, healthcare and protection from abuse. The African charter is an international treaty that was adopted by the African Union to protect the rights and welfare of children across the continent. It includes similar rights as the Children Act but also emphasizes on cultural values and traditions. Both the children s act and the African charter recognizes the right to education, healthcare and protection from abuse and exploitation. They also emphasize the right to a name, nationality and family. The Children Act,2022 is a revision on the Children s Act,2001. Promoting protection of human rights in the society. You can do the following to promote and protect human rights. Demonstrating respect for human rights in your daily interactions. Raising awareness about human rights. Educating yourself on various human rights. Encouraging diversity and inclusivity. Participating in local initiatives that promote human rights, such as volunteering at children homes, hospitals among others. 5.3 Citizenship. Global citizenship is the concept that all people of the world are members of a worldwide community. A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world and their place in it. They take an active role in their community and work with others to make the planet more peaceful, sustainable and fair. Factors that promote Eastern Africa and African citizen in the community. Civic education-actively participating in community life shows our commitment to the well-being of our African community. |
They take an active role in their community and work with others to make the planet more peaceful, sustainable and fair. Factors that promote Eastern Africa and African citizen in the community. Civic education-actively participating in community life shows our commitment to the well-being of our African community. Environment stewardship -caring for the environment ensures the well-being of our African communities. Cultural celebration -celebrating our diverse cultures strengthens our sense of being Africans. Educational programs-learning about African history empowers us to actively contribute to our community. Language promotion -promoting our language helps preserve our unique African heritage. Trade collaborating economically withing East Africa contributes to our collective prosperity. Qualities and responsibilities of a global citizen in the world today. Responsibilities of a global citizen. Respecting human rights. Supporting sustainable development. Valuing other s dignity. Respecting and cherishing diversity. Understanding global issues. Understanding how countries in the world are interconnected and interdependent. Advocating greater international cooperation with other nations. Qualities of a global citizen. Open-mindedness Empathy. Courageous. Patient. Similarities in the ways in which the selected Nobel Prize Winner responded to injustice and unfair situations in the society. Wangari Maathai and Mahatma Gandhi. They were committed advocates for non-violent resistant and civil disobedience as powerful tools for social and political change. Both Maathai ad Gandhi were champions of women s rights. Maathai s Green Belt Movement was a symbol of women s rights efforts both at home and abroad. Gaandhi was a vocal advocate for women s education and empowerment. Gandhi and Maathai were instrument in addressing socio-economic issues. Gandhi focused on poverty and the caste system while Maathai tackled deforestation and environmental degradation. Both leaders exhibited global citizenship. They recognised that their actions could have a broader impact. Both leaders engaged in political activism to challenge oppressive systems and governance. Maathai was involved in Kenya politics, advocating for democracy and environmental conservation. Gandhi, through his leadership in the Indian National Congress played a key role in India s struggle for independence. 5.4 Essential skills in Critical thinking. Critical thinking is the process of analyzing and evaluating information or situations in a logical and objective manner. Essential skills for critical thinking in different situations. The following are critical thinking skills. Creativity- thinking and coming up with ideas out of nothing. Generate ideas or solutions especially when traditional approaches are insufficient. |
The following are critical thinking skills. Creativity- thinking and coming up with ideas out of nothing. Generate ideas or solutions especially when traditional approaches are insufficient. Problem solving -use systematic approaches to address challenges and find solutions, often involving multiple steps and testing different strategies. Analysis- ability to break down complex information or situations into their constituent s parts, examine each to understand how they relate to the whole. Open Mindedness -this encourages individuals to explore various potential solutions and approaches to a problem. Communication- involves sharing ideas with others in order to find solutions. Hinderance to critical thinking in different circumstances. Pressure from the society Peer pressure. Emotions. Fear of failure. Lack of information. Importance of critical thinking. Enhance problem solving skills by encouraging individuals to analyse situations. Enables individuals to make well-informed decisions based on a thorough analysis of available information. It promotes creativity encouraging individuals to explore different perspective, think outside the box and generate ideas. Individuals with strong critical thinking skills express their ideas more clearly and engage in constructive discussions, contributing to effective communications. 5.5 Developing of Creative thinking. Developing creative thinking involves cultivating the ability to generate and explore new ideas, think outside the box and approach problems from different points of view. Creative thinking is the ability to generate new ideas, concepts or solutions by approaching problems and challenges in innovative and imaginative way. It involves breaking free from traditional thought patterns, explore different perspective and making connections between seemingly unrelated concepts. Creative thinking is not limited to art, it also applied to problem solving, decision making and various aspects of daily life. The following are characteristics of creative thinking. Originality-ability to generated ideas that are unique. Flexibility being open minded and adaptable to change. Fluency ability to produce many ideas or solutions. Elaboration develop and expand upon ideas to add depth and richness. Risk taking willingness to step outside of ones comfort zone and explore unconventional solutions. Complexity to understand and deal with difficult problems or concepts-Common challenges in creative thinking. Distractions -things that take away your attention such as noise, notifications or interruptions that disrupt your focus and flow of ideas. Mental blocks are obstacles that stop creative thinking. Can come from stress, depression or preconceived ideas, making it had to think creative. Lack of inspiration. Peer influence. Self-doubts. The following are ways to overcome challenges in creative thinking. |
Peer influence. Self-doubts. The following are ways to overcome challenges in creative thinking. Embrace failure as part of creative thinking process and use it as a learning point. Take breaks to clear your mind when stuck. Challenge negative self-talks by recognizing your strengths and achievements. Work in a conducive environment that has no distractions. Seek inspiration from various sources. Values that enhance creative thinking in day-to-day life. Courage-allow one to experiment, try new things. Curiosity -drives exploration and spark new ideas which contribute ro creative thinking Perseverance. Resilience -encourages perseverance in the face of creative challenges. Empathy-promotes collaboration and the integration of diverse points of view which enrich creative thinking. Making ethical choices ensures that innovative solutions are not compromised by unethical practices. Integrity. Ways of developing creative thinking in different context. Using imaginations and innovation as you carry out different activities. Sharing ideas with others. Participating in learning such as field trips and hand-on activities. Embrace experimentation of alternative approaches to problems-solving and idea generation. Collaborate with different people to expose yourself to a variety of perspectives and ideas. Importance of Creative thinking. Improves collaboration and understanding, as creative thinkers can covey ideas in engaging ways which facilitate positive social interactions. Promotes resourcefulness by encouraging individuals to find alternative solution with limited resources. Fosters a community s ability to respond to evolving challenges and embrace positive change. Enhances a sense of persona; accomplishment and fulfilment through the exploration and realization of creative ideas. Improves your problem-solving skills. Develops and grows your personality. Boosts your confidence. It enables you to have freedom of thought. It promotes your entrepreneurial skills. Makes your easier and more convenient. It improves your productivity quality of life. 5.6 Process of problem-Solving. Problem solving is the process of analysing and understanding a problem. It involves identifying its cause and deciding on a solution which solves the problem and prevents it from being repeated. The Rational problem-solving model in different Context. Rational problem-solving means thinking carefully, considering facts and following a stepby-step method to find the best solution to a problem. A rational problem-solving model involves a systematic approach to addressing challenges. It is designed to help individuals make well-informed choices by following a series of step to identify problems or opportunities, analyse alternatives and select the best solution. |
Rational problem-solving means thinking carefully, considering facts and following a stepby-step method to find the best solution to a problem. A rational problem-solving model involves a systematic approach to addressing challenges. It is designed to help individuals make well-informed choices by following a series of step to identify problems or opportunities, analyse alternatives and select the best solution. The following are steps of the rational problem-solving model:Identify the problem clearly defining and understanding the issue or challenge. Choose a decision style. Develop alternatives. Choosing the best solution. Implement solutions Evaluate the decision. Obstacles to problem-solving in society. Effective problem-solving skills in social interactions. The following are effective problem-solving skills in social interactions:CommunicationActive listeningNegotiationConflict resolutionDecision makingFlexibilitypatienceValues that enhance problem-solving. Empathy o Integrity.o Respect. Responsibility. Roles of values in problem-solving. Values serve as guiding principles that help individuals and communities determine what is important and morally right. Values influence the ethical considerations in decision-making process. Values often emphasize social responsibilities and the well-being of others. |
GRADE 7 PERFORMING ARTSLESSON NOTES COMPLETE TERM 1, 2,3 1. PERFORMING ARTSIntroduction to Performing Arts Basic ElementsActivity 1: Defining Performing ArtsPerforming Arts can be defined as cultural and creative activities prepared and staged for an audience. Activity 2: Identifying the Various Disciplines of Performing ArtsThere are different genres of Performing Arts namely music, drama, dance, film and elocution. They can also be referred to as the disciplines of Performing Arts. Each discipline is divided into smaller areas, for example music vocal and instrumental music , drama skit and play , dance Creative and folk dances , film documentaries, fiction films and elocution verse, narrative . These are known as the genres of Performing Arts. Ln some cases, several disciplines can be used together in a particular performance. For example, songs can be used in narratives and skits to make them more interesting poetry is used with background music, while a movie trailer uses drama, film and music. Activity 3: Discussing the Importance of Performing Arts in SocietyPerforming Arts are used as a medium of self-expression. Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performancePerforming Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life. RhythmActivity 1: Clapping Rhythmic Patterns Incorporating the SemiquaverA quaver is half the value of the crotchet. A semiquaver is half the value of a quaverTwo quavers make a crotchet while, four semiquavers make a crotchet. The rhythmic patterns that include the semiquaver in simple tune are ta-fa-te-fe, ta-te-fe and ta-fa-teActivity 2: Aurally Recognizing Rhythmic Patterns with Semiquavers and Their Corresponding RestsClass ActivityWith the help of your teacher, listen to various pieces of music and identity where the semiquavers are round. In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them. |
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