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The rhythmic patterns that include the semiquaver in simple tune are ta-fa-te-fe, ta-te-fe and ta-fa-teActivity 2: Aurally Recognizing Rhythmic Patterns with Semiquavers and Their Corresponding RestsClass ActivityWith the help of your teacher, listen to various pieces of music and identity where the semiquavers are round. In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them. Use common words or names of the members in the class to practise the rhythmic patterns with semiquavers, for example: apple juice, ripe mango, mama mboga etc. Activity 3: Grouping Notes into Beats in Simple TimeNotes of small value such as quavers and semiquavers are joined together to form a crotchet beat. This is known as grouping notes. A horizontal line, known as a beam, is used to connect two or more notes of small value to form a crotchet beat. The number of beams in a group is equal to the number of flags or tails in the separate notes. The following shows how the notes are grouped into beats. Note1. Music is made up of strong and weak beats. 2. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert 3. The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. 4. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each. The repetition of the strong beat after either two, three or four beats is known as meter. In written music short vertical lines, known as bar lines, are used to separate the groups of beats into twos, threes or fours. These groups of beats are known as bars. The first beat of every bar is accented and double bar lines are used at the end. The meter of music is shown using a symbol of two numbers, one on top of the other. This is a called a time signature. The top number shows the number of beats in a bar and the bottom number shows the value of the beats. The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats.
The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats. Activity 4: Writing Rhythms in Simple Time on Monotone. Can You Recall? A time signature is a symbol made up of two numbers that shows the meter of a piece of music. Music is divided into strong and weak beats. The strong beats occur after every bar line. Grouping of notes makes it easier to read music. Group ActivityWith the help of your teacher, write down 2-bar rhythms in simple time on monotone. Use all the rhythmic patterns you have learnt so farTake turns clapping your written rhythms. You can also take turns to tap and write down each other's rhythms. Your teacher will assist you to write down the rhythms of familiar songs in simple timeActivity 5: Appreciating Music in Simple TimeClass ActivityListen to the song "pease porridge hot" played by your teacher:With the help of your teacher, study the song to find out what its time signature is. Practise beating time for the different time signatures. The conducting patterns in simple duple, triple and quadruple. Listen to a variety of excerpts that will be played by your teacher. You will be assisted to beat time for each of them. Individual ActivityListen carefully to the rhythmic patterns which will be played by your teacher. Write down the rhythmic patterns in your exercise book. Group ActivityYour teacher will play some rhythmic patterns tor you. In groups, write down the dictated rhythmic patterns. PitchActivity 1: Writing Musical Notes on Treble StaffCan You Recall? 1. Pitch is the highness or lowness of sound. 2. A scale is made up of eight notes d -d1. Pitches can be represented using the letters A, B, C, D, E, Fand G. Music is written on a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces between them, known as the staff. The lines and spaces are numbered upwards. 4 The lines are numbered 1 to 5, while the spaces are numbered 1-4 starting from the bottom.
Music is written on a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces between them, known as the staff. The lines and spaces are numbered upwards. 4 The lines are numbered 1 to 5, while the spaces are numbered 1-4 starting from the bottom. A symbol is written at the beginning of the staff to determine the position of the pitch names A, B, C, D, E, F, G on the lines and spaces. The symbol is called a clef. The treble clef fixes the second line as the note G. It touches the second line severally and therefore it is also known as the G clef. Practise drawing the treble clef by joining the dotted lines starting from the Second line. Join the dots 1-64 to make the treble clef. Practise drawing several treble clefs on the staff belowThis is how the lines and spaces are named. The word for spaces is F-A-C-E. The lines are E-G-B-D-E. Here are some fun ways to remember the order of the lines. Every Good Boy Does Fine. Eleven Girls Bring Donuts Friday. Can you come up with other interesting sentences to help you remember this? Share with your classmates. Below are the notes in the treble clef compared to the notes on the keyboard. You will notice a short line below and above the treble staff on which other notes are written. This short line is used to extend the staff to include notes whose pitches are lower or higher than the five lines and spaces. This line is referred to as a ledger line. Activity 2: Describing Melodic IntervalsWhat I Need to KnowAn interval is the distance in pitch between two notes. The smallest interval on the major scale is a semitone. It can be found between m-f and t-d1 in the major scale. All the other notes are a tone apart. Kodaly Hand SignsSing the major scale using hand signs to hear the sounds of semitones and tones. The semitone intervals are found between E- F and B-C on the keyboard. Note that they do not have a black key in between them. The interval between a black key and the adjacent white key is a semitone. Since the black keys do not have letter names, we use special symbols known as accidentals to name them. An accidental is a symbol that alters the pitch of a note by a semitone.
The interval between a black key and the adjacent white key is a semitone. Since the black keys do not have letter names, we use special symbols known as accidentals to name them. An accidental is a symbol that alters the pitch of a note by a semitone. There are three commonly used accidentals: sharp , flat b and natural . The sharp raises the pitch of a note by a semitone as shown on the keyboard as shown on the following page. The flat b lowers the pitch of a note by a semitone as shown on the keyboard below. The natural cancels the effect of either a sharp or a flat b previously encountered. It, therefore, restores the note to its original state. Practise writing the three accidentalsSharp Raises by a semitoneFlat b Lowers by a semitoneNatural Cancels out previous or b 9. Each black key has two letter names relating to the white note on either side. 10. On the staff, the accidentals are written before the note. On the pitch they appear after the letter. 11. Looking at the notes C and D there are two letter names apart and so this interval is a 2nd. 12. Looking at the notes C and E there are three letter notes apart and so this interval is a 3rd. There are two ways of describing an interval: numerically by counting the number of note names in between the two notes and by quality using an adjective or descriptor determined by the number of semitones in between the two notes . Unison is the simplest interval as it involves a note and its repetition, for example, when you play the note C followed by the same note C. It is called a perfect unison. The smallest interval between two notes is a semitone. It is round between a white key and the adjacent black key or between the two white keys without a black key in between, that is, E - Fand B-C. An interval of a semitone is a 2nd. A second with only one semitone is known as a minor 2nd. A 2nd with two semitones in between the notes is a major 2nd. Thirds can also exist as either minor or major. A minor 3rd has three semitones in between the notes, whereas a major 3rd has four semitones.
Sing the melodies in tonic sol-fa. Use hand signs to indicate the tonic sol-fas as you sing the melodies. NarrativeA narrative is a story or an account of events or experiences whether true or fictitious imaginative. The person who tells a story is known as a story teller or a narrator. A narrative is told to a person or people. The person or people watching a narrative is called an audience. A narrative is an account of events or experiences narrated by a narrator to an audience. It could also be defined as a story told by a storyteller to an audienceActivity 2: The Elements of a NarrativeIn a narrative, there is a logical sequence or flow of events. This is known as the storyline or the plot. The plot of a narrative usually has a conflict. A conflict refers to the obstacles, setbacks or challenges that the main character has to overcome before the story ends. The action or events in a narrative must take place at a specific place or a physical location. The place where the events in a narrative take place is known as the setting. A narrative has characters. Characters can be human beings or non-human beings. A narrator uses characters to advance the story. Narratives are used to pass important messages to the society. These messages are called themes. A theme is the lesson that is learnt from the narrative at the end of the narration. It is also referred to as the message. Some people call it the moral of the story. Most of the themes addressed in the narratives are contemporaryActivity 3: Demonstrating the Qualities of a Good Story-TellerThe qualities of a good storyteller are:Good storytellers have good memory. They should be able to memorize the story and narrate it afresh every time they meet a new audienceGood storytellers are creative, original and imaginative. They recreate the story afresh or anew each time it is narrated. They make the story relevant to the audience by using it to address or refer to contemporary issues. Good storytellers are confident, courageous and determined. They do not panic or tremble while narrating They face the audience directly without being shy. They do not avoid looking at the audience by facing down, looking sideways or looking up. Good storytellers speak loudly in order to be heard by everybody in the audience. Speaking loudly does not mean shouting. Good storytellers know how to use their voices to make the story interesting.
Good storytellers speak loudly in order to be heard by everybody in the audience. Speaking loudly does not mean shouting. Good storytellers know how to use their voices to make the story interesting. They can imitate the voices of the characters to make it sound real. They also vary their voices to make sure the story is not boring. Sometimes they even sing songs contained in their narratives. Good storytellers use parts of their bodies to tell the story. They use gestures and body movements to drive home the messages in their stories. Good storytellers use their facial expressions to capture the mood in the narrative. Good storytellers utilize space by making relevant stage movements,Good storytellers involve the audience in their story. VerseActivity 1: Describing the Basic Elements of a VersePoems are written to be performed or to be read aloud to an audience. Poems a have a definite structure that is easily recognized. They have lines. A line of a poem is the equivalent of a sentence in prose. In poetry, poets intentionally use broken lines to create rhythm and musicality in a poem. A poem has stanzas. A stanza is a collection of several lines in a poem. A stanza is the equivalent of paragraph in prose writing However, not all poems are divided into stanzas. Some poems like Sunset only have one stanza. Poems often use language musically. Certain sounds, letters, words, phrases or lines are repeated to create rhythm. When some words on the same line of a poem begin with similar consonant sounds, we call that alliteration. When some words on the same line of a poem have similar vowel sounds, we call that assonance. When some words, phrases or lines are repeated in a poem, we call it repetition. Poems are short in nature. The poet uses fewer words to communicate a lot of information. Unlike prose and drama, a poet selects words carefully and uses fewer words to communicate a lot of information. Poems communicate strong feelings. Poems convey heavy emotions. Poets carefully select words that are packed with emotions so as to affect the readers emotionally. With the help of your teacher, write down the words which have high emotions in the poems in the previous page. With the help of your teacher:Identify words that appeal to the various senses of your body in each of the poems on page 39. Identify similes, metaphors, personification and exaggeration that are used in the poems on page 38.
With the help of your teacher, write down the words which have high emotions in the poems in the previous page. With the help of your teacher:Identify words that appeal to the various senses of your body in each of the poems on page 39. Identify similes, metaphors, personification and exaggeration that are used in the poems on page 38. Activity 2: Discussing Theme in VerseWhen listening to the performance of a poem, we pay attention to what the poem is about. We get to know what the poem is about by paying attention to:The character speaking in the poem- the persona. The experiences of the character speaking in the poem-what he or she goes through and what he or she says. From what the persona says or goes through in the verse, we are able to get the message of the verse. The message in the verse is also known as the theme of the verse. Most themes address issues that affect the society. Verses convey certain values in the society that we must learn. Activity 3: Reading a Verse to Convey MeaningWhen reading a verse in order to convey meaning:Firstly, we have to read the poem once just to have a feel of the verse. Secondly, we have to read the poem while observing the punctuation marks. This helps to bring out the intonation in the poem. Intonation is the rising or falling of the voice while reading. Thirdly, we have to read the poem in order to emphasize the content words. Content words are the words that carry the meaning or message of each line. Such words are usually nouns, verbs and adjectives. The next step is to read while observing the stressed and unstressed syllables in each word. This ensures that the rhythm of the verse comes out well during the reading. The last step is the reading of the verse so as to bring out the various emotions in different words, phrases or lines. For example, if we read very fast, we want to convey emotions of excitement, anxiety or tension, we read slowly when expressing sadness or lamentation; we read loudly when emphasizing something reading loudly does not mean shouting or screaming ; we read softly to express emotions of love, persuasion reading softly does not mean we should be inaudible . SkitActivity 1: Describing, Structure and Themes of a SkitSkit -This is a short performance intended to educate or inform. It is usually performed in an informal set up. It requires little preparation.
SkitActivity 1: Describing, Structure and Themes of a SkitSkit -This is a short performance intended to educate or inform. It is usually performed in an informal set up. It requires little preparation. It is meant to be acted. Structure - It is the general organization of a skit. It refers to how the story in the skit is laid out from the beginning, middle to the end. It entails the following:Plot - How the story in a skit is brought out from the beginning, middle to the end. It shows the following:The beginning - The introduction or beginning of the story. It is the first important event from which the rest of the plot develops. Here, the audience asks, what next? A series of events that follow and where characters are introduced and the problem or conflict is made known, characters are seen to struggle to solve the problem they are experiencing, leading to the climax. Middle - When the plot reaches Climax, it is at its most important part. It is the turning point that determines the outcome of the conflict and when the problem is resolved. The ending - From the climax, a series of events leading to the end of the story followMilestones - This is the series of events that show how the plot unfolds from beginning to the end. They show the problems or the challenges that the character or characters are facing and their struggles to solve them. Theme - This refers to the issues being addressed in the skit. Most are contemporary issues that affect us in the society. It gives us the message in the skit. Characters-These are the people taking part in the various roles in a skit. They are the actors and actresses. The main character is called the protagonist, while the villain or the character who is in conflict with the main character is referred to as the antagonist. Support characters serve various roles in the skit. Setting - When and where the action is taking placeConflict - Problems, challenges or issues being experienced by the characters that need to be resolved. Language - Manner of communicating or the choice of words used to bring out the desired message effectively. It varies from one character to another depending on the role. Activity 2: Discussing the Importance of Improvisation and Use of Dialogue in a SkitIn a dialogue, the exact words of the speakers are used. It refers to the speeches or lines that the character says. It is the most critical part of a skit.
Activity 2: Discussing the Importance of Improvisation and Use of Dialogue in a SkitIn a dialogue, the exact words of the speakers are used. It refers to the speeches or lines that the character says. It is the most critical part of a skit. It carries the information that the writer wishes to convey to the audience. Person's thoughts and feelings are revealed through his or her tone of voice and way the word is spoken. Language should be appropriate for the character. How a person interacts with others is based on his or her responses and how much or how often he or she speaks. It is through a dialogue that a character is developed. Stage directions such as Mary: disgusted should be minimized and character dialogue to be self-explanatory. Shortened form is often used as well as hesitation markers like, mm...I...um... and interjections like ouch! Hurray! Wow! Improvisation is the acting of a scene without prior preparation. It is not scripted. One should avoid negative ideas that may not build the improvisation. Always keep the focus of the scene clear. Keep questions direct. Build stories on the spot, use your mind but, do not over-think. To make improvisation successful;Do not try to be better than those in the group, work with them. One must connect with the other players. Do not deliberately make a joke out of everything. Use your body to perform different actions. It builds confidence and imaginative and creative abilities. Activity 3: Discussing Functions of Costumes and Props in a SkitCostumes are clothes and accessories worn by the actors to portray character. They can indicate style, genre and period, as well as give clue about the character. Props, which is short for properties, are the other items used in the skit apart from costume such as hand props like walking stick, fly whisk or spear. They can also be movable items on stage that ad in telling the story. They help to tell the story. They help in identification of the character s . They help the actors get into character. They communicate details of a character's personality to the audience and bring out different aspects of the character. Help actors to transform into new and believable persons. They immediately tell the audience what is going on. They indicate time and place of the skit, that is, the settingIt is of utmost importance to learn of items from other cultures and understand them. This is called appreciation. 2.
They indicate time and place of the skit, that is, the settingIt is of utmost importance to learn of items from other cultures and understand them. This is called appreciation. 2. CREATINGRhythmActivity 1: Outlining Factors to Consider When Creating a Rhythmic PatternWhat I need to knowA good rhythm has a variety of rhythmic patterns. In order to achieve unity, some rhythmic patterns can be used more than once repeated . The number of notes in each bar should correspond to the time signature. Activity 2: Interpreting Rhythmic Patterns in Simple TimePlay or sing the short melodies provided. 2. The time signature will guide you to emphasize the main beat, and the number of beats in every bar. 3. Write down the French rhythm names below each melody, then tap or clap them while reciting. 4. In groups, clap the following 2-bar rhythms as you recite the French rhythm names. Activity 3: Improvising Rhythmic Accompaniments to Tunes in Simple TimeWhat I Need to KnowPercussive instruments are used to provide rhythmic accompaniment. The rhythmic accompaniments can be written or improvised based on the main beat. Sing familiar tunes in Simple time and improvise accompaniment on drum or any other percussive instrument. For example: Maua mazuri can be accompanied using any of the following rhythmic patterns. Activity 4: Creating Rhythms in Simple TimeCan You Recall? 1. Rhythms are created by combining various rhythmic patterns. 2. In simple time, and time signatures are used. 3. The first beat in every bar in simple time is an accented beatIndividual ActivityCombine the rhythmic patterns you have learnt to create 2-bar rhythms in simple time and write them down in your exercises book. Work In PairsTake turns to clap or tap the rhythms you have created as the other recites the French rhythm names. Activity 5: Appreciating Rhythms in Simple TimeRhythm PuzzleMelodyActivity 1: Identifying Qualities of a Good MelodyThe melodies move in stepwise motion with a few leaps. The melodies begin on notes d, m or s and end on d. They have a good melodic contour. They have several rhythmic patterns.
The melodies begin on notes d, m or s and end on d. They have a good melodic contour. They have several rhythmic patterns. Activity 2: Interpreting 4-bar Melodies in Simple TimeSing the melodies below and take note of the melodic contourTo interpret a melody, the following should be done:Identify the clef, key signature and time signature. Tap the rhythms of the melody. Write tonic sol-fas of the melody below the staff. Remember "doh' is the note that gives the key its name, for example, in C major, doh is C,Practise singing the tonic sol-fas of the melody, first in crotchets and then using the correct rhythm. Notice the movement of successive notes in each of the melodies. Stepwise motion is where the interval between any two neighbouring notes is not more than a step on the scale. In some cases there can be more than a step between two successive notes of a melody. This type of motion is called skipwise motion or movement by leaps. Each melody has a shape, which depends on the successive movement of notes. A melody can move upwards, downwards, in waves forming a curve and so on. This is referred to as the melodic shape or contour. Activity 3: Creating 1-bar Melodies in Simple Time on Treble ClefThings To RememberBefore you begin creating a melody, you should: draw the staff, add the treble clef, write the key signature of the scale you want to use, and write the time signature you will use. Work in PairsWhat are the qualities of a good melody as was discussed in the previous activity? Practise Writing a 4-bar melody in simple time in major scales of C, G, D and A. Sing or play the melody you have created. Describe the melodic motion and shape or contour. What is the first and the last note in each of the melodies? Activity 4: Playing or Singing Melodies Created by Self and OthersCan You Recall? What are the qualities of a good melody? Work in pairsTake turns to play each other's melodies. Discuss the qualities in each of the melodies played. Group ActivityWith the guidance of your teacher, use mobile apps or computer software to create, notate and play back 4-bar melodies.
Work in pairsTake turns to play each other's melodies. Discuss the qualities in each of the melodies played. Group ActivityWith the guidance of your teacher, use mobile apps or computer software to create, notate and play back 4-bar melodies. Activity 5: Appreciating Melodies Composed by Self and OthersListen and LearnYou have created 4-bar melodies in simple time in the major scales of C, G, D and AIn pairs, take turns to sing or play or use: digital devices to listen to and appraise each other's melodies. Take turns to sing your melodies to the class. PERFORMING ARTS GRADE 7 NOTES TERM 2NarrativeActivity 1: Creating A NarrativeCan you recall? Name the qualities of a good narrator. The process of developing a theme of a narrative begins with an idea. An idea is an issue that is affecting the society and which you have a strong feeling about. When you decide to compose a narrative on this issue, it becomes a theme of the narrative. We can develop themes of narratives from various sources such as:Our daily experiences the daily conversations that we have with our classmates, schoolmates, friends, family, relatives and even neighbours. The things we observe within our environment. What we watch on television or listen on the radio. What we read in books, magazines or newspapers. Issues that are trending on the media. Activity 2: Creating a Narrative StoryCan you recall? Name four sources of ideas for scripting a narrative. Narratives are created in order to educate the audience about a chosen theme. A good story begins with the introduction. This is the beginning point of the narrative. At this point:The audience is told about where the action of the narrative is taking place setting . The audience is told who the main characters is name and what he or she wants to achieve in the story the goal . The main problem that the main character faces is introduced to the audience conflict . As the main character struggles to overcome the initial problem, he or she encounters other problems that prevent him from overcoming the first problem. These are called milestones. At some point in the narrative the problems may become too much for the main character until he or she seems defeated and cannot fight anymore because he or she has finished all the efforts and tricks. This is the point of no return. This point is called the climax of the story.
At some point in the narrative the problems may become too much for the main character until he or she seems defeated and cannot fight anymore because he or she has finished all the efforts and tricks. This is the point of no return. This point is called the climax of the story. The last point in the narrative is when the main character finally manages to overcome all his or her problems. This is called the conflict resolution. It marks the end of the story. Activity 3: Creating Characters in A NarrativeCan you recall? Define the following terms:Setting. Beginning. Goal. Middle. Milestone. EndingThere are two types of characters in narratives:The main character. The minor characters. The main character is the one that the story is about. He or she is the one who carries the story. Most events in the story revolve around the main character. The minor characters play very important roles in the narrative:Some support the main character to achieve his or her goals. Some oppose the main character or create problems and trouble for the main character. When minor characters support or create problems for the main character they help in creating milestones in the story. Activity 4: Writing A Narrative ScriptCan you recall? Who is a main character? What are the functions of the minor characters? Writing is the process of putting the narrative that has been created into a written text. A narrative text is a written story of the narrative that is going to be performed. Before writing a narrative ensure that all milestones are plotted. These are the series of events in the narrative. As we write the story, we use descriptive words that make the story interesting,In the written text, the following should be well described in order to help the audience to understand them:The introductionThe setting. The goal. The conflict. The beginning. The middle. The ending. VerseActivity 1: identifying a theme for a verse scriptCan you recall? How can you read a poem in order to bring out its meaning? The theme of a verse is an issue that affects the society. People who write poems get their themes from:Their own personal experiences in homes, school, mosques, churchesor even at the places of work. What they observe other people do or go through in life. What they watch or listen to using digital devices such as televisions,radios and computers. What is trending on the media. What they read in the newspapers or magazines. Activity 2: Writing A PoemCan you recall?
What is trending on the media. What they read in the newspapers or magazines. Activity 2: Writing A PoemCan you recall? What is a theme of a verse? From which sources do poets get the ideas for writing their poems? Before you write a verse, you must decide on the theme you want to write about. After identifying a theme, you have to come up with one topic under that theme that you will write the poem about. It is good to write a poem about your own experiences that are related to the topic you have chosen. As you write a poem, you must choose a character who will tell the experiences you want him or her to share the poem with people. This is the person speaking in your poem. We call this person the persona. After writing a few stanzas of the poem, keep it in the portfolio for future use. This enables you to go and think about the poem you are writing. As you think about it you will discover many things that will help you to improve on the poem to make it better. The poem that you have kept for future use is known as the draft. A draft is a script of a poem that is still being worked on. It is an incomplete verse script. Activity 3: Using Poetic Devices to Write a VerseCan you recall? Who is a persona in a poem? What is a draft? Writing a poem is a process. The first stage which you have already done is called the drafting stage. The second stage is called the reworking stage. Reworking on a poem can be done several times. In the reworking stage the following things take place:Poetic devices are included in the poem. Some of the poetic devices are:rhyme - words at the end of different lines end with similar sounds. Repetition some words, phrases or lines are repeated in the poems. You can compare things in the poem using similes and metaphors. You can also use personification by making non-human beings like animals and plants to behave like human beings. Words that describe emotions are also introduced in the poem to add emotions to it. Can You Recall? Define the following terms:Rhyme. Simile. Alliteration. Metaphor. Assonance. Personification. Repetition. Activity 4: Improvising PropsA prop is an item that a performer of the verse uses to demonstrate an action.
Personification. Repetition. Activity 4: Improvising PropsA prop is an item that a performer of the verse uses to demonstrate an action. Examples of props include: balls, caps, hats, stethoscopes, school bags, pens, pencils, books, Bibles and jembes. Props are made from locally-available materials such as carton boxes, manila papers, sugar bags, plywoods and sticks. We do not use real objects as props. Props must be improvised. SkitCreating A Scenario for A ScriptCan you recall? What is a dialogue? Who is a character? What are costumes and props? Tell your partner about some issues that you have already come across in the skits learnt in the previous lessons. Creation of a skit means coming up with a skit. It begins with an idea which makes up the story. Ideas for a skit can be got from:Our own experiences or other peoples experiences. What we watch on television, listen to on radio, read in newspapers or from happenings in the social media. Idea determines the theme or message to be communicated. One needs to decide who will be in the story and what will happen. One needs to think of the problem that arises and needs to be solved. Think of where actions will take place. Always remember to answer the who, the what and the where. Scenario is thus, the storyline or framework or outline of the plot. It is the summing up of what is going on or what the situation is. It is essentially a story with characters and situations. It must be believable. Activity 2: Improvising Costumes, Props and Make-UpCan you recall? What are costumes? What are props? What is the importance of costumes, props and make-up in a skit? Costume design is the creation of clothing for the overall appearance of character or performer. Improvisation is to make or do something by using locally-available materials. It provides an alternative to the original. Improvised items should convey the desired message just as the original material. It involves serious thinking, creativity, communication and coming together of different opinions. Make-up enhances the illusion that the actor has become the character, It is used to cover all the exposed parts that are not covered by the costume won by the actor. It helps in easy interpretation of the skit and its location. Activity 3: Scripting for Stage -Language and Style. Can you recall? What is a scenario?
Activity 3: Scripting for Stage -Language and Style. Can you recall? What is a scenario? What are milestones? What is a dialogue? While scripting a skit, it is of utmost importance to note the following:Milestones: They bring show problems or issues that the characters are faced with in skits and how they try to resolve them. They show the expectation in a skit or how it will flow from the beginning to the end. They develop the story line. They guide you in writing the script of a skit. Characters: the audience interacts with the skit through the characters and their speech. The main characters as well as the support characters must be believable. Clear description of the characters is important in the writing of a dialogue in a skit. Language and Style: concerns itself with the use of words with maximum effect. One needs to avoid unnecessary words that may hinder the development of the story and character. The language used should be appropriate to the character s in question. It should define them, for instance, a skit with a police officer, street child and a lawyer, will not use the same language for all. While the street child is likely to use sheng , the doctor should use formal language and the officer, a semi-formal language. Copying: is the use of other people s work without their approval. Thus, when writing a script use your own ideas. Activity 4: Using Locally Available Resources in A SkitCan you recall? What is improvisation of costume, prop and make-up? What is the importance of make-up in a skit? Name some materials that can be used for improvisation. Watching skits from other communities helps us to respect one another. Understanding skits from other communities makes us to understand and enjoy watching skits from those communities This is referred to as appreciation,Using locally-available materials as costumes, props and make-up boosts our creativity and imagination. 3. PERFORMINGFolk SongsActivity 1: Classifying Kenyan Folk Songs According to Origin, Type and FunctionWith the guidance of the teacher, watch live or recorded performance of Kenyan folk songs. Discuss any observations you make about the common aspects, such as:The community of origin. The participants are they male, female, young, old, mixed? Body movements. Costumes used by the participants. Instruments used to accompany the performance. A folk song is a traditional song originating from a particular community.
Costumes used by the participants. Instruments used to accompany the performance. A folk song is a traditional song originating from a particular community. It is performed in the native language. It is passed down from generation to generation orally. Folk songs can be:Solo - involving one performer singing. Solo and response - involves singing or leading the performance and a group responding. Group - involves a group singing without a soloist. Folk songs are associated with other activities in the community, such as weddings, child birth, naming, burial among others. Talk ActivityTalk about various social activities in the community where folk songs are performed. Activity 2: Social Economic Uses of Folk SongsWith the help of your teacher or resource person, watch live or recorded performances of folk songs. For each folk song, fill in the following table. Group ActivityDiscuss the social and economic uses of folk songs in Kenyan and Western communities, during various occasions as follows:Childbirth. Naming ceremony. Singing games. Initiation. Marriage. Funeral. Work songs. Other social gatherings. Individual ActivityStudy the following pictures and answer the questions that follow. State the occasion shown in each of the pictures. Which type of folk song is being performed? 3. Identify the costumes used by the participants. 4. What kind of message is being passed by the participants? Activity 3: Performing Solo and Group Folk Songs1. With the help of your teacher, parent or guardian, watch or listen to various folk songs. Select a folk song to be performed in class. In groups, select one solo and one group folk song. Learn the selected folk songs, for presentation. Use appropriate costumes, body movements and instruments to accompany your performance2. Discuss the techniques used in performing Kenyan folk songs. Activity 4: Report WritingYou have discussed, learnt and performed different types of Kenyan folk songs. Write a report on the folk songs in your community. In groups, collect a variety of folk songs and classify them according to origin, type, function and occasion. Kenyan IdiophonesActivity 1: Classification of IdiophonesCan you recall? Percussion instruments produce sound when hit, shaken or scraped. Study the pictures and name the instruments. How are the instruments played? Idiophones are percussion instruments. They produce sound by vibration of the instrument itself. Home ActivityUse digital devices to watch clips of various percussion instruments and identify the idiophones.
Idiophones are percussion instruments. They produce sound by vibration of the instrument itself. Home ActivityUse digital devices to watch clips of various percussion instruments and identify the idiophones. Collect photographs of various Kenyan percussion instruments and name the idiophones. Idiophones are either melodic or non-melodic. Idiophones are further categorized by the way they are played. They can be shaken, clapped, stamped, plucked, scraped and struck. Here are examples of idiophones from Kenyan communities. Add more instruments on the list. Activity 2: Role of Idiophones in A Performance1. Idiophones are mostly rhythmic and, therefore, enhance the rhythmic aspects of a performance such as:Keep time or maintain pace,Providing rhythmic accompaniment,Providing rhythmic variety. Activity 3: Care and Maintenance Procedures For Idiophones. Idiophones are made from different materials such as wood, animal skins and metals. For proper care and maintenance of the instruments, note the following:i Keep them away from water. Keep them away from fire. Avoid dropping them. Replace or repair damaged parts. Store them properly by hanging or placing them on a shelf or cupboard. 3. In groups, apply proper care and maintenance techniques on the idiophones available in school. Activity 4: Techniques of Tuning IdiophonesMelodic idiophones require tuning from time to time. This ensures that they stay in pitch for the case of melodic idiophones. With the help of your teacher or resource person, discuss the various ways of tuning idiophones. In groups, practise tuning idiophones available in school. Activity 5: Performance ProjectGroup ActivityL. Select any available idiophones and tune them applying proper techniques. In groups, select various idiophones to form a percussion band. Take turns to play different instruments in the percussion band. Practise and perform in a percussion band in class, school or community functions. Western Solo InstrumentsActivity 1: Tuning the Descant Recorder or Any Other Solo Western InstrumentStudy the following instruments and answer the questions that follow. What can you see? With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument.
With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument. Activity 2: Playing the Scale Of C Major On StaffWhat I need to knowWestern instruments have different fingering charts to guide in playing of different pitches. Use digital devices to download the fingering charts for the instrument of choice. Below is the fingering chart for the Descant Recorder showing the notes of the scale of C major. Descant Recorder Fingering ChartIndividual ActivityPractise playing the notes of the scale of C major ascending and descending on your instrument using the fingering chart. On a digital device, watch videos to learn how to play the scale of C major. Use the fingering provided to the play the notes C D EF G A B C' on the descant recorder. Practise playing the scale in ascending and descending order. Group ActivityPlay familiar tunes in the scale of C major on your instrument. Activity 3: Sight Reading Simple Melodies in C MajorTo do individually and in groups. Look at the clef below. Check the key signature and keep the key in your head while playingLook at the time signature. Clap or tap the rhythms of each of the melodies before you play them. Locate the notes on the instrument. Look at the melodies and play. 1. Sight-reading is playing of music without prior preparation. 2. Your teacher will provide 2-bar melodies for you to sight-read. 3. Do so without referring to the fingering chart or tapping the rhythms before playing. Activity 4: Playing with Appropriate TechniquesEvery instrument has specific techniques to be applied while playing. For example, for strings there is bowing, plucking, strumming, fingering; and for wind, there is tonguing, blowing and fingering. All the techniques when well applied ensure good tone quality. How To Produce a Good Tone on The Descant RecorderBlow gently into the descant recorder as you make the sound du with the tongue. This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder.
This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard. Activity 5: Observing Performance DirectionsWhat I Need to KnowPerformance directions are words, phrases or signs showing the appropriate tempo, dynamics, articulation and repeats in a piece of music. The directions help to enhance the overall effect in a performance. With your teacher s guidance, play various melodies observing the performance directions shown. Your teacher will also help you search for short duets in C major to be played in pairs and groups. Kenyan Folk DanceActivity 1: Classification of Kenyan Folk DancesWith the teacher s guidance, watch performances of folk dances from diverse Kenyan communities. Group ActivityDiscuss the performances you have watched and categorize them in terms of the following:Gender of the performers. Occasion. Age of the performers. Community of origin. With the guidance of the teacher or resource persons, discuss the function, themes or messages in the folk dances. Here are examples of dances from Kenyan communities. Add more to the list. Activity 2: Providing Background Information of Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityWith the help of the teacher, select a folk dance and get the following information about it. Title. Community. Gender. Theme. Occasion. 2. Write the information in your exercise book. 3. Take turns to present the information you collected on a folk dance from your community. Activity 3: Performing A Kenyan Folk Dance with Appropriate Dance MovementsClass ActivityWatch performances of folk dances from different communities and observe the movements in them. Group ActivitySelect a Kenyan folk dance from the ones you have watched. Learn the dance movements, keeping to the traditional idiom. Perform the dance before the class. Activity 4: Singing Songs Appropriate for The DanceWith the help of your teacher, resource person, parent or guardian, write down the words of the songs used in the folk dance. Learn singing the songs to be used in the folk dance performance articulating the words clearly. Activity 5: Using Appropriate Music Instruments, Costumes, D cor and Props in A Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityIdentify and source for the music instruments to be used in the dance. Learn playing the musical instruments.
Learn singing the songs to be used in the folk dance performance articulating the words clearly. Activity 5: Using Appropriate Music Instruments, Costumes, D cor and Props in A Kenyan Folk DanceGroup ActivityIdentify and source for the music instruments to be used in the dance. Learn playing the musical instruments. Collect costumes and props to be used. Get the material for the body adornment. Practise and present a performance of a Kenyan folk dance incorporating the appropriate music instruments, costumes, d cor and props. Use digital devices to record each group s performance for sharing and review. NarrativeActivity 1: Selecting A Narrator and The Support Cast for Our NarrativeCan you recall? Describe the process of writing a narrative script. After coming up with a narrative script, a process called casting follows. Casting is the process of selecting a group of performers who will perform certain roles in a given performance. A narrative has the main narrator or narrators and the support cast. The main narrator is selected based on the qualities of a good narrator. The support cast is selected based on the roles they are supposed to play in the narrative. Most narratives have dancers, singers and instrumentalists. The support cast helps the narrators to enhance the narrative. Activity 2: Designing A Rehearsal ProgrammeCan you recall? What is casting? What should be considered when casting narrators? Rehearsals are important when preparing a narrative for performance. It is important to have a rehearsal programme that guides you when to rehearse, especially when you are free. A good rehearsal programme should allow room for individual rehearsal, group rehearsal and team rehearsal. Activity 3: Rehearsing the NarrativeCan you recall? What should be considered when making a rehearsal timetable? Rehearsal is a continuous process. We have to keep on rehearsing until the narrative communicates the message well and is entertaining. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to memorise and internalise their lines. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to improve on their gestures, voice variation, facial expressions and stage movements. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to introduce aspects in the narrative that make it interesting such as asking the audience rhetorical questions, song and dance, riddles, proverbs and even jokes or funny lines that are relevant to the narrative. The other members of the class who are not participating in the narrative are important during rehearsals.
Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to improve on their gestures, voice variation, facial expressions and stage movements. Rehearsals help the narrator and the support cast to introduce aspects in the narrative that make it interesting such as asking the audience rhetorical questions, song and dance, riddles, proverbs and even jokes or funny lines that are relevant to the narrative. The other members of the class who are not participating in the narrative are important during rehearsals. They help the narrators to internalise their lines, use appropriate gestures, facial expressions and voice variations. Their work is to correct mistakes and encourage the cast to improve. Their input can add value to the performance of the narrative. 1 can also rehearse during my free time at home as follows:Before a friend. Before a digital video recording device. Activity 4: Designing Props and Costumes for The NarrativeCan you recall? What is the importance of rehearsal? How are rehearsals conducted? Costumes are very important in a narrative. Costumes help us to know the setting of the story. The costume won by the narrator s helps us to identify who the main character is in the story. The costumes worn by the support cast help in enhancing the message in the story. They may also help us to understand who the other characters in the narrative are. In a narrative we use very few props. This is because the narrative relies more on telling the story or narrating. The props only enhance the telling of the story. VerseActivity 1: The Persona s Point of View and Meaning In A VerseThe persona is the voice speaking in a poem. Poets use the persona to express their viewpoints about certain issues in the society. In this poem, the poet has created a dog as a persona so as to criticise the inhuman treatment of domestic pets. The persona could also be seen symbolically as a domestic worker who is lamenting about the inhumane treatment he receives from his boss. We need to use empathy when reading a poem. When we put ourselves in the shoes of the persona, empathy helps us to understand the meaning of the verse. We get to know the meaning and point of view of the persona by paying attention to the words in the poem. The choice of words in a poem is called diction. The choice of words in a poem helps us to decide the facial expressions to be used to enhance the meanings of those words.
We get to know the meaning and point of view of the persona by paying attention to the words in the poem. The choice of words in a poem is called diction. The choice of words in a poem helps us to decide the facial expressions to be used to enhance the meanings of those words. The choice of words used helps us to decide on which gestures and dramatisation to be used on the selected words. Activity 2: Expressing the Performance Features of A verseCan You Recall? What is the importance of empathy when reading a verse? What is diction in a verse? What is tone? The performance of a verse begins with the script. The script must be poetic. It must have a poetic language with poetic devices. The voice is an important aspect of a verse performance. The voice is used to communicate the various emotions brought out in the verse. Voice variation is important as it creates variety and breaks the boredom created by using only one tone. Facial expressions are used to bring out the mood and emotions in the verse. They are determined by the words in the verse. Gestures are used to demonstrate actions in the verse. In a verse, we are encouraged to use minimal gestures and rely on the voice and face more for communication. Stage movements are important in a verse performance. In verse, performers move on stage for a reason. They do not just move unnecessarily. Activity 3: Rehearsing the VerseCan you recall? Define the following terms:Facial expressions. Voice variation. Tempo variation. Gestures. Body movement. Stage movement. Can you draw a rehearsal timetable like the one you drew for the narrative? Remember to allocate time for individual, group and team rehearsal. When rehearsing a verse, one needs to memorise and internalise a poem. For us to internalise the poem, we must put ourselves in the shoes of the characters in the verse and begin to feel like them. This is called empathy. We should also draw a lot from our own past experiences of a similar experience as the one the character in the verse is going through. These experiences help us to bring out the best feelings through the voice and the face. Meaningful gestures, body movements and stage movements are helpful in verse performance. We can rehearse in many ways as follows:Before our friends so that they can correct our errors. Before our classmates so that they can give us a feedback. We can record ourselves rehearsing then view and correct our mistakes.
We can rehearse in many ways as follows:Before our friends so that they can correct our errors. Before our classmates so that they can give us a feedback. We can record ourselves rehearsing then view and correct our mistakes. Activity 4: Performing the VerseCan you recall? How does one internalise a poem? How many ways of rehearsing can you recall? Before performance of a verse, casting has to be done. This is the selecting of the people who will perform the verse. The criteria for selecting those who perform a poem is based on the following:Voice quality. Ability to vary voice. Ability to use facial expressions. Ability to use gestures well. Flexibility in stage movement. When performing a verse, the following should be considered:Mastery of the poem. The use of voice to display the different emotions in the verse. The use of facial expressions to bring out the different moods in the poem. The use of relevant gestures. The use of relevant body movements. The use of relevant stage movements. Verses can be performed as solo verses or choral verses. Solo verses are performed by one person, while choral verses are performed by more than one person. SkitActivity 1: Describing Scenario, Milestones, Role PlayCan you recall? What is improvisation? What are milestones? What is a scenario? Role play takes place between two or more people who act out roles from a particular scenario. It builds self-confidence while handling the situations in life and making correct reactions to situations. Appreciating other peoples efforts enhances love and respect towards each other. Activity 2: Auditioning and Casting for A SkitCan you recall? What is role-play? What is the importance of role-play? Group ActivityGet the skit devised in Activity 1 to use for auditions. In your groups, select members that will represent you in the auditioning panel to select the best actors for the various roles and the support cast. Run the lines on the skit and select the best members to represent the group. Class ActivityAuditioning panel to sit at the front of the class. Actors are selected to present the part of the skit allocated to them. Using the scenarios given in the skits the panel finds the best possible talents for various roles. All the actors to demonstrate their suitability and skills. Members can also be given various other tasks to perform as they say a few lines.
Using the scenarios given in the skits the panel finds the best possible talents for various roles. All the actors to demonstrate their suitability and skills. Members can also be given various other tasks to perform as they say a few lines. Activity 3: Manipulating Voice, Body and Space in Delivery of a SkitPlot is the series of related events that take place before the audience. It brings out the storyline. Milestones show the issues, problems or conflicts being addressed in the skit from the onset to when they are resolved. Body language entails the use of non-verbal expressions. These are all the expressions that do not make use of words. For example, facial expressions, body movements and gestures. A lot of communication between humans is through the body and this must be well manipulated to bring out the right message. Voice should be well used so that the audience can hear and understand the actor. It should be loud enough and not too loud. Pitch should be as natural as possible. The pace in speaking is dictated by the response at hand. Tone is brought out through the use of words by the actor. Space: This includes the place where the action takes place. Actors need to be aware of not only their place on stage but also of the other actors so that they can interact well. Position on stage affects everything in a skit thus, it is of utmost importance to be aware of space and utilise it well. Rostrum and parts of the set can be used to create levels in a skit. All these help to develop the character and the story. Activity 4: Using of Props, Costumes and Make-Up to Enhance Performance of a SkitCan you recall? The importance of costumes. '. The importance of props in a skit. The importance of make-up. The importance of voice, body and space while acting. Rehearsing is practising a skit in preparation for a presentation. It involves going over or running through the lines. It involves learning lines, character work, warming-up, taking direction, staging and basically bringing everything together. Project: Rehearse the scripted skit in readiness for presentation.
It involves going over or running through the lines. It involves learning lines, character work, warming-up, taking direction, staging and basically bringing everything together. Project: Rehearse the scripted skit in readiness for presentation. KLB TOP SCHOLAR PERFORMING ARTS GRADE 7 NOTES TERM 3CRITICAL APPRECIATIONKENYAN FOLK MUSICActivity 1: Identifying Media of Performance, Components and Messages in Kenyan Folk MusicWatch performances of various Kenyan folk music and identify the medium of performance as:Vocal only. Vocal with instrumental accompaniment. Instrumental only. Watch performances of various Kenyan folk music and identify the components in them as:The performers soloist, respondents or dancers, instrumentalists . Songs. Instruments. Costumes, d cor and props. Dance movements. In groups, discuss the messages and values passed in Kenyan folk music. Activity 2: Describing the Style of Performance and Expressing Personal FeelingsWatch performances of Kenyan folk music and describe the styles as:Solo - involving only one person either singing or playing instrument s or both. Solo-response involves a soloist as a leader and a response group. Choral - involves group performing without a soloist. In groups, discuss personal feelings, mood and attitudes towards Kenyan folk music you have watched and listened to. Kenyan Folk DanceActivity 1: Analysing the Components of Kenyan Folk Dance PerformanceWatch various folk dances from different Kenyan communities and in groups, discuss the components in each of them:SongsVocal ornamentationInstrumental accompanimentPerformers soloist, singers or dancers Costumes and d corProps and artefactsDance steps, formations, patterns and transitionsWith the guidance of the teacher, discuss the messages and values passed through Kenyan folk dance performances. Group ActivityDescribe the sequence of events in a folk dance performance as:EntryMain partClimaxExit. Individual ActivitySelect one of the folk dance performances you have watched and write down a detailed report about it. The report should include the following:Title of the dance. Community of origin. Gender and age-group of performers. Occasion. Performers soloist, singers, dancers, instrumentalists . Style of performance solo, group . Vocal ornamentation. Costumes and d cor. Props and artefacts.
Vocal ornamentation. Costumes and d cor. Props and artefacts. Dance steps, movements, formations and transitions. NarrativeActivity 1: Appreciating the story of the narrativeCan you recall? What is a costume? What is a prop? What is the importance of costumes and props in a narrative? When appreciating a narrative, we begin by looking at the theme, a good theme addresses important issues that affect the people in the community. We also look at the storyline or plot of the narrative. We also look at how entertaining the narrative is. We also appreciate a narrative by looking at the language used. If the language is too difficult, then it becomes hard for us to understand and appreciate the narrative. Activity 2: Appreciating the Narrator S And the Narration TechniquesCan you recall? Do you remember all the narratives you have watched using a digital device? Do you remember the narrative that was performed by your classmates? There are three common narration techniques in Kenyan context used in narratives:Solo narration, where one narrator tells the story single-handedly from the beginning to the end. Tandem narration, where two narrators narrate the story together at the same time. Relay narration, where more than two narrators take turns to narrate the story. Unlike the tandem narration where two narrators speak at the same time, in relay narration each narrator waits for their turn to narrate. When a narrator s turn reaches, he or she is given a baton that allows them to narrate. A baton is anything that is handed over to the next narrator such as a walking stick, a school bags, a sweater. Good narrators use their voices to recreate the story afresh as well as hold the attention of the audience. They also use mimicry or imitation of the characters in the narratives. The narrators also communicate well using gestures, facial expressions, body movements and stage movements. Activity 3: Appreciating the Role of Costumes and Props as Well As The Audience in Narrative PerformancesCan you recall? List the three narration techniques or styles that were covered in the previous activity. Costumes define the main narrator of a narrative. The costume of the main narrator may help in identifying who the main character is in the story. The costumes of the support cast help in identifying the other characters in the story. Generally, costumes help us to understand the narrative. The props used in narratives enhance the story.
The costumes of the support cast help in identifying the other characters in the story. Generally, costumes help us to understand the narrative. The props used in narratives enhance the story. In narratives it is recommended that fewer props be used since the empbhasis is on narrating the story rather than dramatising. The audience plays a very important role in the performance of a narrative. The audience responds to the narrators in different ways:They may cheer, applaud, clap if the story reaches an exciting moment or if they are happy with what the main character is doing. They may jeer or boo if the main character does something irritating or unpleasant. They may sigh with relief if the main character manages to successfully go through a terrifying experience. They may nod their heads in agreement or shake their heads in disagreement. They may use facial expressions such as smiling at events they like, frowning at events they dislike or sneer at events they hate. They may join in song and dance depending on how interesting the narrator has been. They may also respond to questions posed or riddles thrown at them. VerseActivity 1: Evaluating A Verse Themes, Poetic LanguageCan you recall? What is the difference between a choral and a solo verse? What do we consider when performing a verse? What criteria do we use when selecting people to perform a verse? The process of appreciating verse begins with identifying the type of verse being performed. A solo verse is performed by one person. A choral verse is performed by more than one person. We also need to appreciate the verse by identifying the theme being addressed in the poem. We appreciate the poem more if the theme being addressed is about the issues affecting our community. This makes us to identify with the verse more. We appreciate a verse as a poem if the language used in it is poetic. We appreciate the language is poetic if we are able to identify poetic devices in it. Common poetic devices are repetition, rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, assonance, similes, metaphors and personification. Activity 2: Evaluating Verse Voice and CharactersCan you recall? Apart from the type of verse being presented, what else do we consider when appreciating a verse? We appreciate a verse to see whether the performers are projecting the voices or not. Voices that are well projected are said to be audible. Voice projection is not shouting. Shouting is irritating to the ear.
Voices that are well projected are said to be audible. Voice projection is not shouting. Shouting is irritating to the ear. Speaking very softly is also not pleasant to the ear since we strain to hear what is being recited. We appreciate a verse when there is voice variation. Voices are usually varied to communicate certain messages. The pitch can be either high or low depending on the message to be communicated. We appreciate verses by assessing whether there is speed variation in recitation. Speed variation means the performers recite very fast or very slowly at certain moments in the verse. They may recite very fast when they are celebrating or when there is a quarrel between two characters in the verse. They may recite slowly to show a sad mood or during a lamentation by one character. We appreciate a verse if we are able to identify the different characters speaking in the verse. In a solo verse, we may have only one character who takes many roles alone. In a choral verse, we have several characters doing different roles. Activity 3: Evaluating A Verse Using of Body and MovementsCan you recall? Give your teacher the answers to the home activity you did previously. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use different facial expressions to show different moods in the verse. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use gestures to communicate different messages. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the recitors use body movements to communicate important messages. We appreciate a verse by looking at how the performers use stage movements, and how important those movements are in communicating the message to the audience. SkitActivity 1: Evaluating Plot and Thematic Concerns in A SkitCan you recall? What is a plot in a skit? What is a theme in a skit? In evaluation of plot, check if the plot has communicated the message effectively. Conflict in a skit should be resolved. Thematic concerns should be contemporary and should bring out desired moral values. Activity 2: Evaluating Character Development, Use of Body, Voice and Space to Communicate Message in SkitCan you recall? What do you look for in evaluating a plot in a skit? What do you look for in evaluating them in a skit? Character s physical voice and energy levels must be appropriate for character roles. Stage space must show different locations and actions. Activity 3: Evaluating Role of Costume and Make-Up in Depicting CharacterCan you recall?
Character s physical voice and energy levels must be appropriate for character roles. Stage space must show different locations and actions. Activity 3: Evaluating Role of Costume and Make-Up in Depicting CharacterCan you recall?How do you evaluate character?How do we appreciate use of body, voice and space in a skit?We appreciate the use of costumes, props and make-up when they help to define or depict the intended character effectively. PERFORMING ARTS IN SOCIETYPerforming Arts in SocietyActivity 1: Social and Economic Roles of Performing Arts in The SocietyPerforming Arts is a medium of expression, knowledge and understanding for an individual and the society. Performing Arts is a tool that is reflective of the society. It teaches society about itself and can be used to educate people about their current situation. Performing Arts provides us with an opportunity to engage the mind, body and emotions, and to explore and express our talents. It boosts creativity and innovativeness. It promotes physical and personal development. It promotes self-confidence and self-belief. It fosters trust between participants. It unifies people across regions. It creates cultural awareness. Performing Arts is a career opportunity for singers, actors, comedians, dancers and other performers. It promotes tourism as visitors watch presentations from different cultures. Activity 2: Using Performing Arts to Address Pertinent and Contemporary IssuesPerforming Arts helps the learner to relate with real issues and challenges in the society and equips them with skills and knowledge on how to solve them. Performing Arts provides a platform to address difficult issues in the society. Some of these issues could be gender violence, racism, marginalization, disability, and politics. Performing Arts can be used to instill values like integrity, responsibility, respect, peace, and unity. Performing artists can reach a wider audience by collaborating with the broadcast media to air their works. They can also record them in studios and distribute to the general public. Activity 3: Making Connections Between Performing Arts and Real Life SituationsPerforming Arts has physical and emotional benefits to the participants. It encourages us to make meaningful and open communication even when faced with difficult situations in life. Participating in Performing Arts boosts one s confidence, enabling one to contribute ideas, views and personal feelings in every day interactions.
Nutrition security Nutrition security means consistent access, availability, and affordability of foods and beverages that promote well-being, prevent disease, and, if needed, treat disease, particularly among racial ethnic minority, lower income, and rural and remote populations including Tribal communities and Insular areas. Kitchen garden Kitchen garden is the growing of fruits and vegetables at the backyard of house by using kitchen waste water. Otherwise called as Home garden or Nutrition garden or Kitchen gardening or Vegetable gardening. Advantages of Kitchen garden : Supply fresh fruits and vegetables high in nutritive value.tyReasons For Kitchen Garden 1.Clean air: Your balcony, terrace or courtyard can become your green lungs amidst the dust and dirt around you. The more you plant, the more fresh air with good oxygen you get. 2.Herbs detox: Herbs are quite essential in our food which helps in detoxifying and healing properties in our body. Few herbs and plants that are easy to maintain in kitchen garden are: lemon grass, coriander, cilantro, mint, tulsi, celery, fenugreek, spinach. 3.Aesthetics matter: Plants make your home greener, more peaceful, uplift your mood and make you feel more positive. 4. Stay grounded: Modernisation uproots us from the mother earth. As the ancient sages say, our body is made of five components that includes earth, water, ether, air and fire. So it is very important to stay connected with earth. 5.Organic vegetables: Growing own fruits and vegetables can offer the opportunity to reduce the amount of pesticides that are used commercially, making them healthier6. Compost your waste: Plant fertilisers, made by decaying organic materials, like kitchen wastes, will help your plants grow faster, while helping you to get rid of your garbage 7.Cheap and easy: Kitchen gardens can help you grow things at home and bring down the need to buy from the market, hence, save money on food purchase. 8.Recycle and use: You can recycle vegetables in your kitchen garden. For example, you can collect your unwanted vegetables and make compost for it and use it again for compost, growing new vegetables and herbs. 10. Health friendly: It is a great way to engage the whole family in physical activity. Gardening is known to reduce levels of stress hormones. Crops for kitchen garden Seeds or seedlings.
Health friendly: It is a great way to engage the whole family in physical activity. Gardening is known to reduce levels of stress hormones. Crops for kitchen garden Seeds or seedlings. Common foods to grow include leafy greens such as spinach, leafy onions, sukumawiki, lettuce, tomatoes, terere, strawberries, herbs-mint, dhania, broccoli, cauliflower and even potatoes. Types of kitchen gardens. 1. Hanging kitchen gardens in Kenya Hanging kitchen gardens are perfect for small spaces or if you want to save on countertop space. Herbs and leafy greens do well in hanging gardens, as they don t need a lot of root room to grow. Just make sure to water your plants regularly so the soil doesn t dry out. Advantages: Offers a unique decoration for your kitchen Gives you the opportunity to grow your own herbs and spices Saves counter space Provides fresh air Can be a fun project for the whole family Cons: Requires regular watering May attract pests Must be positioned in a sunny spot Limited growing space Requires some initial set-up 2. Container kitchen gardens in KenyaContainer gardening is another great option for small spaces or those who want to move their garden around easily. You can use just about any type of container from pots and barrels to old wheelbarrows as long as it has drainage holes. Be sure to choose plants that are well-suited for container gardening, such as tomatoes, strawberries, and peppers. Advantages: They are less expensive than in-ground gardens. Are easier to set up and take care of. They can be placed almost anywhere, including on patios, decks, and balconies. Can help to save water since the soil is not exposed to the elements. They can produce a lot of food in a small space. Cons: The plants may not get enough sunlight if they are placed in a shaded area. The roots may become entangled if the containers are placed too close together. The plants may become stressed if they do not have enough room to grow. The soil may need to be replaced more often than in an inground garden. There is a greater risk of pests and diseases with container gardens than with in-ground gardens in Kenya. 3. Raised bed kitchen gardens in Kenya Raised beds are a great way to grow a variety of vegetables, herbs, and fruits.
There is a greater risk of pests and diseases with container gardens than with in-ground gardens in Kenya. 3. Raised bed kitchen gardens in Kenya Raised beds are a great way to grow a variety of vegetables, herbs, and fruits. They re perfect for small spaces or areas with poor soil quality. Just be sure the bed is at least 6 inches deep so roots have enough room to grow. Also, make sure the sides of the bed are tall enough so you can reach in without stepping on your plants this will help prevent compacting the soil . Advantages: They take up less space than traditional gardens, so they re perfect for small yards or patios. The soil in raised beds warms up faster in the spring, so you can plant earlier. You can control the quality of the soil more easily, so your plants will be healthy and thrive. Because they re elevated, raised beds are easier on your back and knees when you re gardening. They re also more attractive than traditional gardens, so they can enhance the curb appeal of your home. Cons: They can be more expensive to set up than traditional gardens, since you ll need to buy lumber and soil. They require more watering than traditional gardens, since the soil tends to dry out quicker. The soil in raised beds can also get too hot in the summer, which can damage plants or hinder their growth. 4. In-ground kitchen gardens in KenyaIn-ground gardens are the most traditional type of kitchen garden. If you have the space, an in-ground garden is a great way to grow a large variety of plants. Be sure to choose soil that s well-suited for your climate and plant choices. For example, if you live in an area with hot summers, opt for sandy soil that will drain well and won t bake your plants in the heat. Advantages: You can design them to fit your specific needs and the space you have available. They can include features such as built-in irrigation and drainage systems. You can choose from a wide variety of plants to grow. They can be beautiful and add curb appeal to your home. They can increase your property value. Cons: They require more initial investment than above-ground gardens. They require more maintenance than above-ground gardens. They are subject to soil erosion and compaction if not properly cared for.
Cons: They require more initial investment than above-ground gardens. They require more maintenance than above-ground gardens. They are subject to soil erosion and compaction if not properly cared for. They can attract pests and diseases if not properly managed. They may require special permits or permission from your homeowner s association or local government. 5. Indoor kitchen gardens: If you don t have any outdoor space or if you want to extend your growing season, consider starting an indoor kitchen garden in Kenya. Many vegetables, herbs, and fruits can be grown indoors with the right setup. Just make sure you choose a sunny spot in your home and use to grow lights if needed. ADVANTAGES: No pests or bad weather to ruin your plants! You can grow a wide variety of plants indoors. Indoor gardens are low maintenance. They can add color and life to any room. You can control the environment, making it ideal for growing delicate plants. CONS: Not all plants will do well indoors. You need adequate lighting to grow indoor plants successfully. Some plants require a lot of space, so they may not be suitable for small homes or apartments. Indoor gardens can be expensive to set up, especially if you need to buy special equipment like grow lights. If you re not careful, your indoor garden can become a breeding ground for mould and mildew. 6. Potager kitchen gardenA Potager is a type of kitchen garden that s designed for both beauty and function. These gardens are typically laid out in a symmetrical or geometric pattern and often feature ornamental plants as well as edible ones. If you have the space, consider adding a small pond or fountain to your potager this will not only add to its visual appeal but also provide a home for beneficial insects like dragonflies and frogs. PRO: A potager kitchen garden is a great way to have fresh herbs and vegetables right at your fingertips. They are also visually appealing and can add a touch of beauty to your yard or patio. They are easy to care for and don t require a lot of space. Potager kitchen gardens in Kenya are also great for entertaining since they can be used as a conversation piece. They are also a great way to get kids interested in gardening and eating healthy.
They are easy to care for and don t require a lot of space. Potager kitchen gardens in Kenya are also great for entertaining since they can be used as a conversation piece. They are also a great way to get kids interested in gardening and eating healthy. CONS: The biggest con of having a potager kitchen garden is that it can be costly to set up. They also require regular maintenance in order to keep them looking their best. If you have pets, you ll need to be careful that they don t dig in the garden and disturb the plants. Bad weather can also damage your potager kitchen garden 7. Permaculture kitchen garden Permaculture is all about working with nature instead of against it. In a permaculture kitchen garden in Kenya, plants are grown close together so they can support each other for example, tall plants may provide shade for shorter ones . Companion planting is often used in permaculture gardens, which means different types of plants are planted next to each other to deter pests or improve yields. For example, garlic repels many common insect pests so it could be planted near tomatoes or cabbage just make sure you don t plant too much of any one thing as this can throw off the balance . Advantages: A permaculture kitchen garden can provide a family with most of their fresh produce needs year-round. These types of gardens in Kenya are designed to be lowmaintenance, meaning less work for the gardener. The use of companion planting and other natural methods means that permaculture gardens are typically more pest and disease resistant than conventional gardens. Water usage is often much lower in permaculture gardens due to the use of mulch and other water-conserving techniques. Permaculture gardens can be beautiful, incorporating edible plants into the design. Cons: Permaculture gardens can take some time to establish, especially if you are starting from scratch. You may need to learn some new gardening techniques if you want to start a permaculture kitchen garden. You may need to make some changes to your cooking habits if you want to make the most of your permaculture garden. 8. Vertical kitchen garden in KenyaA vertical garden is a great way to save space and grow a variety of plants. There are many different ways to create a vertical garden, from trellises and lattices to hanging baskets and shelves.
8. Vertical kitchen garden in KenyaA vertical garden is a great way to save space and grow a variety of plants. There are many different ways to create a vertical garden, from trellises and lattices to hanging baskets and shelves. Just make sure you choose plants that are appropriate for the type of support you re using. For example, vines will need something to climb on while smaller herbs or leafy greens can be grown in shallow containers without much root room. Advantages: You can grow a lot of plants in a small space. The plants get more sun than they would if they were on the ground. You can control the environment around the plants more easily. It looks cool. You can use the water that drains from the plants to water other plants. Cons: You have to water the plants more often because they dry out faster. The plants are more susceptible to pests and diseases. If you don t have a good support system, the plants can fall over and die. It can be difficult to harvest the plants. You have to be careful not to overwater the plants, or they will rot. 9. Hydroponic kitchen garden in Kenya Hydroponics is a method of growing plants in water instead of soil. This can be done with just about any type of plant, but it s especially well-suited for leafy greens like lettuce and spinach which don t need deep roots . Hydroponic gardens in Kenya are often used indoors since they take up very little space and can be controlled more easily than outdoor gardens for example, you can adjust the temperature and humidity levels . Advantages: They are very space efficient since the plants are grown vertically in a small footprint. They can be set up indoors, so even if you live in an apartment you can still grow your own food. Hydroponically grown plants tend to be more nutrient-dense than soil-grown plants, so you get more bang for your buck, nutritionally speaking. Since hydroponic gardens use less water than traditional gardens, they are more environmentally friendly. They are also less likely to attract pests and diseases since the plants are not growing in dirt. Cons: There are some drawbacks to hydroponic kitchen gardens as well: They can be expensive to set up, depending on the size and complexity of the system you choose.
Since hydroponic gardens use less water than traditional gardens, they are more environmentally friendly. They are also less likely to attract pests and diseases since the plants are not growing in dirt. Cons: There are some drawbacks to hydroponic kitchen gardens as well: They can be expensive to set up, depending on the size and complexity of the system you choose. They require some basic knowledge of plant nutrition and physiology in order to be successful. If not properly maintained, hydroponic gardens can become breeding grounds for mould and other pathogens. 10. Staircase kitchen garden in KenyaA staircase garden is a type of vertical garden that s perfect for small spaces. These gardens are typically built on staircases or other types of raised platforms. Plants are grown in shallow containers, which can be placed close together to save space. Be sure to choose plants that don t need deep roots, such as herbs and leafy greens. ADVANTAGES: A staircase kitchen garden is a great way to make use of vertical space. Staircase kitchen gardens in Kenya are perfect for small spaces. They are easy to build and maintain. Staircase kitchen gardens are aesthetically pleasing. They can be used to grow a variety of plants and vegetables. CONS: Staircase kitchen gardens can be expensive to build. They require a lot of maintenance. The stairs can be dangerous if they are not built properly. They can be difficult to access for people with disabilities. Pests and diseases can easily spread in a staircase kitchen garden. 11. Simple drip garden12. Tyre kitchen garden 13. Multi storey kitchen garden14. Food robe kitchen garden15, Sack kitchen garden16. Wick irrigation kitchen garden17. Moist bed kitchen garden 18. Aquaponics kitchen garden19. Yard small kitchen garden20. Cone kitchen garden 21. Micro-kitchen gardenStarting a kitchen garden To start a kitchen garden in Kenya, you will need to find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil. You can then choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Once you have chosen your plants, you will need to plant them in the prepared soil and water them regularly. Step 1: Find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil.
You can then choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Once you have chosen your plants, you will need to plant them in the prepared soil and water them regularly. Step 1: Find a sunny spot in your yard and prepare the soil. You will need to find an area in your yard that gets a lot of sunlight. Then, you will need to till the soil and add some compost or manure. Step 2: Choose what vegetables or herbs you would like to grow. Decide which plants you want to grow in your garden. Some popular choices include tomatoes, peppers, carrots, and lettuce. You can also choose to grow herbs such as basil or oregano. Step 3: Plant your seeds or seedlings. Plant the seeds or seedlings in the prepared soil and water them regularly. You will need to keep an eye on your plants and make sure they have enough water and sunlight. Harvest your vegetables or herbs when they are ready! What are the benefits of growing a kitchen garden in Kenya? There are many benefits to growing a kitchen garden. Some of these include: Getting fresh fruits, vegetables, and herbs that are pesticide-free Saving money by not having to buy produce at the grocery store Having a relaxing hobby that gets you outside in the fresh air Improving your physical health by getting exercise while gardening Boosting your mental health by reducing stressWhat are the best types of vegetables and fruits to grow in a kitchen garden? FOOD AND NUTRITION COOKING STARCHY CARBOHYDRATES https: www.youtube.com watch?v r9ZrT5vtVv0 Why is food cooked? Food may be contaminated with harmful microbes that can cause disease. The high temperature involved in cooking brings about chemical changes in food and kills these microbes. Cooking also makes food easier to digest and improves the food s appearance, texture and flavour. These are a few examples of ways to cook food, and notice that all of these methods involve heating the food to a high temperature: Baking Boiling Steaming Grilling FryingHeat transfer when cooking During cooking, heat is transferred from the source of heat to the food through conduction e.g. grilling steak on a grilling pan sitting on a stove , convection e.g. running cold water over frozen food to speed up thawing process and or radiation roasting marshmallow over fire .
These are a few examples of ways to cook food, and notice that all of these methods involve heating the food to a high temperature: Baking Boiling Steaming Grilling FryingHeat transfer when cooking During cooking, heat is transferred from the source of heat to the food through conduction e.g. grilling steak on a grilling pan sitting on a stove , convection e.g. running cold water over frozen food to speed up thawing process and or radiation roasting marshmallow over fire . Check out the resources below to learn more why food is cooked and how heat is transferred conduction, convection and radiation . We know that cooking gets the food hot. It makes what is otherwise unsafe to be consumed raw, safe to eat. In order to do so, food has to be put in an oven or on the stovetop and be subjected to a source of heat. When the heat transfers from something that is hot, such as a flame or a pot of boiling water, to the food, this process is called heat transfer. There are three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation. What distinguishes them is the manner in which the heat in transferred. Without a medium, heat cannot be transferred. The different ways that heat transfer can be accomplished determines how the food is cooked and what the end result will be. Convection Heat is transferred via liquids and gases. Fast moving molecules of the convection medium collide with the slower molecules in the food and heat them up. As warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas, it forms a continuous circulation pattern. These convection currents can be observed when water is boiling in a pot. Convection that takes place through air occurs in a convection oven. Compared to traditional ovens, ovens using convection are usually the better choice as it has fas to circulate the air around. On the contrary, traditional ovens mostly rely on radiation off the oven walls and is therefore a more eficient method of heat transfer. It heats food faster and reduces cooking times by at least 25 . Below are some examples of convection heating. Baking and roasting Boiling and steaming Running cold water over frozen food, which transfers heat into the food to thaw it more quickly Radiation Heat is transferrred via electromagnetical waves.
Fibre-rich vegetables. ... Beans. How Heat Affects Foods and Their Flavors Posted on June 8, 2021 by MadgeTech MarketingStarches Starch is the most common carbohydrate in human diets, whether it s natural or is added to foods. As heat is applied to starch it absorbs moisture from its surroundings and becomes softer. This process is called gelatinization and is the reason pasta and rice double in size and soften when cooked. Gelatinization begins at 150 F. EFFECT OF OVERHEATING IN FOODNandhini Ramanathan Nandhini Ramanathan I am a foodtechnology student Leadership self-motivated team work Published Aug 30, 2023 Follow HOW HEAT AFFECTS FOOD During the heating process or the cooking of food, a complex series of physical and chemical changes take place. These changes vary according to the heating method and time exposed, but may ultimately include changes in nutrient composition, fat content, moisture, flavor, smell, texture, and color. The longer the food is heated, and the higher the temperature, the greater the nutrient loss. When we look at commercially prepared dog food or even home cooking as preparation, the heat applied during the extrusion process, grilling or microwaving contribute to the reduction in nutritional value most of the time. Graph Protein goes through certain physical and chemical changes when it is heated and cooked pg 88, SACN When the proteins in food are heated, they coagulate. An example of this can be observed in the proteins found in eggs which become denatured and coagulate during the heating process. The heat disrupts the hydrogen bonds and non-polar hydrophobic interactions. The bonds are disrupted by increasing the kinetic energy and causing the molecules to vibrate so rapidly and violently. Researchers have observed that single amino acid digestibilities, especially for aspartic acid and cysteine, which are known to be heat-sensitive, revealed a disproportionate reduction when tested in the commercially processed food compared to when tested alone. Protein that is exposed to hot temperatures, shrinks and loses moisture. This usually occurs at temperatures between 160 and 185 degrees Fahrenheit. When animal sources of protein are cooked slowly, any connective tissues present in the meat are likely to dissolve.
Protein that is exposed to hot temperatures, shrinks and loses moisture. This usually occurs at temperatures between 160 and 185 degrees Fahrenheit. When animal sources of protein are cooked slowly, any connective tissues present in the meat are likely to dissolve. Heat does not destroy the protein in food, but it may reduce the overall content Dextrinisation: The reaction of dry heat on the surface of food which changes starch to dextrin, e.g. toast. Gelatinisation: The process of thickening which takes place when a mixture of starch and liquid is heated. Ways to retain nutrients while cooking Prolonged exposure to water, heat, and light may cause some foods to lose nutritional value like vitamin B1, vitamin C and polyphenols. Here are simple tips which will help you retain nutrients while enjoying your favourite foods. Have a look! 02 11Rule for washingAlways wash the vegetables first and then chop them. Chopping first and then washing takes away the nutrition of your food. 03 11Don t chop small Do not chop vegetables into very small pieces as most of the nutients will be destroyed when they come in contact with air. The best way is to chop the vegetable into larger chunks. 04 11Water usageCook vegetables in smaller amounts of water. Boiling in too much water damages the nutrients. It is best advised to cook the veggies covered on low flame in their own water. 05 11Heating your foodAvoid re-heating of food as it destroys the chemical structure of nutrients and vitamins. 06 11Loss of mineralsAs soon as you chop veggies, you should cook them as the vitamins and minerals are secure in their cells as once they are exposed to light and air, the nutrient contents can be destroyed. 07 11Excess waterDo not throw away the excess water drained after boiling rice or vegetables. The excess water is loaded with nutrients and it can used in preparing gravies, kneading dough or serve it as a refreshment drink. 08 11Root rulesRoot vegetables like potato, ginger, turnip and carrots should be boiled with skins and the peel should be removed after boiling. Boiling with peels helps the nutrients to migrate to the centre of the vegetables which helps in better retention of its nutrients. 09 11Baking sodaDon't use baking soda when cooking vegetables. Although it helps in retaining color of the vegetables as well as speeds up the cooking process, but destroys the vitamin C content of the veggies.
Boiling with peels helps the nutrients to migrate to the centre of the vegetables which helps in better retention of its nutrients. 09 11Baking sodaDon't use baking soda when cooking vegetables. Although it helps in retaining color of the vegetables as well as speeds up the cooking process, but destroys the vitamin C content of the veggies. 10 11Fresh food Eating fresh food is an good idea because the depletion of nutrients could be slowed down. Another reason is the quicker you consume it, the more nutrients can be gained from it. Try eating within 4 hours of cooking your food Check for aflatoGuidelines to minimize nutrient losses during preparation 1. Choose fresh foods that are not over-ripe, bruised, cut or scraped. 2. Peel thinly or cook inn their skins,jacket 3. Aim at golden brown whenncooking indry heat. 4. Use enough water to cover 5. Cooknthem for the appropriate time 6. Blend starchy flavours with cold water before cooking 7. Stirbthoroughly and continuously over low heat 8. Wash vegetables before cutting. Soaking or washing time should be reduced to minimize nutrient loss. 9. Cut vegetables into big pieces so that exposure of vitamins to water is less while cooking and washing. 10. Use a vegetable peeler to remove skin as it helps remove only a very thin layer of skin. 11. Use minimum water for cooking. Bring the water to boil and add the vegetables to cook. 12. Cook vegetables by steaming and pressure cooking to conserve nutrients. 13. Cover the vessel with a lid while cooking as it hastens cooking. 14. Vegetables salads should be prepared just before serving to conserve nutrients. 15. Use acids such as lime juice or vinegar to salads as it prevents loss of Vitamin C since Vitamin C is stable in acid. 16. Store foods in a cool, dark place. 17. When boiling, add the raw food to the boiling water rather than to cold water. 18. Steaming is a way of cooking with a minimum amount of water. 19. If possible use the cooking water for gravies, sauces or soups as it is a source of watersoluble vitamins and elements minerals . 20. Cook for the minimum time necessary to make the food palatable and safe. 21. Do not use baking soda to help keep the green colour of vegetables, as this increases loss of vitamin C. 22. Do not use copper utensils.
Do not use baking soda to help keep the green colour of vegetables, as this increases loss of vitamin C. 22. Do not use copper utensils. Copper helps to destroy vitamin C. 23. Soak whole pulses overnight and other dhals for one hour before cooking. Safety in preparing and cooking starchy carbohydrates Choose foods processed for safety. ... Cook food thoroughly. ... Don t cook root tubers when they have any green, damaged ir sprouting bits Check aflatoxins in cereals or grains before cooking Eat cooked foods immediately. ... Store cooked foods carefully. ... Reheat cooked foods thoroughly. ... Avoid contact between raw foods and cooked foods. ... Wash hands repeatedly. ... Keep all kitchen surfaces meticulously clean. Explain four factors to consider when setting a table. The number of people taking the meal as this determine the number of covers to be laid. The meal to be served as this ensures that all the tableware is available. Number of courses dishes as this enables one to set the cover for the courses. Tableware as this determines their placement. Type of meal service as each type has its own way of laying the table. The type of dinners determines the way of table setting e.g. ages, special needs. A center piece should be available for beauty enhance appetite. Provide adequate space to avoid overcrowding for comfort. Ensure the room is clean for hygiene. The table cloth should be well laundered for neatness. Table appointments should be clean for hygiene enhance appetite Essentials for table settingplace setting for one person is a "cover.". 2. The plate, flatware and placemat should be 1-1 2" from the table edge to allow for an attractive table and safety. 3. Flatware is placed in order of use from the outside in. 4. The napkin should be folded in a square or rectangle and placed so that the open edge is toward the plate. 5. Allow 20-24 inches for each place setting or cover. 6. Use only flatware and plates that are necessary for the specific meal. 7. Table cloth - the center fold should fall exactly on the center line of the table. The cloth then drops evenly on both sides. The cloth should hang over the table no more than 10-12 inches.
Table cloth - the center fold should fall exactly on the center line of the table. The cloth then drops evenly on both sides. The cloth should hang over the table no more than 10-12 inches. 8. Tables should be set according to these principles; art, common sense, concern for comfort for those eating and courtesy. 9. A good centerpiece is: - in scale with the table - is low so people opposite each other can see across the table - can be placed anywhere on table as long as table looks well-balanced - can be part of the meal salad, fruit bowl, dessert, etc. Skip to document University High School Books Sign in My Library Information AI Chat Mealsfor special groups and occasion Used in meal planning Course Nutrition and dietetics DND 2204 36 documents University Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences More info Uploaded by: Anonymous Student Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences Comments Please sign in or register to post comments. Students also viewed Types of management styles Diseases of the Small Intestines Meal preparation units and equipments Background OF Medical Terminologies Inborn Errors OF Metabolism GIT disorders Upper - GIT Notes Related documents Lifespan notes on adolescents,adults,elderly Parenteral nutrition Criteria for Formula Selection Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Community Partnership Skills 1 Notes Principles OF Human Nutrition notes Preview text MEAL PLANNING FOR VARIOUS GROUPS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS Unit objectives By the end of this unit, the learner should be able to: 1. Identify the various groups of individual with different nutritional needs 2. Describe on how to prepare and serve meals to meet their recommended allowance individually 3. Explain the need for the nutritional requirement in the lifespan and occupation 8 Introduction A nutritious and wholesome balanced diet is a key to good health. A well-balanced diet includes eating the right amount of foods from the five main food groups. Most people will have three main meals a day. No single food contains all nutrients the body needs so it is important to eat a wide variety. The right amount of different nutrients can increase life expectancy by keeping the heart and body healthy, and preventing many long-term illnesses.
Most people will have three main meals a day. No single food contains all nutrients the body needs so it is important to eat a wide variety. The right amount of different nutrients can increase life expectancy by keeping the heart and body healthy, and preventing many long-term illnesses. Body weight can be kept to an acceptable level through healthy eating, leading to a fitter and more active lifestyle. Nutrition is one of the factors that contributes to the wellness of an individual. A balanced diet, when plannedcarefully, provides adequate energy and nutrients for growth, health maintenance, disease prevention and therefore it is essential for our whole lifespan. There is a number of factors to be considered when planning meals. Factors to be considered in meal planning for different categories Figure 1: Factors to be considered in meal planning for different categories Different examples of occasions are Fiesta, birthday, weddings, anniversaries, Christmas, Mother s day, Father s day, Baptismale.t. It important to plan meals for different occasions success of occasion depends on how well it is planned- from the decors, house arrangement and the food that must be specially chosen, prepared and served Foods, techniques and equipment C. Kitchen equipment must be safe and reliable if it is to be used to prepare and serve food for special occasions. Remember that: facilities must be appropriate for the number of guests being served if the celebration is to be held at a venue away from home, the host or caterer must consider what equipment and facilities are available cutlery, plates and storage space in refrigerators, freezers, cupboards and benches must be organised before the event to avoid any last-minute shortages kitchen equipment such as hand mixers, microwave ovens, blenders and stoves must be tested and checked before the event to detect any faulty equipment only equipment that saves time should be used the preparation and cleaning of some equipment outweighs its value oven, refrigerator and freezer temperatures must be tested to see that they are suitable for keeping food safe and so preventing any risk of food poisoning equipment should be cleaned before and after use to ensure proper hygiene stored equipment can often attract insects, rodents and cockroaches there must be enough serving equipment such as spoons, forks and tongs-when people swap serving utensils, cross-contamination can easily occur. Small- and large-scale meal preparation The size of an event can have a great impact on the preparation involved.
Kitchen equipment must be safe and reliable if it is to be used to prepare and serve food for special occasions. Remember that: facilities must be appropriate for the number of guests being served if the celebration is to be held at a venue away from home, the host or caterer must consider what equipment and facilities are available cutlery, plates and storage space in refrigerators, freezers, cupboards and benches must be organised before the event to avoid any last-minute shortages kitchen equipment such as hand mixers, microwave ovens, blenders and stoves must be tested and checked before the event to detect any faulty equipment only equipment that saves time should be used the preparation and cleaning of some equipment outweighs its value oven, refrigerator and freezer temperatures must be tested to see that they are suitable for keeping food safe and so preventing any risk of food poisoning equipment should be cleaned before and after use to ensure proper hygiene stored equipment can often attract insects, rodents and cockroaches there must be enough serving equipment such as spoons, forks and tongs-when people swap serving utensils, cross-contamination can easily occur. Small- and large-scale meal preparation The size of an event can have a great impact on the preparation involved. Planning an event for five or ten people is very different from organising an event for hundreds of guests. Planning ahead allows the host to organise an appropriate menu according to the information they have on the number of guests attending. This planning is necessary to: - avoid excessive waste of food and money - avoid the embarrassment of running short of food - ensure that the food is the best choice for the event. When catering for small numbers of guests, it is relatively easy to estimate rough quantities of food. When catering for large numbers of guests, a rough guess or estimate is not suitable. Every caterer follows a set of guidelines. A host must consider the factors listed when planning a menu. Consideration to consider in planning meals for special occasions 1. Factors to consider in meal planning a. Food Budget - refers to the amount of money needed for the food to be prepared. It should be prepared ahead of time b. Tools, Facilities and Equipment- menu you have planned can only be prepared if you have the needed tools, facilities and equipment c.
Food Budget - refers to the amount of money needed for the food to be prepared. It should be prepared ahead of time b. Tools, Facilities and Equipment- menu you have planned can only be prepared if you have the needed tools, facilities and equipment c. Time and Energy Available plan meals which will make reasonable demand on time and energy to save time and energy it is advisable to plan dishes you are familiar with and that you have skills and ability in preparing them. Plan cooking dishes which do not use the same equipment since it takes time for one dish to be cooked plan dishes that will not require last minute attention 2. Food Preferences of Guests - consider what dishes would the guests love to eat and what popular and special in a given culture or regions. Consider special nutritional needs 3. Goals in Preparing Meals for special occasions it is important to set goals that will not only satisfy the palate but also promote health and wellbeing of every guest. The meal should be nutritionally adequate, economically feasible, aesthetically satisfying, palatable and hygienically prepared 4. Nutritionally adequate means the meal has enough nutrients to make the body healthy. It contains all nutrients needed by the body like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Use the Three Basic Food Groups as guide 5. Economically feasible Food budget is enough to meet the food expenditures food budget should be reasonable and affordable 6. Aesthetically satisfying every dish is pleasing, deliciously inviting and satisfying it should appeal to the senses and to the appetite. There should be a variety of colorThe calorific requirement is generally higher in men than in women because men have larger body size, and they are more physically active and have more lean muscle mass. 8.1 Age groups i. Infants breast feeding is the safest and most desirable method of nourishment Human milk is considered the ideal starting food, with most of the nutritional requirements. However breast feeding should not be relied on exclusively for optional nutrition beyond the sixth mouth of the infant s life. For twins, optimum is 3-4 months. O Interval of feeding: Breast feeding should be started as soon as possible after birth if a mother and a baby are okay. A baby should be allowed to feed on demand and may suckle 1215 times day.
For twins, optimum is 3-4 months. O Interval of feeding: Breast feeding should be started as soon as possible after birth if a mother and a baby are okay. A baby should be allowed to feed on demand and may suckle 1215 times day. However a common routine is that of 10-15 times during the day. After such feed a baby should be burped to remove the air swallowed together with milk by allowing the baby on the mothers knee or shoulders. For the first days the baby should be suckle both breast for only a few minutes each time to prevent any nipple sores or cracks. About 150ml of human milk per kg body weight the baby is getting enough milk if satisfied at a 12-20 times feeding, falls asleep promptly and sleep quietly for several hours, and also makes satisfactory weight gains from week to week. Duration of breastfeeding: sufficient until about 6 months of age, should continue for 2 years or even longer. Refer: duration of breast milk Replacement of breast milk Is the process of feeding an infant child who is not receiving any breast milk with a diet that provides all the nutrients a child needs Introduction of solid foods before the age of 4-6 months is not recommended due to immaturity of gastrointestinal tract and kidneys to handle solid food. After that, solid foods could be introduced gradually and individually. The typical order of introduction begins with cereal, usually iron-fortified ones, vegetables, fruits, eggs and then meat. A waiting period of 4-5 days before the introduction of another new food is recommended to make sure no allergic reaction or intolerance. It s only recommended when the AFASS criteria can be met. AFASS A -ACCEPTANCE: no barriers replacement feeding Barriers can be cultural, social and also due to fear of stigma and discrimination F- FEASIBLE: mother or the family has adequate time, knowledge ,skills and other resources to prepare the replacement food and feed the infant up to 12 times in 24 hours A- AFFORDABLE: Mother, family, community or even the health system support can pay for the cost of purchasing, preparing and using replacement feeding without compromising the health and nutrition of the entire family.
This can lead to serious health problems, nutrient deficiencies and eating disorders in later life iv. Adults Growth is usually completed by the age of 25 years. The aims of nutrition during adult years are to obtain adequate energy and nutrients to maintain a healthy body weight and prevention of chronic diseases through appropriate food choices. Adulthood is a period when an individual begins to experience and cope with numerous changes in the realms of work, family and education. Healthy eating and lifestyle are important for them to cope with stress and maintain health. The calorific requirement begins to decrease after the age of 25 years as basal metabolic rates decrease. People during adult years may not get as much exercise as they did in earlier years. Thus, when appetite and food intake do not decrease, there is a common tendency toward weight gain during this period. An intake of 3,500 calories more than the body needs for maintenance and activities will result in a weight gain of 500 grams fat. A person who overeats by only 120 calories a day equal to a can of soft drink can gain 6kilograms in 1 year. Therefore, it is important to reach energy balance to maintain a healthy weight i. energy intake equals energy output . This can be achieved by eating less energydense foods, and increasing physical activities as exercise will increase the number of calories burned. Healthy eating and lifestyle are encouraged during adult years to maintain health and prevention of chronic diseases v. Elderly Physiological, psychosocial and economic changes of the elderly affect their nutrition status. The body s function changes with age. Metabolic rate slows down, bones become less dense and lean muscle mass is reduced. Eye-sight,hearing, taste and smell are less acute and poor dentition is common. The secretion of digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid is diminished which in turn impairs digestion and absorption of nutrients such as vitamin B12. The reduced muscle tone of the intestine may result in constipation in an elderly. The loss of spouse or close friends, physical disabilities, poor health, feeling of loneliness and uselessness may diminish an elderly s ability to shop, cook and also his her appetite to eat. Retirement of the elderly results in decreased income and this may affect one s choice of food. Some may choose foods by cost rather than nutrient content.
Adequate folate intake is important for adult women before pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in infant. The iron requirement is highfor women throughout the childbearing years to replace blood loss during menstruation. Fruits and vegetables are important source of vitamins A, C, folate , minerals potassium , phytochemicals, and fiber. A diet high in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risk of chronic diseases. For manual workers, meals should be a balanced diet rich in carbohydrates such as rice, noodles and pasta or bread to provide enough energy to work. Manual work increases sweating which in turn increases the loss of water and electrolytes. It is essential to increase fluid intake water, juice, soup to regulate body temperature and avoid dehydration. People with a sedentary lifestyle e. office workers, require to pay attention to energy balance to maintain a healthy body weight. Reduced physical activity together with an excessive energy intake from a large portion of energy-dense foods such as fast food, snacks increase the risk of obesity and other chronic disease in later life. The modern busy lifestyle has made fast food become popular because it is convenient and time-saving. High consumption of food in restaurants and fast food shops result in higher intake of fat, trans-fat, salt and sugar while the intake in fruits and vegetables is low. Meals for office workers should be rich in nutrients but low in energy. It is recommended to include more vegetables and fruits as they are rich in dietary fiber and low in calories, instead of energy dense snacks such as ice-cream, chocolates and chips. They are also rich in vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals that are beneficial to health and may help to prevent chronic diseases. Higher fiber diet is also more filling and helps to prevent constipation. Energy-dense foods and alcohol should be eaten in moderation only. E Elderly A balanced nutrient-dense diet is essential for maintaining good health of the elderly. Good nutritional status can help to prevent chronic disease and speed up recovery from illness, surgery or broken bones. An elderly s diet should include varied choices of food with most of the calories from carbohydrates, moderate in protein while low in fat, salt and sugar. Adequate protein is essential for tissue repairing, synthesis of immune cells and hormones. Lean meat or poultry without skin and low fat dairy products are good protein choices.
An elderly s diet should include varied choices of food with most of the calories from carbohydrates, moderate in protein while low in fat, salt and sugar. Adequate protein is essential for tissue repairing, synthesis of immune cells and hormones. Lean meat or poultry without skin and low fat dairy products are good protein choices. Elderly are also encouraged to have adequate fruits, vegetables, whole grains products and legumes. These foods are rich source of vitamins, minerals and fiber. Adequate fiber and fluid can help to prevent constipation. Foods for breakfast should include enough carbohydrates noodles, whole meal bread, breakfast cereals, and congee and moderate protein foods lean meat, milk and dairy products, eggs . Lunch and dinner choices can follow the principles of healthy eating with cereals or cereal products as major food, moderate amount of fish, seafood, legumes, egg and lean meat. It is advised to prepare foods with low fat cooking methods such as steaming, boiling, stewing, grilling and stir-frying with little oil. Chinese family dinner usually consists of 2-3 dishes that are shared by family members, whereas western style dinner usually includes soup, appetizer, main dish, dessert and or a drink that are served on an individual basis. Healthy snacks such as low fat dairy products, sandwich, fruits, whole meal biscuits, chestnuts, sweet corn can supplement main meals for those with additional nutrition needs and small appetite. 8 Meal planning for special occasions celebrations; such as social gatherings, parties and festivals should take into consideration of the occasion, venue, age and number of guests, style of meal sit down or buffet type, Chinese or Western meal and special food if necessary. Prepare appropriate tableware, napkins, tablecloth and home decorations flowers or other ornaments , seats and tables for celebrations or parties. Background of guests, their age, gender, total number, food preference, nutritional needs and special ethnic or religion are factors for consideration when planning meals. A good meal should be nutritious, well cooked with careful combination of foods and flavors. For example, food for a birthday party for school-age children should be colorful, attractive, and easy to manage, in bite size, small packs and include more body building foods for growth. Dishes can be prepared using different methods e.
A good meal should be nutritious, well cooked with careful combination of foods and flavors. For example, food for a birthday party for school-age children should be colorful, attractive, and easy to manage, in bite size, small packs and include more body building foods for growth. Dishes can be prepared using different methods e. grilling, baking, boiling to give various texture e. soft, firm, crispy and served either hot or cold. Special food can be prepared for special occasions or festivals e. birthday cake for birthday party; Easter chocolate eggs for Easter festival, Chinese turnip cake for Chinese New Year etc. It is also advised to shop and plan for food in advance to allow changes of food in the menu if they are not available. Meals for outing; should be well planned and prepared. Depending on the duration of the outing, the meal should provide enough nutrients and energy to sustain daily activities as that from amain meal. It should be well-balanced by choosing foods from the three basic food groups and to include a suitable drink. Choose foods that are easy to eat, pack and carry, and can be kept for a longer time such as bread, fruits, packed drinks or canned foods. Use thermal containers with insulation or spaces for ice packs to keep food drinks at a safe temperature to avoid bacterial growth. Food can be packed in a plastic box for easy transport to avoid crushing damage. Download AI Quiz 00 SaveShare Document continues below Discover more from: Nutrition and dieteticsDND 2204 Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences 36 documents Go to course 6 Steps OF DIET Planning questions Nutrition and dietetics100 2 55 Tsmhs Nutrition Intervention IN Hivaids Module Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 What Is Behavioral Psychology With Duties and Specialties Indeed Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 Difference Between Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms Nutrition and dieteticsNone 17 Milk oils and other food production notes Nutrition and dieteticsNone 2 Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Nutrition and dieteticsNone fruits vegetables, meats, dairy products, fats sweets . Main energy source should come dairy products, dried or fresh fruits, wholemeal biscuits, unsweetened soy bean milk.
Food can be packed in a plastic box for easy transport to avoid crushing damage. Download AI Quiz 00 SaveShare Document continues below Discover more from: Nutrition and dieteticsDND 2204 Thika School of Medical and Health Sciences 36 documents Go to course 6 Steps OF DIET Planning questions Nutrition and dietetics100 2 55 Tsmhs Nutrition Intervention IN Hivaids Module Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 What Is Behavioral Psychology With Duties and Specialties Indeed Nutrition and dieteticsNone 1 Difference Between Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms Nutrition and dieteticsNone 17 Milk oils and other food production notes Nutrition and dieteticsNone 2 Commonly used equipment in enteral feeding and parenteral Nutrition and dieteticsNone fruits vegetables, meats, dairy products, fats sweets .Main energy source should come dairy products, dried or fresh fruits, wholemeal biscuits, unsweetened soy bean milk. Company About Us Ask AI Studocu World University Ranking 2023 E-Learning Statistics Doing Good Academic Integrity Jobs Blog Dutch Website Contact Help F.A.Q. Contact Newsroom Legal Terms Privacy Policy Cookie Statement View our reviews on Trustpilot English Rest of the World Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01.
GRADE 7 LESSON NOTES TERM1,2,3STRAND ONECONSERVING AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTSoil pollution controlDef: Soil pollution - refers to anything that causes contamination of soil and reduces the soil quality. It occurs when the substances causing the pollution reduce the quality of the soil and convert the soil inhabitable for microorganisms and macro organisms living in the soil. Soil contamination or soil pollution can occur either because of human activities or because of natural processes. However, mostly it is due to human activities. The soil contamination can occur due to the presence of chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, ammonia, petroleum hydrocarbons, lead, nitrate, mercury, naphthalene, etc. In an excess amount. Causes of Soil PollutionSoil pollution is a complex occurrence, and it can be triggered by a variety of things and activities, from the littering of cigarette butts to excess use of chemical fertilizers. Every cause is linked with another. It is quite difficult to pinpoint one particular cause. However, the leading causes are listed below. Industrial Activity - Industrial activity has been the biggest contributor to the problem of soil pollution, especially since the amount of mining and manufacturing has increased. Most industries are dependent on extracting minerals from the earth. As a result, the industrial waste lingers on the soil surface for a long time and makes it unsuitable for use. Agricultural Activities - The utilization of chemicals has gone up tremendously since technology has provided us with modern pesticides and fertilizers. They are full of chemicals that are not produced in nature and cannot be broken down by it. As a result, they seep into the ground after they mix with water and slowly reduce the fertility of the soil. Waste Disposal - While industrial waste is sure to cause contamination, there is another way in which we are adding to the pollution. Every person excretes a certain amount of personal waste in the form of urine and feces. While much of it moves into the sewer system, there is also a large amount that is dumped directly into landfills in the form of diapers. Even the sewer system ends at the landfill, where the biological waste pollutes the soil and water. Accidental Oil Spills - Oil leaks can happen during the storage and transport of chemicals. This can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel reduces the quality of soil and make it unsuitable for cultivation.
Accidental Oil Spills - Oil leaks can happen during the storage and transport of chemicals. This can be seen at most of the fuel stations. The chemicals present in the fuel reduces the quality of soil and make it unsuitable for cultivation. These chemicals can enter into the groundwater through the soil and make the water undrinkable. Acid Rain - Acid rain is caused when pollutants present in the air mix up with the rain and fall back on the ground. The polluted water could dissolve away some of the essential nutrients found in the soil and change the structure of the soil. Effects of soil pollutionSoil influences almost all aspects of our daily lives. Sometimes we fail to understand it. As a result of this, we sometimes fail to understand the effect that soil pollution has on our daily lives. Polluted soil means stunted crops or even a toxic underground water table. Some major effects of soil pollution are:Effect on Health of Humans - Considering how soil is the reason we are able to sustain ourselves, the contamination of it has major consequences for our health. Crops and plants that are grown on polluted soil absorb much of the pollution and then pass it on to us. This could explain the sudden increase in small and terminal illnesses. The soil pollution can even lead to widespread famines if the plants are unable to grow in it. Effect on Growth of Plants - The ecological balance of any system is affected due to the widespread contamination of the soil. Most plants are unable to adapt when the chemistry of the soil changes so radically in a short period of time. Fungi and bacteria found in the soil that bind it together begin to decline, which creates an additional problem of soil erosion. The fertility of the soil slowly diminishes, making land unsuitable for agriculture and any local vegetation to survive. The soil pollution causes large tracts of land to become hazardous to health. Unlike deserts, which are suitable for their native vegetation, such land cannot support most forms of life. Decreased Soil Fertility - The toxic chemicals present in the soil can decrease soil fertility and therefore decrease the soil yield. The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables, which lack quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substances to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. Poisoning of the Underground Water Table - Soil pollution also leads to the poisoning of the underground water table. Since this water is stored beneath the layers of the soil, the toxins in the soil could easily percolate slowly and steadily into the water table.
The contaminated soil is then used to produce fruits and vegetables, which lack quality nutrients and may contain some poisonous substances to cause serious health problems in people consuming them. Poisoning of the Underground Water Table - Soil pollution also leads to the poisoning of the underground water table. Since this water is stored beneath the layers of the soil, the toxins in the soil could easily percolate slowly and steadily into the water table. Possible Solutions to Soil PollutionSoil pollution is a complex problem that ought to be solved. It is essential that we all realize how important soil is to us. The earlier we realize this, the better we will be able to solve the problem of soil pollution. It is a complex problem, and thus, it requires everyone, from an individual to the government, to work in complete unison. Listed below are a few things that could help in reducing soil pollution. Reduced Use of Chemical Fertilizers - Chemical fertilizers do more harm than good. While proper amounts could enhance the fertility of the soil, an excess of it actually poisons the soil. The excess of chemical fertilizers could pollute the soil in several ways. It could mess with the pH levels of the soil. It could also destroy the good microorganisms in the soil. Not only that, but the runoff from such soils also causes water pollution as well. Thus, using chemical fertilizers is like a double-edged sword. Reforestation and Afforestation Should Be Promoted - One of the major causes of soil pollution is soil erosion, which is caused due to deforestation. It is natural that, with an ever-growing population, humankind needs more and more space to expand their civilization. Often, it is achieved at the cost of the health of the soil. To prevent this from happening, reforestation of a deforested area should be promoted. Also, afforestation should be promoted and encouraged in the barren lands. The roots of the plants bind the soil particles together and even capture good microorganisms in the soil. It also ensures the maintenance of the underground water table. Recycle and Reuse Products - These steps not only reduce waste generation but also ensure that soil pollution is reduced. At present, plastic forms a significant portion of the generated waste. More often than not, this wastes are buried in landfills. In these landfills, these plastics and other materials decompose slowly and release toxic materials into the soil. These toxic substances are very harmful to the health of the soil and are a major source of soil pollution.
More often than not, this wastes are buried in landfills. In these landfills, these plastics and other materials decompose slowly and release toxic materials into the soil. These toxic substances are very harmful to the health of the soil and are a major source of soil pollution. By reusing and recycling things, we would ensure that lesser wastes are dumped in these landfills, and this, in turn, would reduce soil pollution. Promote Use of Natural Manure - Natural manure is one of the best sources of nutrients for the soil. It is harmless and completely organic. It adds essential nutrients to the soil and restores the health of the soil. It has no harmful by-products that could harm the soil or the environment in any way. Create awareness - In order to ensure that a problem like soil pollution is solved, it is essential that every individual must get involved. It is with their involvement that things can work out better. Awareness programs could be designed so that people understand soil pollution better. If people are aware, they will help, even subconsciously. Safe farming practices that prevent soil pollutionDifferent types of soil conservation methods ensure long-term usage of land and keep it productive for future generations. Let s consider their benefits in regard to soil conservation. Conservation Tillage - The conservation tillage aims at addressing wind and water erosion by covering the earth with vegetation either crops or their residues and limiting the number of tilling operations. Another significant aspect is to choose the proper time for field operations, depending on the soil types. For example, clay ones are better to till after harvesting while other types are better to plow before seeding. Contour Farming - The soil conservation method proves efficient in slope territories and suggests planting species along the contour. Rows up and down the slope provoke soil erosion due to water currents while rows along the contour restrain it. An impact of terracing is similar: it also helps to conserve soil and reduce its degradation processes. Strip Cropping - In this case, farmers combine high-growing crops with low-growing ones for the sake of wind protection, like when corn grows in strips with forage crops. The strip cropping practice works even better when high-growing crops are intensified in the sides where winds blow most frequently. An extra benefit is the organic matter material from the low crops. Windbreaks - As the name suggests, this soil conservation practice is used to reduce the power of winds and its disruptive effect on soil. These are trees or bushes to shelter crops from snow and winds planted in several rows.
An extra benefit is the organic matter material from the low crops. Windbreaks - As the name suggests, this soil conservation practice is used to reduce the power of winds and its disruptive effect on soil. These are trees or bushes to shelter crops from snow and winds planted in several rows. Depending on the number of rows, we can distinguish windbreaks properly up to five rows and shelterbelts six and more . Crop Rotation - Crop rotation vs. mono-cropping farming suggests changing agro species instead of planting one and the same for many subsequent seasons. Farmers applying this soil conservation method reap numerous benefits. Crop rotation helps them improve the earth structure with diverse root systems, to mitigate pest establishments, and to add nitrogen to the land with legumes known as nitrogen-fixing plants. Cover Crops - This soil conservation technique is another way to avoid bare soils and additionally benefit from planting cover crops secondary species in-between growing cash crops for different reasons like to:produce forage and grazing material for cattle;provide green manure;assist in weed control;retain moisture;ensure a natural environment for microorganisms and minor animals;balance nitrogen concentration either releasing or accumulating it with certain plants . Buffer Strips - These are trees and bushes on the banks of water bodies to prevent sediment, water wash offs. Their roots fix the soil to avoid slumping and erosion, canopies protect from excessive sunlight to water inhabitants and falling leaves are a source of organic matter and food of minor aquatic animals. Integrated Pest Management - Pests are a great nuisance to agriculturalists and have been a major issue to tackle while chemicals poison nature leaking to water and the atmosphere. It is important to eliminate synthetic herbicides replacing them with organic ones or establishing biological enemies of pests whenever possible, rotating crop species to minimize increasing pest populations in the same field for years, and using alternative techniques in complex. Benefits of Soil ConservationHumankind in general and farmers in particular benefit from numerous advantages of soil conservation. This agricultural practice contributes to sustainability in a number of ways:Boosts earth quality and productivity. Maintaining the natural environment for earth-dwelling organism s increases fertility and reduces the necessity of chemical fertilizing, thus boosting yields and saving costs at the same time. Mitigates erosion. Soil conservation methods to reduce erosion and depletion help agriculturalists to avoid the expansion of new lands when territories become infertile. Promotes water infiltration and increases its storage. The soil conservation technique of minimum tillage vs.
Soil conservation methods to reduce erosion and depletion help agriculturalists to avoid the expansion of new lands when territories become infertile. Promotes water infiltration and increases its storage. The soil conservation technique of minimum tillage vs. conventional plowing affects soil moistureby reducing cracking and evaporation as well as rising the infiltration rate. Aids air and water purification. The importance of soil conservation relates to water supplies, and the earth functions as a natural filter to purify water. Soil conservation mitigates the concentration of pollutants and sediments. In its turn, water is the basic condition to dissolve nutrients for plants. Soil carbon sequestration and reduced chemical applications contribute to air purity, too. Gives food and shelter for wildlife. Land with growing vegetation is a living environment for animals; it is not only the source for nourishment but their home as well. When the well is dry, we know the worth of water. Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard s Almanack for 1733Water conservation methods in farmingMulch - We cannot overemphasize the importance of mulching. Mulch is something laid on the surface of the soil to protect the soil from the air, water and the sun. To mulch, first weed the soil then spread a thick layer of organic mulch on the soil. Examples of organic mulches are:Chopped leavesStrawGrass clippingsWood chipsShredded barkPine needlesMulching helps save time and labour as it discourages weeds and pests and conserve water through reduced evaporation. Irrigate early morning or dusk - At the hottest and driest time of the year it is most efficient to water your crops in the morning or in the evening. This avoids water loss from evapotranspiration water evaporating from the land and leaves of plants . Evaporation happens most in the midday sun. Don t over-water - It s a common misconception that plants would be happy with lots of water all of the time. But often farmers are over-watering crops unnecessarily. Save water! Plants will only take what they need and then all that extra water goes to waste through evaporation, run-off or infiltration. Check for leaks and damage - If you ve already invested in an irrigation system, make sure you re not losing any water before it reaches the crops. Irrigation pipes and equipment can become damaged or blocked which causes leaks.
Plants will only take what they need and then all that extra water goes to waste through evaporation, run-off or infiltration. Check for leaks and damage - If you ve already invested in an irrigation system, make sure you re not losing any water before it reaches the crops. Irrigation pipes and equipment can become damaged or blocked which causes leaks. Thoroughly check your equipment for leaks and repair them so that all the water you have gets to the crops. Drip Irrigation - Drip irrigation systems deliver water directly to a plant s roots, reducing the evaporation that happens with spray watering systems. Timers can be used to schedule watering for the cooler parts of the day, further reducing water loss. Importance of water conservation in farmingIt minimizes the effects of drought and water shortages. By reducing the amount of water we use, we can better protect against future drought years. It helps to preserve our environment. Reducing our water usages reduces the energy required to process and deliver it to homes, businesses, farms, and communities, which, in turn, helps to reduce pollution and conserve fuel resources. It helps to preserve our environment. Reducing our water usages reduces the energy required to process and deliver it to homes, businesses, farms, and communities, which, in turn, helps to reduce pollution and conserve fuel resources. Water retention structures to conserve surface runoffWater Retention Structures means a structure designed to retain a large volume of waterThere are various methods of water retention to conserve surface runoff, this include:Water retention Ditches -Ditches are man-made waterbodies that are used mainly to drain the land. Earth Basins - is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single pointWater retention pits is an artificial pond with vegetation around the perimeter and a permanent pool of water in its design. Minimum tillage practices that conserve water in farmingTillage practices refer to the tillage operations carried out between the harvest and following sowing cultivation operation. Tillage, crop rotation and soil cover are practices related to pesticide and nutrient runoff, soil erosion, soil compaction etc.
Earth Basins - is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single pointWater retention pits is an artificial pond with vegetation around the perimeter and a permanent pool of water in its design. Minimum tillage practices that conserve water in farmingTillage practices refer to the tillage operations carried out between the harvest and following sowing cultivation operation. Tillage, crop rotation and soil cover are practices related to pesticide and nutrient runoff, soil erosion, soil compaction etc. Some of the minimum tillage practices include: Use of herbicides;Uprooting slashing;Use of cash crops;Limiting cultivation to the point planting;Proper timing of cultivation;MulchingThere are other different tillage practices distinguished are:Conservation tillageConventional tillageZero tillageConservation tillage can include the following systems:Strip tillage or zonal tillage refers to a system where strips 5 to 20 cm in width are prepared to receive the seed whilst the soil along the intervening bands is not disturbed and remains covered with residues. The system causes more soil disturbance and provides less cover along the rows than zero tillage. Tined tillage or vertical tillage refers to a system where the arable land is prepared with equipment which does not invert the soil and which cause little compaction. For this reason, the surface normally remains with a good cover of residues on the surface. Ridge tillage is a system of ridges and furrows. The ridges may be narrow or wide and the furrows can be parallel to the contour lines or constructed with a slight slope, depending on whether the objective is to conserve moisture or to drain excess moisture. The ridges can be semi-permanent or be constructed each year which will govern the amount of residue material that remains on the surface. Conventional tillageRefers to the arable land treated by conventional tillage which involves inversion of the soil, normally with a moldboard or a disc plough as the primary tillage operation, followed by secondary tillage with a disc harrow. Zero tillageRefers to the arable land on which no tillage is applied between harvest and sowing. Zero tillage is a minimum tillage practice in which the crop is sown directly into soil not tilled since the harvest of the previous crop. Weed control is achieved by the use of herbicides and or appropriate mulching and stubble is retained for erosion control.
Zero tillageRefers to the arable land on which no tillage is applied between harvest and sowing. Zero tillage is a minimum tillage practice in which the crop is sown directly into soil not tilled since the harvest of the previous crop. Weed control is achieved by the use of herbicides and or appropriate mulching and stubble is retained for erosion control. AgroforestryIt s the cultivation and use of trees and shrubs with crops and livestock in agricultural systems. Characteristics of AgroforestryWhile selecting tree species for agroforestry systems, the following desirable characteristics should be taken into consideration. Though all desirable characters are not found in a single species, but their multiple uses are taken care of. Tree species selected should not interfere with soil moistureTree species selected for agroforestry should have very less water requirementShould not compete with main agricultural crops for water. Tree species should be deep tap rooted so that they can draw water from deep strata of the soil. Tree species should not compete for plant nutrientsTree species should not utilize more plant nutrientsThey should help in building soil fertility,Leguminous tree species which fix atmospheric nitrogen in their roots should be prefered. The root system and root growth characteristics should ideally result in to exploration of soil layers that are different to those being trapped by agricultural crops. Tree species should not compete for sunlightTree species should not interrupt sunlight falling on the crops. Tree species should be light branching in their habit. Trees permit the penetration of light into the ground and promote better crop, pasture growth and yield. Tree species can withstand pruning operation if it possess dense canopy. Tree species should have high survival rate and easy establishmentTrees species should have high survival percentage,Leave little or no gaps after transplanting. Hardy tree species are easy to establish. They have less mortality percentage because they can tolerate transplanting shocks easily. Trees should have the ability to regenerate lateral roots within a short period of time after transplanting. Tree species should have fast growing habit and easy managementTree species for agroforestry system should be essentially fast growing,Rapid growth, especially in the early years,Tree should have short rotation the period between planting and final harvesting Fast growing speciesTree species should have wider adaptabilityA tree species selected for agroforestry combinations must have a wider adaptability.
They have less mortality percentage because they can tolerate transplanting shocks easily. Trees should have the ability to regenerate lateral roots within a short period of time after transplanting. Tree species should have fast growing habit and easy managementTree species for agroforestry system should be essentially fast growing,Rapid growth, especially in the early years,Tree should have short rotation the period between planting and final harvesting Fast growing speciesTree species should have wider adaptabilityA tree species selected for agroforestry combinations must have a wider adaptability. Tree species should have high palatability as a fodderMost of the Indian farmer s rear livestock separately and cut and carry method of fodder production is quite prevalent. Therefore, in agroforestry, farmer must select those tree species which are palatable to livestock and had a high digestibility. Tree species should have shelter conferring and soil stabilization attributesSome tree species, because of their inherent growth habit and adaptability, are especially helpful in providing protection for soils, crops and livestock. Tree species should have capability to withstand management practicesMany agroforestry systems demand extensive pruning and lopping of the trees in order to maximize production. In such cases, the trees must be able to withstand such treatment without drastically restricting growth rate. Tree species should have nutrient cycling and nitrogen fixation attributesWithin an agroforestry system, trees can play an important role in recycling nutrients, leached down through the soil profile and minerals released from weathering parent material such as rocks and sediments. These nutrients are used in the growth and development of the tree, many returning to the top-soil in form of dead leaves, twigs, flowers and seeds which slowly decompose on the surface, or are eaten by animals. Although all trees play some role in maintaining the nutrient status of the soil through recycling. Deciduous trees drop most of their leaves in autumn leaving a thick mat of leaves on the ground, whereas most evergreen species maintain some level of litter fall throughout the year. Another important factor is the ability of many tree species to convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen for their own use through complex symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and their fine roots. The bacteria form nodules on the roots which can convert nitrogen gas, as it is in the atmosphere, into usable nitrogen for the plant. The litter of these nitrogen fixing trees is generally high in nitrogen, thus increasing the nitrogen status of the soil.
Another important factor is the ability of many tree species to convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen for their own use through complex symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and their fine roots. The bacteria form nodules on the roots which can convert nitrogen gas, as it is in the atmosphere, into usable nitrogen for the plant. The litter of these nitrogen fixing trees is generally high in nitrogen, thus increasing the nitrogen status of the soil. Tree species should have thin barkSpecies selected for agroforestry combinations should not shed its bark regularly but it should retain for longer period as bark shedding creates unhygienic conditions for under-ground crop. Tree species should be free from chemical exudationsThe species selected for agroforestry combination must be free from chemicals as these chemicals affect the growth of under-ground crops. Tree species should have easily decomposable leavesThe suitable tree species for agroforestry will be that one in which fallen leaves decompose with fast rate. The leaves of most of the legume tree species are small in size, decompose quickly and easily, and add a large quantity of organic matter and nutrients to the soil. Tree species having broad leaves such as teak, mango and banyan should not be preferred for agroforestry system. They contain more fibre matter and also require longer time for decomposition. Further, broad leaves when fall on the tender crop plants, block their photosynthetic activities. Tree species should have their multiple usesThe selected tree species should have multiple uses. The tree should yield more than one of the main produce like fuelwood, leaf fodder, edible fruit, edible flower and fibre. Tree species should have high yield potentialHigh yield potential is the most important criterion of selection of tree species for agroforestry systems as the main aim is to obtain overall more output per unit area. Care should be taken before collection of seeds and seedlings that they are being procured from reliable source. Suitable tree species for agroforestry Leucaena leucocephala Gravillea robusta Calliandra catothrysus Mangifera indica Sesbania sesban Lantana camara Cajanus cajanCHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS FOR AGROFORESTRYa Agricultural crops should be short duration and quick growing. B They should be at least partially tolerant to shade.
Care should be taken before collection of seeds and seedlings that they are being procured from reliable source. Suitable tree species for agroforestry Leucaena leucocephala Gravillea robusta Calliandra catothrysus Mangifera indica Sesbania sesban Lantana camara Cajanus cajanCHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS FOR AGROFORESTRYa Agricultural crops should be short duration and quick growing. B They should be at least partially tolerant to shade. C Most of them should belong to Leguminous family. D They should respond well to high density tree planting. E They should bear some adverse conditions, like water stress and or excess of watering;f Crops should return adequate organic matter to soil through their fallen leaves, root system, stumps, etc. G Crops should appropriately be fitted in intensive or multiple cropping system. Advantages Importance of agroforestrySaves labour since some operations can be done at once for both plants and treesGives higher combined yieldProvide wide variety of agricultural produceReduces the risks of total failureCrops benefit from nitrogen fixing trees. Trees help in holding the soil firmlySome trees act as livestock fodder. Provides a wider variety of agricultural produce. Disadvantages of AgroforestryMechanization is difficult. Use of pesticides and fertilizer may be difficult. Productivity may suffer because the skills for managing the different treesSTRAND TWOCROP PRODUCTIONPreparation of planting sitePreparing land for planting is one of the most important parts of cultivating abundance. Whether you're planting fruit trees, wildlife corridors, or an annual garden, prepping the soil in the first place is the best way to set yourself up for success over the long haul. There are numerous methods that you can use for preparing land for planting that will help me make the living world around me come alive.
Productivity may suffer because the skills for managing the different treesSTRAND TWOCROP PRODUCTIONPreparation of planting sitePreparing land for planting is one of the most important parts of cultivating abundance. Whether you're planting fruit trees, wildlife corridors, or an annual garden, prepping the soil in the first place is the best way to set yourself up for success over the long haul. There are numerous methods that you can use for preparing land for planting that will help me make the living world around me come alive. One-Time TillingMulch AloneSheet MulchingDouble DiggingSolarizingAnimals focus on chickens and pigs Crop establishmentCategories of planting materialsTypes of Planting Materials Seeds seasoning herbs, legumes, corn Seedlings most vegetable crops Cuttings cassava, potato, yam, ginger, dasheen, tannia, eddoes Suckers banana, plantain Budded grafted plants fruit trees Certain Factors need to be considered when you are choosing planting matter or seedlings from nurseries or plant shop. Environmental Factors The surroundings should be free from overgrown bushes, generally clean, no waterlogged conditions Seedlings should be in conditions that are free from excess shade. If seedlings have too much shade they do not harden off and they have difficulties when they are transplanted. Seedling CharacteristicsThe seedlings should:1. Be of the appropriate age seedlings with 4-6 healthy green leaves 2. Be free from pests and diseases3. Have healthy white roots good root development, with no balling of roots 4. Show vigorous, healthy growth5. Be of uniform appearance6. Have the proper Shoot to Root ratio 2:1 Methods of planting various cropsBroadcasting: Generally, the seeds are broadcast-sown and later planked. This method of sowing is easier and area coverage is quick. However, uniform population cannot be maintained since the seeds are not placed in uniform depth and germination may not be uniform. The skill of the labour is important to sow the seeds evenly covering the entire field. Broadcast-sowing is normally practiced under dryland condition. Seed requirement is generally high for broadcast sowing. Sowing behind the country plough: In this method, sowing is taken up behind the country plough operation.
Broadcast-sowing is normally practiced under dryland condition. Seed requirement is generally high for broadcast sowing. Sowing behind the country plough: In this method, sowing is taken up behind the country plough operation. Seeds are dropped in the furrow opened during ploughing and subsequently covered while the next adjoining furrow is formed. Bold seeded crops like groundnut are sown by this method in drylands. It is important to take up sowing at the appropriate soil moisture so that the depth of sowing is uniformly maintained. Drill sowing or drilling: Drill sowing is one of the best methods that provides uniform plant population since seeds are uniformly dropped in the furrows. Animal drawn or power operated seed drills are used for this purposes; seed cum fertilizer drill can also be used. By this way, depth of sowing can be maintained; fertilizer can also be applied simultaneously. Pelleting of small sized seeds may reduce the risk of irregular dropping. Since sowing is taken up in lines, intercultural operations can be easily practiced. It is possible to take up sowing of intercrops also. Dibbling: In the method, a seed or few seeds are put in a hole and covered. Under irrigated condition, seeds are dibbled in lines or on the sides of the ridges maintaining optimum intra- row spacing, e.g. maize and cotton. Though this method is laborious and time consuming, it gives rapid and uniform germination and the requirement of seed is less than in broadcasting. Methods of Plant PropagationCuttingThis is cutting the vegetative part of the plant leaf, stem, and root and then planting it again to regenerate the whole plant. The three types of cutting are named after the plant part being detached cut:Stem cuttingLeaf cuttingRoot cutting2. DivisionThis is a suitable technique for perennials plants that live for more than two years . It involves dividing the plant by digging and moving it to an already prepared site. This helps the plant to rejuvenate and reduce water and nutrient competition. 3. LayeringIn this technique, the attached and bent branch of the plant is covered with soil and allowed to root. After the emergence and development of roots that specific part of the plant is cut and allowed to grow as a new plant. This is called layering . 4.
After the emergence and development of roots that specific part of the plant is cut and allowed to grow as a new plant. This is called layering . 4. GraftingThis involves cutting a twig of one plant and joining it with the stem of another plant in such a manner that they form a unit and function as one plant. It is a bit of a complex process but allows you to bring the desired character to your plant. However, be sure to sterilize your hands and tools to make sure you don t transfer any infections during the process. 5. BuddingIn this method, a cut is made in the rootstock and a single bud with little or no wood is inserted into it in such a way that they unite and grow as a new plant. Time of planting depends on the following factorsSoil and weather conditionsThe kind of crop to be planted. The time the produce is desired. CROP MANAGEMENTAdoption of best crop management practices improves crop productivity and can contribute to greater yields with improved quality. Crop management is the set of agricultural practices performed to improve the growth, development and yield of crops. It begins with a seedbed preparation, sowing of seeds and crop maintenance; and ends with crop harvest, storage and marketing. The timing and sequence of agricultural practices depend upon several factors, such as winter or spring crops; harvested products such as grain, hay and silage; sowing methods-broadcast and row-crops; and, plants age, soil, climate and weather conditions. Physical methods of weedingManual controlManual control is the use of the hands or handheld tools to deal with. An advantage of manual control is that it minimizes soil disturbance, and decreases the likelihood of erosion and seed germination. Hand pullingHand pulling aims to remove the entire plant, including its roots, from the soil. This method is useful for small-scale infestations. It is best to hand-pull weeds after rain, when soil is moist. Sturdy gloves should be worn to avoid prickles, blisters or sap burns to the skin. It is not appropriate for all weed species, such as those with underground bulbs. Hand tools such as broad knives and trowels can be used to remove underground parts of weeds such as bulbs that may reshoot. In some cases it is necessary to dig out the crown of the plant. This requires the growing part of the plant to be cut beneath the ground using a knife.
Hand tools such as broad knives and trowels can be used to remove underground parts of weeds such as bulbs that may reshoot. In some cases it is necessary to dig out the crown of the plant. This requires the growing part of the plant to be cut beneath the ground using a knife. Grubbing or chippingThis method requires weeds to be dug out using a mattock or chip hoe. Depending on the plant, it may be important to expose the root system, and remove the crown. In some cases, the mattock or chip hoe is used to cut the stem of the plant below the ground. This method is useful when the ground is hard. Gloves should be worn to avoid blisters. Mechanical controlMechanical control is the use of powered tools and machinery to manage weeds and is best suited to larger infestations. Care should be taken to minimise soil disturbance. Slashing, mowing, dozing, pushing and fellingAt times, controlling weeds using mechanical methods is preferred. However, care should be taken when machinery is used in the process. Disturbing the soil with mechanical control can:increase the likelihood of seed germinationdamage native vegetation. Bulldozers and chainsaws can be used on woody and tree weeds where they are pushed or felled and finally snigged dragged away . These methods are only suitable in certain situations, as they create high levels of soil and vegetation disturbance. Also, shoots and seedlings require follow-up attention. Grading or scalping the top layer of soil is an effective method of removing a seedbank. As this method greatly disturbs the soil, it is best suited for areas that are to undergo complete rehabilitation. Earth UpEarthing up refers to the act of heaping soil around the root zone of the potato plant. It is one of the primary production practices that must be done to increase the potato yield. Advantages of earthing upimproves tuber formation expansion roots pods formationImproves drainage around the cropConserves water soilFacilitates harvesting of tuber cropsRoot protectionManaging plant spacesThinningWhen the young seedlings are too close to each other, they do not grow well. They do not find enough nourishment in the soil and their leaves do not have enough room to develop. Leave only the strongest plants and remove the others. This is called thinning.
They do not find enough nourishment in the soil and their leaves do not have enough room to develop. Leave only the strongest plants and remove the others. This is called thinning. When you take out the seedlings that are small, diseased or misshapen, be very careful not to damage the seedlings which remain in the beds. At the end, pack down the earth around the base of the plants and water them. StakingVegetables with long and weak stems, for example beans and tomatoes, need stakes. A stake is a stick firmly embedded in the earth. It is best to use hard wood, which does not rot. PruningCertain vegetables, like tomatoes, beans, eggplant, need pruning. Nip off surplus buds. Then there will be more fruits and they will be bigger. GappingWhen the seeds fail to germinate, empty spaces are seen within the rows. This if left unfilled can make the farmer incur losses as a result of low yields. The filling up of these spaces or the replacement of ungerminated seeds is called gapping. Advantages of thinning and gappingBoth thinning and gap filling ensures ideal plant population and optimum utilization of sunlight, space, nutrients, moisture and other inputs which ultimately increases yield. Crop hardeningHardening, or "hardening off," is the process of allowing a plant to transition from a protected indoor or greenhouse environment to the harsh outdoor conditions of fluctuating spring temperatures, wind, and full sun exposure. A gradual introduction of these outdoor stresses will cause the plant to accumulate carbohydrates, to trigger more root development, to reduce the amount of freeze-prone water in the plant, and to actually thicken its cell walls. Plant growth will change from soft and supple to much firmer and harder. Hardening TimetableStart the process of moving plants outdoors about two weeks before the weather will be favorable enough for the particular plant to live outdoors. Check seed package instructions or inquire where you purchase seedlings as to when the plant can tolerate outdoor conditions. Keep in mind that air temperature is often warmer than soil temperature. This Vegetable Planting and Transplanting Guide provides guidance for when some popular crops can be planted outdoors. Hardening ProcessWhen temperatures are at least 45-50 , move plants outdoors to a shady, protected spot. Initially place in the shaded, sheltered location for two to three hours.
Demand stricter laws for the protection of animals. ... Shelter an animal in need. Importance of Human treatment of animalsImproved levels of animal health and care will deliver better animal welfare, more efficient livestock production, safer animal-sourced foods and healthier, improved livelihoods. Animals that are well fed and watered, kept in clean and comfortable conditions, and that are handled well with opportunities to express important behaviours are less likely to die prematurely or show poor growth than less well cared for animals. They are more productive with more efficient use of resources such as time, labour and feed for livestock production bringing benefits including improved food security and greater income. Furthermore, avoiding stress before slaughter reduces contamination of meat with harmful bacteria and affects the quality, and value of the meat. Animal welfare is therefore also environmental protection. However, it is not only animals in stables or private households that need to be protected, but also animals in the wild. There they need above all plenty of space, clean water, fresh air, and sufficient food and shelter. General Management of PetsCharacteristics of petsDependent on Humans to Live A pet needs to be given food, water, and shelter by its owner. Being domesticated means the animal depends on its owner for all of its care. Lives in a Home A pet lives in a home. Some pets such as parakeets and hamsters live in cages. Alternatively, dogs and cats wander freely around a home and may have their own bed to sleep in. Needs a Veterinarian s Care Pets need care from a veterinarian. The type of healthcare a pet needs depends on what type of pet it is. An iguana and a beagle need completely different types of vet care! Some Pets Can Be Trained A dog can learn how to sit, stay, and heel in a course of obedience training. Parrots can be taught to talk, and some cats can be taught by humans to do tricks. Devoted to Its Owner Pets are often devoted to their owners. They can establish a trust with their owner over time. In fact, some pets want to be with their owners 24 7! Provides Companionship A pet is meant to be a companion to its owner. Pets are Different from a Therapy Animal A therapy animal receives specific training in order to provide support and care to its owner. As an example, some therapy dogs are trained to recognize the signs of a seizure in their owner.
Provides Companionship A pet is meant to be a companion to its owner. Pets are Different from a Therapy Animal A therapy animal receives specific training in order to provide support and care to its owner. As an example, some therapy dogs are trained to recognize the signs of a seizure in their owner. The dog responds by trying to get the person to a safe place. Alternatively, a pet is there strictly as a companion. Different from a Farm Animal A cow or a chicken living on a farm serves a specific purpose. A cow provides milk while a chicken lays eggs to be eaten or sold. This makes farm animals a little different than traditional pets. Can Be Common or Uncommon When you think of a pet you probably picture a dog, a cat, a bird, a fish, or a gerbil. Those are common choices for pets. Some people prefer less common or exotic pets such as snakes, iguanas, spiders, and ferrets. As long as an owner can offer appropriate care, many animals can live happily as pets. Cannot Survive in the Wild One of the main characteristics separating pets from other animals is a pet can t survive in the wild. It has been domesticated or raised under a person s care. So, releasing a pet snake into the wild doesn t mean it will know how to find food or shelter. In fact, it will likely die. Different types of pets reared in the communityA pet is a domesticated animal that lives with an individual or family. There are popular, well-known pets like dogs and catsDogsCatRodentsFishBirdsTurtlesSnakeFactors to consider when selecting a pet for rearingChoose a pet that will suit your lifestyle and surroundings. For instance:How often are you home? If you work long hours, a dog may not be a good choice of pet, as all dogs require lots of companionship. In this case, pets such as fish might be more suitable. How large is your backyard, and do you have good fencing? If you have a small backyard or poor fencing, then a dog may not be a good choice. You could consider a pet such as a cat that lives indoors with you. Are you prepared to have more than one pet? Some types of animals, such as birds and rabbits, need the company of each other to stay happy and healthy. How much money can you afford to spend on your pet?
Are you prepared to have more than one pet? Some types of animals, such as birds and rabbits, need the company of each other to stay happy and healthy. How much money can you afford to spend on your pet? All pets are expensive even animals that are cheap to purchase, like fish, birds and guinea pigs, can cost a lot of money when it comes to buying and setting up tanks, cages and hutches. Some dog breeds will cost more to keep than others. Large dogs need more food, some breeds of dogs need regular clipping of their coats. Are you renting? Your landlord may not let you to own a cat or a dog. You may want to consider other pets such as fish. Do you live in an apartment? Some birds, such as parrots, can be very noisy, and may attract complaints from neighbours. You may want to consider a quiet pet such as a cat, or fish. Do you have young children? Some types of pets tolerate children better than others. Are you prepared to have your pet inside with you? Dogs should not be left in the backyard all day they need to spend time inside the house with you, in order to remain happy and healthy. Does your council require cats to be confined to your property? If so, you must be prepared to have your cat live inside with you, or to buy or build cat proof fencing or a cat enclosure. How much time do you have to exercise your pet? Dogs need daily walks. Some breeds of dog are more energetic than others and may need longer or more frequent walks. How much time do you have to train your pet? Dogs, particularly puppies or young dogs, need time spent on toilet training and basic obedience training. Puppies and kittens also require lots of socialization, and regular small meals throughout the day, during the first 6 months of life. You may be better off adopting an adult dog or cat, who is already house trained and socialized. Acquiring a pet for rearingAdoption is the best choiceAdoption of a pet from a shelter is the best way to find a new companion. There are many animals in shelters waiting for a new home to call their own, including a large variety of breeds, sizes, and ages of animals. Some shelters also rehome small mammals such as rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters who are often sadly taken to shelters when the children they have been bought for have lost interest in caring for them.
Acquiring a pet for rearingAdoption is the best choiceAdoption of a pet from a shelter is the best way to find a new companion. There are many animals in shelters waiting for a new home to call their own, including a large variety of breeds, sizes, and ages of animals. Some shelters also rehome small mammals such as rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters who are often sadly taken to shelters when the children they have been bought for have lost interest in caring for them. The benefit of rehoming from a reputable animal shelter is that the animals will have been assessed both in terms of their health and behaviorallyBrokers,pet stores,neighbors,professional breeders,commercial kennels,puppy mills, and animal sheltersManagement practices in rearing of petsColostrum feedingWeaningDisbudding - Arresting the horn growth at an early age, when the horn root is in the bud stage is called disbudding. Ear taggingCastrationVaccination schedule for adult animalsDisinfectionQuarantineIsolation of sick animalsInsuring the animalsDisposal of carcassRecord maintenancePreparation of Animal productsDifferent animal products include:meat and meat products, poultry products meat and eggs , fish, shellfish, dairy products milk and cheese , and non-food products such as fiber wool, mohair, cashmere, and leather Factors to consider when grading eggsThe grade is determined by theinterior quality of the eggthe appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight size . Weight or VolumecleanlinessSize,ColourFactors considered in detecting defects when grading eggsblood spot,meat spot,mold,stuck yolk,addled egg andembryonic growthProcessing raw honeyThe process of honey harvesting and extraction most likely happens on separate days.
Ear taggingCastrationVaccination schedule for adult animalsDisinfectionQuarantineIsolation of sick animalsInsuring the animalsDisposal of carcassRecord maintenancePreparation of Animal productsDifferent animal products include:meat and meat products, poultry products meat and eggs , fish, shellfish, dairy products milk and cheese , and non-food products such as fiber wool, mohair, cashmere, and leather Factors to consider when grading eggsThe grade is determined by theinterior quality of the eggthe appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight size . Weight or VolumecleanlinessSize,ColourFactors considered in detecting defects when grading eggsblood spot,meat spot,mold,stuck yolk,addled egg andembryonic growthProcessing raw honeyThe process of honey harvesting and extraction most likely happens on separate days. These are the tools required:Honey Harvest1 beekeepers suite - mesh helmet and folding veil would do it, with some layers of clothes2 smoker with fuel dry branches, leaves, etc. And a lighter3 frame super - where frames with honey combs will be put for transportation4 sting resistant gloves5 hive tool - to move the frames, scrape wax, etc. Honey Extraction1 heated knife - to unseal honey cells2 uncapping fork - to unseal honey cells missed by the heated knife3 tub for wax honey4 extractor! -. Fancy cylindrical piece of equipment, used to extract honey5 food-grade bucket - to catch honey out of the extractor6 double sieve - catches wax and impurities as honey is poured from extractor7 containers - final destination of honey before consumptionThe process of honey harvesting and extraction most likely happens on separate days. These are the tools required:HarvestingLight the smoker. Use dry branches, hay or newspaper. The smoke dulls the bees' receptors, and prevents them from releasing the alarm odor, a volatile pheromone. The smoke also makes bees gorge on honey, which further pacifies themPrepare SupersThe frames with honey comb are transported in supers. Have them handy. You may also want to have a cloth to cover the super with frames full of honey to prevent bees or other insects from getting to them.
The smoke also makes bees gorge on honey, which further pacifies themPrepare SupersThe frames with honey comb are transported in supers. Have them handy. You may also want to have a cloth to cover the super with frames full of honey to prevent bees or other insects from getting to them. Open SesameUsing the hive tool, lift the hive lid and blow some smoke in the hive. Open lid slowly. Our bees were pretty calm, but that is not always the case! Honey Frame InspectionPull the frames out of the super and inspect the honey combs. Depending on how busy the bees were, how warm it was and if the hive didn't swarm you will know how much honey you have. ExtractionNow the best part! Take the frame of capped honey. Mount the frame above the tub for wax and honey. Use the heated knife to unseal the cells. Lean the heated knife on the edges of the frame and under 30 degree angle and move "fast" - don't linger too long, it burns the honey! Repeat for both sides of the frame. The heated knife takes off most of the caps. For the leftover ones, use the uncapping fork and gently shave off the caps. Pour Out Slowly! Place your food-grade bucket under the extractor spigot. Use a double sieve to catch the wax and impurities as the honey starts pouring out of the extractor. Prepare ContainersWash your jugs, jars or whatever containers you will put the honey in. Air dry. Extracting honey without a honey extractorFor small apiaries, harvesting honey without an extractor can be a fun and inexpensive option. We ll cover two methods that do not require an extractor: the crush and strain method, and the cut comb method. Both of these extraction methods sacrifice comb, meaning your bees will need to draw out new comb before they can produce more honey which can mean a smaller harvest the next year. This may factor into your decision about which method you use. The crush and strain method is a low-cost honey processing technique. You simply scrape the honeycomb off of the frame into a bucket, then crush the comb. Place a sieve in another bucket or container, pour the crushed comb into the sieve, and strain it overnight. This process may be best suited for hobby beekeepers who only have one or two hives.
You simply scrape the honeycomb off of the frame into a bucket, then crush the comb. Place a sieve in another bucket or container, pour the crushed comb into the sieve, and strain it overnight. This process may be best suited for hobby beekeepers who only have one or two hives. The honey will move more quickly in a warm room, and you may be able to get more honey if you stir the crushed combs a few times and scrape large wax flakes off of the inside of the strainer. Cut comb honey is an elegant way to package and use your harvest. There are tools available for cutting and packaging comb, but a good-quality kitchen knife does the job nicely, as well. This method works only for frames that contain wireless wax foundation or no foundation you cannot use this method with frames that use plastic foundations, and wired wax foundation will limit the sizes and shapes of combs you can cut. Choose frames that are fully capped and sealed this indicates that the honey will have the right amount of moisture to prevent spoiling. Importance of sorting and grading eggsSorted eggs bring more money to the investor than unsorted. It reduces wastage. Separates eggs into grades of quality. A bad egg can be dangerous to consume and negatively affect someone's health. Importance of processing raw honeyimproves the honey's appearance,increases its shelf-life, andkills yeast cells that can affect the taste of the honey. It can prevent fermentation. It delays crystallization. Removes impurities. STRAND FOURAGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGYoff season cropping techniquesOff season cultivation refers to the production outside of their typical cropping cycle. The main objective of off season cultivation is to produce and supply to the market during their lean period. Importance Advantages of off season croppingIt helps in the more effective and efficient use of land and farm resources. The per-unit result of off-season planting is excellent. Consumers nowadays prefer fresh veggies even when they are not in season, and off-season vegetable cultivation can meet this need. It is sometimes feasible to gain foreign exchange by exporting fresh veggies. It is a great source of preventive food that also contributes to nutritional security. It's a good choice for seed production. Technologies for off season croppingDrip irrigationCrop yields can increase through improved water and fertility management and reduced disease and weed pressure. When drip irrigation is used with polyethylene mulch, yields can increase even further.
Construction of suspended garden designRefer to learner s bookVALUE ADDITION TECHNIQUESValue-added agriculture generally focuses on production or manufacturing processes, marketing or services that increase the value of primary agricultural commodities, perhaps by increasing appeal to the consumer and the consumer's willingness to pay a premium over similar but undifferentiated products. Benefits include:increased income,employment creation,improved food safety,food security,nutritional benefits andgreater consumer confidence. There are four major ways that value is added to crops along the value chain:product transformation, e.g. frying, dryingdistribution,storage, andadded service. The value of farm products can be increased by cleaning, cooling, cooking, combining, churning, culturing, grinding, extracting, drying, handcrafting, packaging and distributing, as well as by adding information, education or entertainment,Adding value to groundnutsApart from just eating them raw or cooked, groundnuts can be used to produce oil, paste, flour or sauce used in cakes and cookies obtained by grinding nuts, and peanut butter. Adding value to PotatoesThis can be done through boiling, frying, smashing. Learners to check on how to add value on other productsImportance of addition on crop produce explained Increased revenue. Any addition adds a percentage of increased financial value to the produce and has the effect of improving the incomes of the local farmers. Value addition allows the farmer to focus on the consumer while producing and through meeting expectations, he can create a loyal market around the product. Increased shelf life is a benefit any farmer would want. The longer the product can stay without getting spoilt, the more the guarantee one has of a product selling at their preferred price and time. Milk for instance, hardly lasts over 24 hours but with boiling, it can last more days while with further processing into ghee, the same milk can last months. With value addition comes increased bargaining power. Brand Creation is one of the de facto results of value addition and a fact that your product can be directly identified with you or your farm which is important in an industry where customers exercise a lot of brand loyalty. It allows them to always and readily identify with you as well as win you more referral customers. Value addition creates employment opportunities for people who work there like; industrial chemists, food processors, factory laborersWastage and disposal of unwanted refuse is curtailed since they can be made into different quality products.
Brand Creation is one of the de facto results of value addition and a fact that your product can be directly identified with you or your farm which is important in an industry where customers exercise a lot of brand loyalty. It allows them to always and readily identify with you as well as win you more referral customers.value addition creates employment opportunities for people who work there like; industrial chemists, food processors, factory laborersWastage and disposal of unwanted refuse is curtailed since they can be made into different quality products. This helps to ensure zero waste and protect the environment.
GRADE 8 RATIONALIZED AGRICULTURE AND NUTRITION LESSON NOTESSTRAND 1-CONSERVING AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT1.1 -Soil Conservation Measures. Soil conservation measures refers to a combination of practices done or taken to prevent the loss of soil through soil erosion. Reasons Importance for Soil conservation. To keep top soil in its place. To maintain fertility in the soil. To maintain soil productivity. Helps to increase agricultural production promotes food security. Methods of soil conservation in agricultural environment. Strip cropping. Grassed water ways. Stone lines. Trash lines. Soil bunds. A. Strip cropping. It is the growing of crops in a way that crops that have little soil cover like maize are grown in alternating strips with those that have good ground cover such as sweet potatoes. Permanent vegetation such as grass can also be used as strips. The role of strip crop is it prevents loss of soil through surface runoff. B. Grassed water ways. Grassed waterways are natural or man-made shallow channels in which excess rain water flows. Grass and other vegetations are planted to grow in the channels. When surface run off is directed in the channels, the vegetation in the channels lower the speed of run off and also traps eroded soil. C. Stone lines. These are stones of different sizes heaped in a line along the contour to prevent loss of soil down the slope through run off. Stone lines reduce speed of run off increasing water infiltration especially in semi-arid areas. Water infiltration is the downward entry of water into the soil from the surface. Stone lines are suitable in gently slopes. D. Trash lines. Trash lines are plant materials or crop residues remains arranged along the contour in a cultivated field. Trash lines help to reduce runoff hence preventing loss of soil from land. They also increase water infiltration into the soil. Trash line should be 1 m wide and 0.5 m high. E. Soil bunds. A bund refers to a heap of compacted soil made along the contours. Grasses can be grown on top of the bunds to hold soil together firmly. Bunds help to reduce the volume of water flowing downwards in a cultivated field after rain fall. Bunds enhance water infiltration. NOTE:Most structures constructed to conserve the soil are made along the contour line. Therefore, it is very important to establish the contour lines first before construction of the structures.
Bunds enhance water infiltration. NOTE:Most structures constructed to conserve the soil are made along the contour line. Therefore, it is very important to establish the contour lines first before construction of the structures. Contour lines are established to guide the position of the soil conservation measures. Contour farming is the farming carried out across the slope rather than up and down. Therefore, contour lines run across the slope and not up and down. A farm layout is a drawn plan that shows various farm enterprises and where they are placed in the farm. A farm layout is a plan of how various farm components enterprises are arranged and set up on the farm. A farm model guides the farmer to locate various farm activities and structures for convenience. What is the importance of Farm layout? It helps in maximum utilization use of land. Farm enterprise are orderly arranged. Local available material that can be used to make a farm model in school include: Cartons. Cardboards. Soil. Papier mache. 1.2 -Water Harvesting and StorageIn rainy season, a lot of water goes in waste. This water can be harvested and stored then used for farming purposes. Methods of harvesting and storing water for farming purposes. There are various methods used to harvest and store water for farming purposes. Use of rooftops. Use of diversion channels. Directs water into water ponds and water tanks. Water ponds. Shallow water pans. Tanks. Shallow water pansGrass should be planted around the shallow water pan to:Control soil erosion. Control sedimentation. Constructing Shallow water pan. Measure desired size of the structure. -. Dig out soil to the desired length and width with depth between 1 to 3 metres. Make conveyor or small channels that directs surface runoff to the structure. Water pondConstruction of a water pond. Mark desired measurements on ground. Dig out the soil. Place a polythene liner evenly covering the sides and the base. Reinforce the liner by placing soil in the upper part around the pond. Plant grass around the pond to control erosion and sedimentation. Make channels to transfer surface runoff. Water tanks. Water tanks can be used to collect surface runoff or water from the rooftops. Ensure water flow into the tank by removing any materials such as gravel, sediments from the sieve entrance of the tank. Gutters should be fixed around the house to collect water when it rains and direct it to the tank through pipes for storage.
Water tanks can be used to collect surface runoff or water from the rooftops. Ensure water flow into the tank by removing any materials such as gravel, sediments from the sieve entrance of the tank. Gutters should be fixed around the house to collect water when it rains and direct it to the tank through pipes for storage. Underground water tank Elevated water tankFactors to consider when setting up a water harvesting and storage unit at home or at school. Location. Accessibility. Type of crop to be irrigated using water. Size of the farm. Dimension of the storage unit. The slope of the land. The cost of the work. Importance of harvesting and storing water. Harvesting and storing water helps to supplement other sources of water. It provides water during shortage and in dry seasons. Water is available through out. Reduces cost of farming. Excess water from the rain is utilized. Helps to prevent destruction of infrastructures such as buildings and roads by surface runoff. Maintenance of water harvesting and storage structures. Plant grass around the water pans and water ponds to control soil erosion and sedimentation and to stabilize the embankments. Remove foreign material in water found in water pans, ponds and tanks. Structures such as water pans and water pons should be fenced. Water tanks should be cleaned and foreign materials such as gravel, twigs, leaves sieved out during water entry. Clean the gutters to remove accumulated materials. Uses of water harvested and stored on the farm. Watering irrigating crops. Watering animals. Domestic uses such as washing, cleaning items etc. Types of water storage tanks. Water tanks can be:Plastic. Metallic. Concrete. They can also be elevated placed on top of the ground or underground. STRAND 2- FOOD PRODUCTION PROCESSES2.1 Kitchen and Backyard Gardening. Food security is an important aspect of a healthy society. To promote food security, household should embrace kitchen gardens. A kitchen garden ensures regular and ready supply of fresh vegetables, fruits and herbs. Food security exists only when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preference for healthy living. Kitchen garden is any convenient size of a plot, space or structure located in a home where a variety of crops are grown mainly for family consumption. The role of a kitchen garden in food and nutrition security. To produce safe, fresh food that is accessible to the family.
Kitchen garden is any convenient size of a plot, space or structure located in a home where a variety of crops are grown mainly for family consumption. The role of a kitchen garden in food and nutrition security. To produce safe, fresh food that is accessible to the family. It is a reliable source of green leafy vegetables, herbs, fruits, legumes and cereals for home consumption. Growing of both seasonal and off-season crops that ensures steady supply of nutritious food. Help family to meet their nutritional needs and promotes healthier lifestyles. Generates income from sale of surplus excess produce. Helps to save family income direct towards purchase of vegetables, fruits and others. Provide alternative when staple foods are not in stock. Helps to increase food production. Some form of kitchen gardening use recycled materials like plastics hence contributes to environmental conservation. Innovative technologies for kitchen garden. Increase in population and urbanization has led to limited space that can be used to establish large gardens. Innovative technologies ensure proper use of the small available space for maximum production. The main aim of innovative gardening is to maximize the small available space with proper water conservation, measures in crop production. Examples of innovative kitchen gardens include:Container. Wick. Hanging pots. Tyre. Multistore gardens. Simple drip. Organic sack garden. Most of the kitchen gardens focus on vertical gardens which keeps the crops off the ground as compared to horizontal gardening. Benefits of innovative gardens. Use locally available materials. Requires little amount of water. Easy to manage because less labour is required. Makes good use of little space. Some are portable-can be moved from one area to another. High productivity or yields. Aesthetic value around the compound. Ideal for urban areas and congested homesteads. 2.2 Poultry Rearing in a Fold. Poultry rearing is the keeping of domesticated birds such as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese, pigeons, guinea fowls and ostriches. Poultry are kept for production of meat, eggs and other products. Poultry folds. Structural appearance of a poultry fold. A fold is a portable structure used for rearing poultry in an open piece of land where they can access sunlight, vegetation to supplement their feeds and can also exercise. Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds. The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation. Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures.
Feed and water troughs are placed inside the folds. The fold can be moved from one place to another for the birds to eat fresh vegetation. Poultry folds are portable triangular shaped structures. A fold has two sections, one is roofed and the other is left open but fitted wih wire mesh to secure the birds. The fold has a door fitted on one side. Materials used in the Construction of a poultry fold. Poultry folds are constructed using locally available materials. This makes it cheap and easy to construct them. Materials for constructing a poultry fold include:NOTE:Smaller folds have rollers and wheels that helps to move them from place to place. Some folds structures have wire mesh at the base to allow droppings to pass through to the ground. Fencing staples can be used instead of nails. The size of the fold depends on the number and type of poultry reared. Rearing practices of poultry in a fold. There are various practices which are carried out when rearing poultry in a fold. These rearing practices includes: Moving the fold to new sites regularly for the birds to feed on fresh vegetation. Ensure birds are provided with clean water. Ensure hygiene is maintained in the poultry fold. The fold should be strong enough to secure birds and kept in a safe place. The fold should be sheltered from the rain to avoid wetness. It should be placed in such a way that the open side is away from direct winds to avoid drought. How to rear Poultry in a fold. Sitting. Where to place your fold Ensure the fold is placed in an area: Protected from rain and direct wind. With enough security. That can be easily accessible. With enough vegetation. Stocking the folds. Place chicks into the fold carefully in the early hours of the day for them to familiarize with the environment. Place the right number of birds in the fold to avoid overcrowding which encourages diseases. Feeding. Provide enough feed depending on the stages of growth. Place feed in the feeding troughs. Move fold unit from one place to another to enable birds to eat fresh vegetation. Watering. Provide clean water in waterers. Sanitation. Maintain high standards of hygiene in the folds by cleaning the waterer, feed troughs and poultry folds. Vaccination.
How fresh fish is processed. Fresh fish need to be processed immediately after being harvested from water to prevent spoilage. Various processes are carried out to prepare fresh fish for transportation, storage and consumption. Fish is prepared after harvesting by:Scaling-removal of scales. Gutting-removal of gut or the alimentary canal. Cleaning-washing the fish with clean water. These processes usually slow down the growth of micro-organisms and keep it fresh before use. Procedure followed when processing fresh fish. Specific methods of processing fish for consumption, storage and transportation are as follows:Inspect and select fresh fish for processing. Start the process as follows. A. Scaling. Rinse fish to remove slime. Place fish on a chopping board or tray with absorbent paper. Hold fish firmly by the tail and use a fish scaling tool or back of a knife to scrape off the scales moving from the tail to head on both sides Rinse the fish in clean water to remove any loose scales. Run your fingers over the fish skin to make sure that all scales have been removed. B. Gutting. Lie the fish on its side on either a chopping board or a tray. Make a cut in the belly of the fish at the tail-end and cut through the skin to the head. Insert your fingers into the belly through the cut opening and remove internal organs by easily pulling them out. Place them on a separate plate or tray. Rinse the inside of the fish with cold water until the water becomes clear. Use a kitchen paper or towel to dry the fish. Cleaning. Clean the fish thoroughly before and after gutting. Use cold water when cleaning fish. Salting. Use the fish that have been well prepared by scaling, gutting and properly cleaned. Place the fish on a flat clean surface or tray where they will remain after salting. Sprinkle layers of salt on all the parts of the fish. Leave the fish in layers of slat for at least 2 days. Keep the salted fish in a cool dry place. Frying fish Select a clean well-prepared fish. Heat oil in a saucepan and dip the fish to cook for 4 to 5 minutes.
Keep the salted fish in a cool dry place. Frying fish Select a clean well-prepared fish. Heat oil in a saucepan and dip the fish to cook for 4 to 5 minutes. Remove the fish from the oil using a draining spoon. Place the fish on a mesh tray to drain excess oil. NOTE: Processing fish should be carried out in a hygienic environment to prevent contamination. Cold water should always be used when cleaning fish to remove all the blood. This prevents deterioration due to multiplication of bacteria. Gutting fish may sometimes include the complete removal of the gills and the fins. Salting draws water from the fish increasing its shelf life. How to dress poultry carcass. Quality of poultry products can be linked to a variety of factors such as handling at slaughter. Poultry dressing procedures should be done in a hygienic manner in order to produce products fit for human consumption. When dressing poultry carcass, some parts can be detached and packed separately. However, the whole carcass can be packed with the parts attached. Poultry thighs poultry gizzardsDressing a poultry carcass. The following practices are carried out to dress the poultry carcass. Beheading-restrain the poultry well and cut the neck muscles with a sharp knife. Defeathering-scald the bird into hot water of a temperature of 550 C for about 2 minutes to loosen the feather. Remove and pluck off loose feathers completely. Singeing-hold the defeathered bird over a flame for a few minutes to burn the hair like structures left on the skin. Washing-wash the whole bird in clean cold water to remove the surface dirt. Prepare the poultry carcass for various purposes as follows. Place the carcass on its back on a clean surface or chopping board. Remove oil gland with a knife. Remove the offals by:Make a cut above the vent but avoid cutting too deep. Press on the breast and insert fingers through the cut made on the vent. Grab the visceral and pull them out avoiding too much pressures to prevent puncturing the gall bladder. Slit the neck skin to remove the crop, trachea and Oesophagus. Place the internal organs on a separate plate. Cutting the carcass into various pieces.
Slit the neck skin to remove the crop, trachea and Oesophagus. Place the internal organs on a separate plate. Cutting the carcass into various pieces. Cut joints between thigh and the body and separate the thigh and the leg at the joint. Cut the joint between the wings and the body and then separate the wings. Cut the breast into two parts by separating the muscle in front of the keel. Cut the backbone and neck strip into 3 pieces each. Separate the gizzard, liver and the heart from the other internal organs. Cut open the wall of the gizzard lengthwise to the lining to remove hard grit and then peel out the lining. Wash these organs in cold water and then pack them. Pack all the pieces in clean storage bags as required. NOTES: High hygiene standards should be maintained when handling raw poultry meat to avoid contamination which can lead to food poisoning. Complete bleeding of carcass prevents discolouration of the meat due to formation of clots in the muscles. The clots attract micro-organisms. Care should be taken not to burst gall bladder as this makes the meat bitter. Pieces from poultry carcass are packed separately and sold at different prices. What is the importance of processing fresh fish and dressing poultry carcass? It adds value to the meat. Keeping quality of both fish and poultry products is increased hence prolonged shelf life. Packing poultry pieces separately enables selling at a higher price than the whole carcass. 2.5 Preserving Meat and Milk. Animals gives products such as milk, meat, eggs, honey, hides and skin. Some of the products easily go bad, hence they should be preserved to increase their shelflife. Methods of preserving milk and meat in the locality. Milk and meat deteriorate in quality with time. They should be well preserved to prolong their shelf-life and availability. Food preservation is the process of preventing food from spoilage. There are various methods of preserving milk and meat. Methods used in preserving milk include:Boiling. Fermentation. Methods used to preserve meat include:Sun drying. Smoking. Salting. Preservation of Milk and Meat at household level. Common methods of preserving milk are:Fermentation-Fermentation of milk produces certain acid that preserves milk. Boiling or pasteurization of milk-boiling milk kills micro-organisms by exposing them to high temperatures at the milk boiling point.
Preservation of Milk and Meat at household level. Common methods of preserving milk are:Fermentation-Fermentation of milk produces certain acid that preserves milk. Boiling or pasteurization of milk-boiling milk kills micro-organisms by exposing them to high temperatures at the milk boiling point. This method preserves fresh milk. Common methods of preserving meat are:Sun drying-it removes moisture from meat making the action of micro-organism difficult. Meat is cut into small pieces, sundried and then packaged. Smoking-meat is covered with a layer of smoke which stops action of micro-organisms. Salting-salt is applied on the surface of pieces of meat or dipped in a highly concentrated salt solution know as brine. This salt solution dehydrates removes water the micro-organisms and stops their action on meat. What is the importance of preserving milk and meat? It increases the shelf-life of both milk and meat. It makes the two products available for a longer period of time hence enhancing food security. Strand 3 -HYGIENE PRACTICES. 3.1-Cleaning the Kitchen. Methods of removing dirt from the kitchen surfaces. Food should be prepared and cooked in a clean and orderly environment. A dirty kitchen can be a breeding place for other harmful living things such as pests and flies which can lead to health hazards. There are may ways of removing dirt from kitchen surface. The methods depend on types of dirt found on the surfaces. Methods of removing dirt from kitchen surfaces. Sweeping-Done using a broom, brush and dustpan. Dusting-it is done after sweeping a room. It ensures any dust that may have been blown in the air and deposited on the surface is removed. Wiping -it is used to remove fixed dirt on the surfaces that can be damaged by scrubbing. Surfaces that are wiped include furniture, ornaments, walls and windows. Scrubbing-this is where warm soapy water is used to together with a hard scrubbing brush. Vacuum cleaning-a vacuum cleaner is used to remove loose dirt from the surfaces which is sucked into a dirt bag attached to the vacuum cleaner and it is disposed of after cleaning. Mopping-this is the removal of fixed dirt from a surface by using a mop, bucket, water and detergents. State the reasons for cleaning the Kitchen. A kitchen must be kept clean at all times. Frequency of cleaning depends on type of fuel used and amount of cooking done.
State the reasons for cleaning the Kitchen. A kitchen must be kept clean at all times. Frequency of cleaning depends on type of fuel used and amount of cooking done. Therefore, cleaning the kitchen is necessary for the following reasons:To preserve clean kitchen appearance. To prolong life of a surface, dirt can destroy the surface if allowed to accumulate. Psychological satisfaction of the user. To cut down cost of cleaningTypes of leaning for a kitchen. Daily cleaning. It is the removal of loose dirt from the kitchen surfaces on daily basis. It involves the following methods:Sweeping. Brushing. Dusting. Suction cleaning. Weekly cleaning. Involves the removal of both loose and fixed dirt. It involves:Sweeping. Dusting. Scrubbing. Wiping. Special cleaning. This is the thorough cleaning that is done occasionally when it is necessary. For example,Cleaning the chimney to remove soot,Painting the walls. Cleaning different kitchen surfaces. Strand 4- PRODUCTION TECHNIQUEStogether in position with stitches. This has to be done neatly and securely for the item to look presentable and to last long. A seam is any part of the garment or clothing article where two or more pieces of fabric are joined together using permanent stitches. Seam line is also referred to as the stitching line, construction line or fitting line. It is the line where permanent stitches are worked. Seam allowance is the distance between the seam line and the cutting line. It is usually1.5cm wide. Seam turning is the amount of fabric between the cutting line and the seam line. Types of Seams used in clothing construction. There are many types of seams used in clothing construction. The type of seam used depends on the desired outlook and stitching effects required. Open seam. Plain seam. Overlaid seam French seam. Machine fell seam double stitched Run and fell seam. Factors to consider when choosing seams in clothing construction. Type of garment-Frequent laundered garments are preferably made using a plain seam because the turnings of the plain seam are neatened together making it to remain closed during laundering. Type of fabric- heavy fabrics require seams that are not bulky to prevent the seam from becoming too thick, for example, an open seam can be used for heavy fabrics because it is not bulky. Position of the seam on the garment- some seams are more suitable for some areas of garment than others.
Type of garment-Frequent laundered garments are preferably made using a plain seam because the turnings of the plain seam are neatened together making it to remain closed during laundering. Type of fabric- heavy fabrics require seams that are not bulky to prevent the seam from becoming too thick, for example, an open seam can be used for heavy fabrics because it is not bulky. Position of the seam on the garment- some seams are more suitable for some areas of garment than others. For example, a plain seam is more suitable for the armhole seam as compared to open seam. The effect desired-when a decorative effect is required, seams such as machine fell and overlaid seams that are constructed show on the right side of fabric when used. Qualities of A well-made seam. A well-made seam should have some specific qualities as follows. Should be firmly stitched. Should be accurately stitched on the fitting line. Should be neatly stitched. Should be properly matched where two or ore seams meet. Should be of appropriate width. Should be well-pressed and flat. MAKING SEAMS. The most commonly used seams in garment construction are the open and plain seam. They lie flat when finishing pressed or ironed and can be used in most types of articles. Open Seam. An open seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed open. STUDENT ACTIVITIES GUIDED BY THE TEACHERMaking an open seam. Requirements. 2 pieces of cloth 10 cm by 1o cm . A pair of scissors. Tape measure. Tailor s chalk. Hand sewing needle. Sewing thread. Pins. A table and well threaded sewing machine. Method. I. Measure 1.5 cm seam allowance from the top edge of each fabric. Mark the stitching line. Ii. Place the two pieces right side facing each other. Match the stitching lines and the raw edges. Pin the two pieces together at intervals to hold them firmly. Take along the stitching lines. Vi. Remove the pins. Machine stitch along the stitching line and remove the tackling stitches. Press the seam open on both the wrong side and the right side. Open Seams. A plain seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed to one side. Plain sea, is a flat seam which is used in most clothing and articles.
Open Seams. A plain seam is a simple seam that has been stitched and pressed to one side. Plain sea, is a flat seam which is used in most clothing and articles. It is made the same way as an open seam but unlike the open seam which is neatened by opening and finishing each seam turning separately, the plain seam is neatened by stitching the edges of the seam turnings together. Making a plain seam. Requirements. 2 pieces of cloth 1ocm by 10cm A pair of scissors. Tailor s chalk. A tape measure. Hand sewing needle. Thimble. Sewing thread. Pins. A table. A well threaded sewing machine. Method. Measure 1.5 cm seam allowance from the top edge of each fabric. Mark the seam line. Place the two pieces of fabric right sides facing. Match the fitting lines and the raw edges. Pin the two pieces of fabric together at intervals along the seam line to hold them firmly. Tack on the seam line and remove the pins. Remove the tacking stitches. Press the seam flat on the wrong side. 4.1 Innovative Waterer Project. Water is an essential requirement in animals just like in plants. Animals should drink clean and adequate water every day. Providing enough and clean water is a challenge for human beings and animals. Therefore, innovative economical ways of using available water to take care of domestic animals. Types of animal waterer used by the community. Domestic animals are provided water in containers called waterers. Different domestic animals use different types of waterers. Some waterers are left open for the animals to drink water directly while others are automatic. The types of waterer used for watering animals in the community depends on the type of domestic animals kept. Large animals such as cattle, camel. Donkeys, sheep, goat and pigs use open containers and troughs constructed as part of their houses. Small animals such as rabbits and poultry use small containers cutout from jerrycans and hanged on the walls of their cages. Challenges of the existing animal waterers used by domestic animals in the community. Use of poorly constructed waterers-leads to inadequate water intake by the animals. Lack of skills in handling the waters. Poor placement of the waters. Poor usage by the animals leading to spillage and contamination of water. Provision of water to animals is a tiresome process discouraging community members from keeping domestic animals. Provision of less spacious waterers for large number of animals.
Poor usage by the animals leading to spillage and contamination of water. Provision of water to animals is a tiresome process discouraging community members from keeping domestic animals. Provision of less spacious waterers for large number of animals. Uses of innovative waterers. An innovative waterer is an equipment that is designed to improve the ease and efficiency at which drinking water is provided to an animal. It can be used to solve challenges of the existing waterer in the community. The type of innovative waterer depends on the farmers preference and the skill to use the waterer. The community household can be assisted to innovate and construct better waterer for their animals. Waterer should be made with materials that are durable, easily available and affordable. Containers for any type of chemical should nor be used for waterers, unless they are cleaned thoroughly with detergent before use. Innovative techniques for watering small domestic animals. An innovation means an idea generated in the mind and then created into reality. We can improve the existing waterer in the community to solve the challenges of watering animals or create new better waterer. Different groups can create their own innovations and select the innovation that has less cost. Requirements for functionality of Waterers. Should be workable. Should be easy to use. Should be easy to clean. Should have efficient overflow control system to prevent spillage. Should have a mechanism of adding water easily to avoid time wasting. Should be heavy enough to prevent animals from toppling it off the ground. Provision of Water to animals using the innovative waterer constructed. If waterer are placed at a higher point ,water remain clean for a long time. Waterer contaminated with feeds should be changed immediately. Accidental water spillage increases humid conditions in animals houses and should be controlled. Importance of using innovative waterer in animal rearing. Innovative waterer are made with locally available materials to suit needs of the farmer and of particular animals. They are economical and affordable. They are easy to operate and maintain. 4.3- ICT In Agricultural Support Services. ICT stands for Information Communication and Technology. ICT had become an important tool in agriculture when carrying out agricultural practices. ICT devices such radio, televisions, phones, computer softwares are used together with other applications to improve agricultural activities by accessing important information. Agricultural support services. Farmers need agricultural services which supports farming operations. The services can be obtained from ICT.
Agricultural support services. Farmers need agricultural services which supports farming operations. The services can be obtained from ICT. Examples of agricultural support services that farmers can obtain from field officers, print media through the use of ICT devices include:Weather forecasting-information on weather to help farmers make decisions related crop growth, irrigation, time of fertilizer application, pest and diseases control etc. Input supply ICT devices provide input and information on seeds, pesticides, soil testing, crop spraying, fertilisers and herbicides. Extension services use of radios, televisions, mobile phones and videos can help farmers access useful agricultural information instead of having to visit or visited by an extension officer. Market information farmers use ICT tools to access information on demand, supply and pricing of various agricultural commodities. ICT helps farmers to reach out to potential buyers who offer higher prices for their products. Banking services farmers can use ICT tools to compare various services offered by different financial institutions to make an informed decision on which to adopt. Accessing Agricultural support services using ICT. Agricultural support services can be accessed using available ICT search engines. ICT tools such as radios, television, computers, mobile phones, data projectors, software programs, printers and scanners can be used to get agricultural support services. The internet plays a greater role in enabling farmers access such information. Ethical and Security considerations in use of ICT platforms. ICT platforms should be used with precautions and responsibly. This ensures privacy personal data and information about companies involved. It also ensures ICT data is not erased or interfered with. When using ICT platforms, only concentrate on the target information to enhance efficiency in agricultural practices. The following are some of the ethical issues in ICT:Personal privacy. Refers to protection of personal data that is linked to other information about an individual causing emotional distress and harm such as physical, financial and professional to such an individual. Access right. Refers to permission granted to a user to perform a particular operation on a computer. Access rights restricts the user to specific operations only. Harmful actions. These are actions that can lead to loss of information, property and ownership. These damages cause security concerns to the user from the public. Copyright issues. Refers to legal rights given to investor for a fixed number of years to print, publish, perform, film or record literacy, artistic, or musical material. It allows inventors only to reproduce such work. Piracy. Refers to using unlicensed copies of software for operations by producing more copies than is licensed for.
It allows inventors only to reproduce such work. Piracy. Refers to using unlicensed copies of software for operations by producing more copies than is licensed for. Security Threats to ICT.Computer viruses-are malicious programs that interferes with normal functioning of the computer by causing damage to data softwares. Unauthorised access-gaining access without permission to a network, computer system, an application, data or other resources. Data loss-refers to intentional or unintentional destruction of information caused by a person or a process from within or outside the organization. Cyber-crime-refers to criminal activities carried out by means of computer or the internet. Examples include compromised IoT devices, stolen credit card information, hacking into government website, theft of user accounts etc.
GRADE 8 PRE- TECHNICAL STUDIES RATIONALIZED LESSON NOTESSTRAND 1: FOUNDATION OF PRETECHNICAL STUDIES1.1 FIRE AND DATA SAFETYImportance of safety in a work environment. Reduces financial losses needed to repair damaged property. Increases business rating because of customer and worker satisfaction. Reduces job losses that comes from permanent injuries. Reduces financial losses needed for medical expenses. Reduces damage to property because of lower number of accidents at workplaces. Reduces cases of injury because of lower number of accidents at workplaces. It improves productivity. Causes of fire in a work environment. Some of the possible causes of fire outbreak in the work environment include:Faulty equipment such as extension cables in places such as kitchens, offices, workshop or warehouses. Fires when performing tasks such as welding, flame cutting or grinding. This work generates heat, sparks or flames to cause fire. Improper storage of flammable and combustible materials such as flammable liquids or charcoal in workplace. Human errors such as using equipment such as electric cooker incorrectly, not reporting faulty machinery as well as leaving cooking food unattended may lead to fire accidents. Injuries caused by fire at work places. Injuries caused by fire occurs when you get in contact with open fire or burning objects. Some of the injuries caused by fire in a work environment include:Burns-where fire raises temperature of the skin and tissues causing the tissues and cells to die. Smoke chocking- where the victim suffers obstructed breathing, seizures and comas. Chemical poisoning from inhaling poisonous fumes such as carbon monoxide. Shock where a victim develops abnormal heart rhythm and becomes unconscious. Prevention of fire outbreaks in a work environment. Ways of preventing fire outbreak in the environment include:Providing enough safety and security at work premises. Keeping a work environment clean and orderly. Being cautious when performing activities using open fire. Having all equipment well services and maintained. Allowing for easy access to electrical switches and fire alarm equipment. Storing and handling flammable materials and liquids with care. Types of fire injuries and their first aid requirements. Different types of fire injuries require different First aid approaches. The first aid for different fire injuries are as follows:Performing First Aid for fire burns. Assess find out the situation to ascertain your own safety. Immediately get the person away from the heat sources to stop the burning.
The first aid for different fire injuries are as follows:Performing First Aid for fire burns. Assess find out the situation to ascertain your own safety. Immediately get the person away from the heat sources to stop the burning. Cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes. Remove any clothing or jewellery that is near the burnt area of the skin. Do not move anything stuck to the skin. Make sure the person keeps warm using a warm cover such as blanket, but take care not to rub it against the burnt area. Cover the burn by placing a layer of cling film over it. If the injury is on the face, sit up as much as possible, rather than lying down. This helps to reduce swelling. Performing First Aid for smoke choking. Remove casuality from smoke or toxic exposure to a safe and more ventilated open space. Sit casuality upright and loosen clothing around the neck and airways. If the casuality has breathing difficulties, call for assistance to take him or her to the hospital. Performing First Aid for smoke poisoning. Move the casuality or victim to a safer place with fresh air if you can. Sit the person or lay them down on their side, not their back. If the victim has breathing difficulties, get emergency help to take him or her to hospital. Performing First Aid for shock. Lay the person down, and if possible, elevate their feet about 30cm unless the head, neck or back is injured or you suspect broken hip or leg bones. Do not raise the person s head or turn the person on the side if they are vomiting or bleeding from the mouth. Keep the person warm and comfortable. If the victim has breathing difficulties, get emergency help o take him or her to the hospitalFire fighting methods at work environment. There are four fire fighting methods applicable in a work environment. These are:Cooling method. This is where the temperature of the burning materials is reduced to slow down the burning. A suitable example is where cold water is used to put out a fire. Smothering method. This is where the supply of oxygen to the burning object is cut out to slow down the burning process. An example is covering a burning object with a fire blanket or sand. Starving method. This method involves the following activities:Removing combustible items from the vicinity of the fire. Removing the parts of the burning material from the mass of burning material.
1.2 -Computer Hardware. Computer hardware are the physical parts of the computer that are tangible. The physical parts of the computer make up the computer hardware. Computer hardware is made up the following categories of:Central processing unit. Input devices that are also subcategorized into keying, pointing, scanning, voice input, touch screen, digitizer, digital cameras. Output devices subcategorized into softcopy output devices and hardcopy output devices. Storage devices subcategorized into fixed and removable devicesCategories of the computer hardware. The computer hardware is grouped into the following categories:Input devices. Output devices. Storage devices. Central processing unit. CPU They include; mouse, keyboard, touchpad, joystick, scanner, camera, microphone and stylus. CPU-it processes the data entered into the computer according to the instruction given by the computer user. It is the brain of the computer and it is also called the processor. It is made up of Arithmetic Logic Unit. ALU , Control Unit and the registers. It retrieves and executes instructions by coordinating and processing all the functions of a computer. Output device-they are used to give out information from the computer. Examples of output devices include monitor, speakers, plotter, headphones, projectors and printer. Storage devices-they are used to store data and information. They save data, information, computer softwares and running operations. Examples of storage devices include hard disk, memory card, flash disk and external hard disks. Selecting Appropriate Hardware for different situations. Different computer hardware components are used in different situations depending on the tasks to be performed. Examples. For a taxi driver to communicate with his client he as to use a phone. To accurately capture item prices in a super market a scanner is used. During presentations a speaker and projector are required alongside a computer. Input devicesA computer works faster after receiving data. The data is entered in the computer system using input devices. Therefore, the work of input devices is to enable a computer user to enter data that needs to be processed and the instructions on how to process it. Categories of Input device. Input devices are categorized according to how they are used to enter data into the computer. They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital device. The categories are as follow:Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen. They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs.
They are hardware components that help in providing data and instructions to a digital device. The categories are as follow:Pointing input devices- they control a pointer or cursor on the screen. They include mouse, touchpads, joystick, light pen, mice and trackballs. Keying input devices- they help in entering data by pressing the keys on them. They include keyboard, keypads, and television remotes. Scanning input device- they capture data directly from the source and convert it into a form a computer can understand. They include barcode readers, optical character readers, optical mask readers, magnetic stripe reader and magnetic ink character readers. Voice input devices-they enter data and instructions into a computer in form of speech. The microphone is an example of a voice input device. Touch screen input devices -they enter data into a device by touching the screens that have electronic keyboards such as touch screen keypads. Digitizers they are also called graphic tables or drawing tablets. They convert analog touch input into digital signals that the device s processor can understand. This allows users to interact with the device through touch, tapping, swiping and pinching. They are devices that allows you to input drawings, sketches and handwritten notes into a computer. They consist of a flat surface and a stylus or pen-like instrument that you use to draw or write on the surface. Others Input devices categoriesGaming controller-they are used when playing computer games. Example includes joystick and steering wheel. Visual and imaging devices-They include digital camera, image scanner and video recorders. Appropriate input devices for different situations. Factors to consider when selecting input devices. User needs-the device should meet the need of the user. Type of data to be input. Available space for the input devices. Volume of the data to be input. Accuracy of the input devices. Cost of the input devices-the device shot be affordable. Compatibility-it is the ability of the input devices to work with the existing computer hardware. The device should be able to work together with other available devices in the computer. Reusing Input devices to minimize wastage. Input devices that are in good condition can be reused to minimize waste. Computers keyboards can be used to make: book covers, pencil holders, key holders, rings and fridge notes. A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and Christmas tree decorations. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Output Devices.
A computer mouse can be used to make toys, soap dishes, toothbrush holders and Christmas tree decorations. Obsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Output Devices. Processed data can be given out in form of audio, text, pictures, graphics or videos. Output devices are used to give out information from the computer. Output devices of a computer. Output devices are peripheral devices that give out information from a computer to the user. Examples of output devices are: monitors, printers, actuators, plotters, speakers, earphones and projectors. Functions of Output devices. MonitorIt displays data in text and graphics. Speakers. Gives information in form of sound or audio. Headphones earphones. Produce audio information. Printers. Produce text or picture on paper. Projectors. Gives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth like wall or a white board. Plotters. Produces digital created graphics and drawings. A plotter uses a pen to draw lines on paper. Actuators. A part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computer. Braille embosser. A device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingers. Categories of Computer Output devicesSoftcopy output devices. They give intangible output in form of text, audios and videos. These devices include; monitors, speakers and projectors. Hardcopy output devices. They give tangible output that is in form of printed text or graphics. Examples of hardcopy output devices are printers and plotters. Advantages and disadvantages of Softcopy and Hardcopy output. Advantages of hardcopy Disadvantages of hardcopyIt is considered permanent data as editing It is expensive to produce as it requires and changing is not easy. Paper, ink and printer. It does not need electricity, special devices It is not easy to move from one place to or software to display show another. When properly stored it is not easily lost It requires a lot of physical storage space. It is not subjected to data stealing and cyber It can be stolen or destroyed through wearattacks and tear or be subjected to factors such asfire and water. Advantages of softcopy Disadvantages of softcopyIt is easy to move from one place to It is vulnerable to cyber and data stealing. Another.
A nonvolatile memory used to store data in computers, digital cameras, universal serial bus, flash drives and mp3 players. Data in flash memory can be electrically erased and new data stored in it. Location of Fixed storage devices in a computer. Some fixed storage devices in a computer such as the hard disk and solid-state drive are usually found in the drive bay of the computer case or on underside of a laptop. Some solid-state drives are embedded on the motherboard. Internal flash drives are mostly located in small portable devices such as mobile phones and cameras. How data is stored Written and retrieved read from fixed storage devices. Writing data or saving data means storing data. Data is written on a fixed storage device by:Creating new files. Downloading. Copying or moving files and saving them in a computer storage device. Reading Data, retrieving data or opening data is same as getting data back from its location. When data is opened or a file is accessed in a fixed storage device then the data is read. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices in a computer. The following table clearly gives the advantages and disadvantages of Fixed storage devices. How to manage waste from fixed storage devices:Always reuse the devices if still in good conditions or sell at a lower price. Return the device its manufacturer for reuse or recycling. Take the device to an e-waste management center for recycling and proper disposal. Removable storage devicesThese are portable storage devices that are not housed or fixed inside the computer case. The have to be connected or attached to a computer system through a port so that data can be read from or written to them. They can be used for backup and store and transfer of data from one computer to another. Types of Removable storage devices. External hard drives. Universal Serial Bus USB Flash drive. Memory drives. Memory cards. Compact discs CDs . Digital versatile discs DVDs . Blu-ray discs. Removable storage devices are used in a computing environment because:They are portable and can be used for transporting data and information from one computer to another. They can be used to back up data away from the computer in case the original data is lost or damaged. They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer. They enable sharing of information and data among computer users. They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a computer.

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