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They can be read from or written to easily without affecting the operations of the computer. They enable sharing of information and data among computer users. They can store and be used to install critical applications like operating system in a computer. Factors to consider when selecting a removable storage device for use:Advantages of removable storage devices over fixed storage devices. Easy transfer of data and sharing between computer and users. Portable-can store data while outside or not attached to a computer. Easily read from and written to. 1.3-Consumer and Investor Protection. Consumer protection refers to measures by either the government of NGO or consumers to avoid exploitation of consumers by business people. It is a deliberate attempt to safe guard consumers against exploitation or malpractices in business. Investor protection -Importance of consumer protection. Prevents consumers from access poor quality goods and services. Prevents consumers from purchase of goods and services under unhygienic conditions and environment. Protects consumers from over priced goods and services. Protects consumer against underweight goods and inadequate services. Protects consumers against illegal goods and services. Protects consumers against harmful goods and services. Protects consumers against hoarding of goods to create an artificial shortage. Ways in which consumers and investors protect themselves. Educate members on their rights as consumers. Ensure regular supply of goods to avoid hoarding to create shortages. Ensure health and safety regulations are followed. Forming consumer associations to deal with all consumer related issues. Ways in which the government protects consumers and investors. Form laws that protect consumers such as public health act to ensure health and safety standards are met. Encourage formation of consumer organisations to deal with consumers interests. Encourage businesses to conduct their affairs in a way that does not exploit consumers interests. Ways in which Non-Governmental Organisations protect consumers and investors. Ensure standards are maintained by bot h producers and traders. Customer protection by informing customers on their rights. STRAND 2-COMMUNICATION. 2.1-Business Communication. Communication is the process of sharing information through a channel from the sender to the receiver. Business communication is the exchange of information between a business organization and its customers or between people within and outside a company. When business communication is done correctly, everyone can do their job, all of which increases productivity and even creativity. A communication channel is a medium or method that is used to deliver a message to an intended audience. |
Business communication is the exchange of information between a business organization and its customers or between people within and outside a company. When business communication is done correctly, everyone can do their job, all of which increases productivity and even creativity. A communication channel is a medium or method that is used to deliver a message to an intended audience. Forms of communication channels used in Business. Oral verbal communication channels. Written communication channels. Audio-visual communication channels. Oral verbal communication channels. It involves speaking and listening by both the sender and the receiver. Examples of oral communication channels include: Face to face conversations. Group presentations. Telephone calls. Speeches. Lectures. Advantages and disadvantages of oral communication channels. Written communication channels. They involve use of text to pass information. The text can be handwritten, printed or shared using digital communication devices. Examples of written channels of communication in businesses are: Emails. Letters. Memos. Reports. Circulars. Short message services SMS Newsletters. Advantages and disadvantages of written communication channels. Audio-visual communication channels. It involves a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, video and animation. Examples are: social media platforms. Blogs. Televisions. Video-conferencing. Websites. Advantages and disadvantages of audio-visual communication channels. Factors considered when selecting channels of communication. Cost of the channel. Urgency of the message. Number of people receiving the message. Confidentiality of the message. Reliability of communication. Nature of the message: whether it is urgent, private or confidential. Need for immediate feedback. Supporting technology: both the sender and the receiver should have supporting tools to ensure the message is delivered successfully, for example mobile phones and internet connectivity. 2.2-Plain Scale Drawing. Plain scale drawing involves drawing a line that has been divided into a specific number of equal parts. The first part of the line is subdivided into equal smaller portions or units. It can be used to represent two units, a unit or a fraction of a unit. Plain scale is used in engineering drawings to measure up to two units such as metre and decimeters or feet and inches. Interpreting a plain scale used in drawing. |
It can be used to represent two units, a unit or a fraction of a unit. Plain scale is used in engineering drawings to measure up to two units such as metre and decimeters or feet and inches. Interpreting a plain scale used in drawing. A representative fraction R.F is the ration od the size of a feature on a drawing to its true size on the object. It is expressed in fraction form as R FA plain scale can be constructed using the example below. Example 1.:On a drawing, 1 cm represents 1,5m on the ground. Draw a plain scale to measure up to 30m in 5m interval. Show the length of 27m on the scale. Steps to follow. Step 1Determine the scale to use. In our case 1cm represents 1.5m or 150cm. In this example, it is appropriate to use Centimetres. Step 2. Calculate the Representative fraction, R.FR.F measurement on the map divided by measurement on the ground. R.F 1cm 1.5m R.F 1 150. R.F 1:150. Step 3. Calculate the maximum length of the scale to read 30 metres length. Measurement on map R. F x measurement on the ground. Measurement on map 1 150 x3000 Measurement on map 20. Step 4Draw a straight line 20cm long and divide it into 6 equal parts. Divide again first part into 5 equal parts. Indicate the number on the points on the line as shown. To show length 27m, draw a line AB above the scale with and B at 25 m mark on the main scale. Extend the line for point A to be at point 2m on the smaller scale. Complete the drawing with all details. Example 2:On a scale 1:150, determine the length of line PQ as shown in the figure. Give your answer in metres. Steps to follow. Determine where line begins on the main scale. In this example, point Q is at the 15m mark. Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From the diagram above, point P is between 2 and 3 on the smaller scale. Therefore, this point represents 2.5m from 0. |
Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From the diagram above, point P is between 2 and 3 on the smaller scale. Therefore, this point represents 2.5m from 0. Combine the two values such that 15 is the value on main scale, while 2.5 is the value from smaller scale. Therefore, length of the line PQ is 15 2.5 17.5 m. Example 3On a drawing of scale 1.5, the length of a line is a s shown in the diagram. The unit of the scale is decimeters. Determine the length of the line in centimetres. Determine where the line begins on the main scale. In this came point is at 9cm mark. Determine the point on the smaller scale where the line reaches. From this case it is 8 mark representing a length of 8cm. Combine the two values such that: 90cm 9dm is the value rom main scale and 8cm is the value from smaller scale, 90 cm 8cm 98cm. Hence the length of the line 98cm. 2.3 Visual Programming. Introduction. Visual programming is developing applications using graphical components and figures. These graphical components and figures mostly include images and video clips. Types of visual programming applications. Visual programming is also called block-based programming. It is a way of creating applications using graphical components and figures. This is mostly done through the use of code blocks and drag-and drop processes. The most common examples of visual programming applications are:Microsoft MakeCode. Scratch. Code.org. Sprite box. Microsoft Visual Studio. Roblox. Minecraft. Visual programming applications are used because they are easy and interesting to use. They also help in creating stories, animations and videos that entertain users. Launching a visual programming application. Type the word Scratch in the search box. The Scratch application will appear. Click on the Scratch application to launch it. Alternatively, click Start. Scroll down to category S then click on Scratch App. The application will launch. Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations. |
Visual Programming Features. Features of Scratch. Scratch is a visual programming language that can be used to create interactive stories, games and animations. Features of scratch include:The menu bar-it contains the fie menu used to save and load projects and the view menu which displays rulers, grid lines, status, zoom in and out options. The black palette-it contains a coloured set of code blocks that are used to program and give instructions to the sprite. The stage-it is the main working area where the sprite moves and performs according to the given code of instruction. Backdrops pane-it is the part used to add a back ground to the project. Functions of the features of Scratch. A sprite is a small graphic character that performs actions such as moving around the stage. The script area is also called the coding area; it is where codes scripts are created for a sprite to do a specific action. Codes are dragged and dropped here then snapped together to create a program. Code blocks are blocks shaped differently and are used to create codes in Scratch. The codes connect to each other vertically like a jigsaw. The sprite info shows information about the size of each sprite. The sprite pane displays all the sprites in a project. A selected sprite has a blue border around it. NBTo move the sprite, add a move block from the motion category. To add sound, click on sound category and choose a sound block. To move the sprite back, use a negative value on the move back block. The block can be repeatedly severally to generate the desired animation. Terminologies used in visual programming applications. The start option commands the sprite to perform moves, it is represented by a green flag. When you click stop the sprite ends its moves. Reserved words are also known as key words. These are words with a special meaning to the programming application. In scratch they are words that we cannot edit on the blocks. They include when, by and change. The rules that should be followed when writing a program using an application are called syntax. Input statement are blocks that are used to create animations. Output statements are outcomes of the processed instructions that are programmed using clocks. These are the actions viewed on the stage when the blocks are executing. Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer. |
Control structures are the blocks that allow selecting or repeating execution of certain blocks or instructions. A backdrop is the background for the stage. Backdrops can be changed from the gallery or photo in the computer. The sensing category helps one to enable input from the mouse, keyboard and other input devices. IF is used to choose between two output. For example, it can be used to perform mathematical calculations and state whether the answer given is correct or notSTRAND 3-MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION. 3.1 Composite Materials. Identification of Composite materials. A composite material is formed by combining two or more materials of different characteristics. Some of the composite materials found in the locality include:Composition of composite materials. Different composite materials are made of different materials as described in the table below. Uses of Composite materials. Some of the uses of composite materials are explained as follows:In sports industry, composite materials are used to make various games and sports items. O Composite materials are used to make body parts of vehicles and bicycles. Composites materials are used to make customer goods and electronics such as mobile phones, television sets, radios and calculators. At home, composite materials are used to make hand tools and furniture. In construction industry, composites like concrete are used to build houses and to construct roads and bridges among other structures. In medical engineering, composite materials are used to make artificial body parts and implants. In transport industry, composite materials are used to make the body parts of vehicles, aeroplane, ships and boats among others. It is also used to make travelling bags and briefcases. NOTE:Artificial body parts are also called prosthetics. Prosthetics limbs are given to substitute missing body parts. These body parts may have been lost in an accident or through amputation. The prosthetic body parts help people with missing limbs to function properly and with ease despite the missing body partsCareers in use of Composite materials. Masonry-involves use of mortar, stones and concrete to construct structures. Pottery- involves use of mud to make pots, dishes, mugs, vases and other types of artworks. Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion. |
Interior design involves use of papier mache and manufactured boards to decorate interior of houses and motor vehicles. Sculpting -involves uses of clay, fiberglass, stone or concrete to make sculptures. Boat construction -involves use of fiberglass to construct boats that are light and resistant to corrosion. Carpentry involves use of manufactured boards to make furniture, construct ceilings and other finishes in a building. Importance of composite materials used in the locality. Promote recreation that improves health. Providing employment. Use of manufactures boards such as blockboards, softboards or chipboards to reduce deforestation through recycling of waste. Improves the appearance in landscaping of compounds3.2 -Ceramic materials. A ceramic material is made by mixing clay, earthen elements like silica, kaolin, alumina and feldspar, and water. The material is thoroughly kneaded, shaped into desired forms and baked before being covered in decorative, waterproof, paint-like substances called glazes. Some ceramic materials like sea shells occur naturally. The common type of ceramic materials are:Earthenware- clay heated at temperatures of between 10000C and 11500C. An example is clay used to make pot. Stoneware clay heated at an average temperature of 12000C until it appears like glass. An example is material used to make a stoneware mug. Porcelain -clay mixed with glass and heated at high temperature of between 12000C and 14500C. Example is material used to make a porcelain cup. Most common ceramics materials found in the locality. Ceramic tiles. Glass. Backed clay bricks. Clay tiles. Physical properties of Ceramic materials. Ceramic materials break easily when crushed. Ceramic materials are poor conductors of electricity. Ceramic materials have a hard surface which is difficult to scratch. Ceramic materials are resistant to corrosion. Ceramic materials do not absorb water. Ceramic materials do not bend. Ceramic materials do not burn. Uses of ceramic materials. In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils. |
In electrical and electronic engineering, ceramics are used to make items like resistors, semiconductors and inductors etc. Ceramic materials are used to make a variety of pottery items like pots and utensils. In the manufacturing industry, ceramics are used to make a variety of household utensils. Ceramics are used in plumbing works to make drainage installations and sanitary fittings such as toilets and wash basins,In construction, ceramics like bricks and tiles are used in building construction for walling, roofing and finishing materials. In beautification, ceramics are used to produce items like flower vase, lamp stand and souvenirs. STRAND 4 -TOOLS AND PRODUCTION. 4.1 Cutting tools. Identify and uses of various cutting tools. A cutting tool is a device that is used to chop, split, shape or remove excess materials from a workpiece. The common cutting tools are as follows:Knife-a small tool that has a sharp metal blade fastened to a handle. Its purpose is to cut cords, cutting and scrapping hides, reshaping timber, carving, cutting paper and kitchen work. Utility knife Skiving knifePanga-it is also called a machete. It is a tool made of a broad metallic blade with shapes. Used to chop wood as well as cut tree branches, shrubs and long weeds. Mainly used in fields of woodwork, construction and gardening. Axe-an axe is a woodwork tool. It is used to cut, split and shape wood. It is used to in the woodwork conversion industry as well as in the stone carving industry. Scissors-it is a tool that has to blades joined together at the middle so that the sharp edges can slide each other. They are of different types such as tailors scissors, barber s scissors, paper scissors and surgical scissors. They are used for cutting cloth, foil and paper, among othersScissors are used in fields like textile, medicine, beauty and leisure industry. Shears-a tool that has two blades joined together at the middle so that the sharp blades slide against each other,They are of different types. They are used to cut tough materials like leather, canvas and rubber. Shears are used by workers in leather industry, furniture industry and interior design. Carton shears. Leather shears. Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry. |
Snips-they are hand tools used to cut sheet metals and other tough materials. They come in different sizes. Mainly used in area such as construction, sheet metal work and leather industry. Secateurs-also called pruning shears-It is a cutting tool that looks like a pair of strong, heavy scissors. Used to prune flowers and small branches of shrubs, Main used in gardening and landscaping among others. Hand saw-a hand tool with toothed edge. Comes in different types. Main used in the field of woodwork, carpentry, gardening and building construction. Used to:Cut wood and wood products. Cat joints in carpentry and woodwork. Prune trees and large shrubs. Hack saw-it is a cutting tool made of thin blade held across a frame. Used to cut through thin materials such as plastic or metal pipes in the fields of plumbing, steel fixing, electrical installations and metal workPlane- a general purpose woodwork tool for smothering the surface of timber by removing excess material. It is used for shaving wood to provide uniformity to the wooden surface. Mainly used in carpentry and woodwork. Chisel-a hand tool with a characteristic shaped cutting edge of blade on its ends. Comes in different types. Used for carving, cutting and shaping hard materials such as wood, stone or metal. Used in fields like woodwork, metal work, masonry and stone carving. Cold chisel Wood chisel Stone chiselStrap cutter-it is a handheld tool with a sharp blade. Used to cut long lengths of leather materials into consistent widths. It is used in the leather industry to cut strap blanks such as belts, guitar straps etc. Bolt cutter-it is a tool with two handles and two short blades. It is used to cut bolts, chains, padlocks and wire mesh. Mainly used in mechanical engineering and metal work. Pipe cutter-also called tube cutter, a pipe cutter us a type of tool used by plumbers to cut pipes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and designs. It is used to cut pipes and tubes. Pipe cutters come in different shapes and sizes. Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools. |
Mainly used by plumbers and other tradespeople. Scrapper- it is a hand tool that has a small handle and a metallic or plastic blade, Used to remove a wide range of materials from various surfaces such as walls and floors. Care for cutting tools. Caring for cutting tools is the process of keeping them in good condition even when they are not being used. Some of the ways of caring for cutting tools in the work environment are: Inspect tools regularly as some manufacturers have specific instructions for how to use cutting tools that are the right size and type for the job. Follow the correct procedure for using every cutting tool. Keep your cutting tools, sharp and in good condition. Always carry pointed tools with the points and heavy ends facing down. Never carry cutting tools in your pocket. Keep your punches and chisels in good conditions because mushroomed heads can slip and cause injuries. Don t use a cutting tool without a handle. Clean the cutting tool after use and return it to its proper storage place. Never place cutting tools where they hang on the edge of a bench. Store cutting tools vertically, with the points and heavy end facing down. Frequently clean and oil your scissors, snips and shears. Fit protective guards to sharp edges to prevent injury to you and damage to the tool. Importance of Cutting Tools. The importance of cutting tools in a work environment includes: Cutting tools enable workers to cut, shape and remove materials like metals, wood and plastics among others for use to make desired items in different work environment. It enables preservation of extra material from workplace. This enables the worker to only use materials that is required to make an item and leave the rest for others uses, thus lowering of cost of production. Cutting tools like saws, drills and blades are designed to make accurate cuts. They enable a worker achieve specific dimensions, angles and shapes required for a particular task or project. Cutting tools improve the appearance of items made by removing excess materials making the surface smoother. Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses. |
Working tools are used to accurately cut workpieces and their joints to the required size and shape. This enables the cut pieces and joints to fit properly. Some cutting tools have specialized uses. For example, mechanical workplaces, specialize cutting tools are used for shaping and modifying components and body parts for vehicle and building among others. 4.2 - Production UnitA production unit is a business enterprise that uses economic resources to provide goods and services for sale, with aim of making a profit. Examples of production units in your locality. Posho milli. Salon. Barber shop. Welding. Cybercafe etc. Factors that determine the size of a production unit:Volume of output large unit produce goods on large scale while small unit produce goods in small scale. Area covered by the premises a unit covering large floor area is considered large while a unit covering a small floor area is considered small. Number of workers -a large unit has many workers while a small unit has few workers. Methods of production- highly mechanized unit with capital-intensive method of production are considered large. Small unit uses labour-intensive methods. Size of the market controlled- when a business controls a large portion of the total market, it is considered big. When a business controls a small portion of the total market, it is considered small. Capital invested- if a lot of capital is invested in a unit, it is considered big. Incase small amount of capital is invested in a unit; it means that the unit is small. Volume of sales- large units make large amount of sales, while small units make small amounts of sales. Factors to consider when locating a production unit. Access to raw materials- raw materials should be readily available at affordable. Availability of labour-skilled and unskilled labour should be easy to access. Market-production units are usually located close to the market to cut on distribution costs. Government policies-to encourage production, the government may implement policies such as reduced taxes on imported raw materials, providing free land and building supporting infrastructure for business. Such like policies could be aimed at influencing location of production units in certain areas. Access to electricity and water supply-these are important in the operations of productions units. Access to supporting services such as banking, insurance and warehousing. Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping. |
Access to social amenities to be used by employees and their family. STRAND 5- ENTERPRENEURSHIP. 5.1 Bookkeeping. Book keeping -This is the practice of recording and tracking on a regular basis the financial transactions of a business. It is done to keep records of a business which can be used anytime in decision making. Importance of Book keeping in entrepreneurship. Making accurate budgeting possible. Book keeping provides important information that helps in Helps an entrepreneur prepare for taxes. Book keeping maintain organized records in a business. It also enables proper reporting to investors, aiding in setting and monitoring business goals, ensuring compliance with government regulations. Book keeping reveals the financial status of a business. Classifying business transactions in entrepreneurship. Business transactions in entrepreneurship can be classified as:Cash transactions. Credit transactions. Cash transaction- is a transaction where payment is settled immediately. Credit transaction is a transaction in which payment is settled or done at a later date as agreed by the parties. Advantages of cash transaction. It is simple and faster. Use of cash transactions makes it easier to budget and stick to it. It helps to avoid any additional charges. Personal information is protected. Disadvantages of cash transactions. Carrying large amount of money can be risky making parties involved vulnerable to theft and robbery. May involve cases of fake money being used. Advantages of Credit transactions. It provides a record of transactions. Disadvantages of credit transactions. Customers may go bankrupt and fail to pay as agreed earlier. Credit transaction may come with charges and interests. Calculating assets, liabilities and Capital using the Bookkeeping formula. What is an asset? Assets are resources belonging to a business. They are things owned by the business. Examples of assets include:Money in hand cash Money in bank accounts. Properties such as buildings, machinery, furniture, crops and livestock, motor vehicles, tock or goods for sale. Money other businesses owes you. What is a liability? Liabilities are debts you owe other business and other people. Main examples of liabilities are:Creditors money owed by the business to supplier Bank loans. Bank overdrafts. What is Capital? Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital. |
Capital is the amount of investment the business owner put or used to start a certain business. Book keeping formulaAssets liabilities capital. To calculate the Assets:Calculate all the liabilities and adding them to the capital. That means for one to find the capital used to start a certain business they have to calculate all the liabilities and subtract from all the total assets owned by the business. 5.2 Income Budgeting. Income-this is the money earned on a regular basis as payment of work done or as earning from an investment or business. A person can earn income when employed or self-employed. Categories of income sources. Active sources of income. This are income sources that require one to work to earn from them. Examples of active sources of income are:Fees. Wages. Salaries. Passive sources of income. These are sources of income resulting from work done to create an asset, painting or a block. These sources generate income for the owner without the person actively participating in the income generating process. Examples of passive sources of income are:Rent. Dividends. Interest. Royalties income earned from abilities and talents such as musician. Importance of budgeting in day-to day life. A budget is an estimate of how one plans to spend income over a certain period of time. Budgeting is the process of making a plan on how to spend income. Importance of budgeting. Helps one to have a clear picture of the amount of income that one had and how to spend it. Helps to control spending, therefore enables people to live within their means. Helps one to make and implement a saving plan. Helps to identify and avoid unnecessary expenses. Ways of Spending money wisely in day-to-day life. Spending is the act of using money to pay for goods and services. Spending money wisely is about strictly buying items on budget and purchasing them at reasonable prices. One should make a priority list with items to spend money on. Some ways in which money is spend include:Paying for basic needs such as food, clothes, water and healthcare. Paying rent. Paying school fees. Impulsive buying this is the tendency to buy items that a person had not planned for. Ways of spending money wisely in day-to-day life. Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for. |
Make a budget and stick to it. Find out the prices of items in various shops and market for comparison purpose. Avoid impulsive buying by only purchasing items that are budgeted for. Buy in cash and make sure you carry enough cash for what you want to buy. Buying items on discount. Preparing a simple budget for personal finance management. A format of budget sample. Step 1: list all your income of the month. Step 2: list all things you want to spend money on and their prices. Start with the most urgent needs to the least urgent wants. Step 3: Calculate the total cost of all the items you want to buy. Compare the total cost with the total amount to be spent, in your budget. If the total cost exceeds your budget, adjust your list by removing the least important items. Step 4: Buy the items you have budgeted for. Sale of dairy products 15,300. Sale of poultry products 15,000. Sale of vegetables 5,500. Expenses Amount Ksh. Savings 4,000. Food 5,000. Rent 8,000. School fees 7,500. Medical insurance 500. Transport 2,000. Airtime 1,500. Television subscription 800. Internet 2,000. Donations to charity 1,000. Entertainment 1,500. Task. Calculate Mr. Gitau s total: a. Income:Income 15,300 15,000 3500 sh.33,800. B. Expenses. Expenses 400 5000 8000 7500 500 2000 1500 800 2000 1000 1500 sh.30,200. Ethical and unethical practices in budgeting and spending. Ethical practices in budgeting and spending include:Make budget and strictly following it. Balance income and expenses and adjusting to situations accordingly. Determining the amount one needs to save before spending money. Avoiding to carry excess cash when going for shopping. Unethical practices in budgeting and spending include:Unethical practices are bad behaviours or practices people adopt when spending money. These practices include:Spending money without a budget. Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money. |
Making a budget and not strictly following it. Misusing money because of bad influence, for example, entertaining friends when family needs have not been met. Postponing paying bills and clearing debts when one has money. Accumulating many unnecessary debts. 5.3 -Marketing of Goods Services. Meaning and importance of marketing. A market is where buyers and sellers interact to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. Marketing is the process of promoting and selling goods and services. Consumer is any person who buys goods and services for their personal use. Goods, produces and services offered should target a specific market or consumers of the goods or services. Marketing should target specific consumers. Sources of information about the market and its potential customers. Sources of information about the market and its potential customers include the following:Family and friends. Internet from websites and social media platforms or sites. Mass media such as radio, television and newspapers. Business dealings in similar products and services. Organisations that conduct research about markets. Customers of business dealings in similar products. Factors to Consider when selecting a suitable market for goods and services. The number of traders selling goods and services that are similar. Accessibility of the market. Consumers taste and preferences-levels of income and living standards. The living standard of consumers. Consumer potential-involves considering consumers spending habits, consumers purchasing potential. Competition-one must consider the extent o competition as well as the strength of the competitor. Market size-one needs to access whether the market is large enough for him to capture market share. Demographic trends such as size, level of income. Marital status. Market cost and budget. Physical infrastructure. Market acceptance. ICT Platforms used for marketing goods and services. The following platforms are used for marketing goods and services. Mobile phones that are used to communicate with consumers who are in different places. Radios are used to advertise and promote goods to many consumers. Television can be used to market goods and services to the consumers. Social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter among others have become the best platforms to market goods and services. Internet provides platforms for marketing goods and services through online newspapers and magazines. Emails can be used to market goods and services. Methods of gathering information about the market and its potential customers:Observation-watch and note people behaviours to know their taste and preferences. Interviews-involves questions and answers. Surveys-gather information by asking targeted questions to a sample group of people. Focus on group discussions-gather information from a group of people who represents target market. |
GRADE 7 CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS TERM 1 LESSON NOTESIntroduction to Creative Arts and Sports. What is creative arts? Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainment. ROLES OF CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS IN THE SOCIETY. Social roles of Creative arts Sports. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Economic roles of Creative arts and Sports. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Components of Creative Arts and Sports. Creative arts is made of the following components:Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as; Play - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage. Music - Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. |
Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. Dominance is when a single element is so large and or different compared to the rest of the design that it dominates. It grabs your attention. Famous examples include the London Eye that dominates the skyline of London or the Ashoka Lions that dominate the Indian Passport and other official documents. Principle of Proportion in Visual arts. Proportion refers to the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. How proportion is used will affect how realistic or stylized. Proportion also describes how the sizes of different parts of a piece of art or design relate to each other. Proportion in any art is the relative size of objects in relation to each other or corresponding to the other elements as a whole. Basic Elements of a play. The theme refers to the message meaning that is intended to be expressed in the story. In other words, it is the main idea or the lesson to be learned from the story. Examples of themes in plays include: justice, loyalty. Drugs, bullying, human rights etc. Character- this is a person or individual taking part in the play or drama that may have defined personal qualities and or histories. Plot- A plot is a sequence of events within a play that tells a story. A plot is what makes a story. Five components make up a plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict and theme help drive the plot forward. Language- Language in drama is represented as spoken language or, in other words, as speech. In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbreRhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a songMelody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm. |
In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbreRhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a songMelody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm. Harmony-harmony, in music, the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously. Elements of Dance in Creative Arts. Body - In dance, the body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others. The body is sometimes relatively still and sometimes changing as the dancer moves in place or travels through the dance area. The body is the mobile instrument of the dancer and helps inform us of what is moving. Action This is what a dancer does, for example travelling, turning, elevation, gesture, stillness, use of body parts, floor-work and the transference of weightSpace Space refers to the area through which the dancer's body moves. Time - It is an essential part of choreographing and performing dance. It helps us to stay together when we dance in unison, identify the beat and the rhythm of how we move and provide stimulus for choreography. CATEGORIES OF ARTSARTS - This is a general term used to describe expression of creative human skill, feeling and imaginations. This is mainly appreciated for beauty and emotional value. The arts can be experienced through the following:Sense of lightHearingTouchSmellTasteEntrepreneurshipThis is the process of setting up, developing and running a business with the aim of getting profit. It requires marketing goods, services and new ideas in order to make profit. 1. Visual artsThese are arts forms appreciated through the sense of sight. They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. Drawing paintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making anddecorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience. |
They are appreciated for their emotional power and beauty e.g. Drawing paintingmontagecollageApplied ArtsApplied Arts are related to visual arts but involved making anddecorating of everyday items. These items are for practical use or utilitarian purposesPerforming ArtsPerforming arts involves performance or presentation to the audience. Artist use the following in performing artsBody movementFacial expressionVoices artistic expressionIt can be done live to an audience or recorded for future useWritten or Literacy artThis writing of stories that have artistic and cultural value. They display the beauty of speech and language to convey meaning. It may be inform of stories novels, script writing and spoken films and poetry. The main reason for doing research is to get new information about a specific area. It also help you get different views and what people think about an issue. Researching on the categories of art will enable you find out about a wide area in the Art. 1. PERFORMING ARTSIntroduction to Performing Arts Basic ElementsActivity 1: Defining Performing Arts Performing Arts can be defined as cultural and creative activities prepared and staged for an audience. Activity 2: Identifying the Various Disciplines of Performing ArtsThere are different genres of Performing Arts namely music, drama, dance, film and elocution. They can also be referred to as the disciplines of Performing Arts. Each discipline is divided into smaller areas, for example music vocal and instrumental music , drama skit and play , dance Creative and folk dances , film documentaries, fiction films and elocution verse, narrative . These are known as the genres of Performing Arts. Ln some cases, several disciplines can be used together in a particular performance. For example, songs can be used in narratives and skits to make them more interesting poetry is used with background music, while a movie trailer uses drama, film and music. Activity 3: Discussing the Importance of Performing Arts in SocietyPerforming Arts are used as a medium of self-expression. Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performancePerforming Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life. |
Through Performing Arts, talents are identified and developed. Performing Arts are a source of entertainment. They promote cultural appreciation, unity and cohesion when people come together to watch a performancePerforming Arts enables the learner to develop skills that can help him or her to solve the issues and challenges of everyday life. Importance of doing research of artPreparation for a presentationFactors to consider when making preparation and presentation of art research . 1. Relevance of the contentIt is important that the information in the presentation is relevant to the main topic. This help in preventing the speaker and the audience from talking about things not related to them. The information should be well organized starting from what the audience knows to providing new informationOral presentationWhen making oral presentation, use appropriate language and expressions. Remember also to maintain eye contact with the audience. Team workEvery member of the group should actively participate in the activities. All members should take part in carrying out tasks during presentations. These includes: preparations, organization sample artwork, operating the equipment and answering questions from the audience. All members should demonstrate respect for one another and unity when carrying out the group activity. Guidelines to follow when making a presentation on categories of arts1. Introductions Introduce yourself and member of the group to the audience. Give the tittle of the presentation. 2. Body of the presentationDiscuss the meaning of the artsGive as many examples of the arts as possibleShow actual samples, pictures or drawing to emphasize your points Demonstrate where necessaryConclusionAsk the audience whether there are questions of contributionsAnswer the questions confidently, ask other group members, the audience of the teacher if you are not able to give a response to the question. When there are not more questions, thank the audience for the co- operation. Presentation and appreciation categories of arts A presentation involves talking to an audience about the topic, an idea or a product. The main purpose of a presentation is to pass information and persuade an audience about a certain idea or topic. Elements of presentation Speaker of the presenterThe role of the presenter is to communicate with the audience. The speaker also controls the presentation. The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. |
The presenter should involve the audience and other members of the group during presentation. The audienceThese are people the presenter will communicate with. It is important to maintain attention of the audience by involving them through questions and asking them to participate in some activities. The contentThis is the information you will pass to the audience. The resources used in the presentationThese may include o samples of artwork o presentation software o chartso postersCareer pathways in the artsCareer pathways - is an area of study taken so as to lead and prepare someone for a specific career. The arts is a wide a field that has very many opportunities. Careers in the art range from traditional fine art emerging digital and media design. The artist therefore, has an opportunity to choose a career pathway that is interesting and suits their individual abilities in the world of work. Careers Path in Secondary schoolThe arts are offered as two subjects in lower secondary: performing and Visual arts. Performing arts include: - musicdancetheatre and filmVisual and applied art: - fine artapplied arttime based mediaPupil s activities Pg. 10Presentation on career pathways in the ArtWhen making a presentation on the career in the arts, follow the same procedure as in the categories of the arts. Make sure you have done a good research and that you have enough point for the presentation. Present your points in a simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Present your points in the simple and clear language that everyone will understand. Be careful when talking in a simple and eye contact with your audience. Respect others and appreciate their contributions. Categories of Visual ArtsThe visual arts can be classified as either two dimensional or three dimensional. The two dimensional art forms can be also written as 2D, while three dimensional written as 3D. The 2D FormsThese are art forms that only have length and width. These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d Arts Pupils activities page 19. |
These artworks are done on flat surfaces and have no depth. Examples of 2D artwork are:DrawingPaintingMontageThe 3D arts FormsThese are artwork with length, width and heightThese types of artwork have volumeThey can be turned around and viewed from more than one direction. Some examples of 3D artwork are:PotteryBasketryOrnamentsPresentation on the categories of 2D and 3d Arts Pupils activities page 19. Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Composing rhythmRhythmActivity 1: Clapping Rhythmic Patterns Incorporating the SemiquaverA quaver is half the value of the crotchet. A semiquaver is half the value of a quaverTwo quavers make a crotchet while, four semiquavers make a crotchet. The rhythmic patterns that include the semiquaver in simple tune are ta-fa-te-fe, ta-tefe and ta-fa-teActivity 2: Aurally Recognizing Rhythmic Patterns with Semiquavers and Their Corresponding RestsClass ActivityWith the help of your teacher, listen to various pieces of music and identity where the semiquavers are round. In small groups, sing songs that have the semiquaver patterns. Recite the following rhythmic patterns using French Rhythm names and clap them. Use common words or names of the members in the class to practise the rhythmic patterns with semiquavers, for example: apple juice, ripe mango, mama mboga etc. Activity 3: Grouping Notes into Beats in Simple TimeNotes of small value such as quavers and semiquavers are joined together to form a crotchet beat. This is known as grouping notes. A horizontal line, known as a beam, is used to connect two or more notes of small value to form a crotchet beat. The number of beams in a group is equal to the number of flags or tails in the separate notes. The following shows how the notes are grouped into beats. NoteMusic is made up of strong and weak beats. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each. |
NoteMusic is made up of strong and weak beats. The strong beat is shown by the use of a symbol known as an accent insert The strong beat can recur every two, three or four beats. With the help of your teacher, clap the rhythmic patterns below, stressing the strong beats in each. The repetition of the strong beat after either two, three or four beats is known as meter. In written music short vertical lines, known as bar lines, are used to separate the groups of beats into twos, threes or fours. These groups of beats are known as bars. The first beat of every bar is accented and double bar lines are used at the end. The meter of music is shown using a symbol of two numbers, one on top of the other. This is a called a time signature. The top number shows the number of beats in a bar and the bottom number shows the value of the beats. The number 4 is used at the bottom because there are four crotchet beats in a semibreve. The commonly used meters are simple duple, simple triple and simple quadruple time. The strong beat can occur after 2 beats, 3 beats and 4 beats. Activity 4: Writing Rhythms in Simple Time on Monotone. Can You Recall? A time signature is a symbol made up of two numbers that shows the meter of a piece of music. Music is divided into strong and weak beats. The strong beats occur after every bar line. Grouping of notes makes it easier to read music. Group ActivityWith the help of your teacher, write down 2-bar rhythms in simple time on monotone. Use all the rhythmic patterns you have learnt so farTake turns clapping your written rhythms. You can also take turns to tap and write down each other's rhythms. Your teacher will assist you to write down the rhythms of familiar songs in simple timeActivity 5: Appreciating Music in Simple TimeClass ActivityListen to the song "pease porridge hot" played by your teacher:With the help of your teacher, study the song to find out what its time signature is. Practise beating time for the different time signatures. The conducting patterns in simple duple, triple and quadruple. Listen to a variety of excerpts that will be played by your teacher. You will be assisted to beat time for each of them. Individual ActivityListen carefully to the rhythmic patterns which will be played by your teacher. |
Ensure the javelin is parallel to the ground. Look at the direction of your through. Approach runAfter you have the javelin in position, begin running towards your target with the javelinKeep your hips high and down on the balls of your feetLet your free arms swing across your bodyExtend the arm carrying the javelin fully behind you. Keep your head facing in the direction of your targetTurn so that the left side of your body faces your target. Cross over. Place yourright foot on the ground and your left foot forward and elevated. Put your right ahead in a lean back positionsPull the javelin back a little further so that the tip is lined up with your eyebrowsKeep the right foot close to the groundLet the right heel touch the groundAs the right foot moves forward, move the left foot up and lean your trunk back at 115 degree angle. Place your right foot on the ground and you left leg forward and elevatedDirect your shoulder and hips towards your left target. Wait for your left foot to touch the groundStraighten your torsoTurn your face toward the direction of the throw with the javelin parallel to your shoulderPosition your throwing and hand above shoulder level. ReleaseThrough the javelin with your arms as high as possiblePlant you left heels and thrust forward with your right footPull back with your left arm keeping it parallel to your right shoulderMove your throwing shoulder over your left legLift your left leg and move your throwing arm, with the elbow placed high and close to the midline. Release the javelin with your arm over your head in front of you. Follow throughLet your throwing arm travel diagonally across your body. For examples if you are throwing with your right arms, it should end up infront of your left side. Keep your left foot on the ground. Let the right leg pass the left foot and then stop you. Finish by standing on your right foot, with your left leg up behind you. Your right shoulder will turn left, with your chest facing to the left. PUPILS ACTIVITIESLearner to discuss various drills in javelin with the guidance of the teacherKLB TOP SCHOLAR PAG 47Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Composing MelodyMelodyActivity 1: Identifying Qualities of a Good MelodyThe melodies move in stepwise motion with a few leaps. |
Finish by standing on your right foot, with your left leg up behind you. Your right shoulder will turn left, with your chest facing to the left. PUPILS ACTIVITIESLearner to discuss various drills in javelin with the guidance of the teacherKLB TOP SCHOLAR PAG 47Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports Composing MelodyMelodyActivity 1: Identifying Qualities of a Good MelodyThe melodies move in stepwise motion with a few leaps. The melodies begin on notes d, m or s and end on d. They have a good melodic contour. They have several rhythmic patterns. Activity 2: Interpreting 4-bar Melodies in Simple TimeSing the melodies below and take note of the melodic contourTo interpret a melody, the following should be done:Identify the clef, key signature and time signature. Tap the rhythms of the melody. Write tonic sol-fas of the melody below the staff. Remember "doh' is the note that gives the key its name, for example, in C major, doh is C,Practise singing the tonic sol-fas of the melody, first in crotchets and then using the correct rhythm. Notice the movement of successive notes in each of the melodies. Stepwise motion is where the interval between any two neighbouring notes is not more than a step on the scale. In some cases there can be more than a step between two successive notes of a melody. This type of motion is called skipwise motion or movement by leaps. Each melody has a shape, which depends on the successive movement of notes. A melody can move upwards, downwards, in waves forming a curve and so on. This is referred to as the melodic shape or contour. Activity 3: Creating 1-bar Melodies in Simple Time on Treble ClefThings To RememberBefore you begin creating a melody, you should: draw the staff, add the treble clef, write the key signature of the scale you want to use, and write the time signature you will use. Work in PairsWhat are the qualities of a good melody as was discussed in the previous activity? Practise Writing a 4-bar melody in simple time in major scales of C, G, D and A. Sing or play the melody you have created. Describe the melodic motion and shape or contour. |
Practise Writing a 4-bar melody in simple time in major scales of C, G, D and A. Sing or play the melody you have created. Describe the melodic motion and shape or contour. What is the first and the last note in each of the melodies? Activity 4: Playing or Singing Melodies Created by Self and OthersCan You Recall? What are the qualities of a good melody? Work in pairsTake turns to play each other's melodies. Discuss the qualities in each of the melodies played. Group Activity With the guidance of your teacher, use mobile apps or computer software to create, notate and play back 4-bar melodies. Activity 5: Appreciating Melodies Composed by Self and OthersListen and LearnYou have created 4-bar melodies in simple time in the major scales of C, G, D and AIn pairs, take turns to sing or play or use: digital devices to listen to and appraise each other's melodies. Take turns to sing your melodies to the class. Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and Sports HandballHandball Passes and reception in handballPassing is delivering the ball to a team mate during play in a handball game. Passing the ball helps in;Speeding up the gameCreating scoring chancesBreaking tight defenseReleasing pressure during playExpressing creative abilities during playQualities of a good passAccurate so that a player has no problem catching the ball. Fast and timely to exploit the play chance promptly. Useful a pass should be directed to that player whose position may disadvantage the opponent. Types of passesThere are three types of passes, namely;Jump passSide passFlick pass1. Jump passA jump pass is where a player leaps in to the air and throws the ball to a teammate before landing. It is completed at the peak of the jump with a player in control releasing the ball to the teammateStages of execution in jump pass a. PreparationTake off from the ground either on a single or double foot. Bring the passing arm high and back above the level of the headBring the non- passing arm slightly in front of your body Keep shoulders high and head up b. ExecutionAs you bring the passing arm forward to release the ball, pull the non-passing arm backwards at hip level. |
PreparationTake off from the ground either on a single or double foot. Bring the passing arm high and back above the level of the headBring the non- passing arm slightly in front of your body Keep shoulders high and head up b. ExecutionAs you bring the passing arm forward to release the ball, pull the non-passing arm backwards at hip level. Release the ball to your teammate with a follow through and wrist action. 2. Side passA side pass is also known as wrist passes and is the most common way of passing the ball across the width of the court. This movement is called ball circulation. Stages of execution in side passa. PreparationStand with feet slightly closer together than shoulder-width apart from the target,the receiver should be on your right or left sideHold the ball on the passing hand with palm facing downIf the pass is to be made at the right side, hold the ball with the right hand , if the pass is to be made on the left side, hold the ball with the left handb. Executionswing the passing arm across the body from left to right when passing towards the right directionrelease the ball with full extension of the arm with a wrist actionstep sideways towards the direction of the pass for a follow- through3. Flick passA flick pass is an action made using the passing arm which quickly propels the ball forward. The release action of the ball is terminated with a forward wrist action. A. PreparationTake a staggered stance with the leg of the non- passing arm leading. Hold the ball with one hand in an open palm, fingers well spread behind it at shoulder levelThe non-passing arm should be extended outwards for balanceEyes should be focused on the target b. ExecutionStep with trailing foot forwardPush the ball forward towards the receiverRelease the ball by flexing the wrist and the fingers forward for a follow- through. This generates power to propel the ball and give it directions. ReceptionReception is the act of receiving the ball with one or both hands. The catch may vary from high level to medium or low level. Points for reception of the balla. PreparationStand on the balls of your feet shoulder-width apart facing the direction of the ball. |
The catch may vary from high level to medium or low level. Points for reception of the balla. PreparationStand on the balls of your feet shoulder-width apart facing the direction of the ball. Extend your hands towards the ballMove forward to meet the oncoming ballKeep your arms pointed towards the ballYour hands should form a tunnel shape of a W formation ready to receive the ball. Preparation to catchb. TerminationOn contact with the ball, wrap the fingers around it and bend the elbows bring the ball towards the chest. Ensure the thumbs are behind the ball and get in to a ready position for your next action. Drills in hand ballsDrill 1: jump passingIn pairs, stand apart. Take three steps toward your partner and then take offPass the ball using a jump pass and walk back to your siting positionYour partner also takes three steps and then passes te ball back to you using a jump pass. Drill 2. Flick passIn groups of four, stand in a square formation, ass the ball around the square using flick. Drill 3: two line drillPlayer to form two linesThe leaders pass the ball using a flick passAfter making the pass, the leader joins the line from behindEnsure everyone get a chance to pass the ballSide pass drillsDrill 1: side passingIn pairs, stand 3m apart side by side. Pass the ball to one another using a wrist passDrill 2: pass curveIn groups of four, stand three meters apart in a semi-circleThe player with the ball to be at the extreme endPass the ball from right to left without skipping any playerWhen the ball reaches the end, pass the ball back to the leftDrill 3: down court drillIn pairs, stand 3 m apart facing the goal, walk down the court passing the ball using the side pass. Change the pace to a jog and continue passing the ball each other up and down the courtPupils activity Pg. 22Footwork in handball Principles of good landingLanding on the balls of the feetKnees should be slightly bent to cushion the shock on the impact of landingThis is also referred to as knee- deep landing. Stepping progression skills in handballDrill 1: individually jump, catch a ball and land on one foot. |
Change the pace to a jog and continue passing the ball each other up and down the courtPupils activity Pg. 22Footwork in handball Principles of good landingLanding on the balls of the feetKnees should be slightly bent to cushion the shock on the impact of landingThis is also referred to as knee- deep landing. Stepping progression skills in handballDrill 1: individually jump, catch a ball and land on one foot. Drill 2: in pairs, stand 3m apart facing each other, jump, and catch a ball and land on both feetDrill 3: a the players are in circular formation passing and catching the ballb Catch the ball from a side pass land on both feet and take three steps and then pass it to the next player using a side pass. Drill 4: a the players are in a triangular formation passing and catching the ballb Catch the ball from a flick pass and land on both feet, take three steps andthen pass the ball using a flick pass. Drill 5:a in a group six form a line formationb Practice catching the ball and landing on both feet. Use a jump pass while passing. Dodging and marking in handball DodgingWhen dodging, a player may use body actions that mislead the defending player. It enables the attacking player to go past the defender and score goals with ease. MarkingMarking is a defensive action that limits the chances of attacking players gaining possession of the ball. Qualities of a good playerObservant the marking player needs to pay attention to the attackers who are likely to gain possession of the ball and drive forwardGood positioning ability to position himself or herself appropriately between the attacking player and their defending goalQuick time reaction this helps the marking player respond to unexpected tactical actions by the attacking players. Resilience and persistence the marking player should never give up on playing a defensive role. Communication good marking is a product of communicating with teammates to develop a suitable plan or approach to counter the playing actions of the attacking teamsCourageous a good marker should be courageous to withstand non-avoidable contacts that may occur during one on one tackling situationsPeripheral vision a player who is marking needs to see what is happening around him or her and not just focuses on the player being marked alone. |
Qualities of a good playerObservant the marking player needs to pay attention to the attackers who are likely to gain possession of the ball and drive forwardGood positioning ability to position himself or herself appropriately between the attacking player and their defending goalQuick time reaction this helps the marking player respond to unexpected tactical actions by the attacking players. Resilience and persistence the marking player should never give up on playing a defensive role. Communication good marking is a product of communicating with teammates to develop a suitable plan or approach to counter the playing actions of the attacking teamsCourageous a good marker should be courageous to withstand non-avoidable contacts that may occur during one on one tackling situationsPeripheral vision a player who is marking needs to see what is happening around him or her and not just focuses on the player being marked alone. Body feign in handballBody feigns are performed by using the trunk legs. They involve a shift of balance and weight. This can be done with or without the ball. Body feigns are used to free the player from an opponent and get a better position for receiving or passing the ball. Types of dodging technics include:Single feign dodgeDouble feign dodgeSingle feign dodgeIn group of five players, form two lines facing one another 5m apartPlayers approach each otherIn closing to one another, each of them performs a single feign to the opposite side. Leaning point for double feign dodgeTake a position at least 5m in front of an opponentMake a short run and break it with a double foot landing referred to as a zero step Lean towards either the right or left and repeat the feigning. Complete the original intended love. Drill 1: Pair feign dodgeIn pairs without the ball, stand facing each otherOne of you to practice the double feign dodgeRepeat three times and switch rolesDrill 2: Quinque drillIn groups of five, place a cone in the court and make a line facing the coneSprint to the cone and stop on zero steps, feign to the right, then left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Dribbling in handballDribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. |
Complete the original intended love. Drill 1: Pair feign dodgeIn pairs without the ball, stand facing each otherOne of you to practice the double feign dodgeRepeat three times and switch rolesDrill 2: Quinque drillIn groups of five, place a cone in the court and make a line facing the coneSprint to the cone and stop on zero steps, feign to the right, then left and then move to the right to receive the ball. Dribbling in handballDribbling it is a technique in handball where the player bounces the ball on the ground once or repeatedly. Types of handball dribblingHigh dribbleLow dribbleDemonstrating low dribbleStand with the feet shoulder-width apartThe knees should be slightly bent and body weight on the balls of the feetPush the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better controlThe arm of the non- dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balanceUse a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with the enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level. This constitutes a low level. Control the ball by flexing the wrist and the fingersBounce the ball below knee level for a low dribbleKeep the head up and avoid looking at the ballLearning points for high dribbleStand with the feet shoulder- width apartKeep erect with a slight lean forward and body weight on the balls of the feetPush the ball downwards using the wrist and the fingers for better controlThe arm of the non-dribbling hand should be extended outwards from the body for balanceUse a pump like action to bounce the ball repeatedly with enough force so that it bounces slightly above knee level for a high. This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handballDrill 1: Step and dribbleTake three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps. |
This constitutes a high dribble. Keep the head up and avoid looking at the ball. Drills of dribbling in handballDrill 1: Step and dribbleTake three steps, make one dribble and take three more steps. Increase the number of dribbles between three- step sectionsAt the end of the sequence, make a shot or a passDrill 2: Walking drillWalk across the court with a ball five times making a high dribbleRepeat the drill using a low dribbleDrill 3: The cone drillPlace seven cones in a line 1.5m apartIn groups of five, practice zigzag movement pattern in and out of the cones one at a timeStart with a low dribble and later a high dribbleAs you perfect the dribble, make more challenging by shortening the distance between the conesDrill 4:The court drill Individually dribble a ball along a court marking using high and low dribbles. Use a movement pattern of three high dribble and three low dribbles. SHOOTING IN HANDBALLShooting it involves throwing the ball in to the opponent s goal to make a score. Safety measures to be observed when performing shooting in handballNever aim to hit or injure the goalkeeper with the ball. Take turn and shoot one player at a timeWarm up adequately before starting the shooting activityAdhere to the instructions given by the instructorBe conscious of the nature of the floor or the ground while making a falling or a dive shot. . Types of shots in handball include:Jump shotDive shotRunning shotFalling shotLob shotDemonstrating jump shotA jump shot is where a player can shoot from a stationary position and gain horizontal distance and the releasing powerfully towards the goal at the highest point of the jump. Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ballMake a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running shortRunning shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression. |
Make a shot run with a maximum of three steps while gripping the ballMake a single foot take off in the last step for an upward thrust. Bend the other leg at the knee for more force upward. Demonstration for a running shortRunning shot is executed while the player is in motion making the three steps progression. Make two or three steps towards the attacking goal end then make a shot at the goalFollow through with a swing of the throwing handDemonstrating a dive shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the attacking goal. Take off with both feet high and the head fast towards the goal area. Release the ball while airborne and land in the goal area with the body low. Convert your landing into a roll for safety. Learning points for falling shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .bodyLearning points for lob shotTake a position outside the 6m lineFace the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defense Throw the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeper Flick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy. |
Learning points for falling shotTake a position outside the 6m line facing the goal. With the feet firm on the floor outside the goal area, fall towards the goal area . Release the ball before contacting the goal area with the hands or any other part of the .bodyLearning points for lob shotTake a position outside the 6m lineFace the goalkeeper who may have moved closer to you in defense Throw the ball in a curved path over the goalkeeper Flick the wrist to give the ball direction and accuracy. Drills for shooting in handballDrill 1: Step and shootIn groups of five make a line facing the goal with the leader at the free throw lineThe leader makes a pass to the first player in the lineThe player makes 3 steps and then a jump shotAfter making a jump shot the player joins the line from the backRepeat the activity3 times then change to practice a running shotDrill 2: Drill and shootIn a group of four players, make a line at the substitution zone facing the goal where you intend to shootUse a high dribble to move towards the goal areaOn reaching the free throw line, catch the ball and make a jump shotRetrieve the ball and run along the goal line to the corner and then along the sideline to join your teammatesAfter three attempts change and practice a running shotDrill 3: Corner drillIn a group of five, make a line at the corner of the courtThe leader to stand at a point within the courtThe first player in the line to run along the goal area lineWhen at a comfortable position, catch the ball from the group leader and make a dive short. Pupils activities Pg. 35. CREATING AND PERFORMING IN CREATIVE ARTS AND SPORTS WESTERN SOLO INSTRUMENTWestern Solo InstrumentsActivity 1: Tuning the Descant Recorder or Any Other Solo Western Instrument Study the following instruments and answer the questions that follow. What can you see? With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument. |
With the guidance of your teacher and resource persons, watch a live or recorded solo instrumental performance. In groups, discuss the importance of tuning a solo Western instrument in preparation for a performance. Watch videos demonstrating techniques of tuning various Western instruments and apply them to your chosen instrument. Activity 2: Playing the Scale Of C Major On StaffWhat I need to knowWestern instruments have different fingering charts to guide in playing of different pitches. Use digital devices to download the fingering charts for the instrument of choice. Below is the fingering chart for the Descant Recorder showing the notes of the scale of C major. Descant Recorder Fingering ChartIndividual ActivityPractise playing the notes of the scale of C major ascending and descending on your instrument using the fingering chart. On a digital device, watch videos to learn how to play the scale of C major. Use the fingering provided to the play the notes C D EF G A B C' on the descant recorder. Practise playing the scale in ascending and descending order. Group Activity Play familiar tunes in the scale of C major on your instrument. Activity 3: Sight Reading Simple Melodies in C Major To do individually and in groups. Look at the clef below. Check the key signature and keep the key in your head while playingLook at the time signature. Clap or tap the rhythms of each of the melodies before you play them. Locate the notes on the instrument. Look at the melodies and play. Sight-reading is playing of music without prior preparation. Your teacher will provide 2-bar melodies for you to sight-read. Do so without referring to the fingering chart or tapping the rhythms before playing. Activity 4: Playing with Appropriate TechniquesEvery instrument has specific techniques to be applied while playing. For example, for strings there is bowing, plucking, strumming, fingering; and for wind, there is tonguing, blowing and fingering. All the techniques when well applied ensure good tone quality. How To Produce a Good Tone on The Descant RecorderBlow gently into the descant recorder as you make the sound du with the tongue. This is referred to as tonguing and it helps to produce a clear sound. Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard. |
Do not blow too hard into the recorder because it will make a high pitch sound. If you are having trouble producing a sound after lots of practice, clean your recorder. Cover the air hole below the mouthpiece and blow in hard. Activity 5: Observing Performance DirectionsWhat I Need to KnowPerformance directions are words, phrases or signs showing the appropriate tempo, dynamics, articulation and repeats in a piece of music. The directions help to enhance the overall effect in a performance. With your teacher s guidance, play various melodies observing the performance directions shown. Your teacher will also help you search for short duets in C major to be played in pairs and groups. Creating and Performing in Creative Arts and SportsFootball. |
INTEGRATED SCIENCEGRADE 7CBC JUNIOR SECONDARYSTRAND ONESCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONNOTE: Integrated science is taught through inquiry-based learning approaches with an emphasis on the 5Es: engagement, exploration, explanation, elaboration and evaluation. Integrated Science: What is integrated science? Integrated Science is an interdisciplinary approach to science education that seeks to connect and integrate concepts and ideas from different branches of science, such as biology, chemistry, physics, and earth science. Components of Integrated scienceThe components of Integrated Science may vary depending on the curriculum and educational approach, but typically include:Basic scientific concepts: students learn about fundamental scientific principles and theories, such as the nature of matter and energy, the structure of the universe, and the process of evolution. Laboratory experiences: hands-on experiments and investigations provide students with opportunities to apply scientific concepts and methodologies. Problem solving and inquiry: students learn to use scientific reasoning and inquiry to design experiments, analyze data, and make informed conclusions. Scientific literacy: students learn to critically evaluate scientific information, understand the impact of science and technology on society, and appreciate the ethical considerations involved in scientific research. Integration of scientific concepts: the curriculum emphasizes connections between different branches of science and the interplay between science, technology, and society. Pathways related to integrated ScienceThe provision of pathways at senior school is based on the aspiration that all learners can be successful in life. These pathways are contained in one-word STEM Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Subjects in the STEM pathway includePure ScienceStudents in this track shall be expected to join a university or other middle level college to pursue careers in area such as education, medicine, pharmacy, science BSc , industrial science and actuarial science. Some will be able to join the world of work under experienced persons and later undergo further training and apprenticeships to advance their skills. Applied SciencesThe Applied science track provides a specialization opportunity for learners who have demonstrated the interest, abilities and aptitude to pursue a career in applied sciences. The track builds on the competencies acquired at lower secondary in the areas of mathematics and integrated science. It equips learners with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for advanced careers in applied sciences offered in middle level colleges and universitiesStudents graduating from this track shall be expected to join middle level colleges or universities to pursue careers in areas such as agricultural engineering, computer engineering, foods science and technology, business and hospitality and home economics. |
Applied SciencesThe Applied science track provides a specialization opportunity for learners who have demonstrated the interest, abilities and aptitude to pursue a career in applied sciences. The track builds on the competencies acquired at lower secondary in the areas of mathematics and integrated science. It equips learners with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for advanced careers in applied sciences offered in middle level colleges and universitiesStudents graduating from this track shall be expected to join middle level colleges or universities to pursue careers in areas such as agricultural engineering, computer engineering, foods science and technology, business and hospitality and home economics. They shall also be able to join the world of work where they shall work under the guidance of a specialist as they advance their skills on the job, through apprenticeships or further training. The pure and applied sciences curriculum shall prepare learners to graduate with a senior school national certificate that will open the following career opportunities for them:Enroll directly into a university for a degree in science related subjects. Enroll into middle level colleges for a diploma in science related fields. Join the world of work to work under skilled personnelTechnical and EngineeringThe schools shall prepare learners with foundational skills in applied sciences and moderntechnology. Emphasis shall be on the understanding and practical application of basic principles of science and mathematics in various fields such as engineering, design, agriculture, business, computers and data processing, environmental and resource management and health. Career opportunities related to Integrated ScienceEnvironmental managerForensic laboratory technicianHealth education specialistLaboratory technicianPublic health advisor analystResearch assistantScientific journalistSoftware DeveloperDentistDoctorForensic scientistGeneticistLawyerMarine biologistNeuroscientistNurseNutritionistOptometristPharmacistPhysiotherapistPsychiatristUrban plannerTeacher ProfessorVeterinarianVirologistImportance of Integrated ScienceLearning in the 21st century should have context, be linked to community life, be student centered and be collaborative. Learning has context mean that the content of learning material must be associated with the real world. In this way, the material discussed in the school is close to the daily life of the students. In learning process, students more involved actively to construct their competences. Construction of competencies in learning is done collaboratively. Hence, these four principles of learning are the essence of the 21st century learning. |
In learning process, students more involved actively to construct their competences. Construction of competencies in learning is done collaboratively. Hence, these four principles of learning are the essence of the 21st century learning. Integrated science learning is a good way to apply the essence of learning in the 21st century. In integrated science learning students are encouraged to connect the learning materials content to real-world contexts. Students are involved actively in exploring the real-world contexts which relevant to the learning material, conducting the collaborative investigation, and communicating the results of the investigation. Thus, the learning can be implemented holistically, authentically, meaningfully and actively. Aims to improve students understanding on the environmentImportance of Scientific KnowledgeAnd that knowledge is useful for all sorts of things:designing bridges,slowing climate change, andprompting frequent hand washing during flu season. Scientific knowledge allows us to develop new technologies,solve practical problems, andmake informed decisions both individually and collectively. Laboratory safetyA place equipped for experimental study in a science or for testing and analysis. A research laboratory. Broadly: a place providing opportunity for experimentation, observation, or practice in a field of study. Common hazards and their symbolsHazard pictograms alert us to the presence of a hazardous chemical. The pictograms help us to know that the chemicals we are using might cause harm to people or the environment. Here are a few of them. Biohazard It provides warning on lab equipment that may contain biohazardous materials like blood samples. Causes of accidents in the laboratory1. CHEMICALSIf you handle chemicals, you need to wear protective gloves. Treat chemicals with the necessary caution, measure chemicals carefully, contain potentially irritating or hazardous chemicals and use only approved containers when you re transferring chemicals. Chemical burns should be treated by flushing the affected area with a large amount of cool, running water for at least 15 minutes. If the burn area is large or if the affected person is dizzy or weak, call 911. If you work in a chemistry lab, ensure you are taking the proper steps to be safe around the chemicals in your workplace. 2. HEATExercise caution when handling hot items. Hastily or improperly handling these items without the correct tools can cause serious burns. Workers should be properly using water baths, tongs and cooling equipment. Be careful not to touch hot surfaces with your bare hand. |
Hastily or improperly handling these items without the correct tools can cause serious burns. Workers should be properly using water baths, tongs and cooling equipment. Be careful not to touch hot surfaces with your bare hand. If you suffer a heat burn in the lab, run the burned area under cool water for five minutes. 3. CUTS AND SCRAPESUsing sharp tools in the laboratory setting can cause scrapes and cuts. Workers may also use sharp objects, such as needles and razor blades, or need to clean up broken glass. To avoid cutting yourself on these items, carefully wrap them so that you can safely carry and dispose of them. 4. CONTAMINATIONAvoiding contamination is key to ensuring safety in the lab setting. Though the advice to wash your hands may seem quite basic, it s an important procedure to avoid contamination. After you interact with any foreign substance, you should wash your hands thoroughly. Protect your skin and clothing with the proper equipment, such as gloves, glasses and a lab coat. You can contaminate areas outside of the lab if you carry bacteria or other substances on your clothing or skin, which can cause the spread of illnesses and other dangers. 5. Inhaling SubstancesAnother common type of lab accident is inhalation. If you inhale chemicals or gases in a space that isn t properly ventilated, you may experience nausea, headaches or fainting. Ensure you follow proper procedures for ventilation, such as using ventilation fans and measuring the amount of gas emitted in a room. 6. FIRESWhen working with hot surfaces and flammable materials, fires become a common danger. Review and practice the proper procedures to ensure you minimize the risk of fire in the laboratory. All flammable materials should be properly stored and sealed. Inspect burners for leaks to avoid sudden flares. 7. SPILLS AND BREAKSIn the lab, glass beakers may be dropped and break. Liquids may be spilled. Generally, these accidents are caused by rushing, being negligent and not properly following procedures. While you work, move carefully through every step. Moving slowly but more steadily will be much better for the safety of yourself and your colleagues. Though students have a responsibility to themselves and their colleagues to exercise proper safety measures and follow protocol, the laboratory environment itself should also follow guidelines from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA to provide workers with safe working conditions. |
While you work, move carefully through every step. Moving slowly but more steadily will be much better for the safety of yourself and your colleagues. Though students have a responsibility to themselves and their colleagues to exercise proper safety measures and follow protocol, the laboratory environment itself should also follow guidelines from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA to provide workers with safe working conditions. Lack of warning labels and signsInadequate eye and face protection against chemical and environmental hazardsLack of protection against hazardous sources of energy, such as electric powerInadequate respiratory protection for working with gases, chemicals and smokeFirst Aid safety measures for common laboratory accidentsGeneral course of actionRELOCATE everyone in the immediate work area to a safe location. ALERT-CONFINE- If it can be done safely, close doors to confine the area where the emergency occurred. Post an Emergency Hangtag on the door s to prevent reentry by other personnel. EVACUATE the building through the nearest exit. Do not run. Do not use elevators. REPORT to your designated meeting site. REENTER once the lab has been cleared by emergency personnel. First Aid: Eye Exposure to Hazardous ChemicalForcibly hold both eyes open under an emergency eyewash to ensure an effective wash behind both eyelids. If contact lenses are being worn, remove the contacts while flushing. Continue flushing the eyes underneath the eyewash until emergency personnel arrive. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. First Aid: Skin ExposureWash affected area s with tepid water from an emergency safety shower. Take care not to break skin. Remove or cut off contaminated clothing while rinsing. Do not pull contaminated clothing over the head. For chemical and thermal burns, flush affected area s with water from the safety shower, if indicated in safety data sheet. For blood, biological, or radiological exposures use soap and water. Keep flushing affected area s underneath the safety shower until emergency personnel arrive. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. First Aid: Inhalation of Chemical Vapors, Fumes or SmokeIf exposed individual is unconscious, do NOT enter the lab if a possibility of oxygen depletion, toxic vapors, or an explosive atmosphere exists. If exposed individual is conscious, move the person to fresh, uncontaminated air. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. |
First Aid: Inhalation of Chemical Vapors, Fumes or SmokeIf exposed individual is unconscious, do NOT enter the lab if a possibility of oxygen depletion, toxic vapors, or an explosive atmosphere exists. If exposed individual is conscious, move the person to fresh, uncontaminated air. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. First Aid: Chemical IngestionIf safe to do so, move affected individual to an uncontaminated area. Do not induce vomiting or drink water or other liquids unless instructed to do so by emergency personnel. Report the injury to your principal investigator and or laboratory facility manager. Importance of safety in the laboratoryLaboratory safety is an essential part of ensuring the health and safety of workers and researchers in laboratory settings. Laboratories can be hazardous environments with various potential risks, including chemical spills, fires, explosions, and exposure to hazardous substances. Lab safety is important because it can prevent injury, keep us from making mistakes and save lives. Lab safety equipment can prevent injury. Lab safety equipment can help you avoid making mistakes. Lab safety equipment can save lives. Safety is important when working in the lab because it helps you avoid injury, keep yourself from making mistakes and save lives of others who may be nearby when an accident happens, or if there is a fire or other emergency situation that needs to be handled quickly and safely by someone who knows what they're doing before the situation gets out of hand. Following lab safety rules is part of being a good citizen. Following lab safety rules is part of being a good citizen. When you follow lab safety rules, you are doing your part to keep everyone safe. You are protecting yourself, your peers and coworkers, and everyone around you. Lab safety rules help prevent accidents and injuries, which means they can also save lives. We should follow the lab safety protocols to stay safe and healthy! By following the lab safety protocols, you will stay safe and healthy. It is absolutely critical that you follow all the rules of your lab protocol when conducting experiments in the lab. This allows you to avoid accidents and contamination, which can cause injury or illness. You should always wear protective clothing goggles, gloves and a face mask to keep yourself safe from hazardous materials such as chemicals or glass shards if an accident occurs in the laboratory. You should never eat or drink anything in the laboratory because it could easily contaminate your food with chemicals or bacteria potentially harmful for consumption by humans! |
This allows you to avoid accidents and contamination, which can cause injury or illness. You should always wear protective clothing goggles, gloves and a face mask to keep yourself safe from hazardous materials such as chemicals or glass shards if an accident occurs in the laboratory. You should never eat or drink anything in the laboratory because it could easily contaminate your food with chemicals or bacteria potentially harmful for consumption by humans! Basic Science SkillsBasic skills in science1. ObservingThis is the most basic skill in science. Observations are made by using the 5 senses. Good observations are essential in learning the other science process skills. Examples:The learner will be blind folded and make observations using the sense of touch. The learner will create observations about a coin using the 5 senses. The learner will mix primary colors to create more colors. 2. CommunicatingIt is important to be able to share our experiences. This can be done with graphs, diagrams, maps, and spoken word. Examples:The learner will create a line graph showing the relationship between speed and the mass of a marble. The learner will discuss possible errors with other classmates. 3. ClassifyingAfter making observations it is important to notice similarities, differences, and group objects according to a purpose. It is important to create order to help comprehend the number of objects, events, and living things in the world. Examples:The learner will use a magnet to classify objects as magnetic or nonmagnetic. The learner will use a balance and sort objects according to mass. The learner will combine different liquids with water to determine which is more or less dense. 4. InferringAn inference is an explanation based on an observation. It is a link between what is observed and what is already known. Examples:The learner will write a conclusion at the end of each investigation. The learner will create inferences about observations they made about a mystery object. I infer it is solid rather than hollow. 5. MeasuringMeasuring is important in collecting, comparing, and interpreting data. It helps us classify and communicate with others. The metric system should be used to help understand the scientific world. Examples:The learner will find the mass of different liquids that have the same volume. The learner will use technology to find the speed of a toy truck. The learner will measure the distance a marble travels. 6. PredictingWhat do you think will happen? It is an educated guess based on good observations and inferences about an observed event or prior knowledge. |
6. PredictingWhat do you think will happen? It is an educated guess based on good observations and inferences about an observed event or prior knowledge. Examples:The learner will predict what is a box based on observations using the sense of touch. The learner will write a hypothesis about the effect of increasing the salt on the buoyancy of an egg. 7. Manipulative skillIn science, manipulative skills emphasize the use and handling of scientific apparatus and chemical substances during scientific investigation in the laboratory. Importance of reading packing labels on products quantitiesIt helps in knowing the quantity of the productIt helps in knowing the product specifications like:Conditions for storageDate of expiryHow to use the productPossible side effectsWhat to do in case of emergenciesHow to dispose the product among othersSI UnitsThe International System Of Units SI is the metric system that is used universally as a standard for measurements. SI units play a vital role in scientific and technological research and development. SI unit is an international system of measurements that are used universally in technical and scientific research to avoid the confusion with the units. Having a standard unit system is important because it helps the entire world to understand the measurements in one set of unit systems. Following is the table with base SI units:There are 7 SI base units. The seven units along with their SI unit and symbol are given below:Unit of length, meter m : Meter is the SI unit of length and is defined by taking the fixed value of the speed of light in vacuum. It is expressed as m.s-1. Unit of mass, kilogram kg : Kilogram is the SI unit of mass and is defined by taking the fixed value of the Planck constant. It is expressed as kgUnit of time, second s : Second is the SI unit of time and is defined by taking the fixed value of Cesium frequency. Unit of electric current, ampere A : Ampere is the SI unit of electric current and is defined by taking the fixed value of the elementary charge. Unit of thermodynamic temperature, Kelvin K : Kelvin is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperatureUnit of the amount of substance, mole mol : Mole is the SI unit of the amount of substance and is defined by the fixed value of Avogadro constant NA. |
It is expressed as kgUnit of time, second s : Second is the SI unit of time and is defined by taking the fixed value of Cesium frequency. Unit of electric current, ampere A : Ampere is the SI unit of electric current and is defined by taking the fixed value of the elementary charge. Unit of thermodynamic temperature, Kelvin K : Kelvin is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperatureUnit of the amount of substance, mole mol : Mole is the SI unit of the amount of substance and is defined by the fixed value of Avogadro constant NA. Unit of luminous intensity, candela cd : Candela is the SI unit of luminous intensity and is defined by the fixed value of the luminous efficacy. Laboratory apparatusAn apparator apparatus are scientific tools equipment used in performing scientific experiments. The conventional apparator used in performing scientific experiments is called standard apparator apparatus. If the conventional standard apparator apparatus is not available, an improvised apparator apparatus may be used in performing scientific experiments. An improvised apparator apparatus is one used in performing a scientific experiment for a standard apparator apparatus. Most standard apparatus in a school chemistry laboratory are made of glass because: i Glass is transparent and thus reactions interactions inside are clearly visible from outside ii Glass is comparatively cheaper which reduces cost of equipping the school chemistry laboratory iii Glass is comparatively easy to clean wash after use. Iv Glass is comparatively unreactive to many chemicals. Apparatus are designed for the purpose they are intended in a school chemistry laboratory:Apparatus for measuring volume1. Measuring cylinderMeasuring cylinders are apparatus used to measure volume of liquid solutions. They are calibrated graduated to measure any volume required to the maximum. Measuring cylinders are named according to the maximum calibrated graduated volume e.g. |
Measuring cylinderMeasuring cylinders are apparatus used to measure volume of liquid solutions. They are calibrated graduated to measure any volume required to the maximum. Measuring cylinders are named according to the maximum calibrated graduated volume e.g. 10ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibrated graduated volume of 10mililitres 10 cubic centimetres 50ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibrated graduated volume of 50mililitres 50 cubic centimetres 250ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibrated graduated volume of 250mililitres 250 cubic centimetres 1000ml measuring cylinder is can hold maximum calibrated graduated volume of 1000mililitres 1000 cubic centimetres 2. BuretteBurette is a long and narrow thin apparatus used to measure small accurate and exact volumes of a liquid solution. It must be clamped first on a stand before being used. It has a tap to run out the required amount out. They are calibrated graduated to run out small volume required to the maximum 50ml 50cm3. The maximum 50ml 50cm3 calibration graduation reading is at the bottom .This ensure the amount run out from a tap below can be determined directly from burette reading before and after during volumetric analysis. Burettes are expensive and care should be taken when using them. 3. I PipettePipette is a long and narrow thin apparatus that widens at the middle used to measure and transfer small very accurate exact volumes of a liquid solution. It is open on either ends. The maximum 25ml 25cm3 calibration graduation mark is a visible ring on one thin end. To fill a pipette to this mark, the user must suck up a liquid solution upto a level above the mark then adjust to the mark using a finger. This requires practice. Ii Pipette fillerPipette filler is used to suck in a liquid solution into a pipette instead of using the mouth. It has a suck, adjust and eject button for ensuring the exact volume is attained. This requires practice. 4. Volumetric flask. A volumetric flask is thin narrow but widens at the base bottom. It is used to measure very accurate exact volumes of a liquid solution. The maximum calibration graduation mark is a visible ring. |
A volumetric flask is thin narrow but widens at the base bottom. It is used to measure very accurate exact volumes of a liquid solution. The maximum calibration graduation mark is a visible ring. Volumetric flasks are named according to the maximum calibrated graduated volume e.g. 250ml volumetric flask has a calibrated graduated mark at exact volume of 250mililitres 250centimetres 1l volumetric flask has a calibrated graduated mark at exact volume of one litre 1000 cubic centimeters 2l volumetric flask has a calibrated graduated mark at exact volume of two litres 2000 cubic centimeters 5. Dropper teat pipetteA dropper teat pipette is a long thin narrow glass rubber apparatus that has a flexible rubber head. A dropper teat pipette is used to measure very small amount drops of liquid solution by pressing the flexible rubber head. The numbers of drops needed are counted by pressing the rubber gently at a time b Apparatus for measuring mass1. Beam balanceA beam balance has a pan where a substance of unknown mass is placed. The scales on the opposite end are adjusted to balance with the mass of the unknown substance. The mass from a beam balance is in grams. 2. Electronic electric balance. An electronic electric balance has a pan where a substance of unknown mass is placed. The mass of the unknown substance in grams is available immediately on the screen. C Apparatus for measuring temperatureA thermometer has alcohol or mercury trapped in a bulb with a thin enclosed outlet for the alcohol mercury in the bulb. If temperature rises in the bulb, the alcohol mercury expand along the thin narrow enclosed outlet. The higher the temperature, the more the expansionOutside, a calibration graduation correspond to this expansion and thus changes in temperature. A thermometer therefore determines the temperature when the bulb is fully dipped in to the substance being tested. To determine the temperature of solid is thus very difficult. D Apparatus for measuring timeThe stop watch clock is the standard apparatus for measuring time. Time is measured using hours, minutes and second. Common school stop watch clock has start, stop and reset button for determining time for a chemical reaction. This requires practice. E Apparatus for scooping1. |
The narrow mouth ensures no spillage. Conical flasks are named according to the maximum volume they can hold e.g. 250ml Conical flasks hold a maximum volume of 250mililitres 250 cubic centimeters 500ml Conical flasks hold a maximum volume of 500ml 1000 cubic centimeters 5. Round bottomed flaskA round bottomed flask is a moderately narrow glass apparatus with a wide round base and no calibration graduation. Round bottomed flask thus carry hold exact volumes of liquids that have been measured using other apparatus. The narrow thin mouth prevents spillage. The flask can also hold weighed solids. A round bottomed flask must be held clamped when in use because of its wide narrow base. 6. Flat bottomed flaskA flat bottomed flask is a moderately narrow glass apparatus with a wide round base with a small flat bottom. It has no calibration graduation. Flat bottomed flasks thus carry hold exact volumes of liquids that have been measured using other apparatus. The narrow thin mouth prevents spirage. They can also hold weighed solids. A flat bottomed flask must be held clamped when in use because it s flat narrow base is not stable. G Apparatus for holding unstable apparatus during heating . 1. Tripod standA tripod stand is a three legged metallic apparatus which unstable apparatus are placed on during heating .Beakers. Conical flasks, round bottomed flask and flat bottomed flasks are placed on top of tripod stand during heating . 2. Wire gauze meshWire gauze mesh is a metallic iron plate of wires crossings. It is placed on top of a tripod stand: i Ensure even distribution of heat to prevent cracking glass apparatus ii Hold smaller apparatus that cannot reach the edges of tripod stand3 Clamp standA clamp stand is a metallic apparatus which tightly hold apparatus at their neck firmly. A clamp stand has a wide metallic base that ensures maximum stability. The height and position of clamping is variable. This require practice4. Test tube holderA test tube holder is a hand held metallic apparatus which tightly hold test boiling ignition tube at their neck firmly on the other end. Some test tube holders have wooden handle that prevent heat conduction to the hand during heating. 5. Pair of tong. |
Some test tube holders have wooden handle that prevent heat conduction to the hand during heating. 5. Pair of tong. A pair of tong is a scissor-like hand held metallic apparatus which tightly hold firmly a small solid sample on the other end. 6. Gas jarA gas jar is a long wide glass apparatus with a wide base. It is open on one end. It is used to collect put gases. This requires practice. H Apparatus for holding directing liquid solutions funnels to avoid spillage . 1. Filter funnelA filter funnel is a wide mouthed mainly plastic apparatus that narrow drastically at the bottom to a long extension. When the long extension is placed on top of another apparatus, a liquid solution can safely be directed through the wide mouth of the filter funnel into the apparatus without spirage. Filter funnel is also used to place a filter paper during filtration. 2. Thistle funnelA thistle funnel is a wide mouthed glass apparatus that narrow drastically at the bottom to a very long extension. The long extension is usually drilled through a stopper cork. A liquid solution can thus be directed into a stoppered container without spillage3. Dropping funnelA dropping funnel is a wide mouthed glass apparatus with a tap that narrow drastically at the bottom to a very long extension. The long extension is usually drilled through a stopper cork. A liquid solution can thus be directed into a stoppered container without spillage at the rate determined by adjusting the tap. 4. Separating funnelA separating funnel is a wide mouthed glass apparatus with a tap at the bottom narrow extension. A liquid solution can thus be directed into a separating funnel without spillage. It can also safely be removed from the funnel by opening the tap. It is used to separate two or more liquid solution mixtures that form layers immiscible. This requires practice. H Apparatus for heating Burners1. Candle, spirit burner, kerosene stove, charcoal burner jiko are some apparatus that can be used for heating. Any flammable fuel when put in a container and ignited can produce some heat. 2. Bunsen burnerThe Bunsen burner is the standard apparatus for heating in a Chemistry school laboratory. It was discovered by the German Scientist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen in1854. A Diagram of a Bunsen burnerA Bunsen burner uses butane laboratory gas as the fuel. |
Bunsen burnerThe Bunsen burner is the standard apparatus for heating in a Chemistry school laboratory. It was discovered by the German Scientist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen in1854. A Diagram of a Bunsen burnerA Bunsen burner uses butane laboratory gas as the fuel. The butane laboratory gas is highly flammable and thus usually stored safely in a secure chamber outside Chemistry school laboratory. It is tapped and distributed into the laboratory through gas pipes. The gas pipes end at the gas tap on a chemistry laboratory bench .If opened the gas tap releases butane laboratory gas. Butane laboratory gas has a characteristic odor smell that alerts leakages open gas tap. The Bunsen burner is fixed to the gas tap using a strong rubber tube. The Bunsen burner is made up of the following parts: i Base plate to ensure the burner can stand on its own ii Jet-a hole through which laboratory gas enters the burner iii Collar sleeve-adjustable circular metal attached to the main chimney burell with a side hole entry. It controls the amount of air entering used during burning. Iv Air hole- a hole entry formed when the collar side hole is in line with chimney side hole. If the collar side hole is not in line with chimney side hole, the air hole is said to be closed If the collar side hole is in line with chimney side hole, the air hole is said to be open v Chimney- tall round metallic rod attached to the base plate. B Procedure for lighting igniting a Bunsen burner1. Adjust the collar to ensure the air holes are closed. 2. Connect the burner to the gas tap using a rubber tubing. Ensure the rubber tubing has no side leaks. 3. Turn on the gas tap. 4. Ignite the top of the chimney using a lighted match stick gas lighter wooden splint. 5. Do not delay excessively procedure iv from iii to prevent highly flammable laboratory gas from escaping leaking. Parts and functions of a microscopeA compound microscope is a high-power microscope that has higher magnification levels than a low-power or dissection microscope. It is used to examine tiny specimens like cell structures that cannot be viewed at lower magnification levels. A compound microscope is made up of both structural and optical components. |
Parts and functions of a microscopeA compound microscope is a high-power microscope that has higher magnification levels than a low-power or dissection microscope. It is used to examine tiny specimens like cell structures that cannot be viewed at lower magnification levels. A compound microscope is made up of both structural and optical components. The 3 basic structural components are the head, arm and base. The body or head comprises the optical parts present in the upper part of the microscopeThe arm connects and supports the base and head of the microscope. Also, it is used to carry the microscope. Base of the microscope supports the microscope and comprises the illuminatorThe optical part of the microscope includes:EyepieceEye tubeObjective lensesNosepieceAdjustment knobsStageIlluminatorCondenser and condenser focus knobDiaphragmThe ocular or eyepiece is what an observer looks through and is present in the upper portion of the microscope. The eyepiece tube clasps the eyepieces which are positioned above the objective lens. The objective lenses are the main optical lenses. They range in various magnifications from 4x to 100x and generally include 3 to 5 lenses on a single microscope. Nosepiece houses the objective lenses. The fine and coarse focus knobs are the adjustment knobs that are often used to focus the microscope. They are coaxial knobs. This means the focusing system of both fine and coarse focus are mounted on the same axis. There is also a condenser focus knob which moves the condenser up or down to control the lightingThe stage is where the specimen to be viewed is placed. A mechanical stage is often used when working on a specimen at a higher magnification. This is when delicate movement of the specimen is required. Stage clips are operated to hold the slide in place. To see different areas of the specimen, the observer must physically move the slide. A separate knob is present to move the slide in the mechanical stage. The aperture is a tiny hole in the stage via which the transmitted light enters the stage. An illuminator acts as the light source and is typically located at the microscope s base. Most light microscopes operate on halogen bulbs with low voltage and also have variable and continuous lighting control within the base. A condenser is typically used to gather and focus the illuminator s light onto the specimen. It is found beneath the stage and is often observed in conjunction with a diaphragm or iris. |
Most light microscopes operate on halogen bulbs with low voltage and also have variable and continuous lighting control within the base. A condenser is typically used to gather and focus the illuminator s light onto the specimen. It is found beneath the stage and is often observed in conjunction with a diaphragm or iris. Iris or Diaphragm regulates the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It is situated above the condenser but beneath the stage. Functions of MicroscopeThe primary function of a microscope is to study biological specimens. A microscope solely functions on two concepts magnification and resolution. Magnification is simply the ability of the microscope to enlarge the image. Whereas the ability to analyse minute details depends on the resolution. Compound and dissection microscopes are the two types of microscopes that are mostly used in schools for educational purposes. Functions of compound microscopeIt simplifies the study of viruses and bacteria. They are used in pathology labs to make an easy diagnosis of diseases. They are also used in forensic laboratories to identify human fingerprints. Common school laboratory safety rulesThe following safety guideline rules should be followed by chemistry laboratory users: i Enter the laboratory with permission in an orderly manner without rushing pushing scrabbling. Ii Do not try unauthorized experiments. They may produce flammable, explosive or toxic substances that affect your health. Iii Do not taste any chemical in the laboratory. They may be poisonous. Iv Waft gas fumes to your nose with your palm. Do not inhale smell gases directly. They may be highly poisonous toxic. V Boil substances with mouth of the test tube facing away from others and yourself. Boiling liquids spurt out portions of the hot liquid. Products of heating solids may be a highly poisonous toxic gas. Vi Wash with lots of water any skin contact with chemicals immediately. Report immediately to teacher laboratory technician any irritation, cut, burn, bruise or feelings arising from laboratory work. Vii Read and follow safety instruction. All experiments that evolve produce poisonous gases should be done in the open or in a fume chamber. Viii Clean your laboratory work station after use. Wash your hand before leaving the chemistry laboratory. Ix In case of fire, remain calm, switch of the source of fuel-gas tap. Leave the laboratory through the emergency door. Use fire extinguishers near the chemistry laboratory to put of medium fires. Leave strong fires wholly to professional fire fighters. |
Leave the laboratory through the emergency door. Use fire extinguishers near the chemistry laboratory to put of medium fires. Leave strong fires wholly to professional fire fighters. X Do not carry unauthorized item from a laboratory. MIXTURES, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDSMixturesA mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances which can be separated by physical means. There are two types of mixtures:General Properties of MixturesMixtures are made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined with each other. The properties of mixtures are listed below. The components of a mixture each keep their original properties. The separation of components can be easily done. The proportion of the components is variable. Examples of MixturesCrude oil: A mixture of organic compounds mainly hydrocarbons Seawater: A mixture of various salt and water. Air: a mixture of various gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, neon, etc. Ink: A mixture of coloured dyes. Gunpowder: A mixture of sulfur, potassium nitrate and carbon. There are two main types of mixtures: homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. The types of mixtures are discussed below. Heterogeneous MixtureWhat is a Heterogeneous Mixture? A mixture of sand mixed with salt is an example of a heterogeneous mixture. Heterogeneous mixtures possess different properties and compositions in various parts i.e. the properties are not uniform throughout the mixture. Examples of Heterogeneous mixtures air, oil, water, etc. Homogeneous MixtureWhat is a Homogeneous Mixture? Sugar mixed with water is the most common example of a homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous mixtures can be defined as the mixtures which possess the same properties and combination throughout their mass. Examples of Homogeneous mixtures alloys, salt, and water, alcohol in water, Cup of Coffee, Mouthwash, DetergentPure And Impure Substancesa substance is said to be pure if it is made up of only one kind of molecule or particle. Pure substances normally cannot be separated by simple physical methods and are largely classified as elements and compounds. Substances are either pure or impure. A pure substance is one which contains only one substance. An impure substance is one which contains two or more substances. A pure substance is made up of a pure solid, pure liquid or pure gas. |
A pure substance is one which contains only one substance. An impure substance is one which contains two or more substances. A pure substance is made up of a pure solid, pure liquid or pure gas. Characteristics of Pure SubstanceThey are perfectly homogenous in nature. They are made up of only one kind of atoms or molecules. They have a fixed composition. It has fixed density, melting point and boiling point etc. Characteristics of Impure SubstanceIt does not have any specific properties; the properties of the mixture are a result of the average properties of all the constituents. It is formed as a result of a physical change. They have a variable composition. The mixtures are either heterogeneous or homogenous mixture in nature. Melting Point and boiling PointThe melting point is usually defined as the point at which materials changes from a solid to a liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure of the liquid s environment. At this temperature, the liquid is converted into a vapour. The boiling point of the liquid depends upon the pressure of the surrounding. When the liquid is at high pressure, it has a higher boiling point than the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure. The boiling point of different liquids is different for a given pressureThe boiling point for any material is the temperature point at which the material transforms into the gas phase in the liquid phase. This happens at 100 degrees centigrade for water. The Celsius scale was in fact created on the basis of the ice water melting point and the liquid water vapor boiling point. Each substance carries its own boiling point. The boiling point of a substance is dependent on the pressure of its surroundings. In mountainous terrains where the altitude is high , the pressure of the atmosphere is relatively lower than the atmospheric pressure at sea level. This is the reason why food cooks at a slower pace in mountainous areas the lower atmospheric pressure causes water to boil at temperatures below 100oC . When all the particles in the liquid phase have been transformed into the gas phase, the temperature begins to rise again, as long as heat is still being applied to the surrounding system. As the temperature starts to increase, so does the particle s kinetic energy. Boiling Point of WaterWater can boil, raise temperature or decrease air pressure, in two ways. At sea level, it is the pressure of air that causes water to boil at 100oC. |
As the temperature starts to increase, so does the particle s kinetic energy. Boiling Point of WaterWater can boil, raise temperature or decrease air pressure, in two ways. At sea level, it is the pressure of air that causes water to boil at 100oC. Water can boil at a much lower temperature in vacuum, where there s no air. That is, if not for the skin that keeps the blood pressurized, body temperature would be sufficient to cause the blood to boil with water. At low air pressure the water boils significantly below 100oC at temperatures. The boiling point of water is the temperature at which the liquid water vapor pressure is equal to the pressure surrounding the body, and the body transforms into a vapour. The boiling point is the temperature for a particular liquid to boil at. For example, the boiling point for water, at a pressure of 1 atm, is 100 degrees Celsius. A liquid s boiling point depends upon the liquid s temperature, atmospheric pressure, and vapor pressure. Melting point of iceFor ice, the melting point is 0 C or 273K. The chemical element with the highest melting point is tungsten 3410 C , which is used for making filaments in light bulbs. During the melting process, till all the ice melts, the temperature of the system does not increase until after the melting point is reached. The whole of the supplied heat energy is consumed in increasing the potential energy of the ice molecules. The kinetic energy of the molecule does not increase further, and the temperature does not increase, so long as the melting continues. The quantity of heat required to completely change 1 kg of ice into water at atmospheric pressure at its melting point is called latent heat of fusion. METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURESMixtures can be separated from applying the following methods: a DecantationSediments can be separated from a liquid by pouring out the liquid. This process is called decantation. ExperimentPut some sand in a beaker. Add about 200cm3 of water. Allow sand to settle. Pour off water carefully into another beaker. ObservationSand settles at the bottom as sediments. Less clean water is poured out. ExplanationSand does not dissolve in water. Sand is denser than water and thus settles at the bottom as sediment. When poured out, the less dense water flows out. |
ExplanationSand does not dissolve in water. Sand is denser than water and thus settles at the bottom as sediment. When poured out, the less dense water flows out. B FiltrationDecantation leaves suspended particles in the liquid after separation. Filtration is thus improved decantation. Filtration is the method of separating insoluble mixtures particles solids from a liquid. Experiment: To separate soil and water using filtrationFold a filter paper to fit well into a filter funnel. Place the funnel in an empty 250 cm3 beaker. Put one spatula end full of soil into 50cm3 of water. Stir. Put the soil water mixture into the filter funnel. ObservationsClean water is collected below the filter funnel. Soil remains above the filter paper. ExplanationA filter paper is porous which act like a fine sieve with very small holes. The holes allow smaller water particles to pass through but do not allow bigger soil particles. The liquid which passes through is called filtrate. The solid which do not pass through is called residue. Set up of apparatusIn industries, filtration is used in engine filters to clean up air. C EvaporationEvaporation is a method of separating a solute solid from its solution. This involves heating a solution solvent and solute to vapourize the solvent out of the solution mixture leaving pure solute solid. If a mixture contain insoluble solid, they are filtered out. Experiment: To separate a mixture of soil and salt sodium chloride . Procedure:Put one spatula end full of soil on a filter paper. Put one spatula full of common salt sodium chloride into the same filter paper. Mix well using the spatula,. Place about 200cm3 of water into a beaker. Put the contents of the filter paper into the water. Stir thoroughly using a glass stirring rod for about one minute. Fold a filter paper into a filter funnel. Pour half portion of the contents in the beaker into the filter funnel. Put the filtrate into an evaporating dish. Heat on a water bath. Observation i On mixingColourless crystals and brown soil particles appear on the filter paper. Ii On adding waterCommon soil dissolves in water. Soil particles do not dissolve in water. Iii On filtrationColourless liquid collected as filtrate below the filter funnel paper. |
Ii On adding waterCommon soil dissolves in water. Soil particles do not dissolve in water. Iii On filtrationColourless liquid collected as filtrate below the filter funnel paper. Brown residue collected above the filter funnel paper. Iv On evaporationColourless crystals collected after evaporationExplanationSolid mixture of sand and common salt take the colors of the two. On adding water, common salt dissolves to form a solution. Soil does not because it is insoluble in water and thus forms a suspension. On filtration, a residue of insoluble soil does not pass through the filter paper. It is collected as residue. Common salt solution is collected as filtrate. On heating the filtrate, the solvent water evaporate vaporize out of the evaporating dish leaving common salt crystals. Vapourization evaporation can take place even without heating. This is the principle process of drying wet clothes on the hanging line. Set up of apparatus d DistillationDistillation is an improved evaporation where both the solute and the solvent in the solution are separated collected. Distillation therefore is the process of separating a solution into constituent solid solute and the solvent. It involves heating the solution to evaporate vaporize the solvent out. The solvent vapour is then condensed back to a liquid. Salty sea water can be made pure through simple distillation. Any mixture with a large difference 40oC in boiling point can be separated using simple distillation. E Fractional distillationFractional distillation is an improved simple distillation used specifically to separate miscible mixtures with very close near boiling points. Fractional distillation involves: i Heating the mixture in a conical round bottomed flat bottomed flask. The pure substance with a lower boiling point and thus more volatile evaporates boils vaporize first.e.g. Pure ethanol has a boiling point of 78oC.Pure water has a boiling point of 100 oC at sea level one atmosphere pressure. When a miscible mixture of ethanol and water is heated, ethanol vaporizes boils evaporates first because it is more volatile. Ii The conical round bottomed flat bottomed flask is connected to a long glass tube called fractionating column. The purpose of the fractionating column is to offer areas of condensation for the less volatile pure mixture. |
When a miscible mixture of ethanol and water is heated, ethanol vaporizes boils evaporates first because it is more volatile. Ii The conical round bottomed flat bottomed flask is connected to a long glass tube called fractionating column. The purpose of the fractionating column is to offer areas of condensation for the less volatile pure mixture. The fractionating column is packed with glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves to increase the surface area of condensation of the less volatile pure mixture. Iii When the vapors rise they condense on the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves which become hot. When the temperature of the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves is beyond the boiling point of the less volatile pure substance, the pure substance rise and condensation take place on the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves at a higher level on the fractionating column. The less volatile pure substance trickles drips back down the fractionating column or back into the conical round bottomed flat bottomed flask to be heated again. E.g. If the temperature on glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves is beyond 78oC, the more volatile pure ethanol rise to condense on the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves higher in the fractionating column. Water condenses and then drip trickle to the glass beads broken glass porcelain shelves lower in the fractionating column because it is less volatile. Iv The fractionating column is connected to a Liebig condenser. The Liebig condenser has a cold water inlet and outlet circulation. The more volatile mixture that reach the top of the fractionating column is condenses by the Liebig condenser into a receiver. It is collected as the first fraction. V At the top of the fractionating column, a thermometer is placed to note monitor the temperature of the boiling mixtures. Pure substances have constant fixed boiling point. When one mixture is completely separated, the thermometer reading rises. E.g. the thermometer reading remains at78oC when ethanol is being separated. When no more ethanol is being separated, the mercury alcohol level in the thermometer rises. Vi The second subsequent fractions are collected in the receiver after noting a rise the mercury alcohol level in the thermometer. E.g. the thermometer reading rises to 100oC when water is being separated. |
Vi The second subsequent fractions are collected in the receiver after noting a rise the mercury alcohol level in the thermometer. E.g. the thermometer reading rises to 100oC when water is being separated. It is passed through the Liebig condenser with the cold water inlet and outlet circulation. It is collected different receiver as the second subsequent fraction. Vii Each fraction collected should be confirmed from known physical chemical properties characteristic. ExampleEthanolEthanol is a colourless liquid that has a characteristic smell .When it is put in a watch glass then ignited, it catches fire and burn with a blue flame. WaterWater is a colourless liquid that has no smell odour .When it is put in a watch glass then ignited, it does not catch fire. Set up of apparatusIndustrial application of Fractional distillationOn a large scale,fractional distillation is used: i In fractional distillation of crude oil in an oil refinery. Crude oil is a mixture of many fractions. When heated in a furnace, the different fractions separate out according to their boiling point. In Kenya,fractional distillation takes place at Changamwe in Mombasa. Ii In fractional distillation of air. Air contain a mixture of three main useful gases which are condensed by cooling to very low temperature -200oC to form a liquid. The liquid is then heated. Nitrogen is the most volatile -196 oC and thus comes out as the first fraction. Argon at -186 oC is the second fraction. Oxygen at -183 oC is the last fraction. The three gases are very useful industrial gases. Sublimation depositionSome solids on heating do not melt to a liquid but change directly to a gas. The process by which a solid changes to a gas is called sublimation. The gas cools back and changes directly to a solid. The process by which a gas changes to a solid is called deposition. Sublimation and deposition therefore are the same but opposite processes. |
The gas cools back and changes directly to a solid. The process by which a gas changes to a solid is called deposition. Sublimation and deposition therefore are the same but opposite processes. Some common substances that undergo sublimation deposition include: i Iodine ii Carbon IV oxide iii Camphor iv ammonium chloride v Iron III chloride vi Aluminum III chloride vii benzoic acidIf a mixture has any of the above as a component, then on heating it will change to a gas and be deposited away from the source of heating. ProcedurePlace about one spatula full of ammonium chloride crystals into a clean dry 100cm3 beaker. Add equal amount of sodium chloride crystals into the beaker. Swirl to mix. Place the beaker on a tripod stand. Put about 100cm3 of water into another beaker. Place carefully the beaker containing water on top of the beaker containing the solid mixture. Light ignite a burner and heat the solid. Set up of apparatus:Observation i With ammonium chloride common salt mixtureWhite fumes produced. White sublimate depositedColourless residue left ii With Iodine common salt mixturePurple fumes produced. Dark grey sublimate depositedColourless residue leftExplanation i On heating a mixture of ammonium chloride and common salt, a white fume of ammonium chloride is produced. The white fumes solidify as white sublimate on the cooler parts. Common salt remains as residue. Chemical equation:Ammonium chloride solid Ammonium chloride gas ii On heating a mixture of Iodine and common salt, a purple fume of Iodine vapour is produced. The purple fumes solidify as dark grey sublimate on the cooler parts. Common salt remains as residue. Chemical equation:Iodine solid Iodine gasChromatographyChromatography is a method of separating components of a solution mixture by passing it through a medium where the different components move at different rates. The medium through which the solution mixture is passed is called absorbent material. Paper chromatography is a method of separating colored dyes by using paper as the absorbent material. Since dyes are insoluble do not dissolve in water, ethanol and propanone are used as suitable solvents for dissolving the dye. |
The medium through which the solution mixture is passed is called absorbent material. Paper chromatography is a method of separating colored dyes by using paper as the absorbent material. Since dyes are insoluble do not dissolve in water, ethanol and propanone are used as suitable solvents for dissolving the dye. Practically, a simple paper chromatography involve placing a dye material on the absorbent material, adding slowly a suitable soluble solvent on the dye material using a dropper, the solvent spread out on the absorbent material carrying the soluble dye away from the origin. The spot on which the dye is initially originally placed is called baseline. The farthest point the solvent spread is called solvent front. The farthest a dye can be spread by the solvent depend on: i Density of the dye-the denser the dye, the less it spread from the basely ne by the solvent. Ii Stickiness of the dye-some dyes sticks on the absorbent material more than other thus do not spread far from baseline. Experiment: To investigate the colors in inkProcedureMethod 1Place a filter paper on an empty beaker. Put a drop of black blue ink in the centre of the filter paper. Wait for about one minute for the ink drop to spread. Using a clean teat pipette dropper add one drop of ethanol propanone. Wait for about one minute for the ink drop to spread further. Add about twenty other drops of ethanol waiting for about one minute before each addition. Allow the filter paper to dry. Experiment: To investigate the colors in inkProcedureMethod 2Cut an 8 centimeter thin strip of a filter paper. At about 3cm on the strip, place a drop of ink. Place the filter paper in a 10cm length boiling tube containing 5cm3 of ethanol. Ensure the cut strip of the filter paper just dips into the ethanol towards the ink mark. Cover the boiling tube. Wait for about twenty minutes. Remove the boiling tube and allow the filter paper to dry. Set up of apparatusExplanationWhen a drop of ink is placed on an absorbent material it sticks. On adding an eluting solvent, it dissolves the dye spread out with it. The denser and sticky pure dye move least. The least dense sticky pure dye move farthest. A pure dye will produce the same chromatogram spot if the same eluting solvent is used on the same absorbent material. |
The denser and sticky pure dye move least. The least dense sticky pure dye move farthest. A pure dye will produce the same chromatogram spot if the same eluting solvent is used on the same absorbent material. Comparing the distance moved by a pure dye with a mixture, the coloured dyes in a mixture can be deduced as below:Example 1The chromatogram of pure dyes A, B ,C and a dye mixture D is shown below Determine the pure dyes present in D. On the diagram show: i the solvent front ii Baseline Iii the most soluble pure dye i Solvent extractionSolvent extraction is a method of separating oil from nuts seeds. Most nuts contain oil. First the nuts are crushed to reduce their size and increase the surface area. A suitable volatile solvent is added. The mixture is filtered. The filtrate solvent is then allowed to crystallize leaving the oil fat. If a filter paper is rubbed smeared with the oil fat, it becomes translucent. This is the test for the presence of oil fat. Experiment: To extract oil from Macadamia nut seedsProcedureCrush Macadamia nut seeds form the hard outer cover .Place the inner soft seed into a mortar. Crush add a little sand to assist in crushing . Add a little propanone and continue crushing. Continue crushing and adding a little propanone until there is more liquid mixture than the solid. Decant filter. Put the filtrate into an evaporating dish. Vapourize the solvent using solar energy sunlight. Smear rub a portion of the residue left after evaporation on a clean dry filter paper. Observation ExplanationPropanone dissolve fat oil in the macadamia nuts. Propanone is more volatile lower boiling point than oil fat. In sunlight solar energy, propanone evaporate vaporize leaving oil fat has a higher boiling point .Any seed like corn, wheat , rice, soya bean may be used instead of macadamia seed. When oil fat is rubbed smeared on an opaque paper, it becomes translucent. CrystallizationCrystallization is the process of using solubility of a solute solid to obtain the solute solid crystals from a saturated solution by cooling or heating the solution. A crystal is the smallest regular shaped particle of a solute. |
When oil fat is rubbed smeared on an opaque paper, it becomes translucent. CrystallizationCrystallization is the process of using solubility of a solute solid to obtain the solute solid crystals from a saturated solution by cooling or heating the solution. A crystal is the smallest regular shaped particle of a solute. Every solute has unique shape of its crystals. Some solutions form crystals when heated. This is because less solute dissolves at higher temperature. Some other solutions form crystals when cooled. This is because less solute dissolves at lower temperature. Experiment; To crystallize copper II sulphate VI solutionProcedure:Place about one spatula full of hydrated copper sulphate VI crystals into 200cm3 of distilled water in a beaker. Stir. Continue adding a little more of the hydrated copper sulphate VI crystals and stirring until no more dissolve. Decant filter. Cover the filtrate with a filter paper. Pierce and make small holes on the filter paper cover. Preserve the experiment for about seven days. Observation ExplanationLarge blue crystals formedWhen hydrated copper II sulphate crystals are placed in water, they dissolve to form copper II sulphate solution. After some days water slowly evaporate leaving large crystals of copper II sulphate. If the mixture is heated to dryness, small crystals are formed. Using MagnetsMixtures containing substances that are attracted by magnets can be separated using a magnet. We can separate iron from a mixture of sand and iron, as only the iron is attracted to the magnet. ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORSIn a school laboratory: i An acid may be defined as a substance that turns litmus red. Ii A base may be defined as a substance that turns litmus blue. Litmus is lichen found mainly in West Africa. It changes its colour depending on whether the solution it is in, is basic alkaline or acidic. It is thus able to identify show whether another substance is an acid, base or neutral. Iii An indicator is a substance that shows whether another substance is a base alkaline,acid or neutralCommon naturally occurring acids include:Most commonly used acids found in a school laboratory are not naturally occurring. They are manufactured. They are called mineral acids. Common mineral acids include:Mineral acids are manufactured to very high concentration. |
They are manufactured. They are called mineral acids. Common mineral acids include:Mineral acids are manufactured to very high concentration. They are corrosive causes painful wounds on contact with the skin and attack reacts with garments clothes metals. In a school laboratory, they are mainly used when added a lot of water. This is called diluting. Diluting ensures the concentration of the acid is safely low. Bases are opposite of acids. Most bases do not dissolve in water. Bases which dissolve in water are called alkalis. Common alkalis include:Common bases which are not alkali include:Indicators are useful in identifying substances which look-alike. An acid-base indicator is a substance used to identify whether another substance is alkaline or acidic. An acid-base indicator works by changing to different colors in neutral, acidic and alkaline solutions dissolved in water. Experiment: To prepare simple acid-base indicatorProcedure a Place some flowers petals in a mortar. Crush them using a pestle. Add a little sand to assist in crushing. Add about 5cm3 of propanone ethanol and carefully continue grinding. Add more 5cm3 of propanone ethanol and continue until there is enough extract in the mortar. Filter the extract into a clean 100cm3 beaker. B Place 5cm3 of filtered wood ash, soap solution, ammonia solution, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, distilled water, sulphuric VI acid, sour milk, sodium chloride, toothpaste and calcium hydroxide into separate test tubes. C Put about three drops of the extract in a to each test tube in b . Record the observations made in each case. Sample observationsThe plant extract is able to differentiate between solutions by their nature. It is changing to a similar colour for similar solutions. I Since lemon juice is a known acid, then sulphuric VI and hydrochloric acids are similar in nature with lemon juice because the indicator shows similar colors. They are acidic in nature. Ii Since sodium hydroxide is a known base alkali, then the green colour of indicator shows an alkaline basic solution. Iii Since pure water is neutral, then the orange colour of indicator shows neutral solutions. In a school laboratory, commercial indicators are used. A commercial indicator is cheap, readily available and easy to store. |
Iii Since pure water is neutral, then the orange colour of indicator shows neutral solutions. In a school laboratory, commercial indicators are used. A commercial indicator is cheap, readily available and easy to store. Common indicators include: Litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange, screened methyl orange, bromothymol blue. Experiment:Using commercial indicators to determine acidic, basic alkaline and neutral solutionsProcedurePlace 5cm3 of the solutions in the table below. Add three drops of litmus solution to each solution. Repeat with phenolphthalein indicator, methyl orange, screened methyl orange and bromothymol blue. Sample resultsThe universal indicatorThe universal indicator is a mixture of other indicator dyes. The indicator uses the pH scale. The pH scale shows the strength of bases and acids. The pH scale ranges from 1-14.These numbers are called pH values: i pH values 1, 2, 3 shows a substance is strongly acid ii pH values 4, 5, 6 shows a substance is a weakly acid iii pH value 7 shows a substance is a neutral iv pH values 8, 9, 10, 11 shows a substance is a weak base alkali. V pH values 12, 13, 14 shows a substance is a strong base alkaliThe pH values are determined from a pH chart. The pH chart is a multicolored paper with each colour corresponding to a pH value.i.e i red correspond to pH 1, 2, 3 showing strongly acidic solutions. Ii Orange yellow correspond to pH 4, 5, 6 showing weakly acidic solutions. Iii Green correspond to pH 7 showing neutral solutions. Iv Blue correspond to pH 8, 9, 10, 11 showing weakly alkaline solutions. V Purple dark blue correspond to pH 12,13,14 showing strong alkalis. The universal indicator is available as: i Universal indicator paper pH paper ii Universal indicator solution. When determining the pH of a unknown solution using i pH paper then the pH paper is dipped into the unknown solution. It changes turn to a certain colour. The new colour is marched compared to its corresponding one on the pH chart to get the pH value. |
A woman is generally most likely to get pregnant fertile if she has sex a few days before, and during ovulation. Menstrual CycleEach month during the years between puberty and menopause, a woman s body goes through a number of changes to get it ready for a possible pregnancy. This series of hormone-driven events is called the menstrual cycle. During each menstrual cycle, an egg develops and is released from the ovaries. The lining of the uterus builds up. If a pregnancy doesn t happen, the uterine lining sheds during a menstrual period. Then the cycle starts again. Menstrual phaseThe menstrual phase is the first stage of the menstrual cycle. It s also when you get your period. This phase starts when an egg from the previous cycle isn t fertilized. Because pregnancy hasn t taken place, levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone drop. The thickened lining of your uterus, which would support a pregnancy, is no longer needed, so it sheds through your vagina. During your period, you release a combination of blood, mucus, and tissue from your uterus. You may have period symptoms like these:crampstender breastsbloatingmood swingsirritabilityheadachestirednesslow back painOn average, women are in the menstrual phase of their cycle for 3 to 7 days. Some women have longer periods than others. Identifying common issues related to Menstrual cycleEvery woman s menstrual cycle is different. Some women get their period at the same time each month. Others are more irregular. Some women bleed more heavily or for a longer number of days than others. Your menstrual cycle can also change during certain times of your life. For example, it can get more irregular as you get close to menopause. One way to find out if you re having any issues with your menstrual cycle is to track your periods. Write down when they start and end. Also record any changes to the amount or number of days you bleed, and whether you have spotting between periods. Any of these things can alter your menstrual cycle:Birth control. The birth control pill may make your periods shorter and lighter. While on some pills, you won t get a period at all. Pregnancy. Your periods should stop during pregnancy. Missed periods are one of the most obvious first signs that you re pregnant. Uterine fibroids. |
Your periods should stop during pregnancy. Missed periods are one of the most obvious first signs that you re pregnant. Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in your uterus can make your periods longer and heavier than usual. Eating disorders. Anorexia, bulimia, and other eating disorders can disrupt your menstrual cycle and make your periods stop. Here are a few signs of a problem with your menstrual cycle:You ve skipped periods, or your periods have stopped entirely. Your periods are irregular. You bleed for more than seven days. Your periods are less than 21 days or more than 35 days apart. You bleed between periods heavier than spotting . If you have these or other problems with your menstrual cycle or periods, talk to your healthcare provider. Managing issues related to the menstrual cyclestopping smokingusing heating pads, hot water bottles, or warm baths to ease paintrying gentle forms of exercise, such as walkingmanaging stress and making time for relaxationavoiding caffeine, alcohol, and refined sugar in the 2 weeks before a periodgetting enough sleep each nightFertilization and implantation in human beings Fertilization in humans refers to the fusion of male and female gametes that facilitates the development of a new organism. Fertilization is the natural life process, which is carried out by the fusion of both male and female gametes, which results in the formation of a zygote. In humans, the process of fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube. During this process, semen comprising thousands of sperms are inseminated into the female vagina during coitus. The sperms move towards the uterus and reach the opening of the fallopian tube. Only a few sperms will succeed in reaching the opening of the fallopian tube. Both sperm and egg can show their vitality only to a limited period. Sperm is alive for 48-72 hours in a female reproductive system, whereas the egg can be fertilized for 24 hours before it is released. Only one sperm will succeed in fertilising the ovum, by penetrating its cell membrane and depositing the male genetic material into the female cell, where the two nuclei fuse. The fertilised ovum zygote immediately becomes resistant to penetration by any other sperm arriving later. |
Sperm is alive for 48-72 hours in a female reproductive system, whereas the egg can be fertilized for 24 hours before it is released. Only one sperm will succeed in fertilising the ovum, by penetrating its cell membrane and depositing the male genetic material into the female cell, where the two nuclei fuse. The fertilised ovum zygote immediately becomes resistant to penetration by any other sperm arriving later. After fertilisation occurs, the zygote remains in the fallopian tube for about 72 hours, and during this time it develops rapidly, as you will see in the next section. Early development of the embryoFrom the moment of fertilisation until the eighth week of pregnancy, the developing human is called an embryo. While these changes are taking place in the early embryo, it is moving along the fallopian tube towards the uterus. This takes five to seven days. Between five to seven days after fertilisation, the blastocyst reaches the uterus and embeds itself in the thickened endometrium lining of the uterus . This process is called implantation, and if the embryo survives it is the beginning of a pregnancy. However, the embryo may not implant, or it may not survive for more than a few days. In this case, it is shed from the uterus as the endometrium breaks down, and it passes out of the vagina in the menstrual fluid. The loss of a very early pregnancy in this way is very common, and the woman does not even know that she was momentarily pregnant. Human Excretory systemSkinThe skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold. Skin has three layers:The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. Acts as a protective barrier: The epidermis keeps bacteria and germs from entering your body and bloodstream and causing infections. It also protects against rain, sun and other elements. Makes new skin: The epidermis continually makes new skin cells. These new cells replace the approximately 40,000 old skin cells that your body sheds every day. You have new skin every 30 days. Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the body s immune system. They help fight off germs and infections. |
You have new skin every 30 days. Protects your body: Langerhans cells in the epidermis are part of the body s immune system. They help fight off germs and infections. Provides skin color: The epidermis contains melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. The amount of melanin you have determines the color of your skin, hair and eyes. People who make more melanin have darker skin and may tan more quickly. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. Has collagen and elastin: Collagen is a protein that makes skin cells strong and resilient. Another protein found in the dermis, elastin, keeps skin flexible. It also helps stretched skin regain its shape. Grows hair: The roots of hair follicles attach to the dermis. Keeps you in touch: Nerves in the dermis tell you when something is too hot to touch, itchy or super soft. These nerve receptors also help you feel pain. Makes oil: Oil glands in the dermis help keep the skin soft and smooth. Oil also prevents your skin from absorbing too much water when you swim or get caught in a rainstorm. Produces sweat: Sweat glands in the dermis release sweat through skin pores. Sweat helps regulate your body temperature. Supplies blood: Blood vessels in the dermis provide nutrients to the epidermis, keeping the skin layers healthy. The deeper subcutaneous tissue hypodermis is made of fat and connective tissue. Cushions muscles and bones: Fat in the hypodermis protects muscles and bones from injuries when you fall or are in an accident. Has connective tissue: This tissue connects layers of skin to muscles and bones. Helps the nerves and blood vessels: Nerves and blood vessels in the dermis middle layer get larger in the hypodermis. These nerves and blood vessels branch out to connect the hypodermis to the rest of the body. Regulates body temperature: Fat in the hypodermis keeps you from getting too cold or hot. The skin s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. The Urinary systemThe body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. |
Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. The Urinary systemThe body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy. After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood. The kidney and urinary systems help the body to eliminate liquid waste called urea, and to keep chemicals, such as potassium and sodium, and water in balance. Urea is produced when foods containing protein, such as meat, poultry, and certain vegetables, are broken down in the body. Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where it is removed along with water and other wastes in the form of urine. Two kidneys. This pair of purplish-brown organs is located below the ribs toward the middle of the back. Their function is to:Remove waste products and drugs from the bodyBalance the body's fluidsRelease hormones to regulate blood pressureControl production of red blood cellsTwo ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. The typical healthy adult bladder can store up to two cups of urine for two to five hours. Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, which squeezes urine out of the bladder. At the same time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit the bladder through the urethra. When all the signals occur in the correct order, normal urination occurs. Facts about urineNormal, healthy urine is a pale straw or transparent yellow color. Darker yellow or honey colored urine means you need more water. A darker, brownish color may indicate a liver problem or severe dehydration. Pinkish or red urine may mean blood in the urine. |
Darker yellow or honey colored urine means you need more water. A darker, brownish color may indicate a liver problem or severe dehydration. Pinkish or red urine may mean blood in the urine. Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include:Type 1 or type 2 diabetesHigh blood pressurean inflammation of the kidney's filtering units glomeruli an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structuresother inherited kidney diseasesProlonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancersRecurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritisHeart cardiovascular diseaseSmokingObesityBeing Black, Native American or Asian AmericanFamily history of kidney diseaseAbnormal kidney structureOlder ageFrequent use of medications that can damage the kidneysSigns and symptoms of Kidney DiseasesSigns and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause:NauseaVomitingLoss of appetiteFatigue and weaknessSleep problemsUrinating more or lessDecreased mental sharpnessMuscle crampsSwelling of feet and anklesDry, itchy skinHigh blood pressure hypertension that's difficult to controlShortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungsChest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heartTo reduce your risk of developing kidney disease:Follow instructions on over-the-counter medications. When using nonprescription pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen Advil, Motrin IB, others and acetaminophen Tylenol, others , follow the instructions on the package. Taking too many pain relievers for a long time could lead to kidney damage. Maintain a healthy weight. If you're at a healthy weight, maintain it by being physically active most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, talk with your doctor about strategies for healthy weight loss. Don't smoke. Cigarette smoking can damage your kidneys and make existing kidney damage worse. If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop. Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help. |
If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop. Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help. If you have diseases or conditions that increase your risk of kidney disease, work with your doctor to control them. Ask your doctor about tests to look for signs of kidney damage. How can I protect my skin? You lose collagen and elastin as you age. This causes the skin s middle layer dermis to get thinner. As a result, the skin may sag and develop wrinkles. While you can t stop the aging process, these actions can help maintain healthier skin:Apply sunscreen every day even if you re mostly indoors . Choose a sunscreen with a broad-spectrum sun protection factor SPF of at least 30. Don t tan indoors or outdoors. Tanning causes skin damage. It ages skin and can cause skin cancer. Find healthy ways to manage stress. Stress can make certain skin conditions worse. Perform regular skin and mole checks to look for changes that may be signs of skin cancer. Quit smoking and using tobacco products. Nicotine and other chemicals in cigarettes and electronic cigarettes age skin faster. Use gentle cleansers to wash your face in the morning and at night. Shower regularly and apply moisturizing lotion to prevent dry skin. Effects of cosmetics on healthHeadachesHair problems- Extensive use of chemical based hair products could lead to dandruff, scalp redness, thinning of hair, and even loss of hair. Long term use of hair color could also lead to hair discoloration. Acne - Some types of makeup which are in the form of liquids and creams clog the pores in your skin. This leads to the formation of blackheads, which when not cleaned regularly can form acne. Skin allergies - hemicals known as Parabens which include ethyl-paraben, butyl-paraben, and isopropyl-paraben are used as preservatives to prevent bacterial growth in cosmetics. Parabens can cause various allergic reactions like skin irritation, blotches, and blemishes on the skin. Eye infections - Layers of eye makeup can be damaging to your eyes as it also slips into your eyes through the corners causing irritation. Premature aging - When you use skin products for a longer period of time, the chemicals present tend to permanently damage your skin. With time, you could begin to see skin ageing signs likes wrinkles or patchiness on your face and body. |
Eye infections - Layers of eye makeup can be damaging to your eyes as it also slips into your eyes through the corners causing irritation. Premature aging - When you use skin products for a longer period of time, the chemicals present tend to permanently damage your skin. With time, you could begin to see skin ageing signs likes wrinkles or patchiness on your face and body. While makeup does help you hide or cover flaws in your skin, the long term effects could be counterproductive. Also, considering how big the anti-ageing products market is, cosmetic companies have no incentive to reduce the ageing effects of makeup. Cancer - Many of the chemical based cosmetics available in the stores today contain toxic ingredients that could cause cancer. With regulations in place, there is testing being done on the ingredients before the products can be sold. Ry and avoid products with the following ingredients. Formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasing preservativesPhenacetinCoal tarBenzeneUntreated or mildly treated mineral oilsEthylene oxideChromiumCadmium and its compoundsArsenicCrystalline silica or quartz Skin discoloration- Skin products like sunscreens, moisturizers, toners, and creams contain agents that bleach or darken the skin. Cosmetic products that use poor quality ingredients which have not been regulated can lead to skin discoloration. The effect could be patches, pigmentation, uneven skin tone, redness, and freckles. FORCE AND ENERGYStatic electricityStatic electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material or between materials. A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and have worn and separated, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current. The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor for example, a path to ground , or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity positive or negative Contact-induced chargeIn high-school science demonstrations involving rubbing different materials together e.g., fur against an acrylic rod . Contact-induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes "static cling" for example, a balloon rubbed against the hair becomes negatively charged; when near a wall, the charged balloon is attracted to positively charged particles in the wall, and can "cling" to it, appearing to be suspended against gravity . |
A static electric charge can be created whenever two surfaces contact and have worn and separated, and at least one of the surfaces has a high resistance to electric current. The effects of static electricity are familiar to most people because people can feel, hear, and even see the spark as the excess charge is neutralized when brought close to a large electrical conductor for example, a path to ground , or a region with an excess charge of the opposite polarity positive or negative Contact-induced chargeIn high-school science demonstrations involving rubbing different materials together e.g., fur against an acrylic rod . Contact-induced charge separation causes your hair to stand up and causes "static cling" for example, a balloon rubbed against the hair becomes negatively charged; when near a wall, the charged balloon is attracted to positively charged particles in the wall, and can "cling" to it, appearing to be suspended against gravity . There are two ways of charging objectsrubbingBy using the method of friction, positive charge is developed on one of the bodies and negative charge on the other. When these two bodies are brought close, they attract. Some objects have tendency to gain positive charge example glass and ebonite rod while some objects have the tendency to gain negative charge example silk . InductionWhen an uncharged object is placed very close to a charged conductor without touching, the nearer end acquires a charge opposite to the charge on the charged conductors and the two bodies attract. This is called charging by induction. The net charge on the bodies remains the same and body is charged until they are kept close or brought in contact. Effects of force between charged objectsLike charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Thus, two negative charges repel one another, while a positive charge attracts a negative charge. The attraction or repulsion acts along the line between the two charges. Forces are exerted by charged objects. Two electrically charged objects can exert a force on each other without directly touching. This force is an example of a non-contact force. Forces can attract and repel. Two objects with the same type of charge will repel, whilst two oppositely charged objects attract. The force between unlike charges is called electrostatic attraction. The force between like charges is called electrostatic repulsion. Electrostatic forces can cause movement. Similar to other forces, electrostatic forces can cause movement. Electrostatic attraction causes objects to move closer together, whilst electrostatic repulsion causes objects to move further away from each other. |
Electrostatic forces can cause movement. Similar to other forces, electrostatic forces can cause movement. Electrostatic attraction causes objects to move closer together, whilst electrostatic repulsion causes objects to move further away from each other. If we think back to our example with the rod and the cloth, the positive rod will attract the negative cloth, so they will move closer together. Uses of static chargesAlthough static electricity can be a nuisance like getting shock when you touch a doorknob or having static cling on your clothes it has a number of beneficial uses. The forces of attraction between charged particles caused by static electricity are used in air pollution control, xerography and automobile painting. Questions you may have include:How is static electricity used in air pollution control? How does a Xerox machine work? How is static electricity used to paint cars? Pollution controlStatic electricity is used in pollution control by applying a static charge to dirt particles in the air and then collecting those charged particles on a plate or collector of the opposite electrical charge. Such devices are often called electrostatic precipitators. SmokestacksFactories use static electricity to reduce pollution coming from their smokestacks. They give the smoke an electric charge. When it passes by electrodes of the opposite charge, most of the smoke particles cling to the electrodes. This keeps the pollution from going out into the atmosphere. Air freshenersSome people purchase what are called air ionizers to freshen and purify the air in their homes. They work on a similar principle as the smokestack pollution control. These devices strip electrons from smoke molecules, dust particles, and pollen in the air, just as what happens in creating static electricity. These charged dust and smoke particles are then attracted to and stick to a plate on the device with the opposite charge. After a while, much of the pollution is drawn from the air. Since charged particles will also stick to neutral surfaces, some of them can stick to the wall near the ionizer, making it very dirty and difficult to clean. XerographyYour photocopier or Xerox machine uses static electricity to copy print to a page. This is done through the science of xerography. One version of this device electrically charges ink so that it will stick to the paper in the designated areas. Another version of a photocopier uses charges to stick the ink to a drum, which then transfers it to the paper. Painting carsSome automobile manufacturers use static electricity to help them paint the cars they make. |
One version of this device electrically charges ink so that it will stick to the paper in the designated areas. Another version of a photocopier uses charges to stick the ink to a drum, which then transfers it to the paper. Painting carsSome automobile manufacturers use static electricity to help them paint the cars they make. The way this works is that they first prepare the car's surface and then put it in a paint booth. Next, they give the paint an electrical charge and then spray a fine mist of paint into the booth. The charged paint particles are attracted to the car and stick to the body, just like a charged balloon sticks to a wall. Once the paint dries, it sticks much better to the car and is smoother because it is evenly distributed. Safety measures when dealing with static chargesUse of the following in the workplace may be necessary to prevent charge accumulation that can lead to static electricity:nonmetal handrailsinsulated doorknobsnonconductive shieldsantistatic wrist strapsstatic dissipating bootsantistatic or conductive clothingElectrical EnergySources of electricityElectricity cannot be mined from the ground like coal. So it is called a secondary source of energy, meaning that it is derived from primary sources, including coal, natural gas, nuclear fission reactions, sunlight, wind, and hydropower. Most direct uses of primary energy are limited to generating heat and motion. Electric circuitWhen there are two or more electrical devices in a circuit with an energy source, there are a couple of basic ways by which we connect them. They can either be connected in series or in parallel combinations. A series circuit is a circuit in which two components share a common node and the same current flows through them. However, in a parallel circuit, components share two common nodes. SeriesA circuit is said to be connected in series when the same current flows through all the components in the circuit. In such circuits, the current has only one path. Let us consider the household decorative string lights as an example of a series circuit. This is nothing but a series of multiple tiny bulbs connected in series. If one bulb fuses, all the bulbs in the series do not light up. ParrallelA circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths to flow through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a constant voltage across all ends. |
If one bulb fuses, all the bulbs in the series do not light up. ParrallelA circuit is said to be parallel when the electric current has multiple paths to flow through. The components that are a part of the parallel circuits will have a constant voltage across all ends. Electric conductorsThe are two typesconductorsnon-conductorsApplications of ConductorsConductors are quite useful in many ways. They find use in many real-life applications. For example,Mercury is a common material in thermometer to check the temperature of the body. Aluminium finds its use in making foils to store food. It is also used in the production of fry pans to store heat quickly. Iron is a common material used in vehicle engine manufacturing to conduct heat. The plate of iron is made up of steel to absorb heat briskly. Conductors find their use in car radiators to eradicate heat away from the engine. Applications of InsulatorsAs insulators resist the flow of electron, they find worldwide applications. Some of the common uses include:Thermal insulators, disallow heat to move from one place to another. Hence, we use them in making thermoplastic bottles. They are also used in fireproofing ceilings and walls. Sound insulators help in controlling noise level, as they are good in absorbance of sound. Thus, we use them in buildings and conference halls to make them noise-free. Electrical insulators hinder the flow of electron or passage of current through them. So, we use them extensively in circuit boards and high-voltage systems. They are also used in coating electric wire and cables. Electrical appliancesThe term appliance can be defined as, "a device or apparatus or equipment designed to perform an application or task, other than industrial, benefited in our personal life that uses some kind of technology". USE OF APPLIANCESWhen we consider the demands of our work schedules, whether be it in our house or office or in the exterior work place, appliances lower the stress levels almost everywhere. An appliance is designed to cater a function in our personal life, and use the following five main functional categories: Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Mechanical Work, and Information Knowledge Processing. For example, a light bulb does lighting, an oven does heating, a refrigerator does cooling, a hand mixer does mechanical work, and a smart phone does information knowledge processing. |
USE OF APPLIANCESWhen we consider the demands of our work schedules, whether be it in our house or office or in the exterior work place, appliances lower the stress levels almost everywhere. An appliance is designed to cater a function in our personal life, and use the following five main functional categories: Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Mechanical Work, and Information Knowledge Processing. For example, a light bulb does lighting, an oven does heating, a refrigerator does cooling, a hand mixer does mechanical work, and a smart phone does information knowledge processing. Home Appliances or Domestic Appliances or Household Appliances are devices or equipment that assists in household functions such as cooking, cleaning, food preservation, lighting, and entertainmentAn Electric Appliance is a device or apparatus that uses to perform a function in our personal life, other than industrial, with the help of electrical energy. Some of the major appliances are:Air conditioner Room: 750-1500 wattsAudio System: 10-100 wattsBlender: 300 wattsBlow dryer: 1000 wattsCeiling fan: 10-70 wattsClothes dryer: 4000 wattsCoffee Maker: 800 wattsCoffee Pot: 200 wattsCooking Range: 1250-3200 wattsCompact Fluorescent Lamp: 18 wattsComputer: 50-250 wattsFood Blender: 390 wattsFrying Pan: 1200 wattsGarage door opener: 350 wattsHand Drill: 250-1000 wattsHeater: 1500 wattsHot Plate: 1200 wattsIron: 1000 wattsLaptop: 80-150 wattsTelevision: 70-250 wattsToaster: 800-1500 wattsWashing machine Automatic: 500 wattsSAFETY MEASURES WHEN HANDLING ELECTRICAL APPLIANCESNever overload a power socket. Too many plugs in a socket will draw a large current and generate heat in the wires which can result in overloading. Never touch an electrical socket. You can receive an electric shock by doing so. Do not wet electrical appliances, plugs, or sockets. Disconnect the appliance while cleaning it. Do not touch electric poles, high voltage wires, etc.,. With your hands or any metal. |
Do not wet electrical appliances, plugs, or sockets. Disconnect the appliance while cleaning it. Do not touch electric poles, high voltage wires, etc.,. With your hands or any metal. Uses of ElectricityEntertainmentHealthcareEngineeringTransport and CommunicationOutdoorsHouseholdCommercialOfficeFuelSpaceUses of Electricity in EntertainmentListening to music on MP3 players. Watching Television. Playing movies on DVDs, VCDs or VCRs runs on electricity. Uses of Electricity in HealthcareSurgical operationsDoctors need a powerful light during an operation on a patientWithout electricity, the operation can prove fatal. Uses of Electricity in EngineeringConstructions of buildings and structures for the convenience of people require electricity in every step. Building houses, installing gates and windows, welding of materials require current electricity to operate the machines. Uses of Electricity in Transport and CommunicationReaching places or communicating from a different corner of the world is only possible because of electricity. A power cut during airline travel can be dangerous. Uses of Electricity outdoorsThe street lights on the road use electricity to function, even the pool requires electricity to heat the water in colder regions. The lawnmower, which is used to cut grass uses electricity to operate. The water sprinkler for the grass on the lawn uses electricity as well. Uses of Electricity in HouseholdStarting from toaster to refrigerator, microwave, washing machine, dishwasher, electrical chimney, and many more appliances which are simple to use and made for the convenience of day-to-day activities use electricity to function. Uses of Electricity in commercial placesFor the production of various materials, the factory uses heavy machinery which always runs on electricity. Even the magnets which are of a giant like structures require electricity to keep it charged for lifting heavy metals. Uses of Electricity in OfficeWe go to work in offices in which most things run on electricity. The lights, lifts, AC, coffee machine, ID card reader, biometric scanners and everything else requires electricity. Uses of Electricity as fuelElectrical energy comes under renewable energy, and we can produce it using most of the natural resources available to us. Today, things which were running on fossil fuels, such as cars and bikes, are now made in such a way that it runs on electricity like solar-powered , which will be more convenient in the future. Uses of Electricity in SpaceThe satellites and probes which are sent from the earth for space expeditions run on electricity. |
Uses of Electricity as fuelElectrical energy comes under renewable energy, and we can produce it using most of the natural resources available to us. Today, things which were running on fossil fuels, such as cars and bikes, are now made in such a way that it runs on electricity like solar-powered , which will be more convenient in the future. Uses of Electricity in SpaceThe satellites and probes which are sent from the earth for space expeditions run on electricity. The electricity is generated with the help of a generator or is battery powered. MagnetismA magnet is an object that produces a magnetic field around itselfMagnets are classified into two groups natural and artificial magnets based on how they achieved their magnetism and for how long they retain their magnetic abilities and on their magnetic field. Natural magnets occur in nature and are much weaker than artificial magnets. Natural magnets Natural magnets occur in nature and have a weak magnetic field. Lodestones are a common example of natural magnets. Artificial magnets Artificial magnets can be produced by man-made means and have a stronger magnetic field. They can also be shaped as required. When an artificial magnet is shaped in the form of a bar, it is called a bar magnet. Properties of Bar MagnetA bar magnet has properties similar to any permanent magnet. It has a north pole and a south pole at two ends. Even if you break a bar magnet from the middle, both the pieces will still have a north pole and a south pole, no matter how many pieces you break it in. Its magnetic force of it is the strongest at the poles. If this magnet is suspended freely in the air with a thread, it will not come to rest until the poles are aligned in a north-south position. A Mariner s Compass uses this property to determine direction. If two bar magnets are placed close to each other, their unlike poles will attract and like poles will repel each other. A bar magnet will attract all ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt. The magnetic force between two moving charges may be described as the effect exerted upon either charge by a magnetic field created by the other. Magnetic and non-magnetic materialsSubstances that are attracted by a magnet are called magnetic substances. Example: Iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. Substances that are not attracted by a magnet are called non-magnetic materials. Example: Aluminium, copper, wood, etc. |
Example: Iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. Substances that are not attracted by a magnet are called non-magnetic materials. Example: Aluminium, copper, wood, etc. Force between like and unlike poles of a magnetUses of a magnetVarious Applications and Uses of MagnetsWe might be using computers in our day-to-day lives but never wondered about the presence of a magnet inside it. Magnetic elements on a hard disk help to represent computer data, which is later read by the computer to extract information. Magnets are used inside TVs, sound speakers and radios. The small coil of wire and a magnet inside a speaker transforms the electronic signal to sound vibrations. Magnets are used inside a generator to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. In contrast, other kinds of motors use magnets to change electrical energy to mechanical energy. Electrically charged magnets can help cranes to move large metal pieces. Magnets are used in filtering machines that separate metallic ores from crushed rocks. It is also used in food processing industries for separating small metallic pieces from grains etc. Magnets are used in MRI machines which are used to create an image of the bone structure, organs, and tissues. Even magnets are used to cure cancer. At home, you use magnets when you stick a paper on the refrigerator in order to remember something. Attaching a magnetic bottle opener to the fridge can come in handy. We often use pocket a compass to find out directions when we are on a trek. The pocket compass uses a magnetic needle to point north. The dark strip on the back of debit and credit cards is magnetic and is used to store data like computers hard drives. Magnets can help collect all the nails which are scattered on the ground after a repair job. |
STRAND 1 FOUNDATIONS OF CREATIVE ARTS. WHAT IS CREATIVE ARTSIntroduction to Creative Arts and Sports. Creative Arts is a description of various artistic activities that allow performers to use their imaginations, creativity, and express ideas through a variety of mediums to passage a message to the audience. What is sports? A sport is any activity involving physical or mental effort combined with skills in which an individual or a team or teams compete against another or others for entertainmeRoles of Creative arts and sports in the society. Creates a sense of identity-bring people together, creating shared experiences that help to foster a sense of community and collective identity. Creative arts and sports promote cohesion through teamwork. Through creative arts and sports culture is preserved-it ensures that our history and traditions are not forgotten, and that future generations can appreciate and learn from them. Creative arts and sports inspire creativity, talents and abilities. Creative arts and sports provide provides us with entertainment through components such as music, dance, drama, narratives, films and movies, various sports i.e., soccer, basketball, netball, volley ball. Creative arts and sports provide employment opportunities such as artists, musicians, referees, sports coaches, sports doctors, choreographers. Trainers, teachers etc. One can earn income through activities related to creative arts and sports hence eradicating poetry. Through creative arts and sports, a country can earn or generate tax revenue. Boosts revenue collection Creative arts and sports attract investments which in turn increases job opportunities. Creative arts and sports stimulate growth of economy through sectors such as tourism. Encourages tourism Creative arts is made of the following components:Visual arts -creative art forms appreciated through sense of sight such as;Drawing. Painting. Sculpture. Montage. CollagePlay - a written work that tells a story through action and speech and is meant to be acted on a stage. Music - Music is a collection of coordinated sound or sounds. Making music is the process of putting sounds and tones in an order, often combining them to create a unified compositionDance dance is the movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea or emotion. Principles of Visual arts. There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. |
There are two principles of visual arts namely:Principle of dominance. Principle of proportion. Principle of dominance in Visual Arts. Dominance is when a single element is so large and or different compared to the rest of the design that it dominates. It grabs your attention. Famous examples include the London Eye that dominates the skyline of London or the Ashoka Lions that dominate the Indian Passport and other official documents. Principle of Proportion in Visual arts. Proportion refers to the dimensions of a composition and relationships between height, width and depth. How proportion is used will affect how realistic or stylized. Proportion also describes how the sizes of different parts of a piece of art or design relate to each other. Proportion in any art is the relative size of objects in relation to each other or corresponding to the other elements as a whole. Basic Elements of a play. Theme - What is the meaning of theme in element of drama? The theme refers to the message meaning that is intended to be expressed in the story. In other words, it is the main idea or the lesson to be learned from the story. Examples of themes in plays include: justice, loyalty. Drugs, bullying, human rights etc. Character- this is a person or individual taking part in the play or drama that may have defined personal qualities and or histories. Plot- A plot is a sequence of events within a play that tells a story. A plot is what makes a story. Five components make up a plot: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. Conflict and theme help drive the plot forward. Language- Language in drama is represented as spoken language or, in other words, as speech. In drama, language refers to the particular manner of verbal expression, the diction or style of writing, or the speech or phrasing that suggests a class or profession or type of character. Setting- The setting is the time and place in which the story takes placeElements of Music in Creative Arts. Sound-any tone with characteristics such as controlled pitch and timbre Rhythm- Rhythm is the pattern of sound, silence, and emphasis in a song Melody- a melody is a combination of pitch and rhythm. Harmony-harmony, in music, the sound of two or more notes heard simultaneously. Elements of Dance in Creative Arts. Body - In dance, the body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others. |
It helps an athlete to catch a breath and relax before striding again which helps in developing speed and running skills. Photomontage. Photomontage is the process and the result of making a composite photograph by cutting, gluing, rearranging and overlapping two or more photographs into a new image. It is assembly of images that relate to each other in some way to create a single work or part of a work of art. Photomontage is an image constructed from collaged photographs. Characteristics shown in photomontage. Superimposition-combine two images to create something new. Use of pictures. Emphasis on shape. Composing Melody. Netball. Chest pass in Net ball. Chest pass is a way of throwing the ball to a teammate where the ball is released and received at the chest level. The pass is usually used when the teammates are not far from each other. Learning points for the chest pass. 1. Grip Spread your fingers out behind the ball to form a W formation, holding it at chest height with your elbows out in front of you. 2. Stance. Face the direction you want the ball to go in. Step forwards with your dominant foot as you begin to straighten your arms. 3. Execution of the pass. Push the ball away from your body at chest height by powerfully extending the arms forwards and flicking the wrists. Follow through with the arms, wrists, hands and fingers in the direction of the throw. Chest pass drillsDodging and marking in Netball. Dodging is a technique used to counter the marking attempts. It is applied by members of the team in control of the ball. The player being marked attempts to get free from the marker and move into space to receive a pass. It may involve changing pace and use of deceptive body actions to put the marking player off balance. Deceptive means misleading or trickiness while off-balance means not steady or stable. Intercept means block a pass or prevent it from reaching destination or to block something from happening. Body movements used by a player when dodging an opponent. Using bending or leaning movements with the body trunk to the left or right or left once or repeatedly. Sprinting off from the marker. Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass. |
Sprinting and stopping. Extending the left or right arm away from the opponent. Marking is a technique used by a team that is not in possession of the ball to prevent an opponent from receiving a pass. The intention is to obstruct passes made by the team in control of the ball. A player can mark an opponent in possession of the ball or an opponent without the ball. Marking opponent with the ball. Marking opponent without the ball. Body movements used by a player when marking an opponent. Standing in front of the player being marked. Standing beside the player being marked. Raising hands up or to the side to reach the path of the ball. Stepping forward, or sideways while avoiding any obstruction. Things to learn when dodging and marking stance. Marking a player without the ball. Establish the basic stance for marking with body weight on your toes. Take a position slightly in front of the player you intend to mark. Be on your toes, with knees slightly bent, ready to catch the ball or move in the direction of the opponent. The hands should be on the side of the body. React quickly when the opponent being marked makes any movement, move in the direction of the opponent using short steps, shuffle sideways without crossing the feet. Focus on both the ball and the player and forth from one place to another. Activity. Guided by the teacherDemonstrateBasic stance for dodging, marking, body movement for dodging and marking. Footwork in Netball. Landing techniques. In netball, the ball is played using hands. During play, the players may:Run to doge an opponent or to reach a ball. Jump to catch a high ball or rebound from the ring. Stop the running action suddenly to dodge an opponent or avoid getting to an offside position. Land on the floor or the ground as dedicated by the laws of gravity in integrated science and as guided by the law of the game. However, players need to land safely for safety and healthy living. There are two landing techniques in Netball: The double foot landing. Single foot landing. Pivoting. Pivoting is the act of turning with one foot on the ground while the other foot makes repeated short steps. Picoting:Helps the player develop balance after landing. It helps the player turn away from the defender who may be marking. Helps in locating teammates who may be well-positioned to receive the pass. Things to learn in Pivoting. |
It helps the player turn away from the defender who may be marking. Helps in locating teammates who may be well-positioned to receive the pass. Things to learn in Pivoting. Land one foot and maintain balance. Maintain a firm grip of the ball. Keep the landing foot grounded with knees slightly bent. Keep the head up and the trunk upright. Step with the non-landing foot and turn around. Keep the ball close to the body. 2.5 Descant recorder or Any other western instrument. Examples of western solo instruments. The following techniques are used to play descant recorder:Tonguing. Gently say tu when blowing air into the recorder. Embouchure. This is how one places their mouth on the recorder s mouthpiece to ensure that no air is lost when blowing into the instrument. Fingering. Correct placement of the fingers on the recorder. As a rule, the left hand is always at the top part of the recorder. All the holes must be tightly covered to prevent leakage of air. Blowing. Blow warm air into the recorder. Blowing gently gives a good sound. Blowing too hard generates unpleasant sounds. Slurring. This is the technique of playing more than two notes in one breath. This involves only the movement of fingers while the airflow is constant. Staccato. Playing notes in a detached manner. Notes to be played staccato have a dot above or below the note. Tone quality. Listen carefully to the sound you produce when you blow into the recorder. Blowing gently and having consistent air gives a good tone. Blend and balance. Being able to listen to what the other in an ensemble are playing helps to blend and create a balanced sound. Interpret performance directions when playing the descant recorder. You should be able to play melodies on the descant recorder while observing the following directions: a. Repeat. Repeat signs are two dots that are placed before or after a double bar line. Whey they are placed after a double bar line, it means it is the start of the repeat. However, when they are placed before a double line, it means the end of repeat. 1st and 2nd endingThe two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. Da capo al fineIt is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine. |
1st and 2nd endingThe two lines above the staff mean that one will avoid playing 1 notes when repeating. This applies where there is a repeat and the last part of the melody is different from the first one. Da capo al fineIt is often abbreviated as D.C al Fine. It means one goes back to the beginning of the piece and plays to the point written. Dal segno al fine. It is often abbreviated as D.S al fine. It means you go back to a point in the piece of music with the sign and play or sing to the bar marked Fine end then stop. Accent. The note with sign is played with emphasis. Fermata. This sign means that you can hold the note a little longer that its given time value or number of counts. G. Dynamics. This refers to how quietly or loudly a piece of music should be played. Italian terms are used to indicate dynamics in the piece of music. H. Tempo. This term is used to refer to how fast or slow a piece of music can be played. Italina terms are used to indicate what tempo the music is played2.6 Volleyball. Overarm and Jump serve in Volley. Over arm serve. Over arm serve is where a player tosses the ball with one hand and strikes it in the air above their head with the other hand so that it crosses the net and lands into the opponents side. Safety instructions. Ensure you perform thorough warm up activities. Avoid congestion by maintaining a safe distance from your peers. Follow instructions. Jump serve in Volleyball. This is a type of serve where the serving player increases power and serve height by jumping to hit the ball when serving in volleyball. Minor Games and basic rules. Minor games are small sided games that help you practice skills learnt in volleyball while applying the rules of the games. Safety precaution. Never fist hit the ball as you could hit someone s face. Do not swing on the post. Do not go under the net, always walk around the nets. Do not throw the ball over the net, roll it under the net. Diagram of human figures playing Volley. Student activities monitored and instructed by the teacher Draw human figures of players serving or volleying a ball. Serve the ball using the jump serve over a net. Perform the volley for skill acquisition,Play. Swimming. Breast stroke in swimming. |
Perform the volley for skill acquisition,Play. Swimming. Breast stroke in swimming. Breast stroke is a stroke in which the arms are pushed forward and then swept back in a circular movement, while the legs are tucked in towards the bod and then kicked out in a sideways and backward movement. Description of the prone body position. The body lies in a horizontal position in the water with the head in line, with the spine and the face in the water, eyes looking down. The arms are extended forward and the legs are held close together, toes pointed. The breast stroke begins with a forceful push from the poolside in order to generate some propulsion, which results in a glide. The body moves in a smooth, continuous and effortless motion while lying on the stomach and glides in a horizontal position. From the glide phase, the propulsive arm action takes place and then the leg action as the arms recover. The body is then in a streamlined glide for a short moment in each before the next stroke begins. Glide. For effective gliding in the water, the body should be well streamlined. This can be affected by the underwater recovery movements, as the propulsive force remain still and streamlined. For example, as the legs kick to provide propulsion, the arms should be extended forward to create the ideal streamlined body position at the front. Similarly, as the arms pull around, the legs should be in the glide phase to create the same streamlined body position at the back. Gliding helps to make the breast stroke movement smooth and reduces the effort required by the arms to move forward, resulting on a more efficient swimming technique. It is important to cultivate a glide so that the proper sequence of arms-breath-leg - glide can be established. The breast stroke starts with the arm pull, breathe, then the kick and finally the glide in a streamlined position. Prone body postion and glide. Stand waist-deep in water, with knees bent or feet flat against the side of the pool. You can hold onto the side of the pool with one hand for support. Breathe in and put your face in the water. Puch off the wall and glide to the prone body position. Lie flat, head facing down with your body in line with the water surface. Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface. |
Keep your face down and arms extended forward. Your eyes should look downwards and slightly forward to avoid straining the neck. Keep your shoulders, hips and legs horizontal as possible, and keep your hips as close as possible to the surface. Do not let your hips drop in the water. Stretch your legs behind with toes pointed but slope your body slightly to allow the legs to stay beneath the water. Keep your neck and shoulders as relaxed as possible to aid the arm action and reduce strain. Keep your body straight and streamlined to make swimming easier and enhance speed. The head movement should be kept to a minimum, and the shoulder should remain level throughout the stroke. Arm action. The arm pull technique is needed to assist the leg movement and also to keep the breast stroke streamlined and efficient. Cath phase. Begin with the glide position, arms extended out in front of you, fingers and hands together, palms facing downwards. Pitch your hand outwards and downwards to an angle of about 45 degrees at the start of the catch phase. Pull your arms outwards and downwards until they are appropriately shoulderwidth apart. Your elbows should begin to bend, and your shoulders to roll inwards at the end of the catch phase. Propulsive phase. Sweep your arms downwards and inwards, and let the hands pull to their deepest point. The elbows bend to 900 and remain high. At the end of the down sweep, your hands, your hands should sweep inwards and slightly upwards. The elbow should tuck into the side as you pull your hand inwards towards the chest and the chin. Recovery phase. Your hands should recover by stretching forward in a streamlined position. They should recover under, on, or over the water surface ready to restart the arm action. Leg action. The legs are the powerhouse of the breast stroke, and the full leg kick should be a simultaneous and flowing action, resulting in a powerful boost that propels the whole stroke. Start with your legs straight and together. Bend your knees and bring the heels towards your seat with the sole of the feet facing outwards for the frog kick . Sweep the legs outwards and download in a flowing circular path. The heels and soles of your feet should drive around and back to provide power and propulsion to the stroke. Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke. |
Squeeze legs together to come back together to the starting streamlined position with the toes pointed. Breathing action. -. Breast stroke breathing occurs naturally as the breast technique has a body lift, which gives the ideal breathing point for each stroke. Breathing in takes place every time your arms pull back to all the body to lift and the head to rise. Lift your shoulders to bring your face out of the water to breath. Don t raise your head, let the head naturally rise with the shoulders so your chin is resting just above the water. Inhale through your mouth before letting your shoulder drop as you sweep with your arms. Breath out as your legs kick back and extend your arms forward. The head returns to the water to exhale as the arms stretch forward to begin their recovery phase. Timing. A well-executed breast stroke timing sequence is key to achieving a smooth and efficient swimming stroke as you will effortlessly glide through the water. Try to time your arm action and leg kick so there is always something propelling you through water. The arms will be propulsive while the legs recover and the legs propulsive while the arms recover. To coordinate the leg kick, the arm strokes, and the breathing, think of the phrase pull, breath, kick, glide As your arms complete the power phase, take a breath, and then draw your feet toward the hips. When your arms are about halfway through the recovery phase, begin the leg action. Time the arm strokes and kick so that the arms and legs are both at their full length as the kick finishes. Rest in the phase position as your body glides through the water. Then the glide begins to slow down, it is time to start another stroke. Water treading. To maintain an upright position in deep water by moving the feet with a walking movement and the hands with a downward circular motion African folk songs are classified according to the following. Their origin. Occasion. Function. Type. A. Community of origin. African songs can be classified according to their origin. The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita. |
The origin in this case means the community they are drawn from. Therefore, songs belong to a particular community such as luhya, luo, gikuyu, gusii. Kuria, Kamba, iteso, giriama, digo, Pokomo, gabra, nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, pokot, turkana and taita. These songs are passed on by oral tradition from one generation to the next. The music is related to the culture of a particular or region. For example, you can identify the culture od a particular community or region by their dressing, language used, musical instruments, props, body adornments, ornaments, body movements, vocal embellishments used to enrich music, style of sing and tone among others. B. Occasion. African folk songs can also be categorized according to occasions they are performed. For example:naming folk songs. Initiation folk songs. Marriage folk songs. War folk songs. Funeral folk songs. Worship folk songs among others. C. Function. Folk songs belong to the people with a common culture. Therefore, folk songs keep people connected to their cultures and heritage. They give history of the people and their culture. Folk songs usually pass important information, stories, messages and history from generation to generation. Folk songs are used to express emotions. They narrate stories of joy and sorrows in the simplest way. Folk songs are used as a means of unifying the community members when they come together to sing. This also creates positive outcomes or consequences if they do not watch their actions and intention. Some of the folk songs are purely for entertainment, enjoyment by performers and the audience. D. Type. African folk songs can also be classified according to the type such as:Lullabies. Dirges. Love songs. Protest songs. Children s songs among others. Creating improvised implements to use in performance of Folkdance songs. Folk dances are performed by different participants who plays different roles as follows:Soloist-person who leads the rest of the participants in singing the melodies and dancing during the performance of the dance. Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments. |
Response group-they provide an answer to the soloist during the dance. Instrumentalist-plays instruments to accompany a dance. Dancers- makes dance movements and formation in response to the songs and instruments. Along side the participants, folk song dances also require other implements so help in identifying different cultures and diversities such as costumes, ornaments, body adornments, body make ups, props etc. During a folk-dance performance, participants wear specially designed cloths, hides or skins called costumes. Costumes are made using locally available materials such as sisal fibre, sisal string, comb and pair of scissors. The participants also decorate their bodies using different paints to make patterns. This is called body adornments. Body adornments are made using the following materials:Water paints. Chalk powder. Objects or items of different shapes and sizes like bottle tops, water bottles, combs, folk and other design shaped objects. Dancers also use beads, necklaces, bracelets and anklets during the dance performance. These are called ornaments. Body ornaments are made using locally available materials such as:Pieces of thread. Pair of scissors. Grains such as beans, maize soaked in water to make them soft A needle. The costumes, body adornments and ornaments vary from one community to another expressing different cultures in Kenya. The following are social importance of songs to the pastoralists:Songs they sing accompany their journey to facilitate movements. They songs are sung during their herding sessions to take away boredom. They are a source of unity and collaboration among the community members. They educate on the importance of the animals and other resources. They tell the history of the community. General uses of Folk songs. As a source of entertainment. As a source of cultural and national unity. In teaching subjects such as history, literature and geography among others. To educate. To rebuke. To advise. To worship. To encourage. To promote culture. To give moral teachings. Economic importance of the songs. Economic importance or economic significance of something refers to the monetary or trade value of an item. Songs have economic importance to individuals, the cultural community and even the country. General these are the economic importance of folk songs:Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others. |
General these are the economic importance of folk songs:Performers can earn money or income by performing folk songs at private parties. Folk song musicians also earn a living by offering singing lessons. Some musicians are employed as singers or trainers of folk songs by some institutions such as cultural centres, universities and schools among others. Folk songs musicians also earn the country foreign exchange when they perform outside the country. Folk musicians also earn the country revenue when they pay taxes. Folk musicians can be independent artists by recording and selling their music. |
1. What is the definition of 'shelf life' in the context of animal products? -. Shelf life refers to the length of time that animal products remain safe to consume and retain their quality under specified storage conditions. 2. Why is it important to understand the shelf life of animal products? -. Understanding shelf life helps in ensuring food safety, minimizing waste by proper storage, and maintaining the nutritional quality of the products. 3. List some methods used to preserve meat in local communities. -. Common methods include salting, smoking, and sun drying. 4. How does smoking preserve meat? -. Smoking preserves meat by impregnating it with smoke s antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which inhibit the growth of bacteria and prolong shelf life. 5. What method would you use at home to preserve meat and why? -. Freezing might be preferred for its simplicity and effectiveness in keeping meat safe and preserving its nutritional value. 6. Describe the steps involved in the salting method of preserving meat. -. Meat is first cleaned, then salt is applied generously to all surfaces. The meat is left to sit in salt, which draws out moisture and inhibits bacterial growth. 7. What are the benefits of using modern technology in preserving meat? -. Modern technology, such as vacuum packing and refrigeration, extends shelf life, maintains meat quality, and reduces the risk of foodborne illnesses. 8. How can Maria s family preserve milk to ensure it does not spoil? -. Maria s family can preserve milk by boiling or fermenting it to produce yogurt, all of which kill bacteria and extend the milk's usability. 9. Which method do you use to preserve milk at home and why? -. Boiling due to its simplicity and effectiveness in destroying pathogens, or refrigeration for keeping milk fresh without altering its taste. 10. What are the hygiene practices important for preserving meat and milk? -. Practices include maintaining cleanliness of storage areas, using clean utensils and equipment, and ensuring the meat and milk are handled minimally to avoid contamination. 11. Discuss the advantages of pasteurization in milk preservation. -. Pasteurization eliminates harmful bacteria without significantly changing the nutritional content or flavor of milk, making it safer for consumption. 12. What is the role of temperature control in the preservation of animal products? -. Temperature control is crucial as it helps in slowing down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical changes which spoil the product. 13. How does fermentation extend the shelf life of milk products? |
- Temperature control is crucial as it helps in slowing down the growth of microorganisms and the rate of chemical changes which spoil the product.13.How does fermentation extend the shelf life of milk products?- Fermentation converts lactose into lactic acid, lowering the pH and creating an environment unsuitable for many bacteria, thus preserving the milk product.14.Explain how vacuum sealing affects the preservation of meat.- Vacuum sealing removes air from the packaging, reducing oxidative rancidity and slowing microbial growth, thereby extending the meat's shelf life.15.What are the signs that preserved meat has gone bad?- Signs include off odors, slimy texture, discoloration, and mold growth.16.Why is it important to package animal products properly for preservation?- Proper packaging protects the product from environmental contaminants, physical damage, and moisture loss or gain, all of which can affect quality and safety.17.Describe a traditional method of meat preservation used in your community.- Traditional methods might include air drying or fermenting, depending on local practices and climate conditions.18.How do cultural practices influence methods of animal product preservation?- Cultural practices can dictate preferences for certain preservation methods based on taste, the availability of resources, and historical usage.19.What innovations in animal product preservation have emerged in recent years?- Innovations include the use of natural preservatives, improvements in canning technology, and the development of biodegradable packaging materials.20.Evaluate the effectiveness of traditional vs.modern preservation methods for meat.- Traditional methods are often sustainable and adapted to local conditions but may not achieve the shelf life and safety standards of modern methods, which are generally more controlled and efficient but can be resource-intensive. |
GRADE 7 TERM 1LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION LESSON NOTESPERSONAL MANAGEMENT SKILLSSELF AWARENESSSELF AWARENESS means having an accurate understanding of ourselves. That includes knowing our strengths, weakness, values, emotions and hopes and how they influence our behaviour in different circumstances. Describing self in relation to the five dimensions of a human beingEvery person should understand themselvesPhysicallySociallyPsychologicallySpirituallyEconomicallyThose who are self aware can objectively evaluate themselves, manage their emotions, align their behaviour with their values and understand how others perceive them. The physical qualities are the things we can see in someone. These include their height, weight, skin colour and any other feature that can be seen in someone. Physical awareness also means that one understands the different gender roles and expectation. For example both boys and girls should be aware of the different changes that takes place in their bodies as they grow and developA person who is physically self aware understands that no physical feature makes someone lesser human beings. They take pride in how they appear and do not wait for validation from other peopleBeing socially aware means that one understands how they react to different social situations and effectively modify their interactions with other people so that they achieve the best results. Psychotically awareness refers to one s preparedness to tackle the challenges that they face in their daily life. A person who is psychologically aware always gives themselves positive affirmation before they confront their challenges. Spiritual awareness means one being aligned with the values they hold dear. It also means working towards finding one s higher purpose. Spiritual awareness enables one to understand the religious beliefs and values that align with their purposeEconomic awareness means one understanding, accepting and seeking to improve their social status in the community. One who is economically aware understands that different people are at different stages in life and everybody else is always eeking to climb a step higher in the social ladder. Identifying personal talents and abilitiesEveryone is good at something. People are good at different activities and skills because they have different strengths. A talent is an inborn ability within a person which makes them excel in a certain activity without actually learning or acquiring it. Talents require recognition so that they can be shaped to the benefit of their owners. People have used their talents to develop themselves as well as make an impact in their communitiesAn ability is someone capacity to do something. It is always acquired through constant practise or training. It is something anyone can have. |
People have used their talents to develop themselves as well as make an impact in their communitiesAn ability is someone capacity to do something. It is always acquired through constant practise or training. It is something anyone can have. Making use of our talents and abilities to make a positive impact in the society makes us happy. It is important we can say we are at our bestPupil s activityPage 4-7Dealing with contemporary challenges for self improvementContemporary challenges are challenges we face in the present day. Dome of them are emerging while others have persisted for a while. Examples of modern day challenges includeInternet and online addictionCyber bullyingAddiction to bettingDrug abusePeer pressureUnhealthy eating habitsIf not handled properly, these challenges can affect the normal growth and development of an individualA person who is self aware will not subject themselves to situations that may be a threat to their normal well being. They also tend to know how to handle the challenges whenever they find themselves in such situationsSelf esteemSelf esteem refers to how we feel about ourselves and our abilitiesSelf esteem results from the picture we create about ourselves. This is informed by feedback from other people and the expectations of the societyHigh and low self esteemWhen we create a good picture of ourselves, for example by being responsible for our actions, we feel good about ourselves. This raises our self esteemHaving a high self esteem means generally holding yourself in positive regard. It means one s positive thoughts about themselves outweigh any of negativity. When we create a bad picture of ourselves, for example by not holding ourselves accountable for our actions. We lower our self esteem. Low self esteem is the feeling of not being satisfied with one self. People with low self esteem view themselves in a more negative and critical light. This can affect individual mental well being. Having a high self esteem is important because it enables one toBe themselves and stay in line with their purpose, goals, values and visions in life. |
People with low self esteem view themselves in a more negative and critical light. This can affect individual mental well being. Having a high self esteem is important because it enables one toBe themselves and stay in line with their purpose, goals, values and visions in life. Have the ability to express and be able to defend their actions and stand by their principlesAppreciate different opinions leading to positive relations with peopleBe able to face their challenges and overcome themEffects of low esteem includeIt leads to individuals having negative feelingsOne can indulge in drug abuseOne can develop trouble perceiving and relating to situations and peopleIt results in constant fear and guilt which can affect an individual advancement in life hence not being able to realise their full potentialFactors that influence self esteemHaving a self esteem is important for our mental health and well being. Self esteem can be influenced byParents and familyFriends and peersEducationChildhoodAgeMediaOne s own perception or belief about themselvesOne can enhance their self esteem byHaving positive thought about themselvesIdentifying and challenging their negative beliefsBuilding good relations or friendshipTaking on challenges, accepting what is not perfect and being ready to learn new thingsPractising self careMaking room for healthyBecoming mindful of your thoughts and actionsTaking actions based on needs rather than wantsIdentifying their accomplishments and celebrating themselvesManaging emotionsEmotions are personal human feelings that control our moods. They are the driving forces behind our behaviourTypes of emotions in different situationsEmotions can be positive or negativeWhen experience positive emotions during our happy or high momentsWhen we feel low or angry, we experience negative emotionsPeople who accept positive emotions are more likely to cope with stress, are optimistic and are always ready to listen and help othersThose who embrace negative emotions are always unhappy, depressed, gloomy and do not want to talk to other peopleThe different types of emotions includeHappinessSadnessAngerJoySurpriseBoredomFearExcitementReliefAwkwardnessManaging emotions positively under different circumstancesEmotional situations are basic parts of life. Sometimes we struggle with how to deal with them effectively. It can be tempting to act on what you feel right away, but that does not fix the situations caused the emotions. |
They are the driving forces behind our behaviourTypes of emotions in different situationsEmotions can be positive or negativeWhen experience positive emotions during our happy or high momentsWhen we feel low or angry, we experience negative emotionsPeople who accept positive emotions are more likely to cope with stress, are optimistic and are always ready to listen and help othersThose who embrace negative emotions are always unhappy, depressed, gloomy and do not want to talk to other peopleThe different types of emotions includeHappinessSadnessAngerJoySurpriseBoredomFearExcitementReliefAwkwardnessManaging emotions positively under different circumstancesEmotional situations are basic parts of life. Sometimes we struggle with how to deal with them effectively. It can be tempting to act on what you feel right away, but that does not fix the situations caused the emotions. More often than not, it leads to more problemsDuring an emotional moment, one shouldPause, sit down, take a deep breath and ask themselves what happened before they started feeling emotionalIdentify and state why they are feeling that wayAcknowledge the emotion and make sense of what they are feeling and understand that it is normal to feel that wayAllow themselves to feel that particular emotionEvaluate critically how they should react. Their reactions should not worsen the already bad situation. Emotions can also be handled by diverting one s attention to things that are exciting or things that actually matter. One can play games or engage in their hobbies as a way of managing different emotionsEmotions should never be suppressed. Suppressing emotions means actively pushing uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or memories out of one s consciousness simply because you do not know how to handle them. Suppressing emotions can cause different health conditions like depression, high blood pressure, low energy and heart diseasesAlways communicate what you need and face your emotions with the aim of making things better for you and those you interact with. |
One can play games or engage in their hobbies as a way of managing different emotionsEmotions should never be suppressed. Suppressing emotions means actively pushing uncomfortable thoughts, feelings or memories out of one s consciousness simply because you do not know how to handle them. Suppressing emotions can cause different health conditions like depression, high blood pressure, low energy and heart diseasesAlways communicate what you need and face your emotions with the aim of making things better for you and those you interact with. The effects of negative emotions on self and othersNegative or poorly managed emotions can lead toSomeone feeling miserable and sadSomeone disliking self and othersLack of confidence and self esteemConflicts among friends and family membersGradual loss of sensible thinking and judgementDelay in progress in different aspects of lifeLifestyle diseases for example depressionNegative emotions hold us back and delay our progressManaging stressStress can be defined as state of emotional tension resulting from unfortunate or demanding circumstances, some of which we do not have any controlIt is also being overwhelmed with or being unable to cope with emotional or mental pressureA person who is stressed has the following characteristicsFrequent headachesExhaustions or trouble sleepingIs easily annoyedDepressionBecoming less social, lovely and sadThe common sources of stressProblems with friends, siblings or parentsFinancial problems in the familyNegative thoughts or feelings about oneselfBullyingStress can be managed. Its effects can be positive or negative depending on how it has ben managed. Effects of stress in day to day livesWithdrawal from othersAnger and violenceAnxietySchool drop outsMental breakdownPoor decision makingDepression and lack of motivationLack of sleepManaging stressful situationsThe activities we choose to engage in can influence how we control our moods. |
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