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E Evaluate the Factors That Enhance Success in a Business:Examine and assess the factors contributing to success in a business venture. F Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage in practical entrepreneurial activities aimed at personal and community development. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Encourage learners to collectively define the terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship. 'Discuss and Present on the Importance of Entrepreneurship:Facilitate discussions on the significance of entrepreneurship at both individual and community levels. Download and Watch a Video Clip or Use Resources on Entrepreneurial Qualities:Instruct learners to use multimedia resources to understand and present the qualities of a successful entrepreneur. Conduct Self-Assessment on Entrepreneurial Qualities:Guide learners in assessing their own entrepreneurial qualities and areas for improvement. Search for and Present the Meaning and Sources of Business Ideas:Direct learners to utilize available resources to explore and present various sources of business ideas. Compile a List of Business Ideas and Determine Viability:Task learners with compiling a list of potential business ideas and conducting an analysis to determine their viability. Read, Analyze, and Present a Case Study on Factors Enhancing Business Success:Assign a case study for learners to read, analyze, and present key factors that contribute to the success of a business. Practice Entrepreneurship for Self and Community Development:Engage learners in practical entrepreneurial activities with the goal of fostering both personal and community development. These learning activities aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurship, from conceptual foundations to practical applications. 1. Meaning of 'Entrepreneur' and 'Entrepreneurship':Entrepreneur:Individual who initiates and operates a business, taking on financial risks with the goal of profit. Someone willing to innovate, create, and manage a venture. Entrepreneurship:The process of designing, launching, and running a new business. Involves the willingness to take risks and create something new in the pursuit of opportunities. 2. Significance of Entrepreneurship at Both Individual and Community Levels:Individual Level:Economic Growth: Enables individuals to create wealth and achieve financial independence. Self-Reliance: Empowers individuals to rely on their skills and ideas for income. Innovation: Fosters creativity and the pursuit of personal goals. Community Level:Job Creation: Entrepreneurs establish businesses that generate employment opportunities. Economic Stability: Diversifies the economy, reducing dependence on specific industries. |
Innovation: Fosters creativity and the pursuit of personal goals. Community Level:Job Creation: Entrepreneurs establish businesses that generate employment opportunities. Economic Stability: Diversifies the economy, reducing dependence on specific industries. Community Development: Sparks innovation, improves living standards, and contributes to social well-being. 3. Qualities of a Successful Entrepreneur:Innovative Thinking:Ability to generate new ideas and approaches. Risk-Taking Ability:Willingness to take calculated risks for potential rewards. Leadership Skills:Capacity to guide and inspire a team toward common goals. Adaptability and Resilience:Ability to navigate challenges and adapt to changing circumstances. Vision and Goal-Oriented:Clear vision for the business and the ability to set and achieve goals. 4. Meaning and Sources of Business Ideas:Meaning of Business Ideas:Concepts or plans that have the potential to be developed into a profitable business. Sources of Business Ideas:Market Trends: Identifying emerging needs and preferences in the market. Personal Experiences: Solving problems based on personal challenges or observations. Industry Gaps: Identifying areas where current products or services are lacking. Technology and Innovation: Utilizing advancements to create novel products or services. 5. Key Factors Contributing to the Success of a Business:Effective Business Planning:Developing a comprehensive business plan with clear goals and strategies. Market Research and Understanding Customer Needs:Conducting thorough market analysis to identify target audiences and their needs. Strong Leadership and Management:Competent leadership to guide the team and effective management of resources. Adaptation to Changing Market Conditions:Flexibility to adjust strategies based on market dynamics. Financial Management and Sustainability:Sound financial practices ensuring the long-term viability of the business. 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.2 Money 10 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Identify the Characteristics of Money as a Medium of Exchange:Recognize and understand the fundamental features that define money as a medium of exchange. B Explain the Uses of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Articulate the various ways in which money is utilized in everyday activities. C Describe the Key Security Features of the Kenyan Currency:Analyze and understand the security measures embedded in the Kenyan currency. D Analyse the Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Investigate and interpret the thematic elements and symbols present on Kenyan currency. |
B Explain the Uses of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Articulate the various ways in which money is utilized in everyday activities. C Describe the Key Security Features of the Kenyan Currency:Analyze and understand the security measures embedded in the Kenyan currency. D Analyse the Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Investigate and interpret the thematic elements and symbols present on Kenyan currency. E Appreciate the Use of Money in Day-to-Day Life:Develop an understanding and appreciation for the role of money in daily activities. Learner's Guided Activities:Brainstorm and Present the Meaning and Characteristics of Money:Facilitate discussions and presentations on the definition and key characteristics of money. Share Experiences on the Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Encourage learners to share personal experiences related to the use of money for purchasing goods and services. Discuss and Present on the Uses of Money:Engage learners in discussions and presentations exploring the diverse uses of money. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on the Uses of Money:Instruct learners to utilize print or digital media to gather information on various applications of money. Use Kenyan Currency to Observe Key Security Features:Guide learners in using Kenyan currency to observe and understand the security features incorporated into the currency. Brainstorm and Present Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on the themes and symbols depicted on Kenyan currency. Use Different Denominations of Kenyan Currency to Examine Themes and Symbols:Instruct learners to explore various denominations of Kenyan currency, examining and interpreting the themes and symbols present. These activities aim to provide learners with a comprehensive understanding of money, including its characteristics, uses, security features, and the symbolic elements embedded in the national currency. 1. Meaning and Characteristics of Money:Meaning:Definition: Medium of exchange that is widely accepted in transactions for goods, services, or settlement of debts. Function: Facilitates economic transactions, eliminating the need for barter. Characteristics:Durability: Should withstand wear and tear. Portability: Easily carried and transferred. Divisibility: Can be divided into smaller units. Uniformity: Each unit is the same in terms of value and features. Limited Supply: Controlled to maintain value. Acceptability: Universally recognized and accepted. 2. Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Medium of Exchange:Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers. |
Acceptability: Universally recognized and accepted. 2. Use of Money for Buying Goods and Services:Medium of Exchange:Facilitates transactions between buyers and sellers. Store of Value:Enables saving and holding value for future use. Unit of Account:Serves as a standard measure of value for goods and services. Standard of Deferred Payment:Allows for agreements to pay in the future. Convenience:Enhances the ease and efficiency of transactions. 3. Kenyan Currency Key Security Features:Watermark:Prominent images visible when held against light. Security Thread:Thin metallic thread with text and images. Color-Shifting Ink:Color changes when viewed from different angles. Microprinting:Tiny text or patterns that are difficult to reproduce. Raised Printing:Certain elements are raised to the touch. See-Through Feature:Design elements that align when the note is held up to the light. 4. Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan Currency:Big Five Series Current :Features iconic African wildlife such as lions, elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, and leopards. Effigy of Kenyatta Series Previous :Portraits of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president. Historical Figures:Depictions of notable individuals in Kenyan history. Cultural Symbols:Symbols representing Kenya's diverse cultures and heritage. 5. List of Different Kenyan Currency, Their Themes, Symbols, and Meaning:Current Series: Big Five 2019 - Present Denominations: Various, including 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings. Themes and Symbols: Wildlife representing the "Big Five" animals in Africa. Meaning: Celebrates Kenya's rich biodiversity and tourism. Previous Series: Effigy of Kenyatta 1986 - 2019 Denominations: Various, including 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 shillings. Themes and Symbols: Portraits of Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya's first president. Meaning: Honors Kenya's founding leader and emphasizes national pride. Other Commemorative Series: Various e.g., 2010 Constitution Series Denominations: Vary based on the commemorative event. Themes and Symbols: Reflect the significance of the commemorated event. Meaning: Commemorates historical events, achievements, or milestones in KenyaThemes and Symbols on Kenyan Currency:National landmarks. Wildlife. National heroes. |
Meaning: Commemorates historical events, achievements, or milestones in KenyaThemes and Symbols on Kenyan Currency:National landmarks. Wildlife. National heroes. Cultural artifacts. Agriculture and farming. Transport and infrastructure. Economic activities. Education and knowledge. Independence and freedom. National unity and diversity. Examples of Kenyan Currency and Their Themes:1000 Kenyan Shillings - Elephants Wildlife . 500 Kenyan Shillings - Jomo Kenyatta National Hero . 200 Kenyan Shillings - SGR Train Transport and Infrastructure . 100 Kenyan Shillings - Buffalo Wildlife . 50 Kenyan Shillings - Green Energy Economic Activities . 20 Kenyan Shillings - Giraffes Wildlife . 10 Kenyan Shillings - Coffee Farming Agriculture . 5 Kenyan Shillings - The Big Five Wildlife . 2 Kenyan Shillings - Tourism National Landmarks . 1 Kenyan Shilling - The Coat of Arms National Unity . 5.0 Entrepreneurship5.3 Financial Goals 10 lessons Learning Objectives:By the end of this sub-strand, the learner should be able to:a Explain the Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Articulate the significance of establishing clear financial objectives for effective financial management. B Analyse the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Evaluate the key considerations and factors influencing the establishment of financial goals. C Formulate Financial Goals for Individual Development:Develop and articulate personalized financial goals aligned with individual development. D Observe Financial Discipline in Financial Management:Practice and adhere to financial discipline in the management of personal finances. Learner's Guided Activities:Discuss and Present the Meaning and Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Engage learners in discussions and presentations on the definition and significance of setting financial goals. Discuss and Present the Importance of Financial Discipline:Explore and present the importance of maintaining financial discipline for long-term financial well-being. Brainstorm and Present on the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on various factors that should be considered when setting financial goals. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on Setting Financial Goals:Instruct learners to use print or digital media to gather information and insights on effective strategies for setting financial goals. |
Discuss and Present the Importance of Financial Discipline:Explore and present the importance of maintaining financial discipline for long-term financial well-being. Brainstorm and Present on the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Facilitate brainstorming sessions and presentations on various factors that should be considered when setting financial goals. Use Print or Digital Media to Search for Information on Setting Financial Goals:Instruct learners to use print or digital media to gather information and insights on effective strategies for setting financial goals. Set Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and Time-Bound SMART Financial Goals:Guide learners in the practical application of the SMART criteria to set well-defined financial goals. Guiding Questions for Reflection:Why is it Important for an Individual to Set Financial Goals? Encourages learners to reflect on the personal benefits and motivation behind setting financial goals. What are the Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals? Guides learners in analyzing and understanding the various considerations that influence effective financial goal-setting. 1. Meaning and Importance of Setting Goals in Financial Management:Meaning:Definition: Establishing clear and achievable objectives for one's financial future. Purpose: Provides a roadmap for financial decision-making and resource allocation. Involves: Identifying financial aspirations, such as savings targets, investment goals, and debt reduction plans. Importance:Direction and Focus:Guides financial decisions by providing a clear sense of direction. Motivation:Fosters motivation by creating tangible targets to work towards. Resource Allocation:Helps prioritize spending and saving based on identified goals. Measuring Progress:Enables individuals to track and measure their financial progress. Financial Security:Enhances financial stability and security over the long term. 2. Importance of Financial Discipline:Avoids Impulsive Decisions:Financial discipline prevents impulsive spending or investment decisions. Encourages Saving:Fosters a habit of regular saving, contributing to financial stability. Debt Management:Helps in managing and reducing debts systematically. Consistent Investment:Encourages disciplined and consistent investment practices. Long-Term Financial Health:Contributes to overall financial well-being by promoting responsible financial behavior. 3. Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Specificity:Clearly define each financial goal to avoid ambiguity. Measurability:Establish quantifiable metrics to track progress. Achievability:Set goals that are realistic and attainable based on current financial circumstances. Relevance:Align goals with personal values and overall financial objectives. Time-Bound:Set a timeframe for each goal to create a sense of urgency and accountability. |
Achievability:Set goals that are realistic and attainable based on current financial circumstances. Relevance:Align goals with personal values and overall financial objectives. Time-Bound:Set a timeframe for each goal to create a sense of urgency and accountability. Flexibility:Allow for adjustments to goals as life circumstances change. Risk Consideration:Assess and mitigate potential risks associated with each financial goal.4.Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic and Time-Bound SMART Financial Goals:Specific:Clearly define the goal, answering who, what, where, when, and why. Measurable:Establish quantifiable criteria for tracking progress. Achievable:Ensure the goal is realistic and attainable within current constraints. Realistic:Set goals that are practical and aligned with available resources. Time-Bound:Assign a specific timeframe for achieving the goal. Example: Saving 5,000 for an emergency fund within the next 12 months. Importance of Setting Financial Goals:Financial planning and stability. Wealth accumulation. Budgeting and expense management. Future investments. Emergency fund creation. Retirement planning. Achievement of personal aspirations. Education and skill development. Homeownership. Improved quality of life. Factors to Consider When Setting Financial Goals:Clear and specific objectives. Measurable outcomes. Achievable within a set timeframe. Realistic and aligned with personal values. Consideration of income and expenses. Evaluation of risk tolerance. Adjustment for life changes. Periodic reassessment and updates. Consultation with financial advisors. Consistent tracking of progress. Formulating SMART Financial Goals:Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound. Observing Financial Discipline:Budgeting and expense tracking. Avoiding impulsive spending. Regular saving and investing. Debt management and reduction. Emergency fund creation. Continual financial education. Planning for major life events. Seeking professional financial advice. Reviewing and adjusting financial plans. Adapting to changing economic conditions. Top of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of FormTop of Form. |
1. What is the importance of heat transfer methods like conduction, convection, and radiation in cooking foods? -. These methods are crucial for cooking food evenly and efficiently, each using different means to transfer heat into food, affecting the texture, flavor, and nutritional value. 2. How does the method of heat transfer affect the nutritional content of foods? -. Different methods can either preserve nutrients or lead to their loss; for example, slow cooking at lower temperatures generally preserves nutrients better than high-temperature methods. 3. What are simple sugars, and can you provide examples? -. Simple sugars are basic forms of carbohydrates that digest quickly, such as glucose and fructose, found in fruits and sweetened foods. 4. Explain the concept of double sugars with examples. -. Double sugars, or disaccharides, consist of two linked sugar molecules, like sucrose table sugar and lactose milk sugar . 5. What are starchy foods, and why are they important in the diet? -. Starchy foods like potatoes, rice, and bread are primary sources of energy and provide essential nutrients, including fiber. 6. Describe the effect of dry heat on carbohydrate-rich foods. -. Dry heat methods like baking or roasting can cause caramelization and dextrinization, enhancing flavor and changing texture. 7. How does moist heat affect carbohydrate-rich foods like rice? -. Moist heat, such as boiling or steaming, gelatinizes starch, making grains like rice softer and easier to digest. 8. What are the nutritional changes that occur when carbohydrates are exposed to heat? -. Heat can break down vitamins and alter starches and sugars, affecting their digestibility and caloric content. 9. How can you conserve food nutrients when cooking carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Methods include using minimal water for boiling, avoiding overcooking, and incorporating steaming to preserve vitamins and minerals. 10. Why is it important to observe safety measures when cooking carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Ensuring safety, like avoiding cross-contamination and cooking foods to safe temperatures, prevents foodborne illnesses. 11. What are the requirements for boiling carbohydrates like porridge? -. Adequate water to cover the food, consistent heat to maintain a steady boil, and occasional stirring to prevent sticking. 12. Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13. |
Outline the steps to follow when cooking porridge to ensure it is well-cooked. -. Measure the water and porridge mix, bring to a boil, then simmer while stirring frequently until the mixture thickens and cooks thoroughly. 13. What are the effects of heat on food like maize when grilling? -. Grilling maize can develop flavor through caramelization and may reduce some nutrient levels like vitamin C. 14. What are the methods of heat transfer applicable when grilling foods? -. Radiation from the heat source cooks the food, creating distinctive charred flavors and textures. 15. Why is it necessary to understand different cooking methods for carbohydrate-rich foods? -. Different methods can affect the taste, texture, nutritional value, and overall digestibility of carbohydrate-rich foods. 16. What are the factors to consider during the table setting in meal presentation? -. Consider the occasion, the number of guests, the menu items, and the cultural context of the meal. 17. How do you properly set a table for meal presentation? -. Arrange tableware according to the sequence of courses, with utensils placed in the order of use from outside in. 18. What are the requirements for table setting when serving meals? -. Clean and appropriate tableware, a clean tablecloth, and utensils arranged neatly and functionally for each diner. 19. Explain the guidelines for planning meals for special occasions. -. Include a variety of foods to cater to different dietary needs, ensure the menu fits the event's formality, and prepare foods that can be easily served and eaten at the event. 20. How should you prepare carbohydrate-rich foods to maximize nutrient retention? -. Use cooking methods that require less water and shorter cooking times, such as steaming or microwaving, to preserve water-soluble nutrients. 21. What is meal presentation and why is it important? -. Meal presentation involves arranging food attractively on the plate, enhancing the dining experience by appealing to the senses. 22. Discuss the importance of meal planning in nutritional balance. -. Meal planning helps ensure that all food groups and essential nutrients are appropriately included across meals, promoting a balanced diet. 23. How does food presentation affect the perception of a meal's quality? -. Attractive food presentation can enhance perceived taste and satisfaction, makingthe meal more enjoyable. 24. Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation. -. Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation. 25. |
Describe how to ensure food safety in meal preparation.- Follow hygiene practices like washing hands and surfaces, cook foods to safe temperatures, and store foods properly before and after preparation.25.What are the health considerations when preparing meals for individuals with allergies?- Avoid cross-contamination, use allergen-free ingredients, and clearly communicate menu contents to guests.26.How do cultural preferences impact meal planning and food preparation?- Cultural preferences dictate the selection of ingredients, cooking methods, and how food is served and eaten, reflecting community traditions and values.27.Why is dietary diversity important in meal planning?- Dietary diversity ensures a range of nutrients are consumed, supporting overall health and reducing the risk of nutrient deficiencies.28.How can one incorporate seasonal produce into meal planning?- Use seasonal fruits and vegetables as they are fresher, more flavorful, and often more affordable, enhancing the nutritional quality of meals.29. What techniques can be used to enhance the flavor of meals without adding excessive salt? -. Use herbs, spices, citrus, and vinegar to add flavor depth and complexity without relying heavily on salt.30.Explain the role of aesthetics in food preparation and presentation.- Aesthetics in food preparation enhances the dining experience, making meals more appealing and enjoyable through visual presentation techniques. |
GRADE 7 BUSINESS STUDIES NOTES TERM 1,2,3STRAND ONEBUSINESS AND MONEY MANAGEMENT SKILLSIntroduction to Business StudiesBusiness: Any activity that is carried out by an individual or anorganization concerning provision of goods and services with a viewto making profit. Business studies: Is the study examination of the business activities in society. These activities are related to the production of goods andprovision of services. -It can also be defined as the study of activities that are carried out inand around production, distribution and consumption of goods andservices. Components of Business studiesBusiness studies consist of the following disciplinesa. Commerceb. Accountingc. Economicsd. Office practicee. EntrepreneurshipCommerceThis is the study of trade and aids to trade. Trade refers to the exchange of goods and services for other goods and services or money. Aids to trade are human activities services that assist trade to take place. EconomicsThis is the study of how human beings strive to satisfy their endless wants using the available scarce resources. AccountingThis refers to a systematic way of recording business activities which all usedfor decision making. Office practiceThis refers to all activities that are carried out in an office e.g. communication, filling, clerical work, reproduction of documents etc. EntrepreneurshipThis is the study of activities involved in the process of identifying a business opportunity and acquiring the necessary resources to start and run a business. The person who carries out these activities is referred to as an entrepreneur. Importance of Business studiesSome of the benefits of learning business studies include:i. Assists the learners members of the society to acquire knowledge and awareness of business terminologies which are necessary when discussing business issues such as profit and loss. Ii. Assists the individuals in appreciating the role of business in society in provision of goods and services. Iii. It enables the learners to acquire basic knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for the development of self and the nation by starting and operating business. Iv. Equips the members of society with knowledge and skills necessary to start and run a business comfortably. V. Makes the members of society to appreciate the need for good business management practicesvi. Assists individual to acquire self-discipline and positive attitude towards workvii. Equips individual with abilities to promote co-operation in society through tradeviii. Enables the individual to understand the role of government in business activitiesix. |
Assists individual to acquire self-discipline and positive attitude towards workvii. Equips individual with abilities to promote co-operation in society through tradeviii. Enables the individual to understand the role of government in business activitiesix. Equips individuals with abilities to understand the role of communication and information technology in modern business managementx. Helps the individuals to develop positive attitudes towards the environmentxi. Equips the individual with knowledge and skills required to evaluate business performancexii. It helps individual to develop various intellectual abilities such as inquiry, critical thinking, analysis, interpretation, rational judgement, innovation and creativity. Xiii. It enables learners to acquire skills for wise buying and selling. Xiv. It creates a firm foundation for further education and training in business and other related fields. Xv. It enables one to understand and appreciate the basic economic issues that affect the society such as increase in prices of goods and services. Career opportunities in the field of business studiesAuditor. Logistics analyst. Human resources specialist. Accountant. Operations analyst. Marketing manager. Financial advisor. Financial analystEntrepreneurMoneywhatever serves society in four functions: as a medium of exchange, a store of value, a unit of account, and a standard of deferred payment. Money is power if you utilize it with knowledge. Money is dangerous if you are greedy for money and utilize it without thought. Vijay SharmaUses of Money in daily lifeFirst, money serves as a medium of exchange, which means that money acts as an intermediary between the buyer and the seller. Instead of exchanging accounting services for shoes, the accountant now exchanges accounting services for money. This money is then used to buy shoes. To serve as a medium of exchange, money must be very widely accepted as a method of payment in the markets for goods, labor, and financial capital. Second, money must serve as a store of value. In a barter system, we saw the example of the shoemaker trading shoes for accounting services. But she risks having her shoes go out of style, especially if she keeps them in a warehouse for future use their value will decrease with each season. Shoes are not a good store of value. Holding money is a much easier way of storing value. You know that you do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day, or the next year. This function of money does not require that money is a perfect store of value. |
Holding money is a much easier way of storing value. You know that you do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day, or the next year. This function of money does not require that money is a perfect store of value. In an economy with inflation, money loses some buying power each year, but it remains money. Third, money serves as a unit of account, which means that it is the ruler by which other values are measured. Money fulfills your personal and family needs and desires:Money has the power to buy goods and services. With money, a person can fulfill his daily living needs and desires. With money, you can buy food, clothes, a home, a car, holiday tour packages, and gifts. With money, you can buy a high-speed internet connection and good quality equipment for work and business. Key security features of the Kenyan CurrencyThemes and symbols in the Kenyan currencyPersonal GoalsGoals are defined as the desired states that people seek to obtain, maintain, or avoid. Personal goals are goals related to your work, relationship, finances, and other aspects of life. There are three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome goals. Process goals are specific actions or processes of performing. For example, aiming to study for 2 hours after dinner every day. Process goals are 100 controllable by the individual. Performance goals are based on personal standard. For example, aiming to achieve a 3.5 GPA. Personal goals are mostly controllable. Outcome goals are based on winning. For a college student, this could look like landing a job in your field or landing job at a particular place of employment you wanted. Outcome goals are very difficult to control because of other outside influences. Process, performance, and outcome goals have a linear relationship. This is important because if you achieve your process goals, you give yourself a good chance to achieve your performance goals. Similarly, when you achieve your performance goals, you have a better chance of achieving your outcome goal. General Goal Setting Tipsset both short- and long-term goalsset SMART goalsset goals that motivate youwrite your goals down and put them in a place you can seeadjust your goals as necessaryRecognize and reward yourself when you meet a goalSet all three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome but focus on executing your smaller process goals to give you the best chance for success! |
This is important because if you achieve your process goals, you give yourself a good chance to achieve your performance goals. Similarly, when you achieve your performance goals, you have a better chance of achieving your outcome goal. General Goal Setting Tipsset both short- and long-term goalsset SMART goalsset goals that motivate youwrite your goals down and put them in a place you can seeadjust your goals as necessaryRecognize and reward yourself when you meet a goalSet all three types of goals- process, performance, and outcome but focus on executing your smaller process goals to give you the best chance for success! Specific highly detailed statement on what you want to accomplish use who, what, where, how etc. Measurable- how will you demonstrate and evaluate how your goal has been met? Attainable- they can be achieved by your own hard work and dedication- make sure your goals are within your ability to achieveRelevant- how do your goals align with your objectives? Time based- set 1 or more target dates- these are the by whens to guide your goal to successful and timely completion include deadlines, frequency and dates Be Clear About Your Purpose in LifeFirst, be clear about your purpose in life. Having a clear vision in life gives you direction. You know where you are coming from and where you are going. The destination is definite, and this gives you a foundation for your goal setting. Why These Goals? Having a foundation for goal setting gives you a destination. The next step is to look at the goals you have in mind and ask yourself why these goals in specific. Let s say you want to get from Nairobi to Mombasa. You can walk, run, hire a taxi, take a bus, take a train or take a flight. In the end, you will have to choose one means of transport to get you to Mombasa. If you take a bus, ask yourself why the bus? Why not walk or take a flight? If you can answer the why in your goals. And hopefully, your answer will not be because everyone is doing it, then you are on the right path. Do The Goals Motivate You? Do you get motivated when you look at your goals? Remember your why. If the answer to your why is because everyone is doing it, the motivation is going to low. |
Do you get motivated when you look at your goals? Remember your why. If the answer to your why is because everyone is doing it, the motivation is going to low. When challenges set in and everyone gives up, you will give up with them or give up when others are still on the move. Set goals that motivate you. Motivation has to come from the heart. Remember, this is a journey. It is not a destination in itself. Your inner drive will keep you moving when the going gets tough. You Goals Must Be Specific To YouYour goals have to be specific to you. Do not set random goals just because that is what is expected from you. Let s say you have a target to meet at the end of the month set by your company. The targets are not specific to you. In most cases, they are distinct to your department but general to you and your colleagues. A successful person will take the targets set and personalize them. What is it you want to achieve at the end of the month as far as the goals set for your team are concerned? Do you want to meet the exceptions, or do you want to exceed them? Set your weekly and daily goals to reflect what you want to achieve as an individual. Goals Have To Be Relevant To Your Higher Purpose In LifeYour goals must be relevant to your higher purpose in life. If not, you will deviate from your purpose or vision. Set goals to reflect, and feed your cause. The danger in working on plans that don t align with your purpose or mission, you end up working for other people. Proverbs 16:3 New International Version NIV Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and he will establish your plans. Starting to Set Personal GoalsYou set your goals on a number of levels:First you create your "big picture" of what you want to do with your life or over, say, the next 10 years , and identify the large-scale goals that you want to achieve. Then, you break these down into the smaller and smaller targets that you must hit to reach your lifetime goals. Finally, once you have your plan, you start working on it to achieve these goals. This is why we start the process of setting goals by looking at your lifetime goals. Then, we work down to the things that you can do in, say, the next five years, then next year, next month, next week, and today, to start moving towards them. |
Finally, once you have your plan, you start working on it to achieve these goals. This is why we start the process of setting goals by looking at your lifetime goals. Then, we work down to the things that you can do in, say, the next five years, then next year, next month, next week, and today, to start moving towards them. Step 1: Setting Lifetime GoalsThe first step in setting personal goals is to consider what you want to achieve in your lifetime or at least, by a significant and distant age in the future . Setting lifetime goals gives you the overall perspective that shapes all other aspects of your decision making. To give a broad, balanced coverage of all important areas in your life, try to set goals in some of the following categories or in other categories of your own, where these are important to you :Career What level do you want to reach in your career, or what do you want to achieve? Financial How much do you want to earn, by what stage? How is this related to your career goals? Education Is there any knowledge you want to acquire in particular? What information and skills will you need to have in order to achieve other goals? Family Do you want to be a parent? If so, how are you going to be a good parent? How do you want to be seen by a partner or by members of your extended family? Artistic Do you want to achieve any artistic goals? Attitude Is any part of your mindset holding you back? Is there any part of the way that you behave that upsets you? If so, set a goal to improve your behavior or find a solution to the problem. Physical Are there any athletic goals that you want to achieve, or do you want good health deep into old age? What steps are you going to take to achieve this? Pleasure How do you want to enjoy yourself? You should ensure that some of your life is for you! Public Service Do you want to make the world a better place? If so, how? Spend some time brainstorming these things, and then select one or more goals in each category that best reflect what you want to do. Then consider trimming again so that you have a small number of really significant goals that you can focus on. Talents and AbilitiesFor many people, the words talent and ability are interchangeable. |
Spend some time brainstorming these things, and then select one or more goals in each category that best reflect what you want to do. Then consider trimming again so that you have a small number of really significant goals that you can focus on. Talents and AbilitiesFor many people, the words talent and ability are interchangeable. Understanding the difference between them can make all the difference in how we live and work. Here at Pro spur, one of the first lessons we share with our players is recognizing their talent vs. their ability. So what is the difference? Talent is what you ve been given. Ability is how you grow the talent you ve been given. Right now, there are more than 8,000 pro players in Minor League baseball. Do you know how many of those players have enough talent alone to make it to the Big Leagues and stay there? The answer: not that many. Ways of Nurturing talentsCreate an Open CultureFirms are a product of multiple people s contributions. Each worker should feel like their words have weight and that their input is valued. Everything starts with the workplace culture, which gives new starters the confidence to stick around and keeps more experienced personnel grounded and loyal. Encourage employees to speak up if they have any concerns or thoughtful ideas. Develop Mentoring SchemesMentoring is an enormous part of nurturing talent. However, finesse is required in how your company approaches it. Vague instances of encouragement aren t enough to keep workers motivated and performing well. Introduce AutomationWorkers with many responsibilities can soon become overwhelmed. The most overworked staff members may find little time to focus on their own professional development. Automation can ease these burdens somewhat. These technologies can assume many of the admin tasks a worker needs to do. Signing paperwork, scheduling updates, responses to routine emails these are all tasks automation can oversee instead of the employee. Work-related stress can be reduced as a result. Offer FlexibilityNurturing talent can t be done under overly rigid work practices. Employees need to grow both personally and professionally and to do so effectively, they need a level of control. Keep InnovatingYour business needs to aspire to be greater constantly. Only then can you expect your workers to adopt a similar attitude. Of course, your business may be more concerned about surviving rather than thriving these days. Irrespective of your circumstances or the economic conditions you re facing, your company must keep pushing to innovate and excel within its industry. |
Only then can you expect your workers to adopt a similar attitude. Of course, your business may be more concerned about surviving rather than thriving these days. Irrespective of your circumstances or the economic conditions you re facing, your company must keep pushing to innovate and excel within its industry. Personal Talents and AbilitiesCommunication. Interpersonal skills. Leadership. Problem-solving. Time management. Adaptability. Critical thinking. Organization. Five kinds of talent categories:Self-conceptual talents like self-awareness, self-regulation, self-motivation, and self-confidence. Social talents like social awareness, communication, relationship management, collaboration, and influence. General talents like language skills, mathematical abilities, reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and learning abilities. Specific expertise like strategic thinking, arts, writing, research, sports, design, storytelling, and kinesthetic abilities. Fun talents any cool talents such as exceptional taste, ventriloquism ability to make your voice appear from somewhere else or with delay , and hypermobility, to name a few. Ethical Issues related to use of talents and abilities in businessEthical issues in business occur when a decision, activity or scenario conflicts with the organization s or society's ethical standards. Both organizations and individuals can become involved in ethical issues since others may question their actions from a moral viewpoint. 1. Discrimination and harassmentTwo of the most significant ethical issues that HR professionals and managers face are discrimination and harassment. The consequences of discrimination and harassment in the workplace can negatively impact the finances and reputation of the organization. Many countries have anti-discrimination laws to protect employees from unfair treatment. Some anti-discrimination areas include:Age: Organizations and internal policies cannot discriminate against employees who are older. Disability: To prevent disability discrimination, it's important to accommodate and provide equal treatment for employees with mental or physical disabilities. Equal pay: Equal pay focuses on ensuring that all employees receive equal compensation for similar work, regardless of religion, gender or race. Pregnancy: Pregnant employees have a right not to be discriminated against on account of their pregnancy. Race: Employees should receive equal treatment, regardless of ethnicity or race. Religion: Employees' religious beliefs should not affect how anyone within the organization treats them. Sex and gender: An employee's sex and gender identity should not influence their treatment while working at an organization. 2. Ethics in accounting practicesLaws require organizations to maintain accurate bookkeeping practices. |
Sex and gender: An employee's sex and gender identity should not influence their treatment while working at an organization. 2. Ethics in accounting practicesLaws require organizations to maintain accurate bookkeeping practices. Unethical accounting practices are a serious issue, especially for publicly traded companies. The legislation specifies financial report requirements aimed at protecting shareholders and consumers. All organizations have to keep accurate financial records and pay taxes to attract investment and business partners regardless of the size of the company. 3. Nepotism or favoritismAs a hiring manager or HR professional, you may want to employ an acquaintance or family member because of your connection to them. Even if you adhere to recruitment policies to ensure a fair process, some employees may still consider this as nepotism or favoritism. Favoritism occurs when managers treat some employees better than others for no professional reason. This can reduce productivity and job satisfaction in other employees, which may negatively impact the entire organization. 4. Workplace health and safetyAll employees have a right to a safe working environment and work conditions. Importance of Nurturing talents and abilitiesNurturing internal talent can benefit your business in many ways:Facilitate success. Nurturing the talent you already have allows you to facilitate opportunities for cross-training, career development and networking. Create a culture of innovation and empowerment. Nurturing your existing talent creates a culture of innovation and empowerment, in which employees know they are valued and they are motivated to strive for excellenceOpen leadership opportunities. Nurturing the talent of your teams enables you to foster a culture in which leadership opportunities abound. STRAND TWOBUSINESS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTBusiness activitiesNeeds and wantsScarcity, Choice, Scale of preference and opportunity costThe basic concept or elements of economics are:wants,scarcity,scale of preference,choice andopportunity cost. WantsWants simply means the desire or wish to own goods or services that give satisfaction. Goods include things such as cars, radios, food, houses, books, etc.,. That is tangible commodities , while services includes hair dressing, the services of an actor, etc that is intangible commodities . Want s are also called ENDS. As these basic needs are satisfied, other needs will arise. That is why we say that human wants are insatiable. This is because human wants are unlimited while resources used in satisfying them are limited. |
As these basic needs are satisfied, other needs will arise. That is why we say that human wants are insatiable. This is because human wants are unlimited while resources used in satisfying them are limited. SCARCITYScarcity refers to the limited available resources used in satisfying the unlimited human wants. These resources are scarce relative to their demand. It is as a result of scarcity of resources that needs the study of economics very essential in order to find alternative uses of these scarce resources. The available resources cannot satisfy all human wants. Since human wants are unlimited or insatiable relative to the available resources, we have to choose the most pressing ones and leave others that are less important because resources are scare. As a student you will need to buy school materials, e.g exercise books worth 100.00 but you have only 50.00. It can be seen that the money you have 50.00 , which is your resources, will not be sufficient to buy all you need. The available resources within the environment can never at any time be in abundance to satisfy all human wants. If resources were to be unlimited or abundant, no economics problem would arises and there would be no need for a study of economics. Scarcity is the central or basic economic problemsSCALE OF PREFERENCEScale of preference refers to a list of unsatisfied wants arranged in order of their relative importance. A scale of preference refers to a list of unsatisfied wants arranged in order of priority or importance. This aids decision-making. The most pressing needs are ranked first followed by the less pressing ones. In other words, it is a list showing the order in which we want to satisfy our wants arrange in order of priority. The drawing of scale of preference will make it easier for choice to be made. In order to achieve maximum satisfaction with limited resources at their disposal, an individual, firm and unsatisfied wants in order of priority. Each individual is assumed to have a scale of preference. This is because economics theory assumes that people always behave rationally and would satisfy their most pressing want first. For example, a student might rank his wants in following order according to their level of importance:Pair of school uniformExercise booksWrist watchDictionaryScientific calculatorAn arm chairIf he is to choose between items 1 and 4, he chooses the first. Scale of preference of individuals, firms and the government differ from time to time. |
This is because economics theory assumes that people always behave rationally and would satisfy their most pressing want first. For example, a student might rank his wants in following order according to their level of importance:Pair of school uniformExercise booksWrist watchDictionaryScientific calculatorAn arm chairIf he is to choose between items 1 and 4, he chooses the first. Scale of preference of individuals, firms and the government differ from time to time. IMPORTANCE OF SCALE OF PREFERENCERanking of needsFinancial prudenceIdentification of highest priorityRational choiceEfficient utilization of limited resourcesOptimum allocation of resourcesMaximization of satisfactionThe importance of scale of preference can be paraphrased this way also:It helps individuals to rank their needs in order of importance. It helps us to manage our resources properly. It helps both individuals and government to identify the most important needs. It enhances optimum allocation of resources. It helps individuals, firms and government in the efficient utilization of resources. It helps economic agents to maximize their satisfaction. It helps individuals to make rational decision. CHOICEChoice can be defined as a system of selecting or choosing one out of a number of alternatives. Human wants are many and we cannot satisfy all of them because of our limited resources. We therefore, decide which of the wants we can satisfy first. Choice arises as a result of numerous human wants and the scarcity of the resources used in satisfying these wants. OPPORTUNITY COSTOpportunity cost is also known as a real cost or time cost. The concept of opportunity cost is used in economics to express cost in terms of foregone or sacrificed alternatives. Opportunity cost means the alternative foregone or sacrifice made in order to satisfy another want. It is the satisfaction of one s want at the expense of another want. Types of Business activitiesPeople carry out different business activities in order to earn income. Business activities are activities which involve the provision of goods or services with an aim of earning a profit. Activities done without the intention of making profit are referred to asnon-business activities. Business activities may be grouped into the following seven categories:a ExtractionThis involves obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g. mining, farming, lumbering, fishing, quarrying e.t.cb Processing-This involves the conversion of raw materials into moreuseful products without combining it with other goods. |
Activities done without the intention of making profit are referred to asnon-business activities. Business activities may be grouped into the following seven categories:a ExtractionThis involves obtaining goods from their natural setting e.g. mining, farming, lumbering, fishing, quarrying e.t.cb Processing-This involves the conversion of raw materials into moreuseful products without combining it with other goods. Examples hereinclude milling grinding flour, refining oil, tanning of skins and hides,conversion of iron into steel e.t.cc Manufacturing-This involves combining different raw materials tocome up with one final product. Such activities include bread baking,making a table e.t.cd Construction-This involves building of structures such asbridges, ships, aeroplanes, houses, roads, railways e.t.ce Distribution of goods-This refers to the activities involved in movinggoods from where they are produced to where they are needed. Peoplewho carry out distribution are called distributors. Examples ofdistributors are wholesalers and retailers. F Trade-Activities in this category involve the buying and selling ofgoods with a view of making a profit. People involved in trade are calledtraders. G Provisions of Services-Activities in this category involve human acts which could be mental or physical. These include activities such as haircutting, hair styling, car-washing, nursing, teaching, driving, and entertaining e.t.c. Purpose of Business activityProvides goods and services from limited resources to satisfy unlimited wantsScarcity is the result of the economic problem limited resources and unlimited wantsChoice is necessary for scarce resources. This leads to opportunity costsSpecialization is required to make the most out of sourcesBusiness activityCombines factors of production to create goods and servicesGoods and services satisfy peoples wantsEmploys people and pays them wages so they can consume other productsBusiness objectivesAll businesses have objectives or aims to achieve. Their objectives may vary depending on the type of business and the situation the business is in. The most common objectives are:Profit: Profit is what keeps a company going and is the main objective of most businesses. Normally a business will try to obtain a satisfactory level of profits so they do not have to work long hours to pay too much tax. Increase added value: Value added is the difference between the price and material costs of a product. E.g.: If the price when selling a pen is Ksh. |
Normally a business will try to obtain a satisfactory level of profits so they do not have to work long hours to pay too much tax. Increase added value: Value added is the difference between the price and material costs of a product. E.g.: If the price when selling a pen is Ksh. 3 and it costs Ksh.1 in material, the value added would be Ksh.2. However, this does not take in account overheads and taxes. Added value could be increased by working on products so that they become more expensive finished products. One easy example of this is a mobile phone with a camera would sell for much more than one without it. Of course, you will need to pay for the extra camera but as long as prices rise more than costs, you get more profit. Growth: Growth can only be achieved when customers are satisfied with a business. When businesses grow they create more jobs and make them more secure when a business is larger. The status and salary of managers are increased. Growth also means that a business is able to spread risks by moving to other markets, or it is gaining a larger market share. Bigger businesses also gain cost advantages, called economies of scale. Survival: If a business do not survive, its owners lose everything. Therefore, businesses need to focus on his objective the most when they are: starting up, competing with other businesses, or in an economic recession. Service to the community: This is the primary goal for most government owned businesses. They plan to produce essential products to everybody who need them. These business objectives or aims can conflict because different people in a business want different things at different times. Goods and servicesTypes of goods and servicesWe desire to have all the things to satisfy our present and future wants. Thus, our desire is for all those things that satisfy our wants. All these things are either material goods or services. If something is not wanted by anybody it will not be called a good or service. Therefore, we can divide the things that we wants into two categories: i Goods and ii Services. Goods are material things wanted by human beings. They can be seen or touched. Services are non-material things. These cannot be seen or touched only their effects are felt. When we are hungry, we take food. When we fall sick, we take medicines. When we study, we use book, notebook, pen, paper etc. All these are examples of goods which satisfy some of our wants. |
When we fall sick, we take medicines. When we study, we use book, notebook, pen, paper etc. All these are examples of goods which satisfy some of our wants. All the things which satisfy human wants are good. However, wants for haircut, washing of cloths, mending of shoes, stitching of cloths, studying in a school or a college etc. Are not satisfied by goods. These are satisfied by the services performed by a barber, washer man, cobbler, tailor and teacher etc. So some of our wants are satisfied by goods and some by services. Hence, all the human wants can be satisfied by goods and services. Classification of Goods and Services:Goods and services are of many types. However, these can be classified into some broad groups. These are discussed below: i Free Goods and Economic goods:The goods which have unlimited supply and are provided as free gift of nature. The goods which are not man-made and do not have to pay anything to get them. These goods are known as Free Goods . For example, air, sea, water, sunlight, sand in the desert etc. On the other hand, goods like vegetables, grains, minerals, fruits, fishes etc. Which are neither man-made nor unlimited supply of nature are known as Economic Goods All these goods are sold and purchased in the market only. Ii Free Services and Economic Services:Services which cannot be bought in the market and which are only rendered out of love, affection etc. Are known as Free Services . For example, all services given by the parents to their children are free services. However, all the services that can be bought in the market are Economic Services . Services rendered by doctors, teachers, lawyers, barbers, cobblers etc. Are the example of economic services. Iii Consumer Goods and Capital Goods:The goods which are directly used by the consumer for the purposes of consumption are known as Consumer Goods The example of consumer goods are bread, biscuit, butter, jam, rice, fish, egg, shoes, shirts, fan, book, pen, cooking gas etc. On the other hand, all the goods which are not directly used to satisfy consumption but which are used in further production are called Producer Goods or Capital Goods . The examples are seeds, fertilizers, tools, machines, raw materials etc. |
Iii Consumer Goods and Capital Goods:The goods which are directly used by the consumer for the purposes of consumption are known as Consumer Goods The example of consumer goods are bread, biscuit, butter, jam, rice, fish, egg, shoes, shirts, fan, book, pen, cooking gas etc. On the other hand, all the goods which are not directly used to satisfy consumption but which are used in further production are called Producer Goods or Capital Goods . The examples are seeds, fertilizers, tools, machines, raw materials etc. Iv Consumer Services and Producer Services:When services are used directly by consumers to satisfy their wants, they are called consumer services. When services are used by producers to produce other goods and services, they are called producer services. When the tailor stitches our shirt, it is a consumer service However when the tailor stitches a shirt for a readymade garments shop, the service rendered by him is a producer service. V Single Use and Durable Use Goods:Goods both consumer goods and producer goods which are only used or consumed for single time or only once are known as single use goods. Bread, milk, fruits, vegetables etc. Are the example of single use consumer goods. On the other hand, seeds, fertilizers, raw materials etc. Are the example of single use producer goods. Some goods both consumer goods and producer goods can be used for a considerable period, that is, they can be used again and again. They are called durable use goods. For example, table, chair, cloths, shoes etc. Are the durable use consumer goods. On the other hand, tube wells, tractors, pump-sets etc. Are the example of durable use producer goods, vi Private Goods and Public Goods:On the basics of ownership goods can be classified into two groups. All the goods which are owned by private bodies are called private goods. For example, a car, a house, a motor bike, a mobile phone, books, a television set etc. Are the private goods. There are large number of goods which are collectively owned by the society, the public or the government. These are called public or government goods. For example, roads, bridges, hospitals, government schools etc. Are the public goods or the social goods or the government goods. Economic ResourcesCharacteristics of economic resourcesTypes of economic resources in KenyaWhat Are Economic Resources? |
For example, roads, bridges, hospitals, government schools etc. Are the public goods or the social goods or the government goods. Economic ResourcesCharacteristics of economic resourcesTypes of economic resources in KenyaWhat Are Economic Resources? Economic resources are the different factors of production used to produce all goods and services in the economy. Economic theory is primarily concerned with allocating these resources so that the production of goods and services is done most efficiently and effectively. There are four general types of economic resources:Land or natural resourcesLaborCapitalEntrepreneurial abilitySustainable ways of using economic resourcesEconomic sustainability is the practice of conserving natural and financial resources to create long-term financial stability. A system that's sustainable can last far into the future with minimal negative impacts. In finance, this can mean reducing the worldwide consumption of valuable resources to ensure they're available to future generations to create financial stability and wealth. For example, by reducing the usage of fossil fuels and focusing on alternative fuel sources, companies, governments and consumers can help reduce the global impact of emissions and pollution from fossil fuels. Here are some examples of economic stability:Alternative energyAlternative energy sources, such as wind power, solar power and hydropower, can offer a more sustainable, clean and affordable solution to energy needs. Much of the world depends on fossil fuels like coal, oil and gasoline, which have a limited supply and create greenhouse gas emissions. Alternative energy sources depend on infinite natural processes or resources, which may make them more sustainable and affordable in the long term. Reducing fossil fuel consumption can help reduce tax burdens for consumers, decrease the costs of environmental impacts and create more energy equity among low-income populations, which can increase economic productivity. Sustainable agricultureMany farms are adopting sustainable agricultural practices to reduce soil degradation, which occurs from over-farming, and to reduce animal product consumption. Reducing food consumption and focusing on regenerative farming can help improve soil health, crop yields and the quality of farmed food and resources. Regenerative farming is a practice farmers use to rotate crops for better soil health, instead of farming the same crops, like corn, all year. Improving soil health and reducing animal product consumption can help keep food costs low, reduce carbon emissions and environmental damage and encourage better habits. Recycling and pollution reductionRecycling and reducing pollution is a common economic and environmental stability practice that can help increase the value of materials. |
Regenerative farming is a practice farmers use to rotate crops for better soil health, instead of farming the same crops, like corn, all year. Improving soil health and reducing animal product consumption can help keep food costs low, reduce carbon emissions and environmental damage and encourage better habits. Recycling and pollution reductionRecycling and reducing pollution is a common economic and environmental stability practice that can help increase the value of materials. For example, a company producing aluminum cans can sustain operations by recycling used cans and creating molten aluminum for recasting, instead of mining for aluminum ore. This practice can reduce the company's environmental impact, saving the region both cleanup and restoration costs and reducing the organization's mining costs. Reducing pollution can also help reduce worldwide cleanup and restoration costs and the costs of climate change. Sustainable fisheriesCreating more sustainable fisheries can help reduce the environmental and economic impact of overfishing the oceans. Side effects of overfishing can include population declination, bycatch, or catching other species along with fish, and fishing equipment made of plastics and other materials discarded in waterways. Adopting more sustainable practices, like reducing fish consumption worldwide and reducing bycatch and fishing pollution, could create a more sustainable fishing environment, resulting in more stable profits and economic health for the fishing industry. It can also help ocean populations recover, which is crucial for ecosystems across the globe. Resource MappingResource mapping is a strategy for identifying and analyzing the programs, people, services, and other resources that currently exist in the country. This information can help leaders better assess the needs of the country and to make informed decisions about where to focus change efforts. Mapping StepsReach consensus on the parameters of the map select a goal to map. Select the data to be collected based on these parameters determine what types of resources you would like to collect. Develop tools to collect your data. Collect data with help from stakeholders. Conduct a community or environmental scan. Synthesize, analyze, and interpret your data. Communicate your findings. Set priorities. Develop related products. Importance of economic ResourcesResources are significant because: i They satisfy human wants both individual and social, ii They are a source or possibility of assistance, iii They are a means of development and support, iv They are an expedient, v They have capacity to take advantage of opportunities, and vi One relies on them for aid, support and supply. |
Set priorities. Develop related products. Importance of economic ResourcesResources are significant because: i They satisfy human wants both individual and social, ii They are a source or possibility of assistance, iii They are a means of development and support, iv They are an expedient, v They have capacity to take advantage of opportunities, and vi One relies on them for aid, support and supply. Business communicationCommunication is an essential element in the success of any business. The process of transferring information from one person to another, within and outside the business environment, is termed as Business Communication. The term Business Communication is derived from general communication which is associated with business activities. In other terms, communication between business parties or people for business-related tasks is considered as Business Communication. Business Communication includes different aspects like marketing, public relations, customer relations, corporate and interpersonal communication, etc. Basic elements of Business communication:SenderBusiness informationReceiverFeedbackImportance of business communicationHelps in increasing productivity: Effective business communication increases the productivity of staff by boosting up teamwork. It creates a trustworthy and understanding environment among employers and employees. Effective communication is related to cooperating with employees and understanding their needs and desires. By doing so, employees are able to accomplish their tasks more effectively and efficiently. Also, the scope of doing mistakes or errors during their work minimizes due to effective communication. Helps in increasing customers: Customers are an important part of any business and effective business communication can facilitate in attracting new customers and retain the current customers. A well-defined marketing strategy and public relations campaign run by an organization generates the interest of customers in its goods or services and helps in building the corporate image in customers. Enhances business partnerships: Business Communication also improves partnerships in business. It plays a significant role in dealing with external business clients or vendors. Vendors may be required to communicate on products regularly for improvements. Also, an effective and harmonious relationship with other businesses determines the further success of an organization. A business unit that has developed its image as an entity for easy partnership through its effective communication can attract other business units for forming business relationships with them. Facilitates innovations in business: Effective business communication helps in business innovations as well as it facilitates employees to convey their ideas and suggestions openly. Similarly, at the time of launching any new product in the market, effective communication ensures the performance of the sales team, market acceptance of the product, fast delivery of products in the market, etc. |
A business unit that has developed its image as an entity for easy partnership through its effective communication can attract other business units for forming business relationships with them. Facilitates innovations in business: Effective business communication helps in business innovations as well as it facilitates employees to convey their ideas and suggestions openly. Similarly, at the time of launching any new product in the market, effective communication ensures the performance of the sales team, market acceptance of the product, fast delivery of products in the market, etc. Information exchange: Business communication is required by an organization for exchanging information with internal and external stakeholders. This helps in achieving its goals effectively. Preparation of plans and policies: Through effective business communication, organizations can make their plans and policies properly. Relevant information is required for preparing these plans and policies. Through communication, different managers source information through reliable channels. Helps in solving problems or issues: Through different communication channels, managers get information about different routine and non-routine issues and based upon that they can take required actions to sort out those issues. Facilitates decision-making: Effective decisions require up-to-date information. Using effective communication, managers can acquire information from different sources and can utilize it for making correct decisions. Reduces chances of conflicts: Through effective communication different business parties can exchange information in a smooth way. This results in fewer conflicts, controversies, arguments between them. Business Communication MethodsDifferent methods of communicating in a business are as below:In-person Face-to-Face Business Communication: In-person communication is the most common and preferred method of business communication. As it is generally in the form of meetings or conferences which is face to face communication format. This requires refined in-person skills. This method also includes non-verbal communication i.e. body language. While having a conversation between two or more people in business, body language like gestures, facial expression, etc. Also play a vital role in communicating a person s attitude towards others. Communication by email system: An e-mail has become the most widely used communication system in any business. Due to its feature of sending and receiving mass or multiple messages at a time, email is considered as one of the preferred methods in business communication. It also increases efficiency as emails can be sent and responded in fast mode. The conversation through email can be among two or more than two people and is the best substitute for formal face to face meetings as discussions can be done in an email system. |
Due to its feature of sending and receiving mass or multiple messages at a time, email is considered as one of the preferred methods in business communication. It also increases efficiency as emails can be sent and responded in fast mode. The conversation through email can be among two or more than two people and is the best substitute for formal face to face meetings as discussions can be done in an email system. Web conferencing: In the web conferencing method of business communication, the internet is being used for communication in meetings, conferences, presentations, seminars, and imparting training. It includes features like sharing of files, screens, real-time chatting, recording, etc. This can be considered as the most effective way of interacting with people sitting at different locations. Web conferencing is done by using the phone teleconferencing or video equipment videoconferencing . Written communication: Written business communication is a formal and detailed form of communication than other methods. Different written communication tools include formal letters, brochures, posters, etc. Other methods: There are other business communication methods like an instant messaging system. This technology is easy to use as one can easily connect with people while working offsite and have conversations without waiting so long. They also include WhatsApp, phone calls. Production of goods and servicesProduction: Refers to the creation of goods and services or increasing their usefulness through activities such as transporting them to where they are required. People who are involved in production of goods and services are referred to as producers. NdependenceImportance of ProductionTo produce is independence. If you don t produce, you will have to consume what has been produced. In this case, you have no choice but to the available options. People choose to be free and independent. The need for various goodsAvailability of goods and services: Production helps to ensure that goods and services are madeIncrease in wealth of people: Production assists people to accumulate wealth as a result of continuous employment. Importance of productionIncrease in export potential: Production also assists a state or nation to boost her export of goods and services to other nations. Acquisition of skills: The engagement of people in production leads them to acquire special skillsCharacteristics of Factors of ProductionMeaning: Factors of production refer to agents, components or resources which are combined together to produce goods and services. There are four factors of production. These are:Labour - is skillful: Labour becomes skillful through education and training. |
Acquisition of skills: The engagement of people in production leads them to acquire special skillsCharacteristics of Factors of ProductionMeaning: Factors of production refer to agents, components or resources which are combined together to produce goods and services. There are four factors of production. These are:Labour - is skillful: Labour becomes skillful through education and training. Labour is a human factor: Labour is a human factor hence its supply can easily be controlled importance of productionLabour requires motivation: For labour to perform efficiently and increase its productivity, it must be motivated in one way or the other. Importance of productionLabour is not predictable: Labour as a factor of production cannot be easily predicted. Labour is not fixed: The supply of labour, unlike land, is not fixed as it varies in quantity and quality. Labour is perishable: Knowledge can diminish overtime as a result of continued unemployment, under-employment, age and death. Labour controls other factors of production: Labour controls and combines all other factors of production to make them more meaningful to the society. Labour has initiative: Labour can act on its own initiative. Classification of factors of productionCharacteristics of land as a factors of productionFixed supply: The total land area of earth in the sense of the surface area available to men is fixed. Therefore, the supply of lands is strictly limited. It is, no doubt, possible to increase the supply of land in a particular region to some extent through reclamation of land from sea areas or deforestation. No cost of production: Since land is a gift of nature, it has no cost of production. Since land is already in existence, no costs are to be incurred in creating it. In this sense, land differs from both labour which has to be reared, educated and trained and capital which has to be created by using labour and other scarce resources or by spending money . Differences in fertility: Another important feature of land is that it is not homogeneous. All grades plots of land are not equally productive or fertile. Some grades of land are more productive than others. And Ricardo argued that rent arises not only due to scarcity of land as a factor but also due to differences in the fertility of the soil. Mobility:Land is not geographically mobile. But, it is occupationally mobile. In most parts of India, for example, land has many alternative uses. |
Mobility:Land is not geographically mobile. But, it is occupationally mobile. In most parts of India, for example, land has many alternative uses. It might be used for farmland, roads, rail ways, airlines, public parks, playgrounds, resi dential housing, office buildings, shopping complex, and so on. Some of the land, for example, in hill area, of say, Shillong, or Darjeeling, has an extremely limited degree of occupational mobility, being useful perhaps for sheep grazing, golf course or as a centre of tourism. Return: The income received by the owner of land is known as rent. It may be noted that rent is usually paid for something more than the use of land or another natural resource, but includes also an element of payment for another factor which is involved in making the resource available in a usable form. Characteristics of Capital as a factor of productionCapital is manmade factor of productionIts mobileIt s a passive factor of productionTypes of capitalFixedWorkingventureCharacteristics of an entrepreneurX-tics of an entrepreneurConsumer concerns addressed in the production of goods and servicesLearners to check on thisMarketing of Goods and ServicesA market can be defined as a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services and other relevant information is called a market. Both these parties can meet in a city, state, province, country and region. The market may be a physical or virtual. The one party seller sells a product or service to a buyer for money benefits. Most of the time there are more than single buyers and seller in the marketplace. The value and prices of product and service are based on the law demand and supply in the market. Types of MarketsPhysical Markets. Any physical market is a place where buyers and sellers physically meet that involve both parties in a transaction in exchange for money. Few good examples are departmental stores, shopping malls and retail storesVirtual Markets Internet Markets. Todays business environment such type of markets are increasing on a fast track. It is a place where the seller offers goods and services via online platform i.e. internet. Buyers and sellers are not required to physically meet or interact. Examples are Freelancer.com, Amazon.com. Auction Market. An auction market is a place where sellers and buyers indicate the lowest and highest prices they are willing to exchange. |
Examples are Freelancer.com, Amazon.com. Auction Market. An auction market is a place where sellers and buyers indicate the lowest and highest prices they are willing to exchange. This exchange takes place when both the sellers and buyers agree on a price. A good example is the New York Stock Exchange NYSE . What is Market SizeMarket size refers to the total number of people in a specific market who has the potential to buy and sell products and services. Whenever companies launch a new product they are very interested to know the market size. For any market, two factors are very importantTotal number of buyers and sellersTotal money in the market on the annual basisMarketingMarketing is a process by which a product or service is introduced and promoted to potential customers. Without marketing, your business may offer the best products or services in your industry, but none of your potential customers would know about it. Without marketing, sales may crash and companies may have to close. Types of MarketingWhere your marketing campaigns live depends entirely on where your customers spend their time. It's up to you to conduct market research that determines which types of marketing -- and which mix of tools within each type -- is best for building your brand. Here are several types of marketing that are relevant today, some of which have stood the test of time:Internet marketing: Inspired by an Excedrin product campaign that took place online, the very idea of having a presence on the internet for business reasons is a type of marketing in and of itself. Search engine optimization: Abbreviated "SEO," this is the process of optimizing content on a website so that it appears in search engine results. It's used by marketers to attract people who perform searches that imply they're interested in learning about a particular industry. Blog marketing: Blogs are no longer exclusive to the individual writer. Brands now publish blogs to write about their industry and nurture the interest of potential customers who browse the internet for information. Social media marketing: Businesses can use Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, and similar social networks to create impressions on their audience over time. Print marketing: As newspapers and magazines get better at understanding who subscribes to their print material, businesses continue to sponsor articles, photography, and similar content in the publications their customers are reading. Search engine marketing: This type of marketing is a bit different than SEO, which is described above. Businesses can now pay a search engine to place links on pages of its index that get high exposure to their audience. |
Print marketing: As newspapers and magazines get better at understanding who subscribes to their print material, businesses continue to sponsor articles, photography, and similar content in the publications their customers are reading. Search engine marketing: This type of marketing is a bit different than SEO, which is described above. Businesses can now pay a search engine to place links on pages of its index that get high exposure to their audience. It's a concept called "pay-per-click" -- I'll show you an example of this in the next section . Video marketing: While there were once just commercials, marketers now put money into creating and publishing all kinds of videos that entertain and educate their core customers. The 4 Ps of MarketingEssentially, these 4 Ps explain how marketing interacts with each stage of the business. ConsumersA consumer is any individual or group that uses goods or services. Generally, this means an individual who pays for goods or services, although sometimes the good or service is not paid for, but is instead received as a gift or favor. Usually, the term is used when referring to the demand side of the market. For example, in economics, it is often said that consumers are influenced by price when they make their buying decisions. Following are the things that customers look at for before buying a product. 1 Price: The price of the product is the first thing that almost 80 of the customers look at before buying a product. Because every customer has their own budget and they usually tend to spend within the budget unless they get some extraordinary quality. 2 Experience: Nowadays, everyone is busy and they want to buy things which are easily available and also there are so many alternatives available in the market for a certain product. Therefore, it is important to make the shopping experience as well as the quality of the product excellent. So, they don t move to some other product. 3 Design: Design of the product should be attractive. 4 Functionality: The product should have all the functionalities that a customer expects while buying a product. 5 Convenience: The product and services should be convenient for the customer, otherwise, he she will not buy the product. 6 Reliability: The product should be reliable and it should meet the customer s needs every single time. 7 Compatibility: The product should be compatible with the other products that the customer is already using. Following is a list of different types of customers. Need-based customers :These customers shop for only specific products when they need them. |
7 Compatibility: The product should be compatible with the other products that the customer is already using. Following is a list of different types of customers. Need-based customers :These customers shop for only specific products when they need them. They already know the section they are heading to when they enter a store. They usually don t require an assistant to choose a product because they usually have knowledge about the product they want to buy. Therefore, it is very important to approach them with a planned strategy. Loyal customers :These types of customers are very important for a business. This segment of the customers should be kept satisfied. They not only stay loyal to the company but also praise and recommend the product to their family and friends. Therefore, they also help the company to market its product by word -of mouth free of cost. Usually, this segment of customers is small and they hardly make 20 of the total customers, but they are responsible for generating the maximum part of the total revenue of the company. 3 Discount customers :These are the types of customers who never buy a product on full price. They always look for a discount on the product they want to buy. Such customers never shop for anything off-sale. These types of customers make the biggest portion of total customers of a company. Discount customers are the least loyal customers and they easily move on when getting better offers by some other company. Impulsive customers :Impulsive customers segment is a bonus segment for any business, as these customers don t shop as per their need or because of ongoing sale. The shopping of these types of customers is highly influenced by their current mood. They usually tend to buy a product, if, at the time of shopping, they find it useful and good at that point in time. Potential customers:Potential customers are not your customer yet, but they just need a little bit of convincing and assistance to make a purchase. These types of customers need a little bit of encouragement and attention before buying your product. To deal with such customers, you should show them some value and assist them by providing information about the products they are interested in. |
Potential customers:Potential customers are not your customer yet, but they just need a little bit of convincing and assistance to make a purchase. These types of customers need a little bit of encouragement and attention before buying your product. To deal with such customers, you should show them some value and assist them by providing information about the products they are interested in. Factors to consider when selecting a suitable market for goods and servicesThe product to be sold or producedPersonnel to manage the businessAmount of finance and other resources requiredThe market to be served customers Types of employees requiredProjection level of achievement in future in terms of profit The name for the businessAn attractive market has the following characteristics:It is sizeable large enough to be profitable given your operating cost. Only a tiny fraction of the consumers in China can afford to buy cars. However, because the country s population is so large nearly 1.5 billion people , more cars are sold in China than in Europe and in the United States, depending on the month . Three billion people in the world own cell phones. But that still leaves three billion who don t Corbett, 2008 . It is growing. The middle class of India is growing rapidly, making it a very attractive market for consumer products companies. People under thirty make up the majority of the Indian population, fueling the demand for Bollywood Indian-made films. It is not already swamped by competitors, or you have found a way to stand out in a crowd. IBM used to make PCs. However, after the marketplace became crowded with competitors, IBM sold the product line to a Chinese company called Lenovo. Either it is accessible or you can find a way to reach it. Accessibility, or the lack of it, could include geographic accessibility, political and legal barriers, technological barriers, or social barriers. For example, to overcome geographic barriers, the consumer products company Unilever hires women in third-world countries to distribute the company s products to rural consumers who lack access to stores. The company has the resources to compete in it. You might have a great idea to compete in the wind-power market. However, it is a business that is capital intensive. What this means is that you will either need a lot of money or must be able to raise it. You might also have to compete with the likes of T. Boone Pickens, an oil tycoon who is attempting to develop and profit from the wind-power market. |
What this means is that you will either need a lot of money or must be able to raise it. You might also have to compete with the likes of T. Boone Pickens, an oil tycoon who is attempting to develop and profit from the wind-power market. Does your organization have the resources to do this? It fits in with your firm s mission and objectives. Consider TerraCycle, which has made its mark by selling organic products in recycled packages. Fertilizer made from worm excrement and sold in discarded plastic beverage bottles is just one of its products. It wouldn t be a good idea for TerraCycle to open up a polluting, coal-fired power plant, no matter how profitable the market for the service might be. ICT platforms for marketing Goods and servicesThey include:Online advertising many businesses advertise through banners on websites. It provides to the customers quickly and easy response. Email marketing it s a form of direct marketing. It s very fast and less expensive. Social media marketing it s a collection of online communication channels. It s a community based input, interaction, content sharing and collaboration. Examples include: Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp, TiktokBlogging Target marketing- it s about attracting a customer who will buy what you are selling. AdvantagesAnywhere, anytime marketingCost effectiveFastBy using ICT, we can market anywhere, anytime in the world without being their physically. STRAND THREEGOVERNMENT AND GLOBAL INFLUENCE IN BUSINESSGovernment and businessGovernment involvement in business activities is one of the commercial duties it owes its citizens. It is the one that provides the necessary environment for investments to be undertaken by itself, or by the local and foreign investors. This, the government may do in various ways, these include;a Producing goods and servicesb Distributing goods and servicesc Advising producers and tradersd Promoting trade and economic developmente Protecting consumers against exploitation by producers and tradersf As a consumer of goods and servicesReasons for Government involvement in businessThe following are the major reasons for the government s involvement and participation in business activities;1 To prevent exploitation of the public by private businesspersons especially in the provision of essential goods and services such as sugar, transport, communication etc. The Kenya Bureau of standards KEBS regulates the quality of goods consumed in Kenya. |
It is the one that provides the necessary environment for investments to be undertaken by itself, or by the local and foreign investors. This, the government may do in various ways, these include;a Producing goods and servicesb Distributing goods and servicesc Advising producers and tradersd Promoting trade and economic developmente Protecting consumers against exploitation by producers and tradersf As a consumer of goods and servicesReasons for Government involvement in businessThe following are the major reasons for the government s involvement and participation in business activities;1 To prevent exploitation of the public by private businesspersons especially in the provision of essential goods and services such as sugar, transport, communication etc. The Kenya Bureau of standards KEBS regulates the quality of goods consumed in Kenya. 2 To provide essential goods and services in areas where private individuals and organizations are unwilling to venture because of low profits high risks involved. 3 To provide essential goods and services which private organizations and individuals are unable to provide due to the large amount of initial capital required b e.g. generation of electricity, establishment of airlines etc. 4 To attract foreign investment by initiating major business projects5 To stimulate economic development in the country e.g. by providing social services6 To provide goods and services which are too sensitive to be left in the hands of the private sector e.g. provision of firearms. 7 To create employment opportunities by initiating projects such as generation of electricity. 8 To prevent foreign dominance of the economy by investing in areas where the locals are not able to9 To redistribute wealth where returns are very high10 To prevent establishment of monopolies. Roles METHODS OF GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN BUSINESSThe government gets involved in business activities through the following methods: i RegulationThis refers to Rules and restrictions the government requires business units to follow in their business activities. Through this method, the government ensures high quality goods and services and puts in control measures to protect consumers from exploitation. The government regulation measuresinclude;a LicensingA license is a document that shows that a business has been permitted by the government to operate. It is usually issued upon payment of a small fee. Licensing is the process of issuing licenses to businesses. Some of the reasons why the government issues licenses include; Regulating the number of businesses in a given place at any given time to avoid unhealthy competition. |
It is usually issued upon payment of a small fee. Licensing is the process of issuing licenses to businesses. Some of the reasons why the government issues licenses include; Regulating the number of businesses in a given place at any given time to avoid unhealthy competition. To control the type of goods entering and leaving the country. To ensure there are no illegal businesses. To ensure that traders engage only in trade activities that they have been licensed for. To ensure that those who engage in professional activities meet the requirements of the profession. To raise revenue for the government. B Ensuring standards enforcing standards; The government regulates business activities by setting standards that businesses should and ensuring that the standards are adhered to. To achieve this purpose, the government has established bodies such as; Kenya bureau of standards KEBS whose main responsibility is to set standards especially for the manufactured goods and see to it that the set standards are adhered to met. Goods that meet such standards are given a diamond mark of quality, to show that they are of good quality. The ministry of public health to ensure that businesses meet certain standards as concerning facilities before such businesses can be allowed to operate. Such standards may include clean toilets, clean water and well aerated buildings. C Legislation; The Government may come up with rules and regulations laws that regulate business activities e.g. banning hawking in certain areas, matatus required to carry certain number of passengers e.t.c. Ii TrainingThe government takes keen interest in training and advising people in business about business management strategies and better ways of producing goods and services. The government offers these services through seminars and courses. This is mainly done by the Kenya Business Training Institute K.B.T.I . Iii Trade promotionThis is a government initiated and supported policy to encourage local business people to enter into business. This is aimed at increasing the volume and variety of goods and services traded in. Trade promotion is classified as either external trade promotion or internaltrade promotion. Legal Requirements for Starting and operating a simple business in KenyaBusiness PermitA business permit indicates that you are licensed to operate by the local county government. KRA PINA Kenya Revenue Authority PIN is among the legal requirements that you need to start a business in Kenya. It is used to facilitate tax compliance with all Kenyans and businesses required to file their tax returns yearly. |
Legal Requirements for Starting and operating a simple business in KenyaBusiness PermitA business permit indicates that you are licensed to operate by the local county government. KRA PINA Kenya Revenue Authority PIN is among the legal requirements that you need to start a business in Kenya. It is used to facilitate tax compliance with all Kenyans and businesses required to file their tax returns yearly. TAXATION IN KENYATax: is a compulsory payment by either individuals or organizations to thegovernment without any direct benefit to the payer. Taxation-refers to the process through which the government raises revenue by collecting taxes. Purposes reasons for taxationi. Raising revenue for government expenditure. This is the main reason for taxation. Ii. Discouraging controlling consumption of certain commodities e.g. alcohol and cigarattes which are considered to be harmful. Iii. Discouraging importation of certain commodities in order to protect local industries. This is done by imposing heavy taxes on such commodities. Iv. Controlling inflation. Taxation reduces money supply by reducing peoples disposable income thereby controlling inflation. V. Reducing inequality in income distribution; this is done by taxing the rich heavily and using the finances raised in provision of goods and services that benefit the poor. Vi. Influencing locations of businesses. This is done by taxing businesses located in urban areas heavily and those in rural areas lightly hence businesses moving to rural areas. Vii. Correcting unfavorable balance of payments. High taxes are imposed on imported commodities thereby discouraging their importation leading to an improvement in the balance of payments. Viii. To protect the key selectors of the economy such as the agricultural sector, by stimulating their growth. Factors that determine the amount of money raised through taxationi. Distribution of incomesii. Social and political factorsiii. Honesty and efficiency of tax authoritiesiv. Citizens level of real incomev. Economic structure of the country i.e. relative size of the country s commercial and subsistence sectors. Principles of taxationThese are the characteristics that a good tax system should have. They are also referred to as the cannons of taxation. A good tax system should be;Equitable principle of equity-Every subject of the state should pay tax in proportion to their income. Certain principle of certainty-The tax that an individual should pay should be clear in terms of the amount, time and manner in which it should be paid. |
They are also referred to as the cannons of taxation. A good tax system should be;Equitable principle of equity-Every subject of the state should pay tax in proportion to their income. Certain principle of certainty-The tax that an individual should pay should be clear in terms of the amount, time and manner in which it should be paid. The government should also be fairly certain of the amount of tax expected so that planning can be easier. Convenient principle of convenience-Tax levied ought to be convenient to both the contributor and collector, it should be levied at a time when the payer has money and mode of payment should be convenient to both the payer and the payeeEconomical principle of economy-The cost of collecting and administeringthe tax should be lower than the tax so collected. Flexible principle of flexibility-It should be readily adaptable to changing economic times i.e. when the economic conditions of the people improve it should give raised revenue e.g. VATAbility to pay non-oppressive-A tax system should be designed in a way that the amount charged is not too high to the extent that the contributors are unable to pay or is discouraged from working hard. Diversified principle of diversity-There should be different types of taxes so that the tax burden is on different groups in the society. This also ensures that the government has money at all times. Simplicity-A good tax system should be simple enough to be understood by each tax payer. This will motivate them to pay tax. Elastic principle of elasticity-The tax system should be able to generate more revenue for the government by targeting items of mass consumption. STRAND FOURFINANCIAL RECORDS IN BUSINESSBusiness TransactionsA business transaction is a deal between two or more people involving exchange of goods and services in terms of money. Business transaction may take place on cash basis; in which case goods are paid for before or on delivery or a short while after deliveryBusiness transaction may also take place on credit basis; which means payment is made after a specified period from the date of delivery of the goods or the provision of the servicesa Documents used at the inquiry stageThis is the first stage in transaction. An inquiry is a request by a prospective buyer for information on available goods and services. |
STRAND FOURFINANCIAL RECORDS IN BUSINESSBusiness TransactionsA business transaction is a deal between two or more people involving exchange of goods and services in terms of money. Business transaction may take place on cash basis; in which case goods are paid for before or on delivery or a short while after deliveryBusiness transaction may also take place on credit basis; which means payment is made after a specified period from the date of delivery of the goods or the provision of the servicesa Documents used at the inquiry stageThis is the first stage in transaction. An inquiry is a request by a prospective buyer for information on available goods and services. It is aimed at establishing the following; Whether the goods or services required are available for sale The quality or nature of the products available The prices at which the goods or services are being sold The terms of sale in respect to payment and delivery of goods or services Some of the documents used at this stage include;i Letter of inquiry;This is a letter written by a potential buyer to the seller to find out the goods and services offered by the seller. A letter of inquiry can be general or specific. A specific letter of inquiry seeks for information about a particular product. Reply to an inquiryThe seller may reply to the letter of inquiry by sending any of the following documents;-Price list-A catalogue-Quotation-A tenderi A price listThis is a list of items sold by the trader together with their prices. The information contained in a price list is usually brief and not illustrated and may include;-Name and address of the Seller-List of the goods and services-The recommended unit prices of the products -Any discounts offeredPrice list show the prices of the commodities at that time. Ii A catalogue; A catalogue is a basket which briefly describes the goods a seller stocks. It is normally sent by the seller to the buyer when the buyer sends a general letter of inquiry. |
The information contained in a price list is usually brief and not illustrated and may include;-Name and address of the Seller-List of the goods and services-The recommended unit prices of the products -Any discounts offeredPrice list show the prices of the commodities at that time. Ii A catalogue; A catalogue is a basket which briefly describes the goods a seller stocks. It is normally sent by the seller to the buyer when the buyer sends a general letter of inquiry. It usually carries illustrations on the goods stocked, and could be in the form of attractive and colorful picturesThe content of a catalogue includes the following; Name and address of the seller Details of the products to be sold; inform of pictures and illustrations The prices of the products After-sales services offered by the seller Packaging and posting expenses to be incurred Delivery services to be used Terms of sale-Catalogues carry more information than the price list and they are more expensive to print. Iii Quotation; This is a document sent by a seller to a buyer in response to a specific letter of inquiry. It specifies the conditions and terms under which the seller is willing to supply the specified goods and services to the buyer. The content of a quotation includes the following;-Name and address of Seller-Name and address of the buyer-Description of goods to be supplied -Prices of the commodities-Terms of sale i.e. discounts, time of supply, delivery-Total of the goods to be suppliedQuotations are normally in form of letters, but many large-scale businesses have pre-printed quotations forms which they readily send to the potential customers. Iv A TenderThis is a document of offer to sell sent by a seller to a buyer in response to an advertised requestTenders contain the following;-Date when the tender advertisement was made -Mode of payment-Date of making document -Discounts given-Name and address of prospective seller called the tenderer-The prices at which the goods can be provided-Period of delivery -Mode of delivery-Tenders are delivered in sealed envelopes which are opened by the buyer on a specified dateThe winning tender is usually awarded on the of the lowest quoted price although the buyer is not obliged to accept this especially if quality is likely to be lowTenders are not binding unless accepted by the buyer. |
The content of a quotation includes the following;-Name and address of Seller-Name and address of the buyer-Description of goods to be supplied -Prices of the commodities-Terms of sale i.e. discounts, time of supply, delivery-Total of the goods to be suppliedQuotations are normally in form of letters, but many large-scale businesses have pre-printed quotations forms which they readily send to the potential customers. Iv A TenderThis is a document of offer to sell sent by a seller to a buyer in response to an advertised requestTenders contain the following;-Date when the tender advertisement was made -Mode of payment-Date of making document -Discounts given-Name and address of prospective seller called the tenderer-The prices at which the goods can be provided-Period of delivery -Mode of delivery-Tenders are delivered in sealed envelopes which are opened by the buyer on a specified dateThe winning tender is usually awarded on the of the lowest quoted price although the buyer is not obliged to accept this especially if quality is likely to be lowTenders are not binding unless accepted by the buyer. B Documents used at the order stageAfter receiving replies to inquiry in form of price list, catalogue or Quotation, a prospective buyer will study the terms and conditions stated in them, and then may decide to buy products or not. I An OrderIf a prospective buyer decides to purchase an item s , he or she then places an orderAn order is a document sent by a potential buyer to a seller requesting to be provided with specified products under specified terms and conditions-An order issued for goods is called a local purchase order LPO An order issued for services is called a local service order LSO Ways of making an orderi Filling an order form. This is a pre-printed document that is used for making ordersii Writing an order letteriii Sending an e-mail, faxing or sending a short text messageiv Giving a verbal order. Verbal orders have the disadvantage in that they can be misunderstood and there would be no record of items ordered-Where written orders are made, the potential buyer keeps a copy of the order for use in verifying the goods ordered when they are delivered. |
I An OrderIf a prospective buyer decides to purchase an item s , he or she then places an orderAn order is a document sent by a potential buyer to a seller requesting to be provided with specified products under specified terms and conditions-An order issued for goods is called a local purchase order LPO An order issued for services is called a local service order LSO Ways of making an orderi Filling an order form. This is a pre-printed document that is used for making ordersii Writing an order letteriii Sending an e-mail, faxing or sending a short text messageiv Giving a verbal order. Verbal orders have the disadvantage in that they can be misunderstood and there would be no record of items ordered-Where written orders are made, the potential buyer keeps a copy of the order for use in verifying the goods ordered when they are delivered. -A written order may contain the following; Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller The number of the order Quantities ordered and total amount to be paid Description of the goods ordered Price per item Special instructions on such matters as packaging and deliveryii Acknowledgement noteOn receiving the order, the seller sends the buyer an acknowledgement note An acknowledgement note is a document sent by the seller to the prospective buyer to inform him her that the order has been received and it is being acted upon. After sending the acknowledgement note, the seller has to decide whether to extend credit to the buyer or not. At this stage, the seller has the following options;i If the seller is convinced that the buyer is credit worthy, arrangements are made to deliver the ordered goods or services to the buyer. Ii If the seller is not sure of credit worthiness of the buyer, a credit status inquiry can be issued to the buyer s bankers or to other suppliers who deal with the buyer to ascertain the credit worthiness. Iii If the buyer is not credit worthy then a polite note or a pro forma invoice can be sent to him herA proforma invoiceThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer requesting the buyer to make payment for goods or services before they are delivered. It indicates that the seller is not willing to grant the buyer credit. |
Ii If the seller is not sure of credit worthiness of the buyer, a credit status inquiry can be issued to the buyer s bankers or to other suppliers who deal with the buyer to ascertain the credit worthiness. Iii If the buyer is not credit worthy then a polite note or a pro forma invoice can be sent to him herA proforma invoiceThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer requesting the buyer to make payment for goods or services before they are delivered. It indicates that the seller is not willing to grant the buyer credit. Functions of a proforma invoicei A polite way of asking for payment before the goods are deliveredii Sent when the seller does not want to give creditiii Used by importers to get customers clearance before goods are deliverediv Issued to an agent who sells goods on behalf of the sellerv Show what the buyer would have to pay if the order is approvedvi Can be used to serve as a quotationCircumstances under which a pro-forma invoice may be used If the seller does not want to give credit If the seller wants to sell goods through an agent If the seller wants to get clearance for imported goods If the seller wants it to function as a quotation If the seller wants to inform the buyer what he she pay if the order is approved e.t.cDocuments used at the Delivery stageAfter the seller has accepted the order sent an acknowledgement note and where necessary the pro-forma invoice, the seller then prepares the goods for delivery to the buyer. This can be done in the following ways; The seller can ask the buyer to collect the goods The seller can deliver the goods to the buyer using his her own means of transport The goods can be delivered to the buyer through public transport The services s can be rendered to the buyer at the sellers or the buyer s premises or at any convenient place. The main documents that are used at this stage are;i Packing note; Before delivery goods are packed for dispatch. This is a document prepared by the seller showing the goods contained packed in every container, box or carton being delivered to the buyer-A copy of the packing note is packed with the goods to make help the buyer have a spot check. |
This can be done in the following ways; The seller can ask the buyer to collect the goods The seller can deliver the goods to the buyer using his her own means of transport The goods can be delivered to the buyer through public transport The services s can be rendered to the buyer at the sellers or the buyer s premises or at any convenient place. The main documents that are used at this stage are;i Packing note; Before delivery goods are packed for dispatch. This is a document prepared by the seller showing the goods contained packed in every container, box or carton being delivered to the buyer-A copy of the packing note is packed with the goods to make help the buyer have a spot check. The contents of a packing note include;-Description of goods packed-Quantities of goods packed-The means of deliveryNOTE: A packing not does not contain prices of goods. This ensures that those people involved in checking and transporting goods do not know the value of goods. This is done as a precaution against theft. Ii Advice note; This is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to inform the buyer that the ordered goods have been dispatched. It is usually sent through the fastest means possible. -It contains the following;-The means of delivery -A description of the goods-The quantity dispatched -Date-Name and address of buyer and sellerFunctions of an advice notea Informing the buyer that the goods are on the way so that in case of any delay in delivery, the buyer can make inquiriesb Alerting the buyer so that necessary arrangements can be made for payments when the goods arrivec Can serve as an acknowledgement note, where one is not sent iii Delivery note; This is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to accompany the goods being delivered. -A delivery note is always made in triplicate 3 , one copy remains with the seller and two sent to the buyer. -When the goods reach the buyer, he she confirms that the goods are the ones ordered for and that they are in the right condition by comparing the delivery note, the order and the goods. If the buyer is satisfied with the goods, he she signs the two copies, retains the original and send the copy back to the seller. This serves as evidence that the goods have been received in the right condition and in the right quantities. -Some businesses keep delivery books in which the buyer signs to indicate that goods have been received in good condition. |
-When the goods reach the buyer, he she confirms that the goods are the ones ordered for and that they are in the right condition by comparing the delivery note, the order and the goods. If the buyer is satisfied with the goods, he she signs the two copies, retains the original and send the copy back to the seller. This serves as evidence that the goods have been received in the right condition and in the right quantities. -Some businesses keep delivery books in which the buyer signs to indicate that goods have been received in good condition. A delivery book is used by the seller if he she delivers goods by himself herself as an alternative to a delivery noteThe content of a delivery note includes the following;a. Name and address of the sellerb. Name and address of the buyerc. Date of deliveryd. Delivery note numbere. Description of the goods deliveredf. Quantities of the goods deliveredg. Space for the buyer to sign and comment on the condition of the goods received. Iv Consignment noteThis is a document prepared by a transporter to show that he she has been hired to deliver specified goods to a particular buyer. This document is used when goods are delivered to the buyer by public means of transport e.g. by trains. -The seller is the consignor, the buyer is the consignee and the goods the consignment-The transporting company prepares the consignment note and gives the seller to complete and sign. The seller then returns the note to the transporter carrier who takes it together with the goods to the buyer. -On receiving the goods, the buyer signs the consignment note as evidence that the goods were actually transported. The content of a consignment note includes the following; Details of the goods to the transported Name address of seller consignor Name and address of buyer consignee Terms of carriage and conditions of transporting the goods The transportation cost Handling information Destination of goodsv Goods Received note; This is a document sent by the buyer to the seller to inform him her that goods sent have been received. It usually prepared in duplicate, the original is sent to the seller and the copyretained by the buyer. The contents of the goods received note include; Date of the document Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller Corresponding purchase order Details of goods received Date the goods were received. |
The content of a consignment note includes the following; Details of the goods to the transported Name address of seller consignor Name and address of buyer consignee Terms of carriage and conditions of transporting the goods The transportation cost Handling information Destination of goodsv Goods Received note; This is a document sent by the buyer to the seller to inform him her that goods sent have been received. It usually prepared in duplicate, the original is sent to the seller and the copyretained by the buyer. The contents of the goods received note include; Date of the document Name and address of the buyer Name and address of the seller Corresponding purchase order Details of goods received Date the goods were received. Vi Returned goods note Damaged goods note; If goods are damaged on the way, the buyer may return them to the seller. The buyer may also return goods for other reasons e.g. Wrong type of goods Excess goods Wrong quality goods-When the goods are returned, the buyer informs the seller of the return by sending a goods returned note. -A goods returned note is a document sent by a buyer to a seller to inform him her that certain goods are being returned to the seller. -Where the goods are returned because of damage, the note may be referred to as the damaged goods note. The contents of the goods returned note include; Details of goods that have been returned to the seller Date goods are returned The number of GRN Order number Delivery number Name and address of both buyer and seller-When the seller receives the note together with the goods, he issues a credit noted Documents used at the invoicing stageThis stage involves the seller requesting or demanding for payment from the buyer for the goods or services delivered. Some of the documents used at this stage include:a InvoiceThis is a document sent to the buyer by the seller to demand for payment for goods delivered or services rendered. There are two types of invoices namely:a Cash invoice-This is sent when payment is expected immediately after delivery thus acting as a cash sale receiptb A credit invoice-This is sent when a buyer is allowed to pay at a later date. Functions of an invoicei It shows the details of goods sold i.e. |
Some of the documents used at this stage include:a InvoiceThis is a document sent to the buyer by the seller to demand for payment for goods delivered or services rendered. There are two types of invoices namely:a Cash invoice-This is sent when payment is expected immediately after delivery thus acting as a cash sale receiptb A credit invoice-This is sent when a buyer is allowed to pay at a later date. Functions of an invoicei It shows the details of goods sold i.e. quantity delivered, unit price, total value of the goods and terms and conditions of sale. Ii It is a request to the buyer to make paymentiii It serves as an evidence that the buyer owes the seller a certain amount of moneyiv It is used as a source document in recording the transaction in the book of accounts. The contents of an invoice include the following: Invoice number Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Date document is prepared Details of goods repaired Unit prices of goods delivered Total value of goods Discounts offered E and O.E printed at the bottomThe letters E and O.E Errors and Omissions Excepted means the seller reserves the right to correct any errors and omissions made in the invoice.-On receiving the invoice, the buyer verifies the contents using the local purchase order and the delivery note. If the invoice is in order, the buyer makes arrangements to pay the amount stated. Businesses which offer services issue a document called a bill, which serves the purpose of an invoice. B Credit noteThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer credit buyer to correct an overcharge. It is used to inform the buyer that the amount payable by him her has been reducedAn overcharge is an excess amount charged beyond the right price. Causes of overcharge may include; Arithmetical errors like wrong addition Price overcharges Inclusion of wrong or unordered items in the invoice Failure to deduct the allowable discounts Return of goods damaged goods Failure to note the return by the buyer of packing cases or containers used to deliver goods to him her Use of wrong price list. -The purpose of the credit note is to reduce the total invoice amount by the amount of the overcharge. -A credit note is usually printed in red to distinguish it from other documents. |
Causes of overcharge may include; Arithmetical errors like wrong addition Price overcharges Inclusion of wrong or unordered items in the invoice Failure to deduct the allowable discounts Return of goods damaged goods Failure to note the return by the buyer of packing cases or containers used to deliver goods to him her Use of wrong price list. -The purpose of the credit note is to reduce the total invoice amount by the amount of the overcharge. -A credit note is usually printed in red to distinguish it from other documents. -Contents of a credit note include; Name and address of the seller and the buyer Credit note number Date document is prepared Description and value of goods returned by buyer in case that was done Total overchargeReasons why a seller would send a credit note to a buyer circumstances under which a credit note is sent to a buyer. -When there is an overcharge in an invoice-When the original invoice had indicated items that were not supplied-When the buyer returns empty cases crates that had been charged in the invoice. -When the buyer returns some goods to the seller-If the buyer was entitled to a discount which was not given or taken care of in the invoice. C Debit noteThis is a document sent by the seller to the buyer to correct an undercharge on the original invoice. It is used to inform the buyer that the amount payable by him has been increased. -A debit note acts as an additional invoice. -An undercharge arises when amount charged on products is less than their right price. Causes of undercharge include: Price undercharges on items Arithmetic errors mistaken in calculation Omission of items in the invoice Retention of crates and containers that were not involved by the buyer Deductions of more discount than what was give intendedCircumstances under which a debit note will be sent to the buyera When there is an undercharge in the invoiceb If the buyer had been given a discount that was not due to himc If some items had been omitted in the original invoiced If the buyer decides to retain some empty containers or cratesDifferences Between a debit note and a credit noteDocuments used at the payment stageThis is the final stage of a credit business transaction. |
-A debit note acts as an additional invoice. -An undercharge arises when amount charged on products is less than their right price. Causes of undercharge include: Price undercharges on items Arithmetic errors mistaken in calculation Omission of items in the invoice Retention of crates and containers that were not involved by the buyer Deductions of more discount than what was give intendedCircumstances under which a debit note will be sent to the buyera When there is an undercharge in the invoiceb If the buyer had been given a discount that was not due to himc If some items had been omitted in the original invoiced If the buyer decides to retain some empty containers or cratesDifferences Between a debit note and a credit noteDocuments used at the payment stageThis is the final stage of a credit business transaction. It takes place after the invoice has been received and ascertained to be correct or where necessary, corrections made. The documents used at the payment stage include;i ReceiptThis is a document issued to the buyer by the seller as proof that payment has been made. -Payment can be done in cash, cheque, other forms of money or in kind-The receipt also serves as a source document for making entries in books of accounts. Contents of the receipt include; Date of payment Name of the person making payment Name of person institution receiving payment Amount paid in words and figures Means of payment Receipt number Signature of person issuing the receipt. -The issuance of a receipt by the seller to the buyer after receiving payment marks the end of the credit transaction between the seller and the buyer where payment has been done in full -A receipt serves the same purpose as the cash sale slipii Statement of AccountThis is a document prepared by the seller and sent to the buyer, giving a summary of all the dealings transactions between them during a particular period of time, usually a month. It has the following details; Date when it was prepared Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Account number Date column-where the date of each transaction is recorded Particulars Details column-where the explanation of each transaction is shown Money column-Debit column-increases in the amounts payable due to credit sales or under charge correction. |
Contents of the receipt include; Date of payment Name of the person making payment Name of person institution receiving payment Amount paid in words and figures Means of payment Receipt number Signature of person issuing the receipt. -The issuance of a receipt by the seller to the buyer after receiving payment marks the end of the credit transaction between the seller and the buyer where payment has been done in full -A receipt serves the same purpose as the cash sale slipii Statement of AccountThis is a document prepared by the seller and sent to the buyer, giving a summary of all the dealings transactions between them during a particular period of time, usually a month. It has the following details; Date when it was prepared Name and address of the seller Name and address of the buyer Account number Date column-where the date of each transaction is recorded Particulars Details column-where the explanation of each transaction is shown Money column-Debit column-increases in the amounts payable due to credit sales or under charge correction. -Credit column-Decrease in the amounts payable due to overcharges corrected or payments recorded. -Balance column-Amount owing after each transaction Balance outstanding Any discounts allowed to the buyer Date when the buyer is expected to clear the balance Terms of credit e.t.c. -The statement of account enables the buyer to ascertain the correctness of the transactions which have taken place with the seller over the stated period. Iii IOUAn IOU I owe you is a document written by the buyer and sent to the seller to acknowledge a debt. -It does not specify date when settlement will be made.-It acts as evidence that a debt exists. Methods of payments for goods and servicesThese are the methods or ways the buyer may use to settle debts arising froma business transaction. These are various means of payments that can be used. These means of payments can be put into the following groups;i Cashii Means of payment provided by the post officeiii Means of payments provided by the commercial banksiv Means of payments which arise from private arrangements between sellers and buyersv Other means of payment. E.g. Mobile transaction, Online payments like paypali CashThis refers to the use of notes and coins to make payments. |
These are various means of payments that can be used. These means of payments can be put into the following groups;i Cashii Means of payment provided by the post officeiii Means of payments provided by the commercial banksiv Means of payments which arise from private arrangements between sellers and buyersv Other means of payment. E.g. Mobile transaction, Online payments like paypali CashThis refers to the use of notes and coins to make payments. Currency notes and coins are issued by the central Bank of Kenya and are therefore legal tender-Legal tender means everyone is obliged by law to accept them as a means of payment i.e. no one can refuse to accept them as they are backed by the law. Notes and coins are available in different denominations as follows; Coins; 5cents, 50cents, sh.1, sh.5, sh.10 and sh.40Notes; sh.10.sh.20, sh.50, sh.100, sh.200, sh.500 and sh.1000. -Coins are suitable for settling small debts and are acceptable as legal tender up to a certain maximum e.g. 50cents coins the maximum is sh20 and sh.1 the maximum is ksh.100. Advantages of cash as a means of payment:i It is the only means of payment which is a legal tenderii Convenient for settlement of small debtsiii Convenient to people with or without bank accountsiv Cash is readily usableDisadvantages of cash as a means of paymenti Not convenient to carry aroundii Cash can be lost or stolen easily as it is readily usableiii Payment is difficult to prove unless a receipt is issuedCircumstances under which cash payment is appropriatei Where the amounts involved are smallii Where the payee receiver does not accept other means of paymentiii Where cash is the only means availableiv Where the payee requires cash money urgentlyv Where there is need to avoid expenses associated with other means of paymentsii Means of payments provided by the banksCommercial banks are financial institutions that accept deposits to and withdrawals from them. They also lend money to customers. Examples of commercial banks include:Commercial bank of Kenya, National bank of Kenya, Barclays bank, andCo-operative bank e.t.c-There are various means of payments provided by the commercial banks. They are:a. |
Advantages of cash as a means of payment:i It is the only means of payment which is a legal tenderii Convenient for settlement of small debtsiii Convenient to people with or without bank accountsiv Cash is readily usableDisadvantages of cash as a means of paymenti Not convenient to carry aroundii Cash can be lost or stolen easily as it is readily usableiii Payment is difficult to prove unless a receipt is issuedCircumstances under which cash payment is appropriatei Where the amounts involved are smallii Where the payee receiver does not accept other means of paymentiii Where cash is the only means availableiv Where the payee requires cash money urgentlyv Where there is need to avoid expenses associated with other means of paymentsii Means of payments provided by the banksCommercial banks are financial institutions that accept deposits to and withdrawals from them. They also lend money to customers. Examples of commercial banks include:Commercial bank of Kenya, National bank of Kenya, Barclays bank, andCo-operative bank e.t.c-There are various means of payments provided by the commercial banks. They are:a. Chequesb. Bank drafts bankers chequesc. Credit transfersd. Standing orderse. Travellers chequesf. Telegraphic transfersg. Debit cardsh. |
Travellers chequesf. Telegraphic transfersg. Debit cardsh. Electronic fund Transfer E.F.T a ChequesThis is a written order by an account holder with the bank drawer to the bank drawee to pay on demand a specified amount of money to the named person payee or the bearerParties to a chequei Drawer-This is the person or institution who writes and issues the cheque. He is usually a current account holder with the bankii Payee-The person or institution to be paidiii Drawee-The bank where the drawer has an account Details on a cheque; they include: Date when it is issued Name of the drawer The name of the payee, except in bearer cheques The name of the drawee bank and branch from where it is issued Amount to be paid in figures and in words The account number of the drawer The signature of the drawer The cheque number and bank code The appropriate revenue stampsTypes of chequesi Open chequesii Crossed chequesiii Bearer chequesiv Order chequesi Open chequesThis is acheque that can be presented for payment over the counter. Youpresent it and cash is paid to you. Ii Crossed chequesThis is acheque that bears two parallel lines on the face. This means the cheque cannot be cashed over the counter. The cheque is deposited in an account payee s account The payee then withdraws the money from his her accountA crossed cheque can be opened by the drawer signing twice on its face.-A crossing can be general or special-General crossing-general crossings only contains the two parallel lines. This implies that the cheque will be paid through any bank in which it is deposited.-Special crossings-Has other instructions included in the crossing i.e; Not negotiable-Means the cheque can be transferred by the payee to a third party, but he third cannot transfer the cheque only the original payee can transfer the cheque Account payee only-Means the cheque should be deposited in the account of the payee. Not transferable-Means there is no negotiation or transfer of the chequeiii Bearer cheques-This cheque does not have the name of the payee written on it. |
The cheque is deposited in an account payee s account The payee then withdraws the money from his her accountA crossed cheque can be opened by the drawer signing twice on its face.-A crossing can be general or special-General crossing-general crossings only contains the two parallel lines. This implies that the cheque will be paid through any bank in which it is deposited.-Special crossings-Has other instructions included in the crossing i.e; Not negotiable-Means the cheque can be transferred by the payee to a third party, but he third cannot transfer the cheque only the original payee can transfer the cheque Account payee only-Means the cheque should be deposited in the account of the payee. Not transferable-Means there is no negotiation or transfer of the chequeiii Bearer cheques-This cheque does not have the name of the payee written on it. The person presenting it to the bank is the one who is paid. Iv Order cheque-The cheque bears the name of the payee. The bank pays this particular payee the amount stated in the cheque after proper identificationDishonouring a chequeA cheque is dishonored if the bank refuses to pay and returns the cheque to the drawer. -A cheque can be dishonored due to the following reasons:i. Insufficient funds in the accountii. If the signature on the cheque differs from the drawers specimen signature in the bank. Iii. If the cheque is stalc i.e. presented for payment after six months from the date of issue. Iv. If the cheque is post dated-meaning the cheque is presented for payment earlier than the date on the chequev. If the amount in figures is different from the amount in wordsvi. If there are alterations on the cheque which are not countersigned by the drawervii. If the cheque is torn, dirty or defauld making it illegibleviii. If the account holder drawer is dead and the bank is aware of the factix. If the drawer instructs the bank not to pay the particular chequex. If the cheque contains errors which need to be correctedxi. If the drawer becomes bankrupt or insanexii. If the drawer has closed his her account. Advantages of using chequesi They are more secure than notes and coins because if they are lost or stolen, they can be traced to the person who cashed them. |
If the drawer becomes bankrupt or insanexii. If the drawer has closed his her account. Advantages of using chequesi They are more secure than notes and coins because if they are lost or stolen, they can be traced to the person who cashed them. Ii They are convenient to carry and can be used to pay large sum of money which would be otherwise inconvenient to pay using cashiii They can be transferred to a third party to make payment cheques are negotiableiv Payment can be made by cheque without the need to travel to make paymentv They provide a record of payment because of the counterfaits. The counterfaits acts as proof that payment has been made. Vi Under special circumstances, they can be cashed or discounted before maturity. Disadvantages of using chequesi Cheques can be dishonoredii Requires the payee to go to the bank and in some cases to have an accountiii The drawer pays some charges e.g. charges for the cheque bookiv Can only be issued by an account holder the drawer must have an accountv They are not readily acceptable by everybodyvi They do not provide immediate cashCircumstances under which a cheque is appropriate as a means of payment Where the amount of money involved is large Where the policy of the business demands so Where a cheque is the only means available Where there is need to avoid other risks associated with other means of paymentsb Bank drafts Banker s cheques-This is a cheque drawn on a bank i.e. a cheque drawn by one bank to another requesting the latter bank to pay a named person or institution a specified sum of money and charge it to the drawing bank-It can also be drawn by a bank on the request of a customer. The customer fills in an application form obtained from a bank and hands it over to the bank together with the money she wants to transfer and a commission for the service. -The bank then prepares the cheque and gives it to the applicant who can then send it to the payee-A bank draft has the drawing bank s guarantee for payment. It is therefore more readily acceptable than personal cheques. -It is suitable when urgency is desired in the payment as it is more readily acceptable. |
-The bank then prepares the cheque and gives it to the applicant who can then send it to the payee-A bank draft has the drawing bank s guarantee for payment. It is therefore more readily acceptable than personal cheques. -It is suitable when urgency is desired in the payment as it is more readily acceptable. C Credit transferThis is a means of payment provided by commercial banks to their current accounts holders who want to pay many people using one cheque at the same time-One cheque is drawn and is usually accompanied by a list of the people to be paid, the amount to be paid to each person and the addresses of the bank branches where the payment is to be made. -The bank then ensures that a credit transfer is affected to the various bank branches and each payee is paid-A credit transfer is usually used by employers to pay salaries to their staff members. D Standing orderThis is an instruction to a bank by an account holder to pay a named person or an organization a fixed amount of money at regular intervals over a specified period of time or until stopped-It is a very useful means of payment for business people as it enables them to regularly pay their recurrent bills e.g. water, insurance, electricity, loan payment, hire purchase payment e.t.ce Traveler s chequesThis is a cheque drawn by one bank to another requesting the latter to pay a specified sum of money to a named bearer, who usually would have bought that cheque from issuing bank. The cheque holder pays the value of the cheque plus the charges for the services to the issuing bank. -Travellers cheques are usually issued in fixed denominations and are very convenient for travel purposes, hence their name. They enable a person to travel without having to carry a lot of cash. The cheques are also readily acceptable as a means of payment. F Telegraphic TransfersThis is a method means of transferring money offered by commercial banks to anybody who wants to send money to another. The sender is required to fill an application form and provide the followinginformation among others:-His her name -The amount of money to be remitted-Name of the payee -The bank where the money would be paid. The applicant is charged a commission and telegraph fee. The paying bank sends a telegram to the payee who has to identify himself herself before the payment is madeThe method is fast and safe. G Debit cardsThese are plastic cards issued by financial institutions e.g. |
The applicant is charged a commission and telegraph fee. The paying bank sends a telegram to the payee who has to identify himself herself before the payment is madeThe method is fast and safe. G Debit cardsThese are plastic cards issued by financial institutions e.g. banks that enables a person to purchase goods and services from any business that accepts them. Debit cards are used to make payments from money held in ones accounts and are therefore an alternative to cash payments. Examples are ATM cards. H Electronic Fund Transfer E.F.T EFT is a method of transferring money from one account to another where computers are used. The sender is required to fill an electronic fund transfer form provided by the bank which instructs the bank to transfer money from his her account to a named account. Information is then sent to the payee s bank electronically and the amount in the account is increased accordingly. The method is very fast. Iii. Means of payments provided by the post officeThe post office provides means of payments that can be used to transfer money from one person to another. The means of payments provided by the post office to facilitate paymentsincludes,a. Money ordersb. Posta payc. Postal ordersd. Postage stampse. Premium bondsa Money ordersA money order facilitates the transfer of money from one person to another through the post office and or bank A money order is usually for a specified sum of money usually purchased with cash from the post officeA person wishing to send money using this method visits a post office and completes an application form. Some of the details contained given in the form include: The amount of money to be remitted Name of the payee The name of the post office where the money order will be cashed Name and address of the sender Whether the money order is to be ordinary or sent by telegraph Whether the sender wishes to be informed if the money has been paid Whether the money is to be paid through a bank account or at the post office counter. The application form, money to be remitted and commission for the service is handed to the post office cleark who prepares the money order and gives it to the sender who may post it or send it to the payee. |
Premium bondsa Money ordersA money order facilitates the transfer of money from one person to another through the post office and or bank A money order is usually for a specified sum of money usually purchased with cash from the post officeA person wishing to send money using this method visits a post office and completes an application form. Some of the details contained given in the form include: The amount of money to be remitted Name of the payee The name of the post office where the money order will be cashed Name and address of the sender Whether the money order is to be ordinary or sent by telegraph Whether the sender wishes to be informed if the money has been paid Whether the money is to be paid through a bank account or at the post office counter. The application form, money to be remitted and commission for the service is handed to the post office cleark who prepares the money order and gives it to the sender who may post it or send it to the payee. -Telegraphic money orders, the post office sends a telegram to the payee informing him her to go to the post office and claim the money.-Before payment is made, the payee must; Identify himself herself by producing an ID card Identify the person who sent the money. -The sender of the money is left with a counterfoil which serves as evidence that money was sent and it can be used to reclaim the money if it did not reach the payee-Money order may be open or crossed. A crossed money order bears two parallel lines drawn diagonally on its face and must be deposited in the bank account of the payee. It cannot be cashed over the counter at the post office. -An open money order can be presented for payment at the post officecounter. Circumstances under which money order is appropriatea Where it is the only means availableb Where other means are not acceptablec Where there is need to avoid inconveniences or risks associated with other meansb Posta payThis is an Electronic Fund Transfer EFT service offered by the postal corporation of Kenya, for sending and receiving money instantly from various destinations both locally and internationally. |
It cannot be cashed over the counter at the post office. -An open money order can be presented for payment at the post officecounter. Circumstances under which money order is appropriatea Where it is the only means availableb Where other means are not acceptablec Where there is need to avoid inconveniences or risks associated with other meansb Posta payThis is an Electronic Fund Transfer EFT service offered by the postal corporation of Kenya, for sending and receiving money instantly from various destinations both locally and internationally. -The person sending money fills in a form called send form giving the following details; Name, address and telephone number of sender Name, address and telephone number of receiver Pay city, town and location of the receiver Signature of the sender Amount to be sent-The sender hands over the form, the amount of money to be sent and the commission to the post office clerk for processing-The transfer is done via the internet through a machine that gives a twelvedigit number for the transaction called the Transaction control number TCN .The sender then conveys this number, amount sent and pay location to the recipient and instructions to the recipient to visit the namedpost office for payment. This message is usually conveyed through the quickest means possible such as a telephone call-The sender is given a copy of the processed send form as proof that money has been sent. The post office retains the original for record purposes.-When the receiver visits the post office, he she will fill a receiver form giving the following details;i The transaction number i.e. the twelve-digit number ii The expected amountiii The name, address and telephone number of the senderiv The city town or location of the senderv Signature of the receiverThe receiver then identifies himself or herself by producing an ID card or passport before receiving the money. |
This message is usually conveyed through the quickest means possible such as a telephone call-The sender is given a copy of the processed send form as proof that money has been sent. The post office retains the original for record purposes.-When the receiver visits the post office, he she will fill a receiver form giving the following details;i The transaction number i.e. the twelve-digit number ii The expected amountiii The name, address and telephone number of the senderiv The city town or location of the senderv Signature of the receiverThe receiver then identifies himself or herself by producing an ID card or passport before receiving the money. Advantages of using Posta pay as a means of paymenti Accessibility-Posta pay outlets post offices are located countrywide to eliminate movement over long distances to get moneyii Ease of use-Sending or receiving money is easy as one only needs to fill a form which is processed immediatelyiii Speed-the transfer of money is instant fast iv Security-Confidentiality in the transmission of money is provided and money is only paid to the person intendedv Convenience-Posta pay services are offered for long hours during the day and pay locations are conveniently locatedvi Affordability-Posta pay services are relatively affordable as large amounts can be sent at reasonable costs. C Postal orders-Postal orders are sold by the post office for the purpose of remitting money-They are available in fixed denominations of sh.5, 10.20,40,60,80,100 and 200-On buying a postal order, the sender pays for both the face value of the postal order and a commission charged for the service-Postal orders just like money orders are issued with counterfoils that the sender will keep as evidence of remittance in case the person to whom he she remits the money does not receive it. The sender writes the name of the payee on the postal order as a safety measure. Payment to the bearer can be made in any post office with postal order facilitiesPostal orders may also be crossed or open see crossed and ordinary money orders iv Other means of paymenta Credit cardsb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa. |
The sender writes the name of the payee on the postal order as a safety measure. Payment to the bearer can be made in any post office with postal order facilitiesPostal orders may also be crossed or open see crossed and ordinary money orders iv Other means of paymenta Credit cardsb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa. A Credit cards plastic money -These are plastic cards that enable a person to purchase goods or services on credit from any business willing to accept the card-They are both a means of payment and a term of paymentb Mobile money transfer services e.g. M-pesa-This is a means of money transfer services provided by mobile phone service providers to their customers subscribers -It can only be used to transfer money between people subscribed to the same mobile phone network e.g. from one safaricom subscriber to another safaricom subscriber, Airtel to Airtel e.t.c-The sender must register for the money transfer service and is issued with a PIN personal identification number -When money is sent, both the sender and the receiver will receive a message confirming the transfer. -A person can send money anytime anywhere so long as he she has value in his her m-pesa, pesa pap account. -Each mobile service provider has a range of value that can be transferred using this method. -A small transaction fee is charges for the transfer i.e. for sending and withdrawingBenefits of mobile money transfer servicesi. Confidentiality-The secret PIN protects the value in the customer s accountii. Ease of use-The service is easy to use as the agents assists to carry out transactioniii. Speed-Money transfer is an instant service conveyed to the receiver via the short message service SMS iv. Convenience-The service is convenient to both the sender and the receiver, as they only need to go to the nearest agent money can be sent deposited or received anywhere v. Accessibility-The agents e.g. m-pesa agents are located in most parts of towns and also in rural areas. Money can hence be sent and received anywhere and anytime. Vi. Affordability-The service charges are very low for registered users and very affordable for non-registered usersvii. |
Money can hence be sent and received anywhere and anytime.vi. Affordability-The service charges are very low for registered users and very affordable for non-registered usersvii. Security-Relatively secure when the sender uses the correct phone number of the receiverImportance of financial documents in record keeping in businessKnowing Your Financial Situation - You need to know where your company stands daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annually. Are you making money, is your client base increasing or decreasing, do you have enough money in the bank to meet your obligations, are you meeting the goals you set for your business?Without this knowledge, you have little or no control over your business. You need to know how much inventory you have on hand, how much you need to order when you need to order, the credit terms your suppliers offer, the balance in your bank account to cover your payments for running your business such as rent, utilities, office supplies, inventory, employees wages, and payroll taxes. Also, you are likely to be in non-compliance with local, state, and federal regulations without proper controls on your finances. Meeting Your Tax Obligationshelps to maximize all the expenses you claim and reduce your tax obligationsmakes it quicker to prepare your accounts at year-endgives you the information you need to run your business and help it growhelps you plan for tax paymentshelps identify the strengths and weaknesses in your businesshelps manage changes and improvements in your businesswill help you plan to meet financial commitments such paying creditors or employeesmakes it easier to get a loan or sell your businessavoids over under tax paymentshelps identify if your business is liable for paying VAT to KRAmakes it easier to distribute profits to shareholders as dividends or for partnerships where both profits and losses have to be shared. |
GRADE 7 TERM 1SOCIAL STUDIES LESSON NOTESCAREER AND ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES IN SOCIAL STUDIESSocial studies is a learning area that includes History, Geography and CitizenshipThe study of social studies provides us with career and entrepreneurial opportunities in different fields. Careers are occupations undertaken for a significant period of a person s life and with opportunities for progress in lifeEntrepreneurship is the activity of setting up a business or taking on financial risks with hope of making a profitImportance of social studies for personal development and service to humanitySocial studies prepares learners to join various career pathwaysLearners are able to utilise available resources to come up with entrepreneurial projects which help them meet their needs. By learning political development and governance learners are exposed to different styles of leadershipBy understanding systems of government, learners are able to make informed decisions once they take up leadership roles in future for the benefit of the communityThe historical understanding of some prominent people in the past is key in shaping learners futureSocial studies encourages learners to appreciate different cultures, values and traditions from national and global perspective which can be adopted in our localitylearners are able to integrate key aspects of the constitution such as integrity when making decision about governanceLearning of key aspects on democracy, rule of law, responsible citizenry helps learners living harmoniously in the society. Skills and knowledge in personality, human identity and personal well being in promoting inner peace are all meant to enhance understanding of personal growth and developmentResearch skills in field work equip learners with data collection, analysis and presentation skills that will help in solving problems affecting our societyCareer opportunities related to social studiesLaw -Advocate -LawyerGeology Museology CartographyUrban planningMeteorology and climatologyAviationArchaeologyMedicineTeachingSurveyEngineeringEntrepreneurial opportunities for social studiesSome of the entrepreneurial opportunities for social studies in our socisty includePotteryBasketryEcotourismHorticultureAgro forestryFishingDairy farmingGender stereotypes associated with career choices and entrepreneurial opportunities in social studiesGender is the state of being male or female in relation to social and cultural roles. Stereotypes are fixed general ideas or images that assume that a person behaves in a particular way. Stereotypes limit aspirations and development of talents. They create gender differences. These gender differences ought to be addressed using appropriate strategies. |
Stereotypes limit aspirations and development of talents. They create gender differences. These gender differences ought to be addressed using appropriate strategies. A strategy is a careful plan or method of dealing with an issueWe can address gender stereotypes in career and entrepreneurial opportunities related to social studies through the following strategiesCommitting and encouraging both males and females to take a full range of careers and business opportunitiesEnsuring representation of both genders in leadershipTreating both males and females equally by using texts and circular that does not promote gender biasDevelop policies, law and decision making process that represent both males and femalesRecognising biological difference devoid of stereotypes in career choices and entrepreneurial opportunities in social studiesThere are biological differences between male and female people. Biological difference should never be a hindrance to one s career choice and entrepreneurial opportunitiesBoth male and female should be given equal opportunities to pursue their dreamsDemonstrating respect for one s gender identity in pursuit of social studies careers and entrepreneurial opportunitiesNATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICAMAPS AND MAPWORKA map is a representation of the earth or part of it on a flat surface. Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. |
Biological difference should never be a hindrance to one s career choice and entrepreneurial opportunitiesBoth male and female should be given equal opportunities to pursue their dreamsDemonstrating respect for one s gender identity in pursuit of social studies careers and entrepreneurial opportunitiesNATURAL AND HISTORIC BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICAMAPS AND MAPWORKA map is a representation of the earth or part of it on a flat surface. Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. |
Position of AfricaAfrica lies between latitude 37 N and 35 S and on longitude 18 W and 52 E. Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. |
Separated by water from all other continent except at the point where it joins Asia. Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. |
Mostly Easterly point is called ras hafun cape guardafui Mostly westerly is cape verdeMostly northerly is cape bonMostly southerly is cape agulhasAfrica is connected to sinai peninsula by suez canalSeparated from Spain by strait of gibraltarSeparated from Arabia by strait of bab el-mandebShape of AfricaThe northern half is very wide while the southern is much narrowerAt the cape guardafui extends outwards in the shape of a horn therefore the horn of AfricaSize of AfricaAfrica is the second largest continent in the worldHas an area of about 30.3 million square kilometres 20 of the total land surface It measures 8000 km from north to south and 7400km from east to westOther continentsAsia 43608000km2Africa 30335000km2North America 25349000km2South America 17611000km2Antarctica 13340000km2Europe 10498000km2Australia 8923000km2Countries that makes up the Africa continentAfrica has the largest number of countries in the world making o total of 55 countriesAlgeria2381741km2Angola1246700km2Benin115773km2Botswana600372km2Burkina faso274200km2Burundi28490km2Cameroon475900km2Cape verde7275km2Central africa republic622984km2Chad1284000km2Comoros2117km2Congo 34965km2C te d ivoire322463km2Djibouti23310km2DR congo2345409km2Egypt1101449km2Equatorial guinea28051km2Eritrea124320km2Ethiopia1221900km2Gabon267667km2Gambia11369km2Ghana238537km2Guinea 245957km2Guinea bisau36125km2Kenya582648km2Lesotho30460km2Liberia111369km2Libya1775000km2Madagascar592900km2Malawi118484km2Mali1240192km2Mauritania1030700km2Mauritius2040km2Morocco724730km2Mozambique802000km2Niger1267000km2Namibia824295km2Nigeria923773km2Rwanda26338km2S o Tome principe964km2Senegal196192km2Seychelles453km2Sierra leone72325km2Somalia626541km2South africa1221037km2South sudan644329km2Sudan1886068km2Eswatini 17368km2Tanzania947419km2Togo56785km2Tunisia164154km2Uganda236036km2Western sahara252120km2Zambia752618km2Zimbabwe390759km2The largest country in Africa is Algeria while the smallest is Seychelles. Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. One complete rotation takes 24 hoursAll places found in the east of the Greenwich meridian will see sunrise first and therefore they are one hour ahead of those to the westEffects of rotation of the earthDifferences in time along different longitudesOccurrence of day and night24hrs 360 1hr ? |
Offshore island also form part of Africa;SeychellesSao Tome and principeMauritiusComorosMadagascarCape verdeLocating places and features on a map using latitudes and longitudesWhen giving the position of a place or features we with start with the latitude and then longitudeMajor latitudes and longitudesMajor longitude is called prime meridian also called Greenwich meridianIn Africa it passes through:Ghana Accra AlgeriaBurkina fasoMaliAll other longitudes are measured and named from prime meridian up to 180 on both sidesMajor latitude are 3 passing through AfricaEquator 0 - divides Africa into two partsIt passes through;GabonCongoDR congoUgandaKenyaSomaliaTropic of cancer 231 2 north of equatorIt passes through;Western saharaMaliMauritaniaAlgeriaLibyaEgyptTropic of capricorn 231 2 south of equatorIt passes through:NamibiaBotswanaSouth africaMozambiqueMadagascarOther important lines of latitude are far from africa are:Arctic circle 661 2 NAntarctic circle 661 2 SCalculating the time of different places in the world using longitudesRotation of the earth- This is movement of earth on its own axisDistance between longitudes is measured in degreesThere are 360 meridians or longitudesOne complete rotation is 360 The direction of the rotation is from west to east i.e. anticlockwise direction. One complete rotation takes 24 hoursAll places found in the east of the Greenwich meridian will see sunrise first and therefore they are one hour ahead of those to the westEffects of rotation of the earthDifferences in time along different longitudesOccurrence of day and night24hrs 360 1hr ? 360 1 24 15Therefore 1hr 15 or 360 24 60 minutes 1440min 1440 360 1 4minI Hr the earth covers 15 and 1 it covers 4 minutesCalculating time of places found to the east of Greenwich MeridianExample 1The time in Accra 0 is 7.00am.calculate time in bermbera 45 E1hr 15 ? |
Used to locate physical features like landforms. THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEMSolar system is the group of heavenly bodies comprising the sun and the planets. The origin of the solar systemThe passing star theoryA star with a greater gravitational pull passed near the sunIt attracted large quantities of gaseous materials from the sunThe materials split, cooled and condensed to form planetsThe planets were set in orbit by the passing starThe nebula cloud theoryThere was a slowly rotating cloud of dust and gas called NebulaIt cooled and began to contactRotation speed increased and successive rings of gaseous materials were formed. The rings condensed to form planetsThe central gaseous material remained as the sunSize of the earthEquatorial diameter-12756kmEquatorial circumference-40085kmPolar diameter-39995kmSurface area of the earth-510 106 km2Water surface - 73 . MERCURYNearest from the sunIts 58m km from the sunHas no satellitesTakes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sunVenus2nd planet from the sunIt s 108m km from the sunOne of the brightest planetsCan be seen clearly with naked eyesTakes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sunSlightly smaller than the earthHas no satellitesTogether with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similaritiesMarsAlso called The Red Planet because when it s observed through a telescope it appears reddish. The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. |
MERCURYNearest from the sunIts 58m km from the sunHas no satellitesTakes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sunVenus2nd planet from the sunIt s 108m km from the sunOne of the brightest planetsCan be seen clearly with naked eyesTakes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sunSlightly smaller than the earthHas no satellitesTogether with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similaritiesMarsAlso called The Red Planet because when it s observed through a telescope it appears reddish. The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. |
The 4th from the sunSlightly smaller than the earthApproximately 228m km from the sunTakes 687 earth days to revolve around the sunBetween Mass and Jupiter there are small celestial bodies called planetoids. Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . |
Has no satellite. Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. |
Jupiter5th planet from the sunApproximately 778m km from the sunLargest in the universeRotates on its own axis at very fast speedHas flattened poles due to its fast speed of rotationHas very thick layers of ice on its surfacetakes 12 earth years to revolve around the sunHas 16 satellitesSaturn6th planet from the sunSecond largest planetApproximately 1427m km from the sunTakes 29 earth years to revolve around the sunHas a ring around itHas 18 satellitesUranus7th planet from the sunAbout 4 times bigger than the earthApproximately 2870m km from the sunAlso rotates very fastAlso has flattened poles due to fast speed of rotationIt appears greenish foe being surrounded by methane gasHas 8 satellitesTakes 84 earth years to revolve around the sunNeptuneOne of the farthest from the sun8th planet from the sunApproximately 4497m km from the sunHas 8 satellitesTakes 165 earth years to revolve around the sunVery similar in size, colour and character with UranusThe shape of the earthThe shape of the earth is called geoid ovoid oblate spheroid due to being an imperfect sphere by being wide at the equator and flat at the poles. The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. It causes rising and falling of ocean tides. |
The position of the earth in the solar systemThe 3rd planet from the sunThe earth and the heavenly bodies make the universeThe only planet that supports lifeThe home of manApproximately 149m km from the sunTakes 365 days to revolve around the sunHas one satellite, the moonRotation of the earthMovement of the earth on its own axis imaginary line through the centre from N pole to S poleRotates through 360 Takes 24 hours day to complete 1 rotationRotates in an anticlockwise direction west to east Effects of Rotation of the EarthCreates day and night because at any one time one side of the earth faces the sun day and the other remains in darkness night . Causes deflection of winds and ocean currents in the N hemisphere to the left and in the S hemisphere to the right. It causes rising and falling of ocean tides. Causes time difference between longitudesEffects of Rotation of the Earth on human activitiesRevolution of the earthMovement of the earth in its orbit around the sun. It s in anticlockwise direction. The orbit of the earth s revolution is elliptical. Takes 365 days in a year or 366 days in a leap year every 4 years . The sun moves from the tropic of cancer to the equator and then towards tropic of Capricorn and back to the tropic of cancer. 21st march and 23rd September are called equinoxes because the length of day and night is equal. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at the equator. 21st June is called summer solstice because its summer in the N hemisphere. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at the tropic of cancer. 22nd December is called winter solstice because its winter in the S. hemisphere. The sun is vertically overhead at noon at noon at the tropic of Capricorn. Solstice is the period of maximum tilting of the earth towards the sun. Effects of the Revolution of the earthCauses the four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring due to the movement of overhead sun causing changes in the heat belt. Causes variation of day and night s lengths due to the earth s axis being inclined to the path of revolution at an angle of 60 . Equinoxes have equal lengths of day and night. |
Effects of the Revolution of the earthCauses the four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring due to the movement of overhead sun causing changes in the heat belt. Causes variation of day and night s lengths due to the earth s axis being inclined to the path of revolution at an angle of 60 . Equinoxes have equal lengths of day and night. Summers have longer days and shorter nights. Winters have longer nights and shorter days. Causes changes in the altitude of the midday sun due to the earth s orbit being elliptical. Highest altitude during equinoxLowest altitude during solsticesCauses lunar eclipse due to revolution bringing the earth in line with the sun and the moon. Effects of the Revolution of the earth on human activitiesThe internal structure of the earthA. Crust LithosphereOutermost layer of the earthMade of soils and other loose deposits of sandThe dominant rocks are granites. Extends 0-50kmHas 2 layers1. SialAlso called continental crustMade of light coloured rocksCalled sial because it s made up of silica and aluminium. 2. SimaAlso called oceanic crustMainly made of basaltic rocks which are brittle. Called sima because it is made of silica magnesium and iron. B. Mohorovicic Discontinuity Moho A definite zone of discontinuity between the crust and the mantle. Was discovered by Dr. Andrija Mohorovicic in 1909. The Mantle AsthenosphereLayer lying between the crust and the coreMade of iron and magnesiumHas two layersUpper mantleRocks are more elastic than those of sima. Temperature is about 1000 c. lower mantleRocks are like very viscous liquid. Temperature ranges between 1000 c to 3000 c. Gutenberg DiscontinuityA definite zone of discontinuity between mantle and core. Core barysphere CentrosphereThe innermost central layer of the earth. Has 2 layersOuter CoreComposed of very dense rocksMade up of nickel and ironTemperatures are up to 3700 c. Inner CoreA solid mass of mainly ironTemperatures are estimated to be 4500 c to 5000 c. F. |
Has 2 layersOuter CoreComposed of very dense rocksMade up of nickel and ironTemperatures are up to 3700 c. Inner CoreA solid mass of mainly ironTemperatures are estimated to be 4500 c to 5000 c. F. The AtmosphereLayer of gases surrounding the earth. The earth revolves with it because its held onto it by gravityIt s about 330km thick. Composition of the AtmosphereGases-exist as a mixtureSmoke particlesDust particlesWater vapourG. hydrosphereOcean and seasWEATHERWeather is the daily atmospheric conditions of a place at a particular time. ELEMENTS OF WEATHERTemperatureMeasure or degree of hotness or coldness of a placeHumidityThe amount of water vapour or moisture in the atmospherePrecipitationAll forms of moisture which fall from the atmosphere to the earth s surfaceRainfall is a form of precipitation formed from clouds that in form of water dropletsAtmospheric pressureWindMoving air on the surface of the earthSunshineDirect rays of sunlight on the surface of the earthCloud coverMass of tiny droplets of water or ice formed through condensationAnalysis and interpretation of weather conditionsDiurnal daily Temperature range-Difference between the maximum and minimum temperature for any one day. Mean Daily Temperature-Average of the maximum and the minimum daily temperatures. Mean Monthly temperature-Sum of mean daily temperatures in a month divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Monthly minimum Temperature-Sum of daily minimum temperatures divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature-Sum of daily maximum temperatures divided by the number of days in that month. Mean Annual Temperature-Sum of mean monthly temperatures divided by 12. Mean Annual Temperature Range-Difference between the highest and the lowest mean monthly temperatures in a year. Monthly Rainfall Total-Sum of rainfall recorded in a month. Annual Rainfall Total-Sum of monthly rainfall totals for 12 months. Mean Monthly Rainfall-Sum of rainfall totals for a particular month over several years divided by the number of the years of observation. Mean Annual Rainfall-Sum of mean monthly rainfall for 12 months of the year. |
Annual Rainfall Total-Sum of monthly rainfall totals for 12 months. Mean Monthly Rainfall-Sum of rainfall totals for a particular month over several years divided by the number of the years of observation. Mean Annual Rainfall-Sum of mean monthly rainfall for 12 months of the year. Factors to consider when siting a weather stationWeather Station-A place where observation, measuring and recording of weather elements is doneFactors to Be Taken Into Account When Sitting a Weather StationOpen spaceAn open place where there is little obstruction of weather elements. Accessible placeAccessible place so that recording can be done easily. Gently sloping landA fairly level or gently sloping ground 5 so that it s easy to position weather instruments. SecurityThe place should have securityThe place should provide a wide view of the surrounding landscape and the sky. The site should be free from flooding. . Constructing selected instruments for measuring elements of weatherInstruments for Measuring Elements of WeatherThermometer- measures temperatureHygrometer- measures humidityRain gauge-measures rainfallBarometer-measures air pressureSunshine recorder-measures sunshine duration and intensityWind vane measures wind directionAnemometer-measures wind speedConstructing a wind stockPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 52Materials neededA paper cupClay and plasticineA pinDrinking strawMarker penA white circular cardboardSquare and triangular paper cuttingsA pencil with a rubber headConstructing a rain gaugePUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 53Materials neededA 2-litre plastic bottleRulerA ballpoint penMasking tapeA scalpel or pair of scissorsConstructing a WindsockPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 53-54Materials neededCylindrical bagStringA scalpelWater paintsAn empty plastic fat magarine tinMasking tape or cellotapeA pole with a pointed endPainting brushes or chewed sticksSignificance of weather to humanHelps us to be aware of natural calamities related to weather before they occur so as to take precautionary measures. Guiding tourists on when to visit national parks. Helps farmers to plan their activities such as planting, harvesting, etc. Ensures air and water transport is carried out safely. |
Guiding tourists on when to visit national parks. Helps farmers to plan their activities such as planting, harvesting, etc. Ensures air and water transport is carried out safely. Helps sporting people to plan their training and competition schedules. Helps people to plan many other activities such as mining, electricity generation, holiday events, etc. Helps fishing communities to plan their activitiesHistorical informationSources of historical information in the societyMonumentsCavesHistorical picturesFolk songsOld coinsRecorded folk storiesArchaeological sitesTextbooksArticlesMythsArtefacts,FossilsPrimary and secondary sources of informationPrimary source is historical information that are created during the time period studied or were created at a later age by participant in even being practisedSecondary source is historical information that interprets or analyses a historical phenomenonWays of preserving historical informationSignificance of historical information in providing evidence of past accountsPEOPLE AND POLPULATIONHUMAN ORIGINTRADITIONAL STORIES ON HUMAN ORIGINThis is an attempt by communities of people to explain their origin. It is given through Oral Traditions, myths and legends. It mainly states that the first people were created by GodKikuyu communityAccording to the Agikuyu, God Ngai appeared and created their ancestors Gikuyu and Mumbi at Mukurwe Wa Gathanga near present day MurangaGikuyu and Mumbi gave birth to 9 daughters who later formed the nine classBukusuThe bukusu of wetern Kenya belives that the fist man was called Mwambu. He was made from mud by WELE KHAKABA God the creator at a place called Mumbo which means west. God created a wife for him. Mwambu and his wife moved from Mumbo to the foothills of Mt. Masaba-mt elgon- where their descendants grew in numbers to become the Abaluhya communityMaasaiOnce upon a time Enkai God owned all the cattle in the world. One day he opened the sky and replaced all the cattle he owned from heaven to earth using a long rope. |
Mwambu and his wife moved from Mumbo to the foothills of Mt. Masaba-mt elgon- where their descendants grew in numbers to become the Abaluhya communityMaasaiOnce upon a time Enkai God owned all the cattle in the world. One day he opened the sky and replaced all the cattle he owned from heaven to earth using a long rope. Enkai created 3 communities on earthThe Torrobo also the Ogiek , the gikuyu whom God bless with seed and grain and the Maasai whom God blessed with all the cattle of the worldAkamba communityThe akamba community believes that God was called Mulungu. He created the first man MUNDU and woman KIVETI. They were then placed on top of Nzaui Hill in makueni. He blessed them with children and livestockNandi communityAccording to the Nandi, the first two people came from the knees of a giant man, which began to swell until they burst. A man came from one knee and a woman from the other. These became the ancestors of the Nandi-speaking people of Kenya. This is an example of myths in certain communities that do not directly refer to God s creation. RELIGIOUS STORIES ON HUMAN ORIGINThis presents man and everything else as having been created by God. It is contained mainly inThe Bible used by Christians God created the heaven and earth according to Genesis chapter 2The Quran used by Muslims . Islam believes that all living and non living things were created by AllahHinduThe universe was created by Brahma. He is regarded as the hindu god of creationFactors proving that Africa is the cradle of humankindAfrican Savannas were ideal for primates. The moist, warm and varied climate supported animal and plant life. Archaeological sites were discovered in the Great Lakes region of eastern Africa and along the Great Rift Valley. This confirms that hominids were living in this region by the time the rift valley was being formed. The earliest apes and various animals may have first lived around what is now Lake Victoria and the rift valley, then some went northwards into Europe and Asia. This was because, at that time, areas along the Equator especially central and west Africa were covered in thick forest. |
This confirms that hominids were living in this region by the time the rift valley was being formed. The earliest apes and various animals may have first lived around what is now Lake Victoria and the rift valley, then some went northwards into Europe and Asia. This was because, at that time, areas along the Equator especially central and west Africa were covered in thick forest. Around the Great lakes of East Africa was the Savannah grassland with scattered trees and bushes . It was in this environment that man had his first home. Due to earth quakes and volcanic eruptions during the formation of the great rift valley, allot of dust was brought up, which covered places where hominids had left their weapons, tools, their own bones, and those of other animals. These became archaeological sites in east AfricaRemains found in Africa especially Eastern Africa are evidence that Africa is the cradle of mankind. Evolution is a natural process of gradual and continuous change of living organisms from a lower simpler state to a better-adapted complex and superior one. Archaeological site or prehistoric siteIs a place where human remains were foundArchaeologistsAre scientists who excavated the human remains for studyFossilsHuman remainsSTAGES OF MAN S EVOLUTIONRamapithecus also called kenyapithecusThe 15-12 million year-old remains of Ramapithecus were found by Mary and Louis Leakey at Fort Ternan near kericho and also at Samburu hills and in the Lakes Turkana and Baringo basins. Ramapithecus and other manlike creatures were also discovered in Europe, India and China. Characteristics of RamapithecusHe was manlike. He had small canines. He was quadrapedal he moved on his four limbs , though he occasionally walked on two legsAustralopithecus southern ape zinjathropusRemains of Australopithecus were found at Taung in Botswana in 1924 by Raymond Dart, at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1959 and throughout eastern Africa e.g. regions around Lake Natron in Tanzania, Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Characteristics of AustralopithecusHe was the earliest most manlike hominid. |
He was quadrapedal he moved on his four limbs , though he occasionally walked on two legsAustralopithecus southern ape zinjathropusRemains of Australopithecus were found at Taung in Botswana in 1924 by Raymond Dart, at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania by Mary Leakey in 1959 and throughout eastern Africa e.g. regions around Lake Natron in Tanzania, Lake Turkana in Kenya and Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Characteristics of AustralopithecusHe was the earliest most manlike hominid. He had a pelvis and leg that were similar to modern man s. He was bipedal walked on two limbs . Could defend themselves. Could attack their enemies. Could see or sense impending danger from a distance. Could grasp objects with ease. May have been hairy, short and strong. Had a large face and low forehead. Had stereoscopic vision. Had much larger teeth, skull and jaws. His brain was smaller than modern man s, but larger than that of the most intelligent ape: the Gorilla. Homo habilis Practical man . This was the first species of the genus Homo. His two and a half to one and a half million- year old remains were found at Olduvai Gorge by Jonathan Leakey in 1964, Hadar and Omo River valley in Ethiopia and Koobi-For a in the lake Turkana area in 1972. Characteristics of HomohabilisHe was five feet tall. He had a skull similar to modern man s in shape. He was omnivorous. He could grasp objects. He made and used tools. HOMOERECTUS upright man . Homoerectus lived between two million to two hundred thousand years ago. He was five and a half feet tall. He was bipedal walked on two legs . He made and used tools, such as hand-axes, crude spears and arrowheads from stone,bone and wood. Homo sapiens Thinking Intelligent man . Homo sapien appeared between two hundred thousand and a hundred and fifty thousand years ago. Characteristics of HomosapienHe was under six feet tallHe had small teeth. He had a steep and well-rounded forehead. He had long straight legs. He made a variety of more refined tools i.e. |
He had a steep and well-rounded forehead. He had long straight legs. He made a variety of more refined tools i.e. microliths. He was a fisherman and hunter-gatherer. He domesticated plants and animals. Remains of Homosapien were found at:Eliye springs near Lake Turkana,Kanjera and Kanam in Kenya,Bodo and Omo river valley in Ethiopia,Ngaloba in Tanzania. EARLY CIVILASATION IN AFRICAMeaning of state, kingdom and EmpireStateA territory is considered as an organised political community under one governmentEmpireAn extensive group of semi autonomous states ruled by one rulerKingdomA state or territory ruled by a king or queenThe ancient EgyptFactors that led to growth of Ancient Egypt CivilizationPresence of river nileIt the annual flood of river nile and the use of shadoof method of irrigation boosted agricultureEarly technologyIt ushered in the bronze stage where copper and tin were used to make simple tools such as chisels and needlesArtisans also made pots for storage and cookery purposes using potter s wheelPopulationHigh population in Ancient Egypt provided ready manpower and marketStrong military and leadershipThey ensured growth of the kingdom through conquests and assimilation of conquered neighbours into the empireUse of hieroglyphicThe formal writing helped keep reliable and accurate records in religion, government and historyUse of the calendarTracking of days and monitoring events such as annual flooding of the nile, planting and harvesting periodSpecialised workersThey worked in various institutions. They helped in keeping recods in the Egyptian empire. They recorded harvest, finances and historyThe Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe was a city near Masvingo in the central part of the modern day Zimabwe, Mozambique and Botstwana. It existed between 1000BC to 1500BCZimbabwe is a shone word meaning stone houses Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government with hereditary kings. |
They helped in keeping recods in the Egyptian empire. They recorded harvest, finances and historyThe Great ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe was a city near Masvingo in the central part of the modern day Zimabwe, Mozambique and Botstwana. It existed between 1000BC to 1500BCZimbabwe is a shone word meaning stone houses Great Zimbabwe had a centralized government with hereditary kings. This system of government led to the rise and growth of the kingdomFactors that led to the growth of the Great Zimbabwe civilizationStrong agricultural economyExistence of several minerals deposits such as gold, copperTradeStrong leadershipAcquisition of firearms in exchange of goodsStrong armyReligious beliefs brought them togetherThe kingdom of KongoFactors that led to the growth of kingdom of KongoStrategic location of the kingdomFavourable climate and the kingdom its closeness to congo river which supported agriculture throughout the yearArrival of PortugueseReligionTradeChristianityLocating ancient kingdoms on a map of AfricaPupil s activityPage 77-78Contributions of early African civilisation to the modern worldModern civilisation owes ts current development to the ancient civilization. Ancient Egypt was the beginning of building designs and construction of permanent buildings we have today. The hieroglyphics form of writing in Egypt used to keep records developed into the modern writing and educationThe knowledge of planning and prediction of seasons based on calendar started in the early civilisation. Today it is has been developed further to include weather forecasting in predicting accurate changes. The industrial development in the ancient kingdoms was based on simple skill. Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology barrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof. |
Copper and tin were used in ancient Egypt to make items. Today most of the industries use metals and alloys to make construction and infrastructural equipment. The modern irrigation technology barrows a lot from the ancient irrigation techniques such as shadoof. This has been applied in the agricultural sectorTools such as jembes hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisationThe political structure of modern government resembles the early civilisation govermentSocial organisation of selected African communities up to 1900Locating areas by the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities in AfricaPUPILS ACTIVITYPAGE 81Social organisation of the Ogiek community up to 1900Ogiek are southern nilotic speakersMost of them live in the county of nakuru, mau and mt elgon forestsFamily was the basic unit among the ogiek communityThe lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional law and orderFather was head of the familyThe ogiek were polygamousThere was division of labour among the ogiek communityMen provide for the family needs, provide leadership and securityWomen worked in homestead, bear children and do household choresChildren helped with household chores, cultivating in farms and artisanshipThe ogiek were a patriarchal society- men owned property and passed it to their sonsThe ogiek believed in one supreme being called TororetThey believed also in the existence of ancestral spirits called OiikThey had diviners who could foretell the future using supernatural powersBoth boys and girls were initiatedBoys ceremony was called tumdo op wentGirls ceremony was called tumbo op tiipikIntiated boys of the same age group sets known as ipindaThe ogiek used plants and herbs from forest for treating diseasesSocial organisation of the Zulu community up to 1900Zulu are Ngni people, bantu speakingThey occupy Kwazulu natal province in South africaIn the Ngumi languages izulu means heaven or weatherThe zulu clans referred to as the isizweThe zulu society was organised into parilineal sibs. The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. |
This has been applied in the agricultural sectorTools such as jembes hoes used in farming today were developed in the ancient civilisationThe political structure of modern government resembles the early civilisation govermentSocial organisation of selected African communities up to 1900Locating areas by the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities in AfricaPUPILS ACTIVITYPAGE 81Social organisation of the Ogiek community up to 1900Ogiek are southern nilotic speakersMost of them live in the county of nakuru, mau and mt elgon forestsFamily was the basic unit among the ogiek communityThe lineage was responsible for enforcing traditional law and orderFather was head of the familyThe ogiek were polygamousThere was division of labour among the ogiek communityMen provide for the family needs, provide leadership and securityWomen worked in homestead, bear children and do household choresChildren helped with household chores, cultivating in farms and artisanshipThe ogiek were a patriarchal society- men owned property and passed it to their sonsThe ogiek believed in one supreme being called TororetThey believed also in the existence of ancestral spirits called OiikThey had diviners who could foretell the future using supernatural powersBoth boys and girls were initiatedBoys ceremony was called tumdo op wentGirls ceremony was called tumbo op tiipikIntiated boys of the same age group sets known as ipindaThe ogiek used plants and herbs from forest for treating diseasesSocial organisation of the Zulu community up to 1900Zulu are Ngni people, bantu speakingThey occupy Kwazulu natal province in South africaIn the Ngumi languages izulu means heaven or weatherThe zulu clans referred to as the isizweThe zulu society was organised into parilineal sibs. The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. |
The sibs were further divide into lineages which were composed of descendants of a common ancestorMost households comprised extended families who lived in one household called kraalMen inherited everything. Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. Men paid dowry in terms of cows and gifts during the weeding day umaboThe zulu community believed in Umhlanga or reeds dance ceremonyBeadwork was a prominent wttire that worn at the UmahlangaBeadworks was a sign of communicationIt also symbolised wealth status of a personZulu believed in one God called uNkulunkuluThe controlled day to day human life of the Zulu communityThe zulu had traditional mediceine men who treated the sickSocial organisation of the Asante community up to 1900Asante are Akan speaking peopleThey live in the central part of the Modern day GhanaAre organsised into clans whch is headed by a chiefEach clan speaks its own dialect of the Aken languageThey believe in one supreme creator called NyameAncestors were believed to connect people to NyameAsante empire leader was called AsateheneHe also acted as a spiritual leaderOmamhene and chiefs were all religious leaders who presided over religious ceremoniesGolden stool was th symbol of national unity in the Aasnte empireIt symboised ones and authority from the AsanteheneIt was based in Kumasi, the capital of Asant empireOdwira festival was an annual ceremonyThey believed in the spirits of the departed rulersAsante were socially stratified into 5 main divions1st division king and those close to the kingLived in the capital of KumasiWere wealthy and lived in luxury2nd division consisted of the chiefs and top officials who assisted the king in enforcing law and order3rd division those who had acquired a lot of wealth hence respect in the society4th division comprised of ordinary farmers, traders and fishermen5th division the lowest class was for the slavesAsante families were extebded and matrilineal mother s brother was the legal guardian of her childrenAsante were experts in form of decoration, logos, arts, sculture and potteryThese were known as Adinkra symbolsComparing the social organisation of thr Ogiek, Zulu, and Asante community up to 1900Human diversity and inclusionPersonality attributes which make individuals different from othersPersonality attributes are qualities or characteristics that differentiate the character, action and attitude of a person from one anotherDesirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multicultural societyPeace and conflict resolutionPeaceA state of calmness when there is no warConflict resolutionThis is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement. |
Inheritance was patrilinealThe zulu people were polygamous. Men married many wives and lived with them with the extended family in the kraal. Men paid dowry in terms of cows and gifts during the weeding day umaboThe zulu community believed in Umhlanga or reeds dance ceremonyBeadwork was a prominent wttire that worn at the UmahlangaBeadworks was a sign of communicationIt also symbolised wealth status of a personZulu believed in one God called uNkulunkuluThe controlled day to day human life of the Zulu communityThe zulu had traditional mediceine men who treated the sickSocial organisation of the Asante community up to 1900Asante are Akan speaking peopleThey live in the central part of the Modern day GhanaAre organsised into clans whch is headed by a chiefEach clan speaks its own dialect of the Aken languageThey believe in one supreme creator called NyameAncestors were believed to connect people to NyameAsante empire leader was called AsateheneHe also acted as a spiritual leaderOmamhene and chiefs were all religious leaders who presided over religious ceremoniesGolden stool was th symbol of national unity in the Aasnte empireIt symboised ones and authority from the AsanteheneIt was based in Kumasi, the capital of Asant empireOdwira festival was an annual ceremonyThey believed in the spirits of the departed rulersAsante were socially stratified into 5 main divions1st division king and those close to the kingLived in the capital of KumasiWere wealthy and lived in luxury2nd division consisted of the chiefs and top officials who assisted the king in enforcing law and order3rd division those who had acquired a lot of wealth hence respect in the society4th division comprised of ordinary farmers, traders and fishermen5th division the lowest class was for the slavesAsante families were extebded and matrilineal mother s brother was the legal guardian of her childrenAsante were experts in form of decoration, logos, arts, sculture and potteryThese were known as Adinkra symbolsComparing the social organisation of thr Ogiek, Zulu, and Asante community up to 1900Human diversity and inclusionPersonality attributes which make individuals different from othersPersonality attributes are qualities or characteristics that differentiate the character, action and attitude of a person from one anotherDesirable and undesirable personality attributes in a multicultural societyPeace and conflict resolutionPeaceA state of calmness when there is no warConflict resolutionThis is the process or act of solving or settling a disagreement. Peace and conflict for personal well being. |
GRADE 7 TERM 1PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES LESSON NOTESSAFETYPersonal safetyObserving personal safety is doing activities that will protect us from accidents or getting injured. Potential hazards relating to personal safetyUnsafe conditions or objects that harm us or cause injuries to us are known as potential safety hazardsExamples of potential safety hazards in day to day life areFires and hot surfaces which can cause burnsSharp tools like knives which can cause cutsSpills on floors which can cause fallsPoorly disposed waste such as fruit peels which can cause fallsHeavy objects like rocks, stones which can roll over us or fall on usItems or objects that are properly kept on high shelves which can fall on usPoisonous chemicals that are not store properly can harm us if we touch or drink them. Poorly arranged equipments such as desks that can cause fallsExposed naked electric wires that can lead to shocksPoorly ventilated rooms that can lead to suffocationDemonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the localityExamples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicyclesSome of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks includeAlways clean spills on the floor immediately to avoid fallsKeep a safe distance from your friend when performing tasks such as diggingAsk for help when you want to get things that are out of your reachAlways be alert around fire. Avoid loose clothing when near firesUse kitchen gloves or a piece of cloth to hold hot kitchen tools and equipmentHandle different tools or equipments with careWear appropriate protective clothing when performing different tasksEg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing wasteHandling tools and equipments safely while performing tasksGeneral safety rules and regulations for various tasksThe various task we do at home or school can expose you and other people to safety hazards. You should follow general safety rules when performing these task to avoid injuries to self and others. |
Poorly arranged equipments such as desks that can cause fallsExposed naked electric wires that can lead to shocksPoorly ventilated rooms that can lead to suffocationDemonstrating safety while performing various tasks in the localityExamples of task that we can do in our locality include digging, splitting firewood, pruning plants, riding bicyclesSome of the safety measures to observe while forming the above different tasks includeAlways clean spills on the floor immediately to avoid fallsKeep a safe distance from your friend when performing tasks such as diggingAsk for help when you want to get things that are out of your reachAlways be alert around fire. Avoid loose clothing when near firesUse kitchen gloves or a piece of cloth to hold hot kitchen tools and equipmentHandle different tools or equipments with careWear appropriate protective clothing when performing different tasksEg wear gumboots while collecting and disposing wasteHandling tools and equipments safely while performing tasksGeneral safety rules and regulations for various tasksThe various task we do at home or school can expose you and other people to safety hazards. You should follow general safety rules when performing these task to avoid injuries to self and others. The general safety rules includeWork in a place with proper ventilationEnsure you are working in a place that has enough lightingAvoid crowding in the working areaEnsure the working area is well arranged when working and after workingUse tools and equipments for their correct purposeEnsure all the tools you are using are in good working conditionsDo not touch sharp edges of cutting tools or test their sharpness with your handEnsure that your hands are dry before touching electric plugs or electrical appliances that have been plugged inDo not pull heavy materials or objects towards your bodyIf working with or near fire, always stay alert and use moderate flameStore tools and equipments safely after useCareers related to safetyA career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long periodCrossing guardsThese are people who help children or adults to cross busy roadsSafety engineersThese are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines. They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environmentLife guardsThese are people who help children and adults to swim safely. There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place. |
The general safety rules includeWork in a place with proper ventilationEnsure you are working in a place that has enough lightingAvoid crowding in the working areaEnsure the working area is well arranged when working and after workingUse tools and equipments for their correct purposeEnsure all the tools you are using are in good working conditionsDo not touch sharp edges of cutting tools or test their sharpness with your handEnsure that your hands are dry before touching electric plugs or electrical appliances that have been plugged inDo not pull heavy materials or objects towards your bodyIf working with or near fire, always stay alert and use moderate flameStore tools and equipments safely after useCareers related to safetyA career is a profession which one trains for, acquires the skills and applies them for a long periodCrossing guardsThese are people who help children or adults to cross busy roadsSafety engineersThese are people who monitor a working environment and inspects buildings and machines. They later recommend the safety precautions to be observed in the working environmentLife guardsThese are people who help children and adults to swim safely. There also ensure that all people are following rules set by the swimming place. Attends to those who face challenges while swimmingRisk managerThis person researches and makes a report on the safety of a particular work and the hazards that are expected. Environment health and safety consultantsThey perform some roles similar to those of safety engineersThey offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplaceImportance of safety in day to day lifeIt is important to observe safety when performing different tasks at home, in school or in the communityYou should always keep your working areas clean and orderly to avoid accidents, injuries and illness. When you are free from injuries you can work well, attend school as expected, reduce hospital bills and live healthyINJURIESAn injury is damage to your body. Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. |
Environment health and safety consultantsThey perform some roles similar to those of safety engineersThey offer advice on how to minimise health and safety risks in the workplaceImportance of safety in day to day lifeIt is important to observe safety when performing different tasks at home, in school or in the communityYou should always keep your working areas clean and orderly to avoid accidents, injuries and illness. When you are free from injuries you can work well, attend school as expected, reduce hospital bills and live healthyINJURIESAn injury is damage to your body. Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or waterMinor fracturesOccurs after falls or slipsMay also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movementFirst aid procedures for cutsYou will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty waterWash your handsApply gentle pressure around the cut with a clean piece of cloth or cotton wool until bleeding stopsClean the cut with clean water. Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. |
Types of injuriesExamples of common injuries includeScaldsFracturesSprainsBurnsCutsPricksBruisesCauses of injuries in the localityCutsCaused by sharp tools and equipments like knivesCan also be cause by sharp furniture corners or rough edgesBurnsAre caused by touching open flames, hot objects like sufuriasMay also be caused by chemicals and electricityScaldsAre caused by touching hot liquids like boiling water, hot tea. May also be caused by steam from boiling foods or waterMinor fracturesOccurs after falls or slipsMay also occur when there is abnormal movement during activities or sudden change of speed during movementFirst aid procedures for cutsYou will need clean water, a bandage, cotton wool and an antiseptic or salty waterWash your handsApply gentle pressure around the cut with a clean piece of cloth or cotton wool until bleeding stopsClean the cut with clean water. Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. |
Do not use soapOnce the cut is clean and is not bleeding, apply some antisepticCover the cut with a bandage or clean piece of cloth to keep away dirtFirst aid procedures for minor fracturesYou will need ice cubes, a bandage or a clean piece of clothLet the injured person rest and avoid moving the injure part completelyPlace an ice pack on the injure part to prevent swellingWrap the affected part in a soft bandage to compress itRaise the injure part higher than other body partsFirst aid procedures for burnsYou will need cold water and a clean piece of clothMove away from the source of burnRemove clothing or jewellery around the burnt areaCool the burn under cold running water for about 5 minutes. You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. |
You can also deip the part in cold waterCover the burnt area with a loosely clinging clean piece of clothFirst aid procedures for scaldsYou will need cold water, a clean piece of cloth or bandageRemove clothing or jewellery where the injury has occurredPlace the injured area under cold water for about 20 minutesDo not pop the blister or blisters if they formCover the scalded area with a loosely clinging clean piece of cloth or gauzeSafety measures that minimise injuries in the localityCareers related to first aid and management of injuriesFist aid is important because it helps to save lives and reduce pain. It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. |
It also makes the affected people feel cared for. The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households. |
The following are common careers related to first aid and management of injuriesEmergency repose nursesParamedicsAmbulance driversFire fightersFlight attendantsProfessional baby sittersLifeguardsGames instructorsGym instructorsImportance of observing safetyPrevent unnecessary injuries or even deathAvoid lost timeIncrease productivityPupil s activityPage 21-22MATERIALSAny useful substance is called a materialCOMMON MATERIALSTimberSandStonesIdentifying common materials in the localityDifferent localities have different common materialsExamples of common materials aremetalsSoilReedsSisal fibresHides and skinsTreesDiatomiteSoapstoneSoda ashFluorsparCategorising common materials in the locality as either metallic or non metallicPupil s activityPage 24-25Distinguishing between metallic and non metallic materialsPhysical properties of materials found in the localityCareers related to materials in the localitycarpentrycarvingmasonryweldingpotteryweavingblacksmithfarmingminingImportance of materials found in the localitycreate job employment opportunitiesimproves the standard of people living in the localityMETALSMetals occur naturally within the earth s surfaceThey are mined and converted into forms that are easy to useMetals are used to make various items we use in our day to day lifeDifferent types of metals in the localitySome metals exist in pure form or as alloysAn alloy is a combination of a metal with another metal or metal with a non metalExamples of pure metalAluminiumIronZincSilverCopperLeadMagnesiumTinGoldExamples of alloysSteelBrassBronzeMetals can be identified easily by their surface appearancePhysical properties of metalsIdentification of a metal by its physical appearance is not a sure way of knowing the exact type of metalThere are some other physical properties that we need to consider to correctly identify the metalsMetals can further be identified asFerrous and non ferrousMagnetic and non magneticConductors and non conductors of heatConductors and non conductors of electricityFerrous and non ferrousFerrous metals are metals that contain iron in its original form or alloys or ironNon ferrous metal are metals that contain ironMagnetic and non magneticMagnetic metals are metals that are attract by magnet if it is brought near. Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households. Can earn the government foreign exchange if imported to other countriesNon metallic materialsAre any materials both synthetic and natural which do not contain metalDistinguishing between synthetic and natural non metallic materialsNatural materials are those that exists on their own in or the earth without any actions of humankind. |
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