Split (1)

train · 7.38k rows

text stringlengths 86 39.2k
Non magnetic metals are not attracted by a magnetConductors of heat in metalsCopperAluminiumGraphiteSilverGoldSteel spoonConduction of electricityZinc stripSilver stripNBMetals are good conductors of heat and electricity although some metals may be better conductors than others. Uses of metals in the localityCareers related to uses of metalsImportance of metalsMetals are important in the locality in many waysPeople purse careers related to metals, they earn a livingIt helps people improve their living standardsMetals are important in making most items such as kitchen and farming tools which will be used to perform different tasks within the households. Can earn the government foreign exchange if imported to other countriesNon metallic materialsAre any materials both synthetic and natural which do not contain metalDistinguishing between synthetic and natural non metallic materialsNatural materials are those that exists on their own in or the earth without any actions of humankind. They may be part of the earth material or from plants and animals. Synthetic materials are those that are created by human beings through different process. Natural non metallic materials include soil, timber, reeds, rubber, stones, hides and skins, plant fibres like banana fibres, sisal fibres, cotton and linenCategorising non metallic materials in the locality as either natural or syntheticPupil s activityPage 43-44Physical properties of non metallic materialsDifferent types of non metallic materials have different propertiesUses of non metallic materials in the localityFibres like cotton and line are used to make cloths. Cloths re then made into different types of garments that we wear. Rubber is used to make Items such as tyres, erasers and footwearTimber or wood is used to make furniture, doors, floors, ceilings and walls of some houses. Wood is used as fuel in most homes. Different types of soil have different usesSand soil is mixed with ballast, cement and water to make concrete for constructon. Loam soil is used for farmingClay soil is used in pottery and brick making. Grasses and reeds are used to make items like mats, baskets and broomsGrasses are also used as roofing materialsHides and skins are used to make shoes, belts and bagsGlass is used to make window panes and household items like furniture and utensils.
Different types of soil have different usesSand soil is mixed with ballast, cement and water to make concrete for constructon. Loam soil is used for farmingClay soil is used in pottery and brick making. Grasses and reeds are used to make items like mats, baskets and broomsGrasses are also used as roofing materialsHides and skins are used to make shoes, belts and bagsGlass is used to make window panes and household items like furniture and utensils. It is also used in making laboratory equipments such as test tubes. Plastic is used to make items such as utensils, cutlery, footwear, buckets, basinsMinerals such as soda ash are used to manufacture soap, paper and glass. Careers related to processing and use of non metallic materialsROPE MAKINGRope makers harvest sisal fibres, dry and use them to make ropesBuilding and constructionsBuilders use timber, grass, clay and other materials to construct houses. Brick makingBrick makers make bricks from clay soil. LoggingLoggers are authorised to cut trees selectively from a given area to get logs. Saw milling. Saw millers cut the logs into timber or shapes them into boards. CarpentryCarpenters use timber and boards to make furniture and other useful items. PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt.
CarpentryCarpenters use timber and boards to make furniture and other useful items. PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work.
PotteryPotters make pots and other earthen items. Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure.
Some potters may also use of cement or concrete to make flower pots and flower vasesWEAVINGWeavers make baskets, mats brooms, and other items from grasses and reedsPlastic straws can also be made in weavingFARMINGCrop farmers cultivate the soil using hand tools or farm machinery and plants crops into itGLASS SMITHINGThis is a career where people are involved in making objects out of glassSHOE MAKINGShoe makers make shoes from non metallic materials like leather, rubber and plasticIdentifying common problems in the communityPupil s activityPage 50-51Effects of common Problems affecting the communityPupil s activityPage 52-5Skills need to solve problems in the communitySome of the problems can be solved by learners, intervention of adults, experts or the governmentWhen solving these problems, we apply some of the technical skills that we have learnt. We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood.
We can also involve other members of the community who have the skills and experienceExample of technical skills areMasonry skillsAre applied where structures such as houses, water pans and animal housing need to be constructedCarpentry skillsAre applied when joining pieces of wood to make desired itemsDesign and drawing skillsAre applied where items or structures need to be sketched or drawn before they are madeFarming skillsAre applied when carrying out activities such as digging, planting, weeding and when using farming tools and equipmentsSewing skillsAre applied when joining and mending pieces of fabric to make desired itemsWelding skillsAre applied when joining materials to make desired itemsTOOLSHOSEHOLD HAND TOOLSA TOOL is any instrument held in the hand and used to do work. A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting.
A hand tool is any tool that is powered by hand in order to perform an activityIdentifying household hand toolsScissorsTape measureHammerKnifeChiselSpadeMalletPliersRakeAxeCategorising household tools according to their useUsing household hand tools to perform different tasksPANGACan be use to cut grassHold the pang firmly by the handle with one handHold the grass with the other handMaintain a safe distance between the panga and the hand holding the grassLift the panga and cut the grassTAPE MEASUREPut the piece of timber on a fat surfaceCarefully put the hook of the tape measure at the edge of the timberAsk your friend to hold the end of the tape measure. Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy.
Pull back the tape measure across the timber to let more tape outLet out the tape until it stretches across the whole length of the timberLook at the point where the tape align with the end of the timberRead the measurement in centimetres and record in your notebookCarefully let the tape measure to roll back into the casingStore the tape measure carefullyHAMMERWear protective eye googlesEnsure there is no one behind you to avoid injuriesGrip the hammer by the end of the handleLine the nail and the piece of wood that you want to hammerHold the nail on the surface of the wood and gently tap the nail with the hammer until it holds in placeOnce the nail is in place, increase the hammering force to drive the rest of the nail into the wood. Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber.
Remove your hand and hit the nail completely inside the woodStore your hammer safely after useCare and maintenance of household hand toolsClean the tools after useReplace broken handles if anySharpen blades of cutting toolsTighten loose screws and nuts of tools like sawsOil moving parts of tools like pliersStraighten bents and teeth of sawsStore tools safely in a clean dry place after useYou can hang saws on a hookWhen storing tools with metallic parts for a long period of time, oil the metallic parts to avoid rusting. Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work.
Careers related to household hand toolsMasonryPlumbingMechanicsElectrical installationsBuilding and constructionsThe role of household hand tools in the communityPerform tasks easily as they improve efficiencySave on time required to perform different tasksDo simple repairs at homeThis helps us to save money that would be required to pay experts to perform the repairsFarming hand toolsFarming hand tools are tools that are powered by hand and used to perform different tasksIdentifying farming hand toolsSlasherPangaRakeJembePruning shearsGarden forkSickleGarden trowelAxeFork jembeCategorising farming hand tools according to their usesUsing farming hand tools to perform different tasksCare and maintenance of farming hand toolsWe maintain and care for farming tools so that they serve as for a long timeWe can care for farming hand tools by:cleaning them after useoiling the metallic parts of tools such as pangas to prevent rustingsharpening the cutting adgesreplacing broken handlesoiling the moving parts of tools such as secateurs to reduce frictionstoring the tools safely after useCareers related to farming hand toolscrop farmingThis is a common career in our country because agriculture is the backbone of our economy. In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work. Livestock farmingLivestock farmers use pangas for chopping napier grass for their livestockImportance of farming toolsFarming hand tools helps us in performing different tasks in the frm.
In crop farming, we use jembes, ploughsgardeningGardeners use different hand tools when planting weedinglandscaping and planningLandscapers use farming hand tools to perform tasks such asWeeding and mulching landscape bedsTrimming small trees, hedges and shrubsPlanting shrubs, flowers and treesRemoving unwanted, dead or damaged treesWelding and blacksmithingWelders and blacksmiths take part in making and repairing metallic parts of farming hand toolsCarpentryCarpenters make items using board and timber. They also replace wooden handles of farming hand toolsSugarcane cuttingSugarcane cutters use pangas and machetes to harvest sugarcanes from farmsFencingPeople who erect and repair fences use tools such as pliers, jembes, shovels and hammers in their work. Livestock farmingLivestock farmers use pangas for chopping napier grass for their livestockImportance of farming toolsFarming hand tools helps us in performing different tasks in the frm. This helps to improve efficiency with then results to productivityDRAWINGTYPES OF DRAWINGSDrawing are types of diagrams used for communication to show the shape and structure of a given idea or product. Technical fields use drawings to draw designs of different items before they are madeTypes of drawing used in technical fieldsDrawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes. Artistic drawing are made to visualize an idea and portray the general shape of an item, building or product. They give a 3D view of an object. Technical drawings are made to give a precise and detailed view of an object. They give information about how an object functions or how it is constructed. Distinguishing artistic and technical drawingsArtistic and technical drawing can be distinguished using the characteristics likePurposeTechnical drawing provide accurate information about an object to allow easy manufacturing or repairArtistic drawing are done to express one s idea while beautifying the appearance of an object, a surface or a placePresentationTechnical drawings are drawn on surface such as tracing paper, ammonia print or computer screens and are usually in standard sizes. Artistic drawings can be drawn on paper, boards, walls canvas or fabric. These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries.
Distinguishing artistic and technical drawingsArtistic and technical drawing can be distinguished using the characteristics likePurposeTechnical drawing provide accurate information about an object to allow easy manufacturing or repairArtistic drawing are done to express one s idea while beautifying the appearance of an object, a surface or a placePresentationTechnical drawings are drawn on surface such as tracing paper, ammonia print or computer screens and are usually in standard sizes. Artistic drawings can be drawn on paper, boards, walls canvas or fabric. These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries. The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls.
These drawings do not have standard sizeInterpretationTechnical drawing must be drawn to scale such that they are interpreted uniformly regardless of the geographical boundaries. The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object.
The interpretation of artistic drawings depends on the viewerLevel of precisionTechnical drawing have to be drawn to scale for the accurate production and maintenance of the productArtistic drawing show the general appearance of the product hence do not consider dimensions, shape or proportionUses of artistic and technical drawing in different fieldsUses of artistic drawingsThey are used to understand how the object or building will appear when in real lifeThey help to keep records of historical eventsThey are used to express imagination and creativityThey represent feelings, actions and ideasThey help us to develop observation and interpretative skills in order to understand the worldUses of technical drawingThey bridge communication between designers and producersThey guide people in careers such as engineering when constructing and repairing different structuresEg. An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object. They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sidesImportance of drawing in day to day lifeSome of the objects created from drawing are vehicles, roads, houses, furniture and electronicsDrawing helps us to learn to write and think creatively, develop hand to eye coordination and conceptualise ideasDrawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing can be done using a variety of instruments and equipments.
An engineer relies on technical drawings to make some parts of machinesTechnical drawing are used to represent objects whose dimensions follow set of international standardsApplications of drawings in various careersPeople in careers that use both artistic and technical drawings includeArchitectsThey use artistic drawings to show the outward appearance of the building and how the building will be intergraded with other items within its localityThey also use technical drawings to show the actual measurements and location of features such as windows and doors within the designConstruction workersThey use artistic drawings to create the finishing designs of the floor, roofs and walls. They also use technical drawing to determine the location of doors, windows and other fixtures within the buildingElectriciansThey use technical drawing to identify the position of electrical ducts within a building wiring, installation or repairThey also use artistic drawings to determine the neatness and finish requires after installation or repair of electrical systemsInterior designersThey use artistic drawings when visualising the style, colour and other suitable to useThey also use technical drawings to determine the placement of different furnishing within a room or a buildingPlumbersThey use artistic drawings to identify how to finish an area after installation of drainage pipes and other fixtures in the buildingsThey use technical drawings to identify access points to areas having blockages or repairing repairs within the drainage points of a buildingProduct designersThey use artistic drawings to identify how different shapes, colours, images and writing will appear on a given object. They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sidesImportance of drawing in day to day lifeSome of the objects created from drawing are vehicles, roads, houses, furniture and electronicsDrawing helps us to learn to write and think creatively, develop hand to eye coordination and conceptualise ideasDrawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing can be done using a variety of instruments and equipments. These instruments and equipments helps us to make neat and accurate drawingsDrawing instruments and equipments used in technical drawingPencilsTee squaresDrawing boardsDrawing pensRulersSharpenersDrawing templatesErasersPair of compassUses of drawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing lines and shapes using drawing instrumentsCare and maintenance of drawing instruments and equipmentsClean them well after useAvoid dropping the instruments or equipments. This prevents them from cracking and breakingSharpen pencils when necessary.
They use technical drawings to determine the size, material and shape of the product when viewed from different positions such as top, bottom and sidesImportance of drawing in day to day lifeSome of the objects created from drawing are vehicles, roads, houses, furniture and electronicsDrawing helps us to learn to write and think creatively, develop hand to eye coordination and conceptualise ideasDrawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing can be done using a variety of instruments and equipments. These instruments and equipments helps us to make neat and accurate drawingsDrawing instruments and equipments used in technical drawingPencilsTee squaresDrawing boardsDrawing pensRulersSharpenersDrawing templatesErasersPair of compassUses of drawing instruments and equipmentsDrawing lines and shapes using drawing instrumentsCare and maintenance of drawing instruments and equipmentsClean them well after useAvoid dropping the instruments or equipments. This prevents them from cracking and breakingSharpen pencils when necessary. Do not press the pencil lead on a hard surface when sharpeningUse each instrument or equipment for its intended purposeEg measuring tools should be used for measuringAlways store the instruments and equipments safely when they are not in useNBDrawing instruments and equipments are cared for and maintained well in order for them to work well and make neat and accurate drawings. Uses of drawing instruments and equipments in various careersArchitectsUse different drawing instruments to design good buildingsInterior designersUse drawing instruments and skills to help people plan and decorate the spaces they live inFashion designersUse drawing instruments to come up with creative ideas on how different outfits should be made. Most of the clothes we wear were design by somebodyFashion designers work closely with tailorsTailorsUse drawing instruments to draw designs of clothes before they are madeIllustratorsDraw pictures both in hard copies and in digital formMost of the pictures in textbooks were drawn by illustratorsCarpentersDraw furniture before making themFreehand sketchingFree hand sketching is drawing without the use of measuring instrumentsHow to sketch lines freehandDifferent types of lines are used in freehand sketchingThe measurement, direction and thickness of the lines can be varied to enhance the mood and character portrayed in the drawingsHow to sketch two dimensional shapes using freehand.
GRADE 8 RATIONALIZED INTEGRATED SCIENCELESSON NOTES COMPLETESTRAND 1- MIXTURES, ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. ELEMENTS AND COMPUNDSMeaning of Atoms, Elements, molecules and Compounds. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Matter is composed of pure substances and mixtures. The pure substances are can be element and compounds while the mixtures can either be uniform or non-uniform. An element is a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. An element is a pure substance which cannot be made simpler using chemical means. Elements are the building blocks of matter. Everything around is made up of an element or elements. An element is made of atoms. Atoms of the same element are identical. A compound is pure substance that consists of atoms of two or more elements that are chemically joined together. Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements react. Compounds can be broken down into elements through chemical reactions. Sodium and chlorine are elements that combine chemically to form sodium chloride which is a compound. Relating common elements to their symbols. Pure substances either elements or compounds has a unique name and symbol. A symbol is a sort -hand notation for the chemical name of an element. Chemical symbols are used instead of names by scientists because they are much easier, convenient and universally recognized. Compounds are represented by a chemical formula. A chemical symbol is usually derived from first letter of the English name of the element. It is also derived from Latin name of the element. For example,H is the chemical symbol of hydrogen. O is the chemical symbol of Oxygen. K is the chemical symbol of potassium. For potassium the K is derived from Latin word Kalium. Some elements might start with same first letters, such as Carbon, Calcium, Chlorine and Copper have their names starting with letter C, therefore letter C can not be used to represent all of them as chemical symbol. The first letter C is assigned to represent Carbon, while the rest of the elements are assigned two letters from their name as follows. Carbon represented by C. Calcium represented by Ca. Chlorine represented by ClCopper represented by Cu from Latin word cuprumThe first letter of a symbol is always capitalized, while the second letter is written in small letters. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements.
Calcium represented by Ca. Chlorine represented by ClCopper represented by Cu from Latin word cuprumThe first letter of a symbol is always capitalized, while the second letter is written in small letters. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements. A chemical formula is an expression that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements. Water is composed of Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ration 2:1. The chemical formula of water is H2O. Sodium chloride also called common salt is composed of Sodium and Chlorine in the ration 1:1. The chemical formula for Sodium chloride is NaCl. Application of common elements in our day-to-day life. Food nutrients are chemical compounds found in foods. These nutrients are used by the body to function properly and maintain health. Examples of food nutrients include:Proteins. Fats. Carbohydrates. Vitamins. Mineral salts. Food nutrients are made up o various elements such as: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Various food sources that contain various elements. Plants receive water, mineral and other nutrients from the soil which are carried to the other parts of the plantThere are various mineral elements present in the soil that are absorbed by the roots of plants. The following are some of the important mineral elements required by plants:Phosphorus magnesium they are essential for the growth, development and reproduction of the plant. Potassium increases the quality of fruits and vegetables. Various elements are used in manufacture of different toiletries that we use in day-to-day life. Some toiletries, for example toothpaste contains flouride compounds to prevent tooth decay while soaps and detergents contain a compound of potassium. Importance of various elements and compounds. Gold:Gold is a precious metal. It is widely used to make jewellery as it is fairly soft and easy to work with. It is attractive in appearance and neither rust or discolours. Silver:It is a precious metal. It is used in making jewellery but it tends to discolour. It is also used in making cutlery, teapots and medals. Iron:It is one of the most useful metals. It is strong, can be sharpened and it is easy to work with. Many items are made of iron or steel. Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Steel is important in construction. Gold and silver:They are precious metals elements that occur naturally and have high market value.
Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. Steel is important in construction. Gold and silver:They are precious metals elements that occur naturally and have high market value. In some cases, Gold and silver can be used as currency. In other cases, these precious metals have various uses such as in electronics, medical technology and awards therefore gold and silver valuable to many businesses. Gold is more valuable because it is rare than silver. Information on Packaging labels. Substances purchased contain various elements that are part of ingredients. The elements present are usually indicated in the information found on the packaging labels. Few examples are given below. Toothpaste- contains sodium flouride, zinc sulphate and sodium hydroxide. Body lotion contains sodium hydroxide and other compoundsLiquid handwash contains sodium chloride. Baking powder contains sodium hydroxide carbonate. Curry powder contains sodium. Tomato source contains a compound of sodium. Margarine-contains a preservative that is a compound of potassium. Beef cubes-contains a compound of iron and a compound of sodium. Bottled water-contains calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and other common elements. 1.2 -Physical and Chemical changes. Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. All solids, liquids and gases are made up of matter. The three states of matter have different physical properties. These properties depend on intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are forces that hold the particles of matter together. Properties of different states of matter. Solids have a definite shape which does not change on its own unless use of external forces such as breaking it into smaller pieces. For example, when a stone is place on a table, or a plate or a tin, it does not change its shape according to the item it is place in or on. A liquid has no definite shape. That means a liquid changes its shape to take the shape of the container or vessel in which it is put. A liquid also changes its shape when spilled on the floor. For example, when a liquid id poured in two different containers, the liquid will display two different shapes that resemble or are similar to the container they are placed in. This means liquids lack a definite shapeGases-a gas has no definite shape. A gas changes its shape to look like that of container in which it is held in. For example, when a balloon is inflated with air, the air inside takes the shape of the balloon.
This means liquids lack a definite shapeGases-a gas has no definite shape. A gas changes its shape to look like that of container in which it is held in. For example, when a balloon is inflated with air, the air inside takes the shape of the balloon. Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of their volumes. Solids. When a solid is totally immersed in a liquid, the volume of the displace liquid is equivalent, equal to the volume of the solid. The volume of the stone remains the same when place in two different measuring cylinders. Therefore, solids have a definite shape. Liquids. The volume of water poured in a measuring cylinder remains unchanged even when it is transferred from one measuring cylinder to other measuring cylinders of different capacities. For example, if you pour 30ml of water in a 50mli measuring cylinder, its reading will be 30ml. If the same water is transferred to a 100ml measuring cylinder, the reading will still remain 30ml. Therefore, liquids have a definite shape just like solids. Gases. A given mass of a gas can occupy different volumes in different containers. This is an indication that gases, do not have a fixed volume. Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of their Compressibility. Compressibility is the ability of a substance to be reduced in volume or size by applying force or pressure on it. Compressibility can also be defined as how much a given volume of matter decreases when pressed. When a bottle id filled with air, it can easily be squeezed compared to one filled up with water. If the two are replaced with sand, we cannot squeeze the bottle anymore. This experiment proves that gases are highly compressible, liquids have little compressibility while solids are incompressible. Occupies entire volume of container. Their particles move freely because the intermolecular forces are very weak. This makes particles to move far apart from each other and can be brough closer when pressure is applied. This is the reason gases are highly compressible. Their properties lie between those of gases and solids. Their intermolecular forces in liquids are weaker than in solids but stronger than in gases. The particles in liquids do not move freely as in gases, therefore, it is difficult to compress liquids since the liquid particles can move but keep same volume. Particles in solids are very close to each other closely packed and the intermolecular forces between the particles are very strong.
Their intermolecular forces in liquids are weaker than in solids but stronger than in gases. The particles in liquids do not move freely as in gases, therefore, it is difficult to compress liquids since the liquid particles can move but keep same volume. Particles in solids are very close to each other closely packed and the intermolecular forces between the particles are very strong. The strong forces keep the particles in fixed position. This is the reason why solids are hard, firm and rigid. Therefore, solids are incompressible. C. Solids, liquids and gases are different in terms of their ability to flow. Particles in liquids can move from one place to another, therefore, a liquid can flow and change shape. This makes liquids such as water to flow from a tap to fill a jar or a bucket. This is applied when pouring tea in a cup. Solids have particle that do not move therefore solids cannot flow. Gases have freely moving particles which can be moved from an area. For example, when you breathe, you force air gas into and out of your lungs. This is an indication that gas flow in and out of the body. This is also applied when cooking gas flows from the gas cylinders to the burners when cooking. Therefore, liquids and gases can flow while solids cannot flow. Summary of properties of different states of matter. Pure and Impure substances. When two pure substances are mixed together, they form a mixture. A mixture is an impure substance. Therefore, a pure substance is any material that is not a mixture at all. The melting and boiling points of pure and impure substances can be determined. Melting point of pure substances Ice . It is the temperature at which a solid change into liquid state. The melting point of ice is the temperature at which ice is converted from its solid state to its liquid state. Heat from a heat source is used to melt the ice. The thermometer helps to note the temperature at which the ice melts. After the initial and final readings are taken, it will be observed that once the ice attained its melting temperature 0oC , the temperature remains the same until all the ice is converted into liquid state. Pure solids have specific melting points. Therefore, it means that ice is a pure substance. Melting point of Impure substances Candle wax . The melting point of candle wax is the temperature at which the solid materials turns into liquid by heating it .
Therefore, it means that ice is a pure substance. Melting point of Impure substances Candle wax . The melting point of candle wax is the temperature at which the solid materials turns into liquid by heating it . The melting point of candle wax ranges between 46oC to 68 oC. Therefore, it means that candle wax is an impure substance. Impure substances do not have specific melting points. The presence of impurities affects the melting point of the substances. Determining Boiling points of Pure and Impure substances. Procedure for the experiment above. Put about 10cm3 of distilled water on a boiling tube. Close the tube with a stopper that has two holes. Pass a thermometer through one hole. Immerse the thermometer bulb into the water. Push and L shaped tube through the other hole as shown above. Heat the apparatus using a small flame. Observe the changes in temperature and record your observations. Cool the apparatus and remove the stopper. Add a spoonful of salt to some water stir to dissolve all the salt to form a salty water solution. Repeat the above experiment using a salty water solution in place of pure distilled water. Observe changes in temperature, record your observation. What conclusion have you made. At what temperature does water pure water boil? At what temperature does water with dissolved salt impure water boil Compare your observations. Observations and conclusion Explanation. When distilled water is heated, the temperature of the water rises to about 100oC. After this, the temperature remains constant not changing for some time. The heat absorbed changes liquid water into water vapour or steam. Pure water has a definite or specific boiling point. Salty impure water has a range of boiling temperatures above 100oC. Impurities cause a rise in temperatures of the boiling point of liquids. The greater the impurities in the given solution, the higher the boiling point. Therefore, we can use the boiling point to determine the purity of a liquid. Temporary and Permanent Changes in SubstancesTemporary Physical changes. Experiment to demonstrate physical change. Requirements:A pair of tongs. An iron pin. A source of heat such as burning candle or Bunsen burner and writing materials. Procedure:Hold iron pin using a pair of tongs over a burning flame from either a candle or Bunsen burner for sometime. Remove the pin from the flame after noticing any changes you can observe.
A source of heat such as burning candle or Bunsen burner and writing materials. Procedure:Hold iron pin using a pair of tongs over a burning flame from either a candle or Bunsen burner for sometime. Remove the pin from the flame after noticing any changes you can observe. Observations, Explanation conclusion. Iron pin becomes red-hot when heated. After sometime the iron pin regains its original colour on cooling. This indicates that the iron pin went through a temporary change on heating. Any change in properties such as shape, size, colour and state of a substance is called a physical change. Physical changes are reversible. When a change is reversible is said to be temporary. This is demonstrated when the heated red-hot iron pin regains its original colour after cooling. Temporary chemical changesExperiment to demonstrate temporary chemical changes. Requirements:Safety googles. Two test tubes. Delivery tube right-angled Beaker 250ml . Bunsen burner. Clamp. Stand. 5g of hydrated copper II sulphate. Procedure:- Put 5g of powdered blue hydrated copper II sulphate in the test tube. -. Set up the experiment as shown below. Heating blue hydrated copper II sulphateObservation, Explanation and Conclusion. When blue hydrated copper II sulphate is heated in the test tube as show above, it turns colour from blue to white. This because it loses water which was making it hydrated. After losing water, it become white anhydrous copper II sulphate. When water is added to the white anhydrous copper II sulphate, it turns back to its original blue colour. The chemical change that had occurred is reversed. Some chemical changes are therefore temporary and can be reversed easily. These changes are referred to as temporary chemical changes or reversible chemical changes. Other examples of temporary chemical changes include the following;On mixing baking soda and vinegar, a chemical reaction produces carbon IV oxide gas. This gas causes the mixture to bubble. Once the gas escapes into the air, the reaction stops and the mixture returns to its original state. Freezing, melting and vapourisation of waterPermanent Chemical changesExperiment to demonstrated permanent chemical change. Requirements:5cm magnesium ribbon. A source of heat. Sand paper. A pair of tongs. Writing materials. Procedure:Clean the magnesium ribbon by rubbing it with sand paper. Examine the appearance of the magnesium ribbon.
Writing materials. Procedure:Clean the magnesium ribbon by rubbing it with sand paper. Examine the appearance of the magnesium ribbon. Hold the ribbon with a pair of tongs over a burning candle or Bunsen burner for a few minutes. Caution:Burning magnesium ribbon produces a very bright flame that can damage your eyes. Avoid looking directly at the flame. Observation, Explanation Conclusion. Magnesium ribbon burns with a bright light forming a white ash. If the magnesium ribbon is not shining it may take long to ignite. Therefore, is advisable to clean the ribbon by rubbing it with sand paper since it is coated with an oxide layer that prevents it from burning. Burning magnesium ribbon form a substance called magnesium oxide. A change in which one or more substances are formed is known as chemical change. A chemical change is also known as permanent change. Most chemical changes are irreversible in nature. Chemical changes are important in life. Example of chemical changes include:Digestion of food in the body. O Ripening of fruits. Fermentation of grapes. Applications of changes of state of matter in day-to-day life. Change of state of matter has many applications in day-to-day life. Some of these changes are:Refrigerators. -. Liquids evaporate and absorbs heat in the process. A refrigerator works by using a liquid to remove heat from the food items inside and transfer it to the surrounding. The liquid is first heated and then cooled at the back of the fridge where the heat is removed. The process of changing liquid to gas cools the food. Ice cream vendor. -. Ice cream vendors place ice inside their ice cream carts. The ice absorbs heat from the container surrounds and change to a gas. This leaves the inside of the ice cream cart cold, thus maintaining the ice cream in frozen state. Melting metals. -. Metals are heated to a molten state making it possible to shape and form them into desired objects or structures. Generating electricity. -. Water can be converted to steam, which can in turn be used to drive turbines to generate electricity. Fog formation. -. Fog forms when water vapour gaseous state condenses. During condensation, molecule of water of water vapour combine to make tiny liquid water droplets that are suspended in the air. Fog reduces visibility. Some animals such as insects, depend on fog as a source of water, especially in desert climate. -Classes of Fire. Fires can be classified between four and seven classes.
Some animals such as insects, depend on fog as a source of water, especially in desert climate. -Classes of Fire. Fires can be classified between four and seven classes. The following are six classes of fire mostly widely used and accepted. Fire control measures. To prevent the start and spread of fire, one or more components should be removed from the fire triangle. A fire triangle in a simple model of understanding the components of fire which are fuel, heat and oxygen. Therefore, to control fire one or more components should be removed from the fire triangle as follows: Removing fuel:Use fire-resistant materials where possible. This will help to prevent the fire from starting and spreading. Removing heat:Water is mostly used to remove the heat from fire. A water fire extinguisher would be the safest way of doing this. However, these extinguishers cannot be used on all types of fire. Removing oxygen:It is important to remove oxygen gas from fore triangle to prevent spread of a fire. This can be achieved by using either a carbon IV oxide or a form fire extinguisher. Fire extinguisher come in different types depending on the kind of environment you are in. Some places such as school, work or home, one or more types of fire extinguishers may be required. The following are different types of fire extinguishers and the classes of fire they put. Other items that can be used to control fire. In addition to the fire extinguishers, the following items can also be used to control fire. Sand-it absorbs heat and cuts off the supply of oxygen. Sand can be used to put out class A, D and F fires. Fire blanket-it is useful in putting out class F fires and wrapping around a person whose clothing is on fire. Rights to safety and access to information. At school, home and workplace you are supposed to be safe. These paces should take the following precautions for our safety:Avoid build up of rubbish that can fuel fire. Put measures in place to detect fires and warn people quickly in case fires start. This can be done successfully by installing smoke detectors and fire alarms or bells. Have correct fire fighting equipment to put out a fire quickly. Keep fire exits and escape routes clearly marked and unobstructed at all times. Give proper training on emergency procedures to follow, including fire drills. Access to information on flammable substances is important for the following reasons.
Keep fire exits and escape routes clearly marked and unobstructed at all times. Give proper training on emergency procedures to follow, including fire drills. Access to information on flammable substances is important for the following reasons. It makes us aware of all hazards fire and explosion of the materials we are handling. Helps us to know which of the materials or products we are working with are flammable. Helps us to remove sources of ignition sparks, smoking, flames or hot surfaces when working with flammable and combustible products. Helps to use approved equipment, including labelled safety containers, for flammable liquids. Helps to know the proper personal protective equipment to use when handling hazardous liquids. Helps us to know how to handle emergencies fires, spills, personal injury involving the hazardous materials we work with. Fire safety posters we should be aware in the environment we are in. Strand 2 LIVING THINGS THEIR ENVIRONMENT. 2.1 The Cell. Cells make up the structure of living organisms and carry out various biological processes. Organisms such as amoeba are composed of a single cell hence are said to be unicellular. Organisms such as plants and animals are composed of many cells hence are said to be multicellular. Therefore, a cell is defined as the basic unit of structure and functions in organisms. To observe the cell, a powerful magnifying instrument called a microscope is used. A microscope enlarges the image of objects when observed and improves the resolution of the image. Plant and animal cell structures as seen under a light microscope. The following diagram shows the components of a plant cell as seen under a light microscope. Components of a plant cell. The following diagram shows different components of the animal cell as seen under a light microscope. Components of an animal cell. Comparing plant and animal cells. Plant and animal cells have slight differences in their internal structures while sone features are common in both. The figures below show the components of both plant and animal cells as seen under a light microscope. Similarities between a plant cell and an animal cell. They both have the cell membrane. Both have nucleus within themFunctions of the cell structures found in plants and animals cells. Magnification of Cells. Magnification of a specimen is the measure of how much bigger a specimen is when it is viewed through a hand lens or microscope compared to its original size. Magnification is usually expressed using X before the digits, for example, X2, X10 and X20.
Writing materials. Procedure:pour some water in a beaker. Put a drop of the dye or ink in the water. What observations do you make after a few minutes? Observation, explanation and conclusion. After a few minutes, the ink or dye spread throughout the water in the beaker. The ink pr dye spread from the region where it was highly concentrated to region in water where it was in low concentration. Diffusion is defined as the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Experiment demonstrating diffusion in gases. Requirements: A bottle of perfume of scented flowers. Procedure:Place the scented flower in a corner of the classroom. Remove the stopper of the perfume, hold it a few centimetres away from your friend s nose. Observation, explanation and conclusion. After a few seconds, you and your classmates will be able to smell the scent of the flower or perfume. This is due to diffusion. The scent of the flower and perfume molecules diffuse the air to their nose. Molecules in the scent of flower or perfume moved from the region of high concentration and spread evenly towards the region of low concentration. Diffusion in gases also makes it possible for us to smell things, for example, flower, food being cooked and also foul smells. Roles of diffusion in Living things. Plants absorb minerals salts from soil through diffusion. Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids move from the small intestines into bloodstream of animals by diffusion. Cells and unicellular organisms such as amoeba get rid of waste substance through diffusion. Gaseous exchange is the process through which gases are transferred across cell membrane to either enter or leave the blood. This process is done by diffusion in human beings in the alveoli in lungs. Oxygen gas moves from alveoli where is it is highly concentrated to the blood capillaries where it is lowly concentrated. On the other hand, carbon IV oxide moves from the capillaries where it is highly concentrated into the alveoli where it is lowly concentrated to be exhaled out. Factors that affect the rate of diffusion. Concentration gradient-molecules move from region of high concentration to that of low concentration. The greater the difference in concentration between high and low regions, the faster the rate of diffusion. Temperature-high temperature increases energy and therefore faster movement of molecules. This increases the rate of diffusion. Mass of particles- heavy particles move slowly hence slower rate of diffusion.
Temperature-high temperature increases energy and therefore faster movement of molecules. This increases the rate of diffusion. Mass of particles- heavy particles move slowly hence slower rate of diffusion. Light particles on the other hand move fast hence faster rate of diffusion. -Diffusion distance- rate of diffusion depends on distance that particles have to travel in order to be evenly distributed within available space. Medium of diffusion- particles diffuse faster through gases than liquids. Surface area to volume ration- diffusion occurs faster in smaller organisms as compared to larger organisms. This is because small organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio. OSMOSIS. Experiment to demonstrate osmosis process. Requirements:Procedures:Moisten a piece of visking tube and rubber between your fingers to open it. O Tie one end of the visking tubing tightly with a thread. Put the dye concentrated sugar solution in the Visking tubing using a measuring cylinder. O Insert one end of capillary tube to the open end of the visking tubing and tie that end. Slowly lower it into a beaker containing distilled water and hold the capillary tube with a clamp. O Mark the level of dyed concentrated sugar solution in the capillary tube at the beginning of the experiment. Leave the experiment for about 20 minutes. Observe and record your resultsQuestions to answer. What happens to the level of the dye concentrated sugar solution in the capillary tube after 20 minutes? The level of the dye concentrated sugar solution increases in the capillary tube. Why did the above change take place? Water is highly concentrated in the beaker than in the visking tubing. Water moves from where is it more into the visking tubing across the visking tubing where it is less hence making the visking tubing to swell. Explain the biological process taking place in the experiment. Osmosis takes place since water moves from the beaker where it is highly concentrated to the visking tube where is lowly concentrated. What is the role of the visking tubing in the experiment? The visking tubing acts as a semipermeable membrane. What can we compare the visking tubing with in living cells? The cell membrane. Observation and explanation. The concentration of water outside the visking tubing is higher than the concentration of water inside the visking tubing. Water moves in through the pores in the semi-permeable membrane of the Visking tubing by osmosis because of the differences in concentration inside and outside the visking tubing.
Observation and explanation. The concentration of water outside the visking tubing is higher than the concentration of water inside the visking tubing. Water moves in through the pores in the semi-permeable membrane of the Visking tubing by osmosis because of the differences in concentration inside and outside the visking tubing. Osmosis is the random movement of water solvent molecules from there they are more to where they are less through a semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis can also be defined as the random movement of water solvent molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane until the concentration on each side is equal. Visking tubing is similar to the cell membrane. It is also a semi-permeable membrane, it has tiny holes pores that allows small molecules through but prevents large molecules from passing through. Investigating the process of Osmosis using plant materials. Requirements:Raw potato tuber. -. Distilled water. Table salt. -. A measuring cylinder. Boiled potato. -. A scalpel. Labels. -. A spatula. Petru dishes. -. Writing material. Clock or wrist watch. Procedure:Label two petri dish A and B. Half fill each petri dish with equal volume of distilled water. Using a scalpel, peel a raw potato tuber and trim both if its ends. Make a scoop cavity in one of the ends. Using a scapula, place a given amount of salt in the cavity. Carefully place the set-up in petri dish labelled A and note the time. Repeat step 3 and 5, this time using a previously boiled potato. Place it in a petri dish and label it B. Leave the set up for 40 minutes. Observe and record. Questions to answer. Why is it necessary to peel off the potato tuber before carrying out this experiment? Explain the changes in the petri dish A and B. What biological process is being investigated? Observation and explanation. It is necessary to peel off potato tubers so as to expose large surface area and expose the inner cells that are permeable for osmosis. Petri dish A-water moves up by osmosis through the potato cells then dissolves the table salt in the cavity. Petri dish B-the slat did not dissolve because no water moved by osmosis in to the cavity.
It is necessary to peel off potato tubers so as to expose large surface area and expose the inner cells that are permeable for osmosis. Petri dish A-water moves up by osmosis through the potato cells then dissolves the table salt in the cavity. Petri dish B-the slat did not dissolve because no water moved by osmosis in to the cavity. This is because the boiled potatoes have destroyed semi-permeable cells membranes that cannot carry out osmosis. The process being investigated is osmosis in living cells. Factors affecting the rate of osmosis. Temperatures -rate of osmosis increases with increase in temperature. This is because increase in temperature increases energy of the molecules. Concentration gradient- osmosis increases where the difference in concentration of water molecules is higher. Type of semi-permeable membrane- larger number of pores, the faster the rate of osmosis. Role of osmosis in living things. In plants Osmosis plays the following roles:Absorption of water from the soil-roots absorb water from the soil by osmosis. Support-some plants have cells that absorb water, become turgid hence providing support to the plants. Feeding in insectivorous plants-insectivorous plants such as pitcher plant prey on insects. They trap insects when there is a sudden change in their stiffness when disturbed by the insect. Trapped insects are digested to provide the plant with nitrogen. In animals, Osmosis plays the following roles:Absorption of water in the human body. Excretion-this is the removal of waste products from the body. Urine is the main product through which excess water is excreted from the body. Kidneys filter urine to control the amount of water lost. This happens through osmosis. Similarities and difference between osmosis and diffusion. Similarities. Both are mean to equalize concentration of two solutions. Both are passive transport processes, i.e., they do not require any energy to occur. In both, particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration. Differences. Osmosis happens in liquid medium while diffusion happens in liquids, gases and even solids. Semi-permeable membrane is required in osmosis while in diffusion no membrane is needed. Osmosis requires water for movement of particles while diffusion does not require water. In osmosis there is only one way for particles to flow while in diffusion particles can flow in any direction.
Semi-permeable membrane is required in osmosis while in diffusion no membrane is needed. Osmosis requires water for movement of particles while diffusion does not require water. In osmosis there is only one way for particles to flow while in diffusion particles can flow in any direction. 2.3 Reproduction in Human Beings. Menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle consists of natural changes that occur to the body of a female human being every month in preparation to pregnancy. A menstrual cycle lasts between 28-35 days. However, this can vary between female and from one cycle to the next. The cycle depends on hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers in the body. They direct the body on what to do and when to do it. The menstrual cycle is a process controlled by hormones in the female body. The menstrual cycle is divided in to the following phases:Challenges related to the Human menstrual cycle. Irregular periods. This can be determined by finding out how long your menstrual cycles are. You can determine your personal menstrual length by counting from day 1 of your period to day 1 of your next period. Day 1 means the first day of the actual flow. It is normal to have menstrual cycles that are between 21 and 35 says. Your periods are irregular if it tends to come more frequently than every 21 days or less often than 35 days. If the circle length falls in the normal range but varies by 7 to 9 days from the cycle to cycle that is a sign of an irregular period too. For example, if one is 25 days and the next is 33 days, your cycles would be considered irregular. Absent periods. In some cases, some females may fail to get periods. Others might not get their first period by the age of 16 years. Other cases when some females stop getting their regular periods for 6 months or more. Irregular bleeding. Bleeding very little or no bleeding at all with each menstrual cycle is another challenge related to the menstrual cycle. Light or lack of bleeding can result from being extremely underweight or overweight. If you are overweight, losing weight might help to make your periods regular. If you are underweight, slow and steady weight gain may help to regulate your menstrual circle. Excessive bleeding is another challenge related to the menstrual cycle. Bleeding is considered heavy if it interferes with normal activities.
If you are underweight, slow and steady weight gain may help to regulate your menstrual circle. Excessive bleeding is another challenge related to the menstrual cycle. Bleeding is considered heavy if it interferes with normal activities. However, though common, you should see a doctor. Heavy periods can be a sign of a health problem. Painful periods. Most women experience menstrual cramps before or during their period at some point in their lives. For some of them it is part of the regular monthly routine. However, if the cramps are painful and persistent, you should see a doctor. A doctor can prescribe hormonal medication that can help control heavy bleeding. If one experiences heavy bleeding, an iron supplement might help to prevent anaemia. Mild to moderate pain or cramps can be lessened reduced by taking an appropriate pain reliever. Taking a warm bath might also help to relieve cramps. Surgery can also be performed. If symptoms persist, always visit a doctor. Fertilization and Implantation. Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm with an ovum in the oviduct also called the fallopian tube. During sexual intercourse, thousands of sperms are released into the vagina by the penis. Sperms swim through the cervix into the uterus up to the oviduct. Few sperms that reach the ovum try to penetrate it. Only one sperm penetrates the ovum. When the sperm penetrates the ovum, the surface of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the ovum to form a zygote. The zygote moves from the oviduct and enters the uterus, attaching itself to the uterus walls. This process is called implantation. Once implantation has taken place, the zygote is now referred to as an embryo. Symptoms and prevention of common STIs. HIV aid. Symptoms. Chronic diarrhea. High fever and night sweating. Weight loss. Patient becomes very thin and weak. Prevention. Abstain from unnecessary sex. Self control in drinking. Carry out blood transfusion only in extreme need and consider safety. Gonorrhea. Symptoms. Vaginal discharge with bad odours. Penis becomes sore at the tip. Urination is difficult and painful. If untreated it spreads to rest of the organs blocking passages. Prevention. Avoid unnecessary sexual behaviours. Abstain from sexual intercourse. Faithfulness in marriage is encouraged. Syphilis.
Abstain from sexual intercourse. Faithfulness in marriage is encouraged. Syphilis. Symptoms. Sore resembling blisters appear at site of infection. Rashes appear on the skin. Patient feels feverish, suffers body pains and loses hair. Can be prevented by using same measures as in gonorrhea. HerpesSymptoms. Painful sores on the genitals. Blisters may disappear. Can be prevented by;Not indulging in promiscuous sexual behavior. Being faithful in marriage. Avoiding sexual contact with an HSV-II infected personStrand 3 FORCE ENERGY. 3.1 Transformation of energy. Energy is the ability to do workEnergy is not visible, has no mass and neither does it occupy space. Energy exists in different forms. Energy transformation is the process of changing one form of energy to another. Forms of energy in nature. Forms of energy in nature include:Heat or thermal energy. Sound energy. Electromagnetic energy. Nuclear energy. Electrical energy. Chemical energy. Mechanical energy- divided into potential and kinetic energy. Heat energy. Heat is a form of energy transferred from one body to another due to difference in temperature. In an experiment where a metal rod on which different pins are attached using candle wax is heated on a source of heat, the pins start to fall starting with one closest to the source of heat. This means heat flows through the metallic rod from the burning candle to the other end of metallic rod. Sound energy. Sound energy is the energy associated with vibration or disturbance of bodies or particles. Such as striking a drum with a piece of wood or plucking the wire. Nuclear energy. Nuclear energy is the energy that results from nuclear reactions in the nucleus of atom. Very large amounts of energy can be released when changes take place within the nucleus of an atom. Examples of these changes are nuclear fission in which a nucleus breaks down to give two smaller nucleus or nuclear fusion where two small nuclei join to form one big nucleus and radioactive decay in which the nucleus of an element change to different nucleus by releasing certain particles. Electrical energy. Electrical energy is energy produced by flow of electric charges electrons Chemical energy. Is a type of energy stored in atoms and molecules that make up a substance. For example, a thermometer records a higher temperature reading after the steel and vinegar are mixed. This reaction of vinegar and steel wool produces heat.
Is a type of energy stored in atoms and molecules that make up a substance. For example, a thermometer records a higher temperature reading after the steel and vinegar are mixed. This reaction of vinegar and steel wool produces heat. People and other living things get their energy needs from the chemical energy stored in food. Other sources are dry cells and fuels. Mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its motion or due to its position. It can either be kinetic or potential energy or both. When an object is falling down through air, it possesses both potential energy PE and kinetic energy KE due to its speed as it falls. The sum of its PE and KE is its mechanical energy. Mechanical energy kinetic energy potential energy. In conclusion. Kinetic energy is possessed by a moving body while potential energy is possessed by a body due to its position. The sum of an object s kinetic energy and potential energy is its mechanical energy. Potential energy. When a stone is held and released to fall on the ground, this indicates that the stone had stored energy due to its position that made it to start moving down after it had been released. The energy possessed by a body e.g., the stone due to its position above the ground is known as gravitational potential energy. In the same way, when a compressed spring or a stretched catapult is released, it goes back to its original shape and size. This indicates that the spring had stored energy due to compression. The energy possessed by a body dur to compression for example the spring or stretch for example a catapult is called elastic potential energy. Kinetic energyKinetic energy is the energy possessed by a moving object. Examples of objects that possess Kinetic energy KE include:Moving air. Rotating windmills. Falling water. A person running. Any moving object in general. Classifications of energy sources. Energy sources are classified either as renewable sources and non-renewable sources. Renewable energy sources-this are energy sources that cannot be depleted or they can be used again and again. Examples are solar energy, water and wind. Non-renewable energy sources are energy sources that can be depleted and are limited. That means they are completely used and can not be replaced such as fossil fuels like coal and petroleum. Demonstrating energy transformation in nature. Using a flash light. When using a flashlight, the circuit closes. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy in the dry cells.
Using a flash light. When using a flashlight, the circuit closes. Chemical energy is transformed into electrical energy in the dry cells. The electrical energy is then converted into light energy. The torch bulb therefore lights which is light energy. Chemical energy to Electrical energy to Light energyUsing a basketball. When you dribble a basketball, the ball had potential energy at its starting point above the ground. The potentials energy is converted to kinetic energy as the ball starts o fall to the ground. Some of the energy is lost on impact as it produces sound and generate heat as it hits the floor When the ball bounces back, it may not return to its starting height. If your hand is there to put more energy into the ball by pushing it down again , the ball can continue to bounce up and down and the energy will shift back and forth between potential and kinetic energy. Potential energy to kinetic energy to potential energy. Appliances whose working rely on energy transformation. Bulb electrical energy -light energy. Solar panels-solar energy to electrical energy. Hammer-potential energy to kinetic energy. Diodes-electrical energy to light energy. Moving coil microphone-electrical energy to sound energy. Electrical heater-electrical energy to heat energy. Dynamo-mechanical energy to electrical energy. Motor-electrical energy to mechanical energy. Safety measures associated with energy transformation. Road accidents. In case an accident, a moving vehicle has kinetic energy that is transformed into other forms incase of head-on collision with another vehicle or a stationery object. Most of kinetic energy is converted to other forms of energy as the vehicle undergoes permanent deformation that causes it to bend and twist. This is a destructive mechanical energy. Some kinetic energy is converted to heat energy and sound energy. Accidents caused by fire. Heat is produced during energy transformation from one form to another. Heat can cause fire accidents, especially when electrical energy is transformed to thermal energy through the use of various appliances. Accidental fires can also be caused by lighting when electrical energy is transformed into heat energy. We should take precaution when handling electrical appliances. We should also observe safety measures during a thunderstorm. Accident associated with the use of electricity. At home various appliances that transform electrical energy into other forms of energy such as light, sound and heat. These appliances include:Electrical heater. Television sets. Iron boxes etc. Risks or accidents associated with use of electricity include electrical shocks, electrical burns and electric fires.
Television sets. Iron boxes etc. Risks or accidents associated with use of electricity include electrical shocks, electrical burns and electric fires. To reduce electricity accidents the following should be done:Move electrical appliances away from water. Repair any faulty wirings. Replace faulty appliances. Health hazard from bright light. Some energy transformation produces very bright light that can damage the eyes, for example in welding Electrical energy is transformed into heat and light energy. This produces a very bright spark of flame that is a health hazard. Welders and other people nearby should wear protective welding shield to avoid exposure to the bright light from the flame. Loud sounds. Various transformations of energy results in production of sound. For example, a motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The mechanical rotation of the fan, blenders and other appliance produces sound. In our environment, sound can be classified into loud or soft sound. Loud sounds such as loud music and shouting or screaming are not good for the environment. Loud soud affect living things by:Causing irritation. Damaging our eardrumsTo reduce loud sounds, we should do the following:Use more efficient appliances that minimise production of loud sound. Wear hearing protection devices to protect our ears from loud sounds. Common types of hearing protection devices include: Earplugs. Earmuffs3.2 Pressure I. Meaning of pressure. Pressure is defined as the force acting normally per unit area. Normally here means at a right angle or perpendicularly. For example,If two leaners of equal mass walked on mud and the boy pus on flat-sole shoes while the girl wears sharp-high heeled shoes, which of the two would make deeper impression on the muddy ground? In the scenario above, the girl makes deeper impressions on the muddy ground than the boy. This is because the weight of the boy is spread over a large surface area than that of the girl. The greater the force weight acts on, the less the effect or impression made on the muddy surface. The sharp heel shoes of the girl have a small surface area in contact with the ground. The smaller the area the deeper the impressions or more sinking than the shoes of the boy for the same weightExample 2,If a leaner has two identical bags, but one has wider shoulder strap and the other has narrow shoulder straps. If the learner places same books with similar weight in the two bags, which bag will the learner feel the straps squeezing more into their shoulder?
The sharp heel shoes of the girl have a small surface area in contact with the ground. The smaller the area the deeper the impressions or more sinking than the shoes of the boy for the same weightExample 2,If a leaner has two identical bags, but one has wider shoulder strap and the other has narrow shoulder straps. If the learner places same books with similar weight in the two bags, which bag will the learner feel the straps squeezing more into their shoulder? In this case, the bag with narrow straps will produce more squeezing effect than that one with wider straps for the same force weight of books carried. This is because, pressure is high when the surface area is small, and it is low when the surface area is large. Therefore, pressure is the force acting normally per unit area. Pressure in liquids. Pressure is represented by a symbol P It is defined as force acting normally per unit area applied to the surface of an object. Pressure increases as the force increases. In mathematical terms, pressure can be expressed as:Pressure ForceAreaSI unit for Force is measured in Newtons N SI unit for Area is measured in m2. ThereforePressure Force F N Area A m2 Form the equation, we obtain unit of pressure as N m2 Pressure can also be measured in Pascal Pa where1N m2 1 Pascal Pa Experiment to demonstrate pressure in solids. Use two different knives. One that is sharp and one that is blunt to cut an orange. Make an observation of the process. From the observation, It is easier to cut an orange with a sharp knife than with a blunt knife. This is because, while cutting, the sharp knife has very small area of contact with the orange. When using the blunt edge of the knife, the force requires to apply for cutting the orange is over a large area. The sharp knife has a smaller area that produces a greater cutting effect. The blunt knife has a large area that produces a lesser cutting effect. The cutting effect is equivalent to pressure. For the same applied force, pressure is higher with a smaller area and it is less with a large area. It is easier to cut with a sharp knife, axe, panga than trying to cut with a blunt knife, axe or panga. A farm tractor has wide wheels that prevent it from sinking into the soil because pressure is distributed over a large area of the wide wheels.
For the same applied force, pressure is higher with a smaller area and it is less with a large area. It is easier to cut with a sharp knife, axe, panga than trying to cut with a blunt knife, axe or panga. A farm tractor has wide wheels that prevent it from sinking into the soil because pressure is distributed over a large area of the wide wheels. A trailer or trailers are fitted with many wheels to reduce pressure exerted on the road since the wheels increase surface area. Demonstrating pressure exerted by objects of different cross-sectional area. The block below has a weight of 20kg. Use it to:Determine maximum pressure it exerts in a surface. Determine the minimum pressure it exerts on a surface. G 10N Kg1m1.5m2mPressure is calculated by dividing Force over Area F A From the block above Force, F is given as 20kg. Change 20k into Newtons N this is done by multiplying the weight given in Kg by the gravitational force g 10N kg Therefore, F 20 x 10N kg 200 N. To calculate the maximum m pressure the block exerts on the surface. To calculate minimum pressure the block exerts on the surface. Use the force provided divided by the largest area of the block. If a force is exerted on a small area of contact, it will exert higher or more pressure than if the same force is exerted over a large area. Since weight of force of a brick is constant does not change , a higher pressure is exerted on the sand when the brick lands on narrow face than when it lands on the wide face. The narrow face therefore, produces a deeper depression on the sand than the wide face. Example 2. Suppose the mass of a learner is 40kg and the total area of her feet is 500cm2. What pressure does the girl exert when standing on one of her feet? Assume het feet have equal area. G 10g Kg Solution. Pressure F A. Force the student exerts on the ground is her weight, which is 40kg x 10N Kg. 400 N. Area 500cm2 2 250 cm2. Change area form cm2 to m2. 1m2 10000cm2. ?
Change area form cm2 to m2. 1m2 10000cm2. ? 250cm2 250 10000 0.025m2Substitute the values into the formula. Pressure Force Area 400N 0.025m216,000N m2Example 3. A mass of 50kg exerts a pressure of 2000N m2. What area is in contact with the ground? Pressure Force Area Pressure 2000N m2. Area? To be determined. 2000N m2 50kg x 10N kgAreaTherefore, area Force Pressure. Force 500N. Pressure is given as 2000N m2 Area 500N 2000N m2. 0.25m2. Pressure in liquids. Demonstrating that a liquid exerts equal pressure at the same depth. Use an empty bottle or cylindrical container. Drill holes all round near the bottom of the bottle at the same height from the bottom of the bottle. Close the holes using cellotape and fill the bottle with water, remove the cellotape at once. Explain your observation. Observation and explanation. If you observe the jest coming of the bottle, you will notice that they fall at equal distances on all sides of the bottle only if the pressure of water at the depth of the holes in the bottle is the same. Therefore, we conclude that:A liquid exerts pressure on the walls of its container. A liquid exerts pressure at the same depth. The formation of fountains of water from the leaking pipes of water supply tells is that water exerts pressure on the walls of its container. Demonstrating that pressure in liquids increases with depth. ABCIf a bottle is filled with water and equal size holes made from the bottom to the tops as show above. You will observe that after opening all the holes, water jet fall in different horizontal distances depending on the depth they are on the bottle. For example, in the diagram above. The water jet C is observed to move the farthest horizontally. As the depth from the surface decreases like in hole A and B, the distance from the container to where the jet strikes decrease, indicating a lower pressure by the water. The weight of the liquid acts downwards. The more the depth, the more the liquid is above the point.
As the depth from the surface decreases like in hole A and B, the distance from the container to where the jet strikes decrease, indicating a lower pressure by the water. The weight of the liquid acts downwards. The more the depth, the more the liquid is above the point. This increases the weight causing more pressure at that level. The pressure at this level acts on the container, on any object in water and on the liquid below this level. Determining pressure in liquids. The pressure exerted by a liquid at a particular point is determined by the following:Depth. Density of the liquid. Acceleration due to gravity g 10N Kg Formular for pressure at appoint in liquidsPressure Force Area F A Pressure exerted at the bottom of the cylinder F A Volume of the liquid base are x height Ah. Mass of the liquid; m volume x density Ah x p. Weight of the liquid mass x gravitational field strength force exerted. Weight of the liquid; W F mg Ah g. Therefore pressure Ah gAP h g. From the formula, pressure at a given point in liquids depends on the following:Depth or height of the liquid. Density of the liquid. Acceleration due to gravity g 10N kg Applications of pressure in solids and liquids in day-to-day life. Applications of pressure in solids. Animals such as elephants and camels have broad feet to reduce the pressure exerted on the ground when walking. Cutting tool- cutting tools like a panga, saw and knives have very small surface area of contact at their cutting edges. When a force is applied to cut an object, the small surface area results in high pressure which makes cutting easier. Wooden plank- when a wooden plank is placed on a soft ground surface it increases the surface area in contact between the wheel barrow and the ground. As a result, the pressure exerted on the ground by the wheel barrow is reduced. Digging-edge of a jembe is sharp to reduce surface area when jembe is driven into the ground. This exerts high pressure making digging easier. Football boots-they have studs that are sharp to reduce area of contact and increase pressure on the football pitch. This provides a player with a better grip on the ground. School bag shoulder pads- they are made wide so that they reduce the pressure applied on the shoulder.
Football boots-they have studs that are sharp to reduce area of contact and increase pressure on the football pitch. This provides a player with a better grip on the ground. School bag shoulder pads- they are made wide so that they reduce the pressure applied on the shoulder. This makes one comfortable as narrow strap increase pressure on the shoulders causing pain. Application of pressure in liquids. Construction of dams-walls of a dam have thicker bottom to help withstand high pressure of water due to depth. Water supply-water tanks are erected high or elevated on high grounds so that water has enough pressure to flow to a house. Intravenous transfusion IV -this a is method of putting fluids, for example blood, into the bloodstream of a patient. In this method, a bottle is hung at high position to ensure that the fluid in the IV bottle have enough pressure to flow into the vein of the patient.
GRADE 7 TERM 1COMPUTER SCIENCE LESSON NOTESFOUNDATION OF COMPUTER SCIENCEComputer conceptsDefinitionComputerAn electronic device that accepts data from a user, Processes the data using given instructions, stores it and presents it in a desired formatDataRaw facts which include numbers, texts, images, audios or videos that input into a computerInformationData that has been processed and made meaningful to the userExamples of computersNotebooksSmartphonesMacbookPDADesktop computerLaptopIpadTabletSmartwatchServerEach examples of computers have different features that enable them to serve differentCharacteristics of a computerSpeedA computer works at a higher speed than human beingsStorageComputers have storage space that can hold large amounts of data and informationMultitaskingComputers can perform more than one tasks at the same timeAccuracyComputers give information without errors if given the correct data and instructionsUser dependantComputer cannot work without instructions from the userVersatilityComputers have ability to perform a variety of task complex and simple ReliabilityThe electronic components in modern computer have very low failure rate. The modern computer can perform very complicated calculations without creating any problem and produces consistent reliable results. DiligenceComputers, unlike frail human beings, do not become bored or tired or lose concentration when performing highly repetitive work. If a computer has to perform a certain calculation on a million numbers, it will calculate the first and the last with equal diligence. This enables trust to be placed in the results generated by computers, and confidence to be replaced in their ability neither of which can always be replaced in humans! Function of a computerStores data and informationProcess data into information using given instructionsAccepts data from the userA computer gives out information to the userUses of computers to perform daily activitiesAccessing internetPaying online billsHome school tutoringStock takingStages of computer processing cycleComputer processing cycle is the stage or events that takes place from the time data is entered into the computer to the time is given to the user.
If a computer has to perform a certain calculation on a million numbers, it will calculate the first and the last with equal diligence. This enables trust to be placed in the results generated by computers, and confidence to be replaced in their ability neither of which can always be replaced in humans! Function of a computerStores data and informationProcess data into information using given instructionsAccepts data from the userA computer gives out information to the userUses of computers to perform daily activitiesAccessing internetPaying online billsHome school tutoringStock takingStages of computer processing cycleComputer processing cycle is the stage or events that takes place from the time data is entered into the computer to the time is given to the user. Model of a computerAdvantages of using a computerComputer process data faster than human beingsComputers keep data and information secureComputers can store a lot of data in a small physical spaceComputer can do the same repeatedly without getting tires or boredComputer are able to perform different types of jobs at the same timeA computer is reliable because it consistently does what it is supposed to do. Computers have a very big storage capacity and can store data and information for a very long timeInformation given by computers after processing has no error because they work under instructions and are always accurateDisadvantages of using a computerUse of computer has caused people to lose jobs because computers process data within a shorter timeUse of computers for long hours leads to health problem like headaches, eye strainsComputer lack intelligence. They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers.
Computers have a very big storage capacity and can store data and information for a very long timeInformation given by computers after processing has no error because they work under instructions and are always accurateDisadvantages of using a computerUse of computer has caused people to lose jobs because computers process data within a shorter timeUse of computers for long hours leads to health problem like headaches, eye strainsComputer lack intelligence. They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings.
They cannot determine what is wrong or right. If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage.
If given wrong data, they give out wrong informationPeople sometimes become too dependent on computers. This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity.
This affects their creativity and ability to do simple tasksInformation and data stored in computers is at risk of theft and misusePeople use the internet to perform online crimes and fraudOnline threats such as cyber bulling are on the increase with the increased use of computers and the internetElectronic waste from computers contains chemicals that destroy the environmentApplication areas of computersEducationFor online readingTo maintain class notes and registersFor research and to do assignmentsBusinessTo make paymentsTo keep recordsTo order for goodsTo sell goods and services onlineBankingTo facilitate online and internet bankingTo operate ATM machinesFor money transfer from one bank to anotherTo keep account and customer informationHealth careTo conduct researchTo store patient dataManufacturingTo model and design products for example airplaneTo test functionality of machines they are manufacturedTo automatic process in manufacturing companiesGovernmentTo offer government services online through platforms such as Nemis and ecitizenTo store data and informationCommunicationTo send and receive messagesFor making video and voice callsEngineering designTo design houses, roads and buildings. Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs.
Engineers and designers use programmes like computer aided design for designingMarketingMarketing of goods and servicesTo design and create marketing contentInsuranceComputers are used to keep records about customersComputers are used to manage money transactionsHomeFor entertainment like watching moviesFor security purpose like storing and displaying data from CCTV camerasEvolution of computersEvolution stages of computersComputers have evolved from the abacus to digital devicesThe AbacusIt is believed to have been invented 4000years agoIt was made of a wooden frame with rods fitted across, with round beeads that slide along the rodMechanical devicesNapier s bones 1617Pascaline or pascal s calculator 1642Stepped reckoer 1671-1674Jacquard loom 1801-1804Difference engine 1820-1822Analytical engine 1834-1838Electromechanical devicesTabulating machine 1880-1888Atanasoff berry computer ABC 1937-1942Mark 1 1937 1944Electronic digital computersDigital computers are now classified into five generations with each having improved from the previous oneTasks performed by computers at different evolution stagesDifference engine and analytical engineThe difference engine and the analytical engine were designed by Charles Babbage. The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals.
The difference engine was a simple calculatorWhen he was unable to complete the difference engine, he started on the analytical engine which was advancement of the difference engineDifference between the difference engine and the analytical engineUsing computer that existed at different evolution stagesPupil s activityPage 17Contemporary technology and sustained development of computersGeneration of computersComputer technology has been advancing in many ways since the invention of the first electronic digital computerIdentifying generations of computers1ST generation 1940-19562nd generation 1956-19633rd generation 1964-19714th generation 1971-19805th generation 1980 present and beyondCharacteristics of different computer generationsCharacteristics of 1ST generation computers 1940-1956Entered data using punched cards, paper tape and magnetic tapeProduced information in form of print outsWere very expensiveWere very large in sizeUsed alot of powerProduced a lot of heatWere very slowExamplesENIAEDVACUNIVACIBM 7011BM 750Characteristics of 2ND generation computersIncreased data processing speedWere very expensive to buyWere more reliable as compared to the first generationConsumed less powerWere smaller in size compared to the first generationUsed punched cards to enter dataExamplesIBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Characteristics of 3RD generation computersHad faster processing speed than the previous generationConsumed less power and emitted less heat as compared to the other generationBecame relatively cheaper and therefore available for commercial useWere smaller in size than the second generationHad larger storage for dataUsed a mouse and keyboard to enter dataWere more accurateExampleIB 360 SERIESPDPIBM 370 SERIESCharacteristics of 4TH generation computersWere vry fast and more reliableWere cheap and more easily availableWere much smaller in size and therefore portableIntroduced the use of personal computersWere able to connect to the internetHad very to large storage up to several hundred megabytesUsed a keyboard and a mouse to enter dataUsed screens and printers to five informationProduced less heat and could be cooled using a fanExamplesIBM 308 AND 4300 SERIES, STAR 1000, APPLE II CRAYCharacteristics of 5TH generation computersHave very large storage capacityCan use more than one processor at the same timeCan perform more than one task at the same timeAre cheaper and readily available even for personal useAre much faster than other generation computersLed to development of AI artificial intelligenceAre easier to useExamplesDesktopLaptopTabletsApplying technologies of different computer generations in daily lifeClassification of computersTypes of computersThere are different types of computers used different purposeMini computersMainframe computersAnalogue computersHybrid computersSpecial purpose computersMicro computersSuper computersDigital computersGeneral purpose computersAnalogue Computers:The word "Analogue" means continuously varying in quantity. The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals. The output is measured on a scale.
The analogue computers accept input data in continuous form and output is obtained in the form of graphs. It means that these computers accept input and give output in the form of analogue signals. The output is measured on a scale. The voltage, current, sound, speed, temperature, pressure etc. Values are examples of analogue data. These values continuously increase and decrease. The analogue computers are used to measure the continuous values. The thermometer is an example of analogue device because it measures continuously the length of a mercury column. Digital Computers:The word "Digital" means discrete. It refers to binary system, which consists of only two digits, i.e. 0 and 1. Digital data consists of binary data represented by OFF low and ON high electrical pulses. These pulses are increased and decreased in discontinuous form rather than in continuous form. Hybrid Computers:The hybrid computers have best features of both analogue and digital computers. These computers contain both the digital and analogue components. In hybrid computers, the users can process both the continuous analogue and discrete digital data. These are special purpose computers. These are very fast and accurate. These are used in scientific fields. Inhospitals, these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU Intensive Care Unit . These are also used in telemetry, spaceships, missiles etc. SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe.
Inhospitals, these are used to watch patient's health condition in ICU Intensive Care Unit . These are also used in telemetry, spaceships, missiles etc. SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe. Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them.
SupercomputerIs the most powerful and fastest, and also very expensiveMainframe computerAre large-scale computers but supercomputers are larger than mainframe. Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows.
Mini computerAre smaller in size, have lower processing speed and also have lower cost than mainframeMicrocomputersAre known as personal computers or simply PCsAre meant for personal use by single users eg laptop, PDASpecial purpose computerComputers designed to carry out specific tasks eg ATMGeneral purpose computerComputers that can perform most common tasks eg word processingCriteria used to classify computersAppropriate computers to use in different situationsPupil s activityPage 33Use of embedded computers in daily lifeAn embedded computer is a computer designed to perform a specific functionEmbedded computers are used in different devices for exampleATM machines have a computer that facilitates withdrawal of money, cash deposit and checking bank balanceCars have computer system to control the realises of airbags when a sensor detects an accidentEmbedded computers also sense when one applies emergency brakes and prevent the wheels of the vehicle from locking and skidding through antilock braking systemMicrowaves have a computer that commands the heating element to turn on and off. It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people.
It calculates time, display time and rotates the plateMp3 and DVD players are able to store, read data and play music and videosDrones have computers that enable user to control them. The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls.
The computers in drones enable them to capture images and videos and transmit them to the usersDigital watches have computers to display time in numbers and set an alarm clockUsing different types of computers in performing tasksPupil s activityPage 35-6Computer user environmentComputer user environment is an area equipped with devices, facilities and other components that provide suitable conditions for the use of computersExamples are cyber cafe and computer laboratoriesFactors to consider when setting up a computer user environmentAccessibilityComputer user environment should be set up in a place where the intended user can easily reachGood lightingThe room should be well itVentilationThe environment should be well ventilated, have free circulation of air and be free from heat, dust and moisture which can damage a computer systemPower sourceA computer user environment should have a reliable source of power to prevent loss of data and damage of computersSpaceThe floor space should allow free movement of people using the computer user environmentSecurityA computer user environment should be secure with strong doors and windows. It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people.
It should also have system in place to prevent unauthorised accessFire fighting equipmentShould be available at all times in case of a fireUser friendlyThe computer user environment should be made user friendly by ensuring there is comfortable furnitureProper cablingShould be done from the power sources to the devicesThe cable must be insulated and laid away from busy areas of the room to prevent people from getting electrocuted or trippingResources for setting up a computer user environmentWhen setting up a computer user environment, you needDesks and chairsComputer systemExtension cards and electrical cablesGood lightingPrintersScannerProjectorUPSSafety precautions and practise in the computer user environmentDo not eat or drink in a computer user environmentDo not touch naked wiresOnly allow authorised people. Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people. This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer?
Avoid welcoming strangersOrganise your desks before leavingEnter and exit quietly from the computer user environmentDo not rush or push each otherAvoid carrying pointed objects near computersRemove shoes entry to minimise dustAlways follow the proper procedure for starring and shutting down the computer to avoid loss of dataEmerging trends in computer user environmentIntroduction of smartphones and small portable computers has made it easier for people to access computer servicesThis means that the computer user environment is no longer confined within walls. It goes where a person has access to a computing device goesMobile phone companies have made connectivity easy by availing network services to the people. This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer? Functions of the physical part of a computerMonitorUsed to displaying information for example pictures and textKeyboardUsed for typing and giving instructions to the computerThe system unitContains the devices oof a computer that Process data and gives information such as CPUSpeakers and headphonesAre used for listening to music and audio filesPrinterIs used for printing text on paperMouseIs used for selecting items and giving instructions to the computer by clickingFlash disksIs used for storing and transferring informationScannerIs used to take images of paper documents and displaying them on a computerCablesAre used to connect different parts of a computerConnecting the physical parts of the computerPupil s activityPage 45-46How to minimise wastage in computer usageWe can reuse or recycle the physical parts of a computerFor exampleIf a device is in good working condition but longer in use it can be sold for some money to someone who will reuse itSuch devices can also be donated to people who need themA computer monitor can also be used as a television screen with little modificationWe can transform a system unit to a lockable cabinet by removing the inside components and installing a lock. Physical parts of a computer can be used to make art for example the keys of the keyboardThe physical parts of a computer can be sent to the manufacturer or sent to a recycling centre where they are taken apart, their components sorted and recycled.
This made it easy to access computer services anywhere at any timePhysical parts of a computerWhat are the physical parts of a computer? Functions of the physical part of a computerMonitorUsed to displaying information for example pictures and textKeyboardUsed for typing and giving instructions to the computerThe system unitContains the devices oof a computer that Process data and gives information such as CPUSpeakers and headphonesAre used for listening to music and audio filesPrinterIs used for printing text on paperMouseIs used for selecting items and giving instructions to the computer by clickingFlash disksIs used for storing and transferring informationScannerIs used to take images of paper documents and displaying them on a computerCablesAre used to connect different parts of a computerConnecting the physical parts of the computerPupil s activityPage 45-46How to minimise wastage in computer usageWe can reuse or recycle the physical parts of a computerFor exampleIf a device is in good working condition but longer in use it can be sold for some money to someone who will reuse itSuch devices can also be donated to people who need themA computer monitor can also be used as a television screen with little modificationWe can transform a system unit to a lockable cabinet by removing the inside components and installing a lock. Physical parts of a computer can be used to make art for example the keys of the keyboardThe physical parts of a computer can be sent to the manufacturer or sent to a recycling centre where they are taken apart, their components sorted and recycled. Interacting with physical parts of a computerPupil s activityPage 48-49Hands on skills conceptsStarting a computerSwitch on the power sourcePress the power button of the monitor then press the power button of the system unit to start your computerWait for the computer to finish the booting processClick on your user account. Type your username, enter your password and press enter to sign in to the computerShutting down a computerClose all the programs that may still be runningClick on the start button and select the power buttonClick the power button. A window showing power option will appearClick shut down for the computer to undergo the shut down processFunction of the keys on a computer keyboardDelete Del key. It is used to erase characters to the right of the cursor, i.e., from left to right .
Type your username, enter your password and press enter to sign in to the computerShutting down a computerClose all the programs that may still be runningClick on the start button and select the power buttonClick the power button. A window showing power option will appearClick shut down for the computer to undergo the shut down processFunction of the keys on a computer keyboardDelete Del key. It is used to erase characters to the right of the cursor, i.e., from left to right . EscHomePg upPg dnEndBackspace key - It has a backward arrow marked on it. Used to erase characters to the left of the cursor i.e., from right to left on the same line . When pressed, it makes the cursor move one space backwards and the immediate letter or number to the left is erased. CrtlTabCaps lockEnterShiftA Cursor is a blinking underscore or a vertical beam I that shows where the next character to be typed will appear. Categories of keys of a computer keyboardAlphanumeric keysKeys are labeled with alphabetic letters A-Z, numbers arranged in a line 1,2, ..0 respectively and symbols like:?, ,. Etc. This group also includes the following keys: cap lock, enter tab. Space bar and backspace. Caps lock key: Pressing this key let's the user type in upper case-letters, capitals To switch back to lower case letters simply press the same key again. Enter key return key : Pressing this key forces the text cursor to move to the beginning of the next line. A cursor is a blinking underscore - or a vertical beam I that shows where, the next character to be typed will appear. The enter key is also used to instruct .the computer to execute a command that has been selected on the screen. Tab key: This key is used to move the text cursor at set intervals on the same line e.g. 10 mm, 20 mm etc. The space bar: This bar creates a space between words during typing. The backspace key: This key deletes characters from right to left on the same line. Function keysFunction keys are usually located along the top of the keyboard. They are labeled FI, F2 up to FI2. They are used for tasks that occur frequently in various programs.
A click often selects an object. Double clicking: This means pressing the left button twice in quick succession. Double clicking usually opens a file or starts a programRight clicking: Pressing the right hand side mouse button once displays a list of commands from which the user can make a selection. This list of commands is called a shortcut menu or context sensitive menu. It is called a context sensitive menu because the commands on it apply to the right clicked item. Drag and drop: This is whereby the user drags an item from one location on the screen to another. The procedure to accomplish this operation is as follows:1. Point to the item you want to drag. 2. Press the left hand side mouse button and hold it down3. Slide the mouse until the pointer reaches the desired position on the screen. 4. Finally release the mouse button and the item will be dropped in the new location. Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing.
4. Finally release the mouse button and the item will be dropped in the new location. Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing. They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation.
Scrolling the sliding movement of images, videos or text across a display screen either vertically or horizontallyInteracting with the keyboard and pointing devices of a computerPupil s activityPage 58-60Computer system overviewA system is a set of things working together to achieve a common goal or objectiveA computer system is a collection of parts that work together to receive, process, manage and present data and informationIdentification of computer system componentsThe computer system consist of 3 componentshardwareThese are physical components of a computer system that you can touchExamples: keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPUsoftwareThese are a set of instructions that direct a computer on what to do during processing. They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks.
They include operating system and programs like MS WORD, MS EXCELliveware of peoplewareThese are the users who command or direct computers to perform given taskThis term also refers to the people that develop the software and hardware components of a computerFunctions of a computer componentscomputer hardwareaccepts data and instructionsprocess datastores dataproduces informationcommunicates with devices and userscomputer softwaremanages computer resourcesprovides computer interfacestores and retrieves data and instructionsdoes mathematical calculationlivewaredesigns and develops software and hardwareoperates a computer systementers datacontrols computer environmentUsing computer system componentsPUPIL S ACTIVITYPAGE 63Linkage among components of a computer systemThe liverware uses hardware components to input data and give instructions to softwareThe software in turn process the data and executes the instructions then gives the information through hardware. The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user.
The information is then used by the liveware for decision making or fed back into the computer as dataImportance of computer systems in the societyBusinessComputer systems have enabled efficiency in record keeping, allowing long process to take a shorter time through automation. They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products.
They have also brought about online advertisement and sales using the internetCommunicationComputers are connected through networks allowing for faster cheaper and safer communication across the globeShoppingPeople today can shop online for goods and services and pay for them using online channels enabled by computer systemsSocialisingComputer systems have made it possible for people to socialise and conduct viral meetings through various social media platformsEmploymentComputer systems have provided employment opportunitiesEg software development and designEntertainmentPeople can access a variety of music, films and computer games on their computersEducationThe internet is a huge information resources that is easily accessible compared to textbooks. Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing.
Learners are also able to learn online without the need to attend classes physicallyComputer hardware conceptsCategories of hardware in a computer systemComputer hardware components are classified asInput devicesOutput devicesCPUStorage devicesFunctions of computer hardware categoriesInput devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphoneCPUProcess the data entered into a computer according to the instructionsOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example text, sound and picturesExamples of output devices: monitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphonesStorage devicesSaves data, information, computer software and running operationsExamples: hard disk, memory card, flash diskSelecting appropriate hardware for different situationsConsiderReliabilityCostUsing different elements of computer hardwarePupil s activityPage 71-73Input devicesEnables user to enter data that needs processing and the instructions on how to process itInput devices in a computer systemExamples: mouse, keyboard, touchpad, light pen, joystick, scanner, microphone, barcode scanner, digital camera, capacitive and infra-red touch screens, 2D and 3D scannersCategories of input devicesSelecting appropriate input devices for different situationsWhen selecting input devices you can consider the following factorsUser needsThe device should meet the need of the userCostThe device should be affordable according to user s budgetFunctionalityDevices should serve the purpose it was intendedUser friendlinessThe device should be easy to useCompatibility with hardwareDevices selected should be able to connect and work together with other available devices in the computerLevel of expertiseDevices selected should meet the technical skills of the user. Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing. Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do.
Using input devices to perform tasksPupil s activityPage 77Reusing input devices to minimise wastageInput devices which are still functional can be used in the following waysOld and functional keyboards can be sold or donated to be reused with other compatible computer systemInput devices which are in good condition and not in use can be donated to people who need them in the communityFunctional computer inputs can be used to set up other computersObsolete and dysfunctional input devices can be sent to recycling facility where they will be recycled to make new products. Central processing unitThe CPU is the part of a computer that process dataLocating the CPU in a computer systemPupil s activityPage 80-81NBMotherboard is a frame which holds and allows communication between the components of the computer systemThe CPU is located on the motherboardFunctional elements of the CPU in a computer systemThe CPU performs all types of data processing operations in a computer systemCPU has 3 componentsControl unitArithmetic logic unitSpecial memoryArithmetic and logic unit ALUPerforms calculations like addition and subtractionIt also performs logical operations which mainly involve comparison of dataControl unitCoordinates movement of data between the processor and the memorySpecial memoryStores data and information required during processing. Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do. The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer.
Most of the CPU operations are performed by the ALUThe control unit moves data between the ALU and the special memory and also tell the ALU what to do. The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise.
The ALU then process data and store the result in a special memoryTypes of processors in computing devicesThere are 6 types of CPUCPUs are classified according to the number of cores they haveThe core of a CPU receives instructions and perform calculations, or operations to satisfy the received instructionsPerforming tasks using computers with different processorsPupil s activityPage 84-85Processors receive input data, process it and generates results. It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected.
It computes data and receives instructions in almost all actins carried out in a computer. Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly.
Processors determines the speed with which a computing device processes informationComputers with fast processors have high processing power and often give information fasterOutput devicesPresent information that has been processed in different forms for example graphics, tactile or text, sound audio , video and picturesOutput devices of a computer systemMonitor, printer, speakers, projector, plotter, headphones, Braille embosserFunctions of output devices in a computer systemMonitorDisplay data in text and graphicsSpeakersGives information in form of soundHeadphonesProduce audio informationPrintersProduce text or picture information on a paperProjectorsGives visual information by projecting it on a flat smooth surface like a wall or white boardPlottersProduces digital created graphics and drawingsPlotters use a pen to draw lines on paperActuatorA part of a device or machine that helps to create physical movement using signals from a computerBraille embosserA device that presses dots onto paper for people with visual impairment to read using their fingersCategories of computer output devicesNBHardcopy refers to data printed out on paperIt could be text, photographs, illustrations or any data that can be printedSoft copy is information stored and displayed in a computerSelecting appropriate out devicesFactors that you consider when selecting output devices areOutput qualityUser friendlinessUser needsSuitability to the function it is supposed to carry outCompatibility with the available devicesThe cost of purchasing and maintaining the output devicesUses of output devicesWe care and use output devices safely byKeeping the devices away from water and dustAvoiding exposure to foods and fluidsAlways powering off the devices after useConnecting only with compatible devicesCleaning and servicing the devices regularlyEnsuring secure connection of the devices before useTechnological trends in development of output devicesOutput devices have constantly been replace with new devices due to improved technology from innovatorsTechnological trends enables fast evolution of output devices which suit user needs better, are cost effective, friendly to the environment, secure and able to multitaskComputer displays which are used to create clear, high quality, digital displaysWireless speakers and headphones which are more portable, have noise cancelling capability and produce better sound qualityBetter Braille embossers that give better quality Braille while producing very little noise. They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly. Problems experienced when setting up computerslack of skills in setting up computersdifficulty matching cables to their respective portsinability to identify and correct failed connectionslack of skills in installing operating systemslack of reliable power source to power devicesdamaged or broken cable pins due to improper fixingeg forcing a cable to a wrong portdamaged hardware devices that do not workcomputer and monitor not turning on due to faulty power cables or improper fixing of cables to the power supplyHow to set up a computersetting up a new computersetting up a laptopPupil s activityPage 104-106Setting up computersThe following are tools and equipments need for computer set upsystem unitMonitorScrewdriverSpeakersCablesUPSKeyboardPower testerSurge protectorMousePower extension cablesSome ways of ensuring safety when setting up computers includeEnsure there is a stable power supply that can power on a computer before the connectionUse a UPS or surge protector for power connection to the CPU and monitorMake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid electric shock and damaging any computer parts with moistureHandle all the parts of a computer with care.
They also recognise speech and give speech feedback, making them user friendlyPrinters which produce better quality hardcopies, can be secured using passwords, are compact, cost effective and easy to usePorts and cablesPortA physical slot of a computer through which peripheral devices are connected. All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly. Problems experienced when setting up computerslack of skills in setting up computersdifficulty matching cables to their respective portsinability to identify and correct failed connectionslack of skills in installing operating systemslack of reliable power source to power devicesdamaged or broken cable pins due to improper fixingeg forcing a cable to a wrong portdamaged hardware devices that do not workcomputer and monitor not turning on due to faulty power cables or improper fixing of cables to the power supplyHow to set up a computersetting up a new computersetting up a laptopPupil s activityPage 104-106Setting up computersThe following are tools and equipments need for computer set upsystem unitMonitorScrewdriverSpeakersCablesUPSKeyboardPower testerSurge protectorMousePower extension cablesSome ways of ensuring safety when setting up computers includeEnsure there is a stable power supply that can power on a computer before the connectionUse a UPS or surge protector for power connection to the CPU and monitorMake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid electric shock and damaging any computer parts with moistureHandle all the parts of a computer with care. Place each component carefully on a hard flat surface.
All input and output devices of a computer are connected on the portsCableA chord that connects and enables transfer of data or power from one device to anotherA computing system has ports and cables that enable communication between the differebt components of a computerIdentifying cables and portsPupil s activityPage 97Types of cables and ports used in a computerThere are 2 types of cablesPower cablesThese allow for power transmission and distribution from the source to all computer hardware componentsData cablesThese carry data and allows for communication between devices in a computing systemRelate cables to their corresponding ports in a computerPupil s activityPage 100Connecting cables to their corresponding portsPupil s activityPage 101-102NBPorts enable the connection of output and input devices to aPorts allow computers to connect to networksComputer setupSetting up a computer is connecting all the hardware devices and preparing software programmes for a computer to function properly. Problems experienced when setting up computerslack of skills in setting up computersdifficulty matching cables to their respective portsinability to identify and correct failed connectionslack of skills in installing operating systemslack of reliable power source to power devicesdamaged or broken cable pins due to improper fixingeg forcing a cable to a wrong portdamaged hardware devices that do not workcomputer and monitor not turning on due to faulty power cables or improper fixing of cables to the power supplyHow to set up a computersetting up a new computersetting up a laptopPupil s activityPage 104-106Setting up computersThe following are tools and equipments need for computer set upsystem unitMonitorScrewdriverSpeakersCablesUPSKeyboardPower testerSurge protectorMousePower extension cablesSome ways of ensuring safety when setting up computers includeEnsure there is a stable power supply that can power on a computer before the connectionUse a UPS or surge protector for power connection to the CPU and monitorMake sure your hands are completely dry to avoid electric shock and damaging any computer parts with moistureHandle all the parts of a computer with care. Place each component carefully on a hard flat surface. Be careful not to drop any partsEnsure your computer has enough room to allow for proper ventilation. If there is no free flow of air the computer can be damaged or cause fire.
Place each component carefully on a hard flat surface. Be careful not to drop any partsEnsure your computer has enough room to allow for proper ventilation. If there is no free flow of air the computer can be damaged or cause fire. Be sure to connect all cables to the appropriate portsIf a cable does not connect easily to a port, don t forcefully push it in to avoid damaging it. Check that you are connecting it to the right port and that the pins and holes alignManage cables properly when setting up a computer. Ensure nothing is pressing on them and that they are not located in a place where they can be stepped on or tripped overDo not spill foods or liquids on the computerAlways switch on the monitor before the CPU to display any errors or messages while bootingSetting up computers for usePupil s activityPage 109Overcoming challenges experienced when setting up a computerResearching and learning how to set up a computer properlyResearching and learning how to match cables to their respective parts checking that all connections are properly madeReplacing or repairing damaged partsEnsuring that there is a reliable source of powerObserving safety precautions when setting up a computerPractising booting computersTo tell that a computer is properly setup, we must switch it on and see if all the components are working well. This process is called booting up a computerThe steps of booting a computer are as followsSwitch on the main power supply on the socketIf the computer is connected to the UPS, switch its power button on. Switch on the monitor by pressing the power buttonSwitch on the system unit by pressing the power buttonUpon switching the system unit on , the computer performs a power on self test where the computer checks hat al components are connected and functioning wellThe computer then displays the name of the operating system followed by a display of icons on the computer monitor.
JUNIOR SECONDARYCHRISTIAN RELIGIONS EDUCATION NOTES TERM 1,2,3COMPETENCE BASED CURRICULUMSTRAND COVEREDSTRAND 1- INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION. STRAND 2- CREATION. STRAND 3- THE BIBLE. STRAND 4- THE LIFE MINISTRY OF JESUS CHRIST. STRAND 5- THE CHURCH. STRAND 6- CHRISTIAN LIVING TODAYStrand 1 INTRODUCTION TO CRECRE involves the study of religious beliefs and practices of Christians. Christian Religious Education is a subject that deals with God and how he reveals Himself to human beings. It is the study of how human beings depend on God and how God intervenes to save human beings. CRE is a subject studied in Kenyan schools to develop the mind, behaviour and character of the learners. It is also a subject that shows God s relationship with man. Studying CRE is important because:It makes one understand that God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit operate as one. It helps one dispute knowledge and attitude s to make the right decisions in life. Enables one think critically and make moral decisions on challenges affecting one s life and the societyOne becomes exposed to cultural heritage, enhancing national unity through respect for each community. One develops as a whole person, body, soul and spiritOne becomes courageous in the study of creation one is empowered to utilise the ability to control God s creationIt helps you relate with each other well through care and hospitalityThe moral values you acquire helps you to take care of the environmentOne acquires respect for oneself and hence living a productive lifeOne acquires the principle of sharing and social justice, enabling them to coexist with othersOne acquires the skills that enable him or her promote economic development 12.It enables one to acquire ICT skills as they search for more knowledgeOne develops communication skills through discussion and debate with other learners. NBIt provides answers to life mysteries e.g. the question of life after death, the origin of mankind, etc. It enables students to develop vivid awareness of God and how God reveals himself. It is a career subject, whose learners major in Law and theological training. It instils respect, protection and conservation of God s creation. It highly promotes human dignity. It helps students to appreciate their culture as well.
It instils respect, protection and conservation of God s creation. It highly promotes human dignity. It helps students to appreciate their culture as well. It equips the youth with life skills such as critical thinking, which enables them to face challenges wisely. With regard to national goals of education, it promotes national development by instilling a positive attitude towards work. It equips learners with values that promote economic development. It helps learners to understand themselves better. It enables students to see the power of God controlling their own lives. It enables students to respond adequately to God s teachings and to relate well to others. It is a service of natural guidance. It promotes cultural integration. It promotes social equality and justice. How CRE helps us to relate well with othersIt has helped developed skills as ability to listenIt helps acquire values such as respect for self and othersIt helps someone to make moral decisions. This helps people to associate with the right peopleObedience to God s command of loving our neighbours teaches us to care about others. 5. Moral and religious values acquired from studying of CREHumilityRespectHard workDisciplineHonestyIntegrityResponsibilityUnityLove 10.HospitalityStrand 2CREATIONFirst accountSecond accountThe first biblical account of creationGenesis 1:131, 2:1-4It gives record on what was created within the first 6 days. Humans beings were created last. From the first account of creation, we learn God is all powerful because He created the universe with one command. He is a God or order. He created the universe and everything in it in an orderly manner. God is the provider. He provides for human beings to meet their needs. Leisure time was instituted. The second Biblical account of creation Genesis 2;4-25In the second account of creation, there was no one to cultivate the land when God created the universe. God took soil from the ground and formed man. God breathed life into himHuman beings were created first. Man was created out of dustGod breathed life into man s nostrilsMan was put into the Garden of Eden. The tree of knowledge and life giving stood in the middle of the garden. Men was commanded to use everything in the garden except tree of knowledge of good and evilThe forbidden fruit from the tree was not supposed to be eaten. Eating from the tree would result to death.
The tree of knowledge and life giving stood in the middle of the garden. Men was commanded to use everything in the garden except tree of knowledge of good and evilThe forbidden fruit from the tree was not supposed to be eaten. Eating from the tree would result to death. God gave man the responsibility to take care of the environmentGod created all birds and all animalsMan was given the responsibility of naming all the creaturesHe named all the birds and animals, but none was suitable helper for himAdam became lonely. A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self-existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one GodThe sole giver of life. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things.
A woman was created out of Adam s rib for companionship and a helper. Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self-existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one GodThe sole giver of life. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. P a g eDifferences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centered while the first does not shore this.
Attributes nature of God from the Genesis stories of creationGod is omnipotent all powerfulGod is orderly and perfectGod is omnipresent everywhereGod is transcendentGod is the sustainer providerGod is the sole creatorHe is a moral GodHe is a loving GodHe is a spiritHe is everlasting self-existenceGod is source of goodnessGod is HolyGod is a workerThere is only one GodThe sole giver of life. Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. P a g eDifferences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centered while the first does not shore this. It is man centeredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates.
Similarities in the two biblical accounts of creationIn both accounts, God is the sole creatorIn both God created male and femaleIn both, human beings are specialIn both God provides for human beingsIn both, human beings are given domination over the rest of the creationThe uniqueness of human beings is brought forth in the second accountsMan shares in the life of God since he is made in the likeness of GodCreation involves both the living and non-living things. P a g eDifferences in the two biblical accounts of creationNBThere is a chronological order of events in the first account of creation as opposed to the secondIn the first account, male and female are created at the same time whereas in the second account man is created first then woman is out of his ribsIn the first account, creation is out of the command let there be , yet, in the second, man is made out of dustIn the first account, man names what he creates as opposed to the second where man is given the opportunity to name the animalsA Sabbath day allocated for rest appears on the first while in the second account it wasn t mentionedThe Garden of Eden mentioned in the second account wasn t in the firstIn the second creation account are four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Gihon and Pishon , which were not mentioned in the firstMan was given a responsibility to till the land in the second but not in the firstIn the second account, the forbidden tree appears but this misses in the first accountIn the first account, God created human beings for procreation while in the second account they were created for companionshipThe second account of creation is human centered while the first does not shore this. It is man centeredIn the first account God created in union with the spirit Holy Trinity while in the second account God is aloneIn the first account human beings were created last while in the second they came firstThe first account takes six days to be complete unlike the second where days were not mentionedIn the first account, God appreciates everything he creates. We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work. Helps to appreciate God s great workHelps us to know how the first account differs from the second one 4.
We are not told this in the second. Importance of learning about creationHelps us to know and understand God s creation work. Helps to appreciate God s great workHelps us to know how the first account differs from the second one 4. Similarities and differences between the biblical account and African creation stories Africans view creationAfricans believe that creation originated from God the creator. Each community has a myth that explains its originAfricans see God as mysterious in his deeds, for they fail to explain how he created the earth. Africans see human beings as special and that God creates everything for them. God provided the first human beings with all the necessities of life. The first people lived happily with God and lacked nothing. Marriage was mainly for procreation. Similarities biblical account and African creation storiesIn both, God is the sole creator. Man is the climax of creation. God is supreme. In both, man was given a wife for company. God is portrayed as a potter. God is the providerCreation of human took place at the end of the creation of things. Between the biblical account and African creation storiesIn biblical view, the order of creation is given, while the order of creation in the traditional view is not mentionedIn biblical view, everything was created to benefit human beings, some communities believe that god gave specific things to specific communities3. 4. 5. Christian responsibility over animals, fish and birdsBiblical teaching on responsibility given to human beings over animal s birds and fishChristians have stewardship over Gods creation and they should care for everything in it. God created human beings and gave them responsibilities over living creatures. Our responsibility is to take care of these creations and use them for our benefits but in a responsibly way. The bible teaches that God gave human beings the responsibility of taking care of all wild and domestic animals, fish and birdsWays in which Christians apply biblical teachings to protect animals, fish and birdsAccording to Genesis 2:15-20 the bible teaches us that God placed man in the Garden of Eden to cultivate and guard it. God formed animals from the soil and brought them to man who was asked to give them names. God expected human beings to take responsibility over animals, fish and birds found in the Garden of Eden. In James 3:7, the Bible teaches that human beings have the ability to tame all creatures such as wild animals, birds, reptiles and fish.
God formed animals from the soil and brought them to man who was asked to give them names. God expected human beings to take responsibility over animals, fish and birds found in the Garden of Eden. In James 3:7, the Bible teaches that human beings have the ability to tame all creatures such as wild animals, birds, reptiles and fish. The bile gives human beings the responsibility and authority over God s creation. Taming animals is a show of authority over them. Ways in which Christians protect and care of animals, fish and birdsConstructing good houses for domestic animalsFencing our farms well to keep away wild animals. Feeding animals, fish and birds. Providing clean water for them to drink or taking them to rivers and streams to drink water. Protecting wild and domestic animals, fish and birds from bad people who kill them. Ensuring that domestic animals are comfortable in places where they stay, eat and sleep. Treating animals when they get sick. Creating orphanage, game parks, game reserves and national parks for wild animals. Lobbying the government to make and implement laws that protect animals, fish and birds. Creating sanctuaries for different types of birds. Educating citizens on the importance of protecting animals, fish and birds. Reasons why Christians take care of animals, fish and birds. To obey God s commands of taking responsibility over animals, fish and birds. To preserve God s living creatures on land, sea and air. To set a good example to other citizens on the need to take care of living creatures. To ensure the preservation of animals, fish and birds so that they do not become extinct. To ensure that animals, fish and birds are available as sources of food for human beings. To ensure that they continue with the responsibility of being co-creators with God by conserving the environment. Reducing conflicts between human beings and wild animalsThe Kenya constitution protects animals from violence, overworking them when they are unwell, starvation, denial of water, abandonment, poisoning, careless surgery procedures, hunting and killing them. Importance of protecting animals, fish and birdsThey provide food, clothing and income. Some animals provide manure for farming. Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result, human beings, animals and birds also get food.
Animals are companions and help us to workTheir products support dairy industries, wool industries, leather and fishing industries. These sectors employ many peopleBirds help in the pollination of plants. As a result, human beings, animals and birds also get food. Practising good stewardship by taking care of animals, fish and birds. A steward is someone who manages property on behalf of others. Good stewardship refers to the careful and responsible ways of taking care of something or different situations. Good stewardship is important as it helps in taking care of God s creation and conserving the environment. Christians are called to be good stewards of God s creation. Christian responsibility over plantsDifferent plants found in the environmentResponsibilities given to human beings over plantsGenesis 1:29, Genesis 2:15, Psalms 104:14The bible teaches that God provided all kinds of grain and all kinds of fruits for food for human beings. He also provided grass and leafy plants as food for wild animals and birds. The bible also teaches that God gave human beings the Garden of Eden to cultivate and guard. God makes grass for cattle and plants for human beings to use. He expects human beings to grow their own crops for food. The responsibilities were:They were to be in charge of the Garden of EdenTo eat from the fruits of the gardenTo take care of God s creation. God has provided us with plants. Human being has been given the responsibility to take care of the plants to benefitthemselves and animals. We care for plants by applying manure, weeding, watering and spraying pesticides. We also take care protecting them from animals that feed themApplying Biblical teachings on the Care for Plants to conserve the environment. Plants are important as they contribute to the wellbeing of people. There are different ways of taking care of plants such as:Planting tree seedlings every rainy season. Watering plants during the dry season. Weeding around crops in farms and gardens. Pruning trees so that they grow in a healthy way. Mulching around crops so that they can keep moisture for a long time. Avoiding cutting trees carelessly. Planting tree seedlings to replace trees that are cut. Reasons why Christians take care of trees plants and animals. To conserve the environment. They were sources of food. Trees provide grain, fruits and other foods for people. Plants provide shade for people and a good environment for birds.
They were sources of food. Trees provide grain, fruits and other foods for people. Plants provide shade for people and a good environment for birds. Plants give us fresh air. Some plants like coffee, tea and sugarcane are grown for economical use. Some plants are used to make medicine for human beings and animals. Other plants provided wood for construction of houses and making utensils. Wood was used as a source of energyPlants and animals provided materials for making musical instruments like kayambaAnimals provided skins and hides for making clothesSome animals like dogs provide security to man. Other were used as pack animals and others were used for transport. Example donkeyAnimal horns were used for horn blowing which was means of communication. Contribution of Responsible Use of Plants to economic growth. Economic growth is the process of acquiring money and other resources progressively on a continuous basis. Responsible use of plants contributes to growth of the economy in the following ways:Cash crops like coffee, tea and sugarcane are grown and sold for money. Food crops like maize, bananas and cassava provide food for families. The surplus excess is sold to bring income to individuals and families. Fruit plants like oranges, mangoes and apples provide fruits that are important for our health. They can also be sold for money. Some plants give us timber that is used for building and making furniture. Plants like palms and sunflower give us oil for cooking and for industrial use. Some plants such as neem and aloe vera are used in the making of medicine that is used to treat sick people. Napier grass, shrubs and ordinary grass are used to fee domestic animalsUse and Misuse of natural resources as God s creation. Natural resources are material available in the universe that can be used to meet the needs of people. Natural resources are created by God. Natural resources include:Forests. Rivers. Soil. Sun. Animals and plants. Different natural resources are found in different places where communities live. People use some of the resources in the following ways. How does Human beings benefit from Natural resources? Air is important to human beings, plants and animals as without it there is no life. Soil provides nutrients for plants to grow. Sunlight provides us with warmth and it is a source of Vitamin D. Plants also need sunlight to grow healthy. Wildlife attracts tourists who bring money and contribute to the economy of the country. Minerals provide raw material for industries.
Plants also need sunlight to grow healthy. Wildlife attracts tourists who bring money and contribute to the economy of the country. Minerals provide raw material for industries. Forests attract rainfall and clean the air we breathe. Forests act as catchment areas for rainwater and a good source of rivers and springs. Water is important for survival of human beings, animals and plants. Some natural resources like coal and oil provide fuel or energy to run vehicles or factories. How People Misuse Natural resources. Deforestation-cutting down of trees and not planting new ones. Putting heaps of garbage that spoil the environment. Garbage heaps are breeding grounds for flies and other insects. Overgrazing-keeping many animals that eat everything in an environment leasing to wind erosion and death of some animals due to droughts. Soil erosion due to poor farming methods. Burning bushes and agricultural waste. The smoke pollutes the air that we breathe. Effects of Misusing Natural resources. Leads to soil degradation. This means overusing the soil making it lose its nutrients hence leading to the growing crops being unproductive. Leads to deforestation. This is where forests are destroyed through cutting down trees without replacing them. Damages the ecosystem. This refers to damage of the way plants, animals and other organisms work together to keep life going. Leads to Water shortage. It leads to water shortage in rivers and streams dry up due to careless cutting down of trees, thus destroying water catchment areas. Leads to pollution of air and water. This is through irresponsible human activities such as disposing waste into water bodies and smoke from industries. Biblical Teaching on good use of Gods creation. The bible teaches us on good use of God s creation, for example:Genesis 2:15 teaches us to cultivate land in a good way and take care of it. Exodus 23:10-11 teaches that we need to give land a period of rest after cultivating it for a period of time. During the time the land is resting, the poor people and animals should be allowed to eat whatever plants grow on it. Deuteronomy 20:19 teaches that we should no t cur down or destroy fruit trees but to eat fruitsWays in which Africans promoted care and conservation of all types of plantsThe Africans protected plants by weeding, pruning, mulching, shading, trapping and scaring away animals that fed on the plants.
Exodus 23:10-11 teaches that we need to give land a period of rest after cultivating it for a period of time. During the time the land is resting, the poor people and animals should be allowed to eat whatever plants grow on it. Deuteronomy 20:19 teaches that we should no t cur down or destroy fruit trees but to eat fruitsWays in which Africans promoted care and conservation of all types of plantsThe Africans protected plants by weeding, pruning, mulching, shading, trapping and scaring away animals that fed on the plants. They also preserved seeds of the plants to last longer during dry periods and to protect them from small such as rats and weevils. This conservation ensured that Africans had seeds to plants during the rainy seasons. Preserved seeds and plants served as source of food during drought. Africans used fire to make plants sprout out more serving as food for the animals. How Africans promoted health of animalsAfricans cared for and protected domestic animals against wild animals by fencing their compounds and sleeping in the same place with the animals. They scared away wild animals that predated on their domestic animals by using different methods. Eg use of scarecrows, fire, noise. In the events of disease. Africans treated their animals using selected plants such asAloevera while making them healthier by providing lick stones with mineral salts. They knew how to take care of animals during birth which ensured the growth in population. Animal products such as meat were preserved to last long for use during drought. Preservation was a way of ensuring food was not wasted. Young animals were left to suckle up to a time when they could eat grass and other types of vegetation. Strand 3THE BIBLEFUNCTION OF THE BIBLEThe Bible is the inspired word of God. How the Bible is used in different places and occasionsThe Bible is used when taking oaths in courts of law. It is used in schools and colleges for learning, during graduation ceremonies, prayers and research. It is used in statehouse or during state functions, during the swearing in ceremonies and prayers. It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching.
It is used in schools and colleges for learning, during graduation ceremonies, prayers and research. It is used in statehouse or during state functions, during the swearing in ceremonies and prayers. It is used in churches and during crusades for preaching. It is used at home for personal use during prayer time and home studyIn hospitals when praying for the sickSome Christians use the Bible before travelling to pray for journey merciesJohn 1:1-2, Proverbs 30:5-6It contains the word of GodIt gives hope to ChristiansIt helps us to understand biblical truthsThe Bible helps a person to discover the will of GodGod speaks to people through the scripturesThe Bible corrects people when they are wrong and teaches them to do right. Christians should live exemplary lives. God protects those whose seek his protection and rebukes liarsThe Bible is the word of God and it was written by people who inspired by the spirit of God. The Bible unites people of God, strengthens the faith of the believers and outlines values for quality Christian living. The Bible is used in spreading the word of God in the following ways:Christians songs are composed using Bible messagesThe Bible is distributed to individuals to read the word of GodIt is used for instructing and teaching new converts of Christian doctrineIt is used to take oaths therefore, increasing the faith of those who participateChristians translate the Bible to vernacular so that many people can read and understand. Holistic growth involves physical, emotional, social, moral, intellectual and spiritual growth and development in all aspects of a person s life. The Bible helps Christians to grow holistically for example: The Bible promotes spiritual growth when we read and meditate on the Word of God, worship with others and pray. The bible promotes moral growth by teaching us right from wrong and good from evil such as obeying our parents or guardians and other authorities an avoiding sin and its consequences. On social growth, the bible teaches us how to relate well with one another through observing values such as love, respect, humility and peace. Emotionally, the bible teaches us to uphold positive emotions such as joy, love and happiness. We also learn to manage negative emotions such as anger, fear, jealousy, envy and greed. In physical growth, the bible teaches us that God created us in His own image and likeness.
Emotionally, the bible teaches us to uphold positive emotions such as joy, love and happiness. We also learn to manage negative emotions such as anger, fear, jealousy, envy and greed. In physical growth, the bible teaches us that God created us in His own image and likeness. It also teaches that we should maintain our bodies holy because they are the temples of Holy Spirit. It teaches us to avoid sins like sexual immorality, drunkenness and greed which can destroy our bodies. Spiritual growth includesIncreasing your knowledge and understanding of the word of GodIncrease in faith and trust in GodDeveloping Christ-like qualitiesChristian service is demonstration of who we are in Christ. The Bible teaches people to love God and humankind. Helping the needy in the society improves a person s relationship with God. Service offered to others is part of Christian living and makes the world a better place to live. Serving others makes one happy and enriches other people s lives. The word of God has inspired different services among Christians. For example, Christians visit the orphans, give them food, clothes and even take them to school. Christians donate food, money and medicine to help people suffering when disasters like floods, accidents earthquakes, drought and famine occurChristians support refugees by counselling, educating and giving medical care. They also offer shelter, food and sometimes employment. For people who are unable to attend church service, the gospel is taken to them through crusades and public rallies. Offering guidance and counselling to the youth. Taking care of the environment as part of God s creation. The Bible has 2 divisionsOld testaments 39 booksNew testaments 27 booksThe two divisions were written at different times in human historyThe two divisions were addressed to different people and individualsThe messages contained in the two testaments address different issues that were of specific concern to the people addressed. It makes it possible to identify the order of the books. It makes referencing easy. It makes it possible to relate a Biblical theme with the book in which it is found, for example, the theme of creation is found in the book of Genesis. The old testaments talk about how the world was created, the Exodus of Israelites and Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. The testaments also include real life stories. The function of this testament is to teach Christians through the experiences of other people throughout history.
The old testaments talk about how the world was created, the Exodus of Israelites and Ten Commandments given to Moses by God. The testaments also include real life stories. The function of this testament is to teach Christians through the experiences of other people throughout history. Several books also foretell the arrival of the Messiah and the end of the world. The New Testament focuses more on the life and teachings of Jesus and the early church. The stories are narrated through gospels and emphasise the importance of the sacrifices of Jesus. The function of the New testaments is to lead people to follow the example of Jesus more closely. The other books, written by various authors also talk about the end of the world. It was originally written in Hebrew. It was written before Jesus Christ came to exist physically. It was later translated to Greek and other languages. The following are groups of books in the Old Testament respective of their appearance. Torah Pentateuch law mosaic. Historical books. Major Prophets Books. Minor prophet books. Torah Pentateuch law They were written by Moses. Genesis means origin or beginningExodus means coming out or departureNumbers means censusLeviticus explains rules and regulation of priests. The Ten Commandments Decalogue are found in the book of exodus and Deuteronomy. Historical books. Contains the history of what happened to the Israelites and its neighbours. They are 12 books in this group written by different authorsPoetic wisdom booksThey are also known as the writings or the wisdom books. There are five in number. Prophetic booksThey are 17 in number. They are subdivided into major prophets books and minor prophets. The terms major and minor are used to refer to the amount of content in the books. Therefore, major prophetic books have more content than the minor prophet booksMinor prophetic booksNB: Genesis is the first book of the Bible and the Old Testament. Malachi is the last book of the Old Testament. The books of the New testaments according to classification The New Testament is the period after Christ is born, it is the fulfilment of tthe old testament prophecies of Jesus. NEW TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Greek. Written after Christ. The 27 books in the new testament are classified into four groups: The Gospels.
NEW TESTAMENTIt was originally written in Greek. Written after Christ. The 27 books in the new testament are classified into four groups: The Gospels. Historical books. The Epistles. Prophetic books. They explain the events in life of Jesus from birth to his ascension in Bethany. Gospel books are divided into two groups:Synoptic booksNon- synoptic book. Synoptic BooksThey explain full life history of Jesus They are:Matthew. MarkLuke. Non- Synoptic Book. It does not explain full history of Jesus. It is the book of John. Acts of apostleThe writer of acts of apostle was St. Luke. The book of Acts explains the life of believers in the early church. These are letters which were written by Paul while he was in prison. It comprises of 21 books. 13 of which were written by Paul while other were written by different authors. Prophetic booksAn example is the book of Revelation. It is also called Apocalypse of John meaning revelation to John. It was written by John after having a vision on Patmos Island. Revelation contains the writings about the last days. NB;Matthew is the first book of the New Testament. Revelation is the last book of the Bible and the New Testament. Bible translationTo translate means to express spoken or written words in a language that is different from one that was initially used. It also means the process of changing written or spoken information from one language to another. A version refers to the style of the language used in the translation of Bible text. Old testament was translated from the original Hebrew language into Greek in the 3rd century BCE Before Christ Era . This translation is called septuagint because it was translated by 70 scholars. Later in the 4th century, the Old testament was translated into Latin. This translation was called Vulgate. In the 16th century, the Bible was translated into different European languages for example the Germain Lutheran Bible and the English King James version. During the missionaries period in Africa, the Bible was further translated into many African languages, for example Johan Ludwig Krapf translated parts of the Old testament and New Testament into Kiswahili. During the 20th century the Bible was translated into many Kenyan languages such as:a. kikuyu-1951 b. kikamba-1956.
In the 16th century, the Bible was translated into different European languages for example the Germain Lutheran Bible and the English King James version. During the missionaries period in Africa, the Bible was further translated into many African languages, for example Johan Ludwig Krapf translated parts of the Old testament and New Testament into Kiswahili. During the 20th century the Bible was translated into many Kenyan languages such as:a. kikuyu-1951 b. kikamba-1956. C. Dholuo-1963. D. Kimeru-1964. E. Kalenjin-1969. F. Pokomo-2005. G. Rendille-2018. The Bible Society of Kenya BSK continues with the work of translating the Bible. CHRISTAINAS IN Kenya use different versions of the Bible. Some versions are easy to read and understand while other are difficult. The following are examples of the Bible versions;Good News Bible. Revised Standard Version RSV New International Version NIV The African Bible. The Youth Bible. New King James Version NKJV New Living Translation Bible Version. King James Bible. The Jerusalem Bible. The Gideon International Bible. The Holy Bible. The New English Bible. The Jerome Bible. The Common Bible. The New Life Version. The Authorized BibleHow people benefited from different translations of the BibleSpread of the word of God and the general growth of the church. Higher demand for formal education in Africa so as to read the Bible. It increased the number of Africans in church leadership. Unity of mankind, especially through ecumenism. It made African Christians more active than passive. Africans leaned foreign languages e.g. English. Many missionaries were able to learn African languages. African languages developed from oral to written form. Introduction of new concepts and terms into local languages. Development of African theology. Many employment opportunities. For instance, people are employed to work for the Bible Society of Kenya. Emergence of African indigenous churches. Africans rediscovered their culture and developed confidence in it. Fast growth of the printing industry. Establishment of Bible societies in Africa e.g. the Bible society of KenyaReasons that led to the translations of the Bible into local languagesTo enable the word of God to reach more people. To train local people to take leadership skills. To facilitate the expansion of the church. To indigenise Christianity.
To train local people to take leadership skills. To facilitate the expansion of the church. To indigenise Christianity. To establish local translation society for example Kenya s Bible society. To enable the local people read the bible and understand it. To encourage development of local languages. The different translations of the Bible When missionaries began to evangilise in African there was a need to translate the Bible into local languages of the local people to have the scripture in a language they could understand. Today the Bible has been translated into local languages. In Kenya, the Bible society of Kenya is the main body mandated to translate the Bible. Some of the translated Bibles include Kamba, Swahili, kikuyu, Kimiiru kimeru, Somali, Samburu, Borana, Luhyia Bibles. It has enabled the spread of the word of God to local communities. People can now read the Bible in their local languages and understand it betterIt has deepened the faith of individual Christians. It has made it possible for individual Christians to be actively in church activities like teaching Sunday school and conducting Bible studies. It enabled Africans to rediscover their own cultural identity. This is because through reading the Bible, they are able to differentiate between biblical Christianity and western culture. It enhanced establishment of African independent churches and schools. It offered job opportunities for example, people are employed as Bible translators, copy typists, secretaries etc. It enabled growth of business such as bookshops and printing press. Improving the standards of living among the local people. This is made possible through employment opportunities and establishment of businesses. Improving money circulation. This happens through buying and selling of items related to Bible translation. It has led to the development of African independent churchesIt has led to the development of local languages which have been put down in written form. Africans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests, pastors and deacons. Exodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12 During the call of Moses, God told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites . God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leader God fearing.
Africans have become leaders in their established churches as catechists, priests, pastors and deacons. Exodus 2:11-13, exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12 During the call of Moses, God told Moses that he had heard the cry of his people Israelites . God wanted to send Moses to the king of Egypt so that he could lead his people out of the countryCharacteristics of a good leader God fearing. Ready to serve Hardworking Good decision maker Gentle Have respect Honest Humble Loyal Loving Peaceful Be a role model Have integrityExodus 2:11-13, Exodus 3:1-2, Exodus 6:12In the society leaders are prepared to take up their position in different ways, for example through training. Like today leaders, God prepared Moses for leadership in different ways. Speaking from a miraculously burning bush, God says he will send Moses to lead His people from Egyptian slavery. This mission was overwhelming to Moses. He responded to Gods call with doubt. He did not see himself as the best person to free the Jews or an appropriate leader for the task. However, God often calls the most unlikely people to accomplish his greatest tasks. -God prepare Moses for leadership by making him witness the suffering of the Hebrews under the Egyptians. -God prepare Moses to solve conflicts among his people and the Israelites. -Life in the desert made Moses bold and ready to face hardship. -As a shepherd, Moses learnt to be keen and responsible in leading IsraelitesThe Roles performed by Moses during the Exodus. Moses was the prophet who led Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and brought them to the edge of the promised land. Moses played various roles during the exodus. Encouraging the Israelites not to be afraid of the Egyptians. Assuring the people of Israel that God would fight for themGuiding the Israelites through crossing the Red sea and in the desert. Responding to the needs of the people when they needed water to drink. Praying to God for help when the Israelites complained. Delegating some of the leadership responsibilities to capable men according to their abilities.
Responding to the needs of the people when they needed water to drink. Praying to God for help when the Israelites complained. Delegating some of the leadership responsibilities to capable men according to their abilities. Teaching the Israelites God s commands on how to live and what to do. Preparing Joshua to succeed him as a leader of the people. Warning the Israelites on what would happen to them if they disobeyed God. Mediating between God and the Israelites. Leadership Qualities of Moses that Christians can emulate HumilityMoses showed humility because he sought God s guidance before making a decision. He also took advice from his father in-law Jethro. Christians lean that it is important to be humble in order to succeed in their responsibilities. Courage. Moses showed courage as he led the Israelites to cross the Red sea and through the wilderness. Christians should be courageous in their work. Empathetic. Moses identified himself with the problems of the people he led and sought solutions. Christians learn that it is important to show empathy to other people. Prayerful. Moses prayed to God whenever he faced problems in his leadership. Christians too should be prayerful in order to overcome the challenges that they face. Obedience. When he was called by God, Moss showed obedience. Christians learn that obeying God is important. MentorshipMoses prepared Joshua to succeed him as a leader. Christians learn that it is important to prepare other people for future leadership. Advantages of choosing good leaders in the societyA good leader, among other qualities should be God fearing, trustworthy, a team player, obedient, responsible, and humble. Good leadership promotes peace, love, unity and development of many nationsLeaders should follow the example of Moses. Strand 5THE LIFE AND MINISTRY OF JESUS CHRIST. BACKGROUND TO THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRISTProphecies about the coming of Jesus ChristThe coming of Jesus Christ as messiah was predicted by many prophets in the Old testament such as Isaiah and Jeremiah. The word Messiah comes from the Hebrew word Meshiach which means the anointed one. A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God.
The word Messiah comes from the Hebrew word Meshiach which means the anointed one. A prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future. It is declared by a prophet who is inspired by the spirit of God. Some of the roles played by prophets included:Communicating God s message to his people. Condemns evils in the society. Give hope to people. Anoint kings. Teach people the ways of God. Isaiah s prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristIsaiah s prophesy acts as an announcement of the birth of Jesus Christ, his righteousness, his earthly government and His just Kingdom which would be everlasting. Isaiah 9:6-7Isaiah prophesied that The messiah shall be calledWonderful counsellor. Mighty God. Eternal father. Prince of peace. The messiah shall sit upon the throne of David and shall rule with justice and righteousness forever. The kingdom established by the prophesied King would have the following characteristic. It would be powerful and continue to grow. It would always be at peace. The king would rule well and exercise justice. It would last forever. Jeremiah prophecy about the coming of Jesus ChristJeremiah 23:5-6Jeremiah prophesied that The messiah would be a righteous king from the house of David. The messiah shall execute justice and righteous in the land. He shall guarantee security and safety in the land of Israel. He shall be called the lord of righteousness He would bring salvation upon Judah. He would reign as a king. He would rule wisely. The king would ensure that Judah is a safe from all her enemies and Israel lives in peace. Mathew 1:18-23, Jeremiah 23:5-6, Isaiah 9:6-7Since the birth of Jesus Christ, the title Messiah and King were used several times to refer to Him. The word Christ is a Greek word which means Messiah or savior.
The king would ensure that Judah is a safe from all her enemies and Israel lives in peace. Mathew 1:18-23, Jeremiah 23:5-6, Isaiah 9:6-7Since the birth of Jesus Christ, the title Messiah and King were used several times to refer to Him. The word Christ is a Greek word which means Messiah or savior. According to Matthew 1:18-23, the coming of Jesus Christ fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah in the following ways: The old testament prophecy that Messiah would be born in the lineage of David was confirmed when God sent Angel Gabriel to a young man named Joseph who was engaged to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ. Joseph came from the lineage of King David. Jesus was born of a virgin. He was conceived through the power of the Holy Spirit as prophesied by prophet Isaiah. Isaiah s prophecy that the Messiah would be named Immanuel is fulfilled in Angel Gabriel s message to joseph that Mary s son would be called Immanuel Matthew 1:23 The promise of a son was fulfilled when Mary bore a son and named Him Jesus. The title given to the promised Messiah by prophet Jeremiah which is The Lord Our Salvation id fulfilled when the promised son is given the name Jesus which means Saviour because He would save his people from sins. The annunciation and the birth of John the BaptistLuke 1:5-25To announce means to make known. The old testaments said that John the Baptist was to prepare the way for the Messiah. Angel Gabriel announced the birth of John the Baptist during the reign of king Herod the Great. In the kingdom there lived an old couple Zechariah and Elizabeth. Zechariah mean God has remembered while Elizabeth means God has sworn. They were good and God fearing but they did not have a child because Elizabeth was a barren which was shameful and humiliating situation for a woman among the Jews. Zechariah was a priest from a priestly family of the Levites called Abijah. As a priest his duty was to burn incense at the altar. As Zechariah was doing his duty Angel Gabriel appeared to him and stood at the right side of the altar. The rest of the people were outside praying. Zechariah was afraid upon seeing the angel. The angel said to him, Don t be afraid, Zechariah!
The rest of the people were outside praying. Zechariah was afraid upon seeing the angel. The angel said to him, Don t be afraid, Zechariah! God has heard your prayer, and your wife Elizabeth will bear you a son. You are to name him John, Luke 1:13 the name John means Gods is gracious . The angel informed Zechariah that John the Baptist would have the following roles:Zechariah could not believe the angel s message since he was an old man and his wifewas also old and barrenWhen he doubted the angel, he was struck dumb and he remained so until the baby was born. Meanwhile when he came out he could not speak to people who were waiting for him, they realized that he had received a vision in the temple. After sometime his wife conceived and she remained indoors for five months. Relating the birth of John the Baptist to the coming of Jesus ChristLuke 3:16, John 1:29-30The birth of john the Baptist relates to the coming of Jesus Christ as the Messiah in the following ways:a. Baptism. During his preaching, John the Baptist reminded his listeners that someone greater than him was coming whose sandals he was not worthy to untie. This person was Jesu Christ. While John baptized them with water, he said that Jesus Christ would baptize them with Holy spirit and fire. B. Repentance. John the Baptist prepared the way for Jesus Christ by preaching repentance, though repentance, the people were prepared to receive Jesus Christ. C. Recognizing Jesus as the Messiah. John the Baptist recognized that Jesus Christ was the promised Messiah and Lamb of God who takes a way the sin of the world John 1:29 this meant that John the Baptist was not the Messiah but a forerunner of the Messiah. Ways in which Christians apply the message of John the Baptist in their lives todayWhen John the Baptist started preaching, he went to the whole of Jordan and the surrounding region proclaiming the Kingdom of God. People of all walks of life came to listen to him and to undergo baptism, which was his main message. John the Baptist Message. Message to the crowd. John the Baptist urged his listeners to have a total change of heart and confess their sins so that God would forgive them. He warned them against God s judgement.
Message to the crowd. John the Baptist urged his listeners to have a total change of heart and confess their sins so that God would forgive them. He warned them against God s judgement. They assumed that since they were the descendants of Abraham, God could not punish them. John emphasized that the mere factof being children of Abraham, was not sufficient for the Jews to escape Gods punishment. He urged those who have to share with those who don t have. Whatever has two shirts must give one to the man who has none, and whoever has food must share it Message to the tax collectors. He advised tax collectors not to collect more than what was required of them. Message to the solders. He advised solders not to take money from anyone by force. Not to accuse anyone falsely. To be content with their pay. How do Christian apply John the Baptists message in the modern day society? All the evils condemned by John the Baptist are still present in the current modern day society. Christians apply the message of John the Baptist in their lives today in the following ways. Christians share what they have with those who are in need. They repent their sins to God. Christians are expected to be honest in what they do and obey the laws that govern them. Christians should not take what belongs to other people by force. Christians should not accuse others falsely. Christians should be content with what they are paid. Values that Christians need to avoid evils condemned by John the Baptist. Courage- Christians should make up their minds not to engage in evils practices and stand up for what they believe even in the face of strong condemnation. Kindness- Christians should be friendly, generous and considerate of others especially in times of need and difficulties. Honesty- Christians should be truthful and sincere in their interaction with others. Social justice- Christians should promote fairness and equity across all aspects of society. Creative Thinking-Enables one to have ideas on how to avoid evil. Critical thinking- Enables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sin. Decision making -Helps us to make moral decisions that are appropriate. Self-esteem- Have a feeling of self worthAssertiveness- Express one s actions with confidence.
Critical thinking- Enables one to make an informed judgement not to commit sin. Decision making -Helps us to make moral decisions that are appropriate. Self-esteem- Have a feeling of self worthAssertiveness- Express one s actions with confidence. The birth and childhood of Jesus ChristEvents that took place during the annunciation and the birth of Jesus Christ Luke 1:26-38An event is something that takes place and it is of importance. The annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ was important. During the sixth month of Elizabeth s pregnancy. Angel Gabriel was sent to a virgin. Woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of King David. Mary was troubled and he the angel told her not to be afraid for she had found favour in the Lord. The angel announced the following concerning Jesus to Mary. He shall bear a son. He shall be called Jesus. He will be great. He will be called the son of the Most High God. He will rule over the house of Jacob forever. The Lord would give Him the throne of his Father, David. His kingdom would last forever. He will be conceived through the power of the Holy Spirit. Events that took place during the Birth of Jesus Christ Luke 2:1-20a. God sends Angel Gabriel to Mary. God sent angel Gabriel to a town in Galilee called Nazareth. The angel was to deliver a message to Mary, a young woman who was engaged to Joseph. Joseph was a descendant of King David. B. The angel appeared to Mary and gave her special greeting. When the angel appeared to Mary he greeted her, peace be with you! The Lord is with you and has greatly blessed you! Luke 1:28 c. Mary was deeply troubled. Mary was greatly troubled by the angel s greetings. She wondered what is meantd. Angel Gabriel delivers God s message to Mary. The angel told Mary that she would become pregnant, give birth to a son and name him Jesus. E. Description of Mary s son. Angel Gabriel described Mary s unborn child who would be the Messiah as followsJesus was going to be great and would be called the son of the Most High. He would be given the throne of His father David. Jesus was going to be an everlasting king and his kingdom would have no end. F. The angel explains his message to Mary.
He would be given the throne of His father David. Jesus was going to be an everlasting king and his kingdom would have no end. F. The angel explains his message to Mary. Mary wondered how she would conceive as she was still a virgin. The angel explained to her that she was going to conceive through the power of the Holfy spirit. To confirm that this would be possible. Angel Gabriel told Mary that her relative Elizabeth who had been barren was six months pregnantg. Mary submits to the will of God. Mary finally accepted the angel s message and submitted herself to God s will. I am the Lord s servant, said Mary; may it happen to me as you have said. Luke 1:38 The birth of Jesu Christ took place in Bethlehem, in Judea, during the rule of Emperor Augustus Caesar. Mary and Joseph travelled to Bethlehem, the birth place of Joseph, who was a descendant of King David. People were supposed to be counted from their original home areas. While in Bethlehem, the time came for Mary to have her child. There was no place available to rest for rooms in the inns were fully booked. The baby was, therefore, born where Joseph and Mary had settled in for the night. Mary wrapped him in clothes and laid him in a manger. In the countryside close by, there were shepherds who lived in the fields, an angel of the Lord appeared to them and they were afraid. The angel calmed them down and informed them the Savior had been born. The angel also gave them signs so as to identify the baby. They would find the baby wrapped in clothes and lying in a manger. Soon after this, a choir of other angels appeared singing praises to God. After the angel s message, the shepherds went to visit the baby. They found the baby lying in a manger as they had been told. They repeated what the angel had told them about the baby and all who heard it were surprised. The shepherds then returned, praising God for all they had heard and seen. Events that took place during the dedication of Jesus ChristIn obedience to the Law of Moses, Mary and Joseph took Jesus to the temple in Jerusalem to dedicate him to the Lord. They also went to offer a sacrifice if a pair of doves or two young pigeons as required by the law of the Lord.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.