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Pp171 98 ii. Further, she is faced with a difficult situation in which no one knows her family and against her son s alleged crime she is judged. The priest asks her whether she ever tried to get him on the right track. The priest is evidently find fault with her parenting ability. Pp171 iii. This family cannot afford good clothing. We are told that mother and daughter were dressed in severe mourning clothes. Further, the deceased we are told used a rope for a belt and was barefoot. Iv. This family also faces discrimination. The crowds break from their routine siesta just to catch a glimpse of the deceased man s family. The priests sister is so scared she tells them that they were going to melt. The mother stoically endures the questioning stares of the people who want to see what the mother of a thief looks like. The members of this community too have their own problems. V. The heat is evidently one of the things that cause them untold suffering. They have to close down public schools, offices, and stores everyday at 11:00am and open just before 4:00pm on account of the heat. Vi. The priest too has his moment of suffering. When he asks the woman to identify herself, she does so with so much confidence that the he blushes and breaks into a sweat. His suffering stems from the fact that he had judged the woman99 badly and her sense of self-esteem is what puts him under undue pressure. 6. Style The chief style in this story is symbolism. I. The heat In its tedium, that is monotony, the heat represents the deceased s mother s life. It is very oppressive and has few choices if any. She has raised her children well telling them what is wrong and what is right. This does not however save her son from the harsh realities of life. He has to eat. He takes to boxing which to say the least only hurts her son. When he abandons this, he moves further afield only to die in search of food. She has to face the curious crowd outside the church. If she stays until the sun goes down then she will miss the 3:30pm train and she does not have the means to lodge in the town for the night. NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives of the banana plantation farmers? It symbolises the loss of control of their lives. |
If she stays until the sun goes down then she will miss the 3:30pm train and she does not have the means to lodge in the town for the night. NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives of the banana plantation farmers? It symbolises the loss of control of their lives. The heat controls how their day is run. They routinely break at eleven and resume work at four. Nothing exciting happens nor do they create avenues for entertainment. This is why the diversion presented from their routine by the arrival of the mourners stirs them from their routine. 100 ii. The death of her son symbolises fate. The nature of his death is such that nobody could save him. He had just arrived in the town, no one knew him but he was hungry and was ignorant of the risk of knocking on people s doors in the night as a stranger. His mother accepts this reality stoically. She tells the priest that she is the mother of the thief that was killed there the previous week. She also does not question the reason for her poverty. She takes it for a fact and lives in it with dignity. She pays for third class car because that is what they can afford; it is instructive that they are the only ones in the car- it means most people can afford to pay for better transportation. It does not bother her that they are the only passengers on it. However, before they disembark she makes sure that she and her daughter are as presentable as they can be. 7. POV The story is told from a third person point of view. It is however omniscient objective. There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered. We have to interpret the events on our own. This is good for the story because the author wants us to see things as they are. He does not wish to unduly influence our thinking. However, the details offered are sufficient to convince us that human beings are very quick to judge one another and often with very wrong conclusions being jumped to. 101 8 a Appropriateness of title The title of this story is appropriate. It is the Tuesday of August. It is a typical hot day in the calendar of the banana plantation people. They have all taken a break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are having their siesta. |
It is the Tuesday of August. It is a typical hot day in the calendar of the banana plantation people. They have all taken a break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are having their siesta. This unfortunately will not be an ordinary siesta because an event happens that wakes them from their mid-day sleep: the mother of the slain thief is in town and everyone wants to catch a glimpse of her. So it is for them a story about a Tuesday that their siesta was interfered with. B Significant event The significant event in this story is the decision of the mother of the slain thief to visit her slain sons grave. Her trip necessitates that we learn about her economic background and why the slaying of her son was fated. C Aim of the author. The author picks a sad event in the life of a poor mother to show us how strong we can be both in adversity and grinding poverty. No one can therefore take your self-esteem from you but yourself. First we must view ourselves with pride then those around us will see our dignity. 102 Two Stories of a House by Leila Abouzeid Morocco 1. Setting This is story is set in a Moroccan town. It is told in two parts. The first part is set in a courthouse while the second part is set in the roof house of an old woman. The first setting is a very formal one with a government officer presiding and passing judgment. The second one is very informal and the two old women pass their own judgment. 2. The plot Khadija Bent Ahmed has lost the house she has lived in for over thirty years and has therefore taken the matter to court. The defendant is Meeluda Bent Albacheer, her land lady. Khadija feels that she has paid rent all those years and been of help socially to the defendant and this ought to give her ownership of the house. Meeluda on the other hand thinks that the rent was insignificant and it does not make Khadija an owner. She therefore convinced Khadija to vacate the house for renovation upon which she would return. This was not to be. Khadija s house was the first floor and to get there she had to use the stairs. Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be repaired and that the whole house is coming down. |
Khadija s house was the first floor and to get there she had to use the stairs. Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be repaired and that the whole house is coming down. The judge s verdict: Khadija should go and take her belongings and cease to lay any claim on the property. In her devastated mood, Khadija learns of an old woman with a story similar to hers. She goes there to share her story. The woman tells her about her own tribulations which she feels are even more devastating103 than Khadija s. Her husband of over forty years had divorced her and married a girl below twenty years old. What annoys her is that she was the girl s benefactor. The girl was pregnant out of wedlock and was hiding from her brothers. Since the old woman was barren she gets into a deal with the girl that she will hide her shame and in return she would leave the child she was carrying to her. Her husband takes to the girl and marries her and then divorces the old woman. Although she keeps the two children twins their mother secretly meets them every day when the old woman is out of the house. 3. Conflict The first conflict is between Khadija and Meeluda Kahdija feels that she should own the property she has lived in for over thirty years. Her claim does not make sense. She has been a tenant and therefore she was paying for a service. This is Meeluda s argument which the judge upholds. This conflict however reveals some very important facts. Khadija also had a conflict with her husband. She feels that her husband squandered the family wealth through his generosity. He was hospitable at the expense of his family. This also brings us to another very important fact: women have no right to own property. It appears that it is the men who handle family finances. So even though Khadija knew how best to spend the family s104 resources in order to secure her future, she was not allowed to make financial decisions. This can be confirmed through the second case in which the old woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat is in and now has nowhere to go. The second conflict is developed by the divorcee She is in conflict both with her husband and his new wife. She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage. |
This can be confirmed through the second case in which the old woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat is in and now has nowhere to go. The second conflict is developed by the divorcee She is in conflict both with her husband and his new wife. She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage. They had made a deal and the girl swore on the saint s tomb that she would only give birth in the old woman s house and then leave for her the child. Instead she made herself comfortable as a wife. The other conflict she develops is with her husband. She acknowledges that she has not been able to bear any children for him. However, during the period she was married to him she worked hard and they got to own a house. Now he has thrown her out of it and she is destitute. What is more is that she is in her sunshine years and does not have the strength to start all over again. Therefore she feels that her husband has treated her very unfairly. Both women develop conflict with religion. Khadija says that Meeluda swore to Mecca, and the divorcee says that the young girl swore on the saint s tomb. None of these people honoured their pledges. In khadija s case, she tells the judge that the reason she has taken long before bringing the case to his court is that she had still left the case with the saints. 105 It therefore means that her disillusionment with her religion is what finally makes her bring the case before the judge. She feels that her faith was misplaced. This is the same reaction that we get from the divorcee. She had hoped for God s reward for helping the girl but suffers a divorce instead. This makes her a very cynical woman: she says that there is no good neighbour in this world, no grateful people, and no faithful husbands. 4. Character and characterisation Khadija- unrealistic, religious Meeluda cruel Divorcee-hard working, religious Please supply illustrations that confirm these traits. 5. Themes Place of the woman in society This is the major theme in this story. This is brought to us through the experiences of two women. Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her future is not secure and there is no law to protect her from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban setting is extremely important. |
Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her future is not secure and there is no law to protect her from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban setting is extremely important. Men cannot hope to carry on as if they are in the village and forget their obligation to their families. The divorcee too develops this theme. She swears that she worked hard as a wife and attributes the house she and her husband lived in and all the good106 things in it to her efforts, at least partly. Now in her sunshine years she is thrown out and becomes destitute. She seems to understand that justice will not be served anywhere so unlike Khadija, she does not report the matter for arbitration to any authority but simply becomes cynical of human nature. So for both women society has failed to protect them from the ill wind of the world despite their devotion to their religion and men. 6. Pov The story is told from a third person point of view. This is appropriate because it gives us an objective view of the goings on in women s lives in this society. 7. A Appropriateness of title Two Stories of a House is an interesting title. It leads us to believe that we are going to look at one house and hear two stories about it. This however is not what obtains. There are actually two houses and two stories. So why is the house in the title singular? The pains and the resulting misery to the women is the same. The author implies that take any two women in this society and you will find that they identify with each other s suffering. The title is therefore appropriate in the cry for equity. B Significant event Khadija s going to court and the divorcee becoming the village girls benefactor. 107 C Aim of the author The author is appealing for gender parity. This is a patriarchic community in which women have little or no say about their own affairs. The author thinks that this state of affairs should change. 108 THE LAW OF THE GRAZING FIELDS BY CYPRIAN EKWENSI 1. Setting This story is set among the nomadic people of West Africa. It is most likely Nigeria. What is more important though is the time. The story is set in pristine Africa before the influence of the west. It is a typical short story with the events taking place in a very short time. |
Pp183 Amina and her brothers Modio was suspicious of her behaviour and therefore set a trap for her. Jama had not paid the full bride price and therefore could not yet take her. This intervening period presented Yalla with an opportunity to steal Amina. That evening Modio lays in wait with a pack of wild cattle dogs which he sets on Yalla and then grabs Amina. He takes her back to the hut swearing that she was going nowhere but Jama s. Her elder brother disturbed by this incident begins to plan how they were to escort her when the time finally came. He says he would ride behind her because she could not be trusted after what she had been through with Modio. Amina and Jama She is averse to marrying him because he does not fit the stereotype male of the community. This is supposed to be the masculine type that would protect their families from attack by wild animals. According to her he is weak-kneed and110 effeminate. He had failed the flogging test. She says that he had wept and begged as they flogged him at the sharo. She would be an embarrassment to her if she married him. Her brothers and Yalla They knew he was planning to elope with Amina. This is why Modio kept vigil. When he finally gets the girl they run after them and the brothers are not afraid to use poisoned arrows if only to get their sister back and take her to Jama. When he finally beats them to his hut, they tell him that their father will know no rest until Yalla will have compensated for his cattle. Pp189 Finally they acknowledge defeat. One of the brothers says that Yalla is a man. He set fire to their camp, stole their sister and then called them thieves for taking back their horse that they had saddled for another bridegroom. 4. Character and characterisation Amina-strong willed, determined, proud Yalla-courageous, determined, humorous, loving Get your illustrations to prove the above traits. 5. Themes a Tradition This is the most important theme in this story. We learn about the culture of these pastoralists in relation to marriage. I. First there is the law of the grazing fields. A man may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is not caught. Ii. A man must complete the payment of dowry before he could take his wife. |
A man may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is not caught. Ii. A man must complete the payment of dowry before he could take his wife. They were waiting for Jama to111 deliver the last instalment of his dowry before they could hand Amina over to him. Iii. Men had to be tested to determine their suitability for marriage. The stage for doing this was a ceremony called sharo in which the man would be flogged in public to determine how well he bore pain. Those who wept and begged during the flogging lost favour in the eyes of potential brides. Iv. Parents arranged marriage for their daughters. Amina s father had first accepted the bride price then told her about it. She was not expected to have a say and that is why her brothers were trying to enforce the will of their father. B Love Another theme developed in this story is love. This is a story of passion. Nothing would stop Yalla from marrying the woman he loved. She says that he was strong enough to break stubborn bulls but when he smiled and held her in his hands his face was so gentle and sweet. When they are in Yalla s settlement and he points his hut out to her, she says: Our hut you mean . She tells Modio when he stops her from eloping: This night I will be with Yalla. He s the husband I ve chosen. Yalla on his part has suffered to get this woman to be his wife. He endured the pack of wild cattle dogs and later a poisoned arrow. Despite the poison he takes time to acknowledge Amina when he gets them to his house: My wife! He moaned. Mine at last. 112 6. Style a Flashback It is through flashback that we learn why Amina is opposed to marrying Jama. He had wept and begged when flogged. We also learn of how they had set to elope through a flashback. Yalla was to make scratching sounds to indicate his presence. It is also thorough flashback that we learn of the huge dowry that Jama is paying. B Image The image of a hawk has been used twice in this story. The first time it is used with reference to Modio. He crouches before her with hands curved like the claws of a hawk about to strike. In this instance the hawk is playing a protective role. |
The resulting strikes bring about violence and unemployment. Another important factor worth mentioning is the contrast in the weather. The Namibia she leaves is hot and dry which agrees with the political heat created by the oppressive regime. The England she visits is in the middle of winter and is therefore equally oppressive. 2. The plot The story opens with Angelika s visit to Birmingham. We are told that it was the town of her liberation. We learn that she is in the UK courtesy of her church. She has been sent there to learn English. So bad is the situation at home that it is only churches that are setting up projects to improve the lot of the people. It is in one such project the Angelica and her husband work. It is a day care centre for children whose mothers have to go to work but have nobody to leave them with. Besides studying English, she hopes to take a course in Community Studies that would help her run the day care centre. 115 Her friend Tembi, a Namibian nurse studying in UK, encourages her to avail herself of the medical expertise in the UK to find out why she can t have children and perhaps even have the problem remedied. Her visit to the hospital reveals that she had been stirilised. She says this was done without her knowledge by the military doctors who had removed her appendix. The sympathetic doctors in Birmingham tell her that although the operation is considered permanent they had carried out a few reversals successfully. They are cautious though and tell her that there are no guarantees that her case too would be a success. She consents to the operation nonetheless. Again the church bears the cost of the operation. Naturally she has to travel back home to meet with her husband to determine the success of the operation. Here too the church meets the cost. She returns to Birmingham and anxiously waits for her to find out whether she is lucky. Her periods do not come and this is a good sign. She shares this news only with Tembi for fear of raising people s expectations too high. Her luck holds out and finally it was evident to all that she was pregnant. It is only then that she informs her husband. She continued with her studies as she carried the pregnancy to term. Six months after her baby was born she bids farewell to her benefactors and heads back home. 3. Conflict a The conflict with weather is very important. It develops the theme of suffering in the story. |
She tells that it is God who helped her as always. This is in reference to the surgery that she undergoes to correct her sterilisation. B. Hardworking Every day she looked after 80 preschoolers at the children s centre that she ran. Their mothers dropped them in the early hours and collected them when it began to turn dark. C. Realistic When it became obvious that she was not going to have children of her own, she adopted three girls from her husband s family. D. Forgiving When it became clear that she had been sterilised by white doctors without her consent, her friends wished to write letters to the newspapers and contact the UN to object to the malicious behaviour of the white doctors. She objected to this approach. Clearly she118 felt no bitterness towards the people who had wronged her. E. Secretive Upon missing her periods, she did not readily tell the people around her. Further, she only went to the doctor s after 7 weeks. What is more, she did not dare tell her husband for fear that something might go wrong. The only person she told was Tembi whom she asked not to tell anyone. 5. Themes a. Human rights abuses i. Forced sterilisation A number of women are sterilised by white doctors without their consent. Angelika is one such woman. Further, she says that she thought of the other women it must have happened to who neither knew nor had the chance to reverse their enforced childlessness. Ii. Oppression Political leaders were detained, tortured or forced into exile. Iii. Forced resettlement The natives had been resettled into remote reserves. The narrator says that the village had been pushed into the rocky hills by colonial settlement. B. Friendship i. Church The church is responsible for a number of humanitarian assistance. The narrator says that as the South African rule oppressed the119 people of Namibia, it is only the churches that could set up projects to help the people. Further, the church met the cost of Angelika s education, treatment and travel expenses. We are told that they offered assistance from an emergency fund so she could give birth in Birmingham and continue her studies afterwards. Ii. The people of Namibia The narrator tells us that the people survived the traumatising experiences because of their solidarity. |
We are told that they offered assistance from an emergency fund so she could give birth in Birmingham and continue her studies afterwards. Ii. The people of Namibia The narrator tells us that the people survived the traumatising experiences because of their solidarity. She says that survival came through mutual support, through solidarity within the communities and within the families: helping people who did not have enough food, caring for those who were sick, looking out for each other s children. Iii. Tembi We are told that it was Tembi who began to show Angelika around to ensure that she did not spend too much time alone in her room. Further, she is the one who suggested that Angelika seeks proper treatment. As a result, Angelika found out that she had been sterilised without her consent, but what is more the doctors were able to reverse her condition which was thought to be permanent. Iv. The people of England Angelika visits England at a time they were facing labour unrest. The administration was120 harsh and the police charged on protestors. She says that the people sent parcels of food across the country to the places that the strike held out the longest. 6. A. Appropriateness of title The title is appropriate. The white hands that are talked about were responsible for both the suffering and joy of the protagonist. It is the malicious white doctors in South Africa who sterilised her without her consent. This was a supremacist statement. If they could stop the blacks from reproducing, then the superior white race would have the country to themselves. Ironically, it is the white doctors in England who identify the reason why she cannot conceive and correct the problem through surgery. B. Significant event The significant event in this story is the sterilisation of Angelika by the white doctors in Windhoek. C. Aim of the author This is a sad story that uses contrast to show that both evil and well-meaning people exist. A group of people should therefore not be condemned because one of them has acted out of line, rather we should judge individuals by their strengths and weaknesses. The strong121 message is therefore one of tolerance and building friendships. Task Q 1 Friendship helps overcome adversity. Using Angelica s experiences both in Namibia and England show that this is true. Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi s White Hands. 122 Thank you very much for the purchase of this eBook. I hope enjoyed reading it and that it did add value to your teaching learning. |
Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi s White Hands.122 Thank you very much for the purchase of this eBook. I hope enjoyed reading it and that it did add value to your teaching learning. Walter Akach PS: If there ever is a need to wish to share your thoughts about this work feel free to drop me a word at walterakach gmail.com. |
Thepearl:plotAnalysis:chapter1SummaryKino watchedwiththedetachmentofGodwhileadustyantfranticallytriedtoescapethesandtrap. Justbeforesunrisesometimearound 1900,aMexican-IndianpearldivernamedKinoawakenstothesoundofcrowingroosters. HelivesnearthevillageofLaPaz,onthePacificcoastoftheBajaPeninsula. Hewatchesthedaydawningthroughthecrackofthedoortohishouse,whichismadeofbrush bundlesofstrawfastenedtogethertoformwallsandaroof. Hethenlookstoamakeshiftcradle,akindofboxhangingfromtheroofofthehut,wherehisinfantson,Coyotito,sleeps. Finally,stillrestingonthemat,Kinoturnshisgazetotheopeneyesofhiswife, Juana. ShelooksbackatKinoasshealwaysdoesintheearlymorning. Hearingthewavesrollinguponthenearbybeach,Kinocloseshiseyesagaintolistentothesoundofanoldsonginhishead. JuanarisestocheckonCoyotitoandstartsafire. Kinoalsorises,wrappinghimselfinablanketandslidingintohissandals. Outside,heregardstheclimbingsunandthehoveringcloudsasJuanapreparesbreakfast. Inthecompanyofagoatandadog,Kinostares withthedetachmentofGod atagroupofindustriousantsunderfoot. Behindhim,KinohearsJuanasingingandnursingCoyotito. Hersongissimple,anditmovesKinotocontemplation. Astherestoftheneighborhoodstirs,KinogoesbackinsidethehouseandfindsJuanafixingherhair. Astheyeattheirsimplebreakfast,thereisnospeechbetweenthembeyondacontentedsighfromKino. ArayoflightshinesonCoyotito shangingbox,revealingascorpioncrawlingdowntheropetowardthechild. Terrified,JuanarecitesacharmandaprayertoprotectCoyotito,whileKinomovesforwardtocapturethescorpion. Coyotitospotsthescorpionontherope,laughs,andreachesuptograbit. Justthen,positionedinfrontofthehangingbox,Kinofreezes,slowlystretchingouthishandtowardthescorpion. |
Thepearl:plotAnalysis:chapter1SummaryKino watchedwiththedetachmentofGodwhileadustyantfranticallytriedtoescapethesandtrap. Justbeforesunrisesometimearound 1900,aMexican-IndianpearldivernamedKinoawakenstothesoundofcrowingroosters. HelivesnearthevillageofLaPaz,onthePacificcoastoftheBajaPeninsula. Hewatchesthedaydawningthroughthecrackofthedoortohishouse,whichismadeofbrush bundlesofstrawfastenedtogethertoformwallsandaroof. Hethenlookstoamakeshiftcradle,akindofboxhangingfromtheroofofthehut,wherehisinfantson,Coyotito,sleeps. Finally,stillrestingonthemat,Kinoturnshisgazetotheopeneyesofhiswife, Juana. ShelooksbackatKinoasshealwaysdoesintheearlymorning. Hearingthewavesrollinguponthenearbybeach,Kinocloseshiseyesagaintolistentothesoundofanoldsonginhishead. JuanarisestocheckonCoyotitoandstartsafire. Kinoalsorises,wrappinghimselfinablanketandslidingintohissandals. Outside,heregardstheclimbingsunandthehoveringcloudsasJuanapreparesbreakfast. Inthecompanyofagoatandadog,Kinostares withthedetachmentofGod atagroupofindustriousantsunderfoot. Behindhim,KinohearsJuanasingingandnursingCoyotito. Hersongissimple,anditmovesKinotocontemplation. Astherestoftheneighborhoodstirs,KinogoesbackinsidethehouseandfindsJuanafixingherhair. Astheyeattheirsimplebreakfast,thereisnospeechbetweenthembeyondacontentedsighfromKino. ArayoflightshinesonCoyotito shangingbox,revealingascorpioncrawlingdowntheropetowardthechild. Terrified,JuanarecitesacharmandaprayertoprotectCoyotito,whileKinomovesforwardtocapturethescorpion. Coyotitospotsthescorpionontherope,laughs,andreachesuptograbit. Justthen,positionedinfrontofthehangingbox,Kinofreezes,slowlystretchingouthishandtowardthescorpion. WhenCoyotitoshakestheropeofthehangingbox,thescorpionfalls,landsonhisshoulder,andstingshim. Kinoimmediatelyseizesthecreatureandcrushesitinhisgrasp,beatingittodeathonthefloorforgoodmeasure. Kino sretributiondoesnogood,though,andCoyotitoscreamswithpain. JuanagrabsCoyotitoatonceandattemptstosuckthevenomoutofhisfesteringwound. Thechild swailingsummonsseveralneighborstoKino sdoorstep,includingKino sbrother,JuanTom s,andJuanTom s swife,Apolonia. AsCoyotito scriesdiminishintomoans,JuanaasksKinotosummonthedoctor. Sucharequestsurprisestheneighborssincethedoctorhasnevervisitedthepoorclusterofbrushhouses. ThedoctorbelongstothesocialclassoftheSpanishcolonistsoftheregion,aclassfarabovethatofpoornativessuchasKinoandJuana. WhenKinoexpressesdoubtthatthedoctorwillcometoCoyotito,JuanaresolvestotakeCoyotitotothedoctor. KinoandJuanasetoutforthecenteroftown,theirneighborstrailingbehindthem. Nearthecenteroftown,morepeoplefollow,curioustoseetheoutcomeofapoorman spleatoarichdoctor. Arrivingatthedoctor shouse,Kinoknocksatthegate. Hebothfearsandresentsthedoctor,apowerfulmannotofhisownpeople. Presently,thegateopenstorevealoneofKino sownpeople,employedinthedoctor sservice. KinoexplainsthedetailsofCoyotito sinjuryinhisnativetongue;themanignoresKino suseofthenativelanguageandrespondsinSpanish. HetellsKinotowaitwhilehegoestospeakwiththedoctor. Indoors,thedoctorsitsupinbed,surroundedbyluxuries. HefeastsonbiscuitsandhotchocolateandthinksnostalgicallyofParis. Whentheservantinterruptsthedoctor sreverietoannounceKino svisit,thedoctorbitterlydemandstoknowifKinohasmoneytopayforthetreatment. Kinogivestheservanteightsmallpearls,butsoontheservantreturnstoKinowiththem,explainingthatthedoctorhasbeencalledouttoattendtoaseriouscase. Withthisdismissal,theprocessionbreaksup,leavingKinofuriousandashamed. Standinginshockinfrontoftheclosedgate,Kinostrikesoutinanger,smashinghisfistintothebarrierandbloodyinghisknuckles. AnalysisAsitsshort,simplesentencesandheavilysymbolicmoralovertonesmakeevident, ThePearl isbasedontheformofbiblicalparable,andthesimplenaturalbeautyoftheopeningscenerecallsthebeautyandinnocenceoftheGardenofEdenbeforeAdamandEve sfall. Thoughthecomparisonisnotmadeexplicitly,itisneverthelessanaptone likeAdamandEve,KinoandJuanamakechoiceslaterinthestorythatcausethemtolosetheirinnocenceandforcethemtoleavetheirparadiseforthehardshipsofthewiderworld. TheclusterofbrushhousesbytheseawhereKinoandJuanalivefunctionsasakindofparadise,inwhichmanandwomanlivetogetherinastateofnature. Steinbeckfocusesonthefamily srusticsimplicityandonitsreverenceforahigherpower. Steinbeckusesrepetitiouslanguage,whichevokestheBibleandotherreligiousliterature,tounderscorethefamily sspirituality. ThisscripturalstructureisespeciallyevidentinSteinbeck sfrequentuseoftheword and todrivethenarrative: Andagoatcamenearandsniffedathim ; Andtherhythmofthefamilysongwasthegrindingstone ; Andhedrankalittlepulqueandthatwasbreakfast. Kino sknowledgeoftheworldisnotexpansive,buthisstoreoftraditionalsongsandhiscontented,familiarmannerofsurveyinghismeagerterritoryshowthatheisintimatelyacquaintedwitheveryaspectoftheexistenceheknows. Kinofrequentlyhearstraditionalsongsinhisheadthatexpresshismoodorhissenseofhisenvironment whenheiscontentathomeinthischapter,hehearsthesoothingrhythmsoftheSongoftheFamily,forinstance,butwhenheisintroublelaterinthenovellahehearsthealarmingSongofDanger. Kino sinnersoundtrackhighlights ThePearl soriginalconceptionasafilmproject theaudiencewouldactuallyhaveheardthesesongsandexperiencedthemasrecurringmotifs. ItalsopointstotheoralnatureofKino sculture,inwhichsongsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandassumesuchapositionofpsychologicalimportancethattheyactuallyprovideaninternalcontextwithoutwhichKinoisunabletointerprethisownfeelings. SteinbeckseemstosuggestthattheimminentdisruptionofKino sEden,liketheharmonythatprecedesit,istheworkofadivinepower. LikeKino,whoobservestheantsasthoughhewereadetachedGod,theGodwatchingoverKino andindeedallhumanityinthetext showsindifferencetothecruelcombinationofsuccessesandfailuresthatpeopleencounter. AsKinosurveysthesurroundingsofhisbrushhouse,wilddovesflyandruffledroostersfight,symbolizingthewaygoodandevilhaphazardlycommingle. ThescorpionthatbringsterrorintoKino shouseholdrepresentstheworkofadivineagent. InChristianliterature,scorpionstraditionallysymbolizeevil,andthestreakofsunlightthatfallsonthescorpionasitrestsonthehangingboxropeseemsaheavenlyspotlight,settingthedramainmotion. WiththeSongofEvildrowningouttheSongofFamily,Kinomusttakecontrolofhisfamily sdestinyafterthisunkindtwistoffate. Steinbeck swritingevincescontemptforthetowndoctor,whosurroundshimselfwiththevulgartrappingsofEuropean civilizedliving. ToSteinbeck,thedoctor snotionofcivilizationisutterlymaterialisticanddevoidofthecomplexspiritualitysointegraltoKinoandJuana slife. Nevertheless,thedoctor sbarbaricbeliefsholdswayinthiscolonialcontext,andthedividebetweenrichandpoorseemsraciallyandinflexiblydefined. Thedoctor sservant,asanativeemployedbyacolonial,demonstratesthedividebetweentheworldofthedoctorthatofKinoandJuana. TheservantisoverlyofficialandspeaksSpanishwhenreceivingKinoandJuana,underscoringthesocialdifferencesbetweenKinoandthedoctor. Hedoes,however,reverttotheirnativelanguageinamoresympatheticmoment. Whiletheservantpossessesthecapacitytomove linguisticallyandotherwise betweentwodisparateworlds,thecolonialdoctorpossessesneitherthelinguisticabilitynorthedesiretodoso. ThoughKinodesirestocrossbetweenthetwoworldstoo,heisunabletodoso. Thispowerlessnessrendershisindignationatthedoctor srefusaltotreatCoyotitoirrelevant,sincehehasnoproductivemeanstoexpressthisindignation. PlotAnalysisThepearl:chapter2Chapter2SummaryButthepearlswereaccidents,andthefindingofonewasluck,alittlepatonthebackbyGodorthegodsorboth. |
Thepearl:plotAnalysis:chapter1SummaryKino watchedwiththedetachmentofGodwhileadustyantfranticallytriedtoescapethesandtrap. Justbeforesunrisesometimearound 1900,aMexican-IndianpearldivernamedKinoawakenstothesoundofcrowingroosters. HelivesnearthevillageofLaPaz,onthePacificcoastoftheBajaPeninsula. Hewatchesthedaydawningthroughthecrackofthedoortohishouse,whichismadeofbrush bundlesofstrawfastenedtogethertoformwallsandaroof. Hethenlookstoamakeshiftcradle,akindofboxhangingfromtheroofofthehut,wherehisinfantson,Coyotito,sleeps. Finally,stillrestingonthemat,Kinoturnshisgazetotheopeneyesofhiswife, Juana. ShelooksbackatKinoasshealwaysdoesintheearlymorning. Hearingthewavesrollinguponthenearbybeach,Kinocloseshiseyesagaintolistentothesoundofanoldsonginhishead. JuanarisestocheckonCoyotitoandstartsafire. Kinoalsorises,wrappinghimselfinablanketandslidingintohissandals. Outside,heregardstheclimbingsunandthehoveringcloudsasJuanapreparesbreakfast. Inthecompanyofagoatandadog,Kinostares withthedetachmentofGod atagroupofindustriousantsunderfoot. Behindhim,KinohearsJuanasingingandnursingCoyotito. Hersongissimple,anditmovesKinotocontemplation. Astherestoftheneighborhoodstirs,KinogoesbackinsidethehouseandfindsJuanafixingherhair. Astheyeattheirsimplebreakfast,thereisnospeechbetweenthembeyondacontentedsighfromKino. ArayoflightshinesonCoyotito shangingbox,revealingascorpioncrawlingdowntheropetowardthechild. Terrified,JuanarecitesacharmandaprayertoprotectCoyotito,whileKinomovesforwardtocapturethescorpion. Coyotitospotsthescorpionontherope,laughs,andreachesuptograbit. Justthen,positionedinfrontofthehangingbox,Kinofreezes,slowlystretchingouthishandtowardthescorpion. WhenCoyotitoshakestheropeofthehangingbox,thescorpionfalls,landsonhisshoulder,andstingshim. Kinoimmediatelyseizesthecreatureandcrushesitinhisgrasp,beatingittodeathonthefloorforgoodmeasure. Kino sretributiondoesnogood,though,andCoyotitoscreamswithpain. JuanagrabsCoyotitoatonceandattemptstosuckthevenomoutofhisfesteringwound. Thechild swailingsummonsseveralneighborstoKino sdoorstep,includingKino sbrother,JuanTom s,andJuanTom s swife,Apolonia. AsCoyotito scriesdiminishintomoans,JuanaasksKinotosummonthedoctor. Sucharequestsurprisestheneighborssincethedoctorhasnevervisitedthepoorclusterofbrushhouses. ThedoctorbelongstothesocialclassoftheSpanishcolonistsoftheregion,aclassfarabovethatofpoornativessuchasKinoandJuana. WhenKinoexpressesdoubtthatthedoctorwillcometoCoyotito,JuanaresolvestotakeCoyotitotothedoctor. KinoandJuanasetoutforthecenteroftown,theirneighborstrailingbehindthem. Nearthecenteroftown,morepeoplefollow,curioustoseetheoutcomeofapoorman spleatoarichdoctor. Arrivingatthedoctor shouse,Kinoknocksatthegate. Hebothfearsandresentsthedoctor,apowerfulmannotofhisownpeople. Presently,thegateopenstorevealoneofKino sownpeople,employedinthedoctor sservice. KinoexplainsthedetailsofCoyotito sinjuryinhisnativetongue;themanignoresKino suseofthenativelanguageandrespondsinSpanish. HetellsKinotowaitwhilehegoestospeakwiththedoctor. Indoors,thedoctorsitsupinbed,surroundedbyluxuries. HefeastsonbiscuitsandhotchocolateandthinksnostalgicallyofParis. Whentheservantinterruptsthedoctor sreverietoannounceKino svisit,thedoctorbitterlydemandstoknowifKinohasmoneytopayforthetreatment. Kinogivestheservanteightsmallpearls,butsoontheservantreturnstoKinowiththem,explainingthatthedoctorhasbeencalledouttoattendtoaseriouscase. Withthisdismissal,theprocessionbreaksup,leavingKinofuriousandashamed. Standinginshockinfrontoftheclosedgate,Kinostrikesoutinanger,smashinghisfistintothebarrierandbloodyinghisknuckles. AnalysisAsitsshort,simplesentencesandheavilysymbolicmoralovertonesmakeevident, ThePearl isbasedontheformofbiblicalparable,andthesimplenaturalbeautyoftheopeningscenerecallsthebeautyandinnocenceoftheGardenofEdenbeforeAdamandEve sfall. Thoughthecomparisonisnotmadeexplicitly,itisneverthelessanaptone likeAdamandEve,KinoandJuanamakechoiceslaterinthestorythatcausethemtolosetheirinnocenceandforcethemtoleavetheirparadiseforthehardshipsofthewiderworld. TheclusterofbrushhousesbytheseawhereKinoandJuanalivefunctionsasakindofparadise,inwhichmanandwomanlivetogetherinastateofnature. Steinbeckfocusesonthefamily srusticsimplicityandonitsreverenceforahigherpower. Steinbeckusesrepetitiouslanguage,whichevokestheBibleandotherreligiousliterature,tounderscorethefamily sspirituality. ThisscripturalstructureisespeciallyevidentinSteinbeck sfrequentuseoftheword and todrivethenarrative: Andagoatcamenearandsniffedathim ; Andtherhythmofthefamilysongwasthegrindingstone ; Andhedrankalittlepulqueandthatwasbreakfast. Kino sknowledgeoftheworldisnotexpansive,buthisstoreoftraditionalsongsandhiscontented,familiarmannerofsurveyinghismeagerterritoryshowthatheisintimatelyacquaintedwitheveryaspectoftheexistenceheknows. Kinofrequentlyhearstraditionalsongsinhisheadthatexpresshismoodorhissenseofhisenvironment whenheiscontentathomeinthischapter,hehearsthesoothingrhythmsoftheSongoftheFamily,forinstance,butwhenheisintroublelaterinthenovellahehearsthealarmingSongofDanger. Kino sinnersoundtrackhighlights ThePearl soriginalconceptionasafilmproject theaudiencewouldactuallyhaveheardthesesongsandexperiencedthemasrecurringmotifs. ItalsopointstotheoralnatureofKino sculture,inwhichsongsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandassumesuchapositionofpsychologicalimportancethattheyactuallyprovideaninternalcontextwithoutwhichKinoisunabletointerprethisownfeelings. SteinbeckseemstosuggestthattheimminentdisruptionofKino sEden,liketheharmonythatprecedesit,istheworkofadivinepower. LikeKino,whoobservestheantsasthoughhewereadetachedGod,theGodwatchingoverKino andindeedallhumanityinthetext showsindifferencetothecruelcombinationofsuccessesandfailuresthatpeopleencounter. AsKinosurveysthesurroundingsofhisbrushhouse,wilddovesflyandruffledroostersfight,symbolizingthewaygoodandevilhaphazardlycommingle. ThescorpionthatbringsterrorintoKino shouseholdrepresentstheworkofadivineagent. InChristianliterature,scorpionstraditionallysymbolizeevil,andthestreakofsunlightthatfallsonthescorpionasitrestsonthehangingboxropeseemsaheavenlyspotlight,settingthedramainmotion. WiththeSongofEvildrowningouttheSongofFamily,Kinomusttakecontrolofhisfamily sdestinyafterthisunkindtwistoffate. Steinbeck swritingevincescontemptforthetowndoctor,whosurroundshimselfwiththevulgartrappingsofEuropean civilizedliving. ToSteinbeck,thedoctor snotionofcivilizationisutterlymaterialisticanddevoidofthecomplexspiritualitysointegraltoKinoandJuana slife. Nevertheless,thedoctor sbarbaricbeliefsholdswayinthiscolonialcontext,andthedividebetweenrichandpoorseemsraciallyandinflexiblydefined. Thedoctor sservant,asanativeemployedbyacolonial,demonstratesthedividebetweentheworldofthedoctorthatofKinoandJuana. TheservantisoverlyofficialandspeaksSpanishwhenreceivingKinoandJuana,underscoringthesocialdifferencesbetweenKinoandthedoctor. Hedoes,however,reverttotheirnativelanguageinamoresympatheticmoment. Whiletheservantpossessesthecapacitytomove linguisticallyandotherwise betweentwodisparateworlds,thecolonialdoctorpossessesneitherthelinguisticabilitynorthedesiretodoso. ThoughKinodesirestocrossbetweenthetwoworldstoo,heisunabletodoso. Thispowerlessnessrendershisindignationatthedoctor srefusaltotreatCoyotitoirrelevant,sincehehasnoproductivemeanstoexpressthisindignation. PlotAnalysisThepearl:chapter2Chapter2SummaryButthepearlswereaccidents,andthefindingofonewasluck,alittlepatonthebackbyGodorthegodsorboth. Ontheshoresoftheestuary,asetofblueandwhitecanoessitsinthesand. Crabsandlobsterspokeoutfromtheirholes,andalgaeandseahorsesdriftaimlesslyinthenearbycurrents. Dogsandpigsscavengetheshorelineforseadriftinthehazymorning. Amidthisscene, Kino and Juana walkdownthebeachtoKino scanoe. Theyaregoingtosearchforpearls,desperatelyhopingtofindapearlofsufficientvaluetopersuadethedoctortotreatthepoisonedCoyotito. Thecanoe,anheirloompasseddowntoKinofromhispaternalgrandfather,isKino ssoleassetintheworld. Kinolayshisblanketinitsbow. JuanarestsCoyotitoupontheblanketandplaceshershawloverhimtoprotecthimfromthesun. Shethenwadesintothewaterandcollectssomeseaweed,whichsheappliesgentlytoCoyotito swound. KinoandJuanaslidethecanoeintothewater,Juanaclimbsin,andKinopushestheboatawayfromshore. OnceKinoboards,thetwobeginpaddlingouttoseainsearchofpearls. Inashorttime,theycomeuponothercanoes,whichhaveclusteredaroundthenearestoysterbed. Kinomakesadivetocollectoysters,whileJuanastaysinthecanoe,prayingforluck. Hestaysunderwaterforovertwominutes,gatheringthelargestshells,includingoneespeciallyenormousoysterthathasa ghostlygleam. Climbingbackintothecanoe,Kinoisreluctanttoexaminethelargestoysterfirst. Afterhalfheartedlypawingatasmallerone,eagernessovercomeshim,andJuanasoftlyurgeshimtoopentheprizecatch. Kinocutstheshellopentorevealthebiggestpearlthateitherofthemhaseverseen. Nearlybreathless,JuanashrieksinastonishmenttofindthatCoyotito swoundhasimprovedinthepresenceofthegreatpearl. Kino,overcomewithemotion,tenseshisentirebodyandletsoutaresoundingyell. Startledbythisunexpecteddisplay,theothercanoesquicklyracetowardKinoandJuanatouncoverthesourceofthecommotion. AnalysisThePearl:Plotanalysis. |
Thepearl:plotAnalysis:chapter1SummaryKino watchedwiththedetachmentofGodwhileadustyantfranticallytriedtoescapethesandtrap. Justbeforesunrisesometimearound 1900,aMexican-IndianpearldivernamedKinoawakenstothesoundofcrowingroosters. HelivesnearthevillageofLaPaz,onthePacificcoastoftheBajaPeninsula. Hewatchesthedaydawningthroughthecrackofthedoortohishouse,whichismadeofbrush bundlesofstrawfastenedtogethertoformwallsandaroof. Hethenlookstoamakeshiftcradle,akindofboxhangingfromtheroofofthehut,wherehisinfantson,Coyotito,sleeps. Finally,stillrestingonthemat,Kinoturnshisgazetotheopeneyesofhiswife, Juana. ShelooksbackatKinoasshealwaysdoesintheearlymorning. Hearingthewavesrollinguponthenearbybeach,Kinocloseshiseyesagaintolistentothesoundofanoldsonginhishead. JuanarisestocheckonCoyotitoandstartsafire. Kinoalsorises,wrappinghimselfinablanketandslidingintohissandals. Outside,heregardstheclimbingsunandthehoveringcloudsasJuanapreparesbreakfast. Inthecompanyofagoatandadog,Kinostares withthedetachmentofGod atagroupofindustriousantsunderfoot. Behindhim,KinohearsJuanasingingandnursingCoyotito. Hersongissimple,anditmovesKinotocontemplation. Astherestoftheneighborhoodstirs,KinogoesbackinsidethehouseandfindsJuanafixingherhair. Astheyeattheirsimplebreakfast,thereisnospeechbetweenthembeyondacontentedsighfromKino. ArayoflightshinesonCoyotito shangingbox,revealingascorpioncrawlingdowntheropetowardthechild. Terrified,JuanarecitesacharmandaprayertoprotectCoyotito,whileKinomovesforwardtocapturethescorpion. Coyotitospotsthescorpionontherope,laughs,andreachesuptograbit. Justthen,positionedinfrontofthehangingbox,Kinofreezes,slowlystretchingouthishandtowardthescorpion. WhenCoyotitoshakestheropeofthehangingbox,thescorpionfalls,landsonhisshoulder,andstingshim. Kinoimmediatelyseizesthecreatureandcrushesitinhisgrasp,beatingittodeathonthefloorforgoodmeasure. Kino sretributiondoesnogood,though,andCoyotitoscreamswithpain. JuanagrabsCoyotitoatonceandattemptstosuckthevenomoutofhisfesteringwound. Thechild swailingsummonsseveralneighborstoKino sdoorstep,includingKino sbrother,JuanTom s,andJuanTom s swife,Apolonia. AsCoyotito scriesdiminishintomoans,JuanaasksKinotosummonthedoctor. Sucharequestsurprisestheneighborssincethedoctorhasnevervisitedthepoorclusterofbrushhouses. ThedoctorbelongstothesocialclassoftheSpanishcolonistsoftheregion,aclassfarabovethatofpoornativessuchasKinoandJuana. WhenKinoexpressesdoubtthatthedoctorwillcometoCoyotito,JuanaresolvestotakeCoyotitotothedoctor. KinoandJuanasetoutforthecenteroftown,theirneighborstrailingbehindthem. Nearthecenteroftown,morepeoplefollow,curioustoseetheoutcomeofapoorman spleatoarichdoctor. Arrivingatthedoctor shouse,Kinoknocksatthegate. Hebothfearsandresentsthedoctor,apowerfulmannotofhisownpeople. Presently,thegateopenstorevealoneofKino sownpeople,employedinthedoctor sservice. KinoexplainsthedetailsofCoyotito sinjuryinhisnativetongue;themanignoresKino suseofthenativelanguageandrespondsinSpanish. HetellsKinotowaitwhilehegoestospeakwiththedoctor. Indoors,thedoctorsitsupinbed,surroundedbyluxuries. HefeastsonbiscuitsandhotchocolateandthinksnostalgicallyofParis. Whentheservantinterruptsthedoctor sreverietoannounceKino svisit,thedoctorbitterlydemandstoknowifKinohasmoneytopayforthetreatment. Kinogivestheservanteightsmallpearls,butsoontheservantreturnstoKinowiththem,explainingthatthedoctorhasbeencalledouttoattendtoaseriouscase. Withthisdismissal,theprocessionbreaksup,leavingKinofuriousandashamed. Standinginshockinfrontoftheclosedgate,Kinostrikesoutinanger,smashinghisfistintothebarrierandbloodyinghisknuckles. AnalysisAsitsshort,simplesentencesandheavilysymbolicmoralovertonesmakeevident, ThePearl isbasedontheformofbiblicalparable,andthesimplenaturalbeautyoftheopeningscenerecallsthebeautyandinnocenceoftheGardenofEdenbeforeAdamandEve sfall. Thoughthecomparisonisnotmadeexplicitly,itisneverthelessanaptone likeAdamandEve,KinoandJuanamakechoiceslaterinthestorythatcausethemtolosetheirinnocenceandforcethemtoleavetheirparadiseforthehardshipsofthewiderworld. TheclusterofbrushhousesbytheseawhereKinoandJuanalivefunctionsasakindofparadise,inwhichmanandwomanlivetogetherinastateofnature. Steinbeckfocusesonthefamily srusticsimplicityandonitsreverenceforahigherpower. Steinbeckusesrepetitiouslanguage,whichevokestheBibleandotherreligiousliterature,tounderscorethefamily sspirituality. ThisscripturalstructureisespeciallyevidentinSteinbeck sfrequentuseoftheword and todrivethenarrative: Andagoatcamenearandsniffedathim ; Andtherhythmofthefamilysongwasthegrindingstone ; Andhedrankalittlepulqueandthatwasbreakfast. Kino sknowledgeoftheworldisnotexpansive,buthisstoreoftraditionalsongsandhiscontented,familiarmannerofsurveyinghismeagerterritoryshowthatheisintimatelyacquaintedwitheveryaspectoftheexistenceheknows. Kinofrequentlyhearstraditionalsongsinhisheadthatexpresshismoodorhissenseofhisenvironment whenheiscontentathomeinthischapter,hehearsthesoothingrhythmsoftheSongoftheFamily,forinstance,butwhenheisintroublelaterinthenovellahehearsthealarmingSongofDanger. Kino sinnersoundtrackhighlights ThePearl soriginalconceptionasafilmproject theaudiencewouldactuallyhaveheardthesesongsandexperiencedthemasrecurringmotifs. ItalsopointstotheoralnatureofKino sculture,inwhichsongsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandassumesuchapositionofpsychologicalimportancethattheyactuallyprovideaninternalcontextwithoutwhichKinoisunabletointerprethisownfeelings. SteinbeckseemstosuggestthattheimminentdisruptionofKino sEden,liketheharmonythatprecedesit,istheworkofadivinepower. LikeKino,whoobservestheantsasthoughhewereadetachedGod,theGodwatchingoverKino andindeedallhumanityinthetext showsindifferencetothecruelcombinationofsuccessesandfailuresthatpeopleencounter. AsKinosurveysthesurroundingsofhisbrushhouse,wilddovesflyandruffledroostersfight,symbolizingthewaygoodandevilhaphazardlycommingle. ThescorpionthatbringsterrorintoKino shouseholdrepresentstheworkofadivineagent. InChristianliterature,scorpionstraditionallysymbolizeevil,andthestreakofsunlightthatfallsonthescorpionasitrestsonthehangingboxropeseemsaheavenlyspotlight,settingthedramainmotion. WiththeSongofEvildrowningouttheSongofFamily,Kinomusttakecontrolofhisfamily sdestinyafterthisunkindtwistoffate. Steinbeck swritingevincescontemptforthetowndoctor,whosurroundshimselfwiththevulgartrappingsofEuropean civilizedliving. ToSteinbeck,thedoctor snotionofcivilizationisutterlymaterialisticanddevoidofthecomplexspiritualitysointegraltoKinoandJuana slife. Nevertheless,thedoctor sbarbaricbeliefsholdswayinthiscolonialcontext,andthedividebetweenrichandpoorseemsraciallyandinflexiblydefined. Thedoctor sservant,asanativeemployedbyacolonial,demonstratesthedividebetweentheworldofthedoctorthatofKinoandJuana. TheservantisoverlyofficialandspeaksSpanishwhenreceivingKinoandJuana,underscoringthesocialdifferencesbetweenKinoandthedoctor. Hedoes,however,reverttotheirnativelanguageinamoresympatheticmoment. Whiletheservantpossessesthecapacitytomove linguisticallyandotherwise betweentwodisparateworlds,thecolonialdoctorpossessesneitherthelinguisticabilitynorthedesiretodoso. ThoughKinodesirestocrossbetweenthetwoworldstoo,heisunabletodoso. Thispowerlessnessrendershisindignationatthedoctor srefusaltotreatCoyotitoirrelevant,sincehehasnoproductivemeanstoexpressthisindignation. PlotAnalysisThepearl:chapter2Chapter2SummaryButthepearlswereaccidents,andthefindingofonewasluck,alittlepatonthebackbyGodorthegodsorboth. Ontheshoresoftheestuary,asetofblueandwhitecanoessitsinthesand. Crabsandlobsterspokeoutfromtheirholes,andalgaeandseahorsesdriftaimlesslyinthenearbycurrents. Dogsandpigsscavengetheshorelineforseadriftinthehazymorning. Amidthisscene, Kino and Juana walkdownthebeachtoKino scanoe. Theyaregoingtosearchforpearls,desperatelyhopingtofindapearlofsufficientvaluetopersuadethedoctortotreatthepoisonedCoyotito. Thecanoe,anheirloompasseddowntoKinofromhispaternalgrandfather,isKino ssoleassetintheworld. Kinolayshisblanketinitsbow. JuanarestsCoyotitoupontheblanketandplaceshershawloverhimtoprotecthimfromthesun. Shethenwadesintothewaterandcollectssomeseaweed,whichsheappliesgentlytoCoyotito swound. KinoandJuanaslidethecanoeintothewater,Juanaclimbsin,andKinopushestheboatawayfromshore. OnceKinoboards,thetwobeginpaddlingouttoseainsearchofpearls. Inashorttime,theycomeuponothercanoes,whichhaveclusteredaroundthenearestoysterbed. Kinomakesadivetocollectoysters,whileJuanastaysinthecanoe,prayingforluck. Hestaysunderwaterforovertwominutes,gatheringthelargestshells,includingoneespeciallyenormousoysterthathasa ghostlygleam. Climbingbackintothecanoe,Kinoisreluctanttoexaminethelargestoysterfirst. Afterhalfheartedlypawingatasmallerone,eagernessovercomeshim,andJuanasoftlyurgeshimtoopentheprizecatch. Kinocutstheshellopentorevealthebiggestpearlthateitherofthemhaseverseen. Nearlybreathless,JuanashrieksinastonishmenttofindthatCoyotito swoundhasimprovedinthepresenceofthegreatpearl. Kino,overcomewithemotion,tenseshisentirebodyandletsoutaresoundingyell. Startledbythisunexpecteddisplay,theothercanoesquicklyracetowardKinoandJuanatouncoverthesourceofthecommotion. AnalysisThePearl:Plotanalysis. Chapter3SummaryMysonwillreadandopenthebooks...hewillknowandthroughhimwewillknow....Thisiswhatthepearlwilldo. Wordof Kino sdiscoverytravelsquickly. EvenbeforeKinoreturnstohisbrushhouse,everyoneintownknowsthathehasfound thePearloftheWorld. Throughouttown,peopleofeveryclass fromthebeggartothebusinessmantothepriest dreamofhowKino spearlcanhelpthem. Likeeveryoneelse,thedoctorwhoturnedKinoawaydesiresthepearl. Ignorantofothers jealousy,Kinoand Juana delightintheirgoodfortune,invitingfamilyandfriendstosharetheirjoyintheirnewfoundtreasure. WhenJuanTom sasksKinowhathewilldowithhiswealth,Kinodetailshisplans:apropermarriageinthechurch,newclothingforthefamily,aharpoon,andarifle,amongotherthings. Kino snewboldnessamazesJuana,especiallywhenheexpresseshisdesireforCoyotitotobesenttoschoolandeducated. Kinohimselfissurprisedsomewhatbyhisownresolutestatement,andalloftheneighborsstareatthemightypearlwithamixtureofhopeandfearattheenormouschangesthatlieahead. Asduskapproaches,Juanarevivesthefire,andtheneighborsoverstaytheirwe. Lcome. Neardark,thepriestcomestodeliverabenediction. Oncehehasblessedthehousehold,heaskstoseethepearl. Dazzled,thepriestimploresKinotorememberthechurchinhisnewprosperity. Juanaannouncestheirintentiontobemarriedinthechurch,andthepriestleavesthemwithakindword. AsenseofevilovercomesKinointhewakeofthepriest svisit. |
WhenCoyotitoshakestheropeofthehangingbox,thescorpionfalls,landsonhisshoulder,andstingshim. Kinoimmediatelyseizesthecreatureandcrushesitinhisgrasp,beatingittodeathonthefloorforgoodmeasure. Kino sretributiondoesnogood,though,andCoyotitoscreamswithpain. JuanagrabsCoyotitoatonceandattemptstosuckthevenomoutofhisfesteringwound. Thechild swailingsummonsseveralneighborstoKino sdoorstep,includingKino sbrother,JuanTom s,andJuanTom s swife,Apolonia. AsCoyotito scriesdiminishintomoans,JuanaasksKinotosummonthedoctor. Sucharequestsurprisestheneighborssincethedoctorhasnevervisitedthepoorclusterofbrushhouses. ThedoctorbelongstothesocialclassoftheSpanishcolonistsoftheregion,aclassfarabovethatofpoornativessuchasKinoandJuana. WhenKinoexpressesdoubtthatthedoctorwillcometoCoyotito,JuanaresolvestotakeCoyotitotothedoctor. KinoandJuanasetoutforthecenteroftown,theirneighborstrailingbehindthem. Nearthecenteroftown,morepeoplefollow,curioustoseetheoutcomeofapoorman spleatoarichdoctor. Arrivingatthedoctor shouse,Kinoknocksatthegate. Hebothfearsandresentsthedoctor,apowerfulmannotofhisownpeople. Presently,thegateopenstorevealoneofKino sownpeople,employedinthedoctor sservice. KinoexplainsthedetailsofCoyotito sinjuryinhisnativetongue;themanignoresKino suseofthenativelanguageandrespondsinSpanish. HetellsKinotowaitwhilehegoestospeakwiththedoctor. Indoors,thedoctorsitsupinbed,surroundedbyluxuries. HefeastsonbiscuitsandhotchocolateandthinksnostalgicallyofParis. Whentheservantinterruptsthedoctor sreverietoannounceKino svisit,thedoctorbitterlydemandstoknowifKinohasmoneytopayforthetreatment. Kinogivestheservanteightsmallpearls,butsoontheservantreturnstoKinowiththem,explainingthatthedoctorhasbeencalledouttoattendtoaseriouscase. Withthisdismissal,theprocessionbreaksup,leavingKinofuriousandashamed. Standinginshockinfrontoftheclosedgate,Kinostrikesoutinanger,smashinghisfistintothebarrierandbloodyinghisknuckles. AnalysisAsitsshort,simplesentencesandheavilysymbolicmoralovertonesmakeevident, ThePearl isbasedontheformofbiblicalparable,andthesimplenaturalbeautyoftheopeningscenerecallsthebeautyandinnocenceoftheGardenofEdenbeforeAdamandEve sfall. Thoughthecomparisonisnotmadeexplicitly,itisneverthelessanaptone likeAdamandEve,KinoandJuanamakechoiceslaterinthestorythatcausethemtolosetheirinnocenceandforcethemtoleavetheirparadiseforthehardshipsofthewiderworld. TheclusterofbrushhousesbytheseawhereKinoandJuanalivefunctionsasakindofparadise,inwhichmanandwomanlivetogetherinastateofnature. Steinbeckfocusesonthefamily srusticsimplicityandonitsreverenceforahigherpower. Steinbeckusesrepetitiouslanguage,whichevokestheBibleandotherreligiousliterature,tounderscorethefamily sspirituality. ThisscripturalstructureisespeciallyevidentinSteinbeck sfrequentuseoftheword and todrivethenarrative: Andagoatcamenearandsniffedathim ; Andtherhythmofthefamilysongwasthegrindingstone ; Andhedrankalittlepulqueandthatwasbreakfast. Kino sknowledgeoftheworldisnotexpansive,buthisstoreoftraditionalsongsandhiscontented,familiarmannerofsurveyinghismeagerterritoryshowthatheisintimatelyacquaintedwitheveryaspectoftheexistenceheknows. Kinofrequentlyhearstraditionalsongsinhisheadthatexpresshismoodorhissenseofhisenvironment whenheiscontentathomeinthischapter,hehearsthesoothingrhythmsoftheSongoftheFamily,forinstance,butwhenheisintroublelaterinthenovellahehearsthealarmingSongofDanger. Kino sinnersoundtrackhighlights ThePearl soriginalconceptionasafilmproject theaudiencewouldactuallyhaveheardthesesongsandexperiencedthemasrecurringmotifs. ItalsopointstotheoralnatureofKino sculture,inwhichsongsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandassumesuchapositionofpsychologicalimportancethattheyactuallyprovideaninternalcontextwithoutwhichKinoisunabletointerprethisownfeelings. SteinbeckseemstosuggestthattheimminentdisruptionofKino sEden,liketheharmonythatprecedesit,istheworkofadivinepower. LikeKino,whoobservestheantsasthoughhewereadetachedGod,theGodwatchingoverKino andindeedallhumanityinthetext showsindifferencetothecruelcombinationofsuccessesandfailuresthatpeopleencounter. AsKinosurveysthesurroundingsofhisbrushhouse,wilddovesflyandruffledroostersfight,symbolizingthewaygoodandevilhaphazardlycommingle. ThescorpionthatbringsterrorintoKino shouseholdrepresentstheworkofadivineagent. InChristianliterature,scorpionstraditionallysymbolizeevil,andthestreakofsunlightthatfallsonthescorpionasitrestsonthehangingboxropeseemsaheavenlyspotlight,settingthedramainmotion. WiththeSongofEvildrowningouttheSongofFamily,Kinomusttakecontrolofhisfamily sdestinyafterthisunkindtwistoffate. Steinbeck swritingevincescontemptforthetowndoctor,whosurroundshimselfwiththevulgartrappingsofEuropean civilizedliving. ToSteinbeck,thedoctor snotionofcivilizationisutterlymaterialisticanddevoidofthecomplexspiritualitysointegraltoKinoandJuana slife. Nevertheless,thedoctor sbarbaricbeliefsholdswayinthiscolonialcontext,andthedividebetweenrichandpoorseemsraciallyandinflexiblydefined. Thedoctor sservant,asanativeemployedbyacolonial,demonstratesthedividebetweentheworldofthedoctorthatofKinoandJuana. TheservantisoverlyofficialandspeaksSpanishwhenreceivingKinoandJuana,underscoringthesocialdifferencesbetweenKinoandthedoctor. Hedoes,however,reverttotheirnativelanguageinamoresympatheticmoment. Whiletheservantpossessesthecapacitytomove linguisticallyandotherwise betweentwodisparateworlds,thecolonialdoctorpossessesneitherthelinguisticabilitynorthedesiretodoso. ThoughKinodesirestocrossbetweenthetwoworldstoo,heisunabletodoso. Thispowerlessnessrendershisindignationatthedoctor srefusaltotreatCoyotitoirrelevant,sincehehasnoproductivemeanstoexpressthisindignation. PlotAnalysisThepearl:chapter2Chapter2SummaryButthepearlswereaccidents,andthefindingofonewasluck,alittlepatonthebackbyGodorthegodsorboth. Ontheshoresoftheestuary,asetofblueandwhitecanoessitsinthesand. Crabsandlobsterspokeoutfromtheirholes,andalgaeandseahorsesdriftaimlesslyinthenearbycurrents. Dogsandpigsscavengetheshorelineforseadriftinthehazymorning. Amidthisscene, Kino and Juana walkdownthebeachtoKino scanoe. Theyaregoingtosearchforpearls,desperatelyhopingtofindapearlofsufficientvaluetopersuadethedoctortotreatthepoisonedCoyotito. Thecanoe,anheirloompasseddowntoKinofromhispaternalgrandfather,isKino ssoleassetintheworld. Kinolayshisblanketinitsbow. JuanarestsCoyotitoupontheblanketandplaceshershawloverhimtoprotecthimfromthesun. Shethenwadesintothewaterandcollectssomeseaweed,whichsheappliesgentlytoCoyotito swound. KinoandJuanaslidethecanoeintothewater,Juanaclimbsin,andKinopushestheboatawayfromshore. OnceKinoboards,thetwobeginpaddlingouttoseainsearchofpearls. Inashorttime,theycomeuponothercanoes,whichhaveclusteredaroundthenearestoysterbed. Kinomakesadivetocollectoysters,whileJuanastaysinthecanoe,prayingforluck. Hestaysunderwaterforovertwominutes,gatheringthelargestshells,includingoneespeciallyenormousoysterthathasa ghostlygleam. Climbingbackintothecanoe,Kinoisreluctanttoexaminethelargestoysterfirst. Afterhalfheartedlypawingatasmallerone,eagernessovercomeshim,andJuanasoftlyurgeshimtoopentheprizecatch. Kinocutstheshellopentorevealthebiggestpearlthateitherofthemhaseverseen. Nearlybreathless,JuanashrieksinastonishmenttofindthatCoyotito swoundhasimprovedinthepresenceofthegreatpearl. Kino,overcomewithemotion,tenseshisentirebodyandletsoutaresoundingyell. Startledbythisunexpecteddisplay,theothercanoesquicklyracetowardKinoandJuanatouncoverthesourceofthecommotion. AnalysisThePearl:Plotanalysis. Chapter3SummaryMysonwillreadandopenthebooks...hewillknowandthroughhimwewillknow....Thisiswhatthepearlwilldo. Wordof Kino sdiscoverytravelsquickly. EvenbeforeKinoreturnstohisbrushhouse,everyoneintownknowsthathehasfound thePearloftheWorld. Throughouttown,peopleofeveryclass fromthebeggartothebusinessmantothepriest dreamofhowKino spearlcanhelpthem. Likeeveryoneelse,thedoctorwhoturnedKinoawaydesiresthepearl. Ignorantofothers jealousy,Kinoand Juana delightintheirgoodfortune,invitingfamilyandfriendstosharetheirjoyintheirnewfoundtreasure. WhenJuanTom sasksKinowhathewilldowithhiswealth,Kinodetailshisplans:apropermarriageinthechurch,newclothingforthefamily,aharpoon,andarifle,amongotherthings. Kino snewboldnessamazesJuana,especiallywhenheexpresseshisdesireforCoyotitotobesenttoschoolandeducated. Kinohimselfissurprisedsomewhatbyhisownresolutestatement,andalloftheneighborsstareatthemightypearlwithamixtureofhopeandfearattheenormouschangesthatlieahead. Asduskapproaches,Juanarevivesthefire,andtheneighborsoverstaytheirwelcome. Neardark,thepriestcomestodeliverabenediction. Oncehehasblessedthehousehold,heaskstoseethepearl. Dazzled,thepriestimploresKinotorememberthechurchinhisnewprosperity. Juanaannouncestheirintentiontobemarriedinthechurch,andthepriestleavesthemwithakindword. AsenseofevilovercomesKinointhewakeofthepriest svisit. Theneighborsdispersetotheirownsuppers,andJuanabeginstoprepareamealofbakedbeans. Kinohuddlesbeneathablanketinthecoldnight,keepingthepearlclosetohisbody. Plaguedwithcontinuedillfeeling,Kinomeditatesontheformersecurityofhisfamily,andonthemenacinguncertaintyintowhichtheirnewfoundfortunehascastthem. Fromthedoorofhisbrushhouse,Kinowatchestwomenapproach. Thefiguresprovetobethedoctorandhisservant,whohavecometoexamineCoyotito swound. Kinobrusquelydismissesthedoctor sattentions,butwhenthedoctormakesasinisterinsinuationaboutthelingeringpotentialforinfection,Kinorelentsandallowshimtoenter. Juanaisextremelysuspiciousofthedoctor,butKinoreassuresher. WhenthedoctorexaminesCoyotito,hecontendsthathehasfoundevidenceofcomplicationsandproducesacapsuleofmedicationthatheproceedstoadminister. Claimingthatthepoisonwillstrikewithinanhourandthatthemedicinemayprovelifesaving,thedoctordeclaresthathewillreturninanhourtocheckonCoyotito sprogress. AsJuanastaresatCoyotitowithconcern,Kinorealizesthathehasbeencarelessinnotguardingthepearl. Withoutdelay,hewrapsthepearlinarag,digsahole,andburiesthepearlinacornerofthebrushhouse,concealingthehidingplacefromview. AsKinoeatshissupper,asmallblackpuppylingersinthedoorwayandshakesitstailnervously. Afterward,JuanaalertsKinothatCoyotito sconditionisgrowingworse,andshesingssoothinglyinanefforttocomfortthebaby. WhenCoyotit. Obecomesvisiblyill,anevilfeelingfillsKinoonceagain. Theneighborslearnquicklyofthedoctor svisitandCoyotito ssubsequentdecline,andtheyreconveneatKino shousetoprovidesupport. Thedoctorreappears,andaswiftlyadministeredpotionsetsCoyotitotorest. ThedoctorinnocuouslyaskswhenKinomightbeabletopayhim. Kinoexplainsthatoncehehassoldhismostvaluablepearlhewillbeabletopay. Feigningignoranceaboutthepearl,thedoctorofferstokeepitinhissafe,butKinodeclinestheoffer,explainingthatheintendstosellthepearlinthemorning. Thedoctorexpressesconcernthatthepearlmightbestolen,andKinoinadvertentlyglanceswithfearatthecornerwherethepearlisburied. Later,whenthedoctorandneighborsdepartanditistimetosleep,Kinopacesaboutthehouseanxiously,listeningvigilantlyforthreateningnoises. Inafitofprecaution,hedigsupthepearlandreburiesitbeneathhissleepingmat. Finally,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitocurluptogetheronthematandattempttosleeppeacefully. Atfirst,KinodreamsofCoyotito sfuturesuccess,buttheevilfeelingreturnsandquicklyovertakeshim. Hestirsrestlessly,wakingJuana. Hewakesandhearsanintruderinthehouse,coweringandscratchinginthecorner,clearlyinsearchofthepearl. Grabbinghisknife,Kinoleapsintothecornerandstruggleswiththeintruder,stabbingathimwildly. Afteraviolentscuffle,theintruderflees,leavingKinobloodiedasJuanacallsouttohiminterror. Regaininghersenses,sheswiftlypreparesasalveforKino sbruisedforehead. AsshetendsKino swounds,Juanarailsagainstthepearl,callingitanevilplagueuponthem. Kinoremainsadamantaboutthepearl svirtue,insistingthatitwillbetheirroadtosalvation. Juanadisagrees,declaringthatitwilldestroytheirentirefamily. AsKinohushesher,henoticesaspotofbloodonhisknife,whichheremoves. Withdawnapproaching,hesettlesdowntolookathispearl. Initsluminescence,Kinoseeshisfamily schanceforthefuture,andsmiles. Juanasmileswithhim,andtheymeetthedaywithhope. Analysis Though ThePearl snarrativeseemstosuggestthatgreedisthefirststeptodestruction,inthischapterSteinbeckfocusesnotongreedbutonambition Kino sdesiretousethewealthofferedbythepearltobetterhislifeandthelifeofhisfamily. Steinbeckportraysthiskindofbenevolentdesireforadvancementasatraituniquetohumanity,onethathasmadehumankindsuperiortoallanimals. Kino sneighborshavetroublefiguringwhetherKino sambitionwillbringhimsuccessorsuffering. Theytooareintoxicatedbytheawe-inspiringprospectofKinoowningarifleorCoyotitoreceivinganeducation,butthesepropositionsaresofarremovedfromtheirsenseofwhatispossiblethattheyreacttothemwithanaturalsuspicion. Theneighborsareonlyabletothinkaboutthepearlintermsoftheirpreexistingnarratives. Becausetheyhaveanancientlegendaboutagreat PearlThatMightBe, theybelievethatthatlegendhascometofruitioninKino spearl,whichtheydubthe PearloftheWorld. TheydonotconceiveofthepearlassimplyavaluableluckybreakforKino;forthem,thepearlhasdeepmoralandspiritualsignificance. Byrelatingthestoriestheneighborstrade,Steinbeckshowshowthehumanmindturnsrealexperienceintoparablethroughtheactofstorytelling. |
Ontheshoresoftheestuary,asetofblueandwhitecanoessitsinthesand. Crabsandlobsterspokeoutfromtheirholes,andalgaeandseahorsesdriftaimlesslyinthenearbycurrents. Dogsandpigsscavengetheshorelineforseadriftinthehazymorning. Amidthisscene, Kino and Juana walkdownthebeachtoKino scanoe. Theyaregoingtosearchforpearls,desperatelyhopingtofindapearlofsufficientvaluetopersuadethedoctortotreatthepoisonedCoyotito. Thecanoe,anheirloompasseddowntoKinofromhispaternalgrandfather,isKino ssoleassetintheworld. Kinolayshisblanketinitsbow. JuanarestsCoyotitoupontheblanketandplaceshershawloverhimtoprotecthimfromthesun. Shethenwadesintothewaterandcollectssomeseaweed,whichsheappliesgentlytoCoyotito swound. KinoandJuanaslidethecanoeintothewater,Juanaclimbsin,andKinopushestheboatawayfromshore. OnceKinoboards,thetwobeginpaddlingouttoseainsearchofpearls. Inashorttime,theycomeuponothercanoes,whichhaveclusteredaroundthenearestoysterbed. Kinomakesadivetocollectoysters,whileJuanastaysinthecanoe,prayingforluck. Hestaysunderwaterforovertwominutes,gatheringthelargestshells,includingoneespeciallyenormousoysterthathasa ghostlygleam. Climbingbackintothecanoe,Kinoisreluctanttoexaminethelargestoysterfirst. Afterhalfheartedlypawingatasmallerone,eagernessovercomeshim,andJuanasoftlyurgeshimtoopentheprizecatch. Kinocutstheshellopentorevealthebiggestpearlthateitherofthemhaseverseen. Nearlybreathless,JuanashrieksinastonishmenttofindthatCoyotito swoundhasimprovedinthepresenceofthegreatpearl. Kino,overcomewithemotion,tenseshisentirebodyandletsoutaresoundingyell. Startledbythisunexpecteddisplay,theothercanoesquicklyracetowardKinoandJuanatouncoverthesourceofthecommotion. AnalysisThePearl:Plotanalysis. Chapter3SummaryMysonwillreadandopenthebooks...hewillknowandthroughhimwewillknow....Thisiswhatthepearlwilldo. Wordof Kino sdiscoverytravelsquickly. EvenbeforeKinoreturnstohisbrushhouse,everyoneintownknowsthathehasfound thePearloftheWorld. Throughouttown,peopleofeveryclass fromthebeggartothebusinessmantothepriest dreamofhowKino spearlcanhelpthem. Likeeveryoneelse,thedoctorwhoturnedKinoawaydesiresthepearl. Ignorantofothers jealousy,Kinoand Juana delightintheirgoodfortune,invitingfamilyandfriendstosharetheirjoyintheirnewfoundtreasure. WhenJuanTom sasksKinowhathewilldowithhiswealth,Kinodetailshisplans:apropermarriageinthechurch,newclothingforthefamily,aharpoon,andarifle,amongotherthings. Kino snewboldnessamazesJuana,especiallywhenheexpresseshisdesireforCoyotitotobesenttoschoolandeducated. Kinohimselfissurprisedsomewhatbyhisownresolutestatement,andalloftheneighborsstareatthemightypearlwithamixtureofhopeandfearattheenormouschangesthatlieahead. Asduskapproaches,Juanarevivesthefire,andtheneighborsoverstaytheirwelcome. Neardark,thepriestcomestodeliverabenediction. Oncehehasblessedthehousehold,heaskstoseethepearl. Dazzled,thepriestimploresKinotorememberthechurchinhisnewprosperity. Juanaannouncestheirintentiontobemarriedinthechurch,andthepriestleavesthemwithakindword. AsenseofevilovercomesKinointhewakeofthepriest svisit. Theneighborsdispersetotheirownsuppers,andJuanabeginstoprepareamealofbakedbeans. Kinohuddlesbeneathablanketinthecoldnight,keepingthepearlclosetohisbody. Plaguedwithcontinuedillfeeling,Kinomeditatesontheformersecurityofhisfamily,andonthemenacinguncertaintyintowhichtheirnewfoundfortunehascastthem. Fromthedoorofhisbrushhouse,Kinowatchestwomenapproach. Thefiguresprovetobethedoctorandhisservant,whohavecometoexamineCoyotito swound. Kinobrusquelydismissesthedoctor sattentions,butwhenthedoctormakesasinisterinsinuationaboutthelingeringpotentialforinfection,Kinorelentsandallowshimtoenter. Juanaisextremelysuspiciousofthedoctor,butKinoreassuresher. WhenthedoctorexaminesCoyotito,hecontendsthathehasfoundevidenceofcomplicationsandproducesacapsuleofmedicationthatheproceedstoadminister. Claimingthatthepoisonwillstrikewithinanhourandthatthemedicinemayprovelifesaving,thedoctordeclaresthathewillreturninanhourtocheckonCoyotito sprogress. AsJuanastaresatCoyotitowithconcern,Kinorealizesthathehasbeencarelessinnotguardingthepearl. Withoutdelay,hewrapsthepearlinarag,digsahole,andburiesthepearlinacornerofthebrushhouse,concealingthehidingplacefromview. AsKinoeatshissupper,asmallblackpuppylingersinthedoorwayandshakesitstailnervously. Afterward,JuanaalertsKinothatCoyotito sconditionisgrowingworse,andshesingssoothinglyinanefforttocomfortthebaby. WhenCoyotitobecomesvisiblyill,anevilfeelingfillsKinoonceagain. Theneighborslearnquicklyofthedoctor svisitandCoyotito ssubsequentdecline,andtheyreconveneatKino shousetoprovidesupport. Thedoctorreappears,andaswiftlyadministeredpotionsetsCoyotitotorest. ThedoctorinnocuouslyaskswhenKinomightbeabletopayhim. Kinoexplainsthatoncehehassoldhismostvaluablepearlhewillbeabletopay. Feigningignoranceaboutthepearl,thedoctorofferstokeepitinhissafe,butKinodeclinestheoffer,explainingthatheintendstosellthepearlinthemorning. Thedoctorexpressesconcernthatthepearlmightbestolen,andKinoinadvertentlyglanceswithfearatthecornerwherethepearlisburied. Later,whenthedoctorandneighborsdepartanditistimetosleep,Kinopacesaboutthehouseanxiously,listeningvigilantlyforthreateningnoises. Inafitofprecaution,hedigsupthepearlandreburiesitbeneathhissleepingmat. Finally,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitocurluptogetheronthematandattempttosleeppeacefully. Atfirst,KinodreamsofCoyotito sfuturesuccess,buttheevilfeelingreturnsandquicklyovertakeshim. Hestirsrestlessly,wakingJuana. Hewakesandhearsanintruderinthehouse,coweringandscratchinginthecorner,clearlyinsearchofthepearl. Grabbinghisknife,Kinoleapsintothecornerandstruggleswiththeintruder,stabbingathimwildly. Afteraviolentscuffle,theintruderflees,leavingKinobloodiedasJuanacallsouttohiminterror. Regaininghersenses,sheswiftlypreparesasalveforKino sbruisedforehead. AsshetendsKino swounds,Juanarailsagainstthepearl,callingitanevilplagueuponthem. Kinoremainsadamantaboutthepearl svirtue,insistingthatitwillbetheirroadtosalvation. Juanadisagrees,declaringthatitwilldestroytheirentirefamily. AsKinohushesher,henoticesaspotofbloodonhisknife,whichheremoves. Withdawnapproaching,hesettlesdowntolookathispearl. Initsluminescence,Kinoseeshisfamily schanceforthefuture,andsmiles. Juanasmileswithhim,andtheymeetthedaywithhope. Analysis Though ThePearl snarrativeseemstosuggestthatgreedisthefirststeptodestruction,inthischapterSteinbeckfocusesnotongreedbutonambition Kino sdesiretousethewealthofferedbythepearltobetterhislifeandthelifeofhisfamily. Steinbeckportraysthiskindofbenevolentdesireforadvancementasatraituniquetohumanity,onethathasmadehumankindsuperiortoallanimals. Kino sneighborshavetroublefiguringwhetherKino sambitionwillbringhimsuccessorsuffering. Theytooareintoxicatedbytheawe-inspiringprospectofKinoowningarifleorCoyotitoreceivinganeducation,butthesepropositionsaresofarremovedfromtheirsenseofwhatispossiblethattheyreacttothemwithanaturalsuspicion. Theneighborsareonlyabletothinkaboutthepearlintermsoftheirpreexistingnarratives. Becausetheyhaveanancientlegendaboutagreat PearlThatMightBe, theybelievethatthatlegendhascometofruitioninKino spearl,whichtheydubthe PearloftheWorld. TheydonotconceiveofthepearlassimplyavaluableluckybreakforKino;forthem,thepearlhasdeepmoralandspiritualsignificance. Byrelatingthestoriestheneighborstrade,Steinbeckshowshowthehumanmindturnsrealexperienceintoparablethroughtheactofstorytelling. Forus,theneighbors suspicionofKino sgoodfortuneseemsjustified,basedonSteinbeck stentativetoneandonhisremarksthatthegodsdisregardmen splansandonlyallowmensuccessifitcomesbyaccident. Steinbeckassertsthatwhenhumanagencyactuallydoesbringaboutsuccess throughtheexerciseofabenevolentambitionlikeKino s,forexample , thegodstaketheirrevengeonaman. Inthisway,SteinbeckcompletelynegatesthevaluesystemoftheAmericandream. Hardworkandopennesstoopportunity,themaincomponentsofthetraditionalAmericandream,aremeaninglessinamalevolentuniverseinwhich thegods conspireagainsteveryindividual sdesiretoimprovehisorherlotinlife. Becausehispearlisworthsomuchmoney,Kinobelievesitoffershimachancetorealizehisambitiousdreamsandfreehimselffromtheshacklesofcolonialism. ButwhatkeepsKinofromfulfillinghisambitionsishislackofknowledge. Kinomaybeabletopaythedoctortohealhisson,butheisignorantastowhetherheismakingtherightchoice perhapsthedoctorisinfactpoisoninghisson. Kinoiswellawareofhispredicament,andhisdesireforhissontoobtainaneducationshowsKino srecognitionthateducationprovidestheonlypossibleescapefromcolonialoppression. Butinhissingle-mindedpursuitofsuccessandwealthforhisson,Kinoabandonsthenurturingaspectsofhisfatherlyduty. KinoleavesJuanaalonetocarefortheailingCoyotitowhilehe,Kino,focuseshisattentionsonfindingaplacetoconcealthepearl. AsKinoshiftshisfocustoprovidingforhissoninmaterialratherthanemotionalways,hemakesacorrespondingshiftfrompeacefulcoexistenceinhisvillagetoviolent,paranoidsuspicionofhisneighbors. NowthatKinohasacquiredwealth,heisobligatedtodefendthatwealthfrompotentialusurpers. Ultimately,thisshiftinpreoccupationdemonstratesthatwealthhasadehumanizingeffectonthosewhopossessit,suchasthedoctorandKino,andonthosewhodesireit,suchastheintruderwhocomestostealthepearl. Theintruderisdescribedinvague,inhumantermsthatportrayhimasanunidentifiablemassofclothing. Kinoevenreferstohimas thething, asthoughhewereaplaguesentagainstKinoratherthananotherhumanbeing. Atthispointinthestory,however,onlyJuanaseemstorecognizethatthepearlisanevilinstrumentthatwillbringherfamilypainandheartache. Thepearl:Chapter4PlotAnalysisSummaryWordspreadsthroughoutthetownofLaPazthat Kino willbesellinghisgreatpearl. Thepearlbuyersareespeciallyexcited,andthepearlfishersabandontheirworkforthedaytowitnessthetransaction. Overbreakfastthatmorning,thebrush-houseneighborhoodteemswithspeculationandopinion. Kino, Juana,andCoyotitoweartheirbestclothesfortheoccasion,andKinodonshishatwithcare,anxioustoappearaserious,vigorousmanoftheworld. AsKinoandJuanasetoutfromtheirbrushhouse,theneighborsfallinlinebehindthem. JuanTom swalksatthefrontwithKinoandexpresseshisconcernthatKinomaybecheated,asKinohasnostandardoftruecomparisontoknowwhathispearlisworth. Kinoacknowledgesthisproblembutaddsthattheyhavenowayofsolvingit. JuanTom stellsKinothatanothersystemofpearl. -sellingusedtoexistbeforeKinowasborn. Pearlerswouldgivetheirpearlstoagentsforsaleinthecapital,butasaresultoftherampantcorruptionofpearlagentswhostolethepearlsmeantforsale,theoldsystemisnolongerinplace. Kinopointsoutthataccordingtothechurch,suchasystemmustfail,asitrepresentsavaineffortonthepartofthepearlerstoexceedtheirstationinlife. KinoandJuanTom swalkoninsilenceintothecity,drawingstaresfromassembledonlookers. AsKino,JuanTom s,andtheattendingcrowdapproach,thepearldealersscrambletoputtheirofficesinorder,hidingtheirlittlepearlsandpreparingtomakeoffers. Thefirstdealerisashort,slickmanwhonervouslyrollsacoinbackandforthinhishand. Heexplainsafteracarefulexaminationthatthepearlisworthlessbecauseofitsabnormallylargesize. Declaringitmoreofamuseumcuriositythanamarketcommodity,thedealermakesanoffhandbidofonethousandpesos. Kinoreactsangrilytothislowballofferandinsiststhatthepearlisworthfiftytimesthatmuch. ThedealerfirmlyassertsthathisisanaccurateappraisalandinvitesKinotoseekoutasecondopinion. Kino sneighborsstiruneasily,wonderinghowKinocanrejectsuchalargesumofmoneyandwonderingwhetherheisbeingfoolishandheadstrongbydemandingmore. Presently,threenewdealersarrivetoexaminethepearl,andtheinitialdealerinvitesthemtomakeindependentappraisals. Thefirsttwodealersrejectthepearlasamereoddity,andthethirddealermakesafeebleofferoffivehundredpesos. Uponhearingthisnews,Kinoquicklyremovesthepearlfromconsideration. Ashedoesso,theinitialdealer,unfazedbythelowerbid,insiststhathisofferofonethousandpesosstillstands. Protestingthathehasbeencheated,Kinoannouncesaplantosellhispearlinthecapitalcity. Hisoutburstraisesthebidtofifteenhundredpesos,butKinowillhavenoneofit. HefiercelypusheshiswayoutofthecrowdandstartsthelongwalkhomeasJuanatrailsafterhim. Atsupper,Kino sneighborsdebatetheday sevents. Somesuggestthatthedealers appraisalswerefair,whileothersthinkthatKinoisthevictimofascam. Somethinkheshouldhavesettledforthefinalofferoffifteenhundredpesos;otherspraiseKino sbraveryforinsistingonhisownterms. Meanwhile,inhisbrushhouse,Kinohasburiedthepearlunderhissleepingmat. Hesitsbrooding,nervousabouthisupcomingjourneytothefarawaycapital. JuanawatcheshimwhileshenursesCoyotitoandpreparessupper. JuanTom sthenenterstotrytowarnKinoofthedangersinvolvedingoingtothecapital,butKinoisadamantaboutsellinghispearltosecureabetterfutureforhisson. UnabletoconvinceKinotoheedhiswarning,JuanTom sreturnshome. ThatnightKinogoeswithoutsupper. Hesitsawaketoprotectthepearlandcontinuestoporeoverthedetailsofhisproblem. Juanakeepsherownsilentvigil,intendingtosupportKinowithhercompany. Suddenly,Kinosensesanevilpresence. Herises,feelingfortheknifeunderhisshirt,andmovestowardthedoorwayasJuanastiflesadesiretorestrainhim. Fromthedarkness,amanassaultsKino,andastruggleensues. BythetimeJuanareachesthefray,theattackerhasfled. Bloodiedandcutandwithhisclothestorn,Kinoliessprawledontheground,onlyhalfconscious. Withoutdelay,JuanahelpsKinoinsidetocareforhiswounds. Kinoadmitsthatinthedarkhewasunabletotellwhoattackedhim. AfterJuanawashesouthislastcut,shebegshimindesperationtodiscardtheevilpearl. But,morefiercelythanever,Kinoinsiststhattheymustcapitalizeontheirgoodfortune. Heexplainsthatinthemorningtheywillsetoutinthecanoeforthecapital. Juanadutifullysubmitstoherhusband splan,andtheybothgotosleep. |
Chapter3SummaryMysonwillreadandopenthebooks...hewillknowandthroughhimwewillknow....Thisiswhatthepearlwilldo. Wordof Kino sdiscoverytravelsquickly. EvenbeforeKinoreturnstohisbrushhouse,everyoneintownknowsthathehasfound thePearloftheWorld. Throughouttown,peopleofeveryclass fromthebeggartothebusinessmantothepriest dreamofhowKino spearlcanhelpthem. Likeeveryoneelse,thedoctorwhoturnedKinoawaydesiresthepearl. Ignorantofothers jealousy,Kinoand Juana delightintheirgoodfortune,invitingfamilyandfriendstosharetheirjoyintheirnewfoundtreasure. WhenJuanTom sasksKinowhathewilldowithhiswealth,Kinodetailshisplans:apropermarriageinthechurch,newclothingforthefamily,aharpoon,andarifle,amongotherthings. Kino snewboldnessamazesJuana,especiallywhenheexpresseshisdesireforCoyotitotobesenttoschoolandeducated. Kinohimselfissurprisedsomewhatbyhisownresolutestatement,andalloftheneighborsstareatthemightypearlwithamixtureofhopeandfearattheenormouschangesthatlieahead. Asduskapproaches,Juanarevivesthefire,andtheneighborsoverstaytheirwelcome. Neardark,thepriestcomestodeliverabenediction. Oncehehasblessedthehousehold,heaskstoseethepearl. Dazzled,thepriestimploresKinotorememberthechurchinhisnewprosperity. Juanaannouncestheirintentiontobemarriedinthechurch,andthepriestleavesthemwithakindword. AsenseofevilovercomesKinointhewakeofthepriest svisit. Theneighborsdispersetotheirownsuppers,andJuanabeginstoprepareamealofbakedbeans. Kinohuddlesbeneathablanketinthecoldnight,keepingthepearlclosetohisbody. Plaguedwithcontinuedillfeeling,Kinomeditatesontheformersecurityofhisfamily,andonthemenacinguncertaintyintowhichtheirnewfoundfortunehascastthem. Fromthedoorofhisbrushhouse,Kinowatchestwomenapproach. Thefiguresprovetobethedoctorandhisservant,whohavecometoexamineCoyotito swound. Kinobrusquelydismissesthedoctor sattentions,butwhenthedoctormakesasinisterinsinuationaboutthelingeringpotentialforinfection,Kinorelentsandallowshimtoenter. Juanaisextremelysuspiciousofthedoctor,butKinoreassuresher. WhenthedoctorexaminesCoyotito,hecontendsthathehasfoundevidenceofcomplicationsandproducesacapsuleofmedicationthatheproceedstoadminister. Claimingthatthepoisonwillstrikewithinanhourandthatthemedicinemayprovelifesaving,thedoctordeclaresthathewillreturninanhourtocheckonCoyotito sprogress. AsJuanastaresatCoyotitowithconcern,Kinorealizesthathehasbeencarelessinnotguardingthepearl. Withoutdelay,hewrapsthepearlinarag,digsahole,andburiesthepearlinacornerofthebrushhouse,concealingthehidingplacefromview. AsKinoeatshissupper,asmallblackpuppylingersinthedoorwayandshakesitstailnervously. Afterward,JuanaalertsKinothatCoyotito sconditionisgrowingworse,andshesingssoothinglyinanefforttocomfortthebaby. WhenCoyotitobecomesvisiblyill,anevilfeelingfillsKinoonceagain. Theneighborslearnquicklyofthedoctor svisitandCoyotito ssubsequentdecline,andtheyreconveneatKino shousetoprovidesupport. Thedoctorreappears,andaswiftlyadministeredpotionsetsCoyotitotorest. ThedoctorinnocuouslyaskswhenKinomightbeabletopayhim. Kinoexplainsthatoncehehassoldhismostvaluablepearlhewillbeabletopay. Feigningignoranceaboutthepearl,thedoctorofferstokeepitinhissafe,butKinodeclinestheoffer,explainingthatheintendstosellthepearlinthemorning. Thedoctorexpressesconcernthatthepearlmightbestolen,andKinoinadvertentlyglanceswithfearatthecornerwherethepearlisburied. Later,whenthedoctorandneighborsdepartanditistimetosleep,Kinopacesaboutthehouseanxiously,listeningvigilantlyforthreateningnoises. Inafitofprecaution,hedigsupthepearlandreburiesitbeneathhissleepingmat. Finally,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitocurluptogetheronthematandattempttosleeppeacefully. Atfirst,KinodreamsofCoyotito sfuturesuccess,buttheevilfeelingreturnsandquicklyovertakeshim. Hestirsrestlessly,wakingJuana. Hewakesandhearsanintruderinthehouse,coweringandscratchinginthecorner,clearlyinsearchofthepearl. Grabbinghisknife,Kinoleapsintothecornerandstruggleswiththeintruder,stabbingathimwildly. Afteraviolentscuffle,theintruderflees,leavingKinobloodiedasJuanacallsouttohiminterror. Regaininghersenses,sheswiftlypreparesasalveforKino sbruisedforehead. AsshetendsKino swounds,Juanarailsagainstthepearl,callingitanevilplagueuponthem. Kinoremainsadamantaboutthepearl svirtue,insistingthatitwillbetheirroadtosalvation. Juanadisagrees,declaringthatitwilldestroytheirentirefamily. AsKinohushesher,henoticesaspotofbloodonhisknife,whichheremoves. Withdawnapproaching,hesettlesdowntolookathispearl. Initsluminescence,Kinoseeshisfamily schanceforthefuture,andsmiles. Juanasmileswithhim,andtheymeetthedaywithhope. Analysis Though ThePearl snarrativeseemstosuggestthatgreedisthefirststeptodestruction,inthischapterSteinbeckfocusesnotongreedbutonambition Kino sdesiretousethewealthofferedbythepearltobetterhislifeandthelifeofhisfamily. Steinbeckportraysthiskindofbenevolentdesireforadvancementasatraituniquetohumanity,onethathasmadehumankindsuperiortoallanimals. Kino sneighborshavetroublefiguringwhetherKino sambitionwillbringhimsuccessorsuffering. Theytooareintoxicatedbytheawe-inspiringprospectofKinoowningarifleorCoyotitoreceivinganeducation,butthesepropositionsaresofarremovedfromtheirsenseofwhatispossiblethattheyreacttothemwithanaturalsuspicion. Theneighborsareonlyabletothinkaboutthepearlintermsoftheirpreexistingnarratives. Becausetheyhaveanancientlegendaboutagreat PearlThatMightBe, theybelievethatthatlegendhascometofruitioninKino spearl,whichtheydubthe PearloftheWorld. TheydonotconceiveofthepearlassimplyavaluableluckybreakforKino;forthem,thepearlhasdeepmoralandspiritualsignificance. Byrelatingthestoriestheneighborstrade,Steinbeckshowshowthehumanmindturnsrealexperienceintoparablethroughtheactofstorytelling. Forus,theneighbors suspicionofKino sgoodfortuneseemsjustified,basedonSteinbeck stentativetoneandonhisremarksthatthegodsdisregardmen splansandonlyallowmensuccessifitcomesbyaccident. Steinbeckassertsthatwhenhumanagencyactuallydoesbringaboutsuccess throughtheexerciseofabenevolentambitionlikeKino s,forexample , thegodstaketheirrevengeonaman. Inthisway,SteinbeckcompletelynegatesthevaluesystemoftheAmericandream. Hardworkandopennesstoopportunity,themaincomponentsofthetraditionalAmericandream,aremeaninglessinamalevolentuniverseinwhich thegods conspireagainsteveryindividual sdesiretoimprovehisorherlotinlife. Becausehispearlisworthsomuchmoney,Kinobelievesitoffershimachancetorealizehisambitiousdreamsandfreehimselffromtheshacklesofcolonialism. ButwhatkeepsKinofromfulfillinghisambitionsishislackofknowledge. Kinomaybeabletopaythedoctortohealhisson,butheisignorantastowhetherheismakingtherightchoice perhapsthedoctorisinfactpoisoninghisson. Kinoiswellawareofhispredicament,andhisdesireforhissontoobtainaneducationshowsKino srecognitionthateducationprovidestheonlypossibleescapefromcolonialoppression. Butinhissingle-mindedpursuitofsuccessandwealthforhisson,Kinoabandonsthenurturingaspectsofhisfatherlyduty. KinoleavesJuanaalonetocarefortheailingCoyotitowhilehe,Kino,focuseshisattentionsonfindingaplacetoconcealthepearl. AsKinoshiftshisfocustoprovidingforhissoninmaterialratherthanemotionalways,hemakesacorrespondingshiftfrompeacefulcoexistenceinhisvillagetoviolent,paranoidsuspicionofhisneighbors. NowthatKinohasacquiredwealth,heisobligatedtodefendthatwealthfrompotentialusurpers. Ultimately,thisshiftinpreoccupationdemonstratesthatwealthhasadehumanizingeffectonthosewhopossessit,suchasthedoctorandKino,andonthosewhodesireit,suchastheintruderwhocomestostealthepearl. Theintruderisdescribedinvague,inhumantermsthatportrayhimasanunidentifiablemassofclothing. Kinoevenreferstohimas thething, asthoughhewereaplaguesentagainstKinoratherthananotherhumanbeing. Atthispointinthestory,however,onlyJuanaseemstorecognizethatthepearlisanevilinstrumentthatwillbringherfamilypainandheartache. Thepearl:Chapter4PlotAnalysisSummaryWordspreadsthroughoutthetownofLaPazthat Kino willbesellinghisgreatpearl. Thepearlbuyersareespeciallyexcited,andthepearlfishersabandontheirworkforthedaytowitnessthetransaction. Overbreakfastthatmorning,thebrush-houseneighborhoodteemswithspeculationandopinion. Kino, Juana,andCoyotitoweartheirbestclothesfortheoccasion,andKinodonshishatwithcare,anxioustoappearaserious,vigorousmanoftheworld. AsKinoandJuanasetoutfromtheirbrushhouse,theneighborsfallinlinebehindthem. JuanTom swalksatthefrontwithKinoandexpresseshisconcernthatKinomaybecheated,asKinohasnostandardoftruecomparisontoknowwhathispearlisworth. Kinoacknowledgesthisproblembutaddsthattheyhavenowayofsolvingit. JuanTom stellsKinothatanothersystemofpearl-sellingusedtoexistbeforeKinowasborn. Pearlerswouldgivetheirpearlstoagentsforsaleinthecapital,butasaresultoftherampantcorruptionofpearlagentswhostolethepearlsmeantforsale,theoldsystemisnolongerinplace. Kinopointsoutthataccordingtothechurch,suchasystemmustfail,asitrepresentsavaineffortonthepartofthepearlerstoexceedtheirstationinlife. KinoandJuanTom swalkoninsilenceintothecity,drawingstaresfromassembledonlookers. AsKino,JuanTom s,andtheattendingcrowdapproach,thepearldealersscrambletoputtheirofficesinorder,hidingtheirlittlepearlsandpreparingtomakeoffers. Thefirstdealerisashort,slickmanwhonervouslyrollsacoinbackandforthinhishand. Heexplainsafteracarefulexaminationthatthepearlisworthlessbecauseofitsabnormallylargesize. Declaringitmoreofamuseumcuriositythanamarketcommodity,thedealermakesanoffhandbidofonethousandpesos. Kinoreactsangrilytothislowballofferandinsiststhatthepearlisworthfiftytimesthatmuch. ThedealerfirmlyassertsthathisisanaccurateappraisalandinvitesKinotoseekoutasecondopinion. Kino sneighborsstiruneasily,wonderinghowKinocanrejectsuchalargesumofmoneyandwonderingwhetherheisbeingfoolishandheadstrongbydemandingmore. Presently,threenewdealersarrivetoexaminethepearl,andtheinitialdealerinvitesthemtomakeindependentappraisals. Thefirsttwodealersrejectthepearlasamereoddity,andthethirddealermakesafeebleofferoffivehundredpesos. Uponhearingthisnews,Kinoquicklyremovesthepearlfromconsideration. Ashedoesso,theinitialdealer,unfazedbythelowerbid,insiststhathisofferofonethousandpesosstillstands. Protestingthathehasbeencheated,Kinoannouncesaplantosellhispearlinthecapitalcity. Hisoutburstraisesthebidtofifteenhundredpesos,butKinowillhavenoneofit. Hefiercelypushe. ShiswayoutofthecrowdandstartsthelongwalkhomeasJuanatrailsafterhim. Atsupper,Kino sneighborsdebatetheday sevents. Somesuggestthatthedealers appraisalswerefair,whileothersthinkthatKinoisthevictimofascam. Somethinkheshouldhavesettledforthefinalofferoffifteenhundredpesos;otherspraiseKino sbraveryforinsistingonhisownterms. Meanwhile,inhisbrushhouse,Kinohasburiedthepearlunderhissleepingmat. Hesitsbrooding,nervousabouthisupcomingjourneytothefarawaycapital. JuanawatcheshimwhileshenursesCoyotitoandpreparessupper. JuanTom sthenenterstotrytowarnKinoofthedangersinvolvedingoingtothecapital,butKinoisadamantaboutsellinghispearltosecureabetterfutureforhisson. UnabletoconvinceKinotoheedhiswarning,JuanTom sreturnshome. ThatnightKinogoeswithoutsupper. Hesitsawaketoprotectthepearlandcontinuestoporeoverthedetailsofhisproblem. Juanakeepsherownsilentvigil,intendingtosupportKinowithhercompany. Suddenly,Kinosensesanevilpresence. Herises,feelingfortheknifeunderhisshirt,andmovestowardthedoorwayasJuanastiflesadesiretorestrainhim. Fromthedarkness,amanassaultsKino,andastruggleensues. BythetimeJuanareachesthefray,theattackerhasfled. Bloodiedandcutandwithhisclothestorn,Kinoliessprawledontheground,onlyhalfconscious. Withoutdelay,JuanahelpsKinoinsidetocareforhiswounds. Kinoadmitsthatinthedarkhewasunabletotellwhoattackedhim. AfterJuanawashesouthislastcut,shebegshimindesperationtodiscardtheevilpearl. But,morefiercelythanever,Kinoinsiststhattheymustcapitalizeontheirgoodfortune. Heexplainsthatinthemorningtheywillsetoutinthecanoeforthecapital. Juanadutifullysubmitstoherhusband splan,andtheybothgotosleep. Analysis LikeChapter 3,Chapter 4 openswithacommentbythenarratoraboutthetown Itiswonderfulthewayalittletownkeepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits. Steinbeckgoesontoportraythetownasanall-powerfulunit,fullofmenwhoworktogethertosuppressthedeviantelementsintheirmidst. Steinbeckemphasizesthatsocietyshapesanindividual sfateasmuchasdivinityoranyotherforce. Intheuniverseof ThePearl, thegodsasserttheirinfluenceonhumansthroughchanceandaccident,butsocietyassertsanequalinfluencethroughforces suchasgreedandviolence thatemanatefromhumandrives. BothhumanwillandthegodsshapeKino sfateinSteinbeck sparable:anaccidentenablesKinotofindthepearl,andgreedandambitionleadtohisdownfall. Thenarratorsaysthatpeacecanbeachievedinthetownonlyifnoonedeviatesfromnormal,expectedbehavior,implyingthattownsarealmostlikeminiatureauthoritarianstates. ItisironicthatSteinbecknamesthetownin ThePearl LaPaz,whichmeans peace inSpanish. Thetown scapitalistcartelwagesconstantwarwithallchallengers,andbypossessingagreatpearl,Kinomakeshimselfatargetfortheracketofpearlbuyersthathasevolvedovertime. Behindthescenes,onemandetermineshowmuchthebuyersshouldofferforeachpearl,therebyprofitingshamelesslywhileremainingoutofthereachofaccusation. Anindividualsellingapearlthereforehasnoalternativebuttocomplywiththissystemor,despitethedifficultyofdoingso,trytocircumventit. Kino scommenttoJuanTom sthattheoldsystemofpearlsellingwas againstreligion highlightsthewaytheCatholicchurchpreservedexistingsocialhierarchiesandgrossdisparitiesinwealthbycautioningitsfollowersabouttherelativeunimportanceandevendangerofthematerialworld. ThenarratoraddsthatthenativesofMexicohaveenduredthispositionatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,includingitsabsoluteandtotalexploitationofbothfinancialandmoralterms,forthefourhundredyearssincethefirstEuropeansarrived. ThethieflikepearldealersKinoencounterslacknames,charactercomplexity,andemotion theyseemtolackhumanity. Aprofitmargindictatestheirentireexistence,andtheirlivelihoodsdependuponunderhandeddeals,assymbolizedbythefactthatthefirstdealerspendsallhistimesecretlypracticingacointrickbeneathhisdesk. Whenoneneighborasksifthedealersconspiredinadvanceregardingthepriceofthepearl,anotherneighborresponds, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Itisalmostasthoughsuchapossibilityistoohorribletoforthenativestoface. Instead,everyonechoosestoignorethelegitimacyofthesuggestion,andmostofthevillagersridiculeKino sdefianceofthedealers. WhilewesympathizewithKino sdesiretobreakfreefromoppression asJuanTom srealizes,Kino sambitionpitshimagainstanentireestablishedstructureofbusiness,church,andempire ,Kino streatmentofJuanalessensoursympathyforhimsomewhat. JuanafindsherselfsubjectedtoKino swhimsjustasheissubjectedtothecolonists whims. Shehasnoroleinthebusinessprocess,andKinoneverconsultsheraboutthepropercourseofactionwithregardtothepearl. WhenJuanafinallyvolunteersherintuitionthatthepearlisevilandwillruinthem,Kinorefusestolisten,assuringherwiththesimpledeclaration Iamaman. Juanahasnorecourse. Kino srefusaltoacknowledgehiswife sbetterjudgmentparallelsthecolonialsuppressionofthenative sintuitiveknowledgeof thingsofthespirit. Thepearl:plotanalysisAsalatemoonrisesoutside,nearbymotionrouses Kino fromhissleep. Inthepalelight,heisbarelyabletodiscern Juana,whomovestowardthefireplace,quietlygathersthepearl,andsneaksoutintothenight. Kinostealthilyfollowsherassheheadstowardtheshore. Whenshehearshiminpursuit,Juanabreaksintoarun,butKinoapprehendsherjustassheispreparingtohurlthepearlintothewater. Grabbingthepearlfromher,hepunchesherinthefaceandkicksherinthesidewhenshefallsdown. AsKinohoversoverJuana,thewavesbreakuponhercrumpledbody. Hehissesmenacinglyaboveher,thenturnsindisgustandleavesherwithoutaword. AsKinomakeshiswayupthebeach,agroupofmenassaultshim. Kinostrugglesviolentlyastheypawandprodathim. AsKinodriveshisknifeintooneofhisattackers,themenknockthepearlfromhisgrasp. Meanwhile,somedistanceawayfromthefight,Juanagetsuponherkneesandbeginstomakeherwayhome. Climbingthroughthebrush,sheseesthepearllyinginthepath. Shepicksitupandconsidersreturningtotheseatodiscardthepearlonceandforall. |
Theneighborsdispersetotheirownsuppers,andJuanabeginstoprepareamealofbakedbeans. Kinohuddlesbeneathablanketinthecoldnight,keepingthepearlclosetohisbody. Plaguedwithcontinuedillfeeling,Kinomeditatesontheformersecurityofhisfamily,andonthemenacinguncertaintyintowhichtheirnewfoundfortunehascastthem. Fromthedoorofhisbrushhouse,Kinowatchestwomenapproach. Thefiguresprovetobethedoctorandhisservant,whohavecometoexamineCoyotito swound. Kinobrusquelydismissesthedoctor sattentions,butwhenthedoctormakesasinisterinsinuationaboutthelingeringpotentialforinfection,Kinorelentsandallowshimtoenter. Juanaisextremelysuspiciousofthedoctor,butKinoreassuresher. WhenthedoctorexaminesCoyotito,hecontendsthathehasfoundevidenceofcomplicationsandproducesacapsuleofmedicationthatheproceedstoadminister. Claimingthatthepoisonwillstrikewithinanhourandthatthemedicinemayprovelifesaving,thedoctordeclaresthathewillreturninanhourtocheckonCoyotito sprogress. AsJuanastaresatCoyotitowithconcern,Kinorealizesthathehasbeencarelessinnotguardingthepearl. Withoutdelay,hewrapsthepearlinarag,digsahole,andburiesthepearlinacornerofthebrushhouse,concealingthehidingplacefromview. AsKinoeatshissupper,asmallblackpuppylingersinthedoorwayandshakesitstailnervously. Afterward,JuanaalertsKinothatCoyotito sconditionisgrowingworse,andshesingssoothinglyinanefforttocomfortthebaby. WhenCoyotitobecomesvisiblyill,anevilfeelingfillsKinoonceagain. Theneighborslearnquicklyofthedoctor svisitandCoyotito ssubsequentdecline,andtheyreconveneatKino shousetoprovidesupport. Thedoctorreappears,andaswiftlyadministeredpotionsetsCoyotitotorest. ThedoctorinnocuouslyaskswhenKinomightbeabletopayhim. Kinoexplainsthatoncehehassoldhismostvaluablepearlhewillbeabletopay. Feigningignoranceaboutthepearl,thedoctorofferstokeepitinhissafe,butKinodeclinestheoffer,explainingthatheintendstosellthepearlinthemorning. Thedoctorexpressesconcernthatthepearlmightbestolen,andKinoinadvertentlyglanceswithfearatthecornerwherethepearlisburied. Later,whenthedoctorandneighborsdepartanditistimetosleep,Kinopacesaboutthehouseanxiously,listeningvigilantlyforthreateningnoises. Inafitofprecaution,hedigsupthepearlandreburiesitbeneathhissleepingmat. Finally,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitocurluptogetheronthematandattempttosleeppeacefully. Atfirst,KinodreamsofCoyotito sfuturesuccess,buttheevilfeelingreturnsandquicklyovertakeshim. Hestirsrestlessly,wakingJuana. Hewakesandhearsanintruderinthehouse,coweringandscratchinginthecorner,clearlyinsearchofthepearl. Grabbinghisknife,Kinoleapsintothecornerandstruggleswiththeintruder,stabbingathimwildly. Afteraviolentscuffle,theintruderflees,leavingKinobloodiedasJuanacallsouttohiminterror. Regaininghersenses,sheswiftlypreparesasalveforKino sbruisedforehead. AsshetendsKino swounds,Juanarailsagainstthepearl,callingitanevilplagueuponthem. Kinoremainsadamantaboutthepearl svirtue,insistingthatitwillbetheirroadtosalvation. Juanadisagrees,declaringthatitwilldestroytheirentirefamily. AsKinohushesher,henoticesaspotofbloodonhisknife,whichheremoves. Withdawnapproaching,hesettlesdowntolookathispearl. Initsluminescence,Kinoseeshisfamily schanceforthefuture,andsmiles. Juanasmileswithhim,andtheymeetthedaywithhope. Analysis Though ThePearl snarrativeseemstosuggestthatgreedisthefirststeptodestruction,inthischapterSteinbeckfocusesnotongreedbutonambition Kino sdesiretousethewealthofferedbythepearltobetterhislifeandthelifeofhisfamily. Steinbeckportraysthiskindofbenevolentdesireforadvancementasatraituniquetohumanity,onethathasmadehumankindsuperiortoallanimals. Kino sneighborshavetroublefiguringwhetherKino sambitionwillbringhimsuccessorsuffering. Theytooareintoxicatedbytheawe-inspiringprospectofKinoowningarifleorCoyotitoreceivinganeducation,butthesepropositionsaresofarremovedfromtheirsenseofwhatispossiblethattheyreacttothemwithanaturalsuspicion. Theneighborsareonlyabletothinkaboutthepearlintermsoftheirpreexistingnarratives. Becausetheyhaveanancientlegendaboutagreat PearlThatMightBe, theybelievethatthatlegendhascometofruitioninKino spearl,whichtheydubthe PearloftheWorld. TheydonotconceiveofthepearlassimplyavaluableluckybreakforKino;forthem,thepearlhasdeepmoralandspiritualsignificance. Byrelatingthestoriestheneighborstrade,Steinbeckshowshowthehumanmindturnsrealexperienceintoparablethroughtheactofstorytelling. Forus,theneighbors suspicionofKino sgoodfortuneseemsjustified,basedonSteinbeck stentativetoneandonhisremarksthatthegodsdisregardmen splansandonlyallowmensuccessifitcomesbyaccident. Steinbeckassertsthatwhenhumanagencyactuallydoesbringaboutsuccess throughtheexerciseofabenevolentambitionlikeKino s,forexample , thegodstaketheirrevengeonaman. Inthisway,SteinbeckcompletelynegatesthevaluesystemoftheAmericandream. Hardworkandopennesstoopportunity,themaincomponentsofthetraditionalAmericandream,aremeaninglessinamalevolentuniverseinwhich thegods conspireagainsteveryindividual sdesiretoimprovehisorherlotinlife. Becausehispearlisworthsomuchmoney,Kinobelievesitoffershimachancetorealizehisambitiousdreamsandfreehimselffromtheshacklesofcolonialism. ButwhatkeepsKinofromfulfillinghisambitionsishislackofknowledge. Kinomaybeabletopaythedoctortohealhisson,butheisignorantastowhetherheismakingtherightchoice perhapsthedoctorisinfactpoisoninghisson. Kinoiswellawareofhispredicament,andhisdesireforhissontoobtainaneducationshowsKino srecognitionthateducationprovidestheonlypossibleescapefromcolonialoppression. Butinhissingle-mindedpursuitofsuccessandwealthforhisson,Kinoabandonsthenurturingaspectsofhisfatherlyduty. KinoleavesJuanaalonetocarefortheailingCoyotitowhilehe,Kino,focuseshisattentionsonfindingaplacetoconcealthepearl. AsKinoshiftshisfocustoprovidingforhissoninmaterialratherthanemotionalways,hemakesacorrespondingshiftfrompeacefulcoexistenceinhisvillagetoviolent,paranoidsuspicionofhisneighbors. NowthatKinohasacquiredwealth,heisobligatedtodefendthatwealthfrompotentialusurpers. Ultimately,thisshiftinpreoccupationdemonstratesthatwealthhasadehumanizingeffectonthosewhopossessit,suchasthedoctorandKino,andonthosewhodesireit,suchastheintruderwhocomestostealthepearl. Theintruderisdescribedinvague,inhumantermsthatportrayhimasanunidentifiablemassofclothing. Kinoevenreferstohimas thething, asthoughhewereaplaguesentagainstKinoratherthananotherhumanbeing. Atthispointinthestory,however,onlyJuanaseemstorecognizethatthepearlisanevilinstrumentthatwillbringherfamilypainandheartache. Thepearl:Chapter4PlotAnalysisSummaryWordspreadsthroughoutthetownofLaPazthat Kino willbesellinghisgreatpearl. Thepearlbuyersareespeciallyexcited,andthepearlfishersabandontheirworkforthedaytowitnessthetransaction. Overbreakfastthatmorning,thebrush-houseneighborhoodteemswithspeculationandopinion. Kino, Juana,andCoyotitoweartheirbestclothesfortheoccasion,andKinodonshishatwithcare,anxioustoappearaserious,vigorousmanoftheworld. AsKinoandJuanasetoutfromtheirbrushhouse,theneighborsfallinlinebehindthem. JuanTom swalksatthefrontwithKinoandexpresseshisconcernthatKinomaybecheated,asKinohasnostandardoftruecomparisontoknowwhathispearlisworth. Kinoacknowledgesthisproblembutaddsthattheyhavenowayofsolvingit. JuanTom stellsKinothatanothersystemofpearl-sellingusedtoexistbeforeKinowasborn. Pearlerswouldgivetheirpearlstoagentsforsaleinthecapital,butasaresultoftherampantcorruptionofpearlagentswhostolethepearlsmeantforsale,theoldsystemisnolongerinplace. Kinopointsoutthataccordingtothechurch,suchasystemmustfail,asitrepresentsavaineffortonthepartofthepearlerstoexceedtheirstationinlife. KinoandJuanTom swalkoninsilenceintothecity,drawingstaresfromassembledonlookers. AsKino,JuanTom s,andtheattendingcrowdapproach,thepearldealersscrambletoputtheirofficesinorder,hidingtheirlittlepearlsandpreparingtomakeoffers. Thefirstdealerisashort,slickmanwhonervouslyrollsacoinbackandforthinhishand. Heexplainsafteracarefulexaminationthatthepearlisworthlessbecauseofitsabnormallylargesize. Declaringitmoreofamuseumcuriositythanamarketcommodity,thedealermakesanoffhandbidofonethousandpesos. Kinoreactsangrilytothislowballofferandinsiststhatthepearlisworthfiftytimesthatmuch. ThedealerfirmlyassertsthathisisanaccurateappraisalandinvitesKinotoseekoutasecondopinion. Kino sneighborsstiruneasily,wonderinghowKinocanrejectsuchalargesumofmoneyandwonderingwhetherheisbeingfoolishandheadstrongbydemandingmore. Presently,threenewdealersarrivetoexaminethepearl,andtheinitialdealerinvitesthemtomakeindependentappraisals. Thefirsttwodealersrejectthepearlasamereoddity,andthethirddealermakesafeebleofferoffivehundredpesos. Uponhearingthisnews,Kinoquicklyremovesthepearlfromconsideration. Ashedoesso,theinitialdealer,unfazedbythelowerbid,insiststhathisofferofonethousandpesosstillstands. Protestingthathehasbeencheated,Kinoannouncesaplantosellhispearlinthecapitalcity. Hisoutburstraisesthebidtofifteenhundredpesos,butKinowillhavenoneofit. HefiercelypusheshiswayoutofthecrowdandstartsthelongwalkhomeasJuanatrailsafterhim. Atsupper,Kino sneighborsdebatetheday sevents. Somesuggestthatthedealers appraisalswerefair,whileothersthinkthatKinoisthevictimofascam. Somethinkheshouldhavesettledforthefinalofferoffifteenhundredpesos;otherspraiseKino sbraveryforinsistingonhisownterms. Meanwhile,inhisbrushhouse,Kinohasburiedthepearlunderhissleepingmat. Hesitsbrooding,nervousabouthisupcomingjourneytothefarawaycapital. JuanawatcheshimwhileshenursesCoyotitoandpreparessupper. JuanTom sthenenterstotrytowarnKinoofthedangersinvolvedingoingtothecapital,butKinoisadamantaboutsellinghispearltosecureabetterfutureforhisson. UnabletoconvinceKinotoheedhiswarning,JuanTom sreturnshome. ThatnightKinogoeswithoutsupper. Hesitsawaketoprotectthepearlandcontinuestoporeoverthedetailsofhisproblem. Juanakeepsherownsilentvigil,intendingtosupportKinowithhercompany. Suddenly,Kinosensesanevilpresence. Herises,feelingfortheknifeunderhisshirt,andmovestowardthedoorwayasJuanastiflesadesiretorestrainhim. Fromthedarkness,amanassaultsKino,andastruggleensues. BythetimeJuanareachesthefray,theattackerhasfled. Bloodiedandcutandwithhisclothestorn,Kinoliessprawledontheground,onlyhalfconscious. Withoutdelay,JuanahelpsKinoinsidetocareforhiswounds. Kinoadmitsthatinthedarkhewasunabletotellwhoattackedhim. AfterJuanawashesouthislas. Tcut,shebegshimindesperationtodiscardtheevilpearl. But,morefiercelythanever,Kinoinsiststhattheymustcapitalizeontheirgoodfortune. Heexplainsthatinthemorningtheywillsetoutinthecanoeforthecapital. Juanadutifullysubmitstoherhusband splan,andtheybothgotosleep. Analysis LikeChapter 3,Chapter 4 openswithacommentbythenarratoraboutthetown Itiswonderfulthewayalittletownkeepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits. Steinbeckgoesontoportraythetownasanall-powerfulunit,fullofmenwhoworktogethertosuppressthedeviantelementsintheirmidst. Steinbeckemphasizesthatsocietyshapesanindividual sfateasmuchasdivinityoranyotherforce. Intheuniverseof ThePearl, thegodsasserttheirinfluenceonhumansthroughchanceandaccident,butsocietyassertsanequalinfluencethroughforces suchasgreedandviolence thatemanatefromhumandrives. BothhumanwillandthegodsshapeKino sfateinSteinbeck sparable:anaccidentenablesKinotofindthepearl,andgreedandambitionleadtohisdownfall. Thenarratorsaysthatpeacecanbeachievedinthetownonlyifnoonedeviatesfromnormal,expectedbehavior,implyingthattownsarealmostlikeminiatureauthoritarianstates. ItisironicthatSteinbecknamesthetownin ThePearl LaPaz,whichmeans peace inSpanish. Thetown scapitalistcartelwagesconstantwarwithallchallengers,andbypossessingagreatpearl,Kinomakeshimselfatargetfortheracketofpearlbuyersthathasevolvedovertime. Behindthescenes,onemandetermineshowmuchthebuyersshouldofferforeachpearl,therebyprofitingshamelesslywhileremainingoutofthereachofaccusation. Anindividualsellingapearlthereforehasnoalternativebuttocomplywiththissystemor,despitethedifficultyofdoingso,trytocircumventit. Kino scommenttoJuanTom sthattheoldsystemofpearlsellingwas againstreligion highlightsthewaytheCatholicchurchpreservedexistingsocialhierarchiesandgrossdisparitiesinwealthbycautioningitsfollowersabouttherelativeunimportanceandevendangerofthematerialworld. ThenarratoraddsthatthenativesofMexicohaveenduredthispositionatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,includingitsabsoluteandtotalexploitationofbothfinancialandmoralterms,forthefourhundredyearssincethefirstEuropeansarrived. ThethieflikepearldealersKinoencounterslacknames,charactercomplexity,andemotion theyseemtolackhumanity. Aprofitmargindictatestheirentireexistence,andtheirlivelihoodsdependuponunderhandeddeals,assymbolizedbythefactthatthefirstdealerspendsallhistimesecretlypracticingacointrickbeneathhisdesk. Whenoneneighborasksifthedealersconspiredinadvanceregardingthepriceofthepearl,anotherneighborresponds, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Itisalmostasthoughsuchapossibilityistoohorribletoforthenativestoface. Instead,everyonechoosestoignorethelegitimacyofthesuggestion,andmostofthevillagersridiculeKino sdefianceofthedealers. WhilewesympathizewithKino sdesiretobreakfreefromoppression asJuanTom srealizes,Kino sambitionpitshimagainstanentireestablishedstructureofbusiness,church,andempire ,Kino streatmentofJuanalessensoursympathyforhimsomewhat. JuanafindsherselfsubjectedtoKino swhimsjustasheissubjectedtothecolonists whims. Shehasnoroleinthebusinessprocess,andKinoneverconsultsheraboutthepropercourseofactionwithregardtothepearl. WhenJuanafinallyvolunteersherintuitionthatthepearlisevilandwillruinthem,Kinorefusestolisten,assuringherwiththesimpledeclaration Iamaman. Juanahasnorecourse. Kino srefusaltoacknowledgehiswife sbetterjudgmentparallelsthecolonialsuppressionofthenative sintuitiveknowledgeof thingsofthespirit. Thepearl:plotanalysisAsalatemoonrisesoutside,nearbymotionrouses Kino fromhissleep. Inthepalelight,heisbarelyabletodiscern Juana,whomovestowardthefireplace,quietlygathersthepearl,andsneaksoutintothenight. Kinostealthilyfollowsherassheheadstowardtheshore. Whenshehearshiminpursuit,Juanabreaksintoarun,butKinoapprehendsherjustassheispreparingtohurlthepearlintothewater. Grabbingthepearlfromher,hepunchesherinthefaceandkicksherinthesidewhenshefallsdown. AsKinohoversoverJuana,thewavesbreakuponhercrumpledbody. Hehissesmenacinglyaboveher,thenturnsindisgustandleavesherwithoutaword. AsKinomakeshiswayupthebeach,agroupofmenassaultshim. Kinostrugglesviolentlyastheypawandprodathim. AsKinodriveshisknifeintooneofhisattackers,themenknockthepearlfromhisgrasp. Meanwhile,somedistanceawayfromthefight,Juanagetsuponherkneesandbeginstomakeherwayhome. Climbingthroughthebrush,sheseesthepearllyinginthepath. Shepicksitupandconsidersreturningtotheseatodiscardthepearlonceandforall. Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans. |
Forus,theneighbors suspicionofKino sgoodfortuneseemsjustified,basedonSteinbeck stentativetoneandonhisremarksthatthegodsdisregardmen splansandonlyallowmensuccessifitcomesbyaccident. Steinbeckassertsthatwhenhumanagencyactuallydoesbringaboutsuccess throughtheexerciseofabenevolentambitionlikeKino s,forexample , thegodstaketheirrevengeonaman. Inthisway,SteinbeckcompletelynegatesthevaluesystemoftheAmericandream. Hardworkandopennesstoopportunity,themaincomponentsofthetraditionalAmericandream,aremeaninglessinamalevolentuniverseinwhich thegods conspireagainsteveryindividual sdesiretoimprovehisorherlotinlife. Becausehispearlisworthsomuchmoney,Kinobelievesitoffershimachancetorealizehisambitiousdreamsandfreehimselffromtheshacklesofcolonialism. ButwhatkeepsKinofromfulfillinghisambitionsishislackofknowledge. Kinomaybeabletopaythedoctortohealhisson,butheisignorantastowhetherheismakingtherightchoice perhapsthedoctorisinfactpoisoninghisson. Kinoiswellawareofhispredicament,andhisdesireforhissontoobtainaneducationshowsKino srecognitionthateducationprovidestheonlypossibleescapefromcolonialoppression. Butinhissingle-mindedpursuitofsuccessandwealthforhisson,Kinoabandonsthenurturingaspectsofhisfatherlyduty. KinoleavesJuanaalonetocarefortheailingCoyotitowhilehe,Kino,focuseshisattentionsonfindingaplacetoconcealthepearl. AsKinoshiftshisfocustoprovidingforhissoninmaterialratherthanemotionalways,hemakesacorrespondingshiftfrompeacefulcoexistenceinhisvillagetoviolent,paranoidsuspicionofhisneighbors. NowthatKinohasacquiredwealth,heisobligatedtodefendthatwealthfrompotentialusurpers. Ultimately,thisshiftinpreoccupationdemonstratesthatwealthhasadehumanizingeffectonthosewhopossessit,suchasthedoctorandKino,andonthosewhodesireit,suchastheintruderwhocomestostealthepearl. Theintruderisdescribedinvague,inhumantermsthatportrayhimasanunidentifiablemassofclothing. Kinoevenreferstohimas thething, asthoughhewereaplaguesentagainstKinoratherthananotherhumanbeing. Atthispointinthestory,however,onlyJuanaseemstorecognizethatthepearlisanevilinstrumentthatwillbringherfamilypainandheartache. Thepearl:Chapter4PlotAnalysisSummaryWordspreadsthroughoutthetownofLaPazthat Kino willbesellinghisgreatpearl. Thepearlbuyersareespeciallyexcited,andthepearlfishersabandontheirworkforthedaytowitnessthetransaction. Overbreakfastthatmorning,thebrush-houseneighborhoodteemswithspeculationandopinion. Kino, Juana,andCoyotitoweartheirbestclothesfortheoccasion,andKinodonshishatwithcare,anxioustoappearaserious,vigorousmanoftheworld. AsKinoandJuanasetoutfromtheirbrushhouse,theneighborsfallinlinebehindthem. JuanTom swalksatthefrontwithKinoandexpresseshisconcernthatKinomaybecheated,asKinohasnostandardoftruecomparisontoknowwhathispearlisworth. Kinoacknowledgesthisproblembutaddsthattheyhavenowayofsolvingit. JuanTom stellsKinothatanothersystemofpearl-sellingusedtoexistbeforeKinowasborn. Pearlerswouldgivetheirpearlstoagentsforsaleinthecapital,butasaresultoftherampantcorruptionofpearlagentswhostolethepearlsmeantforsale,theoldsystemisnolongerinplace. Kinopointsoutthataccordingtothechurch,suchasystemmustfail,asitrepresentsavaineffortonthepartofthepearlerstoexceedtheirstationinlife. KinoandJuanTom swalkoninsilenceintothecity,drawingstaresfromassembledonlookers. AsKino,JuanTom s,andtheattendingcrowdapproach,thepearldealersscrambletoputtheirofficesinorder,hidingtheirlittlepearlsandpreparingtomakeoffers. Thefirstdealerisashort,slickmanwhonervouslyrollsacoinbackandforthinhishand. Heexplainsafteracarefulexaminationthatthepearlisworthlessbecauseofitsabnormallylargesize. Declaringitmoreofamuseumcuriositythanamarketcommodity,thedealermakesanoffhandbidofonethousandpesos. Kinoreactsangrilytothislowballofferandinsiststhatthepearlisworthfiftytimesthatmuch. ThedealerfirmlyassertsthathisisanaccurateappraisalandinvitesKinotoseekoutasecondopinion. Kino sneighborsstiruneasily,wonderinghowKinocanrejectsuchalargesumofmoneyandwonderingwhetherheisbeingfoolishandheadstrongbydemandingmore. Presently,threenewdealersarrivetoexaminethepearl,andtheinitialdealerinvitesthemtomakeindependentappraisals. Thefirsttwodealersrejectthepearlasamereoddity,andthethirddealermakesafeebleofferoffivehundredpesos. Uponhearingthisnews,Kinoquicklyremovesthepearlfromconsideration. Ashedoesso,theinitialdealer,unfazedbythelowerbid,insiststhathisofferofonethousandpesosstillstands. Protestingthathehasbeencheated,Kinoannouncesaplantosellhispearlinthecapitalcity. Hisoutburstraisesthebidtofifteenhundredpesos,butKinowillhavenoneofit. HefiercelypusheshiswayoutofthecrowdandstartsthelongwalkhomeasJuanatrailsafterhim. Atsupper,Kino sneighborsdebatetheday sevents. Somesuggestthatthedealers appraisalswerefair,whileothersthinkthatKinoisthevictimofascam. Somethinkheshouldhavesettledforthefinalofferoffifteenhundredpesos;otherspraiseKino sbraveryforinsistingonhisownterms. Meanwhile,inhisbrushhouse,Kinohasburiedthepearlunderhissleepingmat. Hesitsbrooding,nervousabouthisupcomingjourneytothefarawaycapital. JuanawatcheshimwhileshenursesCoyotitoandpreparessupper. JuanTom sthenenterstotrytowarnKinoofthedangersinvolvedingoingtothecapital,butKinoisadamantaboutsellinghispearltosecureabetterfutureforhisson. UnabletoconvinceKinotoheedhiswarning,JuanTom sreturnshome. ThatnightKinogoeswithoutsupper. Hesitsawaketoprotectthepearlandcontinuestoporeoverthedetailsofhisproblem. Juanakeepsherownsilentvigil,intendingtosupportKinowithhercompany. Suddenly,Kinosensesanevilpresence. Herises,feelingfortheknifeunderhisshirt,andmovestowardthedoorwayasJuanastiflesadesiretorestrainhim. Fromthedarkness,amanassaultsKino,andastruggleensues. BythetimeJuanareachesthefray,theattackerhasfled. Bloodiedandcutandwithhisclothestorn,Kinoliessprawledontheground,onlyhalfconscious. Withoutdelay,JuanahelpsKinoinsidetocareforhiswounds. Kinoadmitsthatinthedarkhewasunabletotellwhoattackedhim. AfterJuanawashesouthislastcut,shebegshimindesperationtodiscardtheevilpearl. But,morefiercelythanever,Kinoinsiststhattheymustcapitalizeontheirgoodfortune. Heexplainsthatinthemorningtheywillsetoutinthecanoeforthecapital. Juanadutifullysubmitstoherhusband splan,andtheybothgotosleep. Analysis LikeChapter 3,Chapter 4 openswithacommentbythenarratoraboutthetown Itiswonderfulthewayalittletownkeepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits. Steinbeckgoesontoportraythetownasanall-powerfulunit,fullofmenwhoworktogethertosuppressthedeviantelementsintheirmidst. Steinbeckemphasizesthatsocietyshapesanindividual sfateasmuchasdivinityoranyotherforce. Intheuniverseof ThePearl, thegodsasserttheirinfluenceonhumansthroughchanceandaccident,butsocietyassertsanequalinfluencethroughforces suchasgreedandviolence thatemanatefromhumandrives. BothhumanwillandthegodsshapeKino sfateinSteinbeck sparable:anaccidentenablesKinotofindthepearl,andgreedandambitionleadtohisdownfall. Thenarratorsaysthatpeacecanbeachievedinthetownonlyifnoonedeviatesfromnormal,expectedbehavior,implyingthattownsarealmostlikeminiatureauthoritarianstates. ItisironicthatSteinbecknamesthetownin ThePearl LaPaz,whichmeans peace inSpanish. Thetown scapitalistcartelwagesconstantwarwithallchallengers,andbypossessingagreatpearl,Kinomakeshimselfatargetfortheracketofpearlbuyersthathasevolvedovertime. Behindthescenes,onemandetermineshowmuchthebuyersshouldofferforeachpearl,therebyprofitingshamelesslywhileremainingoutofthereachofaccusation. Anindividualsellingapearlthereforehasnoalternativebuttocomplywiththissystemor,despitethedifficultyofdoingso,trytocircumventit. Kino scommenttoJuanTom sthattheoldsystemofpearlsellingwas againstreligion highlightsthewaytheCatholicchurchpreservedexistingsocialhierarchiesandgrossdisparitiesinwealthbycautioningitsfollowersabouttherelativeunimportanceandevendangerofthematerialworld. ThenarratoraddsthatthenativesofMexicohaveenduredthispositionatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,includingitsabsoluteandtotalexploitationofbothfinancialandmoralterms,forthefourhundredyearssincethefirstEuropeansarrived. ThethieflikepearldealersKinoencounterslacknames,charactercomplexity,andemotion theyseemtolackhumanity. Aprofitmargindictatestheirentireexistence,andtheirlivelihoodsdependuponunderhandeddeals,assymbolizedbythefactthatthefirstdealerspendsallhistimesecretlypracticingacointrickbeneathhisdesk. Whenoneneighborasksifthedealersconspiredinadvanceregardingthepriceofthepearl,anotherneighborresponds, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Itisalmostasthoughsuchapossibilityistoohorribletoforthenativestoface. Instead,everyonechoosestoignorethelegitimacyofthesuggestion,andmostofthevillagersridiculeKino sdefianceofthedealers. WhilewesympathizewithKino sdesiretobreakfreefromoppression asJuanTom srealizes,Kino sambitionpitshimagainstanentireestablishedstructureofbusiness,church,andempire ,Kino streatmentofJuanalessensoursympathyforhimsomewhat. JuanafindsherselfsubjectedtoKino swhimsjustasheissubjectedtothecolonists whims. Shehasnoroleinthebusinessprocess,andKinoneverconsultsheraboutthepropercourseofactionwithregardtothepearl. WhenJuanafinallyvolunteersherintuitionthatthepearlisevilandwillruinthem,Kinorefusestolisten,assuringherwiththesimpledeclaration Iamaman. Juanahasnorecourse. Kino srefusaltoacknowledgehiswife sbetterjudgmentparallelsthecolonialsuppressionofthenative sintuitiveknowledgeof thingsofthespirit. Thepearl:plotanalysisAsalatemoonrisesoutside,nearbymotionrouses Kino fromhissleep. Inthepalelight,heisbarelyabletodiscern Juana,whomovestowardthefireplace,quietlygathersthepearl,andsneaksoutintothenight. Kinostealthilyfollowsherassheheadstowardtheshore. Whenshehearshiminpursuit,Juanabreaksintoarun,butKinoapprehendsherjustassheispreparingtohurlthepearlintothewater. Grabbingthepearlfromher,hepunchesherinthefaceandkicksherinthesidewhenshefallsdown. AsKinohoversoverJuana,thewavesbreakuponhercrumpledbody. Hehissesmenacinglyaboveher,thenturnsindisgustandleavesherwithoutaword. AsKinomakeshiswayupthebeach,agroupofmenassaultshim. Kinostrugglesviolentlyastheypawandprodathim. AsKinodriveshisknifeintooneofhisattackers,themenknockthepearlfromhisgrasp. Meanwhile,somedistanceawayfromthefight,Juanagetsuponherkneesandbeginstomakeherwayhome. Climbingthroughthebrush,sheseesthepearllyinginthepat. H.Shepicksitupandconsidersreturningtotheseatodiscardthepearlonceandforall. Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans. Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. |
Analysis LikeChapter 3,Chapter 4 openswithacommentbythenarratoraboutthetown Itiswonderfulthewayalittletownkeepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits. Steinbeckgoesontoportraythetownasanall-powerfulunit,fullofmenwhoworktogethertosuppressthedeviantelementsintheirmidst. Steinbeckemphasizesthatsocietyshapesanindividual sfateasmuchasdivinityoranyotherforce. Intheuniverseof ThePearl, thegodsasserttheirinfluenceonhumansthroughchanceandaccident,butsocietyassertsanequalinfluencethroughforces suchasgreedandviolence thatemanatefromhumandrives. BothhumanwillandthegodsshapeKino sfateinSteinbeck sparable:anaccidentenablesKinotofindthepearl,andgreedandambitionleadtohisdownfall. Thenarratorsaysthatpeacecanbeachievedinthetownonlyifnoonedeviatesfromnormal,expectedbehavior,implyingthattownsarealmostlikeminiatureauthoritarianstates. ItisironicthatSteinbecknamesthetownin ThePearl LaPaz,whichmeans peace inSpanish. Thetown scapitalistcartelwagesconstantwarwithallchallengers,andbypossessingagreatpearl,Kinomakeshimselfatargetfortheracketofpearlbuyersthathasevolvedovertime. Behindthescenes,onemandetermineshowmuchthebuyersshouldofferforeachpearl,therebyprofitingshamelesslywhileremainingoutofthereachofaccusation. Anindividualsellingapearlthereforehasnoalternativebuttocomplywiththissystemor,despitethedifficultyofdoingso,trytocircumventit. Kino scommenttoJuanTom sthattheoldsystemofpearlsellingwas againstreligion highlightsthewaytheCatholicchurchpreservedexistingsocialhierarchiesandgrossdisparitiesinwealthbycautioningitsfollowersabouttherelativeunimportanceandevendangerofthematerialworld. ThenarratoraddsthatthenativesofMexicohaveenduredthispositionatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,includingitsabsoluteandtotalexploitationofbothfinancialandmoralterms,forthefourhundredyearssincethefirstEuropeansarrived. ThethieflikepearldealersKinoencounterslacknames,charactercomplexity,andemotion theyseemtolackhumanity. Aprofitmargindictatestheirentireexistence,andtheirlivelihoodsdependuponunderhandeddeals,assymbolizedbythefactthatthefirstdealerspendsallhistimesecretlypracticingacointrickbeneathhisdesk. Whenoneneighborasksifthedealersconspiredinadvanceregardingthepriceofthepearl,anotherneighborresponds, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Itisalmostasthoughsuchapossibilityistoohorribletoforthenativestoface. Instead,everyonechoosestoignorethelegitimacyofthesuggestion,andmostofthevillagersridiculeKino sdefianceofthedealers. WhilewesympathizewithKino sdesiretobreakfreefromoppression asJuanTom srealizes,Kino sambitionpitshimagainstanentireestablishedstructureofbusiness,church,andempire ,Kino streatmentofJuanalessensoursympathyforhimsomewhat. JuanafindsherselfsubjectedtoKino swhimsjustasheissubjectedtothecolonists whims. Shehasnoroleinthebusinessprocess,andKinoneverconsultsheraboutthepropercourseofactionwithregardtothepearl. WhenJuanafinallyvolunteersherintuitionthatthepearlisevilandwillruinthem,Kinorefusestolisten,assuringherwiththesimpledeclaration Iamaman. Juanahasnorecourse. Kino srefusaltoacknowledgehiswife sbetterjudgmentparallelsthecolonialsuppressionofthenative sintuitiveknowledgeof thingsofthespirit. Thepearl:plotanalysisAsalatemoonrisesoutside,nearbymotionrouses Kino fromhissleep. Inthepalelight,heisbarelyabletodiscern Juana,whomovestowardthefireplace,quietlygathersthepearl,andsneaksoutintothenight. Kinostealthilyfollowsherassheheadstowardtheshore. Whenshehearshiminpursuit,Juanabreaksintoarun,butKinoapprehendsherjustassheispreparingtohurlthepearlintothewater. Grabbingthepearlfromher,hepunchesherinthefaceandkicksherinthesidewhenshefallsdown. AsKinohoversoverJuana,thewavesbreakuponhercrumpledbody. Hehissesmenacinglyaboveher,thenturnsindisgustandleavesherwithoutaword. AsKinomakeshiswayupthebeach,agroupofmenassaultshim. Kinostrugglesviolentlyastheypawandprodathim. AsKinodriveshisknifeintooneofhisattackers,themenknockthepearlfromhisgrasp. Meanwhile,somedistanceawayfromthefight,Juanagetsuponherkneesandbeginstomakeherwayhome. Climbingthroughthebrush,sheseesthepearllyinginthepath. Shepicksitupandconsidersreturningtotheseatodiscardthepearlonceandforall. Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans. Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. AmidKino smonomania obsessivefocusonasingleidea ,Juanaremainstetheredtoandtrappedinanincreasinglydisastroussituation. ThoughsheseesKinoas halfinsaneandhalfgod, shecannotimaginelivingwithoutaman. Becauseofherpositionasawifeinatraditionalsociety,JuanaisnecessarilysubservienttoKino. Shemustfollowwhatheviewsashislargerambitions,eventhoughhergoodsensecautionsagainstitastheirsituationbecomesincreasinglydesperate. Unfortunately,althoughJuana sgoodsensedemandsthatthepearlbethrownaway. Onaclear,windynight,Kino, Juana,andCoyotitobegintheirlongmarchnorth,avoidingthesleepingtown. Outsideoftown,theyfollowaroad,carefullywalkinginawheelruttoconcealtheirtracks. Theywalkallnightandmakecampinaroadsideshelteratsunrise. Aftereatingasmallbreakfast,Juanarestsuntilmidday. Kinospotsaclusterofantsandlaysdownhisfootasanobstacle. Theantsclimboverit,andhekeepshisfootinplaceandwatchesthemscaleit. WhenJuanarises,sheasksKinoifhethinkstheywillbepursued. JuanathenbeginstodoubtKino sconvictionthatthepearlisworthfarmorethanthedealersoffered,butKinopointsoutthathisattackerswouldnothavetriedtostealthepearlwereitworthnothing. Kinostaresatthepearltoreadhisfuture. HeliestoJuana,tellingherthatheseesarifle,amarriageinachurch,andaneducationforCoyotito. IntruthKinoseesabodybleedingontheground,Juanamakingherwayhomethroughthenightafterbeingbeaten,andCoyotito sfaceswollenasthoughheweresick. Thefamilyretreatsfartherintotheshadeforanotherrest. WhileKinosleepssoundly,Juanaisrestless. AssheplayswithCoyotito,Kinowakesfromadreamanddemandsthattheykeepquiet. Creepingforward,hespotsatriooftrackerspursuingtheirtrail. Kinostiffensandattemptstobestillandsilentuntilthetrackershavepassed. Hewatchesthemgrownearerandpreparestospringonthemwithhisknifeifnecessary. JuanaalsohearstheapproachingtrackersanddoesherbesttoquietCoyotito. Thetrackers horsegrowsexcitedasthetrackersapproachtheshelter. Foramoment,itappearsthattheyarepoisedtoapprehendCoyotitoandJuana,buteventuallytheylosetheirleadonthetra. Ilandmoveon. Kinorealizesthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyreturn,andherunsquicklytoJuana,tellinghertogatherupherthingssothattheycanleaveatonce. Suddenly,Kinofeelstheircausetobehopelessandloseshiswilltoflee,butJuanacastigateshimforgivinguponhisfamily. Finally,Kinosuggeststhattheymightbeabletolosethetrackersupinthemountains. KinoandJuanacollecttheirbelongingsandfleewithCoyotitothroughtheundergrowth,makingnoefforttoconcealtheirtracks. Astheyclimbthefirstrises,Kinorealizesthatthedistanceheisputtingbetweenhisfamilyandthetrackersoffersonlyatemporaryfixtotheirproblem. WhenJuanatakesarestwithCoyotito,Kinoproposesthatshehidewhilehemovesonahead. Untilthetrackershavebeendiverted,shecantakerefugeinanearbytown. But,despiteKino sinsistence,Juanarefusestosplitup,sothefamilymovesontogether. Astheirascentgrowssteeper,Kinoattemptstovaryanddoublebackontheirroutetomisleadthetrackers. Asthesunbeginstoset,KinoandJuanareachanearbycleftandreplenishtheirwatersupplyatapoolandstream,wheretheydrinktocontentment,andJuanarinsesCoyotito. Fromthelookout,Kinospiesthetrackersatadistancebelow,hurryinguptheslope. Juanaalsorealizesthattheyarestillbeingpursued. KinodeceivesthetrackersbycreatingafalsetrailupthecliffanddescendingagaintotakerefugewithJuanaandCoyotitoinanearbycave. Kinohopesthatthetrackerswillclimbpastthem,providingachanceforthemtoclimbdownthehillandoutofrange. KinoinstructsJuanatokeepCoyotitoquiet,andtheyliesilentlyinthecaveastwilightsettlesovertheland. Byevening,thetrackersarriveatthepool,wheretheymakecampandeat. Inthecave,Coyotitogrowsrestless,andJuanaquietshim. Kinonoticesthattwoofthemenhavesettledintosleep,whilethethirdkeepswatch. Kinorealizesthatifhecanmanagetostiflethelookout,he,Juana,andCoyotitowillhaveachancetoescape. JuanafearsforKino slife,butKinoexplainsthattheyhavenootherchoice. Heinstructshertoruntothenearesttownshouldhebekilled,andtheypartreluctantly. Kinostripsnakedtoavoidbeingseenbythewatchman,and,aftercrouchingatthecaveentranceforamomenttosurveyhisroute,hespringsforward. AsJuanapraysforhim,Kinoslowlymovesdowntheslopetowardthepool. Twentyfeetfromthetrackers,hecrouchesbehindapalmtreetoponderhisnextmove. Hismusclescrampandtremble,butheknowshemustactquicklybeforethemoonrises. Heunsheatheshisknifeandpreparestoattack. Justasheispoisedtospring,themoonappears,andherealizesthathisopportunityhasbeenlost. Waitingforamomentwhenthewatchman sheadisturned,Kinogetsreadytotakeamuchriskierapproach. Suddenly,Coyotitoletsoutacrythatwakesoneofthesleepingtrackers. Atfirst,theywonderifitcouldpossiblybethecryofahuman,orwhetheritissimplythecryofacoyote. Thewatchmandecidestosilencethewailerbyshootinginthedirectionofthecry. UnbeknownsttoKino,thebullethitsandkillsCoyotito. Asthewatchmanshoots,Kinospringsuponthetrackers,stabbingthewatchmanandseizingtherifle. Knockingoneoftheothermenoutwithafierceblow,hewatchesasthelastmanattemptstofleeupthecliff. ThemanmakeslittleprogressbeforeKinostopshimwithafirstshot,andthenmurdershimexecution-stylewithanothershotbetweentheeyes. Intheterriblemomentthatensues,Kinonoticesthesilenceofthesurroundinganimals,andfinallyhearstheblood-curdlingcryissuingfromhiswife,mourningthedeathofCoyotito. Laterthenextday,towardsunset,KinoandJuanawalksidebysideintoLaPaz,withJuanacarryingCoyotito scorpseinasackslungoverhershoulder. Theywalkdazedlythroughthecity,withunmovingeyes,speakingtonoone. Onlookersstarewordlessly,andevenJuanTom scanonlyraiseahandingreeting. KinoandJuanamarchthroughthetown,pastthebrushhouses,allthewaytothesea. Attheedgeofthewater,Kinostopsandpullsthepearlfromhispocket. Holdingituptothelight,hestaresintoitcarefully,andafloodofevilmemorieswashesoverhim. Kinoholdsthepearloutinfrontofhim,andthenflingsitoutintotheocean. KinoandJuanawatchthepearlasitsplashesthesurface,andstareatthespotquietlyasthesunsets. Thenthecolumn ofants climbedoverhisinstepandcontinuedonitsway,andKinoleft..AnalysisAftertheirbrushhouseisburneddownandtheyareforcedtofleetheirneighborhood,KinoandJuanafindthemselvesinastruggleforsurvivalinnature. TheirstateofnatureironicallymimicsthatoftheanimalsKinoobservescontemplativelyinChapters 1 and 2. |
Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans. Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. AmidKino smonomania obsessivefocusonasingleidea ,Juanaremainstetheredtoandtrappedinanincreasinglydisastroussituation. ThoughsheseesKinoas halfinsaneandhalfgod, shecannotimaginelivingwithoutaman. Becauseofherpositionasawifeinatraditionalsociety,JuanaisnecessarilysubservienttoKino. Shemustfollowwhatheviewsashislargerambitions,eventhoughhergoodsensecautionsagainstitastheirsituationbecomesincreasinglydesperate. Unfortunately,althoughJuana sgoodsensedemandsthatthepearlbethrownaway. Onaclear,windynight,Kino, Juana,andCoyotitobegintheirlongmarchnorth,avoidingthesleepingtown. Outsideoftown,theyfollowaroad,carefullywalkinginawheelruttoconcealtheirtracks. Theywalkallnightandmakecampinaroadsideshelteratsunrise. Aftereatingasmallbreakfast,Juanarestsuntilmidday. Kinospotsaclusterofantsandlaysdownhisfootasanobstacle. Theantsclimboverit,andhekeepshisfootinplaceandwatchesthemscaleit. WhenJuanarises,sheasksKinoifhethinkstheywillbepursued. JuanathenbeginstodoubtKino sconvictionthatthepearlisworthfarmorethanthedealersoffered,butKinopointsoutthathisattackerswouldnothavetriedtostealthepearlwereitworthnothing. Kinostaresatthepearltoreadhisfuture. HeliestoJuana,tellingherthatheseesarifle,amarriageinachurch,andaneducationforCoyotito. IntruthKinoseesabodybleedingontheground,Juanamakingherwayhomethroughthenightafterbeingbeaten,andCoyotito sfaceswollenasthoughheweresick. Thefamilyretreatsfartherintotheshadeforanotherrest. WhileKinosleepssoundly,Juanaisrestless. AssheplayswithCoyotito,Kinowakesfromadreamanddemandsthattheykeepquiet. Creepingforward,hespotsatriooftrackerspursuingtheirtrail. Kinostiffensandattemptstobestillandsilentuntilthetrackershavepassed. Hewatchesthemgrownearerandpreparestospringonthemwithhisknifeifnecessary. JuanaalsohearstheapproachingtrackersanddoesherbesttoquietCoyotito. Thetrackers horsegrowsexcitedasthetrackersapproachtheshelter. Foramoment,itappearsthattheyarepoisedtoapprehendCoyotitoandJuana,buteventuallytheylosetheirleadonthetrailandmoveon. Kinorealizesthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyreturn,andherunsquicklytoJuana,tellinghertogatherupherthingssothattheycanleaveatonce. Suddenly,Kinofeelstheircausetobehopelessandloseshiswilltoflee,butJuanacastigateshimforgivinguponhisfamily. Finally,Kinosuggeststhattheymightbeabletolosethetrackersupinthemountains. KinoandJuanacollecttheirbelongingsandfleewithCoyotitothroughtheundergrowth,makingnoefforttoconcealtheirtracks. Astheyclimbthefirstrises,Kinorealizesthatthedistanceheisputtingbetweenhisfamilyandthetrackersoffersonlyatemporaryfixtotheirproblem. WhenJuanatakesarestwithCoyotito,Kinoproposesthatshehidewhilehemovesonahead. Untilthetrackershavebeendiverted,shecantakerefugeinanearbytown. But,despiteKino sinsistence,Juanarefusestosplitup,sothefamilymovesontogether. Astheirascentgrowssteeper,Kinoattemptstovaryanddoublebackontheirroutetomisleadthetrackers. Asthesunbeginstoset,KinoandJuanareachanearbycleftandreplenishtheirwatersupplyatapoolandstream,wheretheydrinktocontentment,andJuanarinsesCoyotito. Fromthelookout,Kinospiesthetrackersatadistancebelow,hurryinguptheslope. Juanaalsorealizesthattheyarestillbeingpursued. KinodeceivesthetrackersbycreatingafalsetrailupthecliffanddescendingagaintotakerefugewithJuanaandCoyotitoinanearbycave. Kinohopesthatthetrackerswillclimbpastthem,providingachanceforthemtoclimbdownthehillandoutofrange. KinoinstructsJuanatokeepCoyotitoquiet,andtheyliesilentlyinthecaveastwilightsettlesovertheland. Byevening,thetrackersarriveatthepool,wheretheymakecampandeat. Inthecave,Coyotitogrowsrestless,andJuanaquietshim. Kinonoticesthattwoofthemenhavesettledintosleep,whilethethirdkeepswatch. Kinorealizesthatifhecanmanagetostiflethelookout,he,Juana,andCoyotitowillhaveachancetoescape. JuanafearsforKino slife,butKinoexplainsthattheyhavenootherchoice. Heinstructshertoruntothenearesttownshouldhebekilled,andtheypartreluctantly. Kinostripsnakedtoavoidbeingseenbythewatchman,and,aftercrouchingatthecaveentranceforamomenttosurveyhisroute,hespringsforward. AsJuanapraysforhim,Kinoslowlymovesdowntheslopetowardthepool. Twentyfeetfromthetrackers,hecrouchesbehindapalmtreetoponderhisnextmove. Hismusclescrampandtremble,butheknowshemustactquicklybeforethemoonrises. Heunsheatheshisknifeandpreparestoattack. Justasheispoisedtospring,themoonappears,andherealizesthathisopportunityhasbeenlost. Waitingforamomentwhenthewatchman sheadisturned,Kinogetsreadytotakeamuchriskierapproach. Suddenly,Coyotitoletsoutacrythatwakesoneofthesleepingtrackers. Atfirst,theywonderifitcouldpossiblybethecryofahuman,orwhetheritissimplythecryofacoyote. Thewatchmandecidestosilencethewailerbyshootinginthedirectionofthecry. UnbeknownsttoKino,thebullethitsandkillsCoyotito. Asthewatchmanshoots,Kinospringsuponthetrackers,stabbingthewatchmanandseizingtherifle. Knockingoneoftheothermenoutwithafierceblow,hewatchesasthelastmanattemptstofleeupthecliff. ThemanmakeslittleprogressbeforeKinostopshimwithafirstshot,andthenmurdershimexecution-stylewithanothershotbetweentheeyes. Intheterriblemomentthatensues,Kinonoticesthesilenceofthesurroundinganimals,andfinallyhearstheblood-curdlingcryissuingfromhiswife,mourningthedeathofCoyotito. Laterthenextday,towardsunset,KinoandJuanawalksidebysideintoLaPaz,withJuanacarryingCoyotito scorpseinasackslungoverhershoulder. Theywalkdazedlythroughthecity,withunmovingeyes,speakingtonoone. Onlookersstarewordlessly,andevenJuanTom scanonlyraiseahandingreeting. KinoandJuanamarchthroughthetown,pastthebrushhouses,allthewaytothesea. Attheedgeofthewater,Kinostopsandpullsthepearlfromhispocket. Holdingituptothelight,hestaresintoitcarefully,andafloodofevilmemorieswashesoverhim. Kinoholdsthepearloutinfrontofhim,andthenflingsitoutintotheocean. KinoandJuanawatchthepearlasitsplashesthesurface,andstareatthespotquietlyasthesunsets. Thenthecolumn ofants climbedoverhisinstepandcontinuedonitsway,andKinoleft..AnalysisAftertheirbrushhouseisburneddownandtheyareforcedtofleetheirneighborhood,KinoandJuanafindthemselvesinastruggleforsurvivalinnature. TheirstateofnatureironicallymimicsthatoftheanimalsKinoobservescontemplativelyinChapters 1 and 2. Exposedtotheelemen. Tsandthecriesofcoyotes,owls,andotheranimals,Kinothinksofhimselfassomeonewhohasbeentakenoverbysomeanimalforce. Hispeaceful,domesticlifeisathingofthepast. AshedoesinChapter 1,Kinohereobservesaclusterofants. However,insteadofwatching withthedetachmentofGod ashedoesbefore,Kinolaysdownhisfootasanobstacleintheants path. ThedifferencebetweenthesetwoactssymbolizesthewayKino sunderstandingofhisrelationshipwithnaturehaschanged. Whereasearlierheisadetachedobserver,henowattemptstocarvehisownfateandruleinthenaturalworld. But,astheantsrevealbyeasilyfindingtheirwayaroundtheobstacleKinocreates,Kino sattemptstoruleovernatureortwistittohisowndeviceshavelittleeffect,andnaturehasitswaywithhimanyway. WhileKinodoesattempttocontrolthenaturalworld,healsolookstoittoguidehisbehaviorwhenhegazesintothepearl tofindhisvision ofthefuture. Inthepearl,Kinoseeshisfamily struefate,yethemistakenlybelievesthatdenyingwhatheseesandannouncinganalternativevisionwillallowhimtoovercomehisfate. Ultimately,Kino sbaseactionsnullifythenobleintentionsheexpressesinhisspeech. KinoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsagrandwedding,butwhatthepearlreflectstohimistherealitythathebeatshiswife. KinoalsoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsaneducationforCoyotito,butinthepearlheseestherealityof Coyotito sface,thickandfeverishfromthe doctor s medicine. ThoughshedoesnotlookintothepearlwithKino,JuanarecognizesthatKino svisionsareillusionsgroundedonambitionandhope. HersuggestionthatthepearlhasnorealworthimplicitlycriticizesKino sfoolishness. Yet,whenKinoconsidersgivingup,Juanachastiseshimforhisweakness. HerdesiretocontinuesuggeststhatherambitionisinfactjustasfierceasKino s.Likehim,sheallowsherdreamsforherfamilytoleadhertoignoretherealityofhersituationandtoattempttoovercomeherfate. Herinitialwishtosecureagreatpearlbringsonlygrieftoherfamily. SteinbeckexplicitlycomparesKinoandJuanatoanimalsbeingchasedbyhunters. Likeanimals,thepairattemptstoescapetheirpursuersbyseekingoutahigherelevation. WhatputsKinoandJuanaincloseproximitytothetrackersistheneedtobenearwater,aneedcommontoallmammals. Furthermore,Kinofindshimselfforcedtostripoffhisclothes,distinctivesymbolsofhishumanity,inordertosurprisehispursuers. Inrevertingtothisanimalisticstrategy,Kinoinadvertentlytransformshisownsonintoananimal,leadingtoCoyotito sdeathbyanindiscriminategunshotonthepartofthetrackers,whomistakethebaby scryforthatofacoyote. Coyotito sname,whichliterallymeans littlecoyote inSpanish,foreshadowsthistransformationthroughoutthe novella. Thenarratorpointsoutthatintheanimalworld,watersourcesareboth placesoflife and placesofdeath, becausetheyofferaresourcebutalsocreatecompetitionbetweenanimalsfortheresource. Thisparadoxicalstatusofthewaterpoolparallelsthatofthepearl,whichexertsbothapositiveandadestructiveinfluenceonKinoandJuana. Extrapolatingfurther,thenarrator scommentaboutthewatersourceseemstoapplytotheentirematerialworld everyonebothdependsuponandcompetesforthematerialresourcesneededforsurvival. Oncethetrackersaredead,Kinoisfreetocontinuetothecitytosellhispearl,butCoyotito sdeathhasstrippedKinoofthemotiveforhisstruggle. KinoandJuanaintendedthepearltofacilitatethefuturetheyhavedreamedoffortheirson,butthepearl svalueislostonceCoyotitodies. TheparablesubtlyevokesthestoryofJesus,inthatKino,inattemptingtoplayGodbydetermininghisownfate,sacrificeshisson. Thoughaninfant,Coyotitocouldbeviewedasamartyr,sincehediesforthesinsofothers. Inthissense,Coyotitohimselfisthebiblical pearlofgreatprice, thetitleSteinbeckoriginallyplannedtogivehisnovella. CriticsaredividedonthequestionofwhetherKino sultimatedecisiontoridhimselfofthepearlbythrowingitbackintotheoceanrepresentsavictoryoradefeat. SomesuggestthatKino sfinalactofmaterialrenunciationempowershim. ThefactthattherenunciationmeansthathewillcontinuetolivealifeofpovertyleadsotherstoarguethatKinoonlyaddstohistragedyindiscardingthepearl. ThenarratornotesthatasKinoandJuanareenterthetowntodisposeofthepearl, thesunwasbehindthemandtheirlongshadowsstalkedahead,andtheyseemedtocarrytwotowersofdarknesswiththem. ThisimagesymbolizesKinoandJuana ssituation:theirbrightestdaysarebehindthem,andadarkpatchoftheirownmakingliesahead. |
Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. AmidKino smonomania obsessivefocusonasingleidea ,Juanaremainstetheredtoandtrappedinanincreasinglydisastroussituation. ThoughsheseesKinoas halfinsaneandhalfgod, shecannotimaginelivingwithoutaman. Becauseofherpositionasawifeinatraditionalsociety,JuanaisnecessarilysubservienttoKino. Shemustfollowwhatheviewsashislargerambitions,eventhoughhergoodsensecautionsagainstitastheirsituationbecomesincreasinglydesperate. Unfortunately,althoughJuana sgoodsensedemandsthatthepearlbethrownaway. Onaclear,windynight,Kino, Juana,andCoyotitobegintheirlongmarchnorth,avoidingthesleepingtown. Outsideoftown,theyfollowaroad,carefullywalkinginawheelruttoconcealtheirtracks. Theywalkallnightandmakecampinaroadsideshelteratsunrise. Aftereatingasmallbreakfast,Juanarestsuntilmidday. Kinospotsaclusterofantsandlaysdownhisfootasanobstacle. Theantsclimboverit,andhekeepshisfootinplaceandwatchesthemscaleit. WhenJuanarises,sheasksKinoifhethinkstheywillbepursued. JuanathenbeginstodoubtKino sconvictionthatthepearlisworthfarmorethanthedealersoffered,butKinopointsoutthathisattackerswouldnothavetriedtostealthepearlwereitworthnothing. Kinostaresatthepearltoreadhisfuture. HeliestoJuana,tellingherthatheseesarifle,amarriageinachurch,andaneducationforCoyotito. IntruthKinoseesabodybleedingontheground,Juanamakingherwayhomethroughthenightafterbeingbeaten,andCoyotito sfaceswollenasthoughheweresick. Thefamilyretreatsfartherintotheshadeforanotherrest. WhileKinosleepssoundly,Juanaisrestless. AssheplayswithCoyotito,Kinowakesfromadreamanddemandsthattheykeepquiet. Creepingforward,hespotsatriooftrackerspursuingtheirtrail. Kinostiffensandattemptstobestillandsilentuntilthetrackershavepassed. Hewatchesthemgrownearerandpreparestospringonthemwithhisknifeifnecessary. JuanaalsohearstheapproachingtrackersanddoesherbesttoquietCoyotito. Thetrackers horsegrowsexcitedasthetrackersapproachtheshelter. Foramoment,itappearsthattheyarepoisedtoapprehendCoyotitoandJuana,buteventuallytheylosetheirleadonthetrailandmoveon. Kinorealizesthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyreturn,andherunsquicklytoJuana,tellinghertogatherupherthingssothattheycanleaveatonce. Suddenly,Kinofeelstheircausetobehopelessandloseshiswilltoflee,butJuanacastigateshimforgivinguponhisfamily. Finally,Kinosuggeststhattheymightbeabletolosethetrackersupinthemountains. KinoandJuanacollecttheirbelongingsandfleewithCoyotitothroughtheundergrowth,makingnoefforttoconcealtheirtracks. Astheyclimbthefirstrises,Kinorealizesthatthedistanceheisputtingbetweenhisfamilyandthetrackersoffersonlyatemporaryfixtotheirproblem. WhenJuanatakesarestwithCoyotito,Kinoproposesthatshehidewhilehemovesonahead. Untilthetrackershavebeendiverted,shecantakerefugeinanearbytown. But,despiteKino sinsistence,Juanarefusestosplitup,sothefamilymovesontogether. Astheirascentgrowssteeper,Kinoattemptstovaryanddoublebackontheirroutetomisleadthetrackers. Asthesunbeginstoset,KinoandJuanareachanearbycleftandreplenishtheirwatersupplyatapoolandstream,wheretheydrinktocontentment,andJuanarinsesCoyotito. Fromthelookout,Kinospiesthetrackersatadistancebelow,hurryinguptheslope. Juanaalsorealizesthattheyarestillbeingpursued. KinodeceivesthetrackersbycreatingafalsetrailupthecliffanddescendingagaintotakerefugewithJuanaandCoyotitoinanearbycave. Kinohopesthatthetrackerswillclimbpastthem,providingachanceforthemtoclimbdownthehillandoutofrange. KinoinstructsJuanatokeepCoyotitoquiet,andtheyliesilentlyinthecaveastwilightsettlesovertheland. Byevening,thetrackersarriveatthepool,wheretheymakecampandeat. Inthecave,Coyotitogrowsrestless,andJuanaquietshim. Kinonoticesthattwoofthemenhavesettledintosleep,whilethethirdkeepswatch. Kinorealizesthatifhecanmanagetostiflethelookout,he,Juana,andCoyotitowillhaveachancetoescape. JuanafearsforKino slife,butKinoexplainsthattheyhavenootherchoice. Heinstructshertoruntothenearesttownshouldhebekilled,andtheypartreluctantly. Kinostripsnakedtoavoidbeingseenbythewatchman,and,aftercrouchingatthecaveentranceforamomenttosurveyhisroute,hespringsforward. AsJuanapraysforhim,Kinoslowlymovesdowntheslopetowardthepool. Twentyfeetfromthetrackers,hecrouchesbehindapalmtreetoponderhisnextmove. Hismusclescrampandtremble,butheknowshemustactquicklybeforethemoonrises. Heunsheatheshisknifeandpreparestoattack. Justasheispoisedtospring,themoonappears,andherealizesthathisopportunityhasbeenlost. Waitingforamomentwhenthewatchman sheadisturned,Kinogetsreadytotakeamuchriskierapproach. Suddenly,Coyotitoletsoutacrythatwakesoneofthesleepingtrackers. Atfirst,theywonderifitcouldpossiblybethecryofahuman,orwhetheritissimplythecryofacoyote. Thewatchmandecidestosilencethewailerbyshootinginthedirectionofthecry. UnbeknownsttoKino,thebullethitsandkillsCoyotito. Asthewatchmanshoots,Kinospringsuponthetrackers,stabbingthewatchmanandseizingtherifle. Knockingoneoftheothermenoutwithafierceblow,hewatchesasthelastmanattemptstofleeupthecliff. ThemanmakeslittleprogressbeforeKinostopshimwithafirstshot,andthenmurdershimexecution-stylewithanothershotbetweentheeyes. Intheterriblemomentthatensues,Kinonoticesthesilenceofthesurroundinganimals,andfinallyhearstheblood-curdlingcryissuingfromhiswife,mourningthedeathofCoyotito. Laterthenextday,towardsunset,KinoandJuanawalksidebysideintoLaPaz,withJuanacarryingCoyotito scorpseinasackslungoverhershoulder. Theywalkdazedlythroughthecity,withunmovingeyes,speakingtonoone. Onlookersstarewordlessly,andevenJuanTom scanonlyraiseahandingreeting. KinoandJuanamarchthroughthetown,pastthebrushhouses,allthewaytothesea. Attheedgeofthewater,Kinostopsandpullsthepearlfromhispocket. Holdingituptothelight,hestaresintoitcarefully,andafloodofevilmemorieswashesoverhim. Kinoholdsthepearloutinfrontofhim,andthenflingsitoutintotheocean. KinoandJuanawatchthepearlasitsplashesthesurface,andstareatthespotquietlyasthesunsets. Thenthecolumn ofants climbedoverhisinstepandcontinuedonitsway,andKinoleft..AnalysisAftertheirbrushhouseisburneddownandtheyareforcedtofleetheirneighborhood,KinoandJuanafindthemselvesinastruggleforsurvivalinnature. TheirstateofnatureironicallymimicsthatoftheanimalsKinoobservescontemplativelyinChapters 1 and 2.Exposedtotheelementsandthecriesofcoyotes,owls,andotheranimals,Kinothinksofhimselfassomeonewhohasbeentakenoverbysomeanimalforce. Hispeaceful,domesticlifeisathingofthepast. AshedoesinChapter 1,Kinohereobservesaclusterofants. However,insteadofwatching withthedetachmentofGod ashedoesbefore,Kinolaysdownhisfootasanobstacleintheants path. ThedifferencebetweenthesetwoactssymbolizesthewayKino sunderstandingofhisrelationshipwithnaturehaschanged. Whereasearlierheisadetachedobserver,henowattemptstocarvehisownfateandruleinthenaturalworld. But,astheantsrevealbyeasilyfindingtheirwayaroundtheobstacleKinocreates,Kino sattemptstoruleovernatureortwistittohisowndeviceshavelittleeffect,andnaturehasitswaywithhimanyway. WhileKinodoesattempttocontrolthenaturalworld,healsolookstoittoguidehisbehaviorwhenhegazesintothepearl tofindhisvision ofthefuture. Inthepearl,Kinoseeshisfamily struefate,yethemistakenlybelievesthatdenyingwhatheseesandannouncinganalternativevisionwillallowhimtoovercomehisfate. Ultimately,Kino sbaseactionsnullifythenobleintentionsheexpressesinhisspeech. KinoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsagrandwedding,butwhatthepearlreflectstohimistherealitythathebeatshiswife. KinoalsoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsaneducationforCoyotito,butinthepearlheseestherealityof Coyotito sface,thickandfeverishfromthe doctor s medicine. ThoughshedoesnotlookintothepearlwithKino,JuanarecognizesthatKino svisionsareillusionsgroundedonambitionandhope. HersuggestionthatthepearlhasnorealworthimplicitlycriticizesKino sfoolishness. Yet,whenKinoconsidersgivingup,Juanachastiseshimforhisweakness. HerdesiretocontinuesuggeststhatherambitionisinfactjustasfierceasKino s.Likehim,sheallowsherdreamsforherfamilytoleadhertoignoretherealityofhersituationandtoattempttoovercomeherfate. Herinitialwishtosecureagreatpearlbringsonlygrieftoherfamily. SteinbeckexplicitlycomparesKinoandJuanatoanimalsbeingchasedbyhunters. Likeanimals,thepairattemptstoescapetheirpursuersbyseekingoutahigherelevation. WhatputsKinoandJuanaincloseproximitytothetrackersistheneedtobenea. Rwater,aneedcommontoallmammals. Furthermore,Kinofindshimselfforcedtostripoffhisclothes,distinctivesymbolsofhishumanity,inordertosurprisehispursuers. Inrevertingtothisanimalisticstrategy,Kinoinadvertentlytransformshisownsonintoananimal,leadingtoCoyotito sdeathbyanindiscriminategunshotonthepartofthetrackers,whomistakethebaby scryforthatofacoyote. Coyotito sname,whichliterallymeans littlecoyote inSpanish,foreshadowsthistransformationthroughoutthe novella. Thenarratorpointsoutthatintheanimalworld,watersourcesareboth placesoflife and placesofdeath, becausetheyofferaresourcebutalsocreatecompetitionbetweenanimalsfortheresource. Thisparadoxicalstatusofthewaterpoolparallelsthatofthepearl,whichexertsbothapositiveandadestructiveinfluenceonKinoandJuana. Extrapolatingfurther,thenarrator scommentaboutthewatersourceseemstoapplytotheentirematerialworld everyonebothdependsuponandcompetesforthematerialresourcesneededforsurvival. Oncethetrackersaredead,Kinoisfreetocontinuetothecitytosellhispearl,butCoyotito sdeathhasstrippedKinoofthemotiveforhisstruggle. KinoandJuanaintendedthepearltofacilitatethefuturetheyhavedreamedoffortheirson,butthepearl svalueislostonceCoyotitodies. TheparablesubtlyevokesthestoryofJesus,inthatKino,inattemptingtoplayGodbydetermininghisownfate,sacrificeshisson. Thoughaninfant,Coyotitocouldbeviewedasamartyr,sincehediesforthesinsofothers. Inthissense,Coyotitohimselfisthebiblical pearlofgreatprice, thetitleSteinbeckoriginallyplannedtogivehisnovella. CriticsaredividedonthequestionofwhetherKino sultimatedecisiontoridhimselfofthepearlbythrowingitbackintotheoceanrepresentsavictoryoradefeat. SomesuggestthatKino sfinalactofmaterialrenunciationempowershim. ThefactthattherenunciationmeansthathewillcontinuetolivealifeofpovertyleadsotherstoarguethatKinoonlyaddstohistragedyindiscardingthepearl. ThenarratornotesthatasKinoandJuanareenterthetowntodisposeofthepearl, thesunwasbehindthemandtheirlongshadowsstalkedahead,andtheyseemedtocarrytwotowersofdarknesswiththem. ThisimagesymbolizesKinoandJuana ssituation:theirbrightestdaysarebehindthem,andadarkpatchoftheirownmakingliesahead. Impor. |
Table of ContentsUnit 1Sentence StructurePart A Preparatory It and There6B Phrases and Clauses10C Sentence Types14D ReviewConnectorsPart A Conjunctions and Parallel Structure 20B Conjunctive Adverbs24C Review Wishes and Conditional SentencesPart A Wishes about the Present and the Past30B Zero and First Conditional Sentences34C Second Conditional Sentences38D Third Conditional Sentences42E ReviewNoun ClausesPart A Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether 48B Noun Clauses with Question Words52C ReviewComparisons and More Conditionals Part A Omitting If and Implied Conditions58B Comparisons with Like, As if, and As though62C Alternate Forms of First Conditionals66D Alternate Forms of Second and Third Conditionals70E Review 74Unit 6Adverb ClausesPart A Adverb Clauses of Time76B Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect80C Adverb Clauses of Condition 84D Adverb Clauses of Contrast88E Review Reduced ClausesPart A Reducing Adjective Clauses94B Reducing Adverb Clauses98C Review Emphasis and InversionPart A Emphatic Structure104B Inversion108C Review Punctuation and CapitalizationPart A Capitalization114B Punctuation I118C Punctuation II122D Review 126Unit 10 Idioms and ExpressionsPart A Idioms and Expressions I 128B Idioms and Expressions II132C Idioms and Expressions III136D Review Index150Transcripts Answer KeyPart A Preparatory It and ThereUnit 1 Sentence Structure6 Unit 1 Sentence StructureGrammar ExplanationPreviewThe preparatory It is used to show opinion or condition especially concerning time, distance, andweather . The preparatory It acts as a dummy subject and is usually followed by the verb be or a modal be . The logical subject in sentences beginning with It is often a to-infinitive phrase or a noun clause. The preparatory There often begins sentences that show location or existence, especially when theexistence of something or someone is mentioned for the first time. It is usually followed by the verb be ora modal be .Preparatory It and ThereIt is nice to meet you. It would be fun to live on a sailboat. It is important that we not litter in the park. It is 3:30 p.m. |
The preparatory It acts as a dummy subject and is usually followed by the verb be or a modal be . The logical subject in sentences beginning with It is often a to-infinitive phrase or a noun clause. The preparatory There often begins sentences that show location or existence, especially when theexistence of something or someone is mentioned for the first time. It is usually followed by the verb be ora modal be .Preparatory It and ThereIt is nice to meet you. It would be fun to live on a sailboat. It is important that we not litter in the park. It is 3:30 p.m. right now. It never snows in July around here. It is believed that he will arrive next week. Look! There s a bear. There s a shooting star in the sky. There will be a party on Saturday. There is a mosquito in my bedroom. There was a new girl at school today. There were two groups of pterosaurs, or flyingreptiles. The early pterosaurs, which went extinctat the end of the Jurassic Period, came first. Descendants of the first group, the second groupdeveloped in the late Jurassic. It is believed thatthis group included the largest flying reptiles ever. Up to fifteen meters from wingtip to wingtip,the largest pterosaur was Quetzalcoatlus. It isthought to have weighed up to 100 kilograms. Its neck was extremely long, its jawslacked teeth, and its head featured a long, bony crest. There are still questions about how this amazing animal lived. It is thought tohave soared high in the sky, covering great distances. This ability, along with its longneck, has prompted the idea that it survived in a similar way to the vulture, feedingon the corpses of dead dinosaurs. However, because of its long slender jaws, it hasalso been suggested that Quetzalcoatlus searched tidal pools and shores for shellfishand other sea animals. It has also been hypothesized that it flew low over warm shallow seas, plucking fish from the surface of the water. Practice 1Part A 71. Will be cold with a chance of a thunderstorm tomorrow.2. Come look! Is an Asian elephant on television.3. No, isn t any milk in the fridge.4. Will be two hours before we get there.5. Is a man at the door who wants to talk to you.6. |
No, isn t any milk in the fridge.4. Will be two hours before we get there.5. Is a man at the door who wants to talk to you.6. Go check and see if is any cake left.7. Can you tell me what time is?8. I think are three men in the car behind us. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with it or there.1. Before you go, there it is something I should tell you.2. There It is unlikely that Marco will be at the party.3. Do you know if there it is a gas station on this street?4. There It is five o clock on a Sunday.5. There It was sunny yesterday.6. Oh, there it is Diego. I couldn t see him before.7. Do you know if there it is possible for me to see a doctor?8. There It is 800 kilometers to Toronto. Exercise 1Circle the correct answer.it isExercise 3Fill in the blank with it or there and the correct form of the verb be. My favorite time of the year in Sydney is the summer. Right now, 1. December, and 2. Greenery everywhere. 3. Hotenough to wear shorts all the time; 4. Usually between 17 and 25degrees Celsius. Downtown, 5. Hundreds of tourists, especiallyaround the historic part of Sydney. One of the most famous sights in Sydney is theOpera House. 6. Essential that all tourists go there. From the OperaHouse, 7. A lovely view out to sea, and 8. Interesting boats and ships passing all day long. Practice 28 Unit 1 Sentence StructureExercise 5Look at the pictures and answer the questions using sentencesbeginning with it or there.1. Where can I get some aspirin? 2. What time is it? 3. How far is it to Peru? 4. What is in this picture? 5. Why would most bank robbersnot rob this bank right now? Exercise 4Listen to a conversation about a haunted house. |
How far is it to Peru? 4. What is in this picture? 5. Why would most bank robbersnot rob this bank right now? Exercise 4Listen to a conversation about a haunted house. Take notes as youlisten, and then answer the questions in full sentences. Track 21. Why is this haunted house famous? .2. When are there tours? .3. How much does it cost? .45Haunted HouseFamous because:- What happened in it? -. How many ghosts? -. Some people them;others just themDays Open: - tour times? Costs:- adults: - children: Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 6Read the passage and underline all the uses of preparatory it andpreparatory there. There have been large extinctionsthroughout Earth s history. The mostfamous of these signaled the end of thedinosaurs about 65 million years ago. Itis important to note that not just thedinosaurs died out in this extinction. Around 70 percent of all the species onEarth died out at that time. Althoughdinosaurs had been in a period of decline before the extinction, it is thought that arecovery would have occurred if something catastrophic had not prevented it. The most accepted theory about the cause of this extinction is the asteroid theory. It is believed that an asteroid about 10 km in diameter hit the Earth. It issuggested that the impact from such a collision would have destroyed everythingwithin about 500 km of the impact site. It would also have caused fires, increased volcanic activity, and sent huge clouds of dust gases and water vapor into theatmosphere. Because of this, there would have been months of darkness, coolertemperatures, and acid rain. It is interesting to note that there is a crater about180 km in diameter off the northwest tip of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Thecrater has been dated as 65 million years old and is believed to be evidence of ahuge asteroid impact.1. What happened to the Earth about 65 million years ago? 2. What is this event believed to have caused? 3. What evidence is there to support this belief? Exercise 7Answer questions about the reading. |
What happened to the Earth about 65 million years ago? 2. What is this event believed to have caused? 3. What evidence is there to support this belief? Exercise 7Answer questions about the reading. Part B Phrases and Clauses10 Unit 1 Sentence StructurePhrases are groups of related words that can include either a subject or a tensed verb. Prepositional phrases have a preposition andan object of the preposition. Gerund phrases have a gerund and canfunction the same way as a noun. They oftenappear as the object of a preposition. Infinitive phrases have an infinitive and can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Participial phrases have a participle andfunction as an adjective. They are set off fromthe rest of the sentence by commas. There was a delicious smell coming from the kitchen. The dog barked at the stranger. Thank you for coming to my house. Walking alone late at night is dangerous. Lisa is going to university to study economics. To see the Eiffel Tower is a dream of mine. Having seen the play three times, she didn t want tosee it again. Janice, not used to ice skates, fell down and hurt her knee. Phrases and ClausesClauses are groups of related words that include both a subject and a tensed verb. Independent clauses can stand alone as asentence. Two independent clauses are oftenconnected with a coordinating conjunction. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as asentence. They need an independent clause toform a complete sentence. When a dependentclause begins a sentence, a comma is used toseparate it from the independent clause. Maria is afraid of animals, so she doesn t go nearthem. We are going swimming, but they are going shopping. We are going swimming since it is so hot outside. Since it is so hot outside, we are going swimming. Grammar ExplanationPreviewOne of the world s most famous folk dances isthe Ka mate Haka performed by the Maori. TheMaori are the indigenous inhabitants of NewZealand. |
They need an independent clause toform a complete sentence. When a dependentclause begins a sentence, a comma is used toseparate it from the independent clause. Maria is afraid of animals, so she doesn t go nearthem. We are going swimming, but they are going shopping. We are going swimming since it is so hot outside. Since it is so hot outside, we are going swimming. Grammar ExplanationPreviewOne of the world s most famous folk dances isthe Ka mate Haka performed by the Maori. TheMaori are the indigenous inhabitants of NewZealand. The dance has been made famous by theNew Zealand rugby team, the All Blacks, who use itbefore their matches to intimidate opponents. The haka dates back to the early 19th century. Created by a Maori chief, Te Rauparaha, itrecounts the tale of the chief s pursuit and escapefrom members of opposing tribes, his fear of being captured, and his joy ofregaining his freedom. In the famous incident that inspired the creation of the Ka mate Haka, TeRauparaha had been visiting a neighboring tribe. Certain members of that tribe wantedto kill Te Rauparaha for raiding one of their villages years before. To protecthim, other members of the tribe hid Te Rauparaha in a sweet potato pit. PaPractice 1Part B 111. Peter discovered a chest of gold hidden under the stones in the old fireplace. 2. The school council is considering increasing the hours of the library and computerlab. 3. John walked down the ramp to the beach. 4. We need to find a way to provide more money for charity. 5. Cigarette companies continue to fight to prevent the government from regulatingtobacco. 6. Most people oppose marketing cigarettes to children. Exercise 2Identify the underlined phrases in the following sentences asprepositional Pr , gerund G , infinitive I , or participial Pa .1. I need to study because I have a test tomorrow. D I2. When Mark was studying, the library was very noisy. D I3. Allen studied in the library, but it was hard to concentrate. D I4. Sarah went to the store; however, she didn t buy any bread. D I5. Today is Tuesday, and our papers are due on Wednesday. D I6. Our class, which meets Thursday mornings, looks at the importance of grammar. |
Today is Tuesday, and our papers are due on Wednesday. D I6. Our class, which meets Thursday mornings, looks at the importance of grammar. D IExercise 3Circle D if the underlined clause is dependent or I if it is independent. Underline the prepositional phrase and circle the preposition.1. The UFO appeared above the town before it disappeared.2. I can hear my dad snoring from the other side of the house. Underline the gerund phrase and circle the gerund.3. Driving without lights at night is dangerous.4. The actor was excited about scrambling over burning debris for his role in the action film. Underline the infinitive phrase and circle the infinitive.5. It is hard not to buy into the hype around brand names when you can t go anywherewithout seeing them.6. The committee plans to release its report on Saturday. Underline the participial phrase and circle the present or past participle.7. The police caught my sister throwing rocks at cars.8. The astronaut chosen for the mission had trained hard for the honor. Exercise 1Follow the directions for each group of sentences. Practice 212 Unit 1 Sentence Structure1. Dependent clauseI like flowers 2. Prepositional phraseNick is building the table 3. Participial phraseMark, , went to bed early. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with the type of phrase or clause indicated. Useyour own ideas and information. Exercise 4Listen and number the pictures from 1--4.Track 31. DependentConfused, Emily decided to meet withher teachera. She was able to figure it out herself.b. She struggled with the material onher own for an hour.c. Since she was having trouble with theassignment.3. IndependentClaire is going to run in the racea. Unless her parents tell her she can t.b. Because she wants to win.c. ,. So she should get lots of sleep.2. DependentThe school choir is touring Brazila. Even though Amy s mother objectedto it.b. ;. Indeed, they will be gone for anentire month.c. ,. And they will probably take a side-tripto visit Uruguay.4. IndependentThe doctor was worrieda. That Tom was gaining too muchweight.b. About Tom putting on weight.c. |
IndependentThe doctor was worrieda. That Tom was gaining too muchweight.b. About Tom putting on weight.c. ,. So he told Tom to start exercising. Exercise 5Choose the answer with the type of clause indicated to complete thesentence. Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Read the passage about sword dancing.1. Q: A: The Spartan armed dance.2. Q: A: Malcolm III.3. Q: A: Before battle.4. Q: A: Because it was a bad sign. Exercise 8Write questions based on the notes in Exercise 7 for the answers below. The most famous sword dance isthe Scottish sword dance. Developed from the armed danceof the ancient Greek city-state ofSparta, the Scottish danceremains a battle dance. Important in Scottish history, asMalcolm III is reported to haveperformed a victorious sword dance in 1058 after beheading Macbeth, who18 years earlier had murdered Malcolm s father, King Duncan I, to take theScottish throne. Also according to legend, sword dances were performed before battle, andtouching swords while dancing was considered a bad sign for the comingbattle. Notes about the Sword DancePart C Sentence Types14 Unit 1 Sentence StructureGrammar ExplanationPreviewStonehenge FAQs Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is Stonehenge?Stonehenge is a prehistoric construction located insouthern England, consisting of two concentric circlesof large standing stones. It was built between 3100 and1500 BCE and is thought to have been an astronomicalcalendar or a temple to the sun.2. Who built Stonehenge?Three different cultures contributed to theconstruction of Stonehenge. These cultures include theWindmill, the First Wessex, and the Beakers.3. Where are the Bluestones, and why are theycalled Bluestones?The Bluestones, thus called because they turn blue when they get wet, are found in theinner of the two concentric circles of stone.4. Is Stonehenge the world s largest stone circle?Stonehenge is not the largest stone circle in the world, but it is the only in which the lintels the stones placed horizontally on the vertical stones remain in place.5. Why was it built where it is?Nobody knows.6. |
Where are the Bluestones, and why are theycalled Bluestones?The Bluestones, thus called because they turn blue when they get wet, are found in theinner of the two concentric circles of stone.4. Is Stonehenge the world s largest stone circle?Stonehenge is not the largest stone circle in the world, but it is the only in which the lintels the stones placed horizontally on the vertical stones remain in place.5. Why was it built where it is?Nobody knows.6. Why can t visitors enter the circle?In order to protect the site, people aren t allowed within the stone circles. Over the lastfew centuries, many of the original stones have been taken or chipped away by visitors assouvenirs, so the management is careful to keep people away except on Solstice morning,when a few people are allowed in to watch the sun come up. We celebrated Grandpa s eightieth birthday yesterday. Simple sentences have just one independent clause. Amy loves peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. He finished all of his homework, but he forgot tobring it to school. Sue was late for swimming practice, and she lefther goggles at home. Sentence TypesAlthough he sprained his ankle, he finished the race. Complex sentences have one independent and one dependent clause. She didn t eat because she wasn t hungry. Compound sentences have more than one independent clause. Before the plane took off, Sarah called her dad to saygood-bye, but he didn t answer the phone. I like this class; though early in the morning, it svery interesting. Compound-complex sentences have more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Practice 1TYPE OF SENTENCE CONNECTS WITH1. How can you possibly believe 2. Mark prefers working alone, but Claire likes brainstorming 3. Because I forgot to pay my bills, 4. My aunt, who visited at Christmas, 5. Lying exposed without its blanket of snow, 6. Montreal has better clubs, a. ice on the river melts quickly in the spring.b. The bank sent me a letter, and the power company called to remind me.c. That the world is flat?d. But Toronto has better cinemas.e. Just moved to New Zealand.f. With others because a group can solve a problem more efficiently. Part C 15Exercise 2Match the sentence parts and identify the type of sentence.1. |
But Toronto has better cinemas.e. Just moved to New Zealand.f. With others because a group can solve a problem more efficiently. Part C 15Exercise 2Match the sentence parts and identify the type of sentence.1. Jenny went to the mall. Allen went with her. 2. We could go to a movie. We could rent a DVD. 3. She didn t lock the car. I can get the cooler. 4. You can trust John. Don t tell Sarah about it. Exercise 3Combine the following simple sentences into one compound sentence. Exercise 1Underline the independent clauses. Circle the dependent clauses. Then,identify the sentences as Simple, Compound, Complex, or CompoundComplex.1. Even if you fail, at least you ll have tried, and you ll be a better person for it.2. I don t think you know what you are talking about.3. The same picture hung over the bed until the house burned down.4. The park was built for the children of the neighborhood in 1956.5. Peter, an avid swimmer, loves spending summers at the beach.6. My dad says that he will help us build a tree house. Practice 216 Unit 1 Sentence StructureExercise 5Using the words given, combine the following simple sentences into onecomplex sentence. Exercise 4Listen to the news report. Circle T if the statement is true, F if it is false,or NI if there is not enough information to know.1. Don t forget to buy some sunscreen. It is really sunny out today. Because 2. Fredrick ordered three hamburgers. He is very hungry. As 3. I m going to the party. If Peter comes before I leave, I won t go. Unless 4. There will be a war over ownership of the moon. There will be many attempts toprevent it. Although 5. Adam is having trouble with his math homework. He is usually amazing at math. Even though 1. There was a plane crash last night. T F NI2. One plane hit the side of a mountain. T F NI3. It was sunny with a light breeze. T F NI4. The crash was avoidable. T F NI5. |
T F NI4. The crash was avoidable. T F NI5. Planes will crash in that area again. T F NIExercise 6Combine the group of sentences to form a compound-complex sentence. Track 41. Mark lent me a book. It is a rare illustrated version. He wants me to take good care of it. 2. The front tire is flat. Sarah s mother drove over a nail. She doesn t want to pay to getit fixed. 3. I just met John. I trust him completely. I lent him my car. Built in 1. Phases, Stonehenge took thousands of years to become whatit is now. The original circle was made of 2. Inside a large 3. With a 4. . Then the wooden posts were replaced with 5. Around 2500 BCE. Two centuries later, these 6. Were moved to differentplaces and even larger stones called 7. Were brought in to form the bigcircle with 8. Placed on top of the vertical-standing stones. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Read the passage on Stonehenge. Stonehenge and the monumentsin the surrounding area were nameda World Heritage Site in 1986. Thestone circle is surrounded by aceremonial landscape comprisingmore than 300 burial mounds andother major prehistoric monuments. Altogether, the site covers 2,600 hectares. Stonehenge was built in three phases. The first phase saw the constructionof a ditch and bank around a circle of timber. About 4,500 years ago, the sitewas rebuilt with the bluestones that make up the smaller inner circle ofstones seen today. Finally, the third phase of construction took place about4,300 years ago. The bluestones were dug up and rearranged, and this timeeven bigger stones, now called Sarsen, were brought in from 32 km away. Each pair of stones was heaved upright and topped by connecting lintels. There is no consensus among experts as to how these stones were placedupright or how the lintels, the heaviest of which weighs about 45 tons, wereplaced atop the Sarsen. Exercise 8Complete the paraphrase of the reading. |
About 4,500 years ago, the sitewas rebuilt with the bluestones that make up the smaller inner circle ofstones seen today. Finally, the third phase of construction took place about4,300 years ago. The bluestones were dug up and rearranged, and this timeeven bigger stones, now called Sarsen, were brought in from 32 km away. Each pair of stones was heaved upright and topped by connecting lintels. There is no consensus among experts as to how these stones were placedupright or how the lintels, the heaviest of which weighs about 45 tons, wereplaced atop the Sarsen. Exercise 8Complete the paraphrase of the reading. 18 Unit 1 Sentence StructureReviewPart DA: Hi, Sarah!A: I was on my way, but then I met Nickand decided to go to the mall. A: You re right. I m sorry. A: Sure. Let s go!B: Where were you? I was at the park,but you weren t there!B: You should have called me. B: That s all right. Do you want to go tothe park and play tennis now?Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1.2.3.1. I decided that I was going to university. D I2. Sarah told Nick she didn t want to play chess anymore. D I3. Though Mark is quite hairy, I think he s cute. D I4. I don t like it, but it s not my decision. D I5. My teacher, who goes to your doctor, said to say hi. D I6. I will go to Mexico unless you can give me a better reason than that not to go. DIExercise 2Circle D if the underlined clause is dependent or I if it is independent. Exercise 3Identify the underlined phrases in the following sentences asprepositional Pr , gerund G , infinitive I , or participial Pa .Lisa the park Emily school Peter the basketball courtsNick the mall Allen the library Jenny a moviecalled me told me first asked me to come, toothe park tennis my house chess field soccer1. I am thinking about limiting the number of times I go to the mall so I don t spend somuch money. 2. Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills. 3. |
2.Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills. 3.To finish her shift without spilling any more drinks is Sarah s dearest wish tonight. 4.Mark doesn t like going to the dentist because he has sensitive teeth. You can t wake a person who is pretending to be asleep. ProverbExercise 4Complete the sentences with it or there.1. Is about 400 kilometers from here to Toronto.2.This is crazy! Is July and is snowing!3.Tell him that is an advertisement for a job that would be great for him.4. Isn t any sugar in the pantry.5. Have been many attempts to climb Mount Everest.6. Is time to leave for the movie.7. Isn t any reason to stay here, is ? 8. Is important to eat fruits and vegetables every day. Exercise 5Identify the following sentences as Simple, Compound, Complex, orCompound-Complex.1. Call your mother as soon as you arrive in Singapore.2. I ate my sushi, and I left the restaurant.3. Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit from Calgary, I will not havetime to study for my exam.4. The football game was canceled because it was raining.5. The football game was canceled because of the rain.6. If he changes his mind, we shall know for sure that Tom has learnedhis lesson, but only time will tell. Review 19. |
Table of ContentsUnit 1VerbsPart A Transitive and Intransitive Verbs6B Progressive and Non-progressive Stative Verbs10C Phrasal Verbs14D Review Simple Tenses: Present and PastPart A Simple Present 20B Simple Past and Habitual Past 24C ReviewProgressive Tenses: Present and PastPart A Present Progressive30B Past Progressive34C Review Future TensesPart A Will and Be Going To40B Simple Present and Present Progressive 44C Future Progressive 48D ReviewNouns and ArticlesPart A Types of Nouns54B Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns58C Partitives 62D Indefinite Adjectives 66E Articles Indefinite and Definite 70F Generic Nouns and Articles74G Review78Unit 6Adjectives and AdverbsPart A Adjectives and Adjective Order80B Participles Used as Adjectives 84C Adverbs 88D Positions and Types of Adverbs 92E Review Comparatives and SuperlativesPart A Comparatives98B Other Comparative Forms 102C Superlatives106D Review PronounsPart A Subject Pronouns and Object Pronouns 112B Possessive Pronouns116C Reflexive Pronouns120D Indefinite Pronouns124E Singular and Plural Forms of Other128F Review AgreementPart A Subject-Verb Agreement134B Parallel Structure138C Review 142Unit 10 ConjunctionsPart A Correlative Conjunctions 144B Subordinating and Coordinating Conjunctions148C Review Index155Transcripts Answer KeyTransitive and Intransitive VerbsPart AUnit 1 Verbs6 Unit 1 VerbsGrammar ExplanationPreviewNapoleon Bonaparte was one of the greatest generalsof all time. He helped France conquer much ofEurope. However, many other countries hated himbecause of his power. Eventually, they were able todefeat Napoleon. |
He helped France conquer much ofEurope. However, many other countries hated himbecause of his power. Eventually, they were able todefeat Napoleon. Afterward, Napoleon was sent tothe island of Elba where he died without any power. Transitive verbs require a direct object for their meaning to be complete. SubjectTransitive VerbDirect ObjectMeaningJennyerased.incompleteJennyerasedthe whiteboard.completeGarytold.incompleteGarytolda secret.completeSome verbs can be transitive or intransitive depending on the context in the sentence. SubjectVerbDirect ObjectAdverbialTransitive IntransitiveDougmovedthe sofa.transitiveDougmovedto Singapore.intransitiveKellylefther bag at home.transitiveKellyleftat three o clock.intransitiveIntransitive verbs do NOT require a direct object for their meaning to be complete. SubjectIntransitive VerbDirect ObjectAdverbialMeaningWendyslept.completePeterranto school.completePractice 1Part A 71. My friend and I broke.2. We ran to the park.3. She threw.4. She cried.5. I helped. Exercise 2Put a check next to the sentences that are complete.1. My friend threw .2. I lied the monkey in a suit.3. My brother was laughing at .4. The teacher always worries the ball to me.5. The strong man lifted the giant stone over his head. Exercise 3Connect the sentence parts from the two columns. If the first half is complete, connect it to a blank space.1. We ate it. IT2. I am going to drink a huge bottle of soda. IT3. The boy finished his work at school. IT4. The mountain climber fell down the mountain. IT5. My mother is reading a book. ITExercise 1Circle I if the sentence has an intransitive verb or T if it has atransitive verb. Practice 28 Unit 1 VerbsExercise 5Look at the pictures. Write an appropriate sentence using either atransitive or intransitive verb. Exercise 6Write sentences with the verbs given. Write one sentence with a transitive form and the other with an intransitive form.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
3. 4. 5. IntransitiveIntransitiveTransitiveTransitiveIntransitiveExercise 4Listen to the dialog and answer the questions.1. What kind of game are they talking about? 2. What couldn t the batter do? 3. What did the outfielder do? 4. Did they enjoy the game? 1. To move Transitive Intransitive 2. To drive Transitive Intransitive 3. To draw Transitive Intransitive 4. To eat Transitive Intransitive 5. To read Transitive Intransitive Track 2Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Read about Leslie s last vacation. Decide if each verb is transitive orintransitive. Circle T for transitive or I for intransitive. If the verb istransitive, write an appropriate direct object on the line.1. Leslie went to the beach last winter. TF2. Leslie liked the food she ate. TF3. People at the beach sold many different foods. TF4. She spent a lot of money on her vacation. TFExercise 8Circle T for true or F for false. Last summer, I went to the beach. It was great. The sea was so beautiful,and I sat 1. T I in the sun all day. I read2. T I . I also went swimming3. T I . It was so muchfun, but I drank 4. T I and became sick. The food was delicious though. I ate 5. T I . There wasso much variety. Finally, it was great becauseeverything was so cheap. I didn t spend6. T I while there. It was a wonderful vacation. Progressive and Non-progressive Stative VerbsPart B10 Unit 1 VerbsPreviewDear Mr. Simpson,Thank you for letting us use your cabin for ourvacation. The cabin was beautiful. I can t imaginea nicer place. It looks just like a postcard. |
The cabin was beautiful. I can t imaginea nicer place. It looks just like a postcard. I feel solucky that you trusted us enough to let us stay there. We were looking for the cabin in the wrong valleybefore we realized our mistake. We all loved skiingon the mountain and appreciate your kindness. Sincerely,EmilyNon-progressive Stative verbs do not describe actions. Instead, they describe a state or condition. Thestate or condition can occur over a period of time. They are NOT formed with be the present participle. SubjectStative VerbDianalovesCasey. Pizzatastesgood. TheyunderstandSpanish. Common non-progressive stative verbs: appreciate, believe, dislike, exist, fear, hate, know, like, love, need, prefer, realize, resemble, seem, sound, understandMany verbs can be progressive or non-progressive stative depending on the context of the sentence. SubjectVerbProgressive StativeJohnthinkssoccer is fun.stativeKevinis thinkingabout soccer.progressiveShelleyfeelssick.stativeLisais feelingthe rabbit s fur.progressiveCommon progressive and non-progressive verbs: appear, cost, feel, forget, have, hear, imagine, include,look, measure, remember, see, smell, taste, think, want, weighGrammar ExplanationProgressive verbs describe an action occurring over a period of time. They are formed with the verb be the present participle -ing form .SubjectBePresent ParticipleIam readingthe newspaper. Angelawaswashingthe dishes. Theyhad beenrunninga marathon. 1. The dog in the grass when it started raining.2. The boys playing soccer.3. Being a policeman like a great job.4. She didn t the movie yesterday because she was studying.5. Because he is sick, Mark in bed all day. Part B 11Exercise 1Circle the stative verb in each group. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box.1. Take We my car to the mechanic to get it fixed now.2. Cost Though I am enjoying my vacation, it much morethan I thought it would.3. Want My mother doesn t me to be lazy in school.4. See Jack and Jill each other for three weeks. Their firstdate was at the end of last month.5. |
Want My mother doesn t me to be lazy in school.4. See Jack and Jill each other for three weeks. Their firstdate was at the end of last month.5. Weigh At the moment, the butcher the steak Jack wantsto buy.1. A. sleepb. Knowc. Digd. Show2. A. soundb. Studyc. Readd. Work3. A. meetb. Scratchc. Typed. Believe4. A. cutb. Fearc. Sleepd. Spend5. A. watchb. Swimc. Appreciated. LiveExercise 3Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given.seelovewas rollinghas been lyingsoundsPractice 1Practice 212 Unit 1 VerbsExercise 4Listen and circle T for true or F for false. Exercise 5Match each statement to the correct picture.a. The giraffe is eating leaves.b. The man forgot where he put his keys.c. The woman prefers the dark shirt, but the man prefers the light one.d. He is weighing himself on the scale.e. The woman resembles her sister.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Exercise 6Finish the sentences with your own information.1. I imagine that next year I am imagining 2. My father thinks My father is thinking 3. Skunks smell The skunks are smelling 4. The fluffy little kitten looks The fluffy little kitten is looking Track 31. Mark is running for class president. TF2. Mark likes the school lunch. TF3. Mark wants new basketballs for gym class. TF4. Mark doesn t want new school uniforms. TF5. Mark wants many changes at school. TFPart B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given. I remember 1. My first day of school very well. I walk 2. To my classroom when Itripped and fell. I feel 3. Really embarrassed. It was OK because no one watch 4. . I got up and went tomy class. My teacher was so great, that by the endof the day I wasn t think 5. |
. I got up and went tomy class. My teacher was so great, that by the endof the day I wasn t think 5. About it anymore. Everything was fine. Exercise 8Write about your first day of school. Include how you felt and whatyou were thinking. 14 Unit 1 VerbsPart C Phrasal VerbsGrammar ExplanationPreviewVirgo: This week you should make up with afriend who you have fallen out of favorwith. You will then be able to count onthis friend in the future, and this willhelp to keep your long-term goals fromfalling through. Phrasal verbs are verbs that combine with a preposition to create a meaning that is different from thetwo words taken separately. With some phrasal verbs, the object must be placed after the preposition. VerbPrepositionMeaningSherricameacrosssomeone s wallet on the street.found by chanceDid Craigdropbyhis friend s house?visitWe didn tgetonthe bus. Enter a vehicle Other common non-separable phrasal verbs: check in, drop out of , get along with , get off, get in,grow up, look after, take after, run into With some phrasal verbs, the object can be placed between the verb and the preposition or after thepreposition. VerbObjectPrepositionMeaningBarneyfiguredthe answerout.found understoodDid shepicka candyout?chooseHe didn tturnhis iPodoff.stopOther common separable phrasal verbs: call off, cheer up, drop off, find out, give up, hand in, look up,make up, put off, take over, turn on, turn down Note that not every verb preposition is a phrasal verb. Phrasal verbs are only those combinations thathave a separate meaning. VerbPrepositionPhrasal verb NotThe balldroppedbythe big tree.notWedroppedbythe store for some milk.phrasal verbShe lookedintoa trip to Hawaii.phrasal verbCharlielooked intothe fridge to see if there notwas any milk. Part C 151. After watching the rain for three hours, they finally decided to the baseball game.2. Mark cannot what is wrong with his computer.3. |
Part C 151. After watching the rain for three hours, they finally decided to the baseball game.2. Mark cannot what is wrong with his computer.3. At first I didn t like this book, but now I am really starting to it.4. Jenny s boyfriend is coming to her at seveno clock.5. My uncle says that I am really starting to my father, but Idisagree. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verbs from the box.1. Mark forgot his homework, so he is going to hand in it late. 2. My brother always seems to be able to get around the rules. 3. I was really disappointed when I found up who the killer in the movie was. 4. When my father first arrived at the hotel to check out, the lady was rude to him. When he left to check in, she was much friendlier. 5. My friend is so lazy. She always puts off her homework until late at night. Exercise 3Underline the mistakes in the sentences. Write the correct words on theline. If there is no mistake, write OK on the line. Practice 1Exercise 1Match the phrasal verb with its definition.1. After three years, my friend dropped out of school. A. to meet by accident2. It was strange to run into my old boss at school.b. To submit to give3. We always hand in our assignments on time.c. To take care of4. My brother cheered me up after my best friendd. To quit doing somethingmoved away.5. The nurse looks after patients at the hospital.e. To make happytake afterfigure outpick upcall offget intoPractice 216 Unit 1 VerbsA: Let s 1. With our reporter standing by with David Best. B: Thanks, Tom. I am here with David Best. David, many people say that your team2. The team of two years ago. Is that true?C: Well, that team two years ago was great. We all 3. To them. Hopefully, today we can work hard and 4. .B: You 5. |
We all 3. To them. Hopefully, today we can work hard and 4. .B: You 5. In this area, and this is your first game in this stadium. How does it feel?C: It feels great! I couldn t 6. The chance to play for my hometown. Exercise 4Listen to the interview. Then fill in the blanks with the correctphrasal verb.a. The building blew up.b. The man is asking the woman out.c. The woman looks after her son.d. They pulled over to check the map. Exercise 5Match each sentence to the correct picture. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb from the box. Track 41. 2. 3. 4. Made up get along with dropped out gave up1. Her sister doesn t her boyfriend. They are always fighting.2. After years of trying to become a doctor, Mr. James finally and of medical school. Now he works in a bank.3. Mark finally admitted that his story was not true. He had it to impress his friends. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Unscramble the phrases or sentences to reveal the instructions for theassignment. Students,Your final project for the year is coming up, which means that you will havea lot of work. If you do not know enough about your topic, 1. It up must you look and 2. About it. Out find more . 3. In must check You me with every week.4. Late. Projects in cannot turned be 5. Work not Please do off. This put If youhave any questions, please come to me. Good luck. Mr. Craven1. What should the students do if they do not know enough about the topic? 2. What must students do every week? 3. Will late projects be accepted? 4. What does the teacher ask the students to do at the end? Exercise 8Answer questions about the final project. |
What must students do every week? 3. Will late projects be accepted? 4. What does the teacher ask the students to do at the end? Exercise 8Answer questions about the final project. 18 Unit 1 VerbsReviewPart DA: Hi, do you want to get together later?B: Well, I am eating dinner andI need to do homework. A: OK, well I will come by later to see B: OK, talk to you soon.how you are doing.1. It sounds stealing the car when the police arrived.2. The thief was out which book I want to buy.3. I can t seem to pick .4. The dog ate like you are really enjoying your class.5. My mother has been cooking all afternoon. 1. Several of my friends work in the gym near my apartment. 2. We were lucky to run Kevin s father. He gave us a ride home.3. We are late, so hurry up and get the car!4. After a long, angry argument, Sally and her friend finally made . 5. Let s drop the supermarket to pick some ice cream. Exercise 2Connect sentence parts from the two columns to make completesentences.1.2.3.get together catch uphook upeat dinner do homeworkplay piano restwatch TV walk the dogcome bystop bydrop inExercise 3Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct preposition. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation. Misery loves company. ProverbExercise 4Fix the mistake in each sentence. Then number the pictures 1--4.Exercise 6Complete the sentences with information about yourself.1. It are swimming in the ocean. 2. He ran onto his friend on the street. 3. The man is loving his wife. 4. Cindy is standing in to her sister. Review 191. For months. We been six have traveling 2. Party parents My called the off. 3. Will be to It on finish difficult time. 4. Away threw garbage. We the 1. |
Table of ContentsUnit 1Nouns and ArticlesPart A Categorization of Nouns6B Countable and Uncountable Nouns10C Possessives14D Articles and Generic Statements 18E Review PrepositionsPart A Prepositions of Place 24B Prepositions of Time 28C Other Prepositions 32D Review ConjunctionsPart A Coordinating Conjunctions 38B Subordinating Conjunctions I 42C Subordinating Conjunctions II 46D Review Modal AuxiliariesPart A Basic Modal Auxiliaries 52B Polite Requests and Permission 56C Necessity and Obligation 60D Certainty 64E Review Infinitives and GerundsPart A Infinitives 70B Gerunds 74C Go Gerund 78D Review 82Unit 6Past ProgressivePart A Form and Function 84B When and While88C Review Perfect TensesPart A Present Perfect 94B Present Perfect Progressive 98C Review Adjectives and AdverbsPart A Adjectives 104B Indefinite Adjectives 108C Adverbs 112D Irregular Adverbs 116E Adverbs of Frequency 120F Review Comparatives and SuperlativesPart A Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 126B Comparative and Superlative Adverbs 130C Review 134Unit 10 Passive VoicePart A Active and Passive Voices 136B By Object 140C Review Index148Transcripts Answer KeyCategorization of NounsPart AUnit 1 Nouns and Articles6 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewThere is some candy on the table. Ryan has a good idea. He likes candy. He puts it in his mouth. Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. PersonJohn went to the new theater last week with his father. Examples: brother, mailman, chef, assistant, friend, kingPlaceWe met our neighbors at the arcade. Examples: beach, zoo, home, Spain, woods, work, schoolThingI found the keys under the sofa. Examples: eraser, chain, picture, door, pen, tractor, stickIdeaHappiness is very important. Examples: sadness, freedom, fun, love, angerPractice 1Part A 71. I gave my homework to my .a. Teacher b. doctor c. penguin2. I went to the doctor yesterday. He gave me .a. |
Penguin2. I went to the doctor yesterday. He gave me .a. Candy b. medicine c. hospital3. The works hard in the fields all day.a. Police officer b. farmer c. salesperson4. I helped my younger with his homework. A. sister b. uncle c. brotherExercise 2Choose the best answers.1. PERSON:letter France firefighter2. PLACE:apartment time tennis3. THING:sweater grandparents fun4. IDEA:fear garage stomachExercise 3Circle the correct answers.1. Doctor Smith has an office in the city.2. We don t have any time.3. John bought coffee, milk, and sugar at the store.4. My mother put a cake in the oven. Exercise 1Underline the nouns. Practice 28 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 5Circle all the nouns and write them in the correct boxes.tree house boredom go girlswim Mr. Smith love run campleave sad school dad truckteach printer cards catch havefriendship fun brother room walkExercise 4Listen and put a check for each type of noun you hear. PeoplePlaces Things Ideas1. 2.3.Places People Things Ideas Track 2Part A 9Grammar in Usetiger parents animals manes lion zoos stripesExercise 6Complete the sentences with words from the box.1. Ligers are small. TF2. Some ligers have manes. TF3. Ligers only live in Africa. TF4. Ligers don t have stripes. TFExercise 7Read the statements about Exercise 6. Circle T for true or F for false. A liger is an amazing animal. It is a mix between a 1. And a2. . Ligers only live in 3. . They are bigger thantheir 4. . Ligers have 5. Like a tiger. Someligers have long hairy 6. Like lions. Ligers are the largest catsin the world. They really are amazing 7. ! Countable and UncountableNounsPart B10 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewA: These cookies are delicious!B: Thanks. Here is your lemonade. A: Thank you. Wow! |
Countable and UncountableNounsPart B10 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewA: These cookies are delicious!B: Thanks. Here is your lemonade. A: Thank you. Wow! It s sour!B: Yes, it is! Let s add some sugar. A: Good idea. Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns represent things that can be countedI bought eleven CDs and a new book.as individuals. Use a, many, few, or numbers We saw many cars and a few vans.before countable nouns. Countable nouns: apple, ant, bag, book, cat, chair, donut, friend, house, jacket, map, neighbor, page,question, raft, stoveUncountable nouns represent things that cannot beI had some soup before dinner.counted as individuals. Use much, little, some or any I didn t have any coffee. For negatives and questions before uncountable nouns. Did you have any fun at the zoo?Yes, we had some fun at the zoo. Uncountable nouns: bread, cheese, coffee, food, fruit, furniture, homework, mail, meat, milk, music, paper, rice, soup, water Some and any can also be used with countable nouns. Any is used for questions and negatives. Someis used when the exact number is not known or is not important. Example: Do you have any apples? Yes, we have some apples in the fridge. 1. The keeps her in a 2. The tailor cut some cloth.3. I filled my cup with juice.4. He had cereal for breakfast.5. The team scored five goals. Part B 11Practice 1Exercise 1Write the nouns in the correct box.book bread teacherwoodmusic country gold monkeyboy ice tooth erasersugar juice rain cupCountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns Exercise 2Underline the nouns and write C for countable or U for uncountable.woman jewelrybox. CUC1. Sugar juice sandwich soup2. Notebook CD pencil paper3. Chair wood money glue4. Ice cream cereal cookie riceExercise 3Circle the odd words. Practice 212 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 4Listen and circle the correct answers. Then number the pictures.1. |
Ice cream cereal cookie riceExercise 3Circle the odd words. Practice 212 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 4Listen and circle the correct answers. Then number the pictures.1. We had two some fried chicken for lunch.2. He locked a much door with a key.3. He ate some any pasta for dinner.4. Are there any much chickens on the road? Yes, there are two. Exercise 5Fix the mistake in each sentence.1. I drank any water yesterday. 2. She is buying twelve eggs and much apples. 3. There was too many butter on my popcorn. Exercise 6Write sentences about yourself. Change the underlined words.1. I had an apple, a sandwich, and milk for lunch yesterday. 2. I don t have any brothers, but I have three sisters. Track 3Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with words from the box.salt and peppermeatsome lettuce, cheese, fresh breada big bitemayonnaiseFirst, you need 1. . Then, you spread some butteror 2. On the bread. Next, you put some 3. Or turkey on the bread. Then, you add 4. And tomato. If you want, you can add some 5. . Finally, you cut your sandwich in half and take 6. ! Making a SandwichFirst, . Then, you . Next, you put . Then, you add .Finally, you and take a big bite!Making a SandwichExercise 8Make your own sandwich using different ingredients. IDEASmustard ketchuppickles chickenmeat onionolives tuna14 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesPart C PossessivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewI went to my friend s house yesterday. Westudied for over two hours in her father s office. After we finished, her brother took us for somepizza in their parents car. Their father is theowner of the restaurant. |
The computer belonged to my friend. John saw our teacher s car. Who ate his French fries?Exercise 2Rewrite the sentences using apostrophes.1. Who ate John s French fries? 2. We borrowed Nick and Tom s pool cues. 3. I lost Sarah s keys. 4. John ripped his book, and I ripped my book. Exercise 3Make sentences using possessive adjectives.1. I have one sister. Yesterday, I walked my sisters dog to the park.2. I don t like my brother new girlfriend.3. My family bought a pet parrot. The parrots color is very unusual.4. My sister doesn t like the color off the parrot. Exercise 1Fix the mistake in each sentence. Practice 1Practice 216 Unit 1 Nouns and Articles1. Who has the cap? John Kelly2. Who has the keys? John Sarah3. Who has the bag? Kelly Peter4. Who has the books? Peter the studentsExercise 4Listen and choose the correct answers. The mother of the bride is collecting gifts.1. The bride s mother is collecting gifts. 2. My friend s sister speaks German. 3. The queen of England is very old. 4. The friends of my sister are very nice. 5. The eyes of that kitten are cute. Exercise 6Change the form of the sentences.1. The eyes fish are very unusual.2. The collar has a tag on it. 3. The cell phone battery has no power.4. The owner boat is smiling. Exercise 5Complete the sentences using the pictures. Track 4Part C 17Grammar in UseSunday s game of the team s goalkeeper John s ballExercise 7Fill in the blanks in the conversation.1. Tom has John s ball. TF2. Tom took John s ball on Saturday. TF3. The final is on Sunday. TF4. One team s goalkeeper is injured. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. Tom: Hey, do you have John s ball?Nick: Yes, 1. Is at my house. |
One team s goalkeeper is injured. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. Tom: Hey, do you have John s ball?Nick: Yes, 1. Is at my house. I took it onSaturday. Tom: Great, we will need it for 2. .Nick: Oh yes---for the league final. Wehave a great chance! The other 3. Isinjured. Tom: I really want to win! The winners 4. League get one hundred dollars! 18 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesPart D Articles and Generic StatementsA is for singular nouns. It goes in front of consonant sounds. An is for singular nouns. It goes in front of vowel sounds. The is for singular or plural nouns and goesin front of consonant or vowel sounds. The is used for things that are alreadyknown or introduced. The is also usedwhen the noun it precedes is the only oneof its kind. ArticlesA zebra has stripes. Nick eats a sandwich. She teaches at a university. The u has a y sound. We will meet them in an hour. The h is silent. John sees an airplane. You need an umbrella. Nick eats a sandwich. The sandwich is delicious. John sees an airplane. The airplane is in the sky. The moon is in the sky. There is only one moon andone sky. Some apples are in the fridge. Most people only haveone fridge in their homes. Generic statements are sentences that provide information that is true most or all of the time. Generic statements often use the verb Be. Some generic statements use the verb Have. Other generic statements use verbs that describe a state or condition. Other state or condition verbs: look, smell, taste, sound, like, love, hate, think, believeGeneric StatementsI am a student. She is tall. They are my parents. Insects have six legs. He has blue eyes. Candy tastes sweet. Feathers feel soft. Grammar ExplanationPreviewEagles are very beautiful birds. There is an eaglein the zoo. He has a big cage. There is an ostrichnext to him. The ostrich is from Africa. Part D 191. My dad bought me a an -- new cell phone.2. It took me a an -- hour to choose it.3. It has a an -- expensive digital camera in it.4. |
A cheetah cheetahs once, but it was in 6. A the zoo. Part D 21Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or --.1. Alligators have strong tails. TF2. Alligators are good pets for kids. TF3. Alligators swim well. TF4. Alligators live in many parts of the world. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. 1. Alligators are very dangerous animals. They come fromall parts of 2. World. There are many alligators in Florida in3. US. 4. Alligators are great swimmers. 5. Strong tail helps alligators 6. Swim. Analligator can kill 7. Person. Stay away from 8. Them! 22 Unit 1 Nouns and Articles ReviewPart EA: What do you have in your pocket?B: I have an MP3 player. A: I like the color. Where did you get it?B: Thanks. I got it at an electronics store. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1. The moon is far from an the Earth.2. I like Nick s Nicks new sweater.3. A white tiger is a an extremely rare animal.4. The winner of the of competition won a nice painting.5. Nick likes his computer. He got it for his Nick s birthday. Exercise 2Choose the correct answers.1.2.3.pocket an MP3 player hand a ring bag a CD playerthe color get the design buy the shape winan electronics store a jewelry store a competitionCountable1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Uncountable6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Exercise 3Complete the lists with things you have at home.a bedtapeThe first step is the hardest. ProverbExercise 4Complete the crossword. Exercise 6Write the nouns in the correct boxes.joy Italy police officer computer Justin time city hot chocolatePlaces People Things Ideas Down1. |
9. 10. Exercise 3Complete the lists with things you have at home.a bedtapeThe first step is the hardest. ProverbExercise 4Complete the crossword. Exercise 6Write the nouns in the correct boxes.joy Italy police officer computer Justin time city hot chocolatePlaces People Things Ideas Down1.I will go to a after I finish high school.2.An is similar to a crocodile.3.A fixes teeth. Across4.A waiter serves food in a .5.A flies airplanes. Review 23My family goes 1. Camping every year. Wealways make 2. Big fire. Then, we cookdinner over 3. Fire. After dinner, we play4. Games and talk. It s fun. I look at5. Moon and 6. Stars. Exercise 5Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or --.4.3.5.1.2. |
Participial Phrases........................................... Infinitive phrases............................................ CHAPTER FOUR: SENTENCES........................................ What is a sentence?........................................ Sentence Fragments....................................... Objects........................................................... Complements................................................. Types of sentences......................................... Simple sentences............................................ Compound sentences...................................... Complex sentences......................................... Declarative sentences..................................... Interrogative sentences................................... Exclamatory sentences..................................... Imperatives sentences..................................... Conditional sentences...................................... Direct and indirect speech................................ Question tags.................................................. CHAPTER FIVE: CAPITALIZATION AND PUNTUATION........ Capitalization................................................... Punctuation..................................................... End marks....................................................... The comma...................................................... The Semicolon and the Colon............................ The Hypen........................................................ The Apostrophe................................................ Quotation Marks............................................... www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 5 PREFACE This book has been specially prepared to meet the needs of Secondary School Students and learners of English as a second language. It embarks on enlightening them on the nature and structure of the English Grammar in a very simplified and understandable manner. English is the official language and the main medium of instruction in many countries in the world. Besides this, it is an examinable subject in many national examinations. Hence this book will certainly come handy for many people in the world. Numerous exercises have been provided after every single topic to give the students a chance to practice and test their understanding of the areas discussed. Answers to those exercises are provided at the back of this book. It is my hope that this book will simplify the English grammar for all who read it. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 6 PART ONE PARTS OF SPEECH All words may be classified into groups called parts of speech. There are 8 parts of speech namely: Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. We shall now discuss these parts of speech one at a time: CHAPTER ONE 1. NOUNS A noun is the part of speech that names a person, a place, a thing or an idea. You use nouns every day when you speak or write. Every day you probably use thousands of nouns. Because nouns name the objects and people and places around you, it would be very difficult to talk about anything at all without them. |
You use nouns every day when you speak or write. Every day you probably use thousands of nouns. Because nouns name the objects and people and places around you, it would be very difficult to talk about anything at all without them. Many nouns name things you can see: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 7 Persons Places Things Boy Lake Boot Student Country Shadow John Kamau Nairobi Chair Stranger Jupiter Sweater Writer Kenyatta Market Calendar Barrack Obama Sierra Leone Short story Note: Nouns can be two or more words e.g. John Kamau, Kenyatta Market and Short story. They are called compound nouns. We shall learn more about them in coming pages. Some nouns name things you cannot see such as feelings, ideas and characteristics: Feelings Ideas Characteristics Excitement Freedom Curiosity Fear Justice Cowardice Anger Fantasy Courage Happiness Faith Imagination Surprise Evil Self-confidence Exercise 1 What words in each sentence below are nouns? Example: John is a dancer John, dancer 1. The students planned a party. 2. Three boys performed songs. 3. Excitement filled the air. 4. Joyce Chepkemoi won a prize. 5. Otieno lives in a house on my street. Exercise 2 Copy the nouns below and write whether it names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. Example: river place 1. Candle 5. Guitar 2. Wrestle 6. China 3. Joy 7. Hatred 4. Menengai Crater 8. Masanduku Arap Simiti Exercise 3 Write down each noun in the following sentences. Example: Kenya is a beautiful country Kenya, country 1. The musicians played drums and trumpets. 2. Her family lives in a village. 3. Petronilla enjoyed the trip. 4. A festival was held in Kenyatta University. 5. People in costumes filled the streets. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 8 6. Boys in Scouts uniforms were leading the parade. 7. The holiday was a great excitement. 8. A taxi brought the family to the airport. 9. Maryanne built a huge castle in the wet sand. 10. Her mother swam in the warm water. There are different kinds of nouns: 1.1. Common and proper nouns All nouns can be described as either common or proper. |
Her mother swam in the warm water. There are different kinds of nouns: 1.1. Common and proper nouns All nouns can be described as either common or proper. When you talk or write about a person, a place, a thing, or an idea in general, you use a common noun. Example: Doctors work hard. They treat many patients. A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters. Example: Ephraim Maree is a doctor. He comes from Kirinyaga. Note: When a proper noun is made up of more than one word, only the important words in the noun will begin with a capital letter. Do not capitalize words such as the, of, or for. Example: Gulf of Mexico, State of Liberty, the Commander in Chief. Common and Proper Nouns Common nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Proper nouns street Kerugoya city Raila Odinga author South Africa ocean Wanjohi wa Kigogo-ini policeman Asia bed Moi Avenue country Indian Ocean wardrobe Lake Victoria mountain England continent Dr. Frank Njenga lake Nelson Mandela assistant Professor Saitoti Proper nouns are important to good writing. They make your writing more specific, and therefore clearer. Exercise 4 Which words are proper nouns and should be capitalised? Which words are common nouns? Example: kenya Proper: Kenya 1. July 6. Student 11. America 2. Book 7. Kendu bay 12. Business 3. Face 8. John hopkins 13. Day 4. England 9. Life 14. East africa 5. Crocodiles 10. Johannesburg 15. Calendar Exercise 5 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 9 List the common nouns and the proper nouns in each of the following sentences. Example: Nancy welcomed the guests. Proper: Nancy common: guests 1. Lucky Dube was a famous singer. 2. This dancer has performed in London and Paris. 3. His last flight was over the Mediterranean Sea. 4. She worked as a nurse during the Second World War. 5. Her goal was to educate students all over the world. 6. It was the worst accident in the history of Europe. 7. Bill Gates is best known for founding Microsoft. 8. The Pilot was the first woman to cross that ocean alone. 9. |
8. The Pilot was the first woman to cross that ocean alone. 9. She grabbed a kettle and brought them water. 10. Professor Wangari Maathai won a Nobel Peace Prize. 1.2 Singular and Plural Nouns A noun may be either singular or plural. A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea. Example: The farmer drove to the market in his truck. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Example: The farmers drove to the markets in their trucks. Rules for forming plurals The following are guidelines for forming plurals: 1. To form the plural of most singular nouns, add -s. Examples: Street streets, house houses, painter painters, shelter shelters, event- events, hospital hospitals. 2. When a singular noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z, add - es. Examples: dress-dresses, brush-brushes, ax-axes, coach-coaches, box boxes, benchbenches, dish-dishes, waltz waltzes. 3. When a singular noun ends in o, add -s to make it plural. Examples: Piano-pianos, solo-solos, cameo cameos, concerto concertos, patiopatios, studio-studios, radio-radios, rodeo rodeos. 4. For some nouns ending with a consonant and o, add -es. Examples: hero heroes, potato potatoes, echo-echoes, veto vetoes, tomato tomatoes. 5. When a singular noun ends with a consonant and y, change the y to i and add -es. Examples: Library libraries, activity activities, story stories, city cities, berry berries. 6. When a singular noun ends with a vowel a,e,i,o,u followed by y, just add -s. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 10 Examples: Valley valleys, essay essays, alley alleys, survey surveys, joy joys. 7. To form the plural of many nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to v and add -es or s. Examples: Wife wives, thief thieves, loaf loaves, half halves, shelf shelves, leaf leaves, scarf scarves, life lives, calf calves, elf elves. 8. |
Tomato 6. The are playing in the field. Child 7. Some are hiding in the ceiling. Mouse 8. The of the buildings must be repaired. Roof 9. The music helped them imagine the strange . Story 10. Koech used creative to help young people sharpen their imagination. Activity Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns These are nouns that take plurals and can be counted. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 11 Egg eggs One egg, three eggs , ten eggs Potato - Potatoes Twenty potatoes Onion - Onions Two hundred onions Such nouns are known as COUNTABLE or COUNT NOUNS Uncountable Nouns These are nouns that do not take plurals and cannot be counted. Examples : salt, butter, cooking fat, milk, bread, jam We do not say: Two butters Ten milks Three breads Such nouns are known as UNCOUNTABLE or MASS NOUNS Exercise 8 Rewrite the words below in two columns, COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Orange Coffee Furniture tea Water gold Chair team Friend music Plurals with uncountable Nouns One way to express plurals of uncountable nouns is by use of expressions of quantity. Example: a piece of information - pieces of information a loaf of bread - four loaves of bread a tin of soup - three tins of soup a piece of furniture - several pieces of furniture a litre of milk - twenty litres of milk a bottle of beer - ten bottles of beer Exercise 9 Supply an appropriate expression of quantity for the following uncountable nouns 1. A........................................... of cigarettes. 2. Two.................................... of cooking oil 3. Three.............................. of jam. 4. Ten............................of butter. 5. Six...........................of soda. 6. A........................... of toothpaste 7. Three..........................of rice. 8. Five ............................. of flour. 9. Two .............................. of chocolate. 10. Four.......................... of news. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 12 Collective Nouns These are nouns that represent a group of people or things as a single unit. |
Four.......................... of news. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 12 Collective Nouns These are nouns that represent a group of people or things as a single unit. Some collective nouns can take plural forms Examples: Crowd s flock s Group s herd s Team s committee s Pair s Some collective nouns, however, cannot be used in the plural: Examples Furniture beddings Equipments informations Luggages baggages Exercise 10 When I arrived at the airport, there were ...............1.............. crowd of people blocking the entrance with their .................2.................. luggage . Near the customs sections, several...............3................. group of officials were standing, checking the ..................4.................. equipment that was being loaded onto a trolley. Most people were standing, waiting for... .............5................. information from the loundspeakers onthe departures and arrivals of aircraft. COMPOUND NOUNS A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. The words that form compound nouns may be joined together, separated or hyphenated. Examples: Joined: bookcase, blackboard, pushcart Separated: high school, rabbit hutch, radar gun Hyphenated: go-getter, mother-in-law, sergeant at-arms Compound nouns are usually a combination of two or moreword classes. The most common combinations are as follows; a some are formed by joining a noun with another noun. Most of these compound noun take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Tableroom s grassroot s prizefighter s Cubboard s policeman men rubber-stamp s Bookcase s farmhouse s sanitary towel s Cowshed s fruit machine s shoulder blade s b Some are formed by joining a verb and an adverb. Most of these compound nouns also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 13 Breakfast s push-up s rundown s Takeaway s knockout s slip-up s Sit-up s meltdown s c Some compound nouns are formed by joining an adjective and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words. |
Most of these compound nouns also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 13 Breakfast s push-up s rundown s Takeaway s knockout s slip-up s Sit-up s meltdown s c Some compound nouns are formed by joining an adjective and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Hotdog s polar bear s safe guard s Blackboard s quicksand Highway s remote control s Nuclear power right angle s d Some are formed by joining a verb and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Driveway s playground s spend thrift s Breakdance pushchair s go-getter s Mincemeat screwdriver s Password s spare wheel s e Some ore formed by joining an adverb and a noun. Most of these also take their plural in the last words Examples: Overdraft s overcoats s backyards s Backbencher s undercoat s backbone s Backlog s underwear s oversight s f A few compound nouns are formed by joining an adverb and a verb. These ones also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Outbreak s Backlash s Output s Outburst s Outcast s input s g A few others are formed by joining a noun and a verb. They also take their plurals in the last words Examples: Nosedive s Nightfall s h A number of compound nouns are formed by joining two nouns by use f hyphens and a short preposition in between. These compound nouns always take their plurals in the first words. Examples: Commander s - in- chief Sergeant s -at-arms Mother s -in-laws sister s -in-law Play s -within-play Exercise 11 Underline the compound nouns in the following sentences and write down their plural forms where possible. 1. John wants to be a quantity surveyor when he grows up. 2. Rainwater had washed away all the top soil. 3. The footballer was shown a red card by the referee. 4. |
Boys, songs 3. Excitement, air 4. Joyce Chepkemoi, prize 5. Otieno, house, street Exercise 2 1. Candle thing 5. Guitar thing 2. Wrestler person 6. China place 3. Joy idea 7. Hatred idea 4. Menengai Crater place 8. Masanduku arap Simiti person Exercise 3 1. Musicians, drums, trumpets 2. Family, village 3. Petronilla, trip 4. Festival, Kenyatta University 5. People, costumes, streets 6. Boys, Scouts, sniforms, parade 7. Holiday, excitement 8. Taxi, family, airport 9. Maryanne, castle, sand 10. Mother, water www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 17 Exercise 4 Proper nouns Common nouns July book England face Kendu Bay crocodiles John Hopkins student Johannesburg life America business East Africa day calendar Exercise 5 1. Proper Lucky Dube Common singer 2. Proper London, Paris Common dancer 3. Proper Mediterranean sea Common flight 4. Proper Second World War Common nurse 5. Common goal, students, world 6. Proper Europe Common accident 7. Proper Bill Gates, Microsoft 8. Common pilot, woman, ocean 9. Common kettle, water 10. Proper Professor Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize Exercise 6 1. Tooth teeth 9. Cliffs 17. Moose 25. Bosses 2. Wives 10. Deer 18. Children 26. Foxes 3. Giraffes 11. Cliff 19. Echoes 27. Bunches 4. Heroes 12. Autos 20. Babies 28. Ferries 5. Radios 13. Studios 21. Skies 29. Flashes 6. Potatoes 14. Men 22. Beaches 30. Ships 7. Beliefs 15. Roofs 23. Eyes 8. Thieves 16. Rodeos 24. Volcanoes volcanos Exercise 7 1. Knives 6. |
Rodeos 24. Volcanoes volcanos Exercise 7 1. Knives 6. Children 2. Potatoes 7. Mice 3. Geese 8. Roofs www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 18 4. Shelves 9. Stories 5. Tomatoes 10. Activities Exercise 8 1. The lion s tail 2. Cliff s dog 3. My mother s hat 4. Evan s book 5. The child s pet 6. The doll s name 7. Lucy s mobile phone 8. Kimani s shoes 9. The fox s teeth 10. My friend s rabbit Exercise 9 1. Cook s aprons 6. Women s sports 2. Men s boots 7. Carpenter s nails 3. Countries flags 8. Sailors uniforms 4. Guests coats 9. Musicians instruments 5. Athlete s medals 10. Neighbours pets Exercise 10 1. The couple s wealth 2. A men s team, a women s team 3. The teams uniforms 4. The athletes shirts 5. The team-mates scores 6. Their friends cheers 7. The coaches whistles 8. The children s eyes 9. Their mothers soothing voices 10. Their neighbours house www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 19 PRONOUNS A pronoun is a part of speech that takes the place of a noun. They include such words as I, we, he, she, thy, me and us. Pronouns enable you to avoid repeating the same names nouns , when writing or speaking, which would otherwise make you sound very awkward and wordy. By using pronouns effectively, you can make your writing and speaking flow smoothly. Pronouns can be classified into 6 types. These are personal, indefinite, demonstrative, interrogative, reflexive and intensive pronouns. 2.1 Personal pronouns A personal pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or another pronoun. They are used to refer to nouns that name persons or things. Example: Awkward Kamau put on Kamau s gum boots. Then Kamau went to the shamba. Improved Kamau put on his gum boots. |
Examples: She is a painter subject form He praised her. Object form It is her best painting. Possessive form Subject Pronouns A subject pronoun takes the place of a noun as the subject of a sentence. These pronouns are: i Singular forms I, you, he, she, it ii Plural forms we, you, they Examples: Noun Subject Pronoun The housegirl takes care of the baby She takes care of the baby The dog guards the house It guards the house Mark and Francis love swimming They love swimming Subject pronouns also appear after forms of the linking verbs be. Examples: The watchman today is he. The composers were they. Exercise 1 Underline the subject pronouns in the following sentences. Example: She ate a water melon 1. They ate fish and chips. 2. We like Italian food. 3. It is delicious. 4. The biggest eater was he. 5. You helped in the cooking. 6. The cooks were Tom and I. Exercise 2 Replace the underlined words with subject pronouns. Example: Pio and Gama are friends - They www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 21 1. The glasses were under the table. 2. Emma fed the chicken. 3. The pears were juicy. 4. Uncle Ben and Lillian visited the orphans. 5. The new waitress is Jane. 6. The fastest runners were Tecla and Kirui. 7. Lisa went to the hall. 8. The chicken was slaughtered. 9. Lucky Dube and Brenda Fasie were South African Singers. 10. Samuel Wanjiru has won many athletics medals. Object pronouns Object pronouns can replace nouns used after action verbs. These pronouns are: i Singular me, you, him, her, it ii Plural us, you them Examples: The driver drove him. Direct object The parents thanked us. Direct object The reporters asked him many questions. Indirect object In the above examples, the personal pronouns are the direct or indirect objects of the verbs before them. Object pronouns can also replace nouns after prepositions such as to, for, with, in, at or by. That is, they can be objects of prepositions. Examples: Gladys waved to them. Object of a preposition The delivery is for me. |
That is, they can be objects of prepositions. Examples: Gladys waved to them. Object of a preposition The delivery is for me. Ben went with them to the theatre. Exercise 3 Choose the correct pronoun in the brackets in the following sentences. Example: Irungu photographed us, we . Us 1. Lisa asked he, him for a picture. 2. Adam sketched Lisa and I, me . 3. He gave a photo to us, we . 4. Ann and she, her saw Dave and Bob. 5. Adam drew Lisa and they, them . 6. Mark helped I, me with the packing. 7. Loise praised him, he for his good work. 8. Everyone spotted they, them easily. 9. That night Mike played the guitar for us, we . 10. We, Us drove with they, them to the mountains. Possessive pronouns A possessive pronoun shows ownership. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 22 Example: My pen is black. There are two kinds of possessive pronouns: i Those used as adjectives to modify nouns. These possessive pronouns are: Singular: My, your, his, her, its Plural: Our, your, their Examples: My shirt is yellow. Your food is on the table. His bag is green. This is her dress. Its fur is soft. These are our parents. Pay your bills. They removed their bats. The above possessive pronouns always appear before nouns to modify them. Hence, they are called modifiers. Ii Those that stand alone and replace nouns in sentences. These possessive nouns are: Singular: mine yours his, hers, its Plural: ours yours, their Examples: The yellow shirt is mine. The food on the table is yours. The green bag is his. This dress is hers. Its is the soft fur. These crops are ours. These bills are yours. Those hats are theirs. Exercise 4 Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct possessive pronoun from the brackets. Example: The lazy girl completed her, hers home work. Her. 1. My, mine journey to Mombasa was enjoyable. 2. Florence said her, hers was the best. 3. Are the pictures of Fort Jesus your, yours ? 4. |
3. Are the pictures of Fort Jesus your, yours ? 4. Her, Hers were taken at Jomo Kenyatta Beach. 5. Tomorrow we will make frames for our, ours pictures. 6. My, mine class is planning a trip to Mt. Kenya. 7. Our, ours trip will be taken on video. 8. Micere is excited that the idea was her, hers . 9. Koki and Toti cannot hide their, theirs excitement. 10. My, mine dream is to climb to the highest peak of the mountain. POINTS TO NOTE 1. The pronoun I is used as a subject or after forms of the linking verb be. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 23 Examples: Subject: I travel by bus After the linking verb be: Yesterday, the prefects on duty were Victor and I 2. The pronoun me is used object after action verbs or words prepositions such as to, for, with, in, or at. Examples: Object: Rose met me at the gate. After prepositions: Rose waited for me at the gate. You are coming with me. 3. When using compound subjects and objects i.e. subjects and objects comprising of a pronoun and a noun or another pronoun , always name yourself last. Examples: Diana and I visited our grandmother yesterday. Who appointed Chege and me? Rose waited for her and me at the gate. CONTRACTIONS WITH PRONOUNS A contraction is a shortened form of two words. One or more letters are omitted and an apostrophe is used in place of the letters left out. A contraction is formed by combining pronouns and the verbs am, is, are, will, would, have, has, and had. Pronoun verb Contraction Pronoun verb Contraction I am I m I have I ve He is he s he has he s It is it s it has it s You are you re you have you ve They are they re they have they ve I will I ll I had I d You will you ll you had you d We would we d we had we d Note: 1 Some contractions look the same but are formed from different words. Examples: he is, he has he s we had, we would we d 2 Some possessive pronouns sound like contractions. |
A contraction is formed by combining pronouns and the verbs am, is, are, will, would, have, has, and had. Pronoun verb Contraction Pronoun verb Contraction I am I m I have I ve He is he s he has he s It is it s it has it s You are you re you have you ve They are they re they have they ve I will I ll I had I d You will you ll you had you d We would we d we had we d Note: 1 Some contractions look the same but are formed from different words. Examples: he is, he has he s we had, we would we d 2 Some possessive pronouns sound like contractions. Because the words sound alike, they are sometimes confused. Examples: Possessive pronouns Contractions its it s your you re their they re whose who s www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 24 Incorrect: The team celebrated it s victory. Correct: The team celebrated its victory. Incorrect: Your late for the preps. Correct: You re late for the preps. Incorrect: Whose the fastest runner in the world? Correct: Who s the fastest runner in the world? Rules of using possessive pronouns and contractions correctly 1. If the word you want to use stands for two words, it is a contraction and needs an apostrophe. 2. Never use an apostrophe in a possessive pronoun. Exercise 5 Write the contractions for the following word pairs. Example: It has it s 1. You will 3. He had 5. You have 2. We would 4. I am 6. They will Exercise 6 What pronoun and verb make up each of the following contractions? Example: It s it is, it has 1. I ll 3. You d 5. They re 2. We re 4. He s 6. She d Exercise 7 Choose the correct word given in brackets in the following sentences. 1. The Kenyan government has worked hard to improve its, it s educational system. 2. Whose, Who s going to decide where the guests will sleep? 3. Their, they re learning French their school. 4. Only students whose, who s scores are excellent will join national schools. 5. |
4. Only students whose, who s scores are excellent will join national schools. 5. Its, It s been estimated that about 8 million Kenyans are living with HIV AIDS. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to a specific person or thing. In English, there are singular indefinite pronouns, plural indefinite and both singular and plural indefinite pronouns. Singular Indefinite Pronouns another anything everybody neither one www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 25 anybody each everyone nobody somebody anymore either everything no one someone. An indefinite pronoun must agree with its verbs and in number with its possessive pronoun. The above indefinite pronouns are used with singular verbs. They are also used with singular possessive pronouns. Examples: Agreement with verbs Correct: Everyone has heard of Lake Turkana. Incorrect: Everyone have heard of Lake Turkana. Correct: Nobody knows what happened to Samuel Wanjiru. Incorrect: Nobody know what happened to Samuel Wanjiru. Correct: Everything about the old man remains a mystery. Incorrect: Everything about the old man remain a mystery. Agreement in number with possessive pronouns Correct: Neither believed his her eyes. Incorrect: Neither believed their eyes. Correct: Each strained his her neck to see. Incorrect: Each strained their neck to see. Plural indefinite pronouns both many few several These indefinite pronouns use plural verbs and possessive pronouns. Examples: Plural verbs Correct: Few know about Lake Olbolsat. Incorrect: Few knows about Lake Obolsat. Correct: Both stand by what they believe. Incorrect: Both stands by what they believe. Plural possessive pronouns Correct: Several reported their findings. Incorrect: Several reported his her findings. Both singular and plural indefinite pronouns all some any none These indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural, depending on their meaning in the sentence. Examples: All of my story is true singular All of the guests are here plural None of the lake is foggy singular None of the photos are spoiled plural. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 26 EXERCISE 8 Underline the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences and then write the correct form of the verb or possessive pronoun in the brackets. 1. All the photographs of the killer is, are unclear. 2. Has, Have anybody seen my camera? 3. |
2. Has, Have anybody seen my camera? 3. Many believes, believe a monster lives in the lake. 4. Each of the photographs make, makes people want more. 5. All of the evidence indicates, indicate that he was killed by his wife. 6. Everyone has taken his, their payment. 7. Several eyewitnesses volunteered to give his, their accounts. 8. Anyone can lose her, their eyesight. 9. Another reported his, their case to the police. 10. Somebody left her, their handbag in the lecture hall. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS A demonstrative pronoun is used to single or point out one or more persons or things referred to in the sentence. These pronouns are this, that, these, and those. This and these point to persons or things that are near. Examples: This is a gazelle. These are the students of Kianjege West Secondary School. That and those point to persons or things that are farther away. Examples: That is the city square. Those are the lodging rooms. This and that are used with singular nouns. These and those are used with plural nouns. Exercise 9 Pick the correct demonstrate pronouns from the choices given in the brackets in the following sentences. 1. This, That is the canteen we are entering now. 2. This, That is the dispensary across the street 3. These, Those are beautiful flowers on the counter over there. 4. Are those, these chocolate bars on the far counter? 5. I think these, those are called vuvuzelas. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 27 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. These pronouns are who, whose, whom, which and what. Examples: Who is the mayor of this town? Whose is the red car? Which is her blouse? What did she ask you? Whom should I trust with my secret? USING WHO, WHOM, AND WHOSE Who, whom, and whose are often used to ask questions. Hence, they are interrogative pronouns. WHO is the subject form. It is used as the subject of a verb. Examples: Who taught you how to play the guitar? |
WHO is the subject form. It is used as the subject of a verb. Examples: Who taught you how to play the guitar? Who is the subject of the verb taught. WHOM is the object form. It is used as the direct object of a verb or as the object of a preposition. Examples: Whom did you meet? Whom is the object of the verb did meet . For whom is this trophy? Whom is the object of the preposition for . WHOSE is the possessive form. It can be used : i To modify a noun Example: Whose is umbrella is this? Whose modifies the noun umbrella ii Alone as the subject or object of a verb Examples: Whose are those water melons? Whose is the subject of the verb are Whose did you admire? Whose is the object of the verb did admire Exercise 10 Pick the correct interrogative pronouns from the brackets in the following sentences. 1. Who, Whom owns that shop? 2. Who, Whom can we ask the way? 3. Which, What did they ask you? 4. Which, What are the objects on the table called? 5. To who, whom does the boutique belong? Exercise 11 Complete the following sentences with who, whom, or whose. 1. Knows the origin of the Luos? Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 28 2. Did you ask about it? 3. To did you give the letter? 4. Is the most attractive painting? 5. Is likely to receive the Chaguo la Teeniez award? 6. For did you buy this doll? 7. Skill in dancing is the best? 8. Is the officer-in-charge here? 9. Are you looking at? 10. Are those healthy Merino sheep? REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS Reflexive and intensive pronouns end in -self or -selves. These are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, and themselves. There is, however, one difference between reflexive and Intensive pronouns. A reflexive pronoun refers to an action performed by the subject of the sentence. The meaning of the sentence is incomplete without the reflexive pronoun. |
There is, however, one difference between reflexive and Intensive pronouns. A reflexive pronoun refers to an action performed by the subject of the sentence. The meaning of the sentence is incomplete without the reflexive pronoun. Examples: Monicah bought herself a new dress. The meaning of the sentence is incomplete without the reflexive pronoun because we do not know for whom Monicah bought the dress . An Intensive pronoun is used to emphasise a noun or a pronoun. It does not add information to a sentence, and it can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. I myself pulled the boy out of the river. If you remove myself, the meaning of the sentence does not change Exercise 12 Identify the Reflexive and Intensive pronouns in the following sentences, labelling them accordingly. 1. I myself have never tried mountain climbing. 2. He himself was taking the cows to graze in the forest. 3. My sister Annastasia mends her clothes herself. 4. She often challenges herself by doing strenuous activities. 5. You may ask yourself about the sanity of beer drinking competition. SPECIAL PRONOUNS PROBLEMS 1. Double subjects We all know that every sentence must have a subject. Sometimes we incorrectly use a double subject a noun and a pronoun - to name the same person, place, or thing. Incorrect Correct Jane she is my cousin. Jane is my cousin. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 29 She is my cousin. Her scarf it is pretty. Her scarf is pretty. It is pretty. Jane and she should not be used as subjects together. The subject her scarf should not be used together with it. Use only a noun or a pronoun to name a subject. 2. Pronouns and their Antecedents The antecedent of a pronoun is a noun or another pronoun for which the pronoun stands. A personal pronoun, you will remember, is used in place or a noun. The noun is the word to which the pronouns refer and it is therefore its antecedent. The noun usually comes first, either in the same sentence or in the sentence before it. Examples: We met Mureithi. He is the medical doctor. He stands for Mureithi. Mureithi is the antecedent . The students had come to school with their mobile phones. Their stands for students. |
Mureithi is the antecedent . The students had come to school with their mobile phones. Their stands for students. Students is the antecedent . Pronouns may be the antecedents of other pronouns. Examples: Does everybody have his booklet? Everybody, which is a singular indefinite pronoun, is the antecedent of his . All of the students have brought theirs. All, which is a plural indefinite pronoun, is the antecedent of theirs . Now, a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. Agree here means that the pronoun must be the same in number as its antecedent. The word number means singular or plural. If the pronoun is singular, the word that it stands for must be singular, and it must be plural if the word it stands for is plural. Examples: Correct: The scientists tested their new discovery Scientists is plural; their is plural. Incorrect: The scientists tested his new discovery. Correct: Mr. Kiama turned on his TV. Mr Kiama is singular; his is singular Correct: Nobody left her workstation Nobody is singular, her is singular NB: When the antecedent refers to both males and females, it is best to use the phrase his or her. 3. Use of we and us with nouns. Phrases such as we students and us girls are often incorrectly used. To tell which pronoun to use, drop the noun and say the sentence without it. Problem: We, Us boys study hard. Solution: We study hard We boys study hard. Problem: The DC praised us, we students. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 30 Solution: The DC praised us The DC praised us students 4. Using the pronoun Them The word them is always a pronoun. It is always used as the object of a verb or a preposition, never as a subject. Examples: Correct: The president greeted them direct object of the verb greeted Correct: She gave them a Sandwich Indirect object of the verb gave Correct: The information was useful to them object of the preposition to Incorrect: Them they arrived late. 5. Using Those Although we previously said that those is used as a demonstrative pronouns, it is sometimes used as an adjective i.e. a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun. |
2. Adam sketched Lisa and me. 3. He gave a photo to us. 4. Ann and she saw Dave and Bob. 5. Adam drew Lisa and them. 6. Mark helped me with the packing. 7. Loise praised him for his good work. 8. Everyone spotted them easily. 9. That night Mike played the guitar for us. 10. We drove with them to the mountains. Exercise 4 1. My journey to Mombasa was enjoyable. 2. Florence said hers was the best. 3. Are the pictures of Fort Jesus yours? 4. Hers are about Jomo Kenyatta Beach. 5. Tomorrow we will make frames for our pictures. 6. My class is planning a trip to Mt. Kenya. 7. Our trip will be taken on video. 8. Micere is excited that the idea was hers. 9. Koki and Toti cannot hide their excitement. 10. My dream is to climb to the highest peak of the mountain. Exercise 5 1. You will You ll 2. We would we d 3. He had he d 4. I am I m 5. You have you ve 6. They will they ll Exercise 6 1. I ll I will 2. We re we are 3. You d you would, you had www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 33 4. He s he is, he has 5. They re they are 6. She d she would, she had Exercise 7 1. Its 3. They re 5 it s 2. Who s 4. Whose Exercise 8 1. All are 6. Everyone his 2. Anybody has 7. Several their 3. Many believe 8. Anyone her 4. Each makes 9. Another his 5. All indicates 10. Somebody her Exercise 9 1. This 3. Those 5. These 2. That 4. Those Exercise 10 1. Who 3. What 5. Whom 2. Whom 4. What Exercise 11 1. Who 6. Whom 2. Whom 7. Whose 3. Whom 8. Who 4. Whose 9. Who 5. |
Sometimes helping verbs and main verbs are separated by words that are not verbs. Examples: I do not ride bicycle any more. Can we ever be friends again? We should definitely apologise for the mistakes. Exercise 2 Indicate H.V. under the Helping verb and M.V. under the Main verb in the following sentences. 1. The school choir is singing a new song. 2. The football season has finally begun. 3. This car just can travel very fast. 4. He had waited for this chance for years. 5. My parents will be visiting us soon. 6. Our friends have come for a visit. 7. You must buy your ticket for the game. 8. Sarah has chosen Kenyatta University for her degree course. 9. She is hitting her child with a rubber strap. 10. I will go for the game next week. VERBS TENSES The time of an action or the state of being is expressed by different forms of the verb. These forms are called the tenses of the verb. There are three main forms of a verb: the present, the past, or the future. The Present Tense A verb which is in present tense indicates what the subject of the sentence is doing right now. Example: The teacher sees the students. The verb sees tells that the teacher is seeing the students now. To show the present tense, an -s or -es is added to most verbs if the subject is singular. If the subject is plural, or I or You, the -s, or -es is not added. Example: The bird hatches in the nest. The stream flows down the hill. The boys rush for their breakfast. We talk a lot. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 38 Rules for forming the Present Tense with Singular Subjects 1. Most verbs: add s get gets play plays eat eats 2. Verbs ending in s, ch, sh, x, and z: add-es pass passes, mix mixes punch-punches, buzz buzzes push pushes 3. Verbs ending with a consonant and y: change the y to i and add -es try - tries empty empties Exercise 3 Write the correct present form of each verb in the brackets in the following sentences. 1. She carefully the map study 2. A fish in the water near me. Splash 3. |
She carefully the map study 2. A fish in the water near me. Splash 3. She her hands. Wash 4. He to the classroom. Hurry 5. Bryan and I the assignment. Discuss The Past Tense A verb which is in past tense shows what has already happened. Example: Tito liked his grandmother s story. The verb liked tells that the action in the sentence happened before now. Rules for forming the Past Tense 1. Most verbs: Add -ed play played talk talked climb climbed 2. Verbs ending with e: Add -d praise praised hope hoped wipe wiped 3. Verbs ending with a consonant and -y: bury buried the y to i and add -ed carry carried study studied 4. Verbs ending with a single vowel and stop stopped a consonant: Double the final consonant man manned www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 39 and add-ed trip tripped Exercise 4 Write the past tense forms of each of the verbs in brackets in the following sentences. 1. John his house burn into ashes. Watch 2. The baby loudly. Cry 3. The teacher at the naughty student. Yell 4. The chef a delicious cake. Bake 5. We for a present for our grandmother. Shop The Future Tense A verb which is in future tense tells what is going to happen. Examples: Evans will take his car to the garage. She will probably come with us. The verbs will take and will come tell us what is going to happen. Hence, they are in future tense. To form the future tense of a verb, use the helping verb will or shall with the main verb. Exercise 5 Write the future tense forms of the verbs in the following sentences. 1. We write in exercise books. 2. The train stopped at the station. 3. He decides what he wants to do. 4. They practise in the football field. 5. Rats multiply very fast. More Tenses The above three forms of tenses can further be divided into: 1. The simple tenses - Present simple tense - Past simple tense - Future simple tense 2. |
Rats multiply very fast. More Tenses The above three forms of tenses can further be divided into: 1. The simple tenses - Present simple tense - Past simple tense - Future simple tense 2. The perfect tenses - Present perfect tense - Present perfect progressive - Past perfect tense - Future perfect www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 40 - Future perfect progressive 3. The progressive tenses - Present progressive tense - Past progressive tense - Progressive tense - Future perfect progressive tense. The simple Tenses The most common tenses of the verb are the simple tenses. You use them most often in your speaking and writing. 1. Present simple tense. Look at the following sentences. A I know Kisumu b He goes to school everyday. C The sun rises from the east. All the above sentences contain a verb in the present simple tense. This tense is used for different purposes. I To state a personal fact Example: I know Kisumu. Ii To point out a regular habit. Example: He goes to school everyday. Iii To state known a scientific fact Example: The sun rises from the east. Exercise 6 Complete the following sentences putting the verbs in brackets in the present simple tense. 1. They their new principal. Like 2. Every morning, she her teeth. Brush 3. The earth on its own axis. Rotate 4. Twice a year, he his family. Visit 5. Air when heated. Rise 2. Past Simple Tense The past simple tense is used when an action has been completed . Examples: We cleaned our classrooms yesterday. He drove the car this morning. She planned the whole incident. Exercise 7 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 41 Write down the past simple tense of the following words and then use each of them in sentences of your own. Start breathe add roam trap obey annoy worry pity fit 3. Future Simple Tense The future simple tense places the action or condition in the future. It is formed by using the word shall or will before the present form of the main verb. Examples: We shall need help with her load. She will eat the bananas alone The dancers will entertain them. Exercise 8 Use the following words in future simple tense in sentences of your own. |
Examples: We shall need help with her load. She will eat the bananas alone The dancers will entertain them. Exercise 8 Use the following words in future simple tense in sentences of your own. See develop go begin exist consume introduce hunt bring become The Perfect Tenses The perfect tenses are used to show that an action was completed or that a condition existed before a given time. The perfect tenses are formed using has, have, or had before the past participles i.e. verb forms ending in -ed. Examples: 1. Present Perfect Tense: Ceasar has just finished his homework. Kamau and Njoroge have now agreed to meet. 2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Kibet has been working in his shamba for two hours. We have been swimming in this pool for ten minutes. 3. Past Perfect Tense We had completed the work by the time the supervisor came. Nobody knew that she had already remarried. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 42 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense I had been trying to contact him for two hours before he finally appeared. Mrs. Masumbuko had been feeling unwell the whole week before she decided to visit a doctor. 5. Future Perfect Tense Agege will have sold his goats by two p.m. By next term, twenty students will have dropped from this school. 6. Future Perfect Continuous The players will have been playing for twenty minutes by the time the President arrives. By the end of this term, she will have been living with her aunt for five years. Exercise 9 Rewrite the following sentences changing the verb into present perfect, present perfect progressive, past perfect, past perfect progressive, future perfect and future perfect progressive tenses. Make any necessary changes to make the sentences meaningful. John comes here every year. The Progressive Verb Forms The progressive form of the verb shows continuing action. Examples: I am singing She was dancing. The progressive form is formed using various forms of the verb be plus the present participle i.e. a verb form that ends in -ing. Examples: 1. Present Progressive Tense I am reading a book about Red Indians. Her mother is preparing dinner. 2. Present Perfect Progressive He has been cleaning his car since morning. They have been exercising for a week now. 3. Past Progressive Tense She was cooking supper when I arrived. They were fighting fiercely when the police arrived. 4. |
Past Progressive Tense She was cooking supper when I arrived. They were fighting fiercely when the police arrived. 4. Past Perfect Progressive Tense Sonko had been wearing an earing for years before he removed it. Onyancha had been killing children before he was finally discovered. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 43 5. Future Progressive He will be tilling the land next week. Joyce and Joan will be washing clothes all morning. 6. Future Perfect Progressive The children will have been sleeping for two hours by the time their parents arrive. John will have grown a beard by the time he is twelve. Exercise 10 Rewrite the following sentence changing the verb into present progressive, present perfect progressive, past progressive, past perfect progressive, future progressive and future perfect progressive tenses. Make any necessary changes to make the sentences meaningful. Jane plays the guitar well. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT Present tense A verb and its subject must agree in number. To agree means that if the subject is singular, the verb must be in singular form. If the subject is plural, the verb form must be plural. Examples: The baby cries every morning - SINGULAR The babies cry every morning - PLURAL Rules for subject-verb Agreement 1. Singular subject The man drives a bus. Add -s or -es to the verb She teaches in a primary school. He studies his map. 2. Plural subject: The men drive buses. Do not add -s or -es They teach in primary schools. To the verb We study our maps. 3. For I or You I hate books. Do not add -s or -es to the verb You like dogs. I admire actors. When a sentence has a compound subject i.e. two subjects joined by and, the plural form of the verb is used. Examples: John and James work at Naivas Supermarket. The teachers and the students respect one another a lot. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 44 Subject-verb Agreement with be and have The verbs be and have change their forms in special ways in order to agree with their subjects. Various ways in which be and have change in order to agree with their subjects. Subject Be Have 1. Singular subjects: I You He, she, it Singular Noun am, was are, were is, was is, was have, had have, had has, had has, had 2. |
Examples: He saw great misery all around him past He has seen great misery all round him past participle Common irregular Verbs Verb Past tense Past participles begin choose began chose had begun had chosen www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 46 go speak ride fight throw come sing steal swim make run grow write ring drink lie do eat know went spoke rode fought threw came sang stole swam made ran grew wrote rang drank lay did ate knew had gone had spoken had ridden had fought had thrown had came had sung had stolen had swum had made had run had grown had written had rung had drunk had lain had done had eaten had known For a few irregular verbs, like hit and cut, the three principal parts are spelled the same. These ones offer no problems to learners. Most problems come from irregular verbs with three different forms. For example, the irregular verbs throw and ring. Throw threw had thrown Ring rang had rung If you are not sure about a verb form, look it up in the dictionary. Exercise 13 Write the past tense and past participles of the following irregular verbs and then use each of them in sentences of your own. 1. Arise 6. Fall 2. Tear 7. Blow 3. Wear 8. Freeze 4. Lay 9. Fly 5. See 10. Write ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERB FORMS Active Voice A verb is in active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the action. Examples: Our teacher punished us for making noise in class. Subject action www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 47 Players arrived for their first match early in the morning. Subject action In the above sentences, the subject is who performed the action. Hence, the verbs of these sentences are in active voice. Passive voice The word passive means acted upon . When the subject of the sentence receives the action or expresses the result of the action, the verb is in passive voice. Examples: We were punished by the teacher for making noise. Subject action He was helped by a passer-by. Subject action In the above sentences the subjects we and he receive the action. |
Examples: We were punished by the teacher for making noise. Subject action He was helped by a passer-by. Subject action In the above sentences the subjects we and he receive the action. When we do not know who or what did the action, or when we do not want to say who or what did it, we use the passive voice. The passive form of a verb consists of some form of be plus the past participle. Examples: Active Passive Baabu explored the sea. The sea was explored by Baabu. Be past participle The captain helped him. He was helped by the captain. Be past participle Exercise 14 Write the verbs from the following sentences and then label each one Active or Passive. 1. The guest of honour presented prizes to the best students. 2. The cattle were taken home by the herders. 3. The health officer ordered the slaughter house closed. 4. Peace and order has been restored in the area by the youth wingers. 5. The workers cleared the farm. 6. The crop was harvested by the hired workers. 7. The government stressed the importance of unity among tribes. 8. The farmers were urged to redouble their efforts in food production. 9. The KIE is developing support materials for the 8-4-4 system of education. 10. A fishing pond was started by the Wildlife Club in the school. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Some sentences express a complete thought with only a subject and an action verb. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 48 Example: The sun shines. Subject Active verb In other sentences, a direct object must follow the action verb for the sentence to be complete. A direct object is a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of the verb. Example: The goalkeeper caught the ball. Subject action verb direct object Transitive verbs A Transitive verb is an action verb that must take a direct object for the sentence to express a complete thought. A direct object answers the question what? Or whom? Examples: The captain steered the ship. Steered what? The ship The teacher praised the students. Praised whom? The students Transitive verbs cannot be used alone without direct objects in sentences; they would not have complete meanings. Exercise 15 What are the action verbs and the direct objects in the following sentences? 1. He carried his bag with him. 2. The two friends discussed the examination paper. 3. |
2. The two friends discussed the examination paper. 3. We took a trip to Nakuru last month. 4. The water splashed me. 5. He gave interesting facts about whales. 6. We searched the house for rats. 7. They cheered the team noisily. 8. My brother bought a camera. 9. Njoroge admires Papa Shirandula. 10. We viewed the shouting star at midnight. Intransitive verbs An Intransitive verb is an action verb that does not require a direct object for the sentence to have complete meaning. Examples: The ship sailed. Subject action verb The child smiled. Subject action verb They do not answer the questions what? Or whom? Sometimes they answer the questions how? Or how often? Examples: The ship sailed smoothly. How did it sail? Smoothly The child smiled repeatedly. How often did the child smile? Repeatedly www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 49 Both transitive and intransitive verbs Some verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively. Examples: We cheered our team noisily. Transitive We cheered noisily. Intransitive He broke the window pane. Transitive The glass broke. Intransitive NB: Only transitive verbs can be changed from active to passive voice. Examples: Active Passive He kicked the ball The ball was kicked by him She bought a new dress A new dress was bought by her. She wailed loudly ?? They danced well ?? Exercise 16 Indicate at the end of each of the following sentences whether the underlined verb is Transitive or Intransitive. 1. Some whales sing songs. 2. We gave our books to the gatekeeper. 3. She cried bitterly. 4. He made a sketch of the giraffe. 5. John danced to the music. 6. The bird flew in the air. 7. They located the lost ship. 8. She pleaded with him mercifully. 9. The children heard the sound from the cave. 10. It rained heavily. TROUBLESOME PAIRS OF VERBS Some pairs of verbs confuse learners of English because their meanings are related but not the same. Others confuse them because they sound similar, but their meanings are different. Others are similar in appearance but different in meanings. |
Seems - Linking verb 2. Watched Action verb 3. Cheered Action verb 4. Seems Linking verb 5. Is Linking verb 6. Aimed Action verb 7. Blew Action verb 8. Was Linking verb 9. Is Linking verb 10. Seems Linking verb Exercise 2 Helping verb Main verb 1. Is singing 2. Has begun 3. Can travel www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 51 4. Had waited 5. Will be visiting 6. Have come 7. Must buy 8. Has chosen 9. Is hitting 10 will go Exercise 3 1. Studies 2. Splashes 3. Washes 4. Hurries 5. Discuss Exercise 4 1. Watched 2. Cried 3. Yelled 4. Baked 5. Shopped Exercise 5 1. Will write 2. Will stop 3. Will decide 4. Shall practice 5. Will multiply Exercise 6 1. Like 2. Brushes 3. Rotates 4. Visits 5. Rises Exercise 7 1. Started 6. Breathed 2. Added 7. Roamed 3. Trapped 8. Obeyed 4. Annoyed 9. Worried 5. Pitied 10. Fitted www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 52 Exercise 8 1. Will shall see 6. Will shall develop 2. Will shall go 7. Will shall begin 3. Will shall exist 8. Will shall consume 4. Will shall introduce 9. Will shall hunt 5. Will shall bring 10. Will shall become Exercise 9 1. John has come here every year. -. Present perfect 2. John has been coming here every year. -. Present perfect progressive 3. John had come here every year. Past perfect 4. John had been coming here every year. Past perfect progressive 5. John will have come here every year. Future perfect 6. John will have been coming here every year. Future perfect progressive. Exercise 10 1. Jane is playing the guitar. Present progressive 2. |
Transitive 5. Intransitive 10. Intransitive Exercise 17 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 54 1. Teach 6. Raises 2. Lies 7. Raises 3. Lie 8. Taught 4. Sits 9. Raises 5. Taught 10. Laid ADJECTIVES An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun. To describe or modify means to provide additional information about nouns or pronouns. To modify further means to change something slightly. Writers and speakers modify an idea or image by choosing certain describing words, which are called adjectives. Hence, these adjectives are also called modifiers. Adjectives are like word cameras. They are words that describe colours, sizes and shapes. Adjectives help you capture how the world around you looks and feels. Adjectives tell: 1. What kind? Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 55 The powerful gorilla knocked down the hunter. The old man walked slowly. 2. How many? Examples: Three zebras were resting. He has few friends. 3. Which one s ? Examples: This painting is attractive. These farmers are clearing the field. There are 4 main kinds of adjectives, namely:- 1. Descriptive adjectives 2. Definite and indefinite adjectives 3. Demonstrative adjectives 4. Interrogative adjectives 5. Articles and possessive adjectives Descriptive adjectives Descriptive adjectives tell us the size, shape, age, colour, weight, height, make, nature and origin of the nouns they are describing. Examples of descriptive Adjectives: SizeShapeAgeColourWeightHeightMakeNatureOrigin big huge small tiny thin fat wide shallow slender oval circular triangular rectangular round square twisted pointed old young aged red green white blue brown black maroon purple pink heavy light tall short wooden plastic metal stony glass mud warm cold shy famous peaceful brave powerful gentle kind Kenya American Tanzania Italian South African Ugandan Korean Descriptive adjective are of two types. 1 Common descriptive adjectives these are adjectives that give general features of somebody or something. They are the adjectives of size, shape, age, colour, weight, height, make and nature. Refer to the examples in the diagram above. 2 Proper adjectives These ones are formed from proper nouns. They are always capitalized. |
Refer to the examples in the diagram above. 2 Proper adjectives These ones are formed from proper nouns. They are always capitalized. They always appear last in a string of adjectives modifying the same noun, just before the noun itself. Examples of proper adjectives: The Japanese ambassador A Mexican carpet An Italian chef Note that when a proper adjective comprises of two words, both are capitalized. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 56 Examples: A South African farmer A North American cowboy Exercise 1 Find the adjectives in the following sentences and indicate what types they are. 1. Alaska is the largest state in the USA. 2. The Alaskan Senator is Lord John Mc Dougal. 3. Mt. Kenya is the tallest mountain in Kenya. 4. Alaska has a tiny population of one and a half million people. 5. Northern Province has small, scattered towns. 6. A trip to Northern Kenya will take you across vast wilderness. 7. American tourists are fond of wild animals. 8. There is a huge lake in the Rift Valley Province. 9. I sent a letter to my Australian pen pal. 10. I have a beautiful Egyptian robe. Demonstrative Adjectives A demonstrative adjective tells which one or which ones. They are used before nouns and other adjectives. There are 4 demonstrative adjectives in English: This, that, these and those. This and these are used to refer to nouns close to the speaker or writer. That and those refer to nouns farther away. This and that are used before singular nouns while these and those are used before plural nouns. Examples: This picture is very beautiful. Singular noun That one is not as beautiful. Singular noun These drawings are very old. Plural noun Those ones were painted in Uganda. Plural noun. Exercise 2 Choose the word in brackets that correctly completes each of the following sentences. 1. My bus left the station before that, those matatus. 2. Those, These chairs behind me were occupied. 3. My seat has a better view than this, that one over there. 4. Those, That man should fasten his seat belt. 5. This, That car is old, but that one is new. 6. These, Those clouds are far away. 7. This, That window next to me has a broken pane. 8. That, This chair near me is broken. 9. |
Possessive Pronouns The words my, her, its, our and their are possessive pronouns, but they can also be used as adjectives. These modifiers tell which one, which ones or whose? Examples: My brother likes Sean Paul, but his sister does not. Of his songs, ever blazing is his favourite. Our school produces heroes, its fame is widespread. Exercise 5 Write the adjectives from the following sentences and the nouns they modify. 1. In her lifetime, Brenda Fasie composed many songs. 2. Her early songs entertained her fans all over the world. 3. Our first performance was successful. 4. Her coughing grew worse with time. 5. They agreed that it was their best goal in ten years. Position of adjectives in sentences 1. Most adjectives appear immediately before the nouns they are modifying e.g. Descriptive: The beautiful house belongs to my uncle. Demonstrative: That house belongs to my uncle. Numerals: Two houses were burned down. Articles: The house on fire belongs to her sister. Possessive pronouns: Their house was burned down. 2. Predicate Adjectives Some adjectives appear after the nouns that they are modifying. These adjectives are always used after linking verbs that separate them from the words they modify. An adjective that follows a linking verb and that modifies the subject is called a predicate adjective. Examples: Joyce seemed lonely. Her brother was upset. He became concerned. Exercise 6 Identify the predicate adjectives in the following sentences. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 60 1. Her early songs were often quiet and serious. 2. One of her songs, Vulindlela, is very popular. 3. The dark city below the sky seems calm and peaceful. 4. Her performance in K.C.S.E. was brilliant. 5. The West African singer Kofi Olominde is extraordinary. COMPARING WITH ADJECTIVES We have seen that adjectives describe nouns. One way in which they describe nouns is by comparing people, places or things. To compare two people, places or things, we use the comparative form of an adjective. To compare more than two, we use the superlative form of the adjective. Examples: ONE PERSON: Kimenju is tall. TWO PERSONS: Kimenju is taller than James. THREE OR MORE: Kimenju is the tallest of all. |
Examples: ONE PERSON: Kimenju is tall. TWO PERSONS: Kimenju is taller than James. THREE OR MORE: Kimenju is the tallest of all. The comparative The comparative form of the adjective is used to compare one thing, person or place with another one. It is formed in two ways. 1. For short adjectives, add -er. Examples: great er greater sweet er sweeter big er bigger light er lighter. 2. For longer adjectives, the comparative is formed by using the word more before them. Examples: More handsome more remarkable More attractive more hardworking Most adjectives ending in -ful and -ous also form the comparative using more. Examples: More successful more curious more ferocious More beautiful more generous more prosperous The superlative The superlative form of the adjective is used to compare a person, a place or a thing with more than one other of its kind. Examples: Elephants are the largest animals in the jungle. However, they are the most emotional animals. The superlative form of an adjective is formed in two ways. 1. By adding -est to the short adjective Examples: great est greatest sweet est sweetest big est biggest light est light www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 61 2. For longer adjectives, use most before them. Examples: most mysterious most awkward most successful most attractive The ending -er in the comparative becomes -est in the superlative while more becomes most. Adjective comparative superlative strong stronger strongest quick quicker quickest adventurous more adventurous most adventurous co-operative more co-operative most co-operative Summary of rules comparing with adjectives: Rule Examples 1. For most short adjectives: Add -er or -est to the adjective bright dark smart bright darker smarter brightest darkest smartest 2. For adjectives ending with e: Drop the e and add -er or -est safe nice wide safer nicer wider safest nicest widest 3. For adjectives ending with a consonant and y: Change the y to i and add -er or -est busy crazy happy busier crazier happier busiest craziest happiest 4. For single-syllable adjectives ending with a single vowel and a consonant: Double the last consonant and add -er or -est flat slim fat flatter slimmer fatter flattest slimmest fattest 5. |
For adjectives ending with e: Drop the e and add -er or -est safe nice wide safer nicer wider safest nicest widest 3. For adjectives ending with a consonant and y: Change the y to i and add -er or -est busy crazy happy busier crazier happier busiest craziest happiest 4. For single-syllable adjectives ending with a single vowel and a consonant: Double the last consonant and add -er or -est flat slim fat flatter slimmer fatter flattest slimmest fattest 5. For most adjectives with two or more syllables: Use more or most careful generous more careful more generous most careful most generous Points to note about Adjectives: 1. A comparative is used to compare two persons, or things or two groups of persons or things. Examples: A rat is smaller than a mouse. Buffaloes are larger than domestic cows 2. A superlative is used to compare a thing or a person to more than one other of its kind. Examples: Lions are the bravest of all animals. Elephants are the largest of all herbivores. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 62 3. You must use the word other when comparing something with everything else of its kind. Examples: Leopards are more ferocious than any other cat. 4. Do not use both -er and more or -est and most. Incorrect: Men die more earlier than women. Correct: Men die earlier than women. Incorrect: My father is the most oldest of the three brothers. Correct: My father is the oldest of the three brothers. Exercise 7 Write the adjectives in brackets in the following sentences correctly. 1. My next sculpture will be even beautiful . 2. That was the cartoon I have ever watched funny . 3. English is my subject of all enjoyable . 4. Job is the person in his family. Energetic 5. She is the of the three nurses. Helpful 6. That story sounds than fiction. Strange 7. He is than a cat. Curious 8. Her school grades are than mine. High 9. You are than Maria. Creative 10. My next test will be than this one. |
Twenty 6. What 2. Few, our 7. Whose 3. All 8. Which 4. Much 9. What 5. Numerous, this 10. Which Exercise 4 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 65 1. A 6. The 2. A 7. An 3. The 8. The 4. The 9. The 5. An 10. A Exercise 5 1. Many songs 2. Her, early songs, her fans 3. Our, first performance 4. Her coughing 5. Their, best goal, ten years Exercise 6 1. Quiet, serious 2. Popular 3. Calm, peaceful 4. Brilliant 5. Extraordinary Exercise 7 1. More beautiful 6. Stranger 2. Funniest 7. More curious 3. Most enjoyable 8. Higher 4. Most energetic 9. More creative 5. Most helpful 10. Simpler Exercise 8 1. Best 6. Farther 2. Bad 7. Less or lesser 3. Best 8. Good 4. Worse 9. Better 5. Least 10. Most Exercise 9 1. Those 6. These 2. These 7. Those 3. This 8. This 4. Those 9. That 5. Those 10. This www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 66 ADVERBS An adverb is a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverb tell how, when, or where, or to what extent an action happens. Examples: HOW: The man walked quickly. WHEN: It will rain soon. WHERE: We shall meet here at 2 p.m. TO WHAT EXTENT: He is extremely rude. Other examples: HOW WHEN WHERE TO WHAT EXTENT happily sometimes underground fully secretly later here extremely together tomorrow there quite carefully now inside very sorrowfully finally far rarely painfully again upstairs fast often downstairs hard once somewhere slowly first forward www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 67 hurriedly next behind quietly then above Adverbs used to describe verbs Adverbs that describe verbs tell how, when, where and to what extent an action happened. Examples: HOW: John waited patiently for his turn. |
TO WHAT EXTENT: He is extremely rude. Other examples: HOW WHEN WHERE TO WHAT EXTENT happily sometimes underground fully secretly later here extremely together tomorrow there quite carefully now inside very sorrowfully finally far rarely painfully again upstairs fast often downstairs hard once somewhere slowly first forward www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 67 hurriedly next behind quietly then above Adverbs used to describe verbs Adverbs that describe verbs tell how, when, where and to what extent an action happened. Examples: HOW: John waited patiently for his turn. WHEN: He is now walking into the office. WHERE: He will eat his lunch there. TO WHAT EXTENT: He is very pleased with himself. Adverbs make the meaning of the verb clearer. Example: He will eat his lunch. Without adverb He will eat his lunch there. The adverb makes it clear where the action of eating will take place. Exercise 1 Write the adverbs in the following sentences and then indicate whether the adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent. 1. The tourist travelled far. 2. They cheerfully greeted their grandmother. 3. Tina hurried downstairs when she heard the knock. 4. He worked carefully and skilfully. 5. She was extremely agitated. 6. The scientist looked curiously at the creature. 7. Soon the bell was rung. 8. The hall was fully occupied. 9. They hugged their grandmother adorably. 10. He brought the cake down. Adverbs used to describe adjectives Adverbs that tell to what extent can be used to describe adjectives. Examples: The cave was very dark. Adv adj The tea was extremely hot. Adv adj Other adverbs used with adjectives just nearly somewhat most These adverbs make the adjectives they are describing more understandable and precise. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 68 Example: The tomb was dark. Without adverb The tomb was fully dark. The adverb fully describes the extent of the darkness . Exercise 2 Identify the adverb in each of the following sentences and then indicate the adjective it describes. 1. He is a highly successful businessman. 2. The extremely cold weather made me shiver. 3. They are quite difficult to deal with. 4. The house is barely visible from here. 5. He is a very old man by now. 6. She is mysteriously secretive about her activities. 7. Jackline is horribly mean with her money. 8. |
Sometimes the verbs in the sentences above are used as action verbs. In this case, they are followed by adverbs, not adjectives. They modify the verbs and tell how, when, where, or to what extent. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 71 The singer looked up. V adv We tasted the chocolate eagerly. V adv The principal appeared suddenly. V adv 5. Good and well Good and well have similar meanings, but differ in their use in a sentence. Example: Incorrect: He narrates the story good. Correct: He narrates the story well. Good is always an adjective and modifies nouns or pronouns. It is never used to modify a verb. Example: He is a good narrator. Adjective modifying the noun narrator Well can be used as either an adjective or an adverb. Examples: I feel well. As an adjective He drives well. As an adverb Exercise 4 Choose the correct form of the words in brackets in the following sentences. 1. Luos tell you quick, quickly that they are not Bantus. 2. Over the months, the snow gradual, gradually melted. 3. Rice tastes especially good, well with avocado. 4. The popularity of video games has grown. Rapid, rapidly 5. The name of the town may sound strange, strangely to some people. 6. These puppies look a little odd, oddly . 7. The idea of breaking the door does not sound reasonable, reasonably . 8. Visitors eat Nyama Choma very rapid, rapidly . 9. If Nyama Choma has been prepared good, well , it tastes even better than chicken. 10. Since fish is high in proten and low in fat, it is bound to keep you good, well . COMPARING WITH ADVERBS We have seen that we can use adjectives to compare people, things or places. Adverbs can also be used to compare actions. And like adjectives, we use the comparative form of an adverb to compare two actions and the superlative form of an adverb to compare more than two actions. Examples: ONE ACTION: Maree swims fast. TWO ACTIONS: Maree swims faster than Ciku. THREE OR MORE: Maree swims fastest of all. Just like adjectives, adverbs have special forms or spelling for making comparisons. |
TWO ACTIONS: Maree swims faster than Ciku. THREE OR MORE: Maree swims fastest of all. Just like adjectives, adverbs have special forms or spelling for making comparisons. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 72 The comparative form The comparative form of the adverb is used to compare one action with another. It is formed in two ways: 1. For short adverbs, add -er. Examples: The bird flew higher than the helicopter. The president arrived sooner than we expected. 2. For most adverbs ending in -ly, use more to make the comparative. Examples: She visited him more frequently than Martin. The tractor towed the lorry more powerfully than the bull-cart. The superlative form The superlative form is used to compare one action with two or more others of the same kind. Examples: Of the three athletes, Kipruto runs the fastest. The lion roars the loudest of all the big cats. Adverbs that form the comparative with -er form their superlative with -est. Those that use more to form comparative use most to form superlative. Examples: Adverbs Comparative Superlative long longer longest fast faster fastest softly more softly most softly politely more politely most polite Points to Remember 1. Use the comparative to compare two actions and the superlative to compare more than two. Examples: Comparative: He sat nearer to the window than him Superlatives: He sat nearest to the window than all the others. 2. Do not leave out the word other when comparing one action with every other action of the same kind. Examples: Incorrect: The lion roared louder than any lion. Correct: The lion roared louder than any other lion. 3. Do not use both -er and more or -est and most. Incorrect: The dancer moved more faster than before. Correct: The dancer moved faster than before. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 73 Summary of rules for comparing with Adverbs 1.For most adverbs Add -er or -est to the adverb hard late deep harder later deeper hardest latest deepest 2.For most adverbs comprising of two or more syllables: Use more or most with the adverb skilfully firmly rudely more skilfully more firmly most rudely most skilfully most firmly most rudely Exercise 5 Write each of the following sentences using the correct form of the adverb. 1. |
Odd 2. Gradually 7. Reasonable 3. Good 8. Rapidly 4. Rapidly 9. Well 5. Strange 10. Well www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 75 Exercise 5 1. More often 6. More swiftly 2. More slowly 7. Most accurately 3. Quickly 8. The longest 4. More skilfully 9. Gracefully 5. The fastest 10. The most sweetly www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 76 PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between other words in a sentence. Examples: The cat lay under the table. The preposition under connects the verb lay with table. Under points out the relationship between lay and table. Hence a preposition is a word that links another word or word group to the rest of the sentence. The noun or pronoun after the preposition is called the object of the preposition. The table is the object of the preposition under in the above sentence. The preposition under relates the verb lay to the noun table. More examples: She gave it to me. The preposition to relates the pronoun me with the action gave . I liked the bike with the metal handles. The preposition with relates the noun handles with the noun bike. Common prepositions about before except on toward above behind for onto under aboard below from out underneath across beneath in outside until after beside inside over up against between into past upon along beyond like since with among by near through within around down of throughout without at during off to From the above list of prepositions, you will note that some of them tell where, others indicate time, others show special relationships like reference or separation. Changing one preposition with another in a sentence changes the meaning of the sentence. Example: The cat lay under the table. The cat lay on the table. Lying under the table means below the surface of the table but on means above the surface. Exercise 1 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 77 Write the preposition in each of the following sentences and say what relationship it indicates. 1. Sometimes they lie on the ground. 2. They have grown maize for food. 3. The children played with the dolls. 4. A man found some treasure in the cave. 5. They make clothes from cotton. Exercise 2 Use the most appropriate preposition to complete the sentences below. |
5. They make clothes from cotton. Exercise 2 Use the most appropriate preposition to complete the sentences below. 1. Driving had been my dream years. 2. 1990, I bought a second-hand car. 3. That year, I learned how to drive. 4. I rolled the car the road more than two kilometres. 5. I was really thrilled the experience. Preposition Phrases A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object and any words that modify the object. Examples: The school children waited for the green light. In this sentence, the preposition is for, its object is light, and the modifier, or adjective, is green. The entire preposition phrase modifies the verb waited. Sometimes two or more nouns or pronouns are used as objects in a prepositional phrase. Example: He needs a worker with diligence and a good character. The preposition with has two objects: diligence and character. Exercise 3 Identify the prepositional phrase in each of the following sentences. Underline the preposition once and its objects twice. 1. Donkeys help people in many ways. 2. They bring happiness to the people around them. 3. In large cities, they help to carry water. 4. On farms, they carry heavy loads. 5. How could you travel across a river? 6. You might swim to the other side. 7. You might cross at a shallow place. 8. You can cross by boat. 9. Bridges are a better solution to the problem. 10. Most bridges are built over water. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 78 Types of prepositional phrases Prepositional phrases can either be: i Adjective prepositional phrases - these prepositional phrases, just like adjectives, modify nouns and pronouns. Example: A scout leader wears a uniform with many badges. In this sentence, with many badges is an adjective prepositional phrase modifying the noun uniform. Ii Adverb prepositional phrases these ones, just like adverbs, modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Examples: Scouts rain for many hours. The adverb prepositional phrase for many hours modifies the verb train. They are active in all public functions. The adverb prepositional phrase in all public functions modifies the adjective active. The scout leader commands forcefully with a loud voice. |
They are active in all public functions. The adverb prepositional phrase in all public functions modifies the adjective active. The scout leader commands forcefully with a loud voice. The adverb prepositional phrase with a loud voice modifies the adverb forcefully. We have seen that the object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition. When the object of the preposition is a pronoun, we use an object pronoun like me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. And not a subject pronoun like I, he, she, we, and they . Examples: Correct: I gave a present to her. Incorrect: I gave a present to she. Correct: I gave a present to Jane and her. Incorrect: I gave a present to Jane and she. Exercise 4 Choose the pronoun in brackets that correctly completes each of the following sentences. 1. The dog chased after Travis and her, she . 2. Cleaning the house was a tasking job for Evans and I, me . 3. We planned a family picture of our parents and us, we . 4. The victory belonged to he, him . 5. Michael and Bernard stood behind Mom and she, her . 6. The crowd around we, us started cheering. 7. My little sister ran behind Sammy and I, me . 8. The toys belong to Karen and him, he . 9. Johnny sat between James and me, I . 10. I went to the cat race with Jim and she, her . Sometimes one prepositional phrase immediately follows another. Examples: The thief entered the house through the door on the right. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 79 through the door modifies the verb entered and tells where. On the left modifies the noun door and tells which one. A prepositional phrase can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. Examples: BEGINNING: At dusk we closed the shop. MIDDLE: The chief of the area was helpful. END: The path went through the village. Preposition or Adverb? Sometimes the same word can be used as either a preposition or an adverb. How can you tell the difference between the two? Examples: PREPOSITION: He has a box inside the house. ADVERB: They ran inside. |
Her 9. Me 5. Us 10. Her Exercise 5 1. Outside preposition 6. Up adverb 2. Inside adverb 7. Down adverb 3. In preposition 8. Outside adverb 4. Over preposition 9. By adverb 5. Above preposition 10. Out adverb www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 83 Exercise 6 1. Have 4. Anybody 7. Anybody 10. Ever 2. Anyone 5. Anywhere 8. Anyone 3. Ever 6. Had 9. Has www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 84 CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction is a word that connects words or groups of words. Like prepositions, conjunctions show a relationship between the words they connect. But, unlike prepositions, conjunctions do not have objects. There are 3 main categories of conjunctions; 1 Coordinating conjunctions 2 Subordinating conjunctions 3 Correlative conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions connect related words, groups of words, or sentences. There are three coordinating conjunctions: and, but and or. And is used to join words, groups of words, or sentences together. But shows contrast while or shows choice. Examples: The bull and the cart are inseparable. Connects two subjects . The cart carries the farmer and his tools. Connects two direct objects . The food was hard and tasteless. Connects two predicate adjectives . Each night, the dancers danced in a circle or in several other patterns. Connects two prepositional phrases . Some people died in the fracas, but most managed to escape, alive. Connects two sentences . Exercise 1 Complete each of the following sentences using the most appropriate coordinating conjunction 1. Bats and insects fly, only birds have feathers. 2. Eagles build nests on cliffs in tall trees. 3. Parrots live in wild places in zoos. 4. Swallows sparrows often build nests in buildings. 5. Hummingbirds are tiny very brave. 6. Many birds fly south in winter, others do not. 7. Their feathers keep them warm dry. 8. |
7. Their feathers keep them warm dry. 8. A bird can fly forward backward. 9. Many birds shed old feathers grow new ones. 10. Their legs are weak their wings are strong. Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect two or more clauses to form complex sentences. Refer to Part Two of this handbook . Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses. They include because, since, if, as, whether, and for. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 85 Examples: If I go home, my dog will follow me. The subordinating conjunction if connects the subordinate clause I go home with the main clause my dog will follow me. The stayed inside the church because it was raining. He was always rude since he was a child. The rain fell as they entered the building. The pastor asked the congregation whether they were happy. The man rejoiced for he had won a prize. Exercise 2 Join the following pairs of sentences using the most appropriate subordinating conjunctions. 1. They arrived late. It was raining heavily. 2. John worked hard. He wanted to buy a house. 3. I won t carry the umbrella. You need it. 4. I drove the car madly. I was later for the meeting. 5. He will come. The meeting ends. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that are used in pairs to connect sentence parts. These include either .. or, neither .. nor, not only . But also, whether . Or and both and. Examples: Both boys and girls attended the conference. People brought not only food but also clothes for the victims of the floods. The students ride either on bicycles or motorbikes. The sailor had to decide whether to sail on or head back when the weather changed. Neither John nor James was moved by the shocking news. Exercise 3 Join the following pairs of sentences using the correlative conjunctions in brackets. 1. The vehicles stopped for repairs. The vehicles stopped for fuel. Either ..or 2. The drivers knew they had to travel more than fifty kilometres. If they did not travel more than fifty kilometres, they would have to endure harsh storms. Either .or . 3. Many people build their own homes. Many people grow their own food. Not only but also 4. Men wanted to buy the pictures. |
Many people grow their own food. Not only but also 4. Men wanted to buy the pictures. Women also wanted to buy the pictures. Both . And 5. Maize is an important part of a Kenyan s diet. Meat is important too. Both and ANSWERS ON CONJUNCTIONS Exercise 1 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 86 1. But 6. But 2. Or 7. And 3. Or 8. Or 4. And 9. And 5. But 10. But Exercise 2 1. They arrived late because it was raining heavily. 2. John worked hard as he wanted to buy a house. 3. I won t carry the umbrella for you need it. 4. I drove the car madly since I was late for the meeting. 5. He will come before the meeting ends. Exercise 3 1. The vehicles either stopped for repairs or for fuel. 2. The drivers knew they had either to travel more than fifty kilometres or endure harsh storms. 3. Many people not only build their own homes but also grow their own food. 4. Both men and women wanted to buy the pictures. 5. Both maize and meat are important parts of a Kenyan s diet. INTERJECTIONS www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 87 An interjection is either a single word or short groups of words that is used to express a feeling or emotion. Interjections can express such feelings as urgency, surprise, relief, joy, or pain. An interjection that expresses strong emotion is often followed by an exclamation mark. An interjection that expresses mild emotion is usually followed by a comma. Examples: Let s go! We can t sleep before we find the missing boy urgency . Phew! I was afraid we would never find him. Relief Oh, you have grown so big. Surprise Well, I have never been so happy. Joy Exercise 1 Identify the interjection in the following sentences and indicate what feeling or emotion it expresses. 1. Say, have you heard about Nameless and Jua Kali, the famous Kenyan musicians. 2. Wow! Seeing the calf being born was exciting. 3. All right! I yelled to him. This is not right thing to do. 4. Boy! Some people felt wonderful being in the air balloon, but I felt nervous. 5. |
John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who liked eating meat between slices of bread. Maverick A person who breaks from conventional actions Samuel Maverick, a Texas cattle owner who refused to brand the calves of one of his herds as per the requirements. Saxophone A musical wind instrument Adolphe Sax, the Belgian inventor of the musical instrument. Madras A cotton cloth with a design Madras, a city in India, where it was www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 89 or pattern on plain background invented. Rugby A game Rugby school. England, where rugby was invented. Tarantula A large, hairy spider Taranto, a town in Italy where Tarantulas are found. Shylock A greedy money-lender The relentless and vengeful money- lender in Shakespeare s play, The Merchant of Venice. Sousaphone A musical instrument John Phillip Sousa, an American composer who invented the Sousaphone. There are many more words in the English language which originated from names of people or places. Exercise 2 Find out from your dictionary the origins and meanings of the following English words. 1. Lima bean 6. Guppy 11. Guillotine 2. Cardigan 7. Cheddar 12. Macadam 3. Bloomer 8. Quisling 13. Pasteurisation 4. Canary birds 9. Silhouette 14. Watt 5. Ferris wheel 10. Marxism 15. Ohm iii Words formed from blending two or more words portmanteau words Some words in the English language are a blend of two or more words or morphemes. Examples: Word Combination of Meaning Smog Smoke fog A combination of smoke and fog in the air. Fantabulous Fantastic fabulous Incredible, astonishing, unbelievable, wonderful Brunch Breakfast lunch A late breakfast taken some hours before lunch Wikipedia Wiki encyclopaedia A website Comcast Communication broadcast Verizori Veritas horizon Accenture Accent future Spork Spoon fork An eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork. Skort Skirt shorts An item of clothing that is part skirt and short. |
Examples: Word Combination of Meaning Smog Smoke fog A combination of smoke and fog in the air. Fantabulous Fantastic fabulous Incredible, astonishing, unbelievable, wonderful Brunch Breakfast lunch A late breakfast taken some hours before lunch Wikipedia Wiki encyclopaedia A website Comcast Communication broadcast Verizori Veritas horizon Accenture Accent future Spork Spoon fork An eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork. Skort Skirt shorts An item of clothing that is part skirt and short. Simulcast Simultaneous broadcast To broadcast a programme on television and radio at the same time Cyborg Cybernetic organism Motel Motor hotel A roadside hotel www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 90 Exercise 3 Identify the words that are blended to form the following words. Find out their meanings from your dictionary. 1. Slithy 6. Breathalyser 2. Chortle 7. Cable gram 3. Galumph 8. Camcorder 4. Bash 9. Edutainment 5. Blog 10. Email iv Words formed by use of prefixes and suffixes Some words are formed addition of prefixes and suffixes to other words. Prefixes A prefix is a word part that is added to the beginning of a word to form another word or to change its meaning. The word to which the prefix is added is called the base word. Examples: Prefix Base word New word un friendly unfriendly pre pay prepay A prefix changes the meaning of the base word. For example, the prefix un-above means not . Hence, unfriendly means not friendly . Each prefix has its own meaning. |
For example, the prefix un-above means not . Hence, unfriendly means not friendly . Each prefix has its own meaning. More examples of common English prefixes Prefix Meaning Examples misre- pre- ante- anti- contra- counter- en- extra- inter- intra- non- over- post- pre- pro- re- semi- trans- un- under- wrong, incorrectly again before, in advance before, preceding opposing, against, the opposite against opposition, opposite direction put into or on outside, beyond between, among inside, within absence, negation excessively, completely after in time, or order before in time, place order or importance favouring, in support of again half, partly across, beyond not beneath, below misspell to spell incorrectlyrevisit visit again preschool before school antecedent, ante-room anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax contraceptive, contraband counter-attack, counteract engulf, enmesh extraordinary, extracurricular interact, interchange intramural, intravenous non-smoker, non-alcoholic overconfident, overjoyed postpone, post-mortem precondition, preadolescent Pro-African repaint, reawaken semicircle, semi-conscious transnational, transatlantic unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmarried underarm, undercarriage Exercise 4 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 91 Give the meaning of the following prefixes and write two examples each of words in which they are used. Use your dictionary. 1. Ultra- 6. Infra- 2. Hypo- 7. Hypo- 3. Hemi- 8. Hemi 4. Ex- 9. Ex- 5. Dia 10. Dia- Suffixes A suffix is a word part that is added to the end of a base word to form a new word or to change its meaning. Example: Enjoy able enjoyable Each suffix has its own meaning. The suffix able means capable of . Hence enjoyable means capable of being enjoyed . |
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