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Trap cropping: These are crops which attract pests diverting them from the main crop. The trap crop is grown together with the main crop. Crop rotation: It breaks the life cycle of the pest. Planting resistant varieties: These are plants with natural protective mechanisms against pest for example hairy cotton against jassid bugs, goose necked sorghum against birds, high tillering in sorghum against shoot fly. Field hygiene: This includes rogueing and removal of crop residues which harbour pests from field. Alterations of environmental conditions, such as, creating a microclimate which is not conducive to pests for example open pruning in coffee. Crop nutrition: application of fertilizers and manures to make the crop strong and able to escape pest attacks. Destruction of alternate hosts, for example, weeds like mallow which harbour cotton stainers. Use of clean planting materials. This helps to prevent introduction of crop pests. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 Proper spacing: if well spaced some pests find it difficult to move from one plant to another. Use of organic manure, for example, farmyard manure discourages eel worms nematodes . Chemical Control Chemicals used to control pests are known as pesticides. Pesticides are administered through dusting, spraying or fumigating. Classification of Pesticides: Pesticides are classified on the basis of: Mode of Entry Stomach - ingested by the pest together with the crop materials. Contact - absorbed through the body tissues. Fumigants - through the breathing mechanism. Systemic - translocated to all parts. Mode of Action Respiratory poisons - interfere with breathing mechanisms. Coagulants - cause the blood of the pest to coagulate. Neurotoxins - act on the nervous system. Protoplasmic poisons - cause the cells to disintegrate. Target Pests Insecticides - kill insect pests Molluscicides - kill snails and slugs. Rodenticides - kill rodents. Nematocides - kill nematodes. Formulation . Dusts, granules and powders Emulsifiable concentrates. Miscible liquids. Wettable powders. Fumigants. Factors That Affect the Efficiency of Pesticides Concentration of the pesticides. |
Wettable powders. Fumigants. Factors That Affect the Efficiency of Pesticides Concentration of the pesticides. Weather conditions at the time of application. Timing of application - efficiency is high if applied when the pest is most susceptible. Persistence of the pesticide having long residual effect in the soil. Resistance of the pests. Advantages of Chemical Pest Control Faster Immediate results are achieved. Low labour requirements. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 48 Disadvantages of Chemical Pest Control Expensive to buy. Cause pollution to the environment. Require skilled labour to apply. Some pesticides may kill beneficial organisms and predators. Some target pests may build up resistance. Mechanical Pest Control Physical This involves the killing of the pests using physical methods. Or creating physical barriers to prevent pests from getting into contact with the crops . Example: Flooding irrigation; for example, moles are suffocated through flooding. Use of lethal temperatures: either too cold or too hot. Suffocation; commonly used in grain storage bins by being made air tight. Trapping and killing, for example, rats. Creation of physical barriers, such as, rat bafflers, sticky materials on tree trunks. Proper drying: this makes them too hard to be destroyed by pests. Scaring devices especially in rice plantations to control birds. Use of explosives thrown at breeding places of birds to kill or scare them away. Biological Pest Control It involves the use of living organisms to reduce the pest population. Predator Target Pest Parasitic wasp-------------------White fly in citrus, boll worms, stalk borers Birds--------------------------------- Crickets, locusts, caterpillar llars. Lady Bird --------------------------Aphids Trachnid flies -------------------cotton stainer Praying mantis-----------------giant loppers Majimoto ants -----------------scales Cats ----------------------------------moles,rats,mice Brachonid wasps-------------mealy bugs Chicken ---------------cotton stainer, larvae of beetles, grasshoppers, crickets Advantages Cheap No environmental pollution Saves on labour. Disadvantages Takes too long to get the correct agent Difficult to control the pest effectively. Integrated Pest Management It is a new method which involves the combination of the methods mentioned above. |
Lady Bird --------------------------Aphids Trachnid flies -------------------cotton stainer Praying mantis-----------------giant loppers Majimoto ants -----------------scales Cats ----------------------------------moles,rats,mice Brachonid wasps-------------mealy bugs Chicken ---------------cotton stainer, larvae of beetles, grasshoppers, crickets Advantages Cheap No environmental pollution Saves on labour. Disadvantages Takes too long to get the correct agent Difficult to control the pest effectively. Integrated Pest Management It is a new method which involves the combination of the methods mentioned above. The aim is to have least hazards to the user and to the environment. Example, attractant-pheromones are used to attract pests to one place where they are sprayed and eradicated. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 49 Legislative Method Quarantine Legislative mearsures of pest control are effected by the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service KEPHIS through seed inspection. Crop Disease And Their Control A disease is any deviation from the normal performance or functions. A plant disease is any harmful physiological disorder in a plant caused by pathogenic agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi. The study of plant disease is called plant pathology. Economic importance of crop diseases They lower crop yield They reduce the quality of the produce thus reducing their market value They cause food poisoning. E.g ergot in wheat, afflatoxin in grain crops by fungus. They reduce photosynthetic area of the plant. Classification and identification of plant disease Plant disease are classified according to their causal agents; Fungal diseases; Fungi are non-green plant-like. Some are parasitic and others are saprophytic. Parasitic fungi divided into; Obligate parasites- those that depend on other living organisms for food. Falcultative parasites-those that are able to live on both the living and dead tissues. |
Fusarium ii. Yellowing and shedding oxysporum of leaves. Iii. Wilting of the plant. Black arm Cotton i. Small round spots on the i. Field hygiene. Anthomonas cotyledons of young ii. Use of certified seeds. Malvacearum seedlings. Ii. The spots elongate to form black lesions on the stem. Bacterial wilt Tomatoes and Uniform. Wilting of the whole i. Use of certified seeds. Pseudomonas potatoes plant even with enough ii. Crop rotation. Solanacearum water. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 51 Viral Diseases Viruses are small living organisms which can only be seen under a very powerful electronic microscope. Viruses interfere with photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and nitrogen utilization Symptoms of Viral Infection Leaf chlorosis. Leaf curling. Mosaic light green or yellow patches . Malformation distortion of plant parts. Rosettes; Development of abnormally short internode. Transmission Through the use of infected vegetative materials and insect vectors like aphids, mealybugs and leafhoppers. Viral diseases Disease Cause crops Attacked Symptoms of Attack Control Measures Ratton stunting Sugar cane Red discoloration on the vascular Use of clean materials. Bundles. Treatment of seed canes. Maize streak Maize Yellow stripes alternating with Control leaf hopper. Green, parallel to the midrib. Ii. Use if certified seeds. Iii. Field sanitation. Greening Citrus i. Yellow mottling of the leaves. I, Use of clean tools when disease Die back. Budding. Iii. Premature leaf fall. Control of insect vectors. Leaf mosaic Suzgar cane, i. Yellow mottling. Control of aphids. Cassava. Sweet Necrosis of stem. Ii. Use of clean materials. Potatoes. Seed treatment. Tristeza Citrus Dwarfing of i. Stripping affected fruits. Die back. Ii. Use of clean equipment of budding. Other Causes of Crop Diseases Flooding forming ammonia which is poisonous to the crops causing a burning effect on leaves. Chemicals: some may be toxic. Poor weather: Extremes of day and night temperatures. Stress: such as irregular watering as in tomato blossom end rot. Control of Crop Diseases Cultural method: This involves use of Healthy planting materials. |
Poor weather: Extremes of day and night temperatures. Stress: such as irregular watering as in tomato blossom end rot. Control of Crop Diseases Cultural method: This involves use of Healthy planting materials. Practicing field hygiene. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 52 Proper seedbed preparation. Proper spacing. Heat treatment of the planting materials for example sugar cane. Proper drying of cereals and pulses to 13 M.C. Growing disease resistant varieties. Legislative Method Involves the imposing of regulations and laws especially in case of disease outbreaks to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases. Chemical Control Used as a last resort. Chemical control measures include: Seed dressing before planting. Soil fumigation to control soil borne diseases. Spraying: application of fungicides. Crop Production VI Field Practices II Introduction There are many crops cultivated in Kenya. These crops are grown for various uses and require different ecological conditions. Definitions: Hybrids - These are crop varieties developed by crossing two pure lines. Composites - These are crop varieties developed through repeated mass selection. Cultivars - these are varieties of crops which are cultivated in a given area. Maize Main growing areas: Trans-Nzoia, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Laikipia districts and others. Ecological Requirements Altitude: Upto 2000m above sea level. Temperature: About 25 C Soils: Freely draining, fertile loam soils. Rainfall: 750-12S0rnm critical at silking and pollination stage. Varieties For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 53 High altitude areas: Hybrids 611, 613 and 614C. Medium altitude areas: 511,512,622 and 632. Marginal rainfall areas: Katumani composite and Makueni composite. Coast regions: Coast composite and Katumani composite. Seedbed Preparation Ploughing should be deep and done during the dry season to eradicate weeds. Require medium tilth. Plant spacing 75-90cm x 20-30cm. Planting done at the onset of the rains. This helps to reduce pest attack. Dry planting in areas with inadequate rainfall is necessary. |
Planting done at the onset of the rains. This helps to reduce pest attack. Dry planting in areas with inadequate rainfall is necessary. Field Maintenance: Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting at a rate of 120kg ha P2O5 Also nitrogenous fertilizers as top dress at the rate of 200kg of ASN or CAN. Control weeds by cultivation, use of appropriate herbicides, uprooting, slashing and mulching. Pest Control Maize Stalk Borer: Nature of damage: Boring the leaves causing windowing effect, boring the stems and cobs. Control: Destruction of previous years crop residue, closed season and apply chemicals Maize Weevils: it is a storage pest. Damage: Bores holes into the maize grains, eating the contents. Control: Proper hygiene and sanitation in the stores. Use of chemicals such as Actellic Super. Disease Control: Rust Cause: Fungus. Symptoms: Red or brown pustules on the. Leaves. Control: Plant resistant varieties and crop rotation. Smuts Cause: Fungus Symptoms: Black sooty mass of spores on maize heads or cobs ear . Control: Crop rotation, growing resistant varieties and destruction of affected plant parts. Maize Streak Virus For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 54 Cause: Virus Symptoms: Yellow longitudinal stripes parallel to the midrib. Control: Certified seed, early planting and rogueing. Harvesting Harvest the crop 3-9 months after planting depending on variety. Maize stalks are cut and stocked in the field. Cobs removed by hand. For large scale harvesting, combined harvesters are used. Yields about 3,OOOkg and 4500kg ha. Bulrush Millet Areas where grown: Lower areas of Kirinyaga, Embu, Meru, Parts of Machakos Kerio Valley. Ecological Requirements Altitude: Does well in areas below 1200m. Rainfall: 500-600mrn per annum. Soils: Light sandy soils. |
Ecological Requirements Altitude: Does well in areas below 1200m. Rainfall: 500-600mrn per annum. Soils: Light sandy soils. Varieties: Serere 2A, 3A, 6A, 17, 16 9 Seed Bed Preparations Ploughing of land during the dry season. Soil should be of fine tilth since the seeds are small. Planting: Done at the onset of the rains. Planted by broadcasting and row planting at a spacing of 60cm x 15cm. Field Maintenance: Weeding is done until tillering. Top-dressing is done by use of sulphate of ammonia. Pest Control Birds Nature of Damage: Eats the seeds at milky stage. Control: Bird scaring devices. Disease Control Ergot Cause: Fungus. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 55 Symptoms: Heads become sticky. Control: Use of certified seeds, crop rotation and destruction of affected crops. Downy Mildew Cause: Fungus. Symptoms: Long, whitish lines on the leaves. Control: Crop rotation and field hygiene. Harvesting Done by cutting off the heads. Drying of the heads. Threshing and winnowing of the grains. Stored under well ventilated dry conditions. Yields about 1000kg ha with good management. Finger Millet Areas where grown: Western Kenya and Uganda. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 0-2400m above sea level. Rainfall: 900mm, drought resistant in the early stages. Soils: Free draining fertile soils. Varieties: Serere varieties developed at Serere in Uganda. Ultra lupin 5.18 oats. Land Preparations The seedbed should be thoroughly prepared to a fine tilth due to the small size of the seeds. It also helps to control weeds. Field Operations Planting Finger millet should be planted as early as possible in the season. It is usually broadcasted by hand. If planted in rows, the furrows should be 30-33cm apart and the plants should be thinned to 5cm apart within the rows. |
Field Operations Planting Finger millet should be planted as early as possible in the season. It is usually broadcasted by hand. If planted in rows, the furrows should be 30-33cm apart and the plants should be thinned to 5cm apart within the rows. Fertilizer Application Sulphate of ammonia at the rate of 125kg ha is recommended for topdressing finger millet. Weed Control For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 56 Clean seedbed preparation Uprooting Pest Control: Birds are controlled through scaring. Disease Control Head blast: Cause: Fungus Symptoms: Brown spots with grey centres on the leaves and stems below the inflorescence. Control: Use of resistant varieties. Harvesting Individual heads are cut with knives. Heads are dried, threshed and winnowed. Yields 1650kg ha with good management. Sorghum It is grown in Western, northern, Rift Valley, Eastern and some parts of Central Province. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 0-1500m above sea level. Rainfall: 420-630mm. It is drought resistant. Soils: Fairly fertile and well drained soils. Varieties Dobbs variety. Serena variety. Field Operations Planting Broadcasting the seeds on the firmly prepared seedbed. Intercropped with other crops especially maize and beans. Can be planted in pure stands at a spacing of 60cm x 15cm Fertilizer Application Responds well to farmyard manure FYM . Inorganic fertilizers are not commonly used in growing sorghum. Pest Control For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 57 Bird pests: They are the most common sorghum pests. They include quelea, aethiopica Sudan Dioch , weaver birds, starling bird bishop's bird. They are controlled through; killing them using explosives, poison spraying in their breeding places use of flame throwers. Sorghum shoot-fly controlled by early planting, closed season and application of insecticides. Stem borer - control by use of insecticides and field hygiene. |
They are controlled through; killing them using explosives, poison spraying in their breeding places use of flame throwers. Sorghum shoot-fly controlled by early planting, closed season and application of insecticides. Stem borer - control by use of insecticides and field hygiene. Disease Control Common sorghum diseases include: Leaf blight Anthracnose. Sooty stripe. Loose smut Head smut Smuts are controlled by seed dressing-while the other diseases are controlled by growing resistant varieties. Harvesting Sorghum is ready for harvesting 3-4 months after planting. Heads are cut off using a sharp knife after which they are sun-dried, threshed, winnowed and stored. Up to 3000kg hectare can be obtained with good management. Beans Grown in all provinces where maize is grown. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 10.00-2100 metres above sea level. Rainfall: Average of 62Smm per annum. Soils: Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter. Varieties For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 58 Varieties for dry beans: Rose Coco, Mwezi Moja, Canadian Wonder, Wairimu, Haricot, Mwitemania. Variety for canning: Mexican 142. Varieties for French Beans: Primeur, Long Tom, Saza, Master Piece Monel. Seedbed Preparation Land should be prepared early. Primary and secondary cultivation done to control perennial weeds. Seed Selection and Treatment Select wholesome seeds free from damage and wrinkles. Seeds are dressed against bean fly. Seeds should be inoculated with appropriate bacteria none dressed seeds Planting Planted at the onset of the rains. Spacing 30-45cm x 15cm. Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting time. Plant 2-4 seeds per hole. Field Maintenance Provide sticks for the climbing varieties. Control of weeds through shallow cultivation. Top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizer for example CAN. PestControl Bean-Fly Nature of damage: Feeds on the stems causing swelling at the roots. This results in wilting and death. Control: Dressing of seeds, early planting and spraying with insecticides. |
PestControl Bean-Fly Nature of damage: Feeds on the stems causing swelling at the roots. This results in wilting and death. Control: Dressing of seeds, early planting and spraying with insecticides. Bean Bruchid Storage Pest Nature of damage: Make dark circular windows on the grains. Control: Clean stores, fumigation, and seed dressing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 59 Diseases Control Bean Anthracnose Cause' Fungus Symptoms: Brown or black lesions on the underside of the leaves, pods and stems. Control: Growing resistant varieties, crop rotation, destruction of crop residues and spraying with fungicides. Bean Rust Cause: Fungus Symptoms: Red brown pustules on the leaves. Control: Planting resistant varieties and spraying copper fungicides. Harvesting Done during the dry season for dry beans and when the pods are dry. Threshing and winnowing done. Sorting of rotten, off types and damaged ones. Sold to National Cereals and Produce Board when dry. For French beans, pick the pods when soft and green. Market immediately to avoid shrivelling. Rice Production Areas where grown; Mwea Tabere Irrigation Scheme Ahero Pilot Scheme in Kano plains. Bunyala in Busia. Bura in Tana River. Land Preparation Plots of 0.4 hectare are made with bunds constructed around them. Plots are flooded for four days. Rotavators jembes are used to work the flooded fields on the fifth day. The land is then levelled and allowed to drain. Water Control During land preparation, water level should be about 7.5-10cm. During levelling water level should be 5cm Water is drained off completely for direct sowing. For transplanted rice, water level should be 5cm at transplanting. Water level should be maintained at 1 3 the height of plant until maturity. Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the fields. Old water should be changed every 2- 3 weeks if the flow of water is not possible. Water introduced should always be warm to ensure pollination. |
Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the fields. Old water should be changed every 2- 3 weeks if the flow of water is not possible. Water introduced should always be warm to ensure pollination. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 60 Fertilizer Application S.A applied in the nursery. Rate of 25kg SA for every nursery unit of 18.5m x 18.5m. Phosphatic fertilizers broadcasted in the field. Rate of 120kg ha DSP before planting. S.A applied in the field in two splits before and after transplanting at a rate of 250kg ha Flooding in Rice Flood water in rice production is important for the following reasons; It provides good conditions for growth such as high humidity. Kills soil organisms. Prevents denitrification. Weed Control Controlled through flooding. Appropriate herbicides such as propanil and butachlor are also used. Harvesting of Industrial Crops cotton, pyrethrum, sugarcane, coffee and tea. Harvesting of Cotton Stage of harvesting Takes 4 months to mature. Harvest when bolls are dry and fully opened. Method and Procedure In Kenya cotton is picked manually. Sort out grade AR safi from grade BR fifi into separate containers. Precautions Harvest during dry conditions to prevent dirtifying the lint. Avoid use of gunny bags to prevent contamination. Avoid picking leaves. Harvest on weekly basis. Harvesting of Pyrethrum Stage of harvesting Takes 3-4 months to mature. Harvest the flowers with disc florets which have assumed a horizontal position. Methods and Procedure Pyrethrum is picked manually. Flowers are picked by twisting the heads so that no stem is attached. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 61 Precaution Clean harvesting should be done. Avoid picking leaves. Flowers are placed in woven baskets. Overblown flowers are picked and thrown off. Pick the flowers when the dew is dry. Harvested flowers should be taken to the factory the same day. Avoid compaction of flowers in the basket. Harvesting interval, once in two weeks during the wet season and once in a month during the dry season. |
Harvested flowers should be taken to the factory the same day. Avoid compaction of flowers in the basket. Harvesting interval, once in two weeks during the wet season and once in a month during the dry season. Harvesting Sugarcane Stage of harvesting; Take 14-20 months for the plant crop to mature and 12-16 months for the ratoon crop. Sampling of cane is done before harvesting to ascertain the correct sugar content. Methods and Procedures Cut the cane at the ground level to avoid yield loss. The green tops are removed from the canes. Harvesting matchet is used for cutting the cane. Precaution Cane should be harvested immediately at maturity to avoid lowering quality. The green tops should be removed immediately after cutting to avoid reduction of sugar content by enzyme invertase. Burnt cane should be harvested immediately after burning to prevent rapid inversion to monosaccharides. The cane should be processed within 48 hours. Harvesting of Coffee Stage of harvesting; Takes 2-4 years depending on the pruning system. Harvest only ripe berries. Methods and Procedures; Hand picking is done so that ripe berries can be selected. During picking hooked sticks can be used to bend the tall trees. Precautions Only the uniformly ripe berries should be picked. Over-ripe and under-ripe berries should be dried and sold as buni. Ripe cherries should be processed on the same day they are picked. Harvesting Tea For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 62 Stage of harvesting It takes 2-4 years for tea to mature depending on the method of bringing young tea into bearing. Method and Procedures Tea harvesting is known as plucking. Fine plucking - 2 leaves and a bud are removed. Coarse plucking - 3 leaves and a bud are removed. A straight fitto straight stick is used to guide the plucker on the plucking table. Tipping is done by cutting off shoots that appear above the fitto. Precautions Plucked tea is placed in woven well ventilated baskets to prevent fermenting before it reaches the factory. The plucked tea should be kept in a cool place awaiting transport. It should be processed within the same day of harvesting. |
Precautions Plucked tea is placed in woven well ventilated baskets to prevent fermenting before it reaches the factory. The plucked tea should be kept in a cool place awaiting transport. It should be processed within the same day of harvesting. Harvesting is done on a weekly basis under wet conditions and once after every two weeks under dry conditions. Forage Crops Introduction These are plants which either grow naturally or are cultivated by man to be used for feeding livestock. The term forage crops include pasture and fodder crops. Fodder crops are purposely grown for feeding livestock. They are cut or uprooted when ready Pasture is a ground cover of grass or a mixture of grass and legumes grazed directly or cut and fed to livestock. Classification of Pastures According to type of stand. Either pure Mixed stands. According to ecological zones . Low altitude, Medium altitude, High altitude pastures According to the establishment . Natural Artificial pastures. Examples of grasses Napier, Rhodes, Setaria, Molasses, Congo signal, kikuyu, star, Guatemala, Sudan For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 63 Guinea. Examples of legumes; Lucern, Clover, Desmodium, Glycine, Stylo, Centrio, Pasture Establishment Seedbed Preparation This involves clearing the land, primary and secondary cultivation to a fine tilth because the seeds are small. This is done during the dry season. Selection of planting materials Select seeds of high germination percentage, Free from impurities or buy certified seeds. If vegetative materials are used, select from high yielding, vigorous-growing and healthy plants. Treatment of legume seeds Legume seeds are inoculated with the correct strain of bacteria which fix nitrogen for the crop. Planting This is done at the beginning of the rains Methods of sowing are; Direct sowing, Under sowing, Over-sowing Oversowing This is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. Undersowing The establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop. Seeds rate depend; On purity of seeds, Pasture species Whether pure or mixed stand. |
Planting This is done at the beginning of the rains Methods of sowing are; Direct sowing, Under sowing, Over-sowing Oversowing This is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. Undersowing The establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop. Seeds rate depend; On purity of seeds, Pasture species Whether pure or mixed stand. Apply phosphatic fertilizer when planting and later top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizer. Pasture management Re-seeding or gapping; Re-seeding is done if the grass is completely denudated. But if partially, gapping can be done Control of weeds by slashing, uprooting and mowing Fertilization of pastures-done by use of manures and nitrogenous fertilizer. Topping;This is the removal of stemmy fibrous material left behind after grazing. It allows new growth after the rains Control of pests-done by trapping of moles, use of pesticides and biological means. Pasture Utilization Pastures should be utilized at maturity when nutritive value is high. It is utilized through the following methods: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 64 Direct grazing - this can be done through rotational grazing or herding. Zero grazing - this is where the pasture is cut and fed to the animals in the stalls. Common fodder Crops Edible Cana Altitude: 1500 - 2000m above sea level. Establishment: Young tubers or bulbs are used. Spacing: 1m x 1m. Management: Does well with application of farmyard manure and requires fertile land. Utilization: Tops and tubers are sliced and fed to livestock. Conservation: Bulbs or tubers are sliced and stored. Napier Grass Altitude: 0 - 2000m above sea level. Establishment: Stem cuttings or splits. Spacing: 1 m x 50cm. Management: Apply phosphatic fertilizers during planting time. Top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizers in split application. Clean weeding when young. Cut when 6-8 weeks or 1m-1.5m in height. Utilization: Cut stem is fed to livestock. Conservation: Ensiled when in plenty. |
To have sustained supply of feed for livestock throughout the year. Methods Hay Making This is the dehydration of green pastures to a moisture content of 16-20 per cent: Steps in hay making: Cut the crop when the sun is shining. Dry the materials for 1-2 days. Windrow the dry material to allow for further drying. Bale the dry materials for storage. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 66 Store under shed or shelter. Factors Determining Quality of Hay Stage of growth at which forage is harvested. Leaf content of the forage material. Method of handling and curing the hay. Form in which material is fed to livestock. Species of forage used. Amount of foreign materials in forage. Silage Making This is a feed produced by conserving forage in succulent form through the process of fermentation by anaerobic bacteria. Steps in silage making: Cut the crop and transport it to the silo, Material with a high moisture content is wilted in the sun for 4-48 hours before ensiling . Material is chopped to reasonable size pieces before filling in the silo. Spread the chopped material evenly. Check temperature if below 31 C, needs further filling; if above 31 C compaction is necessary. Filling should be complete by the end of the third or fourth day. The silo is covered with 15cm of straw, sawdust then 15cm of soil to make it air and water tight. A trench is dug round the silo to keep off surface water. Factors Affecting the Quality of Silage Maturity stage of the crop when cut. Type of crop. Moisture content of the material Additives such as molasses. Degree of compaction. Size of pieces ensiled. Amount of foreign materials included in the silage. Amount of leaf of the ensiled material. Standing Forage This is forage left in the field to be used during the dry season. Livestock Health III: Diseases Introduction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 67 Livestock diseases are classified according to causative agents as follows: Protozoan diseases -caused by protozoans. |
Control Disinfection of chick house. Prevention of contamination of food and water with droppings. Use of prophylatic drugs for example, Coccidiostats. Trypanosomiasis Nagana Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. Cause: Protozoan of the trypanosome species, Vector-tsetse flies. Symptoms Fever. Dullness. Anorexia loss of appetite. Loss of body condition emaciation. Swollen lymph nodes. Lachrimation which leads to blindness. Diarrhoea Rough coat and sometimes without hair and may be cracked. Swelling in parts of the belly. Drop in milk production in lactating cows. '. Loss of hair at tail end. Anaemia. Abortion may occur in pregnant females. Control Treating animals with trypanocidal drugs. Effective vector Tsetse flies control Confinement of wild animals in game parks. Bacterial Diseases Fowl typhoid For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 69 Foot rot. Contagious abortion. Scours. Blackquarter. Mastitis. Anthrax. Pneumonia. Fowl Typhoid Animals attacked: All domestic birds which include chicken, turkey and ducks. Causes: Bacteria Salmonella gallinarum Symptoms Depression appearing very sick. Respiratory distress. Dullness. Drooping wings. Sleepy eyes. Anaemia resulting in pale and shrunken combs and wattles. Greenish yellow diarrhoea. Control Killing all affected birds and proper disposal of the carcasses. Maintaining hygiene in the poultry house. Ensuring that the house is dry and well ventilated. Obtaining chicks from reliable sources. Treatment using sulphur drugs which are mixed in drinking water or mash. For example: application of Furazolidone Furazol at the rate of 0.04 in mash for 10 continuous days treats the disease effectively. Foot Rot It is also referred to as foul-in-the foot. Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. However, it is most serious in sheep. |
Foot Rot It is also referred to as foul-in-the foot. Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. However, it is most serious in sheep. Cause: Bacteria Fusiformis necrophorus and Fusiformis nodosus . Symptoms Animal's foot becomes swollen. Lameness is observed. Pus and rotten smell come out of the hoof. Sheep are found kneeling while grazing when the front feet are affected. Animals spend most of their time lying down when the hind feet are affected. Emaciation due to lack of feeding. Control Hygiene in the living places. Regular foot examination and hoof trimming. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 70 Use of a foot bath of copper sulphate solution at 5-10 solution or formalin at 2-5 solution. Treating wounds on the feet with antiseptics. Affected animals should be given antibiotic injections. Isolation of sick animals from healthy ones. Avoid dampness and muddy conditions. Contagious Abortion Brucellosis Bang's Disease Animals attacked: cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. O It also affects man. Cause: Bacteria o Brucella abortus in cattle, o Brucella suis in pigs o Brucella malitensis in goats and sheep. Symptoms Spontaneous abortion or premature birth. Retained placenta if abortion occurs during the later stages of pregnancy. Infertility in cows while bulls have low libido and inflamed testis also known as orchitis. A yellowish brown, slimy, odourless discharge from the vulva may occur after the abortion. Control Use of artificial insemination. Slaughtering affected animals followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. The attendant to the animals should avoid contact with the aborted foetus. A blood test should be carried out for all breeding animals to detect the infected ones. Hygiene in the animals' houses. Scours white Scours Animals atacked: calves, piglets, lambs and kids. Cause: A bacterium which attacks young animals in the first week of life. Symptoms White or yellowish diarrhoea. Pungent smelling faeces. Fever. Anorexia loss of appetite. Listlessness. Sunken eyes. |
Anorexia loss of appetite. Listlessness. Sunken eyes. Undigested milk and mucus with blood spots observed in the faeces. Faecal matter sticks to the hind quarters. Sudden death if no treatment is given. Control Maintaining hygiene in the young animal housing units. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 71 Avoiding dampness on the floor of the house. Fingers of the attendant training calves to drink milk from a bucket must be disinfected. Calving should be carried out in a clean area. Have separate attendants for the infected calves to prevent disease spread. Replacing milk with warm water mixture. Treating affected animals with antibiotics. Black Quarter It is also known as black leg. Animals attacked: All ruminants aged between 8 - 18 months. Cause: Bacteria Clostridium chauvei and Chauvei septicum Symptoms Lameness. Fever. Fast and heavy breathing. Cracking on the swollen parts if touched. Swelling of the affected parts usually the hindquarters, shoulders and chest or back. Dullness. Anorexia. Grunting and grinding of teeth. Animal stops chewing cud. Control Treating with recommended antibiotics. Vaccinating using black quarter vaccine known as blanthax. Burying the carcass deep or burning it completely. Mastitis Is an inflammation of the udder. Animals attacked: Goats, cows, pigs and human beings. Cause: Bacteria Streptococcus spp. Or Staphylococcus spp. Pre-disposing Factors: Incomplete milking. Injuries on the udder and teats. Weak sphincter muscles of the teats allowing free flow of milk. Symptoms Milk is watery, blood stained or clotted. Swollen udder Control Proper milking techniques. Treatment by use of antibiotics. Culling of animals which are often attacked. Anthrax For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 72 Attacks all domestic animals. Cause: Bacteria Bacillus anthracis Symptoms Sudden death. High fever. Grinding of the teeth. |
Cause: Bacteria Bacillus anthracis Symptoms Sudden death. High fever. Grinding of the teeth. Pneumonia It is an inflammation of the lungs. Animals attacked: Calves, kids, lambs, piglets and poultry. Cause: Bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides dust worms in the lungs. Symptoms Dullness. Anorexia loss of appetite. Staring coat. Emaciation. Breathing rapidly. Abnormal lung sounds when breathing. Coughing if the chest is pressed. Fluctuating body temperature. Nasal discharge. Control Keeping young animals in warm pens. Proper sanitation. Isolation of the affected animals. Treating using antibiotics. Viral Diseases Rinderpest. Foot and mouth disease FMD . New Castle Fowl pox Gumboro African swine fever Rinderpest Animal attacked: Cattle and wild game. Cause: virus. Symptoms For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 73 Harsh staring coat. Rise in temperature. Eye discharge Lachrimation Diarrhoea and dysentery. Ulcers in the mouth. Foot and Mouth Disease Animals attacked: Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Cause: Virus . Symptoms Sharp rise in temperature. Blisters in the mouth, hooves, udder and teats. Loss of appetite. Control Vaccination. Quarantine nursing wounds with disinfectant. New Castle Animals attacked: Poultry. Cause: Virus. Symptoms Difficulties in breathing. Beaks remain wide open and necks are strained. Birds become dull. The birds stand with eyes closed all the time. Anorexia loss of appetite. Nasal discharges which force the birds to shake their heads to clear it. Birds walk with a staggering motion. Paralysis of wings and legs may occur. Birds have their beaks and wings down. Birds produce watery greenish diarrhoea. Birds lay soft shelled eggs. Control Killing all birds and burning them followed by cleaning and disinfecting the houses before bringing in new stock. |
Birds produce watery greenish diarrhoea. Birds lay soft shelled eggs. Control Killing all birds and burning them followed by cleaning and disinfecting the houses before bringing in new stock. Vaccination should be done during the first 6 weeks and then 2-3 months later. Quarantine. FowlPox Animals affected: Poultry. Cause: A virus known as avian fox. Symptoms For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 74 Two types of fowl pox with different symptoms. Cutaneous type Diptheritic type The cutaneous type affects the skin and has the following signs: Injuries on the combs and wattles, legs, vent and under the wings. Loss appetite. The diptheritic type affects internal membranes and has the following symptoms: Injuries in the inside of the throat and mouth membranes resulting in difficult breathing and swallowing. Eyes and nose produces a watery liquid. Loss of appetite. Dullness. Emaciation. Control Killing all affected birds followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. Vaccinating remaining healthy birds. Gumboro It is also referred to as poultry AIDS. Animals attacked: Poultry. Cause: A virus known as Birma virus. Symptoms The glands above the vent bursa become swollen. Drop in egg production. Birds develop respiratory distress. Loss of appetite. Low water intake by birds. Loss of immunity making the birds more susceptible to opportunistic diseases. Control Vaccination. Administering vitamins and especially B12. African Swine Fever Animals attacked: All domesticated pigs. Cause: A virus known as Irido virus. Symptoms Fever. Loss of appetite. Depression dullness. Emaciation. Coughing. Nasal discharge. Diarrhoea in serious conditions. Control For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 75 Vaccination. Quarantine. Killing all affected animals and proper disposal of their carcasses. Double fencing to keep wild animals away. Nutritional Diseases Disorders Milk Fever It is a non-infectious disease brought about by calcium deficiency in animals which have recently given birth. Animals attacked: Cows, goats and pigs that have recently given birth. |
Double fencing to keep wild animals away. Nutritional Diseases Disorders Milk Fever It is a non-infectious disease brought about by calcium deficiency in animals which have recently given birth. Animals attacked: Cows, goats and pigs that have recently given birth. Causes: Due to low calcium levels in the blood. Which leads to an increase in the magnesium and sugar level in the blood. Mostly occurs in high producing cows in the first few months of lactation. This is because these animals loose more calcium through milk secretion than they are getting from the diet. Symptoms Dullness. Muscular twitching causing the animal to tremble. Staggering as the animals move. Animal falls down ands becomes unconscious. The animal lies down on its side and the whole body stiffens. Body functions such as urination, defecation and milk secretion stops. Stomach contents are drawn into the mouth which later cause lung fever when breathing in. Loss of appetite. Treatment Intravenous injection of soluble calcium salt in form of calcium boro-gluconate ,60gms dissolved in 500cc of water. Keeping the animal in a comfortable position on its sternum. Giving fresh water. Note: The animals suffering from milk fever should not be given medicine orally for the following reasons: It will not be able to swallow medicine. The medicine may get into the lungs thereby promoting lung fever. Control Partial milking for the first 10 days. High yielding cows should be given rations containing phosphorus and calcium. Giving high doses of Vitamin D.Bloat Animals attacked: Cattle and sheep. Cause: Accumulation of gases as a result of fermentation in the rumen. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 76 Symptoms The left side is blown up. Sudden death. Control Relieve by use of trocar and cannula. Chasing the animal around if noticed early. Drenching by use of stop bloat. Feeding ruminants with dry roughages during the wet season before grazing on lush pastures. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke. |
Fish Farming Aquaculture : This is the practice of rearing fish and other aquatic organisms , in ponds. Bee Keeping Apiculture : This involves the rearing of bees in structures known as beehives. Poultry Keeping: This is the keeping of domesticated birds. Agricultural Economics It deals with the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capital and management for agricultural production. Agricultural Engineering This branch of agriculture deals with the use and maintenance of farm tools, machinery and structures. Farming Systems A farming system is the organization of the various enterprises in a farm. It is determined by the following factors: Resources available land, labour, capital and management . Skills of the farmer. Environmental factors such as climate, soil type and topography. Government policy. Farmer's choice and preference. Enterprise requirement. Social-cultural factors. The following are systems of farming: Extensive System: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke It is a system where a large piece of land with low investment of resources per unit area is carried out. Advantages It is cheap. Does not require high level of management. Requires less labour. Disadvantages Low profit per unit area. Cannot be practiced where land is limited. Low output per unit area. The land is under-utilized, Intensive Farming: This system utilizes the factors of production to the maximum and involves high level of management. Advantages Maximum utilization of the resources. Can be practiced even where land is a limiting factor. Results in high yields. Disadvantages Labour intensive. High capital investment is required. Requires high level of management. Can lead to high loses in case of poor management. Large Scale Farming Refers to the farming practice under large areas of land over 20 hectares. It is used mainly for commercial purposes. The system is highly mechanized. Advantages Results in high yields. Due to economics of scale high profit is realized. Disadvantages Lack of diversification may lead to total failure in case of unfavorable conditions. High level of management is required. Heavy capital investment. Requires skilled and qualified manpower. Small Scale Farming Refers to farming carried out on a small area of land less than 5 hectares. Family or casual labour can be engaged during the peak periods. |
Requires skilled and qualified manpower. Small Scale Farming Refers to farming carried out on a small area of land less than 5 hectares. Family or casual labour can be engaged during the peak periods. Most of the Kenyan farmers are small scale due to unavailability of farmland. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Advantages Requires low capital investment. Possible where land is a limiting factor. Does not require high management level unless under intensive system. Disadvantages Uneconomical 10 mechanize due to small size. Low production. Provides limited employment. Labour intensive. Difficult to specialize. Methods of Farming A method of farming is an established way of carrying out farming activities. The following are the common methods of farming: Mixed Farming It is the practice of growing crops and keeping of livestock on the same land. Its common in high potential areas. Advantages Mutual benefit between crops and livestock. Crops supply feed for animals while animals supply manure for crops. Acts as an insurance against total loss by the farmer. The farmer is assured of an income throughout the year. There is maximum utilization of the resources. Animals can be used in the farm activities particularly draught animals. Ensures proper utilization of labour and land throughout the year. Disadvantages High initial capital. Lack of specialization. Land can be a limiting factor if both enterprises are to be raised. Requires high level of management for both enterprises. Nomadic-Pastoralism This is the practice of livestock rearing whereby animals are moved from one place to another in search of water and pastures. It is practiced in the arid and semi-arid areas where in most cases beef animals are kept. Nomadic pastoralism is gradually changing to ranching with the introduction of: Improved pasture species, improved livestock breeds and supplementary feeding. Efficient disease and parasite control measures. Improved infra-structure such as roads, water supply, cattle dipping facilities. Extension services. Advantages Serves as the backbone of beef industry in Kenya. Proper way of utilizing the arid and semi arid areas. Source of income to the pastoral communities. |
Advantages Serves as the backbone of beef industry in Kenya. Proper way of utilizing the arid and semi arid areas. Source of income to the pastoral communities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Disadvantages It encourages the spread of livestock pests and diseases due to communal watering points, grazing and dipping facilities. There is a tendency to increased soil erosion and land degradation. Source of conflicts and ethnic tension among the nomadic communities for the control of good pastures and water. Difficult to control breeding and breeding diseases. High rate of inbreeding leading to poor quality livestock. Low production of milk, meat, hides and skins due to wastage of energy in traveling from one place to another in search of pastures and water. High death rates as a result of walking for long distances. Shifting Cultivation It is a traditional method of cultivating a piece of land until the soil is exhausted and crop yields decline. The land is abandoned and the farmer shifts to a new field as the previous land is left fallow to regain its fertility. Advantages Land is allowed to rest and regain its fertility. No build up of pests and diseases. Soil structure is restored. The cost of production is low since inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are not used. Crop produce are chemical free. Disadvantages Not practical where land is a limiting factor. Farm planning and acquisition of credits for land development is 'not possible. It is a cumbersome method due to constant movement. Lack of soil conservation measures Not possible to grow perennial crops. Low output per unit area due to poor farming methods. Where fire is used to clear the land organic matter is destroyed. Organic Farming It is a fanning method where crops are grown and livestock reared without the use of agrochemicals. It is a method of farming which has been adopted to reduce the long term effect of the agro-chemicals on crops which may eventually end up in man and livestock. Agro-chemicals are also expensive thus organic farming reduces the cost of production. Organically produced goods fetch high market prices. Advantages Cheap and cost effective. Make use of the locally available materials Useful in improving the soil structures. No side effects from the crops and livestock products. No environmental pollution. |
Make use of the locally available materials Useful in improving the soil structures. No side effects from the crops and livestock products. No environmental pollution. Agro-Forestry For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke This is the practice of integrating trees and crops on the same piece of land. With land resources becoming more scarce, agroforestry is becoming more important. Examples of common agroforestry trees and shrubs include: Cajanus cajan Grevillea robusta Sesbania sesban Calliandra calothyrsus Casuarina equisetifolia Leucaena leucocephala Trees selected for agroforestry should have the following characteristics: Able to grow fast. Deep roots to minimize competition for nutrients. Should be preferably leguminous. Advantages Trees reduce soil erosion in a given area. Leguminous trees add nitrates into the soil thus improving the soil fertility. Some trees can be used as livestock fodder to provide a high level of proteins. They are important sources of wood fuel and timber. There is maximum utilization of land. Importance of Agriculture to the Economy of Kenya Provides food to the population to meet nutritional requirements and to enable man to engage in other activities of farming. Provides employment. This for example can be direct as a labourer in the farm, tea plucker or indirect for example, working in agricultural based industries. Source of raw materials for industries for example cotton lint for textile industry. Provides foreign exchange - through exporting agricultural produce. Provides market for industrial goods agriculture is a consumer of the finished goods from agro-based industries. Source of income - farmers as well as the government get revenue from the sale of agricultural produce and tax payment. Factors Influencing Agriculture Introduction Agricultural production is influenced by external factors: Human factors Biotic factors Climatic factors Edaphic factors. Human Factors For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke These are human characteristics which affect the way decisions are made and operations carried out. Level of education and technology: Skills Technological ad van cements . Human health HIV-AIDS: These affect the strength, the vigour, vision and the determination to work. |
Human Factors For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke These are human characteristics which affect the way decisions are made and operations carried out. Level of education and technology: Skills Technological ad van cements . Human health HIV-AIDS: These affect the strength, the vigour, vision and the determination to work. HIV AIDS is the biggest threat to human health today and has long lasting effects on agriculture, such as; Shortage of farm labour. Loss of family support. Low living standards leading to despondency and hopelessness. Increased criminal activities. More time spent by the Government and NGO's in Carring for the sick. Economy; Stability in the countries' economy affect agricultural production. Government Policy: These are governmental laws which have been enacted to protect farmers, land and livestock. They include: Food policy Policies on control of livestock parasites and diseases. Policies on marketing of both local and export products and others. Transport and communication: For agricultural goods to move from the farm to the consumers. Cultural practices and religious beliefs: These activities hinder important changes in a society that may bring agricultural development. Market forces: Demand and supply forces which affect prices of commodities in a free market. Biotic Factors These are living organisms which affect agricultural production. Pests - Destructive organisms which destroy crops. Parasites - These are invertebrates which live in or on other living organisms. Decomposers - Organisms which act on plants and animal tissues to form manure. Pathogens - Micro-organisms which cause diseases. Predators - Animals that kill and feed on other animals. Pollinators - They transfer pollen grains from the stamens to the pistil of a flower. Nitrogen fixing bacteria -They are micro-organisms which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates ready for use by the plants. Climatic Factors weather elements . Rainfall, Temperature, Wind, Relative humidity Light. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Weather - Atmospheric conditions of a place at a given time period. Climate - weather conditions of a place observed and recorded for a period of 30-40 years. |
Weathering is the breakdown and alteration of the parent rock near the surface of the earth to a stable substance. Weathering process is a combination of disintegration breakdown and synthesis build up process. Weathering process is continuous. Types of Weathering Physical weathering Chemical weathering Biological weathering Agents of Weathering Physical Agents of Weathering Include wind, water, moving ice and temperature. Wind - carry materials which hit against each other to break into fragments. Water - intensity of rainfall causes breakdown of rock. Moving ice - has grinding effects which tear off rock particles. Extreme temperature cause rocks to expand and contract suddenly peeling off their surface. Chemical Weathering Affects the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Involves processes such as ; Hydrolysis, Hydration, Carbonation Oxidation. Hydration; The process by which soluble minerals in the rocks absorb water and expand weakening the rock thus leading to disintegration. Hydrolysis; The process whereby water dissolves soluble minerals in the rock weakening it. Oxidation; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The reaction of rock minerals with oxygen to form oxides which break easily. Carbonation; The process whereby carbonic acids formed when rain water dissolves carbon dioxide, It reacts with calcium carbonates in limestone causing it to disintegrate. Biological Weathering This involves the action of living organisms, plants and animals on the rocks. Burrowing animals, for example, termites and moles bring soil particles to the surface exposing them to other agents of weathering. Big animals like, elephants, buffaloes, camels and cattle exert a lot of pressure on the rocks as they step on them due to their heavy weights causing the rocks to disintegrate. Earthworms take part in the decomposition of plant matter with the soil particles. Man's activities like, mining and quarrying expose rocks to the surface during excavation. These activities breakdown large rocks into smaller rock particles. Plant roots force their way through the cracks in the rocks thus widening and splitting them. Humic acids formed when plant tissues decompose react with the rocks weakening them further. Plant remains-decompose adding humus into the soil. |
Plant roots force their way through the cracks in the rocks thus widening and splitting them. Humic acids formed when plant tissues decompose react with the rocks weakening them further. Plant remains-decompose adding humus into the soil. Factors influencing soil formation Climate- rainfall, temperature and wind Biotic factors - living organisms. Parent material- Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke It is the vertical arrangement of different layers of soil from the ground surface to the bedrock. These layers are also referred to as horizons. The layers show differences in their contents and physical properties such as colour, texture and structure. The layers include: organic matter region, top soil, sub-soil, weathered rocks and parent material. Organic Matter Region First layer of the soil found on the surface. Made up of leaves and other plant remains at various stages of decomposition. Some soil organisms may also be found here. Top Soil Has a dark colour due to the presence of humus. Is rich in plant nutrients and well aerated. It is a zone of maximum leaching zone of eluviations Sub-Soil It is compact and less aerated. It is a zone of accumulation of leached material zone of aluviation from the top layers. Deep rooted crops have their roots growing up to this region. Hard pans normally form in this layer For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Weathered Rocks It is also called substratum. Rocks at various stages of disintegration are found in this zone. Most of the materials found in this zone originate from the parent rock. Parent Rock It exists as a solid mass which is un-weathered. It is the source of the inorganic composition of the soil. The water table is on the surface of this rock. Soils Formed in Situ and Soils Deposited Soil formed in the same place and remains there is said to be in situ. |
It is the source of the inorganic composition of the soil. The water table is on the surface of this rock. Soils Formed in Situ and Soils Deposited Soil formed in the same place and remains there is said to be in situ. However, soil can be formed due to deposition of soil particles carried from its original site of formation to another area which is usually in the lower areas of slopes. Such soils are said to have been formed through deposition. Soil Formed in Situ Soil Deposited l.Has the colour of the parent rock 1. Has the characteristics of when: it came from. 2. Shallower 2. Deeper 3. Less rich in plant nutrients 3. Richer in plant nutrients 4. Easily eroded 4. Not easily eroded 5. Less silty 5. More silty 6. Have the same chemical composition 6. Differ in chemical composition from the as that of the underlying parent rock. Underlying parent rock. Soil Depth This is the distance between top soil layer and the bottom soil layer in a profile. It dictates root penetration and growth Deep soils are more suitable for crop growth since they contain more nutrients. Have a larger surface are for root expansion. Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration. Soil Constituents Organic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remains Living Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots. Micro-organisms bacteria, protozoa and fungi Invertebrates -termites, Earthworms and molluscs. Higher animals - rodents and others. Inorganic or Mineral Matter Formed from the parent materials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Supply plant nutrients Form the skeleton and framework of the soil. Air Found in the pore spaces of the soil. Used for root and organism respiration Used for germination of seeds. Helps in decomposition of organic matter. Regulates soil temperature. Regulates the movement of water through capillary action. Water Dissolves mineral salts Maintain turgidity in plants. Used for germination of seeds Used by soil organisms. Regulate soil temperature Dictates the amount of air in the soil. |
Soil Textural Classes Sandy Soils Made up largely of sand particles. Have large pore spaces hence poor in water retention. Easy to till light soils . Freely draining. Low fertility due to leaching of minerals. Easily erodible. Clayey Soils Made up largely of clayey particles. Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention. Difficult to till heavy soils . Poorly 'drained. Expand when wet, crack when dry. High capillary. Rich in plant nutrients. Loam Soils About equal amounts of sand and clay. Moderately good in both moisture and air retention. Fertile soils. Soil Colour This depends on the, mineral composition of the parent rock and the organic matter content. Soils containing a lot of iron are brownish, yellowing and reddish in colour. Soils with a lot of silica are white. Soils with a lot of humus are dark or grey. Soil pH This refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution. Soil pH is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions H or the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil solution. A pH of less than 7 means that the soil is acidic. A pH of more than 7 means that the soil is alkaline. As the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil increase the soil becomes more alkaline. Influence of Soil pH Crop Growth It determines the type of crop to be grown in a particular area. Most crops are affected by either very acidic or very basic soil pH. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Soil pH affects the choice of fertilizers and the availability of nutrients to crops. At low pH the concentration of available iron and aluminium in the soil solution may increase to toxic levels, which is harmful to plants. Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms. Farm Tools and Equipment Introduction Farm tools and equipment perform specific jobs in the farm. They make work easier and more efficient. They can be classified according to their uses as follows: Garden Tools and Equipment Tools Uses Panga Cutting and shallow cultivation, making holes. Jembe hand hoe Cultivation, digging, shallow planting holes and trenches. |
They make work easier and more efficient. They can be classified according to their uses as follows: Garden Tools and Equipment Tools Uses Panga Cutting and shallow cultivation, making holes. Jembe hand hoe Cultivation, digging, shallow planting holes and trenches. Fork iembe Cultivation, digging out roots, harvesting of root crops. Rake Collecting trash, breaking large clods, levelling, removing stones from a seedbed and spreading organic manure. Spade Scooping and carrying of soil, sand, concrete mixture and manure. Spring balance Measuring weight. Trowel Scooping seedlings during transplanting and .digging planting holes for seedlings. Pruning hook Bending tall branches when pruning. Secateur Cutting young stems and pruning branches. 10. Tape measure Measuring distances. 11. Axe Cutting big trees and roots and splitting logs of wood. 12. Soil auger Making holes for fencing posts. 13. Mattock Digging hard soils 14. Sprinklers Overhead irrigation. 15. Watering can Watering plants in nursery bed. 16. Wheel barrow Transportation of soil, fertilizers, farm produce, tools and equipment. 17. Levelling board For levelling a nursery bed. 18. Pruning saw Cutting old wood stems and pruning big branches. 19. Hose pipe For conveying water from a tap to where it is need. 20. Knap sack sprayer Applying agro-chemical by spraying. 21. Garden shear Trimming hedges. 22. Pruning knife Removal of small shoots. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Livestock Production Tools and Equipment Tools Uses Drenching gun Administering liquid drugs to animals orally. Bolus gun dosing gun Administering solid drugs or tablets to animals orally. Wool Shears Cutting off wool from sheep. Hypodermic syringe Administering drugs by injection for example in vaccination. Stirrup bucket pump Application of acaricide by hand spraying. Thermometer Taking body temperatures of farm animals. Burdizzo Used in bloodless method of castration. Halter Rope designed to restrain the animal. Trimming knife Cutting short the overgrown hooves. Elastrator Stretching rubber ring during castration, dehorning and docking of lambs. Iron dehorner Applies heat on the horn bud to prevent growth of horns. |
Trimming knife Cutting short the overgrown hooves. Elastrator Stretching rubber ring during castration, dehorning and docking of lambs. Iron dehorner Applies heat on the horn bud to prevent growth of horns. Nose ring Fixed into the nose of a bull to restrain it. Strip cup Detecting mastitis in milk products. Trocar and cannula Relieving a bloated animal of gases particularly ruminants. Hard broom For scrubbing the floor. Ear notcher Making ear notches in livestock. Bucket For holding milk during milking. Milk chum For holding milk after milking. Milk strainer sieve Removing foreign particles from milk for example hairs and sediments. Rope Tying or tethering animals. Milking stool Used by the milker to sit on while milking. Weighing balance Weighing milk after milking. Teeth clipper Removal of canine teeth of piglets soon after birth. Chaff cutter Cutting fodder into small bits. Dehorning wire Cutting grown horns. 23. Meter ruler Measuring distances. 24. Garden fork Shallow digging. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Workshop Tools and Equipment Tools Uses Spanner Tightening and loosening nuts and bolts. Pliers Cutting small wires and thin metal and gripping firmly. Files Sharpening tools, smoothening or shaping edges of metals, Rasps Smoothening and shaping of wooden structures. Chisels wood Making grooves in wood. Cold chisel Cutting and shaping metal. Screw drivers Driving screws in or out of wood or metal. Saws Cross cut saw Cutting across the grain of wood. Rip saw Cutting along the grain of wood. Hack saw Bow saw Cutting metals. Tenonlback saw Cutting branches of trees. Coping saw Cutting Joints on wood and fine sawing. Compass keyhole saw Cutting curves on thin wood. Cutting either along or across the grain of wood especially when cutting key holes. Tin snip Cutting metal sheets. Braces and bits. Boring holes in wood. ,. Drill and bits Boring holes in metal work and woodwork. Hammer Claw hammer Driving in, removing and straightening nails. Ball pein Driving in nails, rivets and straightening metal. Also used on cold chisel Mallet Hammering or hitting wood chisel. Jack plane Fine finishing of wood. |
Soften the soil for easy planting. Operations in primary cultivation Hand digging ; Use of hand tools ; Jembes, Mattocks, Fork-jembes. Mechanical cultivation ; Use of mouldboard ploughs; Disc ploughs, Chisel ploughs, Subsoilers Rippers. Use of Ox-Ploughs ; Which can be drawn by; Oxen, Donkeys, Camels Depth of Cultivation Depends on: The type of crop to be planted size of seed. The implements available. The type of soil. Choice of Implement Determined by: The condition of land. The type of tilth required type of crop. Depth of cultivation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Secondary Tillage These are refinement practices on the seedbed that follow primary cultivation. It is also known as harrowing. Reasons for secondary Tillage: To remove the germinating weeds. To break soil clods to produce required tilth. To level the seedbed for uniform planting. To incorporate organic matter manure into the soil. Factors determining number of secondary cultivation: Soil moisture content. Size of the planting materials. Condition of the soil after primary cultivation. Slope of the land. Tertiary Operations: Ridging ; The process of digging soil on a continuous line and heaping on one side to produce a furrow and a bund ridge . It is important for root crops, to allow root expansion and for soil and water conservation. Rolling: It is the compaction of the soil to produce a firm surface which increases seed-soil contact and prevents wind erosion. Levelling; Production of an even, uniform surface which promotes uniform planting. Subsoiling: This is deep cultivation into the subsoil layer to break up any hardpan which might have developed. It is done for the following reasons:- To facilitate drainage. Bring up leached nutrients to the surface. Increase aeration of the soil. To improve root penetration. The implements used include chisel plough and subsoilers. Minimum Tillage: This is the application of a combination of farming practices with the aim of reducing the disturbance of the soil. |
To improve root penetration. The implements used include chisel plough and subsoilers. Minimum Tillage: This is the application of a combination of farming practices with the aim of reducing the disturbance of the soil. Examples of which include: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Use of herbicides. Mulching and cover-cropping. Timely operations to prevent weed infestation. Strip cultivation. Uprooting and slashing of weeds. Reasons for Minimum Tillage To reduce cost of cultivation. To control soil erosion. To preserve soil moisture. To prevent root exposure and damage. To reconstruct destroyed soil structure. Water Supply, Irrigation and Drainage Introduction Water is a very important natural resource. It is necessary for both crops and livestock. Uses of water in the farm; Cleaning equipment. Irrigation in dry areas. Processing farm produce, for example, coffee. Drinking by livestock and man. Mixing agro-chemicals such as acaricide, fungicides and herbicides. Providing power in water mills to grind grain crops. Cooling engines. Construction work. Sources of Water in the Farm Three major sources of water in the farm: Surface water: Includes water from; Rivers, Streams Dams. Ground water: Includes water from; Springs, Wells Boreholes. Rain water: This is water tapped in various ways such as; Rooftops Rock surface, when it is raining and stored in various ways. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Collection and Storage of Water Dams: These are structures constructed across rivers and channels. They collect and store water for use during the dry season. Weirs: These are structures constructed across rivers to raise the water level for easy pumping. Unlike in the dams water flows over the barrier created across the river. Water Tanks: These are structures made of concrete, stone, metal sheets and plastics. They store water from rain or that which has been pumped from other sources. Tanks should be covered to prevent contamination from dust. Pumps and Pumping of Water Pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force. |
They store water from rain or that which has been pumped from other sources. Tanks should be covered to prevent contamination from dust. Pumps and Pumping of Water Pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force. Water is pumped from the various sources and then conveyed to where it is required for use or storage. Types of Water Pumps Used to lift water from its source. Centrifugal pumps Piston or reciprocating pumps Semi-rotary pumps and Hydram Conveyance of Water This is the process of moving water from one point, usually the source or point of storage to where it will be used or stored. Piping; This is where water is moved through pipes. The common types of pipes include: Metal pipes Plastic pipes Hose pipes Use of Containers: In this case water is drawn and put in containers . Drums, jerry cans, pots, gourds, tanks and buckets . Which are carried by animals, bicycles, human beings and vehicles. Use of Canals: In this case water is conveyed from a high point to a lower one along a gradual slope to avoid soil erosion. Water conveyed through this way is mostly used for irrigation and livestock. Water Treatment Raw water contains impurities which may be dissolved, floating or suspended in water. These impurities are grouped into three categories, namely: Physical impurities: these are dissolved impurities detected by colour, taste and smell. Chemical impurities: these are dissolved impurities detected by use of chemical analysis. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Biological impurities: these are microorganisms in water such as bacteria, viruses and algae. Importance of Treating Water To kill disease causing microorganisms such as cholera and typhoid bacteria that thrive in dirty water. To remove chemical impurities such as excess fluoride which may be harmful to human beings. To remove smells and bad taste. To remove sediments of solid particles such as soil, sand and sticks. Methods of Treating Water Aeration: this is the removal of smell and odour from water by fine spraying or bubbling of air. Sedimentation: this is where water is put in large containers so that solid particles such as sand, metal and others can settle at the bottom. |
French drains. Cambered beds. Pumping out water from the soil. Planting tree species which absorb a lot of water for example eucalyptus. Water Pollution This is the process by which harmful substances get into the water. The harmful substance is referred to as a pollutant. Agricultural practices which pollute water include: Use of inorganic fertilizers. Use of pesticides. Poor cultivation practices such as over cultivation, cultivating along the river banks. Overgrazing which leads to erosion of soil thus causing siltation in water sources. Methods of Preventing Water Pollution Soil conservation measures which minimize soil losses through erosion. Fencing off the water sources. Adopting organic farming practices for example controlling pests and weed using nonchemical techniques. Planting grass along river banks to minimize siltation in rivers. Proper disposal of empty chemical containers. Soil Fertility I Organic Manures For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Introduction Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to provide crops with the required nutrients in their proper proportions. Characteristics of a Fertile Soil Good depth - Good soils give roots greater volume to obtain plant nutrients and provide strong anchorage. Good aeration - for the respiration of plant roots and use by soil organisms. Good water holding capacity - ensures provision of adequate water for plant growth. Proper drainage - ensures provision of adequate air for plant growth. Correct soil pH - different crops have different soil pH requirements. Adequate nutrients supply - it should supply the required nutrients in the correct amounts and in a form available to plants. Free from excessive infestation of soil borne pests and diseases. How soil loses fertility Leaching: vertical movement of dissolved minerals from the top to the lower horizons of the soil profile. Soil erosion - The removal and carrying away of the top fertile soil from one place to another. Monocropping - This is the practice of growing one type of crop on a piece' of a land over a long time. Continuous cropping - crops take away a lot of nutrients from the soil which are never returned. Growing crops continuously without giving the soil time to rest makes the soil infertile. Change in soil pH - changes in soil pH affect the activity of soil microorganisms as well as the availability of soil nutrients. |
Reasons why green manure is not commonly used limitations: Most of the plants used as green manure are food crops. Green manure crops may use most of the soil moisture. Most of the nutrients are used up by soil micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manure. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Planting of the major crop is delayed. Farm Yard Manure FYM Is a mixture of animal waste and crop residues used as beddings in animal houses. Factors that Determine the Quality of FYM The types of the animals used. Types of food eaten Types of litter used. Method of storage. Age of farmyard manure. Age of the animals used. Preparation of FYM Provide beddings in the houses of farm animals. Animals deposit their droppings and urine on the beddings. Animals mix them through trampling. The beddings together with dung are removed and heaped under shed to decompose. After sometime, the materials decompose and FYM is formed. It can then be used in the farm Compost Manure Is manure prepared from heaped composted organic materials. Factors to consider in selecting site for making compost manure: A well drained place. Direction of the prevailing wind. Size of the farm. Accessibility. Preparation of Compost Manure Two methods: Four heaps method Indore Method Pit Method Indore Method Pit Method Procedure ; Select a sheltered place with a shade and near the field. Dig a pit with the dimension 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m. Place the materials in the following order: Hedge cuttings or maize stalks to a depth of 30cm as a foundation A layer of grass, green weeds or leaves and kitchen wastes to 30cm. A well rotten manure poultry droppings. Wood ash and phosphatic fertilizers. A layer of topsoil to introduce microorganism for the decomposition of organic remains. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Note: Some water should be sprinkled to the materials to initiate the decomposition process and regulate temperatures. Four heaps method: Procedure Clear the site. |
A layer of topsoil to introduce microorganism for the decomposition of organic remains. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Note: Some water should be sprinkled to the materials to initiate the decomposition process and regulate temperatures. Four heaps method: Procedure Clear the site. Level the site Four posts 2m high are fixed 1.2m apart from four corners of the heap. Fix wood planks on the sides. Materials are placed in two heaps as in the pit method, The two heaps make up heap 1. After 3-4 weeks, the decomposed material from heap 1 is transferred to heap II. After another 3 - 4 weeks the material is transferred to heap III. After 3-4 weeks it is ready for use in the farm. Indicators of well decomposed manure Absence of bad odour. Materials are lighter. Manure is brown in colour. Advantages of Compost Manure One does not have to own livestock in order to prepare it. A lot of manure can be produced within a short time. A variety of materials can be used in its preparation. Uses locally available materials thus cheaper than the artificial fertilizers. Improves the soil structure. Limitations of Compost Manure It releases nutrients slowly into the soil. Large quantities of compost manure are required to supply enough plant nutrients. Its preparation is labour intensive. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke It may induce soil-borne pests and diseases. Livestock Production: Common Breeds Introduction The term livestock is used to refer to all domesticated animals. These animals include cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs, rabbits, camels, bees, fish and donkeys. The importance of keeping livestock: Source of food. Source of income. Cultural values. Source of animal power. Provision of raw materials for industries. Farmyard manure from the animals is used in maintaining soil fertility. Cattle dung is used in the production of biogas. Cattle Breeds Cattle can be classified into two groups based on their origin. These are; Indigenous cattle. Exotic cattle. |
Cattle Breeds Cattle can be classified into two groups based on their origin. These are; Indigenous cattle. Exotic cattle. Indigenous Cattle Zebus They are small in size and with a distinct hump and include: Nandi, Bukedi Maasai cattle. The Borana These are the cattle kept in the Northern parts of Kenya. They are larger than the Zebus. Indigenous cattle are hardy hence able to tolerate the harsh environmental conditions in the tropics. They are the major suppliers of beef in Kenya. Exotic Cattle Foreign cattle from the temperate regions. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke They have distinct breed characteristics and are classified into various breeds. General characteristics: They have no humps. They have low tolerance to high temperatures hence popular in cool climates of the Kenya highlands .. They are highly susceptible to tropical diseases. They have fast growth rates leading to early maturity. They are good producers of both meat and milk. They cannot walk for long distances. They have short calving intervals of one calf per year if well managed. Exotic cattle breeds fall under the following groups: Dairy cattle breeds. Beef cattle breeds. Dual purpose breeds. Dairy Cattle Breeds They include; Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey Jersey. Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Wedge or triangular in shape. Large stomach. Docile with mild temperament. Large, well suspended udders and teats. Lean bodies. Lean and smooth neck. Large and long mammary milk wells and veins. Cylindrical; uniform and well spaced teats. Wide and well set hindquarters to accommodate the udder. Friesian-Holstein largest of all dairy breeds Origin: Holland Colour: Black and white Size: Cow weighs 550-680kgs Bull weighs 950 kg. Highest milk producers of all dairy breeds about 9150 kg per lactation but with least butterfat content; 3.5 Ayrshire Origin: Scotland Colour: White with brown markings. Size: Cow weighs 360-590kgs Bulls weighs 500-720kg. Conformation: Straight top lines, horns are long and face upwards. |
Highest milk producers of all dairy breeds about 9150 kg per lactation but with least butterfat content; 3.5 Ayrshire Origin: Scotland Colour: White with brown markings. Size: Cow weighs 360-590kgs Bulls weighs 500-720kg. Conformation: Straight top lines, horns are long and face upwards. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Milk production is second to Friesian about 61OOkg per lactation with butter content of about 4 . Guernsey Origin: Guernsey Island off the coast of France. Colour: Yellowish brown to red with white legs, switch and girth .. Size: Bulls 540-770kg. Cow weighs 450- 500kgs Conformation: Udders are less symmetrical. Average milk production is about 5185kg per lactation with a butterfat content of 4.5 hence the yellow colour of milk. Jersey smallest of all the dairy breeds Origin: England Colour: Yellow brown with black muzzle and switch. Size: Bulls weigh 540-700kg. Cow weighs 350-450kgs Conformation: Dished forehead, have straight top-line and level rumps with sharp withers. Have protruding black eyes. Average milk production 1270kg per lactation of butterfat content 5 . They tolerate high temperatures. Beef Cattle Examples: Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorns, Galloway, American Brahman, charolais Santa Getrudis. Characteristics of Beef Cattle Blocky or square conformation. Have thick muscles or are well fleshed. Early maturing. Deep chest and girth and short legs. Straight top and lower lines. AberdeenAngus Origin: North East Scotland. Colour: Black Shape: Cylindrical, compact and deep; It is polled. Size: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Mature bulls weigh 900kg. Mature cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in Timau area of Kenya Hereford Origin: England. Colour: Deep red and white-faced. Size: Average weight of bulls is 1000kg. |
It is found in Timau area of Kenya Hereford Origin: England. Colour: Deep red and white-faced. Size: Average weight of bulls is 1000kg. Cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in areas such as Naivasha. Shorthorn Origin: England. Has easy fleshing ability Colour: Red, Roan or white Shape: Cylindrical, compact and deep. It is polled. Size: Bulls weigh 700-900kg, cows weigh 545-630kgs. Galloway Origin: Scotland. Colour: Black Kept in the highland areas like Molo in Kenya. Charolais Origin: France. Colour: Creamy white. Size: Bulls weigh 1200kg, cows weigh 1000kgs. It is found in ranches in Laikipia District. Dual Purpose Breeds Examples: Sahiwal, Red Poll and Simmental. Sahiwal Origin: India and Pakistan .. Colour: reddish brown. Size: Bulls weigh 650kg, and cows 400kg. Milk production averages 2700-3000 per lactation with a butter fat content of 3.7 . It has a pendulous udders which does not let down milk easily. It is therefore said to be a difficult milker. It is kept in semi-arid areas such as Naivasha. Red Poll Origin: England. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Colour: Deep red with a white nose. Conformation: Polled-deep girth and short legs. Kept in semi-arid areas such as Nakuru, Mogotio. Simmental Origin: Switzerland. Colour: Light red and white patches on the head. Conformation: It has broad and straight back, with well-sprung ribs and deep girth. It is well fleshed at rear quarters, well suspended udders and large teats. Sheep Breeds: Purpose of Keeping Sheep; Meat mutton . Wool production. Exotic Sheep Wool breeds -for example merino. Dual purpose- for example Corriedale, Romney marsh. Mutton breeds -for example Hampshire Down, Dorpers. |
Exotic Sheep Wool breeds -for example merino. Dual purpose- for example Corriedale, Romney marsh. Mutton breeds -for example Hampshire Down, Dorpers. Merino Origin: Spain Characteristics: It has white face and its lips and nostrils are pink in colour. Rams have horns which are spiral in shape. It is susceptible to foot rot, worm and respiratory diseases. Corriedale Origin: New Zealand. Size: Rams 85 - 90kg. Ewes 60-- 85 kg This is a dual-purpose breed with white open face and white spots on the legs. It is hornless and hardy. Romney Marsh Origin: England. Size: Rams 100 - 115kg. Ewes 84- 100 kg It is a dual-purpose breed which s hornless with wide poll and black nostrils and lips. It is average in prolificacy. It is resistant to foot rot diseases and worm infestation. Hampshire Down Origin: England. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Size: Rams 125kg. Ewes 80-100 kg It is a mutton breed which is early maturing, hardy and prolific. Fleece is of poor quality because of the black fibres. Lambing percentage is 125-140. Dorper Is a crossbreed of Dorset horn and black head Persian sheep. It is mutton breed. Dorset Horn Dual purpose breed of sheep. Indigenous Breeds of Sheep Their bodies are covered with hair. Their classification is based on their tails and their names vary according to different tribes. Characteristics; Thin tailed sheep found in West Africa. Fat tailed such as Maasai sheep. Fat rumped sheep. Maasai Sheep Found in South Western Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Size: Ram 38kg, Ewe 20-30kg. Colour: Red and brown. These are early maturing with long legs and small pointed horns. Black Head Persian Sheep Origin: South Africa Colour: White with black head and neck. It is polled with a big dewlap, fat rump and a curved tail.. |
Pigs wallow when it is hot due to absence of sweat glands. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke They breathe fast when it is hot. They have bristles instead of hair. Breeds Large White Origin: Britain Kept for bacon and pork production. Long, large and white in colour. Ears straight and erect. Has dished face and snout. Most prolific and with good mothering ability. Fairly hardy. Landrace Origin: Denmark White and longer than large white. Ears drooping. Good for bacon production. Very prolific with good mothering ability. Requires high level of management. Wessex Saddle Back Origin: England Colour: Black with white forelegs and shoulders. Straight snout and drooping ears. Good for bacon and pork. Good for keeping outdoors. Excellent mothering instincts. Other pig breeds include: Berkshire, Middle-white Duroc Jersey pig. Pigs can be crossed to obtain hybrids or crosses. Advantages of Crosses Increased litter size. Early maturing. Increase in body length. High proportion of lean meat to fat. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Poultry Breeds There are three types of chicken breeds: The light breeds kept for egg production. The heavy breeds kept for meat production. Dual purpose breeds - kept for both eggs and meat production. Characteristics of Light Breeds Never go broody hence poor sitters. Excellent layers over 220 eggs per year . Poor meat producers hens can attain 2kg; cocks 3kgs Very nervous and exhibit high degree of cannibalism. Hen's comb is large and bent over one eye and cock's comb is large with 5 - 6 serrations. Examples: Leghorns, Anconas, Silkies, Minorcas. Characteristics of Heavy Breeds Can lay few eggs and provide good meat as broilers. Can go broody. Heavier and bigger in size. Grow fast. Examples: Light Sussex, Cornish Dark White. Characteristics of Dual-Purpose Breeds Go broody. Have good meat. |
Can live in cold regions hence its thick and long coat acts as insulation. Capable of shedding the coat during spring. Terms used to describe livestock in different age, sex and use. Livestock Adult Replacement Stock Young Users Species Male Female Male Female One Cattle Bull Cow Bullock Heifer Calf Dairy - milk Beef-meat Sheep Ram Ewe Ram Hogget Lamb Mutton - meat Wool sheep -wool Goat Buck or Doe or Buck Doe Kid Dairy - milk Billy Nanny Mutton - meat For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Pigs Boar Sow Boar Gilt Piglet Pork - meat Bacon -cured Poultry Cock Hen Cockerel Pullet Chick Broilers - meat Layers - eggs Rabbits Buck Doe Buck Doe Kindling Meat Camel Bull Cow Bull Heifer Calf Pack, trained for riding, racing milk, meat, fur Agricultural Economics I Basic Concepts and Farm Records Introduction Economics is the study of how man and society chooses to allocate scarce productive resources to produce various commodities, over time, and distribute them among various consumers in society. It attempts to explain how man can best use the limited resources to produce goods and services which satisfies his needs with minimum wastage or loss of these resources Example; food, clothing shelter Agricultural economics is therefore defined as a science that aims at maximizing output while minimizing costs by combining the limited supplies of goods and services for use by the society over a certain period of time. These are; land, capital, labour management Basic economic Principles Scarcity Economic scarcity means resources are limited in supply relative to demand. This principle implies that there is no time that man can have enough resources to satisfy all his need or desires Choice Preference Human wants are many and varied and means of satisfying them are limited. Therefore, man has to make a choice among the alternatives in order to use the resources available. Man does this by satisfying the most pressing needs first. This is called scale of preference. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is the revenue forgone from the best alternative. It exists only where there are alternatives. Where there are no alternatives the opportunity cost is equal to zero. Opportunity cost helps in decision making. |
It exists only where there are alternatives. Where there are no alternatives the opportunity cost is equal to zero. Opportunity cost helps in decision making. Farm Records Farm records are documents kept in the farm They show farm activities carried out over a long period of time Or information kept in the farm in written form, about the farm and all activities in it. Uses of Farm Records Show the history of the farm Show whether the farm is making a profit or loss. Show all the assets and liabilities of the farm which can be used to value the farm. Help in supporting insurance claims on death, theft, fire or loss of farm assets. Help in tax assessment to avoid over taxation. Used as a guide in planning and budgeting. Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm. Make it easy to share profits or losses in partnerships. Help in settling disputes among heirs to estate if the farmer dies without a will. Provide labour information on terminal benefits for a worker. Type of Farm Records Production Records - Show the total yield and yield per unit of each enterprise. Inventory Records - A record of all permanent and consumable goods in the farm. Consumable Goods Inventory Date Commodity Quantity Date Issued to Quantity balallce Item Stock Field Operation Records - Show in details all field practices carried out together with the input used for all the crop enterprises. Breeding Records Show all the breeding activities in the farm. From these records it is possible to select the prolific animals and cull the infertile ones. Feeding Records A record of the types of feeds used in the farm and their quantities. Health Records Indicates the health conditions of the animals in the farm. From these records it is possible to: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Select and cull animals on health grounds. |
Feeding Records A record of the types of feeds used in the farm and their quantities. Health Records Indicates the health conditions of the animals in the farm. From these records it is possible to: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Select and cull animals on health grounds. Encyclopedia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Agriculture: General agrarian reform agricultural subsidies agriculture agronomy animal husbandry aquaculture aquaponics baler binder black earth bog lime bone meal catch crop calcareous soil chernozem clearcutting colter combine commune compost collective farm cover crop creamery cultivation cultivator dairying dip disk plow drainage dry farming ensilage fallow land farming fertilizer forestry Good Agricultural Practices Green Revolution grain guano harrow harvester hay baler hoe humus hydroponics For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke incubator irrigation kibbutz kolkhoz lariat lasso land reform liming lister loam loess manure market gardening marl middlebuster moldboard mower mulch organic farming pasture peat picker plant breeding planter plough plow podzol prairie soil rake ranch reaper reclamation of land root crop rotation of crops Rothamsted sericulture share sharecropping separator, cream silage silo silviculture soil soiling soilless gardening straw strip cropping superphosphate For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke terrace thrashing threshing tractor truck farming water gardening winnowing Plants Animals Agriculture and Horticulture Animals Biographies Botany Microbes, Algae, and Fungi Plants Zoology and Veterinary Medicine The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. |
Encyclopedia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Agriculture: General agrarian reform agricultural subsidies agriculture agronomy animal husbandry aquaculture aquaponics baler binder black earth bog lime bone meal catch crop calcareous soil chernozem clearcutting colter combine commune compost collective farm cover crop creamery cultivation cultivator dairying dip disk plow drainage dry farming ensilage fallow land farming fertilizer forestry Good Agricultural Practices Green Revolution grain guano harrow harvester hay baler hoe humus hydroponics For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke incubator irrigation kibbutz kolkhoz lariat lasso land reform liming lister loam loess manure market gardening marl middlebuster moldboard mower mulch organic farming pasture peat picker plant breeding planter plough plow podzol prairie soil rake ranch reaper reclamation of land root crop rotation of crops Rothamsted sericulture share sharecropping separator, cream silage silo silviculture soil soiling soilless gardening straw strip cropping superphosphate For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke terrace thrashing threshing tractor truck farming water gardening winnowing Plants Animals Agriculture and Horticulture Animals Biographies Botany Microbes, Algae, and Fungi Plants Zoology and Veterinary Medicine The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke. |
Table of ContentsUnit 1Verb MoodsPart A Indicative and Imperative6B Present Subjunctive10C Past Subjunctive14D Review TensesPart A Simple and Progressive Tenses 20B Perfect Tenses24C ReviewSubject-Verb AgreementPart A Recognizing Subjects30B Quantifiers34C Review ModalsPart A Ability, Permission, Polite Requests, and Suggestions40B Obligation, Prohibition, and Lack of Necessity44C Probability: Past, Present, and Future48D ReviewAdjectives and AdverbsPart A Collective Adjectives54B Adjective Clauses Restrictive and Non-restrictive 58C Adverbs and Adverb Order62D ReviewNouns and ArticlesPart A Uncountable Nouns and Quantity68B Indefinite Articles72C The Definite Article76D Generic Nouns80E Review 84Unit 7PronounsPart A Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns86B Interrogative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns as the Object of a Preposition90C Indefinite Relative Pronouns94D Review PrepositionsPart A Advanced Prepositions100B Verbs and Prepositions104C Phrasal Verbs108D ReviewDirect and Indirect SpeechPart A Verb Tense and Form114B Question Forms and Time Shifts118C Modals in Indirect Speech122D Review126Unit 10 Passive VoicePart A Passive Tenses128B Stative Passives132C Direct and Indirect Objects in the Passive Voice136D Passive Voice Clauses140E The Passive of Modal Auxiliaries144F ReviewIndex151Transcripts Answer KeyIndicative and ImperativePart AUnit 1 Verb MoodsVerb MoodsGrammar ExplanationPreviewVerb Moods: Indicative and ImperativeThe indicative mood is the most common verb mood in English. It is used to express facts and opinions,or to ask questions about them. The indicative mood is used in all verb tenses. The imperative mood is used to make requests or give orders and warnings. It is used only in the simple present and future tenses. I am going to visit Paris next week. You looked happy yesterday. My dog is barking at passing cars. Does she have my book?Do they study English on Tuesdays?The subject in the imperative mood is alwaysyou. In simple present tense, the you-subject isnot usually stated. In the simple future tense, the you-subject isusually stated. |
The indicative mood is used in all verb tenses. The imperative mood is used to make requests or give orders and warnings. It is used only in the simple present and future tenses. I am going to visit Paris next week. You looked happy yesterday. My dog is barking at passing cars. Does she have my book?Do they study English on Tuesdays?The subject in the imperative mood is alwaysyou. In simple present tense, the you-subject isnot usually stated. In the simple future tense, the you-subject isusually stated. It is used to place strongeremphasis on a command. Pass me the salt, please. Don t walk near my vegetable garden. Look out for those bees!Finish your homework tonight. Command You will finish your homework tonight! Strong command Indicative Conjugation Simple Present :amwalkiswalksarewalkIHe She ItYou We TheyClass NoticeThere will be no computer class tomorrow aswe are upgrading the computer server. Thenew server is bigger and faster than the previousone. The classroom door will be locked all day,so do not attempt to enter. Use the time foryour private study and remember to collectyour new log-in password. Send me your emailaddress so I can give you some homework. Thework must be finished by Friday. Don t smoke. People use cars to drive around. Part A 71. Smoking is dangerous for your health. 2. Talking in the library is forbidden. 3. Walking alone downtown at night can be dangerous. 4. Eating a lot of fatty snacks can damage your heart. 5. It is not nice to lie to your parents and teachers. 6. Littering the streets makes the city dirty. Exercise 2Write negative imperative sentences based on the information given.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 3Look at the pictures. Write indicative sentences with the phrases in the box.1. Is Carlos from Spain? 2. Jack is cooking dinner. 3. Be careful of the hot stove. 4. Tell your sister to call me when she gets home. 5. When will you give me my allowance? 6. You will eat all your vegetables! Exercise 1Write indicative if the sentence is in the indicative mood or imperativeif the sentence is in the imperative mood.1. |
Tell your sister to call me when she gets home. 5. When will you give me my allowance? 6. You will eat all your vegetables! Exercise 1Write indicative if the sentence is in the indicative mood or imperativeif the sentence is in the imperative mood.1. Drive around2. Call their friends3. Tell the time4. Stay dryPractice 1Brazil will beat Argentina in the soccer game tomorrow. Practice 2Verb MoodsExercise 5Write indicative sentences in the correct tense. Exercise 6Unscramble the imperative sentences.1. Brazil - beat - Argentina - soccer game - tomorrow 2. Snow - New York - last - Friday 3. James - go - Japan - on vacation - next summer 4. Kyle - study - science - library - now 5. How long - you - be - wait - for me? Exercise 4Listen and take notes. Then answer the following questions.1. What is wrong with Simon? 2. What did Simon s doctor tell him to do? 3. What should Simon avoid? 4. What do his parents have to do next week? 1. Turn lights off Please the later. 2. Be if Call me late. You going to are 3. Use cell phones the test. Your Don t during 4. The trash, Throw please. Papers these in Track 2Simon: - caught Doctor: - rest ,- take ,- avoid because Simon s parents: - bring Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Underline the imperative sentences. Hiking through the Rocky Mountains can be a rewarding experience. Theclean air and breathtaking scenery attract tourists from all around the world. However, this area is also home to the grizzly bear. Because of the dangersassociated with grizzly encounters, hikers should heed the following safetyprecautions. Check with park rangers for information on bear activity beforechoosing a trail. Travel in large groups and make a lot of noise. Grizzliestend to avoid people and noise. Carry bearspray and keep it easily accessible. |
Travel in large groups and make a lot of noise. Grizzliestend to avoid people and noise. Carry bearspray and keep it easily accessible. When thispepper spray gets into a bear s eyes, the bearwill usually retreat. Always remain alert. Thesooner you know a bear is near, the easier itwill be to avoid trouble!1. Where do grizzly bears live? 2. What would you tell a friend to do before going hiking in the Rocky Mountains? 3. What do grizzlies tend to avoid? 4. Why should hikers keep bear spray easily accessible? Exercise 8Answer questions about the passage. Principal: I am recommending that Mrs.Robinson stay home until after herbaby is born. Jenny:When is her baby due?Principal: Around September 15th. I requestedthat she return to school in January. Mark:Who is going to teach us until then? Principal: Ms. Shaw. I insist you be as respectfulto her as you are to Mrs. Robinson!Part BVerb MoodsGrammar ExplanationPreviewThe subjunctive mood is used to express uncertain actions or states. The present subjunctive is formed with the base form of a verb. It follows verbs, nouns, or adjectivesthat express suggestion, demand, or request. Words of suggestion used: determine,determination, propose, recommend,recommendation, suggest, suggestion,advise, advisable, critical, desirable,important, vital, urgeWords of demand used: demand, imperative, insist, necessary, order,require, requiredWords of request used: ask, beg, prefer,request, wishThe doctor suggested I sleep more. My recommendation is that he sleep more. The doctor s recommendation is that they sleep more. It is advisable that she sleep more. My parents demand that I be quiet at night. Your parents require that you be quiet at night. It is imperative that she not be noisy at night. I ask that you have more patience with the other students. The teacher requested that Nick have his project finished a day earlier. The term present refers to the form of the subjunctive verb base form rather than the time in which the action happens. |
The police officer insisted my father shows show have shown him his driver slicense. Part B 11Practice 1Exercise 1Circle Sub if the verb in bold is in the subjunctive mood, circle Ind if itis in the indicative mood, or circle Imp if it is in the imperative mood. Exercise 2Choose the best word s to complete each sentence.1. The doctor insisted that Stan remains in bed. 2. The commander ordered that the thief is arrested. 3. The police request all citizens avoids the highway during the snowstorm. 4. Karen like to play basketball. 5. The bank manager demanded that he pays the debt on time. 1. My sister insisted that she get the large room in our new house. SubIndImp2. Ms. O Malley suggested that her students choose a research topic as soon as possible. SubIndImp3. Turn down your radio! SubIndImp4. The young couple is requesting a table by the window. SubIndImp5. The ranger recommended we be careful around bears. SubIndImp6. It is critical that she send in her application before the deadline. SubIndImpExercise 3Underline the mistakes. Then write the corrections. Practice 2Verb MoodsExercise 4Listen and number the pictures from 1--4.Exercise 5Match the sentence parts.1. Tom suggested we go fishing she apply to Harvard.2. Her math teacher advised that travel plan before he goes away.3. Mom insisted that Bob make a if the weather is nice tomorrow.4. Our French teacher demanded that we meet twice a week.5. My tutor prefers that we be quiet during the test. Exercise 6Unscramble the sentences.1. Advised I they scenic route. The take 2. Citizens taxes. The insists that all pay government 3. A new start He suggested that she hobby. 4. Students the be recommend I that quiet. 5. Demanded The father a traditional have wedding. Daughter his Track 3 Part B 13Grammar in UseSteve: Hey Jo, what s up? |
Students the be recommend I that quiet. 5. Demanded The father a traditional have wedding. Daughter his Track 3 Part B 13Grammar in UseSteve: Hey Jo, what s up? Are youplanning our surfing holiday?Jo:No, my parents are insistingthat I 1. Home. Steve: Why? Is it because it s toodangerous?Jo:Yeah, they asked that we 2. A safer activity. Steve: How about we 3. Sightseeing in Beijing instead?Jo:That s an idea. I ll bet that they 4. Me do that. I ll call you if they agree. Steve: Even if they 5. ,. Call me anyway. I want to catcha movie with you tonight. Exercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false.1. Jo s parents think that surfing is dangerous. TF2. Jo s parents asked that they not go to Hong Kong. TF3. Steve suggests that they see a movie tonight. TF4. Steve recommends that Jo and her family go to Beijing. TFgo let stay don t chooseExercise 7Fill in the blanks with words from the box. Verb MoodsPart C Past SubjunctivePreviewDear friends,I m having a great time here in Canada. So far, Ihave been skiing, ice skating, and fishing. It looksas if it s going to be sunny tomorrow, so we mighteven go camping! There s so much to do. If I wereback home, I would never have done all these funthings. I wish you were all here with me. If onlyyou weren t so busy, you could join me. Well,hope to see you soon. Your friend,ClaireGrammar ExplanationThe subjunctive mood is also used to express uncertain actions or states. The past subjunctive is formed with the simple past form of a verb that describes a state, condition,or habit. With the verb be, the form were not was is always used. It refers to hypothetical or imaginarysituations. The past subjunctive is used after the verbwish to express an unfulfilled desire. It is also used after the verbs suppose andimagine or with if only phrases to expressunreal conditions. |
Your friend,ClaireGrammar ExplanationThe subjunctive mood is also used to express uncertain actions or states. The past subjunctive is formed with the simple past form of a verb that describes a state, condition,or habit. With the verb be, the form were not was is always used. It refers to hypothetical or imaginarysituations. The past subjunctive is used after the verbwish to express an unfulfilled desire. It is also used after the verbs suppose andimagine or with if only phrases to expressunreal conditions. Such sentences are usuallyfollowed by would or could. The past subjunctive is also used when a comparison to an imaginary condition ismade. In this case, as though or as if usually precedes it. I wish Sally were here to help us. He wishes he could run faster. Suppose you met the president. What would you say?Imagine you were rich. What would you do first?If people drove smaller cars, we could all breathe cleaner air. She acts as though she were very rich, but she s not. He drives as if he were in a Formula 1 race. The term past refers to the form of the subjunctive verb past simple rather than the time in whichthe action happens. The following sentences all use the past subjunctive mood:If I were more organized, I would have arrived yesterday. If I were you, I would call her right now. If I weren t sick, I would go skiing with you tomorrow. KnewPart C 151. I wish I know my sister s secret. 2. Suppose I were very ugly. Will you still like me then? 3. The boy speaks as if he is a man. 4. She wishes she can speak English fluently. 5. If he was born in Berlin, he would speak German. 1. If I be rich, I will buy a new car.2. If only I be taller, I can reach the top shelf.3. The teacher demanded that Elaine stop talking in class.4. If they be so lazy, all the work will be finishedby now.5. If he study more, he will get higher grades. Exercise 2Underline the mistakes. Then write the corrections.1. |
You were here. We re having an exciting time in HongKong. The food is great, and the buildings are so tall. But the weather is so hot!2. That the weather back home were hot and humid every night. That s what it s like here! Yesterday, we were in a taxi. The driver was driving3. We were in a race. Suddenly, we crashed into another taxi. The two drivers were yelling at each other, and it looked as though they4. Going to fight. Eventually,we got back to our hotel OK. The trip hasbeen perfect so far, except I wish ourroom 5. Air conditioning. Your friend,AndyExercise 8Write your own answers to the questions.imagine had as if wish were1. What would you do if you visited Hong Kong? 2. Suppose you were in a taxi and the driver were driving too fast. What would you do? 3. If your taxi were hit by another taxi, what would you do? Verb MoodsReviewPart DA: Clean up your room, please. A: If you were cleaner, I wouldn t have to ask. A: I recommend you start saving now. B: If I were older, you wouldn t askme to do that. B: I wish I had my own house!Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1. It is important that you be given will given your medication by a qualified nurse.2. I suggest that he finishes finish his homework by twelve.3. He recommended that I took care take care to study longer than twenty minutesfor the next test.4. My mother insists that my father exercise exercises regularly.5. Jerry requested that Kim helps help him with his essay.1. Julie s father demands that she home early. Come 2. He insisted that she a lawyer. See 3. I suggested that he for the job. Apply 4. If I were happier, I smile more often. Will 5. If we had more time, we go to the zoo. Can 6. If it snowing, we could go skiing. |
If we had more time, we go to the zoo. Can 6.If it snowing, we could go skiing. Be Exercise 2Choose the correct verbs to complete the sentences.1.2.3.Clean up your room Go upstairs Stop talking on the phone older a famous musician a boy cleaner my own house quieter nicer parents more responsible my start savingapologize to usown phone hang upExercise 3Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given. Be careful of the big dog. If wishes were fishes, we d all havesome fried. ProverbExercise 4Rewrite the sentences in the past subjunctive tense. Use the words given.1.If it is sunny tomorrow, I will go hiking. Now 2.She sings as well as a pop star. As if 3.I am short, so I can t dunk a basketball. Taller 4.Three players on our team are injured, so we will probably lose the game. Healthy ...win Review 191.Be - careful - big - dog. 2.Where - be - Sheila - from? 3.It - be - important - she - check - her doctor - before - starting - diet. 4.If - he - have - longer - hair, - he - will - look - like - girl. Exercise 5Use the words to write complete sentences. Add prepositions and articles if necessary. Change the form of the verbs if necessary. |
THE PEARL By John Steinbeck1The Pearl: An Overview The Pearl is a novella by American author John Steinbeck, first published in 1947. It is the story of a pearl diver, Kino, and explores man's nature as well as greed, defiance of societal norms, and evil. Steinbeck's inspiration was a Mexican folk tale from La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, which he had heard in a visit to the formerly pearl-rich region in 1940. In 1947, it was adapted into a Mexican film named La perla and in 1987 into a cult Kannada movie Ondu Muttina Kathe. The story is one of Steinbeck's most popular books and has been widely used in high school classes. Summary The Pearl, which takes place in La Paz, Mexico, begins with a description of the seemingly idyllic family life of Kino, his wife Juana and their infant son, Coyotito. Kino watches as Coyotito sleeps, but sees a scorpion crawl down the rope that holds the hanging box where Coyotito lies. Kino attempts to catch the scorpion, but Coyotito bumps the rope and the scorpion falls on him. Although Kino kills the scorpion, it still stings Coyotito. Juana and Kino, accompanied by their neighbors, go to see the local doctor, who refuses to treat Coyotito because Kino cannot pay. Kino and Juana leave the doctors and take Coyotito down near the sea, where Juana uses a seaweed poultice on Coyotito's shoulder, which is now swollen. Kino dives for oysters from his canoe, attempting to find pearls. He finds a very large oyster which, when Kino opens it, yields an immense pearl, which Kino therefore dubs "The Pearl of the World". Kino puts back his head and howls, causing the other pearl divers to look up and race toward Kino's canoe. The news that Kino has found an immense pearl travels fast through La Paz. The doctor who refused to treat Coyotito decides to visit Kino. Kino's neighbors begin to feel bitter toward him for his good fortune, but neither Kino nor Juana realizes this feeling they have engendered. |
The news that Kino has found an immense pearl travels fast through La Paz. The doctor who refused to treat Coyotito decides to visit Kino. Kino's neighbors begin to feel bitter toward him for his good fortune, but neither Kino nor Juana realizes this feeling they have engendered. Juan Tomas, the brother of Kino, asks him what he will do with his money, and he envisions getting married to Juana in a church and dressing Coyotito in a yachting cap and sailor suit. He claims that he will send Coyotito to school and buy a rifle for himself. The local priest visits and tells Kino to remember to give thanks and to pray for guidance. The doctor also visits, and although Coyotito seems to be healing, the doctor insists that Coyotito still faces danger and treats him. Kino tells the doctor that he will pay him once he sells his pearl, and the doctor attempts to discern where the pearl is located Kino has buried it in the corner of his hut . That night, a thief attempts to break into Kino's hut, but Kino drives him away. Juana tells Kino that the pearl will destroy them, but Kino insists that the pearl is their one chance and that tomorrow they will sell it. 2 Kino's neighbors wonder what they would do if they had found the pearl, and suggest giving it as a present to the Pope, buying Masses for the souls of his family, and distributing it among the poor of La Paz. Kino goes to sell his pearl, accompanied by his neighbors, but the pearl dealer only offers a thousand pesos when Kino believes that he deserves fifty thousand. Although other dealers inspect the pearl and give similar prices, Kino refuses their offer and decides to go to the capital to sell it there. That night, Kino is attacked by more thieves, and Juana once again reminds Kino that the pearl is evil. However, Kino vows that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. Later that night, Juana attempts to take the pearl and throw it into the ocean, but Kino finds her and beats her for doing so. While outside, a group of men accost Kino and knock the pearl from his hand. Juana watches from a distance, and sees Kino approach her, limping with another man whose throat Kino has slit. |
Later that night, Juana attempts to take the pearl and throw it into the ocean, but Kino finds her and beats her for doing so. While outside, a group of men accost Kino and knock the pearl from his hand. Juana watches from a distance, and sees Kino approach her, limping with another man whose throat Kino has slit. Juana finds the pearl, and they decide that they must go away even if the murder was in self-defense. Kino finds that his canoe has been damaged and their house was torn up and the outside set afire. Kino and Juana stay with Juan Tomas and his wife, Apolonia, where they hide for the next day before setting out for the capital that night. Kino and Juana travel that night, and rest during the day. When Kino believes that he is being followed, the two hide and Kino sees several bighorn sheep trackers who pass by him. Kino and Juana escape into the mountains, where Juana and Coyotito hide in the cave while Kino, taking his clothes off so that no one will see his white clothing. The trackers think that they hear something when they hear Coyotito crying, but decide that it is merely a coyote pup. After a tracker shoots in the direction of the cries, Kino attacks the three trackers, killing all three of them. Kino can hear nothing but the cry of death, for he soon realizes that Coyotito is dead from that first shot. Juana and Kino return to La Paz. Kino carries a rifle stolen from the one of the trackers he killed, while Juana carries the dead Coyotito. The two approach the gulf, and Kino, who now sees the image of Coyotito with his head blown off in the pearl, throws it into the ocean. Setting Steinbeck began writing the story as a movie script in 1944, and first published it as a short story called "The Pearl of the World" in Woman's Home Companion in December 1945. The original publication is also sometimes listed as "The Pearl of La Paz". He expanded it to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl by Viking Press in 1947. As he was writing the novella version, he was3frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed. |
The original publication is also sometimes listed as "The Pearl of La Paz". He expanded it to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl by Viking Press in 1947. As he was writing the novella version, he was3frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed. The film was also released by RKO in 1947 as a copromotion with the book. The Pearl was loosely adapted in 2001 for a film directed by Alfredo Zacharias and starring Lukas Haas and Richard Harris which was released directly to video in 2005. The Pearl Character List Kino A prototypical Mexican-Indian who works as a pearl diver, he begins the story as a devoted father and husband to Coyotito and Juana, respectively. Kino is the central character of the story, an everyman' who finds himself becoming increasingly violent, paranoid and defiant as he faces opposition from others after he finds the pearl, and resorts to assaulting Juana and murdering those who threaten him. Juana The mother of Coyotito and the wife of Kino, Juana is, as her name suggests, the representation of woman for Steinbeck in the story. She dutifully supports her husband, despite his worsening treatment of her, but warns him against the dangers that the pearl can bring to the family. Juana remains steadfast throughout the story and devoted to maintaining her family. She even refuses to obey Kino when he suggests that they take separate paths to avoid the trackers. Coyotito The infant son of Kino and Juana, after he is stung by a scorpion, the doctor refuses to treat him because his parents have no money. Although Juana seemingly cures him with a seaweed poultice, he receives treatment from the doctor only after Kino finds the pearl. When Kino and Juana are hunted by trackers after escaping La Paz, one of the trackers shoots Coyotito in the head as they hide in a cave. The Doctor A fat, complacent man who is not from the same race as Kino and Juana, he refuses to treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting when Kino and Juana cannot pay enough. However, once he learns that Kino has found the Pearl of the World, he treats the healed Coyotito after leading Kino and Juana to believe that Coyotito may suffer unseen consequences from the bite. |
When Kino and Juana are hunted by trackers after escaping La Paz, one of the trackers shoots Coyotito in the head as they hide in a cave. The Doctor A fat, complacent man who is not from the same race as Kino and Juana, he refuses to treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting when Kino and Juana cannot pay enough. However, once he learns that Kino has found the Pearl of the World, he treats the healed Coyotito after leading Kino and Juana to believe that Coyotito may suffer unseen consequences from the bite. Seemingly interested in stealing4the pearl, the doctor is not of the same race as Kino and Juana, and longs for his days in Paris. Juan Tomas The brother of Kino and the husband of Apolonia, he warns Kino against the disastrous consequences that he faces from finding the pearl. Juan Tomas hides Kino and Juana in his house after Kino murders a man in self-defense. Apolonia The fat wife of Juan Tomas, Apolonia allows Kino and Juana to hide in her house after Kino murders a man in self-defense. 5Book Summary and Analysis by Chapters Chapter 1 Kino awakes and watches the hanging box where his infant son, Coyotito, sleeps. He then watches his wife, Juana, who has also awakened and rests peacefully. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, a traditional song of his ancestors, as the dawn comes and Juana begins to prepare breakfast. Kino's ancestors had been great makers of songs, and everything they saw or thought had become a song. Juana sings softly to Coyotito part of the family song. Kino looks at them and thinks that "this is safety, this is warmth, this is the Whole.". Kino sees a movement near the hanging box where Coyotito sleeps. A scorpion moves slowly down the rope supporting the box. Kino thinks of the Song of Evil, the music of the enemy, as the Song of the Family cries plaintively. Kino stands still, ready to grasp the scorpion, but Coyotito shakes the rope and the scorpion falls on him. Kino reaches to catch it, but it falls onto the baby's shoulder and strikes. Kino grabs the scorpion and kills it as Coyotito screams in pain. Juana begins to suck the puncture to remove the poison. |
Kino reaches to catch it, but it falls onto the baby's shoulder and strikes. Kino grabs the scorpion and kills it as Coyotito screams in pain. Juana begins to suck the puncture to remove the poison. Having heard the baby's screams, Kino's brother, Juan Tomas, and his fat wife Apolonia enter with their children. Juana orders them to find a doctor. The doctor never comes to their cluster of brush houses, so Juana decides to go to the doctor herself. The event becomes a neighborhood affair, for Juan Tomas and Apolonia accompany them and even the beggars in front of the church follow Juana as she marches toward the doctor. Kino feels weak as he approaches the doctor's home, for the doctor is not of his race and thus believes that Kino's people are simple animals. Kino tells the doctor's servant that his child was poisoned by a scorpion. The doctor is a fat man who longs for civilized living. Although the doctor is at home, he refuses to treat Coyotito unless he knows that he has money. The servant asks if Kino has money, and when he can only offer small seed pearls, the servant tells Kino that the doctor has gone out. Kino strikes the gate with his fist, splitting his knuckles. Chapter 1 Analysis The Pearl takes place among an impoverished Mexican-Indian community in La Paz. Although the story involves essentially only this couple, Steinbeck uses Kino and Juana as symbolic of the community in which they live. Steinbeck constructs Kino as an everyman with concerns typical of persons of all social stations. As shown by his encounter with the scorpion, Kino is a devoted father6who dotes on his infant son and adores his wife. Quite importantly, as the story begins Kino is perfectly content with his situation, despite his lack of material possessions and difficult existence. As Kino watches his family, he believes that this is the "whole," the entirety of everything he really needs. This is significant, for this early contentment contrasts with the later panic that Kino and Juana will feel once they receive hope for a better future. Juana, whose name even translates into woman,' symbolizes a feminine ideal that complements Kino's masculine prototype. |
As Kino watches his family, he believes that this is the "whole," the entirety of everything he really needs. This is significant, for this early contentment contrasts with the later panic that Kino and Juana will feel once they receive hope for a better future. Juana, whose name even translates into woman,' symbolizes a feminine ideal that complements Kino's masculine prototype. Nevertheless, despite the serene description with which Steinbeck begins The Pearl, he also establishes that this existence is a precarious one; Coyotito's encounter with the scorpion illustrates this possibility of danger that the family faces at all times and brings into focus the magnitude of their poverty, showing that their poverty places a tangible price on their existence that Kino may not be able to pay. The scorpion is a symbol of the furtive dangers that threaten Kino and his family, able to strike furtively at any moment. It is therefore analogous to the other enemies that will threaten Kino and Juana: the scorpion secretly enters the house and strikes at them indirectly, instead of presenting a direct and open challenge to them. The critical situation that Kino's family faces is significant to show the great importance of the fortune that Kino will receive, for it provides not only the possibility of material goods but may buy the life of his child. Kino's encounter with the doctor sharply illustrates this, as the doctor essentially allows Coyotito to die because Kino cannot pay for treatment. Although Kino and Juana are representative of the larger community in which they live, this community itself becomes significant in terms of the development of the story. This village takes on a character of its own; this is shown in particular when Juana and Kino visit the doctor and their neighbors follow in a near procession. These nameless villagers serve as a form of chorus on the action of the story, commenting on the developments and judging the decisions and events that occur to Kino. The idea of community is also significant in terms of the various songs that Kino remembers. These songs are entirely symbolic, meant to place Kino in the larger, less personal context as a member of a community with a sense of heritage and to reinforce his status as an everyman. The two songs that Kino remembers during this chapter, the Song of the Family and the Song of Evil, also place the story in a context with diametric opposites; the story is largely a parable with defined parameters of good and evil. |
The idea of community is also significant in terms of the various songs that Kino remembers. These songs are entirely symbolic, meant to place Kino in the larger, less personal context as a member of a community with a sense of heritage and to reinforce his status as an everyman. The two songs that Kino remembers during this chapter, the Song of the Family and the Song of Evil, also place the story in a context with diametric opposites; the story is largely a parable with defined parameters of good and evil. Steinbeck uses the doctor who refuses to treat Coyotito as a symbol of the forces of oppression that Kino and Juana face. The doctor represents the societal system that places a monetary value on human life, as well as the obstacles that Kino7and Juana face. The racial divide between the doctor and Kino plays a considerable role in his refusal to treat Coyotito; although this aspect of the story is not omnipresent, this presents an additional element of adversity that Kino and Juana must endure. In this chapter, Steinbeck foreshadows eventual changes in Kino's character when he smashes his fist on the doctor's gate. This event shows that Kino reverts to violence and anger when confronted with adversity, yet when he does so he hurts only himself. Chapter 2 Kino and Juana walk slowly down the beach to Kino's canoe, the one thing of value that he owns. The canoe is old, bought by Kino's grandfather, and is the source of food for Kino. It is their most important possession, for "a man with a boat can guarantee a woman that she will eat something.". Coyotito still suffers from the scorpion bite: the swelling on his shoulder continues up his neck and his face is puffed and feverish. Juana makes a poultice from brown seaweed. This poultice is "as good a remedy as any and probably better than the doctor could have done.". Kino and Juana get into the canoe so that Kino can find pearl oysters that may pay for the treatment for Coyotito. Kino dives for pearl oysters, where he thinks of the Song of the Pearl That Might Be and the Song of the Undersea. Kino works steadily under the water until he sees a large oyster lying by itself with its shell partly open, revealing what seems to be a massive pearl. Kino forces the oyster loose and holds it tightly against him. |
Kino dives for pearl oysters, where he thinks of the Song of the Pearl That Might Be and the Song of the Undersea. Kino works steadily under the water until he sees a large oyster lying by itself with its shell partly open, revealing what seems to be a massive pearl. Kino forces the oyster loose and holds it tightly against him. When Kino comes up for air, Juana can sense his excitement. Kino opens the various oysters he had caught, leaving the largest one for last. He worries that the large pearl he saw was merely a reflection, for "in this Gulf of uncertain light there were more illusions than realities.". Finally, Kino opens the oyster to see a rich, perfectly curved pearl. Juana lifts the poultice of seaweed from Coyotito to see that the swelling has begun to recede. Kino puts back his head and howls, causing the men in other canoes to look up and race toward Kino's canoe. Chapter 2 Analysis Steinbeck continues to detail the extreme poverty in which Kino and Juana live; not only can they not afford their own canoe so that Kino may perform his job as a pearl diver, they must use a canoe that is several generations old. This is important, for it gives greater weight to the discovery of the pearl, which could raise them from a meager existence into some sense of security. 8 The canoe is a symbol of Kino's heritage, a relic passed down from his grandfather, but it also represents Kino's role as a provider for his family. Steinbeck generalizes the statement that a man with a canoe can ensure that his wife will never go hungry to illustrate Kino's status as an everyman and to emphasize the distinct roles and duties of a husband and father. The life that Kino and Juana lead is also an antiquated one; when the doctor refuses to treat Coyotito, Juana relies on primitive methods to cure her son. Steinbeck does not offer a sharp critique of these methods. Instead, he finds them more than adequate to the task and perhaps better than the treatment that the doctor might offer. In this novel, Steinbeck gives greater emphasis and value to traditional behaviors and even primitivism over modern conveniences and, in particular, those who have those luxuries. Kino's occupation as a pearl diver demonstrates the small chance that he and his family have for success. |
Instead, he finds them more than adequate to the task and perhaps better than the treatment that the doctor might offer. In this novel, Steinbeck gives greater emphasis and value to traditional behaviors and even primitivism over modern conveniences and, in particular, those who have those luxuries. Kino's occupation as a pearl diver demonstrates the small chance that he and his family have for success. Pearl diving is a largely fruitless task that relies on the small chance for finding suitable oysters undersea and generally offers only the bare sustenance that maintains Juana and Kino. In effect, pearl diving is an act of desperation that further bolsters descriptions of Kino's poverty. It is the only hope that Kino and Juana have. Nevertheless, Kino immediately realizes that he has found an impressive pearl when he finds the oyster during his dive, leaving this large oyster as the final one to be opened. This creates a sense of tension and anticipation, as Kino realizes the significance of the pearl he has found. Steinbeck even bolsters the idea of fortuitous chance by juxtaposing the discovery of the pearl with Juana's realization that Coyotito has been cured, thus linking these two events, both of which provide great hope for Kino and Juana. However, even upon the discovery of the pearl Steinbeck foreshadows the later difficulties that might occur. Kino reverts to animalistic behavior once he finds the pearl, literally howling in joy. The pearl causes Kino to revert to instinctual behavior, a change that will have dangerous and disastrous consequences. Chapter 3 The news of the pearl travels fast through Kino's small village. Before Kino and Juana return home, the news had already spread that Kino had found "The Pearl of the World," as it comes to be known. The local priest learns, as well as the doctor who refused to treat Coyotito. When the doctor learns, he tells the patient that he is treating that he must treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting. All manner of people grow interested in Kino, and the news stirs up something infinitely black9and evil. The pearl buyers consider how they might deal with Kino and offer him the lowest possible price. However, Kino and Juana do not know the anger and bitterness they have engendered. |
All manner of people grow interested in Kino, and the news stirs up something infinitely black9and evil. The pearl buyers consider how they might deal with Kino and offer him the lowest possible price. However, Kino and Juana do not know the anger and bitterness they have engendered. Juan Tomas asks Kino what he will do now that he has become rich, and Kino answers that he and Juana will be married in the church. Kino envisions how he will be dressed, and sees Coyotito in a yachting cap and sailor suit from the United States. Kino then imagines buying a rifle. Thinking of the rifle breaks down barriers for Kino, as he imagines the whole lot of things that he might have. He thinks that Coyotito will go to school and learn to read. He claims that "my son will make numbers, and these things will make us free because he will know he will know and through him we will know.". The priest visits Kino and Juana, and tells them that he hopes that they will remember to give thanks and to pray for guidance. The doctor also visits, and although Kino tells him that Coyotito is nearly well, the doctor claims that the scorpion sting has a curious effect that comes later and if he is not treated he may suffer blindness or a withered leg. Not sure whether or not the doctor is telling the truth, Kino nevertheless lets him see the baby. The doctor takes a bottle of white powder and a gelatin capsule, and gives Coyotito a pill. The doctor tells them that the medicine may save the baby from pain, but he will come back in an hour to check on him. After the doctor leaves, Kino wraps the pearl in a rag and digs a hole in the dirt floor where he conceals the pearl. When the doctor returns, he gives Coyotito water with ammonia and tells Kino that the baby will get well now. Kino tells the doctor that he will pay him once he has sold his pearl. The neighbors tell the doctor that Kino has found the Pearl of the World and will be a rich man. The doctor suggests that Kino keep the pearl in his safe, but Kino says that he has it secure. The doctor realizes that Kino will likely look to the place where it is stored, and sees his eyes move to the corner where he had buried it. |
The neighbors tell the doctor that Kino has found the Pearl of the World and will be a rich man. The doctor suggests that Kino keep the pearl in his safe, but Kino says that he has it secure. The doctor realizes that Kino will likely look to the place where it is stored, and sees his eyes move to the corner where he had buried it. After the doctor leaves again, Juana asks Kino whom he fears, and he answers everyone.'. That night, Kino thinks that he hears noises in his hut. He grabs his knife and strikes out in the dark. The person scurries out. Juana tells Kino that the pearl is evil and will destroy them. She tells him to throw it away or break it, for it will destroy them. Kino says that the pearl is their one chance, and that the next morning they will sell the pearl. Chapter 3 Analysis As the titular object of the novel, the pearl that Kino discovers can symbolize several different ideas or themes. In this chapter, Steinbeck equates the pearl10with hope for the future, for it is the means by which Kino and Juana will be able to provide for Coyotito and give him a better life. The pearl also represents a sense of freedom by enabling Kino to educate Coyotito and give him the ability to choose his own profession and way of life apart from the deterministic poverty of his parents. Although the story takes place in Mexico, Steinbeck equates this with the American dream of fortune and prosperity; Kino imagines Coyotito dressed in clothes from the United States. The discovery of the pearl causes a sharp change in the villagers' reactions to Kino and Juana, for the once unimportant couple become renowned and notorious in La Paz. The pearl gives Kino great importance within La Paz, as demonstrated by the visit from the local priest and the doctor who had just recently refused treatment to Coyotito. However, with this newfound interest in Kino comes the impending feeling of hatred and hostility for him; the discovery causes an anonymous bitterness toward Kino for his great luck, a feeling that he and Juana cannot realize. The hostility directed toward Kino and Juana takes two forms; the first is a general jealousy from the community toward Kino for his luck, while the second is a more specific greed shown by those who wish the pearl for themselves. Steinbeck illustrates this avarice through both the priest and the doctor. |
However, with this newfound interest in Kino comes the impending feeling of hatred and hostility for him; the discovery causes an anonymous bitterness toward Kino for his great luck, a feeling that he and Juana cannot realize. The hostility directed toward Kino and Juana takes two forms; the first is a general jealousy from the community toward Kino for his luck, while the second is a more specific greed shown by those who wish the pearl for themselves. Steinbeck illustrates this avarice through both the priest and the doctor. In the former case, the priest gives attention to Kino merely as a means to gain some of the money to the church, shamelessly asking Kino to monetarily compensate God for the good fortune he has received. In the latter, the doctor's newfound interest in Kino stems from a manipulative and dangerous greed. His visit to Kino reveals that he not only wishes to secure part of Kino's new fortune through the salary the doctor might receive for treatment but, as shown by the doctor's attempt to locate the pearl in Kino's hut, that he intends to steal the pearl. Steinbeck makes clear that the doctor does not visit Kino to cure his son; in fact, he indicates that the doctor's treatment of Coyotito might even be superfluous. The suspicious designs of both the doctor and the priest indicate that the danger that Kino faces is not from jealous neighbors who might use the pearl to escape their own poverty, but rather from those whose economic situation is secure and who merely desire greater luxury. Steinbeck thus uses the community reaction to the pearl as social commentary that critiques the ruling class for avarice and exploitation. The manipulative behavior of the doctor foreshadows greater calamities that Kino and Juana will suffer, which Steinbeck also shows through the anonymous thief who attempts to steal the pearl that night. However, Kino's and Juana's problems are not merely external forces, but are equally internal. Throughout the chapter, Kino and Juana evolve significantly. At first, neither can vocalize the changes that the pearl will make for them, but once they think of the tangible consequences for their newfound fortune they begin to articulate previously11impossible and unimaginable dreams. However, Kino and Juana diverge in their later reactions to the pearl. Juana disavows the consequences of the fortune they will receive, finding the scorn and danger that others present to be an insurmountable evil. |
At first, neither can vocalize the changes that the pearl will make for them, but once they think of the tangible consequences for their newfound fortune they begin to articulate previously11impossible and unimaginable dreams. However, Kino and Juana diverge in their later reactions to the pearl. Juana disavows the consequences of the fortune they will receive, finding the scorn and danger that others present to be an insurmountable evil. Kino uses the animosity and danger as reason for suspicion and paranoia, as shown when Kino strikes randomly with his knife when he fears an intruder. He lapses into the instinctual animalism demonstrated in the previous chapter, a quality that will play a significant role in the tragedy to come. Steinbeck also foreshadows the trouble that Kino will find with the pearl buyers. In his description of the pearl buyers, Steinbeck claims that, although there are many of them, they are essentially one. This aligns with the idea of segments of the community as a collective that permeates The Pearl; as Steinbeck describes the town, it is like "a colonial animal" with its own emotion, essentially a person in itself. The neighbors who comment on the action are not individuals, but rather symbols of their class. Even Juana and Kino exist less as fully-formed individuals and as archetypal representations of man and woman. The pearl buyers, anonymous except for their identity as part of a class, symbolize the ruling elite of La Paz who can exploit Kino. Chapter 4 In La Paz, the entire town knew that Kino was going to sell the pearl that day. Kino's neighbors speak of what they might do with the pearl. One man says that he would give it as a present to the Pope, while another said he would buy Masses for the souls of his family for a thousand years, while another thought he would distribute it among the poor of La Paz. Everyone worries that the pearl will destroy Kino and Juana. Before leaving to sell the pearl, Juan Tomas warns Kino and Juana to get the best price for the pearl, and tells him how their ancestors got an agent to sell their pearls, but this agent ran off with the pearls. Kino had heard the story told as a warning of punishment against those who try to leave their station. Kino and Juana, followed by neighbors, reach the offices of the pearl buyers. |
Before leaving to sell the pearl, Juan Tomas warns Kino and Juana to get the best price for the pearl, and tells him how their ancestors got an agent to sell their pearls, but this agent ran off with the pearls. Kino had heard the story told as a warning of punishment against those who try to leave their station. Kino and Juana, followed by neighbors, reach the offices of the pearl buyers. The pearl dealer inspects the pearl and tells him that his pearl is like fool's gold, for it is too large and valuable only as a curiosity. Kino cries out that it is the Pearl of the World, and no one has ever seen such a pearl. The dealer offers a thousand pesos, to which Kino says that it is worth fifty thousand and the dealer wants to cheat him. The dealer tells Kino to ask the others around him. Kino can feel the evil around him as other dealers inspect the pearl. One dealer refuses the pearl altogether, while a second dealer offers five hundred pesos. Kino tells them that he will go to the capital. The dealer offers fifteen hundred pesos, but Kino leaves with the pearl. 12 That night, the townspeople argue whether Kino should have accepted the money, which was still more than he would have ever seen. Kino buries the pearl again that night, and remains terrified at the world around him. Juan Tomas tell Kino that he has defied not only the pearl buyers, but the whole structure of life, and he fears for his brother. Juan Tomas warns him that he treads on new ground. Juan Tomas reminds Kino that his friends will protect him only if they are not in danger, and tells him "Go with God" before he departs. In the middle of the night, Kino feels a sense of evil from outside of his brush house, and he prepares to wield his knife. Kino steps outside to see if there are prowlers. Juana can hear noise from outside, so she picks up a stone and steps out of their hut. She finds Kino with blood running down his scalp and a long cut in his cheek from ear to chin. Juana once again tells Kino that the pearl is evil and they must destroy it. Kino insists that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. |
She finds Kino with blood running down his scalp and a long cut in his cheek from ear to chin. Juana once again tells Kino that the pearl is evil and they must destroy it. Kino insists that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. Chapter 4 Analysis: Steinbeck begins the chapter with the reactions of the people of La Paz, who propose what they might do if they were to find a pearl of such great value. Their reactions reveal a sense of animosity toward Kino, for the great plans for charity that these people suggest contrast with the seemingly self-interested ideas that Kino proposed in the previous chapter. This is important to show the undercurrent of criticism for Kino. Steinbeck suggests the jealousy that people have for his good fortune. Additionally, the idealistic and charitable ideas that people propose reveal a simplistic attitude toward receiving such a great fortune; as Steinbeck has shown and will continue to show, Kino and Juana do not face easy decisions with regard to their newfound fortune, and in fact may be in serious danger. The pearl dealer, who symbolizes the ruling elite classes, proves to be another example of a manipulative professional man akin to the priest and the doctor. He shamelessly attempts to cheat Kino out of his money, offering a price that seems far too low for such a pearl; although there remains the possibility that the pearl may be an oddity with little practical value, the numerous attempts to steal the pearl, perhaps instigated by the pearl dealers, suggest otherwise. Kino's refusal is no small feat; as Juan Tomas declares, he has defied the structure of life around him. This places the parable in a larger political context, suggesting that a hierarchy around Kino works to exploit him and others of his station and resists any attempts to shift this social order. This idea is bolstered by the story concerning the pearl agent in which punishment is inflicted upon those who attempt to secure a better station for themselves. 13However, although Kino repudiates the idea that punishment should be inflicted on those who reach for higher social status, Steinbeck has conflicting ideas concerning this idea. Although Steinbeck is quite sympathetic to Kino and Juana, casting them as the protagonists of the story in comparison to the greedy, manipulative and one-dimensional villains such as the doctor and the pearl buyers, the very structure of the story seems to suggest that Kino and Juana will pay a great price for their aspirations. |
This idea is bolstered by the story concerning the pearl agent in which punishment is inflicted upon those who attempt to secure a better station for themselves. 13However, although Kino repudiates the idea that punishment should be inflicted on those who reach for higher social status, Steinbeck has conflicting ideas concerning this idea. Although Steinbeck is quite sympathetic to Kino and Juana, casting them as the protagonists of the story in comparison to the greedy, manipulative and one-dimensional villains such as the doctor and the pearl buyers, the very structure of the story seems to suggest that Kino and Juana will pay a great price for their aspirations. For finding the pearl and attempting to sell it, Kino and Juana are physically threatened, suffer a silent condemnation from their neighbors, and are besieged by opportunists, while they were content in their poverty, a situation which Kino thought was "the whole.". Steinbeck continues to demonstrate that the pearl has more detrimental consequences for Kino and Juana than benefits. Only two days after having found the pearl, Kino has suffered two robbery attempts and has been assaulted once. These threats against Kino strengthen his resolve, however, causing him to obstinately fight for the pearl and revert to brutal behavior. The attacks against Kino are an affront to his masculinity, as shown by his constant avowal that he is a man and thus cannot be cheated. This helps to illustrate the definition of masculinity that Steinbeck deals with throughout The Pearl. While earlier the idea of masculinity meant providing for one's family, for Kino it now encompasses receiving just and respectful treatment. Juana serves as the lone voice of reason, continuing to warn Kino of the disastrous consequences of the pearl. As Kino becomes more and more consumed by his paranoia and impulses, it is Juana who remains maintains a realistic appraisal of the effects of the pearl. For Juana, the pearl represents a great evil and suffering, a sharp change from the sense of hope and freedom that it originally symbolized. The irony of this situation is notable: the pearl that would secure prosperity and stability for Kino and Juana instead offers them only pain and danger. Chapter 5 Kino senses movement near him, but it is only Juana who arises silently from beside him. Kino sees her near the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and then watches her go out the doorway. |
The irony of this situation is notable: the pearl that would secure prosperity and stability for Kino and Juana instead offers them only pain and danger. Chapter 5 Kino senses movement near him, but it is only Juana who arises silently from beside him. Kino sees her near the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and then watches her go out the doorway. Kino begins to feel a great sense of rage as he hears her footsteps going toward the shore; Juana is going to throw the pearl back into the ocean. Kino chases Juana, then strikes her in the face with his clenched fist and kicks her in the side. He then turns away from her and walks up the beach. Juana knows that when Kino said that he is a man, he meant that he was "half-insane and half-god" and knows as a woman that "the mountain14would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it.". While walking on the beach, men accost Kino in search of the pearl, which is knocked from his hand and lands on the pathway. Juana soon sees Kino limping toward her with a stranger whose throat has been slit. She finds the pearl for Kino, and tells him that they must go away before daylight. Kino says that he struck to save his life, but Juana says that this does not matter. He orders her to get Coyotito and all of the corn they have. Kino finds his canoe with a splintered hole in the bottom. He rushes home to find Juana and Coyotito, but Juana tells Kino that their house was torn up and the floor dug, and someone set fire to the outside. Juana and Coyotito go to Juan Tomas and Apolonia. When Kino tells about the man he has killed, Juan Tomas says that it is the pearl and he should have sold it. Kino begs his brother to hide them until nightfall. Kino tells Juan Tomas that he will head north. Kino says that he will not give up the pearl, because "if I give it up I shall lose my soul.". Chapter 5 Analysis Steinbeck builds a sense of paranoia and imminent tragedy for Juana and Kino during this chapter, in which anonymous enemies threaten their safety. The men who attack Kino are never named and their origins are never revealed; although Kino suspects that they are the agents of the pearl dealers. |
Kino tells Juan Tomas that he will head north. Kino says that he will not give up the pearl, because "if I give it up I shall lose my soul.". Chapter 5 Analysis Steinbeck builds a sense of paranoia and imminent tragedy for Juana and Kino during this chapter, in which anonymous enemies threaten their safety. The men who attack Kino are never named and their origins are never revealed; although Kino suspects that they are the agents of the pearl dealers. This anonymity is significant, for the men who assault Kino symbolize a more generalized evil' than the specific villainy of the pearl dealer or the doctor. This continues the string of various calamities that occur to Juana and Kino; they lose their boat and their home while defending themselves. These two losses are significant, for the canoe symbolizes the ability that Kino has to provide for and protect his family and the home symbolizes the idea of the family that once gave Kino great comfort. By this point in the story, Juan Tomas joins Juana in warning Kino of the problems of the pearl, but Juana's predictions of disaster have already been partially fulfilled. When Juan Tomas tells Kino "go with God" when Kino prepares to venture to the capital, this statement has a sense of impending doom; Steinbeck makes it very clear that a tragic end for Kino and Juana is imminent. Steinbeck also makes the explicit point that the greatest damage caused by the pearl is the change that it effects within Kino. The caring father and partner of the first chapter at this point in the story attacks Juana when she attempts to take the pearl. Juana realizes the change in her husband from a normal man to one15with a questionable grip on sanity. It is ironic that, when Kino declares that he is a man, he begins to act "half insane and half god," thus negating the qualities that define him as a man. Steinbeck creates a tone of futility about Kino's enterprise; as the rational and level-headed Juana realizes, Kino is a man raging against an obstacle as insurmountable as a mountain or a storm, and his struggles will only cause him to destroy himself. Kino even finds himself capable of murder to defend himself; whether Kino is capable of a more cold-blooded killing still remains questionable. Kino's comment that the pearl has become his soul is the defining statement of his condition. |
Steinbeck creates a tone of futility about Kino's enterprise; as the rational and level-headed Juana realizes, Kino is a man raging against an obstacle as insurmountable as a mountain or a storm, and his struggles will only cause him to destroy himself. Kino even finds himself capable of murder to defend himself; whether Kino is capable of a more cold-blooded killing still remains questionable. Kino's comment that the pearl has become his soul is the defining statement of his condition. It shows that Kino has ceased to be in some level human; he cannot consider normal human needs and emotions, but defiantly focuses on the pearl. The reaction of the community to the tragedies that occur to Kino and Juana is significant. While the neighbors followed every detail of Kino's life once the pearl promised to bring him fortune and renown, during this time his neighbors remain silent. Only Juan Tomas and Apolonia hide Juana and Kino but do so reluctantly. While Kino's neighbors have commented on all of the events in previous chapters, they do not manifest any reaction to the attacks on Kino and Juana. Chapter 6 As Kino and Juana travel northward, Kino feels a sense of exhilaration along with his fear. They walk all night and rest during the day so that they may not be found, and attempt to cover their tracks so that they cannot be followed easily. Kino warns Juana that "whoever finds us will take the pearl," but Juana wonders whether the dealers were right and the pearl has no value. Kino says that they would not have tried to steal it if it were not valuable. Kino repeats what they will have once they sell the pearl: the church wedding, the rifle, education for Coyotito. When they stop to rest during the day, Juana does not sleep and Kino stirs as he dreams. When they hear noises from the distance, Kino orders Juana to keep Coyotito quiet. While Juana hides, Kino moves through the brush to see what he heard, and notices in the distance three bighorn sheep trackers, one of whom is on horseback. Kino realizes that if the trackers find them, he must leap for the horseman, kill him and take his rifle. As the horseman passes by Kino, he does not notice him. Kino and Juana both realize that if the trackers find them, they will kill them to get the pearl. |
Kino realizes that if the trackers find them, he must leap for the horseman, kill him and take his rifle. As the horseman passes by Kino, he does not notice him. Kino and Juana both realize that if the trackers find them, they will kill them to get the pearl. 16Kino and Juana escape into the mountains, not bothering to cover their tracks. Kino orders Juana and Coyotito to leave him, for he can go faster alone, but she staunchly refuses. Kino and Juana take a zigzag path in order to thwart the trackers, and eventually find a small stream and the entrance to a cave. Kino tells Juana to hide in the cave, and he fears that Coyotito will cry, alerting the trackers. While hiding in the cave, Kino finds that the trackers are by the stream. So that he will not be seen, Kino takes off his white clothing and stealthily creeps near them as they rest. The trackers can hear Coyotito, but think that it is merely a coyote pup. As the tracker prepares to shoot what he thinks is a coyote, Kino approaches the trackers and pounces on them. He grabs one of the trackers' rifle and shoots him between the eyes, and stabs another with his knife. The third tracker escapes up the cliff toward the cave, but Kino shoots him. Kino stands silently and hears nothing but the cry of death. Coyotito has been shot. Kino and Juana arrive back in La Paz; he carries a gun while she carries her shawl with a limp, heavy bundle. Their return to La Paz becomes a notable event: "there may e some old ones who saw it, but those whose fathers and whose grandfathers told it to them remember it nevertheless. It is an event that happened to everyone.". Juana appears hardened and tight with fatigue. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, which has become his battle cry. As they return to La Paz, nobody speaks to them and even Juan Tomas cannot bear to say a word. Kino and Juana approach the gulf, and in the surface of the pearl Kino remembers seeing Coyotito lying in the cave with his head shot away. Kino throws the pearl into the ocean. |
As they return to La Paz, nobody speaks to them and even Juan Tomas cannot bear to say a word. Kino and Juana approach the gulf, and in the surface of the pearl Kino remembers seeing Coyotito lying in the cave with his head shot away. Kino throws the pearl into the ocean. Chapter 6 Analysis The final chapter focuses primarily on the hunt for Kino and Juana as they try to escape La Paz and reach the capital so that they can sell the pearl. Steinbeck creates the sense that Kino and Juana are followed at all times. Pursued by bighorn sheep trackers, Juana and Kino are literally hunted like animals. The division between man and animal is an important motif throughout this chapter. It primarily relates to Kino's descent from those human qualities he once displayed. Steinbeck illustrates this through a number of events, such as when Kino attacks the trackers. In this instance, Kino moves from being capable of murder for selfdefense to a more cold-blooded killing. Kino kills the three men out of fear and instinct and not because of any tangible threat they pose to him. Steinbeck also shows the loss of human qualities within Kino when he crawls naked to find the trackers so that his white clothes will not expose him. He loses17the final vestiges of humanity and society to become even more animalistic. This descent is particularly ironic when considering the death of Coyotito. Kino behaves as an animal so that he can protect himself and his family, but Coyotito dies when the child is mistaken for a coyote pup. Coyotito plays a significant role in this chapter as a reminder of the serene domestic environment that Kino and Juana once had and as a danger for them. In the savage wilderness where Kino and Juana find themselves, Coyotito serves as their one reminder of society and civilization. Coyotito also represents the hope that Kino and Juana have for the future; it is the infant child who will benefit most from the pearl, according to his parents' plans, and he thus symbolizes the advantages that the pearl may bring.. Once again, Steinbeck keeps the adversaries who pursue Kino and Juana anonymous in order to preserve their symbolic connotations. The bighorn sheep trackers may not even be pursuing Kino and Juana; they are more important for how Kino and Juana perceive them than their actual personalities. |
Coyotito also represents the hope that Kino and Juana have for the future; it is the infant child who will benefit most from the pearl, according to his parents' plans, and he thus symbolizes the advantages that the pearl may bring.. Once again, Steinbeck keeps the adversaries who pursue Kino and Juana anonymous in order to preserve their symbolic connotations. The bighorn sheep trackers may not even be pursuing Kino and Juana; they are more important for how Kino and Juana perceive them than their actual personalities. Whether or not they are actually a threat, Kino is so assured that they are dangerous that he murders them before they have a chance to strike. In contrast to the savage and brutal Kino, Juana becomes stronger through the suffering she faces. She reveals herself to be dedicated to her husband even at the most dire moments, demanding that he not break up their family despite the practical advantages. Furthermore, it is Juana who remains awake at night, guarding Kino and Coyotito as Kino sleeps. Steinbeck juxtaposes Kino with Juana; while the man becomes more instinctual and animalistic, the woman retains her particularly human qualities. While Kino becomes suspicious and paranoid, when he looks "for weakness in her face, for fear or irresolution . . . There is none.". The return of Kino and Juana to La Paz is anticlimactic, yet contains some degree of ironic horror. Kino returns to La Paz with the one possession that he desperately wanted, a rifle, but has lost his child and rejects the pearl. His rejection of the pearl fully demonstrates the horror that the pearl has wrought upon him. Steinbeck constructs Kino's return to La Paz as an event that brings Kino back to the family-centered ideals with which he began the story, but his recollection of the Song of the Family has a significant undercurrent of defiance and anger. His family has been destroyed, yet he clings to that ideal, for it is all that remains for him. The Pearl is therefore a parable with an uncertain meaning at best and a morbidly determinist one at worst. The story does seem to warn against attempting to improve one's social situation, recalling Juan Tomas' story of the18pearl agent who stole the townspeople's pearls. |
His family has been destroyed, yet he clings to that ideal, for it is all that remains for him. The Pearl is therefore a parable with an uncertain meaning at best and a morbidly determinist one at worst. The story does seem to warn against attempting to improve one's social situation, recalling Juan Tomas' story of the18pearl agent who stole the townspeople's pearls. Although it seems to indict Kino for his attempts to gain the fortune that the pearl offers, it offers equal if not greater censure to the elites of La Paz who attempt to exploit Kino and thwart his attempts to sell the pearl. Even if Steinbeck does not intend the story to be a critique of Kino for his behavior, the story has a decidedly deterministic viewpoint that implies that Kino and Juana could do nothing to improve their situation. Perhaps the most valid critique that Steinbeck offers in the pearl concerns the effects that the newfound chance for riches has on Kino, who replaces human, civilized values with an obsessive preoccupation with the pearl and suspicion of those around him. Steinbeck criticizes the idea that the pearl has become Kino's soul, demonstrating that there are far greater losses that Kino can face. Yet where the story remains problematic is that the hope that the pearl brings is never tangible; calamities occur nearly immediately for Juana and Kino, making the pearl into a simple curse for the family. Kino does not choose to sacrifice his fortune; he chooses to repudiate his pain. When Kino throws the pearl into the ocean, he discards a meaningless object. The pearl has no value in the sense that, without Coyotito, the pearl has no power to provide for a better future for Kino and Juana, who could gain only simple material items from their fortune. Kino's repudiation of the pearl is an empty event, for he does not make a meaningful sacrifice. He instead rids himself of an unwanted object that causes him pain. As a parable, The Pearl is an empty one, merely choosing to heap tragedy upon its protagonists and forcing them into pain and agony without offering them an alternate option or any possibility for hope. |
CRE NOTES CLASS 6 COMPLETE CREATION Introduction i. Creation is making something out of nothing ii. God completed creation work in 6 days iii. On 6thday he created human beings. 1. The Creation Of Man a. God took soil and molded man from it. B. God breathed his breath into Adams nostrils c. The trinity took part in creating man. Let us create human beings to resemble us Genesis 1:26-28 d. Eve was formed from Adam s ribs. Created to be a companion to Adam. E. Both were special because they were created in the image and likeness of God. F. God created them male and female; by this he ordained blessed marriage. Man is special because:- i. Made in the image and likeness of God. Ii. Can communicate to God on behalf of other creations. Iii. He was given authority over God s creation iv. Molded or formed unlike the rest of God s creation v. He was given responsibility to care for God s creation. Vi. He was to share God s life by obeying his commands e.g. - Have many children - Do not eat www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Authority given to man 1. Control the rest of God s creation 2. Use and conserve environment responsibly. 3. Use God s creation for food. 4. 5. 6. Fall of man Genesis 3 - God commanded man to eat fruits from all trees except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil at the middle of the Garden of Eden. -. God told them that they will die if they ate a fruit from it. -. They disobeyed and ate. -. Cause of sin of disobedience Serpent eve Adam Consequences of sin of disobedience a. Adam b. Eve c. Snake d. Both Adam and eve were chased from the garden of Eden. Lesson - Sin separates God and man. -. Qn: what did god do to prevent man from going back to Eden? Refer primary C.R.E 6 PAGE 1-8 A. Traditional African creation stories 1. Every community has a traditional story of creation.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. Creation stories tell people s origin. 3. In all creation stories God is the ultimate creator. 4. Different communities have different names of God depending on God s nature and character. |
In all creation stories God is the ultimate creator. 4. Different communities have different names of God depending on God s nature and character. Qn : name five communities and the name of their God. A. Agikuyu creation story i. God called Ngai one who distributes ii. God s dwelling place is Mt. Kirinyaga Mt. Kenya iii. First man called gikuyu and first woman mumbi iv. God blessed them with nine daughters origin of kikuyu 9 clans v. Gikuyu prayed to God who provided sons to marry the daughters. Vi. God placed Gikuyu and Mumbi at Mukurwe-wa-nyagathanga. B. The Bukusu creation story luhya community - God called Were Khakaba giver of all things - Were created the universe alone in two days. -. He started by creating his dwelling place- Mt. Elgon. -. His two assistants were Mukhobe and Muramwa. -. First man called mwambu and wife Sela. He placed them at Mt. Elgon Mt. Masaba c. The Nandi creation story - God called Asis - First man and woman from a swollen knee. Knee belonged to a creature which looked like man. Qn: can you recall creation stories from any African Community? Similararities between African Creation Stories and Biblical Creation Stories.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. God is the creator of the universe. 2. God created everything in an orderly way. 3. Man is God s special creature. 4. God at first created male and female. 5. The first man and woman became first parents. 6. 7. 8. How We Respond to God s Creation God s creation shows God s power, greatness and love towards man a. Caring for God s creation b. Caring for the environment. C. Respect God s creation d. Value and give equal importance to all God s creation. E. Preserve God s creation f. g. h. Topical questions 1. Quick reading std 6 pg 4-5, 1-10 2. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 4-6 3. |
Topical questions 1. Quick reading std 6 pg 4-5, 1-10 2. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 4-6 3. Primary CRE 6 pg 8-9www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 2: NEW LIFE IN THE COMMUNITY New Life in Traditional African Society - New life means change transformation a person goes through in life. -. New life involves stages in life i.e rites of passage - Rites of passage include:- a. Birth b. Initiation c. Marriage d. Death. A. Birth - Marks the beginning of new life after delivery - Naming done by the women of the clan. -. Naming depends on one s community. -. Newborn welcomed with gifts and ceremonies. -. Mother underwent ritual cleansing after delivery. B. Initiation - Passage from childhood to adulthood. -. Ceremonies include circumcision, removal of teeth, tattooing e.t.cwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Bloodshed joins the initiates with the ancestors. -. Bathing in the river signifies casting riding off childhood. -. Initiates kept in isolation period seclusion to be taught responsible adult behavior. -. Gateway to marriage. C. Marriage - Mainly for having children seals marriage - Polygamous nature. -. Choosing of marriage partners done by community. -. Divorce rare because wife belongs to the community. -. Married couple takes up new family responsibilities. D. Death - Joins the dead to the ancestral world. -. One starts a new life in the spiritual world. -. The deceased family starts a new life without the deceased. Nb:- new life can be experienced when people move to new areas. Genesis 12:1-9 Abraham moved from to . New Life in Christianity 2 Corinthians 5:17, Ephesians 4:17 -32 a. Starts when Christians believe and accept Jesus in their lives. B. Christians are followers of Jesus Christ. C. Baptism is a symbol of new life in Christ. D. Christians are filled with the Holy Spirit who helps them live a holy life by avoiding evil deeds. E. The Holy Spirit helps Christians practice Christian values. F. |
E. The Holy Spirit helps Christians practice Christian values. F. We share new life in Christ by:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a Reading the bible b Singing in choir c d e How We Give Our Lives to God - When we dedicate our lives to God, the Holy Spirit controls our lives - We give our lives to God by: a. Praying and reading the bible b. Praising and worshiping God. C. Giving offerings. D. Participating in community projects e. f. g. Genesis 12:1-9 The Call of Abraham - Called while at and commanded to move to - Abraham agreed because he had a great faith in - God promised Abraham:- a. Many descendants b. Great nation c. Blessings d. Protection e. Landwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke f. Son g. Great name. Malachi 3:8-12 - Tithe a tenth of one s income money or possession - God wants us to give part of our income as a way of giving our lives. God Sharing With Us a New Life Titus 3:4-8 By :- 1. By giving us Jesus to sane man from sins 2. Giving us Holy Spirit who is our helper. 3. Showing mercy, kindness, love and grace. 4. Promising and giving eternal life. Christian Sharing With Others Acts 2:44-47, 4:34-35, 6:1-6 - The early Christians lived a common life by:- a. Preached together b. Prayed together c. d. e. - Christians share new life by:- a. Helping others b. Doing good to others c. Sharing word of God. D. e. How Ancestors Served the Clan Genesis 1:26-29 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Clan- group of people with the same common ancestor - Ancestors served God by?- a. Performing special duties i.e. healing, making rain, priestly duties, protection, solving disputes e.t.c. B. Protecting the community- warriors c. Offering sacrifices- priests d. Teaching virtues and values e. Keeping custom and cultures. F. Settling disputes. G. |
F. Settling disputes. G. Caring for members of the community h. i. How Ancestors Shared Their Possession Matthew 25:33-40 - Life was communal- each member was catered for according to needs. -. The gap between the rich and the poor was minimized. -. A person s wealth was measured in term of:- a. Number of children b. Number of animals c. Size of land d. Number of wives - Cultivated land belonged to the aged. -. Shared work - Welcomed strangers. Mathew 25:33-40 - We will be judged according to how we share our possession especially with the needy.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - We should show concern for the needy. How Christians Share Talent Skills with Others - God given talents include a. Singing b. Teaching c. d. e. f. - Talents are special gifts given by God. -. Skills are learnt and perfected. -. Christians should use different talents and skills to do the work of God. How Christians Share Their New Life with Jesus Mathew 25:33-40 - Christians share their new life with Jesus by helping the needy e.g.:- a. Visiting prisoners b. Feeding the hungry c. Clothing the naked. D. Caring for the sick and the aged. E. Welcoming strangers. -. When Christians help the needy Jesus assure them of great reward i.e will join Him and rejoice forever in heaven. Revision questions a. Primary CRE 6 pg 26-27, 1-11 b. Quick reading CRE pg 11-12, 1-10 c. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 12-15www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 3: BREAKING THE BREAD a. Importance Of Sharing A Meal Luke 19:1-10 - People share meals on many occasions e.g. parties, , and . -. Sharing of meals is important because:- a. Brings people together. B. Promotes sense of belonging and harmony. C. Promotes unity in the family d. It is a sign of love, generosity, friendship and care. |
C. Promotes unity in the family d. It is a sign of love, generosity, friendship and care. Luke 19:1-10 - Jesus shared a meal with a tax collector called - Zacheaus lived in the town of - - He climbed on a tree in order to because he was - People grumbled why Jesus shared a meal with - Zachaeus agreed to change his life after sharing a meal with Jesus. -. We should share with others irrespective of their reputation. B. The Meaning Of Passover - The last meal then Israelites celebrated in Egypt before they left. -. It is called Passover because the angel of death passed over Israelites homes and spared them. -. Israelites:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Slaughtered a one year old lamb b. Roast its meat whole c. Broke none of its bone. D. Ate all meat e. Ate it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. F. Ate while standing. G. Eaten only by circumcised me. -. Marked the begging of new life for Israelites - Was taught from one generation to another and celebrated annually. Questions 1. Why did the Israelites celebrate Passover feast each year? 2. What did they eat during the feast? -. We should depend on God s power and protection during challenging situations. What Jesus said and did during the last supper What Jesus didWhat he said1. Took a cup of wine and gave thanks 1. Take this and share among yourselves 2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5. Question: which was the most disturbing statement Jesus said during the Last Supper? Symbols Jesus used a. Unleavened bread- Jesus body Holy Communion www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. Wine Jesus blood. Why We Remember Death and Resurrection Of Jesus Luke 24:1-9, 1 Corinthians 11:23-26 - It gives Christians hope for eternal life. -. It reminds us of God s love. -. It strengthens our faith. -. It assures forgiveness of sins. -. His death is final and most perfect sacrifice for our sins. -. It confirms God s promises are true. Luke 24:1-9 Questions 1. On which day did the women visit the tomb of Jesus? 2. |
Luke 24:1-9 Questions 1. On which day did the women visit the tomb of Jesus? 2. Who were these women: 3. Why did they visit the tomb of Jesus? 4. Which 3 strange things did they encounter with in the tomb? 5. Resurrection of Jesus gives Christians How the Communion is Shared - Christians celebrate the Holy Communion to remember the death and resurrection of Jesus. -. The shared bread represents the body of Jesus and the wine the blood of Jesus.. - Christians show unity when celebrating Holy Communion. -. Christians proclaim death and resurrection of Jesus until He comes again.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Acts 2:42-27 Early believer lived in unity by:- a. Fellowshipping together. B. Praying together. C. Sharing meals. D. Sharing possession with each other. E. Sharing Holy Communion. John 6:1-14 a. Jesus demonstrated pity and kindness. B. Jesus asked where to get food from. But discovered a with - and . C. Jesus blessed it, and fed the multitude and baskets remained. Getting Ready For the Second Coming of Jesus Christ 2 peter 3:10-15 - Christians should get ready for the second coming of Jesus for there will be no warning. -. We should prepare ourselves by:- a. Living pure and holy lives. B. Repenting and asking God for forgiveness c. Living prayerful lives. D. Obeying God s commandments. E. Believing and accepting Jesus in our lives. F. - g. h. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - 2 peter 3:10-15 a. Jesus will come unexpectedly. B. Jesus will come as a thief c. Qn: state the events of that day Meaning Of Repentance and Forgiveness Luke 15:11-32 - Repentance- act of feeling sorry of wrong doings. -. Forgiveness willingness to pardon those who wrong us. -. God always forgives us:- a. When we are truly sorry of our wrongs. B. When we forgive those who wrong us. -. Repentance and forgiveness strengthens our relationship with God. -. Jesus taught repentance and forgiveness using the parable of the prodigal son - Sinners- lost son - God- loving father. |
When we forgive those who wrong us. -. Repentance and forgiveness strengthens our relationship with God. -. Jesus taught repentance and forgiveness using the parable of the prodigal son - Sinners- lost son - God- loving father. Celebrating Breaking of Bread 1 Corinthians 11:23-32 - Breaking of bread is also called :- a. Lord s supper b. Lord s table c. The holy communion d. The Eucharist e. The holy mass. -. Christians by celebrating the holy communion obey Jesus command do this in remembrance of me - Christians remember death and resurrection of Jesus.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Before breaking bread one should repent sins. Values Required During the Breaking of Bread - Humility - Love - Happiness - Sharing - Thankfulness - Caring - Patience - Tolerance By celebrating the Holy Communion Christians demonstrate unity, togetherness, love, humility, joy, appreciation and giving. Revision questions 1. Primary CRE 6 pg 43-44 2. Quick reading CRE pg 16-17 3. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 21-24 UNIT 4: CHRISTIANS SUPPORTING PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS People with special needs i. The blind visually impaired ii. The lame or crippled physically impaired iii. The deaf hearing impaired www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke iv. The mentally handicapped. V. The behaviorally and emotionally disturbed. Vi. Those with communication disorders mute or dumb vii. The orphans viii. The poor ix. The street children x. People living with HIV AIDS xi. The refugees. Xii. The sick 1. Visually impaired blind - Challenge cannot see or read. -. Require assistance when walking. -. Use Braille to read. -. Causes old age, accidents, sickness, born blind John 9:1-12 - Jesus encounter with a man born blind. -. Disciples asked the cause of his blindness. -. Jesus said- sins never caused blindness. Born that way for God s power to be seen at work. -. Jesus healed him by:- a. Spitting on the ground. B. Made mud c. Rubbed it on his eyes. D. Sent him to wash his face at the pool of Siloam. |
Rubbed it on his eyes. D. Sent him to wash his face at the pool of Siloam. -. As Christian we should help the blind enjoy life like normal people.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. The Physically Impaired - Challenge cannot walk without help - Discrimination at work places. -. Difficulties at work - Causes:- accidents, sickness, born that way. Acts 3:1-10 - Peter and john met a lame man at the Beautiful Gate of Jerusalem temple. -. The crippled man asked them for money silver or gold - Peter told him that they did not have money but we will give you what we have. -. He told him to walk in the name of Jesus and he got healed. Mark 2:1-12 - Jesus healed a paralyzed man lowered from the roof. -. He was healed because of the faith of those who brought him. -. Jesus forgave him his sins and told him to rise up take his mat and go home. -. Jesus healed him to show that he had power to forgive sins. -. Christians help the lame to enjoy life. 3. The Hearing Impaired The Deaf - Challenge- cannot hear. -. Difficulties in communication - Causes: accidents, loud sounds, being born, mishandling ears. Mark 7:31-35, 37 - Jesus healed a deaf man by placing his fingers in the ears. -. Jesus said Ephphatha - meaning open-up. -. Christians should be concerned with people who are deaf.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. Mentally Handicapped - Challenge- mental sickness - Causes: evil spirits witchcraft , sickness brain damage Matthew 8:28-34 - Jesus met with a man possessed by demons. -. The man lived among the tombs. -. The demons begged Jesus not to destroy them. -. Jesus ordered them to leave the man mob and entered a herd of pigs. -. The owner of the pigs forced Jesus to leave their territory. -. Jesus probed he has power over evil spirits. -. Christians should help the mentally sick by:- a. Providing daily needs b. Taking them to special schools c. 5. Behaviorally And Emotionally Disturbed. |
Taking them to special schools c. 5. Behaviorally And Emotionally Disturbed. -. These are people who act abnormally e.g.:- Isolate themselves, cry with reason, ever absent minded, staring at nothing for a long time e.t.c. -. Causes: stress, loss of a loved one, overworking, fear e.t.c - This condition can be overcome by: Trusting in God and pray over all experiences. Seek assistance from experts. Participate in sports and games. 6. The Dumb Mute www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Challenge- can t speak talk, can t express themselves verbally - Use gestures signs - Many people can t understand sign language. Mathew 9:22-33 - Jesus healed a man who could not talk for he had a demon. -. He ordered the demon to leave the man and he spoke 7. The Orphans - Orphans are children whose parents are dead. -. Challenge: lack of parental love and guidance - If young they lack food, clothing, and shelter e.t.c. Deuteronomy 26:12 - Moses gave instruction on use of a tenth of their produce Should be given to Levites, the foreigners, fatherless and windows. James 1;27 - True religion is taking care of orphans and widows. 8. The Poor - These people lack enough basic needs Psalms 41:1 - King David stresses that those concerned with the poor are blessed and God will deliver them in times of trouble. 9. People living with HIV AIDS - These people are infected with HIV AIDS - HIV AIDS is transmitted mainly through sex. -. Christians should care for them and help them lead a normal life.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 10. Street Children - These are children who are homeless and live in towns streets. -. Problems they face lack of food, shelter, clothes, medical care e.t.c, sexual harassment. -. Causes: parental negligence, poverty, harassment at home e.t.c. -. Christians should be concerned with the street children by providing basic needs, taking them to rehabilitation centers 11. Refugees Mathew 2:13-15, 19-23 - These are people who have freed their countries because of war, insecurity - Challenges : lack of shelter, food, clothing, peace e.t.c - Christians should help refugees by:- a. |
- Causes: parental negligence, poverty, harassment at home e.t.c. -. Christians should be concerned with the street children by providing basic needs, taking them to rehabilitation centers 11. Refugees Mathew 2:13-15, 19-23 - These are people who have freed their countries because of war, insecurity - Challenges : lack of shelter, food, clothing, peace e.t.c - Christians should help refugees by:- a. Providing basic needs. B. Helping them join refugees organizations e.g. UNHCR. How Christians support people with special needs. 1. Building special schools for them Example: - Thika school for blind sponsored by - Mumias school for deaf and dumb- catholic church - - - 2. Providing necessary equipments for challenged people. 3. Building houses for orphans, refugees 4. Training people on how to be self reliant 5. 6. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. 8. Why Christians should care for people with special needs James 2:14-17 - It is our Christian duty to do so James 2:14-17 - It is our responsibility to continue with the work of Jesus - By doing so, it is a demonstration of faith with actions - - Revision 1. Primary CRE 6 pg 70-71 2. Quick reading CRE 6 pg 23 3. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 37-38www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke TERM 2 UNIT 5: LIVING A RESPONSIBLE LIFE 1. Meaning Of A Responsible Life Understanding who we are in terms of i. Our abilities and interest. Ii. Our acceptable and unacceptable characters. Iii. Our feelings and how we relate with others. Iv. Our behaviors and seeking our goals. 2. Acquiring Self- Awareness Self-Worth Reference Primary CRE Pg 72-73 This is when we:- i. Accept that we are God s perfect creation ii. Feel good about ourselves. Iii. Realize that we are important in God s sight.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke iv. Are unique and created for a purpose. Memory verse: Isaiah 43:4 Questions a. List two ways that shows man is a special creature. B. State a reason why God placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. |
List two ways that shows man is a special creature. B. State a reason why God placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. 3. Identifying Interests and Abilities Interest is things we enjoy doing. Abilities are things one is able to do well and has interest in them e.g. swimming, dancing, , , , e.t.c. Some abilities are natural born with but we acquire other abilities as we grow up. Exodus 35:30 God gave Bazalel and the ability and knowledge to design and make to make a tabernacle. Mathew 25:14-30 parable of 3 servants The master had servants He gave each servant according to ones ability. One he gave , to another he gave and to another he gave . The master was happy with the first two BUT condemned the third servant. 1 Peter 4:10-11 Saint Peter teaches that the gifts of the Holy Spirit should be used to serve God. Question: a State seven gifts of the holy spirit spiritual gifts b Why was the master unhappy with the third servant in the parable of the 3 servants?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c According to exodus 35:30-35, Bazalel son of was given skill and abilities of all kinds of crafts, , , , and . 4. Character Traits Needed For Acceptance By Others Character are behavioral patterns Characters are grouped into good and bad. Good characters are called virtues acceptable Example: love, kindness, loyalty humility .. Bad characters are called vices not acceptable . Example: hatred, disrespect, pride . Questions a Explain how one acquires good characters b If you are dishonest, how would you acquire the virtue of honest? C Read Isaiah 43:4 I will give up , then memorize it. D State 5 acceptable behaviors in a school. 5. Accepting Feelings Of Self-Worth We express our feelings of self-worth by:- a. Being confident b. Telling the truth c. Being honest d. Accepting change e. Sharing feelings f. Being ready to face challenges g. Appreciating ourselves and others. Isaiah 43:4www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke God reminds and assures us that he loves us and we are precious to him. 6. |
Appreciating ourselves and others. Isaiah 43:4www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke God reminds and assures us that he loves us and we are precious to him. 6. Acquiring Socially Responsible Behavior SRB These are good acts that make us acceptable to others. They are learnt from parents, school and at church Examples: Taking care of property home, school, church Living peacefully with others Using resources responsibly Helping the needy. Being kind Caring and preserving environment. Being courteous while interacting with others. Practicing virtues We please God when we behave responsibly 1 Peter 2:1-5 We are advised to get rid of lying, -, , and . Ephesians 4:25-32 We are advised to get rid of all bitterness, , , , . Instead be kind, and John 15-11-15 Jesus commands us to love each other just as he loves us. Galatians 5:23-26 We learn to be gentle and have self control Colossians 3:20www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke It is the duty of children to obey parents for this pleases God Romans 13:1-5 We should obey those in authority because authority comes from God. Mathew 5:14-16 We are the light of the world. We should let our good deeds by light to others hence praise God. Questions a In 1 Peter 2:1-5, we are advised to get rid of all - and b We should obey and state authority because? C List down 4 unacceptable character triats. D Ohaliab was chosen by God and given the ability to 7. Developing Goal Seeking Behavior A goal purpose, aspiration is the aim or target we set for us. Goal can be classified as: Short term- completing primary school Long term completing high school,-university-getting a career Ways to achieve our goals include:- Being creative Avoid harmful activities in our lives. Sharing ideas with others. Being persistent and never loose hope. Accepting criticism positively. Always praying and depending on God for guidance. Mathew 25:14-30 parable of 3 servants www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke We are reminded to be active in using our abilities to release our goals by avoiding laziness. 8. |
We should make decisions that are in line with God s commandments. We should aim at glorifying God with our decisions. Related story: Primary CRE 6 pg 90 c. Critical thinking Luke 11:37-44 This is being able to make fair and careful judgments about good and bad qualities of people or something. Involves exploring possibilities of doing a task in more than one way. Helps us to express our judgments after analyzing a situation. Helps us to respect views of other people in achieving our goals.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Luke 11:37-44 Jesus was invited to a Pharisee s house for a meal. Jesus did not wash his hands. Jesus criticized Pharisees for their hypocrisy by: Washing the outside of their cups and plates while inside ws full of violence and evil. Giving tenth of their harvest but neglected justice and love of God. They loved the reserved seats in the synagogues and be greeted with respect. D. Developing creative thinking This is being able to develop new ideas and methods especially when tackling a problem. Involves imagining, improvising and coming up with new things. Helps us to respect the views of other people. Luke 20-19-26 Teachers of law wanted to trap and arrest Jesus. The spies asked Jesus whether it was right to pay taxes. Jesus was creative, he did not answer yes or no Jesus asked for a coin and asked them whose face appeared on the coin. Jesus concluded by saying pay to what belongs to and to God what to God . Related story: primary CRE 6 pg 96-97 e. How to listen and respond To listen is to concentrate on hearing something by paying attention. To respond is to act in response to something.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Involves our attentiveness, patience and acting obediently. John 3:1-21 Jesus and Nicodemus had a discussion. They listened and responded to each other. Nicodemus wondered how he could be born again. Jesus responded to him by explaining to him how to be born again. Jesus was a good listener; he listened and responded to Nicodemus. Nb: we should listen and respond to the word of God. Related story: primary CRE 6 pg 98-100 UNIT 6: BEING LED BY THE HOLY SPIRIT 1. |
Jesus was a good listener; he listened and responded to Nicodemus. Nb: we should listen and respond to the word of God. Related story: primary CRE 6 pg 98-100 UNIT 6: BEING LED BY THE HOLY SPIRIT 1. Gifts Of The Holy Spirit Spiritual Gifts 1 Corinthians 12:4-11 1 Knowledge 2 Faith 3 Wisdom 4 Healing 5 Working miracles 6 Preaching 7 Discerning spirits. 8 Speaking in tongues 9 Interpreting tongues. 2. Fruits of the Holy Spirit Galatians 5:22-23 1 Lovewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2 Joy 3 Peace 4 Patience 5 Kindness 6 Goodness 7 Faithfulness 8 Gentleness 9 Self-control. Related story: Primary CRE pg 103-104 3. The Story Of Gideon Judges 6:11-16, 7:1-3, 7:16-22 Life history His home village was called Ophrah An angel appeared to him when threshing wheat. His tribe was Manasseh weakest tribe His father was called Joash. -. God was angry with the Israelites for their sins. He let the Amalekites and Midianites attack them. -. God heard the Israelites cry and sent Gideon to save them. -. Gideon meaning great worrier complained at first because:- His tribe was the weakest He was the least in his family. -. God promise to be with Gideon to fight Medianites. -. God helped Gideon to defeat Medianites with 300 soldiers. -. From Gideon story we learn to follow God s instructions to succeed. Questionswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1 Gideon s soldiers were to blow the , break and shout, a sword 2 How did God fight for Israelites? 3 How did Gideon test his soldiers to know the courageous and true soldiers? 4 Why did Gideon at first complain when he received God s message from the angel? Related story: Primary CRE pg 105-6 4. |
3 How did Gideon test his soldiers to know the courageous and true soldiers? 4 Why did Gideon at first complain when he received God s message from the angel? Related story: Primary CRE pg 105-6 4. Response Of Paul to The Holy Spirit Acts 16:6-10, 18:9-11, 20:22-24 - Paul means small - At first called Saul. -. Born in Tarsus and was tent maker. -. He was a Pharisee and opposed Christianity. -. He witnessed the stoning of Stephen - On his way to Damascus, to arrest Christians, he met Jesus in form of a dazzling light. -. Jesus asked Paul why do you persecute me? . -. After conversion he became blind, his men led him to Judas home in Damascus. -. Ananias was sent to Paul to baptize, lay hands on him and help him regain sight. -. The Holy Spirit led Paul to preach to the gentiles. -. He wrote 10 letters epistles to different gentile churches - Pauline epistles: romans, -, , , , , , , and . Questions 1 Before Paul converted to become a Christian he was a? 2 Name 5 epistles in the bible that were not written by Paul. 3 Who is a gentile?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4 State 3 things Ananias did to Paul at Damascus Related story: Primary CRE pg 106-107 5. How The Holy Spirit Led The Writers Of The Bible - The bible is the Christian holy book. -. Bible is divided into: New Testament 27 books Old Testament 39 books. A. New testament 27 books i. Gospel 4 Mathew, , and . Ii. Historical 1 - Acts of the apostles written by Luke iii. Pauline epistles 10 Romans, , , , , , , , and - iv. Other epistles 8 Hebrews, ........ v. Prophetic books 1 Revelation written by John. B. Old Testament 39 books i. Books of law Moses Torah Genesis pupils to list the others ii. Historical books 12 Judges, pupils list the others iii. |
Old Testament 39 books i. Books of law Moses Torah Genesis pupils to list the others ii. Historical books 12 Judges, pupils list the others iii. Poetic books 5 Job, pupils list the others www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke iv. Prophetic books 17 Isaiah, pupils list the others - The main purpose of the bible is to:- Teach the truthas about God and man. Rebuke errors Correct faults. Give instructions for right living. 6. Using The Bible As Our Guide Philip the Ethiopian Eunuch Acts 8:26-40 - Philip means lover of horses was a famous gentile evangelist - Holy Spirit led him to meet an Ethiopian eunuch on his way to Jerusalem. -. Philip guided him to understand prophesy of messiah according to Isaiah. -. Philip baptized Ethiopian eunuch after he believed. Nb: We should read and understand the bible to:- - Gain wisdom - Learn God s commandments. -. Learn how to live a good life. -. Experience joy in our lives - Know the truth. 7. Charismatic Renewal of the Church In Kenya. John 1:2. Acts 5:32, Luke 11:13 - Charismatic means God s grace. -. Charismatic renewal- renewing bringing back the experience of the presence of thewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Grace of God through the Holy Spirit. -. The outpouring of the Holy Spirit leads to extensive use of gifts of the Holy Spirit in serving God. -. Renewal began in Kenya in 1970s in both catholic and protestant churches. -. Charismatic renewal is characterized by:- Increased desire to serve and worship God. The reception of the gifts of the holy spirit by Christians. More fruits of the Holy Spirit seen among Christians. Questions 1 What is charismatic renewal? 2 In which year was charismatic renewal experienced in Kenya? 3 Name 5 spiritual gifts. 4 The Ethiopian Eunuch was baptized by 5 preached the good news to Samaria. 6 The early believers received power of Holy Spirit from Apostle through ? 8. The Holy Spirit In The Life Of A Christian - Works of the holy spirit in the life of a Christian are:- a. |
6 The early believers received power of Holy Spirit from Apostle through ? 8. The Holy Spirit In The Life Of A Christian - Works of the holy spirit in the life of a Christian are:- a. Giving us gifts and helping us to use them to produce fruits. B. Helps us to lead holy lives c. Gives us courage to preach good news. D. Helps in our prayers. E. Inspiring us to help others f. g. h. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke John 16:15 - Jesus says all that God has is His and Holy Spirit will take what he gave him and give it to us. 1 Peter 2:1-5 - We are advised to rid ourselves of all evil, lying, , or Acts 13:1-4 - Barnabas and were chosen and sent by the holy spirit to preach. They took to help them. 9. Unity In The Church Ephesians 4:3-6 i. Unity amongst Christians is expressed through: a. One body of Christ. B. One faith in God. C. One faith in Jesus. D. One faith in the Holy Spirit. Ii. Christians remain united today through:- a. The apostle creed- faith b. Working towards a common CRE syllabus. C. Attending interdenominational services prayers. D. Conducting charity works of mercy. E. Fostering unity through organizations e.g. NCCK Questions 1 The father of Gideon was called? 2 During the time of Gideon, the Israelites were attacked by? 3 Who is referred to as Gentile Apostles?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4 Paul and Silas were not allowed by the Holy Spirit to preach good news to ? 5 How many soldiers did Gideon chose to fight the Medianites? 6 Who accompanied Barnabas and Silas in their preaching work 7 When Philip met the Ethiopian Eunuch, he was reading from the book of ? 8 Gideon was from the tribe of? 9 State 4 believes found in the apostle creed. 10 By healing a paralytic man, Jesus shows that he has power to? UNIT 7: GOD S PEOPLE COME TOGETHER A. Differences in class - God created male and female. |
10 By healing a paralytic man, Jesus shows that he has power to? UNIT 7: GOD S PEOPLE COME TOGETHER A. Differences in class - God created male and female. -. God created us different in:- a. Sex b. Size c. Agewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Weight e. Talents abilities f. Physical appearances g. Academic performance h. Denominations Psalms 139:13-18 a. God the sole creator of all of us. B. God created us in unique way c. We are fearfully and wonderfully created by God. B. How different we are in our local community a. Ethnicity tribe Romans 12:4-10 b. Races Galatians 3:28, john 4:7-9 c. Wealth Luke 16:19-31, 18:24-25 d. Poverty roman 15:26-29 e. Religion 1 Corinthians 10;32-33 C. Accepting the needy people in the society The needy - Orphans - Widows - The sick - The hungry - The refugees - The disabledwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - The IDP - The aged. We accept the needy by: a. Sharing food, clothing, shelter e.t.c with them b. Visiting the sick and the prisoners. C. Caring for orphans and widows, displaced, aged e.t.c d. Building schools e. Paying school fees for the needy. Luke 10:27-37 - Love your neighbor the needy as you love yourself. Jesus demonstrated love for neighbor by: - Healed lepers though they were rejected and considered unclean. -. Gave the parable of the good Samaritan who helped a Jew. -. Died for all sinners. D. We are all equally important before God. -. We have differences amongst us but we are all equal before God. -. God made us in his own likeness and image. -. God gave us power over all creations - God wants us to live like brother and sisters James 2:1-4 - We should pray to God for ourselves and others. -. The rich and poor should be treated in the same way. E. |
- God gave us power over all creations - God wants us to live like brother and sisters James 2:1-4 - We should pray to God for ourselves and others. -. The rich and poor should be treated in the same way. E. The role of the church in uniting people The church unites people by: a. Sharing the holy communion b. Conducting marriage wedding ceremonies.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Conducting interdenominational prayers. D. Conducting church choirs competitions e. Universal bible study. F. Common religious instructional materials in schools. G. Enhancing working together as Christians Ecumenism Psalms 133:1-3 - Teaches Christians to live together in unity and God will bless us. James 4:11-12 - We should respect other people and their religion Questions 1 List four differences among pupils in class 2 Name for ethnic communities in Kenya 3 What lesson do we learn from the story of Lazarus and the rich man? 4 What is the difference between a tribe and a race? 5 What happened to the man who was travelling to Jericho from Jerusalem in the parable of the Good Samaritan? 6 Name 3 activities that can unite people in a church 7 Psalms 139:14 says we are 8 Jesus healed 10 lepers, only one thanked him. The healed leper who thanked Jesus was a? 9 The man who was attacked by robbers in the parable of good Samaritan was travelling from --- to . 10 State the greatest commandments according to Jesus.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 8: THE DIGNITY OF WORK 1. What is work? -. Work is the use of physical or mental power in order to do or make something. -. Work is ordained by God. -. God worked for 6 days and rested on the seventh day. -. God put man in charge of all creations. -. God put man in the Garden of Eden and told him to care for it. -. Paul encourages us to work hard. He says those who do not work should not eat. 2 Thessalonians 3:6-12 2. |
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