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.......How can you know where you are coming from? Pg 81 d LEGENDSA legend is a story that talks about a heroic historical character. Of the children of Ramogi many great brave men have arisen. They are called, thuondi the brave ones. These men of renown include Lwanda Magere. So strong and brave a warrior was he that it is rumoured that sharp spears of Lang o warriors could not pierce his skin. Then there was Gor Mahia, the wily one who could change hid form into anything at all....... pg 82 THE RIVER AND THE SOURCE: SAMPLEDPOSSIBLE EXCERPT QUESTIONS AND RESPONSESRead the extract below and answer the questions that follow. Akoko returned to her village having won more than a victory for her infant grandson. She had opened new vistas for her family, which showed another world and the possibility of a different way. She talked about her journey to her daughter Nyabera, who sat on a mat nursing her newborn daughter; she drank in her mother s every word. You know my child, human beings are all the same the world over, with good ones and bad ones. The bad ones serve to high light the goodness of the good ones. To allow oneself to sink unresistingly into evil is a bad thing. Take those white people, they are not of my colour, or of my blood but they are just, but your uncle is ruled by his stomach and directed by his loins. He forgot everything that his brother had ever done for him and his greed turned into vindictive hatred. It would have been something if he had worked to support his appetites, but he is lazy. Laziness opens the door to evil to rule one s mind and body. Work tirelessly my child. It is a shame for an able bodied person to feed off the sweat of others. It becomes like a sickness of the blood which transmits itself to generations and becomes a curse forever. Akoko left the clan of her husband Owuor and returned to Yimbo with all the property she had salvaged from her brother-in-law, Otieno. It was a mighty herd which moved in three cohorts. Of the three children she had borne, there survived only one; of the grand children only two still lived; and the she dwelt in the household of her brother Oloo. |
It becomes like a sickness of the blood which transmits itself to generations and becomes a curse forever. Akoko left the clan of her husband Owuor and returned to Yimbo with all the property she had salvaged from her brother-in-law, Otieno. It was a mighty herd which moved in three cohorts. Of the three children she had borne, there survived only one; of the grand children only two still lived; and the she dwelt in the household of her brother Oloo. She was fifty seasons of age, a middle aged woman. Sometimes she remembered how it had been and this was painful, for now she, a migogo, was reduced to living with her brother. She wondered how long it would be before his wives started making insinuations, but she did not allow herself to descend to bitterness; for yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow. Each day rises from the hands of were and brings with it whatsoever it will. Outline events immediately before the extract. 4mks In what two ways is Akoko s journey important? 2mks How does Otieno s weakness serve to highlight Akoko s strength? 2mks Name Akoko s children not mentioned in this passage. How did they die? 4mks Comment on ONE feature of style evident in the extract. 2mks Explain ONE theme coming out in this extract. 2mks State and explain lesson you learn from the passage. 2mks What does the last paragraph tell us about Akoko? Explain 2mks Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the passage. 3mks .she drank in her mother s every word ..feed off the sweat of others .. ..cohorts He forgot everything that his brother had ever done for him . What is it that Otieno forgot? 3 mks Possible Responses-Akoko is escorted to Kisuma by the messanger and two askaris the DO has sent. She makes her appeal before the DC who bears the petition. 1mkThe DC makes judgment in which Otieno Kembo is made to relingnish the stooland return that entire he had grabbed from Akoko. |
What is it that Otieno forgot? 3 mks Possible Responses-Akoko is escorted to Kisuma by the messanger and two askaris the DO has sent. She makes her appeal before the DC who bears the petition. 1mkThe DC makes judgment in which Otieno Kembo is made to relingnish the stooland return that entire he had grabbed from Akoko. 1mkMarking pointsJourney to Kisuma 1mkAppeal before the DC 1mkJudgement by the DC verdict 1mkJustice 1mk-It has opened way for a newness e.g leadershipIt serves to enhance the reservation of human right irrespective of gender. E.g right to ownershipIt serves to reduce wrong doing while upholding morality e.g Otieno is punished-His injustice 1mk greed, etc makes Akoko s decisive and pioneering 1mk characters to come out. -Obura Kembo 1mk who died in the world war 1mkOway Sino 1mk who died chocking with 1mk a fish bone. -Dialogue 1mk Akoko talking to her daughter Nyabera 1mk who is listening You know my child . Comment : -Reveals Akoko s character of being wise-Reveals the themes of justice and equality- Reveals Otieno e character lazy and greedy-Justice The DC gives Akoko justice by punishing wrong doing. Equality The DC provides justice irrespective of gender or race. -We should work hard Akoko tells Nyabera that laziness is a disease .. We should fight for our right justice. Akoko looks for justice and gets it. We should have hope and determination and live for have a better future noSituation is permanent. |
We should fight for our right justice. Akoko looks for justice and gets it. We should have hope and determination and live for have a better future noSituation is permanent. -She is determined enduringShe is optimisticDespite the challenges she expects to meet in her brothers household, she braces herself and hopes that all will end one day. Yesterday is not today -She understood all that her mother told herDepending on other people for survivalLarge groups-He forgot that it is his brother the late Owuor Kembo who supported him by feeding 1mk his entire household. 1mkRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Mother, I have decided to seek the new religion which you have heard about. You know my life is a painful wound to me and much as I try my heart fills with bitterness- for me and for you . My child, do not feel bitterness for me for I am an old woman who has lived her life. As for you it is better that you seek this new way. It might give you hope and rescue you from bitterness. Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but vipers some of which might consume your very self. Pain and sorrow all human being feel; but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes- causing it to wither. I give you my blessing my child. If you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is only wise to try some other path. Thank you mother. I will bring you news as soon as I can. May Were protect you. Questions. Place the above extract to its immediate context. You know my life is painful wound. What made Nyabera regard her life as a painful wound? In what way was Nyabera s life similar to that of Akoko according to the rest of the novel. Identify and illustrate one characters trait of Akoko and Nyabera as brought out in this extract. I. Akokoii. NyaberaIdentify two features of style used in this extractPain and sorrow all human being feel. Rewrite this sentences making human the subject of the sentence. Briefly explain one theme that is brought out in this extract. Possible ResponsesBeforeNyabera had gone to philipo to inquire about the new religion. She had then gathered her things and decided to leave her daughter with her mother n Yimbo. |
Briefly explain one theme that is brought out in this extract. Possible ResponsesBeforeNyabera had gone to philipo to inquire about the new religion. She had then gathered her things and decided to leave her daughter with her mother n Yimbo. Shei informs her mother of her decision to seek the new religion .Her mother encourage her to go ahead and join the new religion and forget her bitters .Immediately after this Nyabera t ravel s to Aluor mission and join the new religion . Ii. Nyabera had suffered a lot in her life because her children had died mysteriously leaving her with only a girlchild Awiti . Her husband had died .Ogoma Kwach who had inherited her had back gone to his family. Iii . I . Both had lost their husbands through death ii . Their children had died iii . They were both sonless iv . I Akoko philosophical Reasoning Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but viper ii . NyaberaBitter You know my wife a painful wound and much as my heart fills with bitterness Religious Decides to seek solace n the new religion May Never protect you v . Dialogue Mother I have decided .. Nyabera-Thank you motherSimile but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes .. Use of Local dialect- Were vi . Religion Nyabera decides to seek new religion . Death and suffering - You know my life is a painful woundRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Good. Very good. How about this marriage business-don t you think it is too soon? I mean you re only worked for a year do you really have anything to offer a wife? Things like language to be spoken at home, the religion to be practised and by the way to what faith does she belong? Place this excerpt in its immediate context 4 marks Illustrate any two themes brought out in this extract 4 marks Comment on any TWO stylistic devices used in the excerpt 6 marks Illustrate two aspects of Mark Sigu s character shown in this excerpt 4 marks Where else in the novel is Aoro in conflict with his father? |
How about this marriage business-don t you think it is too soon? I mean you re only worked for a year do you really have anything to offer a wife? Things like language to be spoken at home, the religion to be practised and by the way to what faith does she belong? Place this excerpt in its immediate context 4 marks Illustrate any two themes brought out in this extract 4 marks Comment on any TWO stylistic devices used in the excerpt 6 marks Illustrate two aspects of Mark Sigu s character shown in this excerpt 4 marks Where else in the novel is Aoro in conflict with his father? 2 marks In about 40 words, explain how Aoro defends Wandia as his choice for a wife. 3 marks Possible ResponsesBeforeAoro and Wandia have gone to Aoro s homeThey meet the parents of Aoro and exchange pleasantriesAro tells his father of his plans to go back to study surgery his area of interest. AfterAoro s father is skeptical about Aoro s marriage to WandiaHe cites religion as one of the problems likely to arise if the two get marriedAoro tells his father they will sort out issues like religious differences and language to be spoken as Wandia is a rational person. ThemesReligion - Aoro s father wanted to know Aoro and Wandia s religious differences could cause them problems. Tribalism Aoro s father asked Aoro why he could not get a nice Luo girl to marry instead of Wandia who is a KikuyuDialogueMark Sigu and Aoro are conversing concerning Aoro s intention to marry Wandia. Mark Sigu: How about the marriage businessAoro : I guess not Comment dialogue makes the conversation interesting and livelyUse of dashes-She is a Kikuyu after all they have a thing about moneyComment to indicate pause or deep thoughts creates suspenseMark Sigu s characterPrejudicial stereotyping tribalistic-He regards all Kikuyus as money loversLoving -He told Aoro that he loved him and was proud of himCaring-He told his son Aoro that he was trying to forestall any possible misery which may arise in future. When Aoro and his brothers went to swim and his young twin brother almost drowned. |
Tribalism Aoro s father asked Aoro why he could not get a nice Luo girl to marry instead of Wandia who is a KikuyuDialogueMark Sigu and Aoro are conversing concerning Aoro s intention to marry Wandia. Mark Sigu: How about the marriage businessAoro : I guess not Comment dialogue makes the conversation interesting and livelyUse of dashes-She is a Kikuyu after all they have a thing about moneyComment to indicate pause or deep thoughts creates suspenseMark Sigu s characterPrejudicial stereotyping tribalistic-He regards all Kikuyus as money loversLoving -He told Aoro that he loved him and was proud of himCaring-He told his son Aoro that he was trying to forestall any possible misery which may arise in future. When Aoro and his brothers went to swim and his young twin brother almost drowned. When Aoro was suspended from school for being rude to the prefects in his school. His father denied him food for 36 hours and he passed out. Aoro says he doubts that Wandia, irrespective of being a Kikuyu, is materialistic; that he has feelings for Wandia which he could not transfer to any other person; everyone, irrespective of the tribe, was the same beneath the skin. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Brothers, we greet you and bring you many greetings from the people of seme. My nephew, Oloo, son of my late brother Sigu, came to me and said: Father, I have found a girl and I want to get married. Now I am a reasonable man and I know the ways of chik,so I asked him: Son I asked him one does not just find a girl in the air. One sends ajwanyoto go and spy a girl and find out her antecedents and character. Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Who is her mother and father? I tell you my brothers that I was flabbergasted to hear that none of these things had crossed his mind. He knew that her mother s name was Maria and her grandmother s name was Akoko and that was all. You will therefore forgive us because we do not know you and you do not know us. |
I tell you my brothers that I was flabbergasted to hear that none of these things had crossed his mind. He knew that her mother s name was Maria and her grandmother s name was Akoko and that was all. You will therefore forgive us because we do not know you and you do not know us. We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been a reasonable man. We therefore wish to introduce ourselves before we go on. Iam SemoRakula of Seme,our village is near that strange rock- upon-a-rock,Kit-Mikai. We are the descendants of that wear warrior, NyagudiKogambi. Oloo and these young men are my sons and nephew .Oloo is a man of learning and what is more a soldier who has fought for the white man in distant landa Now he is a clerk with a big kambi company inNakuru, where he gets a good salary. So should this suit be acceptable to all you need have no fear that your daughter will starve. I tell you these things because there are things jawang yowould havefound out for you. Thank you brothers. A pot of kong owas moved near him and he drew a long refreshing draught. Some things never change-a spokesman needs to irrigate his throat. Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girlAwiti is the only child of my late brother Okumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe, The girl has group in Gem because her mother being a widow and having converted to Christianity decided to settle here which a good thing is because now she is like light for the rest of us. She is highly educated and a teacher of children. A Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4marks b Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt. 6marks c Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt, 2marks d Apart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is a compromise in the brideprice later on in the novel. 2marks e In one sentence,paraphrase the statements below 2marks Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brotherOkumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe. |
6marks c Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt, 2marks d Apart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is a compromise in the brideprice later on in the novel. 2marks e In one sentence,paraphrase the statements below 2marks Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brotherOkumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe. F You will therefore forgive us brothers because we do not know you and you do not know us. In light of what happens in the novel, why is the speaker begging for forgiveness. 2marks g Identify and illustrate any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt. 4marks h Give the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the excerpt. 2marks Consanguinity;irrigate his throat;Possible Responsesa. Awiti Elizabeth begins a relationship with Mark Sigu; she introduces the matter to Akoko and Nyabera; Akoko invites her relations and negotiation is fixed .Mark Sigu comes also with his relations. They meet, talk and are entertained. They agree on just a token as a bride price. The talks are concluded and akoko calls Mark for a close talk, they joyously talk. Later on in the night Akoko dies. B.Love and friendship: Awiti and mark fall in love and marry; Family ties and relations: Akoko s close relatives must be invited for the negotiation so is the family of Mark Sigu. Changes; mark and Awiti want to marry yet they do not know one another s family background; religion: Awiti s mother is said to be converted to Christianity and went to live in the mission; Eduaction: Awiti is said to be an educated girl and is a teacher. C Hardworking; she studies very hard and becomes a teacherd. Wandia s mother does not demand any bride price but only asks Aoro to stay in peace with her daughter. E. Oyange Silwal tells the people of Seme that Awiti is the only child of his late brother Okumu and that they are from Sakwa from the clan of Gombef. Because it is not customary to get into marriage negotiations without full knowledge of one another s background. G. |
Oyange Silwal tells the people of Seme that Awiti is the only child of his late brother Okumu and that they are from Sakwa from the clan of Gombef. Because it is not customary to get into marriage negotiations without full knowledge of one another s background. G. Rhetoric questions: Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Direct address Brothers we greet you and bring you man greetings. H. Consanguinity;- close relationship To irrigate his throat to take a drink to so as to talk with ease. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:My fathers, It is a shameful thing for my wife to leave her husbands house and return to her father s house. This outrageous thing had occurred only because I was not here to prevent it. Our chief, we are saddened by this unfortunate state of affairs, but you must admit that your mother has a point or two. Long have we pleaded with you to take another wife for two. Long have we pleaded with you to take another wife for yourself and you have adamantly refused. Now she has left you, you are like a misumba, a bachelor which would not have been the case if you had another wife. We beg you take another wife for yourself. This was from Oyier, a grizzled old man who had been his mother s greatest champion in her quest for a wife for Owuor. He realized that the old geezrs were going to give him a hard time of it, so he changed his tactics. Fathers, you are the wise men of this community. That is why you sit in the council. Is it that you have forgotten the ways of chik or that your determination to get me to marry other wives has clouded your judgement? Do you not know that a man s mikai is the greatest jewel that adorns his compound? That her position in maintained and protected by taboos imposed by the ways of chik? That if I die, Were forbid, my body can only lie of her hut? And this would do so even if she herself were dead? To lose one s mikai is to lose one s right hand. The Jodongo nodded sagaciously at the wisdom uttered by the chief. It is true that the mikai is the centre post that holds up a man s hut. |
And this would do so even if she herself were dead? To lose one s mikai is to lose one s right hand. The Jodongo nodded sagaciously at the wisdom uttered by the chief. It is true that the mikai is the centre post that holds up a man s hut. Without her, or if she were stupid, only Were could rescue such a man from being blown away from among the people like so much chaff. She it is who saves a young man from the follies and stupidities of youth. Indeed the people of Ramogi has a saying which declared that The medicine for stupidity in marriage . Yes, the chief had spoken wisely. But Oyier would not give up so easily a Explain what happens just before this excerpt 3mks b What is the bone of contention between Akoko and her mother-in-law, Nyar Asembo 3mks c The girl child brieflt explain the relevance of this sub-heading to the whole novel 2mks d Oyier sounds sarcastic in his speech. Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks e From the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks f Explain the meaning of It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man s hut 2mks g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the community represented in this novel Write your answer in note farm 3mks i Local language is used in this exerpt. |
Yes, the chief had spoken wisely. But Oyier would not give up so easily a Explain what happens just before this excerpt 3mks b What is the bone of contention between Akoko and her mother-in-law, Nyar Asembo 3mks c The girl child brieflt explain the relevance of this sub-heading to the whole novel 2mks d Oyier sounds sarcastic in his speech. Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks e From the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks f Explain the meaning of It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man s hut 2mks g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the community represented in this novel Write your answer in note farm 3mks i Local language is used in this exerpt. Give two examples and explain its significances 2mks k Discuss the mood that is prevalent in this extract 1mk Possible Responses a Owuor returns his journey only to find an empty houseHe tries to inquire from neighbours and from his children what had happenedHe gets very angry locks himself up in his simba He sermons the council; jodongo to convene the following day 3mks b Nyar Asembo alleges that Akoko is unable to conceive regularly her rate of procreation is slowShe accuses Akoko of practicing witchcraft against her sonShe also acuses Akoko of standing between Owuor and his marriage to other women by casting a spell on himc The Girl child This refers to AKokoShe is the source of the family tree river that extends for many generations for her, Nyabera, Elizabeth and her great grandchildren. Akoko is the source of life. |
Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks e From the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks f Explain the meaning of It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man s hut 2mks g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the community represented in this novel Write your answer in note farm 3mks i Local language is used in this exerpt. Give two examples and explain its significances 2mks k Discuss the mood that is prevalent in this extract 1mk Possible Responses a Owuor returns his journey only to find an empty houseHe tries to inquire from neighbours and from his children what had happenedHe gets very angry locks himself up in his simba He sermons the council; jodongo to convene the following day 3mks b Nyar Asembo alleges that Akoko is unable to conceive regularly her rate of procreation is slowShe accuses Akoko of practicing witchcraft against her sonShe also acuses Akoko of standing between Owuor and his marriage to other women by casting a spell on himc The Girl child This refers to AKokoShe is the source of the family tree river that extends for many generations for her, Nyabera, Elizabeth and her great grandchildren. Akoko is the source of life. She represents women as natia, Awiti, Vera and WandiaAs a source, her family survives due to he determination wisdom, hardwork and clarity of vision as a girl-childShe plays a role of those who have been wise in their time, pioneers through whose daring actions bring progress to the whole society 2mks d Oyier says that they are saddened by the disappearance of Akoko but in the real sense he capitalizes or this opportunity to advance Owuor s mother s quest of getting him Owuor marry another wife. Oyier calls him a misumba . |
Akoko is the source of life. She represents women as natia, Awiti, Vera and WandiaAs a source, her family survives due to he determination wisdom, hardwork and clarity of vision as a girl-childShe plays a role of those who have been wise in their time, pioneers through whose daring actions bring progress to the whole society 2mks d Oyier says that they are saddened by the disappearance of Akoko but in the real sense he capitalizes or this opportunity to advance Owuor s mother s quest of getting him Owuor marry another wife. Oyier calls him a misumba . This is meant to hurt and humiliate Owuor so that he can marry another wife e Look for the following pointsOwuorOtieno i wiseFoolish ii Reasoning Irrational iii Faithful Immoral iv Responsible Irresponsible v Generous greedy vi Tactical tactless 4mks NB- Contrasting words and phrases must be used. One character trait of Owuor must come from the excerpt but that of Otieno from elsewhere in the novel f It expresses the importance of the first wife Akoko0 to Owuor Kembo. Just like a central post holds up a hut, the Mikai prevents a homestead from falling apart. Akoko supports her husband and gives dignity. |
One character trait of Owuor must come from the excerpt but that of Otieno from elsewhere in the novel f It expresses the importance of the first wife Akoko0 to Owuor Kembo. Just like a central post holds up a hut, the Mikai prevents a homestead from falling apart. Akoko supports her husband and gives dignity. G Without her, or if she were stupid only Were could rescue suh a man from being blown away from among the people like so much chaff 1mk h Tradition-If a man dies, his body lies in his house before burial in the right hand side of Mikai s houseThe council of Jodongo arbitrates in marriage desputesPosition of Mikai is protected by taboosLosing a mikai is like loosing one s right hand mikai refered as a jewel The society is polygamousIt was a taboo for a man and such a chief to be a misumba bachelor 2mks i Involved in marriage negotiations solved marriage disputesArbitrate in social matters judges casesAssists the chief in running the affairs of the communityAssists in the removal of a bad chief 3mks NB- Notes are shown through letters, arrows, a star, a dash, a dot and use of incomplete sentences. J : Mikai , Chik , Misumba,Has aesthetic valueGives the story its local flavor thus providing varietyAdd colour and flavor to the novelIt authenticates and pin points the setting of the novel as KenyanIt injects life in the narration thus making the story enjoyableIt provides a social and geographical setting 2mks k Solemn serious grave somber melancholic mood. My fathers..it is a shameful thing fro my wife to leave ..prevent it 1mk Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: wolololoyaye Mama yoo! Biuru une! Come and see! The strangers were taken to the chief s house and the older people saw that their faces were solemn .they couldn t be bearers of good news. |
J : Mikai , Chik , Misumba,Has aesthetic valueGives the story its local flavor thus providing varietyAdd colour and flavor to the novelIt authenticates and pin points the setting of the novel as KenyanIt injects life in the narration thus making the story enjoyableIt provides a social and geographical setting 2mks k Solemn serious grave somber melancholic mood. My fathers..it is a shameful thing fro my wife to leave ..prevent it 1mk Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: wolololoyaye Mama yoo! Biuru une! Come and see! The strangers were taken to the chief s house and the older people saw that their faces were solemn .they couldn t be bearers of good news. We greet you, o chief Owour .We are people sent by sirikal, the government, with a message for you. The white garbed one who was obviously the spokesman declared. And who, may I ask, is this sirikal? I ve never heard of him. Said the chief baffled. You may have heard that the country is being ruled by white people now .They, with the help of some black people, have formed something like the council of jodongo, only much bigger, to make sure that everyone lives in peace according to the new law .This is sirikal. Is that so? A Explain what had caused the outburst at the beginning of the extra? 2marks b What is strange about the chief s question? 2marks c Comment on the use of local dialect in this excerpt. 4 marks d Describe the different moods depicted in the excerpt. 4 marks e Identify with illustrations one theme from the excerpt. 2 marks f Illustrate a character trait of the strangers and of the older men. 4 marks g In note form state what the messengers had to say to the chief in this excerpt. 5 marks h Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt: 2marks i solemn ii garbedPossible Responsesa Strange men in strange dresses .Long garb reaching his ankles and a skull cap had arrived in the village .The children, who were naked, thought this was funny. |
4 marks e Identify with illustrations one theme from the excerpt. 2 marks f Illustrate a character trait of the strangers and of the older men. 4 marks g In note form state what the messengers had to say to the chief in this excerpt. 5 marks h Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt: 2marks i solemn ii garbedPossible Responsesa Strange men in strange dresses .Long garb reaching his ankles and a skull cap had arrived in the village .The children, who were naked, thought this was funny. B The chief thinks sirikal is a person the chief is part of the sirikal but he does not know it . C The local dialect Wolololoyaye! Mama yoo ! Biuru une! -. Injects life into the narration making it enjoyable. -. It adds local flavour and provides variety. -. It provides social and geographical setting. D First there is excitement when people see strangers dressed in a funny attire .Then there is tenseness as the elders notice the strangers look sad solemn They conclude that they cannot be bearers of good news. E Theme of change anew form of government is in place. F Strange men respectful courteous they greet the chief in a respectful mannerWise they first give background information before breaking the bad news. Older men-observant discerning they notice that faces of the strangers are sad and conclude that they cannot be bearers of good news. G The message is that:-A clan of Jo-jerman and Jo-ingreza had been hard at war against each other. -Young people had joined to help and from the chief s village, Obura, Ambere Kongoso and Nyaroche Siwal, had gone. -They went to fight Jo-jerman in a place called Tanganyika-Only Nyaroche survived and is a beggar at Kisumu. -The government the white people had given a bracelet as a thank you in memory of the fallen menh Solemn-sad seriousGarbed dressed adornedRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow:The envelope had been addressed to mark who opened it, read the letter and passed it to her. At least she is from the country, he said sounding a bit odd. |
-They went to fight Jo-jerman in a place called Tanganyika-Only Nyaroche survived and is a beggar at Kisumu. -The government the white people had given a bracelet as a thank you in memory of the fallen menh Solemn-sad seriousGarbed dressed adornedRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow:The envelope had been addressed to mark who opened it, read the letter and passed it to her. At least she is from the country, he said sounding a bit odd. She looked at him and then lowered her eyes to the letter. It was characteristically Aoro brief and to the point. She felt kind of sorry to Mark. First there had been Becky who had left home unceremoniously only to return with a white man in tow. A very nice man but apparently not nice enough for Becky. He had found out that she was having an affair during his trips abroad and had sued for divorce. Now she was living alone with the children, financially well off, but unhappy. It was one thing to enjoy the thrills of an affair, but a different thing altogether to have a carte blanche to do exactly as you pleased. John had been terribly hurt of course and mark had been furious with her. Then Tony had joined priesthood Mark resisted it at first but recently, during Tony s ordination he had been full of pride for his son whose face had shone with joy and youthful dedication. Vera s case had been the hardest to accept. Mark thought of the world of Vera, and deferred to her in everything. Then she had arrived home one day and declared that she wanted to join the catholic prelature of Opus Dei as a non marrying member. But he had eventually accepted because he loved her. Because she looked so radiant. Anything that could bring such joy and serenity could not be that bad. It was a pity though that she did not wear a veil or a habit. That way he could at least have bragged about her a little to his friends. His children were a source of great envy to his less lucky friends. Vera for one was a fully qualified electronics expert and had a lucrative job in the city with large salary and all sorts of benefits. Women like that tended to marry the most amazing wimps and Mark had held his breath in fear. |
His children were a source of great envy to his less lucky friends. Vera for one was a fully qualified electronics expert and had a lucrative job in the city with large salary and all sorts of benefits. Women like that tended to marry the most amazing wimps and Mark had held his breath in fear. But in the end all Vera wanted was to dedicate her life and her work to God, and there was no turning her back. So Elizabeth secretly hoped that Aoro would bring home a nice girl naturally a Luo like himself who would proceed to have many children all a nice, ordinary black colour. Briefly state the contents of the letter mentioned. 3marks In point form summarize why Elizabeth pities Mark in this excerpt. 4marks Discuss the irony brought out in this excerpt 4marks Identify and illustrate three character traits of Mark evident in this excerpt. 6 marks Comment on the thematic concerns that are depicted in this extract. 4 marks His children were a source of great envy to his less lucky friends. Rewrite as an interrogative statement 1mark Elizabeth secretly hoped that Aoro would bring home a nice girl .,. Does he? Discuss with illustrations from elsewhere in the novel. 3 marks Possible Responses- Aoro has finished his internship successfully 1He has one month leave 1 and will visit home on 28th 1He will bring along wandia, 1 a doctor the girl he intends to marry - Becky leaves home unceremoniously and marries a white man 1She Becky gets into an affair and is divorced 1Vera joins the Opus - Dei as a non marrying member 1Tony joins priesthood 1Aoro intends to marry a girl from another ethnic tribe 1-Mark expects Vera and tony to marry but they don t It is ironical that John ,Becky s husband is a good husband yet she gets into an affair that leads to divorce It is ironical that Becky is financially well off yet she is unhappy. It is ironical that well educated women with good jobs end up marrying the most amazing wimps instead of men like them. Men who are well educated i Accommodating 1 Mark resisted it at first .. |
Rewrite as an interrogative statement 1mark Elizabeth secretly hoped that Aoro would bring home a nice girl .,. Does he? Discuss with illustrations from elsewhere in the novel. 3 marks Possible Responses- Aoro has finished his internship successfully 1He has one month leave 1 and will visit home on 28th 1He will bring along wandia, 1 a doctor the girl he intends to marry - Becky leaves home unceremoniously and marries a white man 1She Becky gets into an affair and is divorced 1Vera joins the Opus - Dei as a non marrying member 1Tony joins priesthood 1Aoro intends to marry a girl from another ethnic tribe 1-Mark expects Vera and tony to marry but they don t It is ironical that John ,Becky s husband is a good husband yet she gets into an affair that leads to divorce It is ironical that Becky is financially well off yet she is unhappy. It is ironical that well educated women with good jobs end up marrying the most amazing wimps instead of men like them. Men who are well educated i Accommodating 1 Mark resisted it at first .. He had been full of pride for his son but he had eventually accepted .. He eventually accepts Tony s and Vera s choices 1ii Concerned women were like that .. Mark held his breath in fear, He fears that Vera might marry a wimp like the other educated women. Iii Supportive anything that could bring such joy and serenity could not be that bad He allows Vera to join the Opus Dei because she is happy there. Iv Loving caring - ...he had eventually accepted because he loved her, v Boastful That way he could at least have bragged about her a little to his friends, i Religion - Vera joint the catholic prelature of Opus Dei as a non marrying member. Tony had joined priesthoodii Betrayal unfaithfulness immorality Becky moves around with other men when herhusband is not around. |
Iii Supportive anything that could bring such joy and serenity could not be that bad He allows Vera to join the Opus Dei because she is happy there. Iv Loving caring - ...he had eventually accepted because he loved her, v Boastful That way he could at least have bragged about her a little to his friends, i Religion - Vera joint the catholic prelature of Opus Dei as a non marrying member. Tony had joined priesthoodii Betrayal unfaithfulness immorality Becky moves around with other men when herhusband is not around. Iii Gender parity equity Vera is a fully qualified electronics expert works in a male dominated career Vera does not marry. Iv Love Mark loves his children and wants the best for them, which makes him accept thechoices they make in life. Were his children a source of great envy to his less lucky friends? Yes, 1 Aoro brings home a nice girl for Wandia is:i Respectful - during her first visit, she interacts with both mark and Elizabeth with lots of respect 1ii Dependable Takes care of Becky s children after her death. 1iii Friendly she becomes very good friends with Elizabeth and Vera. 1iv Loving caring She takes good care of her large family despite being a career woman 1Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:Thirty head! Exclaimed Aloo in disbelief. Yes, thirty head! Declared the uncompromising chief. But that is two and half times the usual bride price. Even for Akoko, it was too much. Let them show us that my daughter is not going to starve in that wasteland they call a home . They trooped back into the hut and the negotiations began in earnest. Brothers, people of Sakwa, we are pleased to welcome you to Yimbo. It is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours. We are therefore more than neighbours, we have great wat between us because of the intermingling of blood though this has not occurred between our two lines so there is no danger of brother marrying sister - great taboo. |
Brothers, people of Sakwa, we are pleased to welcome you to Yimbo. It is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours. We are therefore more than neighbours, we have great wat between us because of the intermingling of blood though this has not occurred between our two lines so there is no danger of brother marrying sister - great taboo. Since you are our brother, we will not make things difficult for you. Here he stopped to take a sip of kong o and you could have heard the ants talk, so great was the silence. However, nobody was fooled by his sweet words. He continued, enjoying immensely the tension he was creating. Our daughter, Adoyo Obanda is a great beauty whose assets have been praised and sung by many a nyatiti singer from here to Chumbu Kombit, from Sakwa to Loka Nam. She is as fleet as a gazelle and her flying feet have been incorporated into the saying of our village so that mothers sending their daughters on errand tell them to run like Adoyo of the flying feet. She has been carefully brought up and has been taught all the requirements of chik. She is a very apt pupil and will therefore not bring shame and ruin to her husband by improper conduct. Her antecedents are peerless for she can trace her blood line clear to Ramogi our great father and her blood is pure for we have always taken care to marry correctly .She is also the eldest daughter of our great chief, a man of whose fame is known throughout this land. After careful consultation, we have therefore decided that thirty head of cattle should be the proper bride price. Was that an inaudible gasp from someone at the back? Chief Owuor Kembo signaled to his uncle and the old man spoke. Explain briefly what happens first before this excerpt. 2Marks State briefly what happens after this excerpt 2Marks Briefly describe the nature of the ceremony going on in this excerpt 3Marks d Identify and illustrate two character traits of Aloo K olima in this excerpt. 4Marks Identify and illustrate any two themes evident in this excerpt. 4Marks f Make notes on the qualities of Adoyo Obanda as revealed in this excerpt. 5Marks g Identify and illustrate any two features of style used in this excerpt. |
4Marks Identify and illustrate any two themes evident in this excerpt. 4Marks f Make notes on the qualities of Adoyo Obanda as revealed in this excerpt. 5Marks g Identify and illustrate any two features of style used in this excerpt. 4Marks Possible Responsesa Chief Odera Gogni calls the councils of Jodongo from Sakwa outside his house for consultation about Akoko s betrothalChief Odero Gogni discloses to the council of Jodongo that he has already sent away 12 suitorsChief Odero Gogni discloses that he likes this group of suitors because the bride is of a good stock and his uncle a good spokesmanChief Odero Gogni tells Aloo K Olina to set Akoko s bride price at thirty headElders from Sakwa ask to be allowed to consult with each other outside chief Odero s houseAkoko watches what is going on from her mother s kitchen, asks to be given a piece of land to settle for she feels she might never get marriedOtieno Kembo argues against the high bride priceOwuor Kembo accepts to pay the thirty head of cattle as bride priceFormal negotiations of Akoko s bride price between the people of Sakwa and the people of YimboThe bride price has to be set depending on Akoko s outstanding attributesi TraditionAkoko has been taught all the requirements of chick tradition Traditionally a brother marrying a sister is a great tabooTraditionally elders drink Kong o during marriage negations. Alo K Olima stopped to take a sip of Kong oii Role of eldersThe council of Jodongo elders from Sakwa and that from Yimbo negotiates for Owuor Kembo s and Akoko s marriageChief Owuor Kembo s uncle an elder is the spokesman for the council of Jodongo from Sakwa . Aloo K Olima an elder is chief Odero s spokesman. Iii MarriageAkoko s marriage negotiations begin in earnestAloo K Olima sets Akoko s bride price at thirty head of cattleIt is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours There is no danger of brother. |
Alo K Olima stopped to take a sip of Kong oii Role of eldersThe council of Jodongo elders from Sakwa and that from Yimbo negotiates for Owuor Kembo s and Akoko s marriageChief Owuor Kembo s uncle an elder is the spokesman for the council of Jodongo from Sakwa .Aloo K Olima an elder is chief Odero s spokesman.iii MarriageAkoko s marriage negotiations begin in earnestAloo K Olima sets Akoko s bride price at thirty head of cattleIt is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours There is no danger of brother. Marrying a sister a great taboo. Aloo K OlimaConsiderate exclaims at the high bride price thirty head chief Odero wants set for AkokoRespectful Address the people of Sakwa as; Brothers, people of SakwaInformed - quotes from Chik that brother marrying a brother is a great taboo and Akoko has been taught all the requirements of chik. Intelligent skillful skillfully addresses the people of Sakwa using sweet words. Skillfully describes Akoko s attributes to the people of Sakwa. A great beauty is praised by many Nyatiti singersFast swift she is as fleet as a gazelleA good role model mothers sending their daughters on errands tell them to run like AkokoApt she is very apt pupilPure her blood is pre .Direct address brothers Local dialect da, k wat, kong o, nyatiti, chikSuspense .So great was the silenceSimile ..as fleet as a gazellePersonification you could have heard the ants talk ..Metaphor her flying fleet. |
BETRAYAL IN THE CITY BY FRANCIS IMBUGATHE AUTHORFrancis David Imbuga 1947- November, 2013 was one of the greatest literary giants. For three decades, he taught at Kenyatta University where he was the Director of quality Assurance, Chairman of the Department of Literature and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts. Francis Imbuga studied at Alliance High School in the 1960 s where he wrote and acted a play which won the National Beat Actor s Award. Professor Imbuga published several plays including Betrayal in the City 1976, The Successor 1979, Man of Kafira 1984, Aminata 1988, and The Return of Mgofu 2011. He has also authored two novels, Shrine of Tears, 1993 and Miracle of Remera 2005. In his works he addresses the problems of independent and post colonial African states, family relations, tradition, religion, change among other issues affecting our society today. Imbuga passed on in the year 2013. THE TITLEThe title, Betrayal in the City, fits the events of the play as this is what the people of Kafira have to live with daily. Betrayal in the City reflects the political, cultural and personal betrayal witnessed in the fictitious state of Kafira. Boss the head of state works alongside other strong cronies and sycophants like Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito, and Nicodemo to let down their citizens through ;abuse of power, negligence of duty, senseless killings, and inefficiency to create a nation of hopelessness, corruption and disregard to the local citizens hence betrayal in the nation of Kafira. The government is run by scandalous and corrupt leaders and under whose leadership the hopes of independence for the people of Kafira are dashed. Betrayal in the City is characterized by all sorts of ills in society, namely: murder, misrule, tribalism, Nepotism, corruption, highhandedness, inefficiency, incompetence and a general atmosphere of rebellion and defiance. As the title suggests, betrayal breeds suspicion and intolerance and this creates a highly unstable environment for decent and safe living. One cannot safely determine who to trust with information hence the general feeling of betrayal among the people. |
Betrayal in the City is characterized by all sorts of ills in society, namely: murder, misrule, tribalism, Nepotism, corruption, highhandedness, inefficiency, incompetence and a general atmosphere of rebellion and defiance. As the title suggests, betrayal breeds suspicion and intolerance and this creates a highly unstable environment for decent and safe living. One cannot safely determine who to trust with information hence the general feeling of betrayal among the people. THE SETTINGBetrayal in the City was first published in 1976 at a time when African states had attained their independence and were undergoing serious problems in adjusting to self-rule. The play set in the fictional country of Kafira, ruled by Boss, who surrounds himself with kinsmen like Mulili and the sharing-the-pie government officials, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo. Betrayal in the city is a perfect example of many failed states in the third world, and especially in Africa. SYNOPSISBetrayal in the City is a political play. The writer examines the problems of independence and freedom in post-colonial states in Africa. The play talks about military regimes that were common on the African continent after independence. Many of such regimes were later overthrown by coup de tats. Francis Imbuga s major concern is betrayal at two levels, both at a personal and government level. Betrayal in the City shows a decay in morals, greed for power. Doga and Nina lament as they mourn their dead son, Adika and wishes to perform a ritual for their dead son. This effort is hampered by express directions from the government brought by Mulili and Jere claiming that the ritual should not go on in the interest of peace; but Doga and Nina are adamant. Their only remaining son, Jusper, is imprisoned. This shows us what is happening in Kafira - the corruption, injustice and oppression of the people. Critics of the government are not tolerated. Jere and Mosese are henceforth put into prison over false charges. They both suffer the pain of the government s betrayal. Government officials make use of any opportunity to make money through unfair means. Tumbo for instance declares Jusper the winner of the play writing competition and awards him the winner s prize money. |
They both suffer the pain of the government s betrayal. Government officials make use of any opportunity to make money through unfair means. Tumbo for instance declares Jusper the winner of the play writing competition and awards him the winner s prize money. One third of the six hundred pounds to------- finance the play writing competition is given to Jusper and his girl friend, Regina; and the remaining two thirds to put records straight emphasizing that everything is being done in strict confidence. Despite all this Jusper vows to revenge someday even if it means going it alone since he knows that a University student is not a very welcome person in Kafira and is looked at as a nuisance. Government officials first think of what they are going to benefit before deliberating on matters of state. What first preoccupies their mind is how much they are going to gain. Being a relative to Boss gives Mulili a chance to despise his colleagues in service. Mulili falsely accuses Kabito knowing that Boss will believe what he says since he has been made to be his eyes and ears on the ground as he puts it. He is also favoured by Boss in many ways. The semi-illiterate Mulili sometimes completely misunderstands and distorts what is said to him and yet threatens to act basing on the strength of that misunderstanding. Boss trust of those who advise him especially Mulili makes him give unbearable directives to silence those presumably against his government including the simple old couple who were innocent. Boss also tries to take advantage of Regina forcefully. Such scandals speak unfavourably of the Head of State. Nicodemo and Tumbo discuss the state of affairs and how people are being killed: We have no choice. Like caged animals, we move, but only inside the cage. It has become infectious-the desire to eliminate others This clearly implies that there are serious consequences of criticizing the government s plans. The play within the play, Betrayal in the City, brings about the desired change that everybody has been waiting for. The rehearsal for the play intended to entertain the visiting Head of state becomes a real confrontation arrived at effortlessly by Jusper, Mosese, and Jere; taking everyone by surprise. ACT SUMMARIESACT ONESCENE ONEThe scene is at grave surrounded by dry thorny branches. It is early morning. Doga and Nina are next to the grave of their late son, Adika who was murdered. Doga suspects that their son s murderer still lives among them. |
It is early morning. Doga and Nina are next to the grave of their late son, Adika who was murdered. Doga suspects that their son s murderer still lives among them. His suspicion arises from the smell of petrol at the site and the fact that the grave has a crack, an indication that the murderer s intention was to burn Adika s body to rid himself of Adika s ghost hunting him in future. Their only, living son, Jusper, was to guard the grave but this morning he cannot be traced. Nina is fearful for her son, who, according to them is not of sound mind. Her fears are heightened when she is made to notice that there seems to have been a struggle at the grave. Doga wants to cover up the crack on the grave so that the shaving ceremony planned to take place later in the day goes on but Nina will hear none of this. After much persuasion from the husband, she gives in and goes for soil to cover up the crack. From Doga s speech, we hear that Adika was shot four times during a demonstration by Kafira University students who were protesting that most of the Kafira university lectures are expatriates. During Adika s burial, his brother, Jusper, was taken away by government agents for being a threat to peace-loving people and after returning three months later, he is never the same. Jusper enters, dressed in a red gown. He is obviously disturbed by his brother s death. He is seen addressing his dead brother. Nina comes back with soil and finds Jusper at the grave. Doga is hiding behind the bush. She tells Jusper to go and remove the red gown as the shaving ceremony was about to start. Jusper tells his mother that he cannot put on a clean shirt after the murder and proceeds to show his parents the crack river where he threw the person he murdered but all this time, they think he is mad. Nina even, innocently and ignorantly, tells him to go and confess the act! Jusper has killed Chagaga, the person who is suspected to have killed Adika, and thrown his body in the river but Doga and Nina think he is mad. The couple s prayerful mood is interrupted by Jere and Mulili who inform them that the ceremony has been cancelled to their utter disappointment. They also inform the couple that Jusper has killed Chagaga and confessed the crime. |
Who killed Adika and what is his relationship with the sub chiefWhat led to the death of Adika and how was he killedAccording to Jusper what is the difference between the sun Jupiter and Jusper and what does it representJusper tells Nina that he is going to address the rally, which rally is he talking about and what does he want to tell them. Why does Mulili and Jere come to the grave side and what is their missionMulili speaks poor non-standard English , what does this tell us about himWhat does Mulili and Jere reveal to Doga and Nina about JusperWhy does Jere support the old couple s continuing with the ceremonyMulili had allowed Mustafa to escape, what does this tell us about justice in Kafira. Identify at least two character traits of Mulili, Doga, Nina, Jere and Jusper from this scene. Identify the aspects of style used in this scene: identify the proverbs, instances of irony, use of cross purpose, monologue, and puns among others. What are some of the themes brought out in this scene? Identify the instances of Betrayal brought out in this sceneSCENE TWOACTION TAKES PLACE IN A PRISON CELLJere is pushed by an askari into a cell where he finds Mosese. Askari is fed up with Jere s inquisitive nature. He tells him that he is mad and that his inquisitive nature will not be entertained in prison and that it would make his life unbearable in prison. Jere is later informed that all inmates have to go through rehabilitation in order to be re-integrated in the society. He does not have any mental illness that would make him need any rehabilitation therefore he sarcastically tells askari that he is truly grateful and that he didn t know they took such pains. It is apparent that Mosese has decided to remain silent because silence can as well be a weapon but should he be so, the prisons authorities will demand an explanation as to what is he keeping quiet about. It is not surprising that the prison authorities don t entertain prisoners asking questions. Askari informs Mosese that Jusper has been released from jail but has nothing to go back to since his parents were found dead in their hut. |
It is apparent that Mosese has decided to remain silent because silence can as well be a weapon but should he be so, the prisons authorities will demand an explanation as to what is he keeping quiet about. It is not surprising that the prison authorities don t entertain prisoners asking questions. Askari informs Mosese that Jusper has been released from jail but has nothing to go back to since his parents were found dead in their hut. When Jere and Mosese are left alone, Jere informs Mosese of the events of the previous night where he and his cellmate decided to play Pilate and Jesus. According to Jere, Pilate had humiliated Jesus by stripping him and caning him on the buttocks. Jere s co-actor cried out after receiving the canes, alerting the prison authorities who moved Jere to the cell where Mosese was after stripping him and caning him. The two cellmates Jere and Mosese take time to know each other. Mosese tells Jere how he ended up in prison. He had attended Adika s funeral where he saw firsthand the oppression by the political elite. He couldn t keep quiet, so after telling the politicians his mind, he was arrested and charged with trumped up charges of possessing drugs. He changes his name because the person who implicated him with the drugs shared a name with him. We learn of the regime s way of silencing dissenting voices, through the experiences of inmates. Mosese has been informed by askari to cooperate in the performance of a play organized for a visiting head of state and in return he might be among the six hundred prisoners who are to be released. He doesn t want to do this as acting in the play means kneeling in front of boss and pleading for mercy yet he is not guilty. Prisoners are also denied food and only the ones who show signs of cooperating with prison authorities are allowed privileges. This is evident when askari brings a mug of tea. The citizens of Kafira had been waiting for the kingdom for years and at last they were told it had come. According to Mosese, it was an illusion. He wonders how many people had seen the kingdom and what colour it is. Mosese is disillusioned. He says they have killed their past and were busy killing the future. He laments about the oppressive nature of boss regime. For instance, soldiers had beaten up Regina and had forced her to give false evidence against her brother, Mosese. |
He says they have killed their past and were busy killing the future. He laments about the oppressive nature of boss regime. For instance, soldiers had beaten up Regina and had forced her to give false evidence against her brother, Mosese. Mosese violently wriggles and as if in a trance rises and addresses the imaginary audience. His words portray his confused state of mind. On one hand he is faced with the choice of participating in the play, a sacrificial act that will lead to the release of 600 prisoners or on the other hand hold on to his principles and reject the request to participate in the play. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE TWOWhere do the events of this scene take placeWhy do you think Jere has been brought into the cellHow would you describe the treatment by the askari on JereJere says that the outside of this cell may well be the inside of another what does this tell about the situation in KafiraLink Pilate s situation to Jere like he puts it on page 23Why does Mosese keep staring at the wall even when Jere and the askari are talkingGive the reasons why Mosese is in prisonMosese says words have lost meaning to him and asks for the meaning of Africanisation what does this tell about the people s situation in the countryTo what level has the askari learnt and why is he doing such a jobWhy is Jusper being released and hat has just happened to his parents? Why did Jere carry a bible to the cells and how does it bring him troubleApart from being a police officer, which are the other two professions that Jere was in before? Which is item number three in the development plan and what is ironical about it? Mosese says he saw betrayal in Regina s eyes why is this soWhy is the foreign dignitary visiting and why are the prisoners supposed to perform a play for himThe askari talks of selective breeding and says you need a tall relative to get anything in the country what does this tell about KafiraMosese says it was better while we waited. Now we have nothing to look forward to what were they waiting for that they don t have and why has he lost hope? Mosese sleeps and talks and in his dream. What does this tell about him and what message do we get from his conversation with an imaginary person. |
Now we have nothing to look forward to what were they waiting for that they don t have and why has he lost hope? Mosese sleeps and talks and in his dream. What does this tell about him and what message do we get from his conversation with an imaginary person. Jere says when the madness of an entire nation enters a solitary mind then its not enough to say that person is mad what does Jere mean by thisIdentify the character traits of ;Jere, Askari and Mosese in this sceneIdentify the themes brought out in this sceneIdentify and illustrate the stylistic devices used in this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREEJusper stealthily enters Regina s room without her notice and scares her. He is in his red academic gown and this heightens Regina s anger at him. She requests him to rest but he says he can t rest because the death of his whole family is in his mind. Apart from Adika, Nina and Doga were murdered in exchange for Jusper s release. He says that he will get his revenge someday. Jusper was among the university students who protested on the streets and as they did this, people shouted abusive words at them in addition to telling that they were wasting time with the protests, it is also apparent that the government will not allow Adika s photograph to be printed in the newspapers. Regina would be happy if Jusper was to keep off from trouble with the authorities. She tells him that she has only him and Mosese left in the world and if anything went wrong, they would all be wiped out. Jusper insists that they have to talk of the masses that have no voices. Regina tells Jusper of the scheduled visits to Kafira by a certain head of state. If this is to happen, then, there will be three days holiday for all in addition to the prisoners being released to mark the occasion. She has a letter from Tumbo, who is boss right-hand man. In it, boss has promised to facilitate the release of Mosese. This does not go down well with Jusper who can read mischief in the act but who nevertheless promises to beat him at his own game. Tumbo, a fat, overconfident man, enters the house. He notices through Jusper s dressing that he is among the university students who were being known for rioting. |
This does not go down well with Jusper who can read mischief in the act but who nevertheless promises to beat him at his own game. Tumbo, a fat, overconfident man, enters the house. He notices through Jusper s dressing that he is among the university students who were being known for rioting. Tumbo is already familiar with Jusper s name which was signed against a student s prayer that was all about asking God to help them drop their Christian names. Tumbo warns him that if the prayer by any chances suggested changing names, Jusper would be behind bars. Jusper sarcastically wonders why this would be the case yet since change of names was item number three in the new development plan. Furthermore, boss himself has substituted his Christian name to something that no one could pronounce. Tumbo defends boss by saying that a leader requires a mysterious name that the common tongues will bleed trying to pronounce. This is pointer to Tumbo s sycophantic nature. Tumbo revisits the issue of the visit by a certain head of state to Kafira. He learns from Regina that Jusper writes plays and since they require a one-act play for the entertainment, he concludes that Jusper can write one for the occasion. Tumbo says that he would have written one himself, but being a socialist, he thought of extending the opportunity to others to show them light, to eat and let eat : from their talk, we learn that boss is a fearful and insecure man who has let advisers rule Kafira while pretending to be tough, he is hated by his own guards who will not talk about it. The worst of his advisers is his cousin Mulili who has been rewarded with a large farm for his services to the nation Boss is said to be of short temper and has a weakness for women. When Jusper is back from buying drinks, the three talked about the idea of writing a play for the entertainment of the visiting head of state, Tumbo would be glad if Jusper wrote the intended play that would highlight the achievements the country has made. Money has been set aside for a play-writing competition, now that he knows what play ought to be organized. He declares Jusper the winner of that competition and informs him that he and his sister would be given a third of the money that was to finance the competition and that Jusper would be given his prize money once the results of the competition are made public. |
When Jusper is back from buying drinks, the three talked about the idea of writing a play for the entertainment of the visiting head of state, Tumbo would be glad if Jusper wrote the intended play that would highlight the achievements the country has made. Money has been set aside for a play-writing competition, now that he knows what play ought to be organized. He declares Jusper the winner of that competition and informs him that he and his sister would be given a third of the money that was to finance the competition and that Jusper would be given his prize money once the results of the competition are made public. Jusper is to write the play and ensure that the words progress and achievements appear on every other page. After Tumbo and Regina leave, Jusper reminds the audience what he holds, the fruits of independence. We get them second hand. Pg 53 REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREEWhere is this scene set? Why does Jusper imitate the ricocheting of guns as he enters? Why is Regina uneasy about Jusper s dressing in the red gown? What does the red gown symboliseFor what does Jusper criticize Regina and even the beggars in the streetsFor what does Jusper criticize the mediaAccording to Jusper why was Adika killed and why is Mosese and Jere in prisonWhy is Regina critical about people voicing their concerns against the governmentWhat do we deduce learn from Jusper and Reginas conversation about the intended visit by the foreign head of stateWhy does Jusper pretend to be Regina s cousin when Tumbo calls in? Jusper asks Regina are you sure this is not a trick-some sort of a trap? Why is Jusper critical about Tumbo s helping her and what do you think the trap is? Whats wrong with Christian names and why does Jusper criticize them p39Why does Tumbo call the university students red guards? Jusper is said to have written an interesting prayer, what was it about? Tumbo says a leader should have a mysterious name that the common people will bleed trying to pronounce. |
As the scene ends, Mulili swears at Kabito and issues a chilling threat to him. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE ONEKabito is the first to arrive and sleeps in one of the chairs , what does this symbolize? Where does this scene take placeWhy is kabito asleep and why is he in foul moodWhy was Mulili given the tenderWhy is Nicodemo against the use of prisoners to entertain the guests? Why is mulili part of this committeeAccording to Tumbo what is the role of the committeeFrom the set up of the committee explain the theme of cronismFrom the discussion on their payment, what do we learn about the members of this committeeMulili says he used Boss to get the tender at the university, what does this tell about leadership in KafiraWhy are the university students not willing to participate in the entertainment programWhat brings about the conflict between Mulili and KabitoWhy does the committee go for a break and for how long is the breakIdentify the aspects of style evident in this sceneIdentify the themes in this sceneIdentify and illustrate the character traits of Tumbo, Nicodemo, Mulili and Kabito from this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal from this scene. SCENE TWODuring the one hour break, Mulili rushes to boss to inform him about Kabito s ill deeds. He finds boss puling grey strands of hair from his head. He maligns Kabito to boss by telling him that Kabito is a green snake in the grass, has coloured boss name in blood in front of the committee, came to the meeting drunk, was shouting to everybody that boss has denied him the milk tender, says that boss has ruined Kafira s economy by hiding millions in a foreign country and that boss had tried to get Regina by force. This irks boss who accuses Kabito of sowing seeds of discord among the people. He orders Mulili to do what must be done; to silence Kabito. Mulili is only too glad to do it. |
This irks boss who accuses Kabito of sowing seeds of discord among the people. He orders Mulili to do what must be done; to silence Kabito. Mulili is only too glad to do it. In fact, he tells him it is a small matter having silenced the old couple Nina and Doga REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE TWOWhere is this scene setWhy does Boss boast about his grey hairWhy has Mulili come to see BossWhat five allegations does Mulili present against KabitoFrom Mulili s allegation what ills on leadership do we learn about BossWho is Mercedes and what makes her rude to BossWhat does Boss decide shoud be done against KabitoMulili says that be small. You remember that old couple ? What did Mulili do to the old couple, on whose instructions and for what reason? Identify the themes evident in this scene? Identify the aspects of style evident in this sceneWhat are the character traits of Mulili and Kabito from this scene? Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREENews about boss attempt to rape Regina has reached Jusper who now feels he can t go on with the play as he had earlier on promised Tumbo. The latter warns Jusper that this would be deemed as sabotage, hence would be too dangerous. He is warned that if he makes any mistake, he could end his university studies even after he has already lost one year. Jusper leaves but he doesn t promise boss that he is going to hide the truth. When Tumbo and Nicodemo meet to continue with the meeting after the break they are aware of Kabito s murder but they dare not say anything. Tumbo says they are aware of Kabito s murder but they dare not say anything. Tumbo says they are like caged animals who move but only inside the cage. They pretend not to know anything about the death when Mulili enters. He pretends to be shocked and saddened by Kabito s death which he says was as result of Kabito being under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo wonders how one can get drunk in the space of one hour and Mulili foolishly says that people said that his breath smelled of spirits. When presses further by Nicodemo who wonders about the mention of breath yet Kabito was dead, Mulili retorts that he didn t say breath but his body smelled whiskies. |
He pretends to be shocked and saddened by Kabito s death which he says was as result of Kabito being under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo wonders how one can get drunk in the space of one hour and Mulili foolishly says that people said that his breath smelled of spirits. When presses further by Nicodemo who wonders about the mention of breath yet Kabito was dead, Mulili retorts that he didn t say breath but his body smelled whiskies. He goes ahead to say that boss wept when he heard of the death and has already declared one road to be called Kabito road. Nicodemo suggests that they should call off the meeting and wonders whether the day would be counted. Despite the solemnness of the occasion, the members of the committee seem to be more pre-occupied with concerns of seeking avenues of making money. This is a pointer to their greed and materialistic nature. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREEWhere is this scene setWhat had happened to Regina, why was it necessary for Regina to meet Boss and what transpired after thatWhy is Boss s wife locked up after the incidentWhy does Jusper want to pull out of the programmeWhat does Jusper stand to lose if he withdraws from the directing of the playWhy does Tumbo caution Jusper against standing for truth and justiceWhat has happened to Kabito during the breakWhat is the cause of Kabito s death according to MuliliWhat do you gather from Mulili s incoherent and apparent confused explanation of Kabito s deathExplain Tumbo s assertion that like caged animals , we move,but only inside the cage Why is the meeting called offHow do the other committee members express their respet for the dead KabitoNicodemo asks whether they will be paid for that day, what does that tellus about his characterIdentify the themes evident in this sceneIdentify the aspects of style used in this sceneIdentify the character traits of Jusper, Tumbo, Mulili and Nicodemo from this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal from this sceneSCENE FOURTHE REHEARSALThe stage is set for the final rehearsal of the play meant to entertain the visiting head of state. Tumbo wants everything to go on well as he fears to disappoint boss who is already in a foul mood. |
This is a pointer to their greed and materialistic nature. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREEWhere is this scene setWhat had happened to Regina, why was it necessary for Regina to meet Boss and what transpired after thatWhy is Boss s wife locked up after the incidentWhy does Jusper want to pull out of the programmeWhat does Jusper stand to lose if he withdraws from the directing of the playWhy does Tumbo caution Jusper against standing for truth and justiceWhat has happened to Kabito during the breakWhat is the cause of Kabito s death according to MuliliWhat do you gather from Mulili s incoherent and apparent confused explanation of Kabito s deathExplain Tumbo s assertion that like caged animals , we move,but only inside the cage Why is the meeting called offHow do the other committee members express their respet for the dead KabitoNicodemo asks whether they will be paid for that day, what does that tellus about his characterIdentify the themes evident in this sceneIdentify the aspects of style used in this sceneIdentify the character traits of Jusper, Tumbo, Mulili and Nicodemo from this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal from this sceneSCENE FOURTHE REHEARSALThe stage is set for the final rehearsal of the play meant to entertain the visiting head of state. Tumbo wants everything to go on well as he fears to disappoint boss who is already in a foul mood. Boss, has, as a result of his bad temper, locked up his wife in the palace cell. Jusper informs Tumbo that all will go on well and that Mosese was cooperative during the previous night s rehearsal. Jusper says that he is in the play because he realized that the problems of kafira cannot be solved by isolation. According to him, if the play succeeds, he will have demonstrated that determination is greater in worth than numbers. Tumbo would prefer that boss doesn t know that the play is written by Jusper who hopes that the release of a few prisoners, after the success of the play, will change Kafira. Jusper is able to see the hypocrisy of the ruling elite. The release of a few prisoners is meant to improve the image of Kafira to the eyes of the world. This according to him is only the truth. |
Jusper is able to see the hypocrisy of the ruling elite. The release of a few prisoners is meant to improve the image of Kafira to the eyes of the world. This according to him is only the truth. Boss joins them in the preparation of the rehearsal and Jusper tells him the play is about an army cadet who is promoted to the rank of captain within six months of enrolment. During the pass-out parade he shoots his colleague accidentally because he doesn t know how to handle a gun. It is later realised that he is not a relative of the army commander as it had been thought. As the rehearsal starts, Boss volunteers to read the part of the chief of staff since the prisoner who had been allocated the role could not be present as he had stomach troubles. He also orders askari to untie the hands of Jere and Mosese so that they can join the rehearsal, Mosese the junior soldier argues with Jere the captain over which gun is shorter than the other; a. 32 or a 28. They go to their chief of staff boss to help unravel the mystery. He tells them to each take a gun and show it to him. The guns are now in the hands of Jere and Mosese! Their plan has succeeded. On realizing that he has been tricked, boss shouts to the guards but Jere tells him he has no guards. Jusper thinks that boss is dead and is about to go and design a coffin but is stopped by Mosese who tell boss to see what he had done to Jusper. Because of fear, Mulili betrays boss. He says that boss ought to be killed because he has taken everything in his hands, has spoiled Kafira s economy, and has ruled for too long and killed Kabito. Boss cannot stand the betrayal so he tells Jere to shoot him. Jere tells boss that their interest is not to see human blood but to provide a mirror for Kafira to reflect the real faces of Kafira s front men. He says that they must also learn to sacrifice themselves for a better future. Mosese says that their achievement is largely because of the inefficiency of Tumbo. Jere gives boss the gun that he can shoot him Jere but boss declines. Jusper then takes the gun and shoots Mulili dead. He says that he did it for Kafira. Before the play ends, the ghosts of Doga and Nina enter the stage. |
Jusper then takes the gun and shoots Mulili dead. He says that he did it for Kafira. Before the play ends, the ghosts of Doga and Nina enter the stage. Mulili s death seems to have appeased Doga and Nina. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE FOURwhere is this scene setwhy is Boss s wife locked up? What is the level of preparedness for the presentation of the playTumbo doesn t know what the play is even about, what does this tell us about himwhy was Jusper thown out of his position as student leader why does Tumbo suggest that they keep the fact that Jusper is the writer of the play a secretJusper says that he doesn t want the prisoners to come from the prison into another prison, what does this tell us about the society of KafiraWhat warning does Boss give to Jusper for the university studentsWhy is Boss scornful of the university studentsWhat did Boss do as a reaction to the students protest on employment of expatriatesAccording to Jusper s explanation to Boss what is the play the prisoners are going to present about? Jusper s play within a play exposes the character traits of several characters. Identify and explain themWhy does Boss offer himself for the position of chief of staff and what happened to the one supposed to take that roleWhy are the prisoners given real guns and what does this tell us about the state officialsGive a synopsis of the play the prisoners enacthow do the prisoners manage to take over the governmentWhy does Mulili try to escapeHow does Mulili betray Boss and what allegations does he present against BossWhy is Boss spared and Mulili killedAfter killing Mulili, Jusper says I did it for Kafira, I did it for all of you people what is the meaning of this statementWhat is the significance of the reappearance of Doga and Nina and their freezing as they point at Mulili s body at the end of the play. Identify the stylistic devices used in this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal in this sceneTHEMESBETRAYALBetrayal is the act of being disloyal or being deceitful towards someone. Its about going against the trust that someone has on another. The head of state in Kafira Boss has betrayed the people s trust in him. |
Identify the stylistic devices used in this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal in this sceneTHEMESBETRAYALBetrayal is the act of being disloyal or being deceitful towards someone. Its about going against the trust that someone has on another. The head of state in Kafira Boss has betrayed the people s trust in him. He is supposed to protect the country s sovereignty by creating job opportunities for his subjects, but instead he has facilitated the influx of expatriate personnel into the country. When the university students protest he deliberately sends in an order for three hundred more expatriate personnel. Under his rule , sycophancy, cronyism, corruption, nepotism, and persecution of perceived opponents have become the order of the day. He orders the killing of Kabito. He is also responsible for the death of Doga and Nina as well as the arrest of Mosese, Askari says .....we calculated that two mature strokes would ease the tension. It worked perfectly. This is where the research stations come in, pg 19 Appointments are not based on merit. According to Tumbo, membership of the entertainment committee is based on the appointees unflinching loyalty to Boss who buys loyalty by handsomely rewarding individuals. For instance, Mulili is rewarded with acres of land and grade cattle. Another incident of betrayal is when Kabito, a fellow member of the entertainment committee is betrayed to Boss by Mulili. Mulili comes up with fictitious reasons for getting rid of Kabito. The allegations are outrageous to say the least. He says that Kabito has complained that Boss has robbed him of the milk tender, he has ruined the economy, he hides millions in foreign countries, and that he tried to get Regina by force. In fact, Mulili should be the green snake on the grass that her refers to. By having Kabito killed, he betrays both men. Mulili betrays his colleague, Jere who gets arrested because he opposed the farmer s brutality towards Doga and Nina, A part from his name-calling and callous nature; he gets Jere into trouble when all he wanted to do was to assist the old couple. Boss betrays the trust Regina has for him. Regina honours her meeting with Boss since she believes hw the only one who can secure the release of her brother Mosese. |
Mulili betrays his colleague, Jere who gets arrested because he opposed the farmer s brutality towards Doga and Nina, A part from his name-calling and callous nature; he gets Jere into trouble when all he wanted to do was to assist the old couple. Boss betrays the trust Regina has for him. Regina honours her meeting with Boss since she believes hw the only one who can secure the release of her brother Mosese. Unfortunately, Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is forced to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window. Mosese thinks that it would be an act of betrayal for Regina to plead for his release. Pleading to Boss for mercy would mean that he is guilty yet he is not. According to Mosese acting is tantamount to betraying their cause. He further argues that they are out to cause change in Kafira and even silence to him is a weapon. REVENGEMany characters are seen to be involved in various actions against each other in an attempt to avenge wrongs done against themJusper avenges the death of his brother Adika by killing Chagaga the sub chief s brother the man who had apparently killed Adika by shooting him four times. Jere tells Jusper s parents that people had seen him drag the body to the river pg 12Jere pleads with Mulili to allow the old couple continue with the ceremony. Mulili vehemently refuses and even imitates a priest s burial liturgy an action that infuriates Jere who chases him away and even threatens to shot him. Mulili threatens him that he shall pay for his actions and true to his words Jere s put behind bars. After killing Chagaga and being put behind bars, Jusper s parents are found dead an indication that someone had further avenged the killing of Chagaga. Jusper further says, I will revenge someday pg 33 to which we see him killing Mulli at the end of the play who must have been involved in the killings. During the meeting by the committee organizing for the entertainment for the visiting dignitary, there is a quarrel and bitter exchange over an apparent misunderstanding between Kabito and Mulili. Muili reports Kabito to Boss with many false allegations and this leads to the killing of Kabito. At the end of the play Jusper is seen shooting Mulili dead. |
During the meeting by the committee organizing for the entertainment for the visiting dignitary, there is a quarrel and bitter exchange over an apparent misunderstanding between Kabito and Mulili. Muili reports Kabito to Boss with many false allegations and this leads to the killing of Kabito. At the end of the play Jusper is seen shooting Mulili dead. His is because Mulili is a symbol of the ills that have affected the state of Kafira. In fact Jusper says on p74 that I did it for Kafira THE ROLE OF THE ELITESThe elites in any society should be actively involved in emancipating their societies from downfall especially occasioned by poor leadership. The same happens in the state of Kafira through various characters. The university students led by Adika are seen demonstrating against the influx of expatriates in the country. This is because this has been the leading cause of unemployment. This however leads to the death of Adika but it s important to notice that they had expressed their misgivings against the government. Through Mosese we also find that the elites are almost giving up on the government and even turning their backs to the going ons in the state. This is seen in Mosese s words when asked why he is showing his back to Jere and the askari to which he answers I have no front. However we see him speaking out his mind against the oppression I the state which leads to his imprisonment on trumped up charges. Mosese in his trance dream agrees to participate in the play together with Jere another elite. It is evident that it is through their role in the play that they manage to bring order to the state of Kafira by ousting and killing the evil element in government in Mulili. Jusper an elite is actively involved in ousting the oppressive regime it is he who writes the controversial play through which they overthrow the government. It is him still who shoots Mulili the evil element and hence hope for Kafira as he says at the end of the play that, I did it for Kafira. I did it for all of you people. Pg 74CORRUPTIONThe government officials are corrupt through and through. The head of state boss puts Mulili, a cousin of jis, in a senior government position so that he can inform him on every intricate detail in the government. |
It is him still who shoots Mulili the evil element and hence hope for Kafira as he says at the end of the play that, I did it for Kafira. I did it for all of you people. Pg 74CORRUPTIONThe government officials are corrupt through and through. The head of state boss puts Mulili, a cousin of jis, in a senior government position so that he can inform him on every intricate detail in the government. The man is illiterate and a non-performer who is determined to amass wealth for himself. He is inconsiderate and will do anything to earn acres of farmland and cattle. Boss is corrupt. He practices nepotism and gives high government positions to unqualified relatives who work as his spies. He also employs many expatriates in public universities at the expense of the local citizens. Boss has amassed so much wealth from the state through corrupt deals and kept millions in foreign bank accounts. Tumbo also fails to conduct a play writing competition and instead chooses Jusper and pays him only a third of the money. He pockets the rest claiming that it is for settling records straight. He does not read through the written play and out of his inefficiency, it turns out to be an avenue for the prisoners to eliminate Mulili and expose Boss. He also intends to extend the entertainment committee s session in order to earn more sitting allowance. Jusper is a frustrated student who, like all the rest, has no hope of finding a job in Kafira since most of them go to expatriates. He tells Tumbo that during the holiday he would sit in the house and vegetate since the state regards the youth as neither children nor adults but fence sitters. Boss intention is to use the expatriate as an opportunity to gain more foreign aid. There is tribalism and nepotism within the government. While offering Mosese tea in the cell Askari says, Here, tea with milk yet you don t even belong to my tribe. You need a tall relative to get anything these days pg 27 only those with relatives working in the government can survive in this state. While the entertainment committee meets Nicodemo tries to find out about what they will make out of it. He asks..... what size of potato per hour? He is also interested in finding out how many days they would use. |
You need a tall relative to get anything these days pg 27 only those with relatives working in the government can survive in this state. While the entertainment committee meets Nicodemo tries to find out about what they will make out of it. He asks..... what size of potato per hour? He is also interested in finding out how many days they would use. How many working days..... Kabito suggest that they should meet every day until the visiting head of state arrives and even after the visit. Government officials are corrupt. Each is thinking of how to amass wealth. Mulili is granted the milk tender because he is boss cousin. It is not given to those that qualified. Kabito is corrupt. He spends the whole night trying to bribe the tendering committee yet he lost the tender. He says .....I spent the whole of last night being nice to people. Pg 51 To get money in this state in this state one doesn t have to be educated, One must have brains to this of unscrupulous ways of getting money. Tumbo tells Jusper on pg 50 ..........you need a different kind of this. LACK OF TRUTH AND JUSTICEThere is an inherent fear of speaking the truth a-in the entire play thus leading to miscarriage of Justice. Those who have spoken the truth have not lived to see their tomorrow but have been brutally exterminated like vermin. A case in point is Adika, a student leader who is shot dead to silence the students who are protesting about the influx of expatriate personnel into the country. A Young man s life is so brutally brought to an abrupt end because he chooses to purse the truth in order to attain justice for the greater good of Kafira state. The student s lecturer decides to speak the truth during the burial by telling the politicians off when they decide to place restrictions on the mourners. But because speaking one s mind is not a crime, they plant a drug, one kilogram of opium in his car and get him imprisoned, This is a serious case of intolerance and miscarriage of justice. Doga and Nina are murdered in their own hut because they dared challenge one of Boss; closest advisers, Mulili, who is also his relative. They intended to carry out a simple shaving ceremony by the graveside of their murdered son but Mulili declared it a government property. |
But because speaking one s mind is not a crime, they plant a drug, one kilogram of opium in his car and get him imprisoned, This is a serious case of intolerance and miscarriage of justice. Doga and Nina are murdered in their own hut because they dared challenge one of Boss; closest advisers, Mulili, who is also his relative. They intended to carry out a simple shaving ceremony by the graveside of their murdered son but Mulili declared it a government property. When they seem not to notice his authority, he has them murdered just to prove who holds sway in this country. When Adika s murderer, Chagaga he visits the grave to burn the body with petrol, he least expects Jusper to be guarding it. In the struggle that ensues, he gets killed and his body is dumped in the river by Jusper, A court of law should have ordered for a medical examination to determine the mental health of the young man prior to the killing. However, because Chagaga happens to be the sub-chief s brother, Jusper is locked up in prison. Mulili cannot tolerate an argument, even a logical one from Kabito with whom he holds a grudge. He misreports him to Boss who orders his death. There is no way a truthful person like Kabito would survive in these circumstances. Boss own wife, Mercedes, is locked up in a cell for protesting against her husband s moral standing. He even blames Kabito for inciting the woman to defy him. MISUSE OF POWER BAD GOVERNANCE AND MISRULEThe ruling elite in Kafira is perpetuating cronyism, nepotism .corruption and intimidation of opponents in order to cling to power. Mulili yields a lot of influence due to the fact that he is Boss cousin. Kabito refers to him as an army-drop out and a second rate farmer. Ordinary people cannot carry out their normal ceremonies without government interference. Doga and Nina, two innocent and bereaved citizens cannot carry out a simple ceremony for their dead son. The government sends two soldiers, Jere and Mulili to bar them from doing so. They are even murdered as a result. Individuals are forced to take law into their hands since justice favours those connected to those in power. Jusper kills Chagaga in order to avenge the killing if his brother Adika. Chagaga happens to be the sub-chief s brother. |
Individuals are forced to take law into their hands since justice favours those connected to those in power. Jusper kills Chagaga in order to avenge the killing if his brother Adika. Chagaga happens to be the sub-chief s brother. Mulili says All small murders get arrested. Like Jusper faces the full brunt of the law while big murderers like Mulili get away scot free due to political patronage. The fact that Boss relies on the likes of Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo to render good and sustainable opinion and advice to the government tells the extent of the rot in this system. Mulili is barely coherent and there are lots of inconsistencies in his utterances. He is a liar and a cheat, a fraud who any right thinking leader should distance himself from. Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo only think about their daily allowances and are determined to meet as long as it takes in order to reap as much. Tumbo s remark at the end of the play puts what ails the state in plain terms, I am truly sorry, but I am not entirely to blame, I was trained, but given the wrong job . Pg 74 This remark points an accusing finger at the appointing authority. The likes of Mulili should not be in government. Mulili uses his relationship with Boss to secure tenders and amass wealth. He manages to reverse the termination of his tender by soliciting assistance from boss. Nicodemo says that Mulili bullied his way into securing the university tender pg 51 Appointments to government positions are based on one s closeness to Boss. Tumbo tells members of the entertainment committee, I trust gentlemen that you know why you sit on this committee. You were nominated for one reason: Your unflinching support for our government pg 52-53 It is evident that Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo are Boss sycophants. Mulili s unflinching support for Boss is rewarded with farm land and grade cattle. Tumbo is mandated to organize a play writing competition but instead declares Jusper the winner of proposed play writing competition one third would go to Jusper and Regina and the other two thirds will be used to put the records straight. FEAR SUSPICIONFear is the unpleasant feeling caused by the possibility of danger or evil. |
Mulili s unflinching support for Boss is rewarded with farm land and grade cattle. Tumbo is mandated to organize a play writing competition but instead declares Jusper the winner of proposed play writing competition one third would go to Jusper and Regina and the other two thirds will be used to put the records straight. FEAR SUSPICIONFear is the unpleasant feeling caused by the possibility of danger or evil. Actions or inaction by several characters on the play are motivated by fear. The people of Kafira live in great fear. They lack freedom of expression. They cannot understand why the likes of Jusper, Adika, and Moses talk too much and put themselves in unnecessary trouble. Beggars feel that the protestors are wasting time. Regina warns Jusper against talking too much. She does not want him to end up dead like Adika or in prison like Mosese. Jusper s red academic gown is a source of constant fear for Regina. Tumbo too gets scared of the students red gowns and he calls them the red guards. Askari warns Jere and Mosese that silence is all they need to stay out of trouble. Suspicion is created when prisoners either remain silent or talk too much. No publisher is willing to publish Jusper s play since his plays has exposed the truth too much. They can only be published if he can hide or cover the truth. Jusper says that nobody wants things put in black and white. You need a little grey and blue here and there. Pg 47 Tumbo confesses that Jusper has a point when he says that you can t clothe truth in lies, but adds that they know better than to shout about it. They know the truth but can t dare shout about it. Tumbo is fearful of boss. He does not wish to disappoint. He says that Boss is in a foul mood. He wants the play to go on as scheduled. He also wouldn t want Boss to know that the writer of the play to be acted is Jusper. Boss advisers hate him but they do not want to talk beyond whispers. Tumbo says that until people like Mulili are out, it is dangerous to do things differently from what is expected in Kafira. Regina fears going to see Boss to plead for Mosese s release because she is afraid of him. She fears that something will go wrong if he see her. Regina fears for Juspers safety. |
Regina fears going to see Boss to plead for Mosese s release because she is afraid of him. She fears that something will go wrong if he see her. Regina fears for Juspers safety. She pleads with him to stop clashing with the authorities. She tells him, Jusper, no good will come out of this struggle. Like you I only have two close friends left in this world. You and my brother, but my brother is inside. If anything should go wrong, we ll be wiped out. Pg 34 Mulili is threatened by Jusper and Mosese at the end of the play to a point of denying having any close relationship with Boss. He is fearful that he might he killed but sure enough he is shot dead. Earlier he had intended to sneak out purportedly to go for a call of nature. The head if state is shocked by the turn of events and fears that all evils will be exposed by the prisoners. He begs to be killed. He would rather face death than the consequences of his deeds. When Nicodemo suggests that Kabito should report the issue of losing his tender, Kabito remarks that reporting Mulili to Boss is tantamount to digging one s own grave. When Kabito questions Mulili s presence on the committee, Tumbo says that Kabito should know better than that and in any case, the question was not in the agenda. Tumbo and Nicodemo know that Mulili is responsible for Kabito s death but they cannot dare say anything. Like caged animals, we move, but only inside the cage. Pg 62 HYPOCRISYHypocrisy refers to pretence that one has qualities, beliefs or feelings that they do not really have. Prisoners are taking part in the play to entertain the visiting head of state to show national unity. The government is trying to show the impression that prisoners are actively involved in nation building. This may have not been the case earlier since Nicodemo says they are now being treated as if they do not belong to this world. The main reason for Boss decision to have the prisoners take part in the play is to potray the country in positive light to ensure foreign investment. A successful visit will make it possible for the role of the negotiators to be heard. Mulili pretends to be shocked by the news that Kabito is dead. |
The main reason for Boss decision to have the prisoners take part in the play is to potray the country in positive light to ensure foreign investment. A successful visit will make it possible for the role of the negotiators to be heard. Mulili pretends to be shocked by the news that Kabito is dead. He informs Tumbo and Nicodemo that Kabito has been involved in a fatal accident during the one hour break. He pretends to be saddened by the news. He claims that the accident was caused by the victim driving under the influence of alcohol. He further claims that Boss was in tears when he heard of Kabito s death and that he had declared that a road be named after Kabito. Pg 63 By criticizing the excesses of Boss, Tumbo is being hypocritical since he is a beneficiary of Boss and his government. Tumbo seems to be making an attempt to distance himself from Boss when he says, Things will change; Boss is not at all bad at heart. His main problem is that he gets scared off too easily. Pg 44 As a result of his loyalty he is made the chairman of the committee mandated to organize for the entertainment of a visiting head of state. He also owns apartments courtesy of Boss. Tumbo pretends to be doing Regina a favour by introducing her to Boss yet he knows his Boss ridiculous weakness for women. When she gets into trouble and jumps out of a ten-feet high window, he belatedly says he will apologize to her. He pretends to be sorry for Regina while all along he had known what Boss was up to. Tumbo claims to be a socialist at heart and says he could have written the play for the entertainment of the visiting Head of State himself but decides to extend this opportunity to someone else. Tumbo, you have not done badly, why don t you lead the pack of them ..show them light, eat and let eat. Pg 44 Boss claims to understand truth and justice, while in fact, he least does. He alleges that the rioting students and the dissenting lecturers have no idea what truth and justice are all about. This hypocrisy is self-serving in the sense that he intends to suppress their freedom of expression to create an opportunity to gain from foreign governments. Mulili misreports Kabito to Boss for allegedly maligning Boss reputation yet his real intention is to have Kabito punished for opposing him during the meeting. |
He alleges that the rioting students and the dissenting lecturers have no idea what truth and justice are all about. This hypocrisy is self-serving in the sense that he intends to suppress their freedom of expression to create an opportunity to gain from foreign governments. Mulili misreports Kabito to Boss for allegedly maligning Boss reputation yet his real intention is to have Kabito punished for opposing him during the meeting. When Boss gives him the go ahead to eliminate Kabito which he does, he later acts shocked and saddened by his death. Askari pretends to be doing Jere a favour by putting him on rehabilitation after only two days and tells him that the government was giving his future some consideration even though he was contributing to the national headache. HOPELESSNESS DISILLUSIONMENTTo be disillusioned is to be disappointed when you realize that something is not as good as you had expected to a point of completing losing hope and giving up. The masses in Kafira are disillusioned by the state of affairs in their country. Mosese says that they had waited for the kingdom for years, then it was said it had come but it was all an illusion. He wonders how many people had set eyes on that kingdom and what colour it is. According to Mosese it was better while they waited for the Kingdom because then they had hope, now they have nothing to look forward to. He feels that they have killed the past and are busy killing the future. He says in the past, they had celebrations once a year and they had a reason to celebrate, but now there is nothing to celebrate about. People are busy shedding blood everywhere. Pg 27-28 The masses have resigned to their fate after realizing the futility of fighting the government. As the students protest in the streets, people shout at them and beggars tell them they are wasting their time. Pg 33 Regina feels that Jusper and those others protesting against the government are easting time and that no good will come out of their struggle with the government. She feels that they are fighting stones. Pg 34 Doga and Nina have lost hope in life after their son; Adika is shot dead during the university riots. Their son Jusper seems to have lost his mind after his brother s death and is currently considered as good as dead. Nina concludes that the authorities have robbed them all they had and blinded them. |
She feels that they are fighting stones. Pg 34 Doga and Nina have lost hope in life after their son; Adika is shot dead during the university riots. Their son Jusper seems to have lost his mind after his brother s death and is currently considered as good as dead. Nina concludes that the authorities have robbed them all they had and blinded them. After Kabito s murder, Tumbo and Nicodemo realize that their tenures as government officials hang in the balance. Tumbo says, We have no choice, like caged animals, we move but only inside the cage. Pg 62 He says the elimination of citizens has become so rampant that one is not sure of seeing the next day. Jere argues with Askari over the issue of freedom. He tells him that the outside of his cell may be well the inside of another, which implies there is no freedom in Kafira and even those who think they are free are not. Jusper bemoans the fact that Regina too has been affected by the street disease, that is giving up. It is even pointed out that the beggars in the streets laugh at the university students because they believe that they could achieve nothing for Kafira. OPPRESSION SOCIAL INJUSTICEThe leadership of Kafira is dictatorial. It is oppressive. The government in a bid to perpetuate its continued stay in power has resulted in silencing its critics. The educated elite in particular pay the heaviest price for being at the fore front of criticizing the excess of Boss regime. Assasinations, arrests, imprisonments and torture of prisoners are the order of the day. Boss must always have his way and will eliminate anyone who appears to be a stumbling block to his schemes. He does not entertain any freedom of expression of whatever kind. For example, the academic staff members should not weep in public for whatever reason, and if they do, they end up in prison like Mosese. Freedom of expression is curtailed. Jere says the outside of this cell may be the inside of another pg 21 Prisoners are not allowed to ask questions. It only makes one s life more unbearable. When one asks questions he is subjected to beating as in the case of Jere. Prisoners are denied food only those who co-operate with authorities enjoy certain privileges. Jere is denied tea hen Mosese is presented with a cup of tea. |
When one asks questions he is subjected to beating as in the case of Jere. Prisoners are denied food only those who co-operate with authorities enjoy certain privileges. Jere is denied tea hen Mosese is presented with a cup of tea. During Adika s funeral Mosese says of the orders room the government. The funeral would not take more than ten minutes, the coffin could not be carried by students and weeping in public was illegal for the academic staff. When Mosese protested against this high handedness, he is arrested and imprisoned on trumped up charges of possessing illegal drugs. Prisoners are denied food and only those who co-operate with prison authorities. In a bid to secure conviction for Mosese, his sister Regina is subjected to beating by soldiers as people watch, forcing her to give evidence against him. As a result the beating she loses hearing in one ear. Doga and Niana lose their lives after protesting the government s decision to prevent them from conducting the shaving ceremony for their late son Adika. Tumbo and Nicodemo know that Mulili killed Kabito but they cannot say anything about it. Like caged animals we move, but inside the cage pg 62 Boss regime has established research stations meant to rehabilitate perceived opponents of the state before they are re-integrated into the society. Askari tells Jere , You see we have research stations dotted all over the countryside. Pg 17 Boss tells Jusper that when he goes back to the University he should tell the leaders that it is his Boss duty to decide on the magnitude of Kaira s africanization programme and that they have no right to chant about it. When the students demonstrate against the influx of expatriate personnel, Boss warns that the result will always be the same, deaths and imprisonment. Jere protests the mistreatment of Nina and Doga by the government. He successfully tries to convince Mulili to allow them to conduct the shaving ceremony for their son Adika. An altercation ensues between him and Mulili when he insists that the ceremony will go on as planned resulting in his arrest and imprisonment. Jusper s unstable state of mind can be attributed to the physical as well as psychological suffering he has undergone. He has been arrested twice, first during the burial of his brother Adika and seconds the murder of Chagaga who killed his brother. |
An altercation ensues between him and Mulili when he insists that the ceremony will go on as planned resulting in his arrest and imprisonment. Jusper s unstable state of mind can be attributed to the physical as well as psychological suffering he has undergone. He has been arrested twice, first during the burial of his brother Adika and seconds the murder of Chagaga who killed his brother. Doga says then they came and took him away ..when they brought him back after three months he was no longer the son we knew pg 4-5 The death of his brother took a heavy toll on him and he could not come to terms with it. Prisoners must perform a play that must entertain the visiting head of state in order to earn amnesty. CHARACTER, CHARACTERIZATION AND ROLES OF CHARACTERSJEREHe is an ex-soldier and now a prisoner. He was a colleague of Mulili. He taught religious knowledge for three years before he was drafted into the army. He can be described as;ReasonableJere is reasonable as he listens to Doga and Nina and understands their predicament. He even tells them that Mulili does not belong with them and does not know their ways when Nina threatens to curse them by stripping naked and Mulili makes fun of her. He pleads with Doga to understand that he and Mulili are simply obeying orders when they say that the ceremony cannot go on. He says, old man, if I had the power, I would let you go on. I would even take part in the ceremony. I knew Adika well. PatrioticHe aspires for a prosperous Kafira and advocates for unity among all citizens. He tells Boss, No, your excellency, we shall not shoot you. Kafira needs each one of us, you included. Pg 73 Friendly Sociable UnderstandingHe hits it off with the other prisoner with whom he enacts the episode of Pilate and Jesus from the Bible. He easily makes friends with Mosese in prison. They quickly find that they have a lot to talk about because they are like minded as far as the administration of Kafira is concerned. He empathizes with the old couple and wishes to allow them to carry out their shaving ceremony. Secretive cautiousHe does not let out the secret that Mulili allowed Mustafa to escape across the border. |
They quickly find that they have a lot to talk about because they are like minded as far as the administration of Kafira is concerned. He empathizes with the old couple and wishes to allow them to carry out their shaving ceremony. Secretive cautiousHe does not let out the secret that Mulili allowed Mustafa to escape across the border. When Mosese tells him about the circumstances that brought him to prison, the events of Adika s funeral, Jere does not let Mosese know that he knows Jusper. DaringHe is unperturbed by the threats directed to him by Askari. When Askari tells him, I have killed a man once in this very cell, he replies, congratulations! How did you manage? Pg 30 Intelligent Cunning clever tactfulHe and Mosese clearly carry out a palace coup to expose the villains like Mulili in the government. He says they have no intentions of getting rid of Boss because they want the act to be A mirror that will reflect the real faces of Kafira s front men. He compares the prison department with Meteorological Department which confuses the public by giving contradictory information. PhilosophicalAfter observing Mosese s reverie, Jere aptly summarizes the state of the society thus, When the madness o an entire nation disturbs a solitary mind, it is not enough to say the man is mad. Mosese s behavior is a result of what the authority has put its citizen through-that is, oppression to the point of madness. RolesHe plays a significant role in the development of the plot of the story. He enhances the character of other characters in the play. For instance, through him, the Askari is portrayed as brutal and intimidating. Several themes have been brought out using him, for instance the themes of self-sacrifice and oppression. He is used by the writer to highlight several stylistic devices such as play within a play, suspense and biblical allusion. JUSPER WENDOHe is a philosophy student at the university. He is the son of Doga and Nina. His brother Adika was shot dead during a demonstration held by the university students. He can be described as;Arrogant disrespectfulJusper talks arrogantly to people who do not make sense to him. He talks back at Tumbo regardless of his powerful office. He openly shows his disrespect by talking negatively about the evils of the government. |
He can be described as;Arrogant disrespectfulJusper talks arrogantly to people who do not make sense to him. He talks back at Tumbo regardless of his powerful office. He openly shows his disrespect by talking negatively about the evils of the government. At some point, Tumbo thinks he is drunk. Vengeful vindictiveHe kills Chagaga, the sub-chief s brother who also killed Adika, his brother. He shoots Mulili for having caused all the pain and suffering in the society. He is over-excited that they have successfully carried out the coup. He vows to avenge the killing of his brother Adika. He tells Regina, I will get my revenge someday, even if it means doing it alone. Pg 33 SarcasticWhen asked by Tumbo what achievement he is going to highlight in the play meant for entertaining the visiting head of state, he says, the number of expatriate professionals had steadily increased over the year, signifying the full extent of our potential progress . Pg 48 On the issue of name changing, he says, but there is nothing wrong with that. Changing names is item number three in the new development plan, isn t it? In fact, Boss himself gave us a fine example when he substituted his Christian name with something none of us can pronounce. Pg 40 After being told by Tumbo that he has won the nonexistent play writing competition, he remarks that out of ten plays submitted, his came first and that the other entries have of course been returned to their authors. Pg 49 Open Outspoken candidJusper speaks his mind when he finds his parents at the graveside; he openly confesses having killed someone. Nina thinks he is drunk and only to find out later that he actually killed Chagaga. When asked by Tumbo how much beer he drinks he retorts that it is as much as he Tumbo drank off the pocket money he got during his university days. He talks to the president candidly as he gives him a summary of his play. He is not afraid to reveal to him that he has written the play. Intelligent creativeJusper is a university student. He is also a playwright who depicts the society so clearly that publishers dread publishing his work. |
He is not afraid to reveal to him that he has written the play. Intelligent creativeJusper is a university student. He is also a playwright who depicts the society so clearly that publishers dread publishing his work. He is able to trick the president to provide real guns so that he can find a chance to avenge the deaths of his parents and brother. He also succeeds in tricking Tumbo and taking advantage of inefficiency. He writes an ingenious play that deceives Tumbo completely. StubbornJusper refuses to remove his red gown despite his girlfriend s nagging. She says it makes him appear dangerous. Students are always treated suspiciously whenever they put them on but he is ready to face the consequences. He is unapologetic to Tumbo for wearing it. RolesMajor events in the play revolve around himHis experiences expose the Boss regime. His brother Adika is brutally murdered during a student s demonstration. He is arrested when he revenges his brother s killing and is released in exchange for his parent s murder. His unstable state of mind points to an individual who has undergone both physical and emotional trauma. He highlights the themes of suffering, disillusionment, betrayal and self-sacrifice. The writer has used Jusper to highlight aspects of style such as play within a play, allusion and satire. MULILIMulili is an ex-soldier and now a farmer. He is cousin to Boss and is a member of the visitor s entertainment committee. Unfeeling inhuman CallousHe makes fun of Doga and Nina s sorrow due to the loss of their son and forbids them to carry out the shaving ceremony at the graveside. Even when Nina threatens to strip naked in protest , a traditional curse, Mulili asks, ....How many naked body I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Pg 9 He is insensitive to Doga s feelings that Doga finally tells him, .....may you die the way Adika did. Pg 10 He has Doga, Nina and Kabito killed in cold-blood. He declares that there is no reason why Boss should not be killed. DisrespectfulHe shows disrespect for the elder couple Doga and Nina when he dares Nina to go ahead and strip after she had threatened to do so. He says he has seen many naked bodies and he is still Mulili with two eyes, natural. |
He declares that there is no reason why Boss should not be killed. DisrespectfulHe shows disrespect for the elder couple Doga and Nina when he dares Nina to go ahead and strip after she had threatened to do so. He says he has seen many naked bodies and he is still Mulili with two eyes, natural. Pg 9 Vengeful VindictiveHe bears a grudge against Kabito because he feels belittled by Kabito whom he alleges has called him a primary school kid. As if that is not enough, he goes ahead to tell lies about Kabito to Boss leading to his elimination. He threatens Jere for failing to enforce the instructions they had to prevent Doga and Nina from carrying out their late son s shaving ceremony. This act lands Jere in prisonCorruptBeing Boss cousin he is promised many acres of land and grade cattle. He will therefore do anything to ensure he gets this. When the tender for the supply of milk to the university is awarded to somebody else Kabito , Mulili reports to Boss who revokes it and gives it to him. Mulili goes on to have Kabito killed after lying to Boss that Kabito had maligned his name. He allows a fugitive, Mustafa, to escape across the border. Comical funnyHis ungrammatical English makes him a funny character provoking laughter in the reader every time he speaks. For example, in reference to Doga s statement that an innocent man is in prison because of Adika, Mulili says, That no matter, he go against law and order, tell us new thing or make clear out of here. You are trespasser. Pg 10 When Nina says that they do not want to be shown letter because their hope has been killed, Mulili tells them, Your people full of primitive; instead going to find how the other is, they comes and gets stick with dead one. Pg 10 He mixes up simple sayings. For example, when he comes late for the meeting of the entertainment committee that is preparing for the head of state, he tells the other, Gentlemen, I am very sorrowful, but I always say, better never than late pg 54 When telling Boss about Kabito, he says, The one, he be a green grass in the snake. Pg 59 He quickly changes things he had said to suit himself. |
For example, in reference to Doga s statement that an innocent man is in prison because of Adika, Mulili says, That no matter, he go against law and order, tell us new thing or make clear out of here. You are trespasser. Pg 10 When Nina says that they do not want to be shown letter because their hope has been killed, Mulili tells them, Your people full of primitive; instead going to find how the other is, they comes and gets stick with dead one. Pg 10 He mixes up simple sayings. For example, when he comes late for the meeting of the entertainment committee that is preparing for the head of state, he tells the other, Gentlemen, I am very sorrowful, but I always say, better never than late pg 54 When telling Boss about Kabito, he says, The one, he be a green grass in the snake. Pg 59 He quickly changes things he had said to suit himself. For instance, he reports that Kabito died in an accident because he was driving while under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo asks, His breath did you say? He retreats, who said breath I said his body smelled whiskies? Pg 63 Short tempered temperamentalMulili falls out with people on many occasions because of his short temper. For example, when Doga pleads with him to let him carry on with the shaving ceremony, he loses his temper. Nina gets angry with him and threatens to strip naked, but he is not moved. Doga curses him to die like Adika but he responds, .....you tell him me I am a man with action not words, come on tell...... pg 10 Mulili abuses Kabito a goat when the latter refuses to apologise to him pg 57 Sycophant fanaticalHe does all he can to please the authority Boss . For example, he does not agree with Jere to let Doga and Nina perform the shaving ceremony for their late son even when Jere feels they can allow the couple to do it under supervision. He is very proud of having undeservingly won the milk tender. This is because he is Boss cousin. He is impressed by the way he got the tender. What happen to Mr. Mulili tender supply for milk?......You knows, who is speaking! |
He is impressed by the way he got the tender. What happen to Mr. Mulili tender supply for milk?......You knows, who is speaking! I it s me, Boss himself and no bloody vice-deputy. Pg 54 He does everything to impress Boss and make him think he is loyal. He even suggests that people should go on holiday during the visit by the foreign head of state, so that everyone can line up along the road to receive him. This is against logic because, according to Kabito, this is the final term and most school children will be sitting their exams and cannot afford to line up along the road. He was a soldier and now a farmer but still insist on being part of the authority. For example, he has the audacity to criticize university lecturers for allegedly going against policy. He also says that university students should co-operate with the government because, We pays for their fees, we pays for their luxury, we give them all necessary, who are they? Pg 56 When he goes for the rehearsal, he tells Boss, Yes, your excellent. I say myself: go and bewith cousin as he sees the final one. Pg 69 RolesMulili symbolizes the excesses of Boss;-He is portrayed as cruel, greedy, vengeful and dictatorial. Tumbo says of him, the most of the advisers is that of his, Mulili. Pg 44 Through him the character of Jere is brought out a principled when the latter amidst Mulili s objections insists that Adika s shaving ceremony will proceed as scheduled. He enhances the themes of misuse of power, corruption and self-preservation. The writer has effectively employed use of humour through Mulili. TUMBOTumbo is a government official and a confidant of Boss, the Head of state. He is Regina s landlord and chairman of the committee charged with the responsibility of organizing entertainment for the visiting of head of state. Despite his limited education, he has managed to acquire wealth and enjoys immense influence owing to his close association to the Boss. Hypocritical insincereHe is a beneficiary of Boss government yet given an opportunity he criticizes his regime and those working for it. About Mulili he says, That is why he retired from the army. |
Despite his limited education, he has managed to acquire wealth and enjoys immense influence owing to his close association to the Boss. Hypocritical insincereHe is a beneficiary of Boss government yet given an opportunity he criticizes his regime and those working for it. About Mulili he says, That is why he retired from the army. Until people like him are out, it is dangerous to seem to do things differently in Kafira. Pg 44-45 CorruptHe says that he would not have acquired the blocks of buildings he has if he had depended o empty talk like the university students who he feels talk too much. He says, you were born alone and when you die, you will die alone.... This implies that he has used fraudulent means to acquire property. He pretends to be a socialist when he offers Jusper the chance to write the play to entertain the visiting head of state. He says, You see, the whole program has cost the government some quarter of a million shillings. In fact, I had a mind of writing the play myself, but I thought better of it......eat and let eat. Pg 44 He says a sum of money has been allocated for a play-writing completion but he does not organise the competition. Instead he gives the opportunity to Jusper, of the six hundred pounds meant to finance the competition, he gives one third to Jusper and Regina and says the rest will be used to put records straight pg 49 SycophanticHe has secured his place in the entertainment committee by virtue of his unflinching support for the government. He tells the other committee members, I trust, gentlemen, that you know why you are in this committee. You were nominated for one reason, your unflinching support of our government pg 52-53 CowardlyHe does not live up to what he believes in. He strongly believes that until people like Mulili are out of the government, It is dangerous to seem to do things differently in Kafira. Pg 44-45 He convinces Regina to go and see Boss even though he knows well Boss weakness for women. |
He tells the other committee members, I trust, gentlemen, that you know why you are in this committee. You were nominated for one reason, your unflinching support of our government pg 52-53 CowardlyHe does not live up to what he believes in. He strongly believes that until people like Mulili are out of the government, It is dangerous to seem to do things differently in Kafira. Pg 44-45 He convinces Regina to go and see Boss even though he knows well Boss weakness for women. When Regina is hesitant, he tells her, We can t afford to make him angry at this stage. Pg 46 When Kabito is eliminated and Jusper insists on standing for truth and justice even if it will cost him another year at the university, Tumbo tells him. If you knew what has happened to one of us at the committee, I am sure you would postpone your eagerness to stand by truth and justice. Pg 62 Ignorant inefficient carelessHe does not know who Soyinka is. He thinks he is a prime minister of a certain country he purports to have forgotten. He even insists he is a politician. He does not realize that the achievement Jusper says will he highlighted in the play is meant to portray the government that Tumbo serves in bad light. Mosese says that it is out of his inefficiency that they are able to carry out the palace coup.sGullibleHe played along to Mosese, Jere and Jusper s plot to bring down Boss. Mosese says that it was largely through his inefficiency that they achieved their objective. Pg 74 Jusper is able to convince him that he is Regina s cousin. IlliterateWhen Jusper tells him that he drinks as much as he Tumbo drank off the pocket money he got during his university days, a visibly embarrassed Tumbo attempts to justify his limited education by claiming that though he qualified for university admission, he sold the scholarship since his family was poor pg 41 RolesTumbo contributes significantly to the development of the plot of the play;Being Boss confidant he comes out as a major beneficiary of Boss regime. Towards the end of the play, he confesses that he was trained but given the wrong job. This aspect portrays him as sycophantic. |
IlliterateWhen Jusper tells him that he drinks as much as he Tumbo drank off the pocket money he got during his university days, a visibly embarrassed Tumbo attempts to justify his limited education by claiming that though he qualified for university admission, he sold the scholarship since his family was poor pg 41 RolesTumbo contributes significantly to the development of the plot of the play;Being Boss confidant he comes out as a major beneficiary of Boss regime. Towards the end of the play, he confesses that he was trained but given the wrong job. This aspect portrays him as sycophantic. It is through his inefficiency that the plot by Mosese, Jusper and Jere to topple Boss succeeds. Through him, we get to know Jusper s character as daring and outspoken and Regina as trusting. He also highlights the themes of fear, self-preservation and misuse of power. Through him several aspects of style have been effectively used by the writer. They include foreshadow, satire, play within a play and suspense. BOSSHe is the president of Kafira and cousin to Mulili. He plays the role of the chief of staff in the rehearsal. His wife is called Mercedes. Authoritative over-strictBoss leads the country with an iron fist. He wants everything to go his way and cannot stand anyone who appears to block his orders and decisions and he cannot brook dissent. He has signed the death warrants of very many innocent people including Kabito, Adika, Doga and Nina. He warns Jusper against students protests during the rehearsal. He even brags of having given three hundred jobs to expatriates just to prove a point to the protesters. CorruptAccording to Mulili, Boss has acquired a lot of wealth and banked the money in foreign accounts. When Mulili tells him that Kabito was spreading such allegations he shouts, who gave him that information, just how much does Kabito know about me? Pg 59 . This seems to confirm his corrupt nature. He orders that the tender awarded to Kabito be revoked and goven to Mulili. Boss is also notorious for nepotism. He assigns powerful positions to his uneducated and inexperienced kinsmen in order to secure his interests. He also gives jobs to expatriates in return for foreign donations and funding. |
Boss is also notorious for nepotism. He assigns powerful positions to his uneducated and inexperienced kinsmen in order to secure his interests. He also gives jobs to expatriates in return for foreign donations and funding. He demands that prisoners stage a play for the guest president in order to portray national unity and the involvement of prisoners in national matters. He does this to make an impression that would attract funding. Through Mulili we get to learn that he has stashed huge amounts of money in foreign accounts which has brought down the economy of Kafira. Temperamental impatient cruel brutalRegina says that boss is reported to have a short temper. Tumbo says that Boss is known to make hasty decisions and stand by them. When instructing Mulili to get rid of Kabito, he impatiently orders Mulili out of the palace. Tumbo says that when Boss is angry he does not differentiate between a human being and a rat. He also refers to him as an animal. Proud conceitedHe says that students do not understand what truth and justice is. He says that their protest against foreign expatriates led to the death of a student leader and the imprisonment of a lecturer. To put them in their place, he brings in three hundred more expatriate personnel just to prove his point. He says that five of them are his own personal appointments. Immoral amorousHe has a ridiculous weakness for women according to Tumbo. He also attempts to rape Regina who is forced to escape by jumping a ten foot high window. Incompetent inefficientHe relies on hearsay and propaganda to run the affairs of the state. He admits that Kabito has been one of his loyal servants. He allows prisoners to handle fire arms during the rehearsal which they use to stage the palace coup. Vengeful VindictiveHe is averse to criticism. He orders the killing of Kabito since it is alleged that he Kabito raised serious allegations about his integrity. He tells Jusper that since the university students questioned his appointment of expatriate personnel, just to put them in their place, he orders three hundred more expatriate personnel. GullibleHe falls for Mosese, Jere, and Jusper s trick and orders the guards to surrender their guns to be used as props. |
He orders the killing of Kabito since it is alleged that he Kabito raised serious allegations about his integrity. He tells Jusper that since the university students questioned his appointment of expatriate personnel, just to put them in their place, he orders three hundred more expatriate personnel. GullibleHe falls for Mosese, Jere, and Jusper s trick and orders the guards to surrender their guns to be used as props. SuspiciousHe has deliberately put Mulili on the entertainment committee to report directly to him if something should seem to be going wrong. He suspects Tumbo of being behind Kabito s action to discredit him. Tumbo must have a hand in this pg 59 ROLESBoss is the architect of the misrule in Kafira. He has allowed his advisers such as Mulili to unleash terror to innocent civilians. He is a central character since the events in the story centre around his misrule. He brings out the character of Mulili as vindictive when Mulili convinces him on the need to eliminate Kabito. He also helps brings out the character of Tumbo as sycophantic. Though him several themes are highlighted such as misuse of power, betrayal, and social injustice. He enhances several stylistic devices such as play within a play, suspense, satire and symbolism. ASKARIHe is a prison warder and is mandated to keep watch over Jere and Mosese. Cruel intimidatingEven though Jere was once a soldier like him, he threatens to teach him a lesson or two if Jere calls him his friend again. He also warns Jere that he has once killed a man in that very cellHypocriticalHe tells Jere that they are giving consideration to his future despite his contribution to the national headache. He pretends to be doing Jere a favour and says he should be filling in forms for his rehabilitation. He says that experts have to be called in to give meaning to data collected in the various research centres that the government has put up and which show that rehabilitation of prisoners is invaluable. He goes ahead to say that this is not the type of work any of these local pretenders would handle. Pg 17 MOSESEHe is a former university lecturer who is later imprisoned for criticizing the ruling elite. Friendly sociableHe easily makes friends with Jere in prison. He also shares his views with Jere . |
He goes ahead to say that this is not the type of work any of these local pretenders would handle. Pg 17 MOSESEHe is a former university lecturer who is later imprisoned for criticizing the ruling elite. Friendly sociableHe easily makes friends with Jere in prison. He also shares his views with Jere . For example, when Jere tells him that he was a soldier before he came to face to face with reality, Mosese tells him that fire has always been there. Pg 22 He explains to Jere the reason he had changed his name an illegal drug was planted on him by a man bearing the same name as him Nicodemus leading to his imprisonment. Intelligent observantHe was a university lecturer. He is also able to see through the scheme that the authorities have. They intend to use prisoners to act a play to entertain a visiting Head of state to symbolize national unity and therefore build confidence in the visitor to encourage him to invest more in Kafira. Together with Jere and Jusper, he intelligently carries out a palace coup. PrincipledInitially, he refuses to participate in a play to be performed for the visiting head of state. I will not bend so low. Pg 26 . I cannot do it. Among my friends, that would be equivalent to kneeling in front of Boss and pleading for mercy. Pg 27 His change of name was influenced by Boss decision to change his. He changed his name since the man who planted a drug on him to implicate him shared a name with him Nicodemus pg 25 SelflessEven though he is not related to Adika who is just one among his many students, he protests his killing and fights injustice but the reward for his effort was imprisonment. DaringTogether with Jusper and Jere he agrees to take part in a potentially dangerous plot to bring down Boss through a play meant for entertaining the visiting head of state. The plan may not work hence they may be labelled traitors. Sceptical Hopeless pessimisticAfter being sent to prison on trumped up charges, he loses faith in the freedom of Kafira. When told that the release of six hundred prisoners will depend on his participation in the play to entertain the visiting head of state, it only makes him feel like he is betraying what he believes in. |
The plan may not work hence they may be labelled traitors. Sceptical Hopeless pessimisticAfter being sent to prison on trumped up charges, he loses faith in the freedom of Kafira. When told that the release of six hundred prisoners will depend on his participation in the play to entertain the visiting head of state, it only makes him feel like he is betraying what he believes in. He feels it would be like kneeling down in front of Boss and pleading for mercy for something he has not done. Pg 28 He does not believe in the Bible teachings that Jere seems to believe in. For example, he says, That is why I don t believe in such crap as the last shall be first, and blessed are the poor for they shall inherit the kingdom of heaven!..... Pg 28 When Jere tells him that things will change, he says, ......that is why I prefer to wait and see. I will stay here and remain loyal to my principles. Pg 28 RolesMosese helps highlight the plight of the educated elite in Kafira. Boss regime seems to deliberately persecute university lectures like Mosese and university student s whom he perceives as his most potent critics. Mosese is arrested and imprisoned for protesting the mistreatment of the family of his late student Adika during the funeral, weeping in public is made illegal for the academic staff. Through him, the character of Askari is brought out as brutal and inhuman. He helps develop among other themes the themes of selflessness and misuse of power. He also highlights play within a play, satire and suspense among other stylistic devices. REGINAShe is sister of Mosese and Jusper Wendo s girlfriend. Her concern for her brother and boyfriend is responsible for her confrontational nature. She pleads with Jusper as well as Mosese to co-opertate with the authorities. Fearful cowardlyShe is so afraid of the laid down rules that she demands that Jusper removes the red gown as it makes him appear dangerous. She fears that he might be killed for being a red guard She pleads with Jusper not to talk of revenge for the death of his parents and brother. She says, Jusper, you promised. You promised to be a good boy. |
She fears that he might be killed for being a red guard She pleads with Jusper not to talk of revenge for the death of his parents and brother. She says, Jusper, you promised. You promised to be a good boy. Do you now talk of revenge? Pg 33 Jusper tells her that she seems to have lost her fighting spirit like everyone else in the street. PrincipledShe refuses to succumb to Boss compromising demands and escapes by jumping from a ten foot high window. TrustingShe believes that Tumbo will speak to Boss on her behalf. She is convinced that boss will replace the political prisoners to mark the visit of foreign head of state. When Jusper asks her, do you think he means it? She responds, he does. He says he will be in charge of the whole thing himself. And don t forget he is Boss right hand man. Pg 37 ROLESRegina highlights major problems affecting Kafira, which is a disillusioned citizenry. She berates her boyfriend Jusper for being critical of Boss, According to her, nothing good will come out of Jusper s continued antagonism towards the government. She is willing to allow the status quo to remain out of fear for the well-being of her loved ones. She pleads with Jusper to stop his agitation, pointing out that Jusper and her brother Mosese are the only people she has in this world, but Mosese was in and that left Jusper to either build or destroy her. Pg 32 She brings the character of as traitorous. Out pd good will she agrees to meet him only for Boss to try to rape her. She also brings put the portrayal of Jusper as principled and selfless. Through her, the author successfully brings out the themes of betrayal, sexual immorality and misuse of power. The author s effective use of stylistic devices such as satire and humour can also be attributed to her. DOGAHe is Nina s husband and father to Jusper and the later Adika. SuspiciousDoga believes that the individual responsible for the death of their son Adika lives among them. His suspicion is raised by evidence on Adika s grave. |
DOGAHe is Nina s husband and father to Jusper and the later Adika. SuspiciousDoga believes that the individual responsible for the death of their son Adika lives among them. His suspicion is raised by evidence on Adika s grave. Pg 1 Forthright open candidHe tells his wife to calm down when she acts nervous about the violation of their late son s grave and says, What sort of a mother are you? He also disagrees with his wife about informing the sub-chief about the crack on the grave. He can t imagine informing the sub-chief because it is his brother who killed his son. He would rather cheat the ancestors than follow protocol of a wicked government. He also curse Mulili when he proves adamant about allowing them to carry on with the shaving ceremony. He tells him, May you die the way Adika did. Pg 10 OptimisticHe believes that Jusper is Okay where he is. Jusper is alright where he is. Pg 2 PerceptiveHe is able to identify Jere as Kaleka s son despite the later wearing a cap. Pg 9 DishonestHe is determined to cover up any evil on his son s grave by filling the crack on the grave with soil so that the shaving ceremony can go on. Stubborn determinedHe is determined to have his late son s shaving ceremony go on despite the pleas from his wife that people might boycott the ceremony if they knew about the crack in the grave. Grateful appreciativeHe is grateful to Jere for informing them about the whereabouts of Jusper. As a form of gratitude he offers him a pocket bible. Kaleka s son, I have nothing to give you, handing him a pocket bible take this. Pg 12 Rational realisticHe tells his wife that they need not to cry since tears are for the young and their own wells are dry. Devoted religiousHis devotion id depicted by the song he sings with his wife and the prayer he says with her. Later on, he gives Jere a bible. NINAShe is Doga s wife and mother to Jusper and the late Adika. Motherly concernedShe mourns the death of her son and wonders why people would kill him. She is heart broken by the people who come to interfere with his grave and she cannot stand it. |
NINAShe is Doga s wife and mother to Jusper and the late Adika. Motherly concernedShe mourns the death of her son and wonders why people would kill him. She is heart broken by the people who come to interfere with his grave and she cannot stand it. The death of her son sends her into mourning. She begs Mulili to allow them to allow them to carry on with the shaving ceremony. She is concerned about the whereabouts of Jusper when she finds that he is not guarding the grave. EmotionalShe weeps besides her son s graveDetermined daringWhen Mulili refuses to allow her to carry out the shaving ceremony, she threatens to strip naked and cause him blindness. HonestShe feels that the evil done to her son;s grave should not be hidden. According to her, one cannot outwit their ancestors. She suggests to her husband that they report the evil to the sub-chief. It would be wrong for us to sit on this evil. Pg 3 ReligiousShe tells her husband that they need to commit the day on God s hands. They sing and later she invokes a prayer. FearfulShe is concerned about her son Jusper s safety when they fail to find him at Adika s grave. But where is he now? Doga, my heart fails me. Pg 2 STYLE AND LANGUAGESATIRESatire is a form of writing where an individual or society is ridiculed or where the foolishness of an idea, practice or custom is shown. It s a form of criticism of vices through or by use of humour. The writer portrays the evils of the society in a rather humorous way. From the beginning of the play, he depicts the government as insensitive to the needs of its own people. Adika is shot dead by the sub-chief s brother for leading a demonstration against the employment of many expatriates. Chagaga is jailed and later released because he shot Adika in self-defence other than listen to the protest of the people and consider their demands; the government executes those who oppose its ideas. Government officials such as Askari and Mulili are satirised for their cruelty. They have little regard for human life. Askari mistreats prisoners under his watch such as Jere. He repeatedly threatens Jere and even informs him that he has killed a man in the very cell Jere is in. |
They have little regard for human life. Askari mistreats prisoners under his watch such as Jere. He repeatedly threatens Jere and even informs him that he has killed a man in the very cell Jere is in. Mulili has no qualms taking away human life. Mulili and Boss have been satirized for being traitorous. Boss betrays the trust bestowed on him by his subjects. Instead of being a servant leader, he has become a tyrant. A peaceful demonstration by university students is violently dispersed leading to the death of a student; Adika. Instead of securing jobs for the citizens of his country he has resorted to importation of expatriates. His leadership is also characterized by intimidation, assassination and corruption. Mulili is a beneficiary of Boss misrule. Ironically, when tables are turned on Boss by Jere, Jusper and Mosese, he betrays Boss and blames him for the ills in Kafira as well as for killing Kabito. He urges Jere to Kill Boss. Tumbo a government official sinefficiency is satirized. He uses his position to benefit himself. He claims that the reason he never got proper education is that his parents were poor and so he sold his scholarship. He fails in his duty to set up a writing competition, feigns ignorance that it took place and gives the opportunity to Jusper who grabs it to turn against the president and his cronies. When he visits Regina, Tumbo sends Jusper for beer claiming that it is tough being a government official. When we do not quite see what is tough in his line of duty. Tumbo is happy when Jusper highlights in the play the influx of expatriate is a sign of potential progress. Mulili is satirised for being insensitive to the rights of children. He suggests that during the head of state s visit, all children and adults should line up on the road to welcome the visitor despite the fact that it s the final term and most of the children will be sitting for exams. IRONYSITUATIONAL IRONYAfter the death of Adika, Jusper went wild singing songs of vengeance and as a result he is taken away by agents of the government to be cooled down. He was said to be dangerous to peace loving people. It is ironical that when he was brought back after three months, he has instead worsened and people said he was mad. |
IRONYSITUATIONAL IRONYAfter the death of Adika, Jusper went wild singing songs of vengeance and as a result he is taken away by agents of the government to be cooled down. He was said to be dangerous to peace loving people. It is ironical that when he was brought back after three months, he has instead worsened and people said he was mad. Pg 4-5 In prison, one is not allowed to talk too much. It doesn t pay to talk a lot. It is ironical that askari takes great exception to Mosese s silence and tries to force him to talk. Due to the fact that the prison authorities know Mosese as being talkative they will not allow him to keep quiet and demand that he explains what he is keeping quiet about. It is ironical that though while in prison one is expected to show consistency of character and a market improvement, one cannot afford to stick to one s principle s otherwise he will never leave jail. According to Jere, the character in the Pilate story his fellow inmate did not want to be Pilate and instead insisted on being Jesus. The said character did not know that being Jesus meant receiving canes and when Jere caned him, he wailed and Jere was subsequently punished it was an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth pg 23 It is ironical that it will take a state visitor to have political prisoners released in Kafira. Jere tells askari that innocence can be an offence. This statement is given credence by the fact that Jere and Mosese are in prison, not because of committing an offence but standing for the truth. Tumbo says that a sum of money has been allocated for a play-writing competition and adds that the democratic part of it is that anyone has to participate yet in actual sense, there is no competition. He goes ahead to pronounce Jusper as the winner of the non-existence competition. News of Jusper s wim will be in the papers the following week. It s ironical that Tumbo will not accept the suggestion that the visiting head of state visits the upcountry to see the progress in agriculture despite the fact that the head of state offered technicians for the said progress. Kabito s attack on the government that Mulili and his likes choke Kafira is ironical since he is a major beneficiary of the system. His appointment to the entertainment committee is reward for his loyalty to Boss. |
It s ironical that Tumbo will not accept the suggestion that the visiting head of state visits the upcountry to see the progress in agriculture despite the fact that the head of state offered technicians for the said progress. Kabito s attack on the government that Mulili and his likes choke Kafira is ironical since he is a major beneficiary of the system. His appointment to the entertainment committee is reward for his loyalty to Boss. It is also ironical that by pointing out the truth, he is accused of sowing seeds of discord among the other people. According to Boss, grey hair symbolizes wisdom. It is therefore ironic that he is determined to remove all strands of grey hair, claiming that a leader should have grey hair. Pg 58 DRAMATIC IRONYAs Jusper enters, Doga hides behind the bush. The audience as well as Nina is awake of Doga s whereabouts but Jusper is not. Jusper asks Tumbo if he had come to see his Jusper s cousin, The readers as well as Jusper know that Regina is the girlfriend to Jusper and not his cousin but Tumbo doesn t. Mulili is not aware that Tumbo and Nicodemo are already aware of Kabito s death. Tumbo tells Nicodemo, Here he comes. Remember we know nothing. Enter Mulili pg 62 Boss, Tumbo and Mulili are not aware of the plot by Mosese, Jere, and Jusper to topple Boss who is duped into ordering the guards to surrender their guns to be used during the final rehearsal of the play. The readers on the other hand are awake of the plot by the three. IMAGERYThe writer has employed the use of figurative language in the play. Metaphors and similes have been used as follows;I.Similes He was slaughtered like a goat. This show how Adika was killed mercilessly. While referring to this co-actor in the Pilate story, Jere says of him. He wailed like a woman in a death home pg 23 This is a pointer of the cowardice of the individual. |
Metaphors and similes have been used as follows;I.Similes He was slaughtered like a goat. This show how Adika was killed mercilessly. While referring to this co-actor in the Pilate story, Jere says of him. He wailed like a woman in a death home pg 23 This is a pointer of the cowardice of the individual. While referring to the terror inflicted on the citizens by Boss and his henchmen, Jusper tells Regina, they come quietly when you are least expecting and before you realize it, they have pounced on you like hungry leopards. Pg 32 Jusper goes on to say, I defended his remains like a man. Pg34 This shows his determination and bravery in ensuring that his brother s grave was not desecrated. II.MetaphorMulili tells Jere, Big coward Jere, you a woman pg 10 The implication here is that Jere is a coward for sympathising with Nina and Doga. Jusper tells Regina, Adika died for the truth......he was killed for asking whether or not we were on the right train pg 34 . Jusper here is adverting that Adika died for questioning how the country was being governed. Tumbo tells Jusper that there is a good potato in the work they are about to do in reference to money. Mulili refers to Jere as chicken hearted pg 44 ALLUSIONAllusion refers to reference to something or someone else without the context of a given text. The writer makes several allusions in reference to the Bible. When Jere canes his cell mate as they act out the part of Jesus Christ and Pilate, he finds himself in trouble when the cell mate cries out. He is stripped naked and caned. He tells them it was a case of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. This is a verse in the Bible. The above story is an allusion to the Biblical crucification of Jesus. Many citizens of Kafira have been crucified innocently just like Jesus and many others are the pilates that beat up Christ. Doga, Nina and Kabito are among those who die needless deaths. The pilates are exemplified by the likes of Boss and Mulili. |
Many citizens of Kafira have been crucified innocently just like Jesus and many others are the pilates that beat up Christ. Doga, Nina and Kabito are among those who die needless deaths. The pilates are exemplified by the likes of Boss and Mulili. Mosese alludes to the biblical inheritance of the Kingdom of heaven in reference to their high expectations after independence. When they are told that their kingdom independence has come, it turns out to be an allusion. Mosese also alluded to the bible when he says ......the last shall be first and blessed are the poor for they shall inherit the kingdom of heaven. Pg 27 Mosese questions the validity of this bible verse by pointing out the disappointment of the masses. He is disillusioned that people had placed their hope in Boss regime, only to be disappointed by the turn of events. Boss tells Jusper that when he was acting, he used to be given bad roles. He would die for mistakes that were not his. Jusper tells him, I would say it s sacrifice A kind of death for a future. The sort of role Christ played pg 66 While referring to this mother, Mosese tells Jere, once every year she slaughtered a cock to mark the birth of Christ pg 28 Christmas is alluded here. SYMBOLISMAfter Adika s burial following his killing Nina says that his death has made them blind and left them in blindness. This words blind and blindness symbolize the state of hopelessness or disillusionment of Doga and Nina. Reference is made to the word potato . Nicodemo asks Kabito did you get the potato? Potato refers to the university tender. Kabito insists on knowing their terms of service and Nicodemo proceeds to ask the size of potato per hour they are entitled to pg 53 This is in reference to allowanced due to them. Potato symbolizes corruption that is rampant in Kafira. Boss orders an Askari to untie the hands of Mosese and Jere pg 70 The act of untying the two symbolizes their freedom and by extension salvation or the citizens of Kafira. Askari is a symbol of oppression. Political prisoners like Jere and Mosese are mistreated while in prison. |
Boss orders an Askari to untie the hands of Mosese and Jere pg 70 The act of untying the two symbolizes their freedom and by extension salvation or the citizens of Kafira. Askari is a symbol of oppression. Political prisoners like Jere and Mosese are mistreated while in prison. The brutality of the regime is evident when askari says of Mosese ......when they brought him in last night , he was all questions. We calculated that two mature strokes would ease the tension pg 19 He informs Jere that he has once killed a man in that very cell. Pg 30 sThe gun is a symbol of power. The moment the askaris surrender their guns to Jere, Mosese and Jusper, power shifts from Boss to the three. Mulili, Boss and Tumbo are at the mercy of the three. The reappearance od Doga and Nina at the end of theplay after the killing of Mulili is a symbol of change in Kafira, their reappearance at the graveside which now is for Mulili shows that the social order of injustice and misrule exemplified by poor advisors like Mulili has been done away with and now they expect a new Kafira with better leadership and justice. HUMOURThe writer has employed humour in his play. He portrays Mulili humorously. His broken English and barely comprehensible talks ease the tense moments that keep building in the play. Some of the funny statements he makes include;The green grass in the snake instead of the green snake in the grass to refer to hypocrites. Sometimes I wonder why you possession that thing between your legsYou must apology to me this, now pg 57 You plays with fire you goat! Mulili s attempt to communicate in English is laughable. Who you call child eeh? Jere you tell him. Tell him what I does with stubborn old mens pg 8 Big coward. Why you doesn t let her get on with it. How many I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Look, no goggles pg 9 Mulili s disjointed English is a pointer to his limited education. This is an indication of Boss leadership which regards individuals not on the basis of their qualifications but on the basis of blood relationship and perceived loyalty. |
How many I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Look, no goggles pg 9 Mulili s disjointed English is a pointer to his limited education. This is an indication of Boss leadership which regards individuals not on the basis of their qualifications but on the basis of blood relationship and perceived loyalty. Mosese says he has no front when asked by Askari, What do you think you are doing showing us your back? Pg 18 While responding to Tumbo s question whether Jusper drinks, Regina replies, there is no brand of beer he hasn t tasted. Pg 41 In a bid to cover up the heinous crime he has committed Mulili says, I also ask that, people say his breath smelled full of spirits. That hard stuff pg 63 When cornered by Nicodemo he says, Who said breath, I said his body smelled whiskies. Humour here is used to portray the wicked and cruel nature of Mulili and clearly points out his direct involvement in the killing of Kabito. On realizing that tables have been turned in his cousin Boss and the guns are now in the hands of Jere and Mosese, Mulili says, I go for short call pg 72 Jusper refers to Regina as girlfriend number one pg 6 . Here humour is used to relieve the tension building up following the desecration of Adika s grave. It is ridiculously funny how Tumbo confuses Wole Soyinka a renowned writer, for a Prime minister and a politician. PROVERBSProverbs are pithy statements that are mainly employed to give advice or to caution. Several instances of proverbs are evident in the text. The writer has used proverbs to illustrate the wisdom of Doga and his realistic nature. He says, a mouse does not share a bowl with a cat. Pg 3 which implies that they cannot share mutual relationship with the sub-chief whose brother, Chagaga, is responsible for the death of AdikaWhen Nina suggests that they should report to the sub-chief what has just happened to the grave, Doga uses a proverb to explain her failure to see the futility of her actions. |
Several instances of proverbs are evident in the text. The writer has used proverbs to illustrate the wisdom of Doga and his realistic nature. He says, a mouse does not share a bowl with a cat. Pg 3 which implies that they cannot share mutual relationship with the sub-chief whose brother, Chagaga, is responsible for the death of AdikaWhen Nina suggests that they should report to the sub-chief what has just happened to the grave, Doga uses a proverb to explain her failure to see the futility of her actions. Thus he says, ....when dry thunder tears the sky before our eyes, do we forget the storm of yesterday? Pg 3 Doga insists that the shaving ceremony must go on regardless of the obstacles that they face. He uses a proverb. A cloudy sky does not always cry rain pg 3 Kabito tells Nicodemo, the tree climber begins from the bottom, not top pg 53 . Through this proverb, Kabito wishes to be informed the terms of service of the committee before their meeting. The potrayal of Kabito is that of a materialistic, greedy and self-centred individual. FORESHADOWA foreshadow is a premonition that something is going to happen. Authors use words, signs or events to prepare readers for something that is just to occur. Doga foreshadows Mulili s death when he says Empty words will be your downfall. May you die the way Adika did pg 10 His words come to pass when Jusper shoots Mulili. After his parents are murdered in exchange for his release, Jusper says, I will get my revenge someday, even if it means going alone pg 33 His words are fulfilled when he shoots Mulili dead. While reacting to Tumbo s insistence that she must personally see Boss to secure her brother s release , Regina says, I have this funny feeling that something will go wrong pg 45 Her fears are justified when later on Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is only able to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window. |
May you die the way Adika did pg 10 His words come to pass when Jusper shoots Mulili. After his parents are murdered in exchange for his release, Jusper says, I will get my revenge someday, even if it means going alone pg 33 His words are fulfilled when he shoots Mulili dead. While reacting to Tumbo s insistence that she must personally see Boss to secure her brother s release , Regina says, I have this funny feeling that something will go wrong pg 45 Her fears are justified when later on Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is only able to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window. Mulili foreshadows the arrest and imprisonment of Jere when he threatens him; Hey you.....you shall pay for it pg 15 Boss foreshadows his near death when he says, just before the rehearsal; In four out of five cases I had to die for little, mistakes that were not my own..... pg 66 The reappearance od Doga and Nina at the end of theplay after the killing of Mulili foreshadows the change in Kafira, their reappearance at the graveside which now is for Mulili shows that the social order of injustice and misrule exemplified by poor advisors like Mulili has been done away with and now they expect a new Kafira with better leadership and justice. PLAY WITHIN A PLAYThe play written by Jusper is entitled Betrayal in the City and captures the event of the palace coup so aptly, In this play prisoners stage a palace coup and exposes the villains in the government who are finally gotten rid of. Tumbo, the inefficient government official is ordered out of the centre of power and Mulili, the embodiment of evil is killed. Boss life is spared even when he offers himself to be shot- as a sign that there is hope for change in Kafira. USE OF SONGThe writer has used a song on pg 8;When we walk with the LordIn the light of his way... ......But trust and obey. This song and the subsequent prayer indicate that the couple can only turn to God for solace after all else has failed. Generally, it is their hope in life because under the Kafira government, they can only trust and obey. It portrays them as religious despite the challenges they are facing. |
This song and the subsequent prayer indicate that the couple can only turn to God for solace after all else has failed. Generally, it is their hope in life because under the Kafira government, they can only trust and obey. It portrays them as religious despite the challenges they are facing. They are seeking for answers through divine intervention. The song and the prayer summarize their total sense of loss and their deep religious devotionCROSS PURPOSEThis style is used in reference to individuals talking about different things in the course of their conversation without realizing it. The first incident of cross purpose is when Doga, Nina and Jusper appear not to communicate and their statements overlap. When Jusper is at cross purpose with Doga and Nina. Jusper appears not to communicate with his parents and their statements overlap. When Jusper is referring to a murder he committed at night, his mother thinks that he imagines killing his father. Doga tells Nina not to detain Jusper and instead allow him to go for he is a nuisance. Jusper responds, he can t go he is dead pg 6 Jusper is referring to Adika;s murderer Chagaga while his mother means that Doga is dead. Jusper and Nina also speak in cross purpose on pg 7 when Jusper asks ...shall I go and confess idid it? To which Nina answers yes my son, go and put on a clean shirt and then you can confess Nina thinks Jusper is talking about the ceremony whereas Jusper is talking about confessing that he had killed Chagaga. Mosese and Jere talk at cross purpose. Pg 30-31 While Mosese in his reverie, seems to be talking to imaginary persons. Jere s questions punctuate his reverie. In his attempt to understand Mosese s talk, he finally concludes,When the madness of an entire nation disturbs a solitary mind, it is not enough to say the man is mad. Pg 33 BETRAYAL IN THE CITY ESSAY QUESTIONSThe Elites play a major role in salvaging countries marred by poor governance. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityThe government of Kafira is a dictatorial regime that doesn t mind the suffering of the masses. |
In his attempt to understand Mosese s talk, he finally concludes,When the madness of an entire nation disturbs a solitary mind, it is not enough to say the man is mad. Pg 33 BETRAYAL IN THE CITY ESSAY QUESTIONSThe Elites play a major role in salvaging countries marred by poor governance. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityThe government of Kafira is a dictatorial regime that doesn t mind the suffering of the masses. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityRevenge is a vicious cycle that needs to be stopped since it hinders development. Explain the veracity of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityKafira is an epitome of corruption in the developing countries. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityDeceit reigns in situations of poor governance and with them comes conflict. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityA state can be brought down if its leadership thrives on cronism and poor advisors. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityKafira s woes can be attributed to the inefficiency of its leadership. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityBetrayal in the city is a perfect satire of the ills in third world countries. . Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityBad governance creates room for economic opportunism. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMulili is an embodiment of evil attributes. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMany people in Kafira are traitorous. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaStrikes come with many adverse effects. |
Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityBad governance creates room for economic opportunism. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMulili is an embodiment of evil attributes. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMany people in Kafira are traitorous. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaStrikes come with many adverse effects. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaWrite an essay explaining the relevance of the title BETRAYAL IN THE CITY.from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga THE OUTSIDE OF THIS CELL MIGHT AS WELL BE THE INSIDE OF ANOTHER from instances in the play write as essay justifying Jere s assertion drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaOppression breeds misery and conflict. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaThe situation in Kafira has bred despondency amongst its citizens. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMany eventsand actions in Betrayal in the City are triggered by the need for revenge. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga. |
AGRICULTURE FORM IV NOTES27.0.0 Livestock Production V Poultry 25 Lessons 28.0.0 Livestock Production VI Cattle 16 Lessons 29.0.0 Farm Power and Machinery 18 Lessons 30.0.0 Agricultural Economics III Production Economics 20 Lessons 31.0.0 Agricultural Economics IV Farm Accounts 10 Lessons 32.0.0 Agricultural Economics V Agricultural Marketing and Organisations 10 Lessons 33.0.0 Agroforestry 10 Lessons Livestock Production V Poultry IntroductionPoultry industry in Kenya has developed tremendously due to the use of artificial incubation and brooding and easy availability of hybrid birds, both eggers and broilers. Poultry production has become an easy source of income and food for the rural as well as the urban communities. The term poultry includes domestic birds such as turkeys, ducks, geese, pheasants, doves and pigeons. Of late ostrich farming has become a lucrative activity. Poultry production starts with incubation of eggs. Parts of an EggShellForms 10-12 of the whole egg content. Made of calcium and phosphorus. Protects the inner egg contents. Shell membraneMade of inner and outer membranes. Lining of the egg shell. Constitutes 1 of the total egg content. Albumen egg white About 55-60 of the total egg content. It is divided into chalaza, thick and thin albumen. Chalaza holds the egg yolk in position. Albumen serves as food for the chick. Yolk30-33 of the total egg content. Supply embryo with nutrients. Germinal disc -The embryo which develops into a chick if fertilized. Vitelline membrane - Gives the yolk its round shape. Air sacKeeps the egg fresh by allowing gaseous exchange. Provides oxygen for the embryo Egg Candling:This is the practice of determining the internal qualities of an egg by examining it against a light source. ProcedureThe egg is placed on a hole made on a .cardboard box. This is called a candling box. A sou rce of light is placed in the box directly under the egg. The observer then looks through the egg against the source of light below. |
This is called a candling box. A sou rce of light is placed in the box directly under the egg. The observer then looks through the egg against the source of light below. Abnormalities on and within the egg can be seen through the translucent shell. IncubationInvolves the provision of fertile eggs with the proper condition for embryonic development. Selection of Eggs for IncubationShould be fertile. Should be of medium size about 55- 60gms in weight. Should have smooth shell. Should be oval shaped. Should not be cracked. Eggs should be clean to ensure that pores are open. Should not have abnormalities such as blood spots, meat spots and double yolk. . Eggs should not be more than 5 days old. Eggs should be fresh that is collected within one week. Internal egg qualities can be determined through the egg candling process. Methods of IncubationNatural IncubationThis involves the use of a broody hen which sits on the eggs to provide them with conditions necessary for hatching. Takes 20-21 days. The hen is given about 10-15 eggs. Signs' of Broodiness in PoultryTendency to sit on an egg after laying. Moulting of the hen. Making some noise at the laying nests. Feathers are raised. It becomes aggressive when disturbed. It stops laying. Preparation and Management of Natural IncubationThe hen is given "China eggs" to sit on to induce broodiness. When broody the hen should be provided with a nesting nest or a saucershaped nest scooped on the ground. The nest shall be lined with soft bedding and fertile eggs provided. The eggs are set in the evening or night. The bird is dusted to control external parasites. The hen is allowed t hour outside to feed and exercise everyday. Broken eggs should be removed immediately. The hen should not be disturbed. Advantages of Natural IncubationIt is cheap. High hatchability. Low risk involved. Useful in small scale production. Less skill is required. Less laborious. Disadvantages of Natural IncubationEgg production is low because the hen will not lay eggs during incubation. It is not possible to plan when to incubate. If the hen dies the eggs will be destroyed. |
Disadvantages of Natural IncubationEgg production is low because the hen will not lay eggs during incubation. It is not possible to plan when to incubate. If the hen dies the eggs will be destroyed. If the hen deserts the eggs or refuses to sit on them the farmer will incur losses. Only few chicks can be hatched at a time by one hen. Diseases and parasites could easily be transmitted to the chicks. Artificial IncubationThis is the use of artificial device known as an incubator for hatching eggs. Conditions Necessary for Artificial Hatching of EggsTemperature - maintain at 37.5 C-39.4 C throughout to control the rate of embryonic development of the chick. High or low temperatures are lethal. Ventilation - Good air circulation. Carbon dioxide: oxygen ratio maintained at 0.03 :21 . Relative humidity - Maintained at 60 . High humidity leads to marshy chickslow humidity the chick may stick to the shell. Turning of Eggs Done 3-4 times a day to facilitate uniform distribution of heat for uniform development of chick. Turn slowly 180 clockwise along the axis to avoid breaking the blood vessels. Some incubators have automatic turning mechanism. Cleanliness - cleaning and disinfecting the incubator with formaldehyde solution. Advantages of Artificial IncubationIt facilitates large scale production of chicks. Incubators are always ready when needed. Artificial incubation leads to higher egg production because broodiness in the hens is not required, so there is more time for laying eggs. Disadvantages of Artificial IncubationHigh initial capital in buying an incubator. High level of management and attention is required. It is not economical for only a small number of eggs. High risks involved in turning the eggs. Brooding and Rearing of ChicksBrooding is the rearing of day old chicks upto 8 weeks old for the layer chicks and 2 weeks for the broiler chicks. For successful brooding the source of the chicks should be considered. Sources of ChicksThe following factors should be considered:The reputation of the supplier hatchery . Time taken by the chicks in transit. Proper sexing and breed identification. BroodingNatural BroodingA hen is allowed to take care of the chicks. She provides them with warmth and security. She stays with the chicks for 8 weeks and then rejects them. |
BroodingNatural BroodingA hen is allowed to take care of the chicks. She provides them with warmth and security. She stays with the chicks for 8 weeks and then rejects them. Advantages It is cheap. Less labour is needed. Suitable for small scale. Disadvantages of Natural BroodingNot possible to produce large numbers of chicks. The hen goes off laying during brooding time. Only possible when a broody hen is available. Artificial BroodingThe chicks are raised artificially in a structure known as a brooder until they are 8 weeks old. Brooder RequirementsTemperature - should be about 35 C in the 15th week and reduced to 21 C by the 8th week. Litter - wood shavings which are capable of absorbing 60 moisture without showing wetness should be used. Space confinement - Done by use of hardboards which are about 25cm high and form a circular space. A space of 1m2 for 25 chicks is required. Feeders and waterers - should be enough for the chicks and evenly distributed in the brooder. Ventilators - windows should be enough to allow proper air circulation but direct draught should be avoided. Types of Heaters in the BrooderElectric heaters - one ordinary bulb 100 watts can raise 30 chicks. One infrared bulb 240 watts can raise 100 chicks. Kerosene burners - Hurricane lamps can raise 100 chicks. Charcoal burners - these are specially made jikos with heat deflectors. Brooder ManagementPreparation Before Chicks ArriveStart 2-3 days before arrival. The brooder house should be cleaned to remove old litter and then disinfected. New litters 5-1Ocm high should be put in and covered with absorbent materials news papers. Equipment should be cleaned, disinfected and tested to make sure that they are working. The brooder is lit about 6 hours before the chicks arrive. Feed and water should be placed into shallow containers. Brooder space should be confined with a hard board to prevent chicks straying far from the source of heat. Management After Arrival of the ChicksChicks are placed in the brooder during the day to familiarize with the brooder. If chicks arrive stressed and weak they should be given glucose solution in the waterers. In case the heat source is charcoal burners they should be covered with wire mesh. |
Management After Arrival of the ChicksChicks are placed in the brooder during the day to familiarize with the brooder. If chicks arrive stressed and weak they should be given glucose solution in the waterers. In case the heat source is charcoal burners they should be covered with wire mesh. Feed chicks with chick mash which is later mixed with growers mash as the chicks grow. Clean water should be provided and changed regularly. Constant attention should be given to the chicks for the first 2 weeks. Any vices should be checked and controlled. Any dead chicks should be removed as soon as seen. Ventilation should be used to control the temperature and humidity in the brooder. Constant disinfection is required at the entrance to avoid diseases. Brooder space should be increased as the chicks grow. Debeaking should be done at 10 days old. Vaccination against diseases such as Gumboro after 2 weeks, New Castle at 3-4 weeks and fowl typhoid at 7 weeks. Dusting to control external parasites. Growers' mash should be introduced gradually at 7 weeks old. Chicks are removed from the brooder when they are 8 weeks old. On average the chick uses about 1.5kg - 2.2kg of chick mash by the time it is 8 weeks old. Temperature Control in the BrooderIf the brooder temperatures are low the following should be done:Brooder space is reduced. Heaters are increased. Ventilators are closed. If the brooder temperatures are too high the following should be done:Brooder space is increased. Heaters should be reduced. Ventilators should be opened. Management of the GrowersThe growers are birds at the age of 9 weeks to the point of lay that is at 18 weeks. Growers should be fed on growers' mash. By this time the growers should be occupying the main poultry house. Sick birds should be isolated and treated. A foot bath for constant disinfection should be placed at the entrance. Each bird is fed 115 gms per day of growers' mash. Greens and soluble grit should also be provided. Clean water should be provided all the time adilibitum . Drenching against internal parasites should be done by adding a dewormer into the water. Vermins should be controlled. Litter should be kept dry by turning. Vaccination should be done as required. Layer pullets require dimly lit house. |
Litter should be kept dry by turning. Vaccination should be done as required. Layer pullets require dimly lit house. Management of the LayersLayers' mash should be introduced at 18 weeks and increased gradually. The birds start laying at 18-21 weeks. The birds should be vaccinated against New Castle and fowl typhoid. Enough floor space roosts, feeders and waterers should be provided. Each hen should be given 120gms per day of layers' mash. Clean water should be provided adlibitum. Eggs should be collected twice a day at noon and in the evening. Green leaves should be provided to keep the birds busy thus preventing cannibalism and improve the yellow colour of the yolk. Grains should be given in addition to the layers' mash at the rate of 65gms per bird per day. Soluble grit or oyster shells should be provided at all times for efficient digestion and strong shelled eggs. Layers should be fed according to their body weight and the rate of egg production for example a 70kg bag should feed 100 layers for 4-5 days. Enough laying nests should be provided at least 1 per 5 layers. The laying boxes should be dimly lit to reduce egg eating. Debeaking should be done when necessary. Broken eggs and dead birds should be disposed off properly. The non-layers and cannibals should be culled. Management of BroilersBroilers are table birds kept for meat production. They have high growth rates or high feed conversion ratio. The objective is to produce a kilogram of quality poultry meat from less than two kg of broiler feed. The broiler chick requires special broiler feed from day old to 4 weeks of age. Broiler starters' mash or crumbs should be fed. This contains coccidiostat, high level of protein, vitamins and trace elements for early growth. From 4 weeks to 8 weeks they are given broiler follow-on mash or pellets. This feed contains high level of metabolisable energy to ensure a good cover of subcutaneous fat in the finished broiler. From 8 weeks until slaughter finisher pellets should be given to increase the size. Adequate clean water should be provided at all times adlibitum . High level of hygiene should be maintained to reduce mortality rate. Birds should be dusted with appropriate pesticides to control external parasites. Deworming should be done routinely. |
The fold does not last long because ofhigh frequency of handling. The return per unit area of land is low. Intensive SystemDeep Litter SystemBirds are confined in a house throughout their life. The floor of the house is made up of litter which accumulates over time. Enough feeders, waterers and laying boxes are provided depending on the number of birds and space available. Movable roosts and perches made of timber frames should be provided in the house. Stress and vices should be watched closely and controlled. Eggs should be collected as frequently as possible to prevent dirt and egg eating. The house should be dimly lit. The floor space requirement should be 1m2 per 2-3 birds. AdvantagesHigh stocking rate per unit area of land. Low labour requirement. Fast accumulation of manure. There is control of feeding, egg production and movement of birds. Safety of the birds is guaranteed from predators. No loss of eggs. Useful method when rearing breeding stock. Regular cleaning of the house is not necessary since the litter absorbs the droppings. Easy collection of eggs. DisadvantagesHigh incidence of cannibalism like egg eating, feather plucking and toe pecking. Pests and disease causing organisms accumulate in the litter. Individual records of the birds are not possible. May be difficult to find litter. Eggs become dirty if laid on the floor. Feeders and waterers may be contaminated by the litter. The system encourages broodiness in hens. High infestation of diseases if the management is below standard. If there is a disease outbreak, it can spread very quickly throughout the house due to the communal housing. High cost of building deep litter house. Battery Cage SystemBirds are confined in cages which are placed in the poultry house. The cages are made of wire mesh Each cage contains 1-3 birds. Water and feed troughs together with eggs trays are fitted along the front side of the cages. The floor of the cages should be slanting to allow the eggs to roll out of the cages. Droppings from the cages fall from behind for easy cleaning. AdvantagesRecords are easily kept therefore culling is easy. Birds do not become broody. More eggs are collected due to restricted movement of the hens and complete control of egg eating. |
AdvantagesRecords are easily kept therefore culling is easy. Birds do not become broody. More eggs are collected due to restricted movement of the hens and complete control of egg eating. Tender meat is obtained from the culls because the muscles have not been toughened much. Handling is easier than in the other systems and individual attention to hens is given. Stocking rate is very high. Vices are greatly reduced. Eggs are clean because hens do not step on them. The system can easily be mechanised. Birds do not contaminate the food and water. Sick birds can be detected easily and isolated for treatment. Wire floors prevent re-infestation of parasitic worms and coccidiosis. No bullying during feeding. Low labour requirement. DisadvantagesInitial costs for cages, equipment and house are excessively high. Requires high level of management. Higher maintenance costs where automation is used. Birds may get fatigue due to lack of exercises thus lowering productivity. In case of disease outbreak, spreading is very fast. Birds develop bruises on combs, breasts and toes as they stick their necks out-to feed and walk in the cages. Not useful when rearing breeding stock and the rearing of broilers. Cannot be used for brooding young chicks. Stress and Vices in ChickenStress is a condition imposed on the birds making them disturbed and uncomfortable. Stress reduces production and brings about poor performance. Vices are habits developed by animals. These affect production and health of the birds. Usually they are bad habits. Cause of Stress in PoultrySudden changes in routine management. Presence of strangers in the poultry house. Presence of animals and vermins. Too much noise. Constant and poor handling. Sudden weather changes. Disturbance of the pecking order. Overcrowding Poor hygiene. Disease and pest attack. Lack of food and water. Control of StressPoultry house should be kept quiet and constructed away from noise. Poultry house should be insulated to maintain constant temperatures. Parasites and diseases should be controlled. Change in routine management should be gradual. Enough feed and water should be provided. VicesFeather pecking. Cannibalism toe and vent pecking . Egg eating. Pecking and CannibalismSituation where birds peck at each other resulting in death or injury. |
Cannibalism toe and vent pecking . Egg eating. Pecking and CannibalismSituation where birds peck at each other resulting in death or injury. Effects:Feather and body growth rate IS reduced. Loss of birds due to death may result from cannibalism. Culling rate is increased economic loss . The appearance of the carcass is spoiled thereby reducing its market value. Causes of CannibalismOvercrowding in the house. High temperatures in the poultry house making the birds uncomfortable. Too bright light. External parasite infestation. Inadequate and incorrect feeding. Idleness of the birds. Greediness of the birds. Disturbances of the pecking order. Prolapses of the rectum which occurs once in a while. Bright light in the lying boxes. Preventive MeasuresAmple spacing should be provided on the floor, feeders, waterers and laying boxes. Overheating should be avoided during brooding. The house should be dimly lit for the layers. Laying nests should be darkened and above the ground. Dusting should be done to control external parasites. Provide enough balanced ration. Birds should be kept busy. New strange birds should not be allowed in the house. Egg EatingA vice influenced by the following:Presence of broken or soft shelled eggs. Idleness of the birds. Inadequate laying nests. Mineral deficiencies. Bright light in the laying nests. Greediness of the birds. Preventive MeasuresEggs should be collected regularly. Laying boxes raised above the ground. Laying boxes should be darkened. Birds should be given balanced ration. Debeaking should be done as need be. Birds should be kept busy with greens. Birds should be kept according to age groups. Injured birds should be isolated and treated. Marketing of Poultry ProductsPoultry products include eggs and meat. Marketing of EggsEggs are delicate and perishable foods and have the highest value when fresh. The factors considered when sorting out and grading eggs for the market include:Size weight of the egg - large eggs fetch high prices than small ones. The average weight should be about 57gms. Shape of the egg - The normal egg shape is oval, with a broad end and a narrow end. Cleanliness - Consumers prefer clean eggs. Colour of the shell - Brown eggs are popular with the consumers. |
Shape of the egg - The normal egg shape is oval, with a broad end and a narrow end. Cleanliness - Consumers prefer clean eggs. Colour of the shell - Brown eggs are popular with the consumers. Candling qualities - candling is done to determine freshness of the eggs and presence of any other egg abnormalities. Shell texture - should be smooth and without cracks. Poultry MeatBroilers are slaughtered at the age of 1-2.5months old with a life weight of 1.5-2kgs. The birds are killed and dressed in a clean way before being wrapped in clean bags ready for sale. The meat is sold in hotels and restaurants. Whole birds can be sold live in local markets. Livestock Production VI Cattle IntroductionCattle production is a widely distributed enterprise in Kenya. Most farming communities choose between the exotic and the' local breeds or their crosses depending on the environmental conditions. Whereas the backbone of beef industry in Kenya is made up of the indigenous animals and their crosses, and based in the somewhat drier areas, the-dairy industry is mainly based on the exotic breeds and their crosses and common in the wetter regions of Kenya. Whatever production undertaken, the returns depend mostly on the management levels provided to these animals. A productive herd starts with good management of the young stock. Raising of Young Stock. The young one of cattle is known as a calf. Feeding Dairy CalvesNewborn calves should be given colostrums within the first 3-5 days of their life. Colostrum is important for the following reasons:It is highly digestible. It contains antibiotics. It is highly nutritious. It serves as a laxative. It is highly palatable. Calves can be fed using natural method direct suckling or artificially bucket feeding. Natural MethodIn this method, calves suckle the mother directly. AdvantagesThe calf takes milk at body temperature. The milk is free from contaminants. Less problems of scouring. DisadvantagesUnderfeeding of the calf may result. Cows may not let down milk in case the calf dies. Difficult to keep accurate production records. Artificial Bucket FeedingThe calf is trained to feed from the bucket immediately after birth. The calf is trained as follows:Well measured milk is put in a clean bucket. Index finger is inserted into the mouth of the calf. |
Artificial Bucket FeedingThe calf is trained to feed from the bucket immediately after birth. The calf is trained as follows:Well measured milk is put in a clean bucket. Index finger is inserted into the mouth of the calf. The head of the calf is lowered slowly into the bucket until the calf starts to drink the milk. The finger is withdrawn slowly as the calf continues to drink from the bucket. The procedure is repeated until the calf gets used to the process. AdvantagesEasy to keep accurate production record milk yields of the cow. Possible to regulate the amount of milk given to the calfThe cow does not need the presence of the calf in order to let down milkEasy to maintain high hygiene standards. DisadvantagesLaboriousCalf may be given cold milkEquipment used and the stockman may be dirty leading to scoursPreparation of artificial colostrumsIngredients usedA fresh egg whipped in 0.86 litres of warm waterLitre of warm waterOne teaspoonful of cod liver oilOne tablespoonful of castor oilNote; colostrums is fed to the calves three times a day for the first 4 days of life and thereafter twice a day. Weaning of calvesEarly weaningCalf is fed on whole milk up to the tenth week then it is weanedCalf is given milk equal to 10 of its body weight up to the 8th weekAfter 8th week, milk is reduced gradually by 1 kg until weaning Calf is given early weaning concentrates and soft forageEarly Weaning GuideLate weaningCalf is fed on whole milk up to the 3rd week, when milk is replaced gradually with skim milk. At the age of 3weeks the calf is introduced to calf pellets or pencils and green fodder. The calf is given plenty of clean water. The calf continues to be given additional skim milk up to the age of 14 weeks when maximum amount of milk is given. Skim milk is reduced from 14 weeks to 16 weeks when weaning is done. Late weaning guideRearing of replacement stockThe replacement stock includes young heifers and bulls which have been selected for breeding to replace the old stock. Management PracticeParasite control-Spraying against external parasites and deworming against internal parasites. |
Skim milk is reduced from 14 weeks to 16 weeks when weaning is done. Late weaning guideRearing of replacement stockThe replacement stock includes young heifers and bulls which have been selected for breeding to replace the old stock. Management PracticeParasite control-Spraying against external parasites and deworming against internal parasites. Disease control-Calves are vaccinated routinely against diseases such as;Blackquater-at 4 months old. Anthrax and Blackquater at 6 months oldBrucellosis - 3-8 months old heifers . Castration - for male calves not selected for breeding. Identification - Suitable methods are used. It allows proper record keeping. Removal of Extra Teats ;These teats are known as supernumerary teats which make milking of the animal difficult. They are clipped off with teat clippers. Dehorning Disbudding - The removal of horn buds using suitable methods. Calf HousingRequirement of a Calf Pen;Should be clean and easy to clean. Be warm and dry. Have adequate space to allow exercise and feeding. Should be properly lit and allow sunlight for Vitamin D. Have proper drainage to avoid dampness. Draught free to prevent chilling. Be well ventilated to allow fresh air. Types of PensThese can be;permanentmobile movable. Permanent PensHave a solid floor raised above the ground. The floor should be slanted for drainage. Constructed near the milking parlour. Mobile Movable PensHave an open floor to allow grass into the pen. Easily moved from one place to another to avoid soiling. Kept outdoors in the pastures to allow the calf to nibble on pastures. Single HousingCalves should be housed singly up to the age of 3 weeks, when they are put in group pens. This is to avoid them licking each other and swallowing hairs which form indigestible balls. Milk and MilkingMilk is the white lacteal substance secreted by the mammary glands of the female mammals. Composition of MilkProtein - Casein and whey. Fat - Butter fat. Carbohydrates - LactoseMinerals - mainly calcium and phosphorus. WaterFactors Affecting Milk CompositionAge of the animal. Conditions of the animal. Stage of lactation and pregnancy. Completeness of milking. Type of breed. Season of the year. |
Completeness of milking. Type of breed. Season of the year. Type of food eaten. Physiological conditions such as diseases. Milk Secretion and Milk Let-downMilk is secreted by the mammary glands which is an accessory gland of the reproductive system. The mammary gland of a cow is known as an udder. Structure of the UdderThe udder is composed of the following parts:Alveolus cells - synthesize and secrete milk. Lobule - a group of alveolus cells. Lobe - Several lobules grouped together and drained by lactiferous ducts. Gland cistern - space where milk collects from the lobes. Teat cistern - A space where milk collects before emission. Teat -An organ which drains each quarter of the udder. Milk SecretionThe process of milk secretion is known as lactogenesis. The digested food is taken to the udder via blood vessels. In the udder the nutrients are carried into the alveoli cells where metabolic reactions take place to build up these nutrients into milk. A hormone prolactine is secreted by pituitary gland which brings about lactogenesis. The milk secreted is then stored in the upper parts of the udder waiting to be released. Milk Let -DownThe process of milk let-down occurs naturally when the animal is stimulated. Milk secreted moves from alveolar region through the ducts to the gland cistern. Oxytocin, a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the contraction of the udder muscles forcing the milk down the teats. Oxytocin hormone lasts 7 -10 minutes in the blood stream hence fast milking is important to withdraw the milk. Milk is withdrawn from the teats by gently squeezing them. Factors Influencing Milk Let-DownPresence of the calf. Presence of the milkman milker. Rattling of the milk equipment. Site of the food feeding the animal. Massaging or washing the udder. Sight of the milk parlour. Factors Inhibiting Milk Let-DownBeating the animal inflicting pain to the animal. Presence of strangers and animals for example dogs. Poor milking techniques. Absence of the calf in case the cow is used to it . |
Presence of strangers and animals for example dogs. Poor milking techniques. Absence of the calf in case the cow is used to it . Clean Milk ProductionThe following factors are essential for clean milk production:A healthy lactating cow. A healthy and clean milker. Clean and properly constructed milking parlour. Clean and disinfected milking equipment. Proper handling of the milk after milking. Milking ProcedureThe animals are brought near the milking parlour 15-20 minutes before milking to get into the mood of being milked. Milking materials such as equipment, feeds, ropes, stools and salve are collected and placed near the milking parlour. The animals are allowed into the milking stall one by one as the milking proceeds as follows:The animal is restrained in the stall. Feed is weighed and placed into the feed trough. The udder is thoroughly washed, disinfected and dried with a clean cloth. A strip cup is used to test for mastitis on each quarter. Milking proceeds by squeezing the teats with the full hand. If machine milking the teat cups are placed on the teats. For hand milking start with the hindquarters and finish with the forequarters. Fast milking should take about 8 minutes then end with stripping the udder. The milk is weighed and recorded. The animal is then released. Dry Cow TherapyThis is the infusion of antibiotics into the teat canal of a cow that is preparing for drying off. It prevents bacterial infection which leads to mastitis. Milk ProductsPasteurized milk - milk that is heated and cooled immediately. Ultra Heat Treated UHT - milk heated to a temperature of 130-135C, packed and then cooled. Butter - Milk butter fat separated by a process known as churning. Cream -A layer of is: that collects at the top of the milk when left to stand. Cheese - Milk proteins which have been compressed. Ghee - Milk fat made from heating cream or butter. Skim milk - Milk without butter fat. Marketing of MilkThe Kenya Dairy Board regulates the production and sale of milk and milk products through various Dairy Co-operative Societies. Processors and distributors of milk and milk products include; o KCC, o Brookside Dairies, o Tuzo, o Delamere Dairies o Limuru Dairies. |
Skim milk - Milk without butter fat. Marketing of MilkThe Kenya Dairy Board regulates the production and sale of milk and milk products through various Dairy Co-operative Societies. Processors and distributors of milk and milk products include; o KCC, o Brookside Dairies, o Tuzo, o Delamere Dairies o Limuru Dairies. Marketing of BeefDone by the following:Individual fanners through the local slaughter house. Livestock marketing division. Kenya Meat Commission. Farmer's Choice. Farm Power and MachineryIntroductionFarm power is any form of energy used in the farm to do work. . Sources of Farm PowerHuman PowerPerforms light tasks. Quality of work produced is variable. Takes a long time to complete a task. Animal PowerDone by draught animals such as camels, donkeys, horses and elephants. Used in land preparation and transportation. DisadvantagesSlow. Animals are liable to sickness and get tired. Need enough food. Wind PowerTo pump water from boreholes. To winnow crops such as beans, finger millet and rice. Generate electricity. DisadvantagesNot easy to control and may not be available when needed. Water Power Irrigation. Grinding mills to grind maize grains . DisadvantagesDifficult to use in the farm because it is not easy to control. BiomasThis includes: wood or charcoal biogas power. Charcoal Wood Fuel EnergyUsesProvides heat for boiling water and cooking. Dehydrating of some crops. Curing of tobacco. DisadvantagesExhaustible. It cannot be used directly in some farm operations. Large quantities are required. They are bulky hence difficult to transport. BiogasUsesProvides heat and light for cooking, boiling water and lighting. Produces electricity. DisadvantagesOnly possible where there are animals under zero grazing unit. It is labour-consuming. Large quantities of dung are required. Cannot be used directly in some farm operations. Fossil FuelsThese include:coal, petroleum oils natural gas. UsesPetrol or diesel is burned in internal combustion engines to produce power. Kerosene is the main source of power to light rural homes. Natural gas is used for cooking, heating and lighting. |
UsesPetrol or diesel is burned in internal combustion engines to produce power. Kerosene is the main source of power to light rural homes. Natural gas is used for cooking, heating and lighting. Electrical PowerIt includes:hydro-electrical power HEP ,geothermal,nuclearpower stored in batteries. Nuclear energy is a potential source of power which has not yet been used in the farms. Uses of Electrical PowerRuns stationary machines such as milling machines, grinding mills, cooling machines and water pumps. Supplies heat and light for operations of brooders. DisadvantagesCannot be used directly in some farm operations. Lack of electricity in the rural areas. Power failures can lead to high losses. It is costly to install and maintain. Solar EnergyEnergy obtained from the sun. UsesProvides heat and light. Used by all the plants in photosynthesis. Dehydrating crops such as vegetables, maize grains, beans and hay. Boils water which drives turbines to produce power for minor uses. DisadvantageLow concentration of energy on cloudy days. Expensive In collecting and concentrating equipment. Cannot be used directly in some farm operations. Requires skilled labour to install and maintain. TractorThe tractor has an internal combustion engine which burns petrol or diesel to produce power. This power is then passed to the gear box from where it is transmitted in various ways. The common tractor engine is a four stroke cycle engine. The four strokes are:Induction stroke. Compression stroke. Power stroke. Exhaust stroke. Induction StrokePiston moves down. Inlet valve opens. Fuel and air get into the cylinder. Compression StrokeInlet valve is closed. Piston moves up the cylinder. Fuel-air mixture is compressed. Power StrokeA spark is produced at spark plug, igniting the fuel-air mixture. The increased pressure forces the piston down the cylinder. Exhaust Stroke Exhaust valve opens. Piston moves up the cylinder. Burned fuel-air mixture expelled. Advantages of the Four Stroke EnginesProduce high power which can do heavy farm work. Have efficient fuel and oil utilization. Perform a wide range of farm operations. Are effectively cooled with water thus allowing the production of large engine size. Exhaust gasses are effectively expelled from the cylinders. |
Perform a wide range of farm operations. Are effectively cooled with water thus allowing the production of large engine size. Exhaust gasses are effectively expelled from the cylinders. DisadvantagesAre expensive to buy and maintainTheir use is limited in some areas;Tractor can only be used on flat or gently sloping areasRequire skilled personnel and support servicesThe Two Stroke EnginesFound in small machines such as mowers, motor bikes, and water pumps which do light jobs in the farm. All the cycles are completed in two strokes of the piston. These strokes are;Induction and compression strokeThe piston is at the bottomPiston moves up uncovering the inlet portFuel-air mixure is drawn inIgnition occurs when the piston reaches the topPiston is forced downward compressing the mixture in the crank. Power and exhaust strokeThe piston is at the topIgnited gases produce pressure which force the piston downwardsThe piston covers the inlet port and traps fresh fuel-air mixture in the crank casePiston moves further down to uncover the exhaust portFuel-air mixture transferred from the crankcase to the combustion chamber. What Advantages of two stroke engine? Cheap to buy and easy to maintainEconomical in fuel consumptionCan be used in a wide range of farmland, including hilly areasCan do small tasks in the farm which would be un-economical to do using the four stroke engine. What disadvantages of two stroke engine? They produce less power hence cannot be used for heavy duties. They are inefficient in burning fuel to produce power. They are air cooled thus limiting the size of the engine. Systems of a TractorThe modern tractor has the following systems:The fuel system. Electrical systemIgnition systemCooling systemPower transmission system. The Fuel SystemSupplies fuel to the engine. Categorized into two types depending on the fuel used. These are:The petrol fuel system. The diesel fuel systemThe Petrol Fuel SystemConsists of:Fuel tank - storage of fuel. Fuel filter - removes foreign particles from the fuel. Carburettor atomises fuel into spray. Introduces fuel-air mixture into the engines. Regulates fuel-air into suitable proportions. Fuel pump - forces fuel into the carburettor. Delivery pipe - connects all the devices. MaintenanceCleaning the carburettor regularly. Cleaning the fuel filter in petrol. Cleaning the hole in the fuel tank cap. |
MaintenanceCleaning the carburettor regularly. Cleaning the fuel filter in petrol. Cleaning the hole in the fuel tank cap. The Diesel Fuel SystemConsists of:Fuel tank - storage of fuel. Fuel injection pump - pumps diesel through injection nozzles and breaks into fine spray. Fuel filters - remove foreign particles from the fuel. Delivery pipes - connect the various devices. MaintenanceReplacing the fuel filter. Bleeding in case air is trapped in the system. Cleaning the sediment bowl regularly. Structural and Functional Differences Between Petrol and Diesel EnginesbElectrical SystemConsists of the following:BatteryConverts chemical energy into electrical energy. Stores electrical energy produced by the runningIgnition circuit - provide the electrical required by the spark plugs. Current that produces a spark in the engine. Generator circuit - provide the electrical current that starts the engine. Lighting circuit - supply the electrical current required for the lighting system. Starter motor circuit - starts the engine. Care and Maintenance of a Tractor BatteryThe level of electrolyte should be kept just above the plate by topping with distilled water. Corroded terminals should be scrapped clean and smeared with grease. The battery should be tightly fixed in a box to avoid spillage and damage. The battery should be fitted correctly on the tractor. The battery should be charged regularly and periodically. In case of long storage the battery contents should be kept upside down. The generator fan belt should always be functional to ensure the battery is always charged. Ignition SystemConsists of:Ignition - change the low voltage from the battery to high voltage current required by the spark plugs. Condenser - absorbs the self-induced current in the primary circuit. Stores current for a short time. Passes electric current to the distributor. Distributor - distributes the high voltage current to the spark plugs. Contact breaker - Interrupts the normal flow of current in the primary circuit. State the Maintenance practices carried on the Ignition SystemThe carbon deposits on the spark plug electrodes should be removed. The spark plugs whose electrodes are worn out should be replaced. The contact breaker points should be cleaned. The breaker points should be adjusted so that they lie between O.30mm and 0.50mm. The condenser should be replaced regularly. The ignition systems should always be kept dry. Ignition wires with poor insulation should be replaced. Cooling SystemThe cooling system aims at preventing the engine from overheating which would cause piston zeisure in the cylinder. |
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