ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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carubicin | A very toxic anthracycline-type antineoplastic related to DAUNORUBICIN, obtained from Actinomadura carminata. |
carvedilol | A carbazole and propanol derivative that acts as a non-cardioselective beta blocker and vasodilator. It has blocking activity for ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and, at higher doses, may function as a blocker of CALCIUM CHANNELS; it also has antioxidant properties. Carvedilol is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION; ANG... |
caspase inhibitors | Endogenous and exogenous compounds and that either inhibit CASPASES or prevent their activation. |
caspofungin | A cyclic lipopeptide echinocandin and beta-(1,3)-D-glucan synthase inhibitor that is used to treat internal or systemic MYCOSES. |
castor oil | Oil obtained from seeds of Ricinus communis that is used as a cathartic and as a plasticizer. |
catechin | An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms. |
catecholamines | A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from TYROSINE. |
catechol o-methyltransferase inhibitors | Compounds and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE enzymes. Drugs in this class are used in management of central nervous system disorders such as PARKINSON DISEASE. |
catechols | A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2. |
catenanes | Complex compounds where two cyclic molecules are interlaced together as links in a chain. They have potential use in NANOTECHNOLOGY. |
cathartics | Agents that are used to stimulate evacuation of the bowels. |
cathelicidins | Antimicrobial cationic peptides with a highly conserved amino terminal cathelin-like domain and a more variable carboxy terminal domain. They are initially synthesized as preproproteins and then cleaved. They are expressed in many tissues of humans and localized to EPITHELIAL CELLS. They kill nonviral pathogens by form... |
cathepsin h | An ubiquitously-expressed lysosomal cysteine protease that is involved in protein processing. The enzyme has both endopeptidase and aminopeptidase activities. |
ccn intercellular signaling proteins | A family of secreted proteins found associated with the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and cell surface receptors. They are believed to play a role in modulating the effects of a variety of GROWTH FACTORS and PROTEASES at the cell membrane extracellular matrix. The CCN protein family is named after three protypical members; CYST... |
ccr5 receptor antagonists | Compounds and drugs that inhibit or block the activity of CCR5 RECEPTORS. |
cd11a antigen | An alpha-integrin subunit found on lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and monocytes. It combines with the integrin beta2 subunit (CD18 ANTIGEN) to form LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1. |
cd11 antigens | A group of three different integrin alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant integrin beta-2 chain (CD18 ANTIGENS). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95. |
cd11b antigen | A CD antigen that contains a conserved integrin I-domain which is involved in ligand binding. When combined with CD18 the two subunits form MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN. |
cd11c antigen | An integrin alpha subunit of approximately 150-kDa molecular weight. It is expressed at high levels on monocytes and combines with CD18 ANTIGEN to form the cell surface receptor INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2. The subunit contains a conserved I-domain which is characteristic of several of alpha integrins. |
cd13 antigens | Zinc-binding metalloproteases that are members of the type II integral membrane metalloproteases. They are expressed by GRANULOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and their precursors as well as by various non-hematopoietic cells. They release an N-terminal amino acid from a peptide, amide or arylamide. |
cd146 antigen | A cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed by ENDOTHELIAL CELLS where it functions to stabilize INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS. It is also highly expressed by melanoma tumor cells and may facilitate their METASTASIS. |
cd163 antigen | Scavenger receptor that functions in clearance of HEMOGLOBIN-HAPTOGLOBIN COMPLEX upon hemolysis of red blood cells by MACROPHAGES and may protect tissues from hemoglobin-mediated OXIDATIVE STRESS. |
cd18 antigens | Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME. |
cd24 antigen | A GPI-linked cell adhesion protein originally identified as a heat stable antigen in mice. It mediates antigen-dependent activation and proliferation of B-CELLS. It is also involved in METASTASIS and is highly expressed in many NEOPLASMS. |
cd27 ligand | A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds to CD27 ANTIGEN. It is found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in stimulating the proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES. |
cd28 antigens | Costimulatory T-LYMPHOCYTE receptors that have specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN. Activation of this receptor results in increased T-cell proliferation, cytokine production and promotion of T-cell survival. |
cd2 antigens | Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex. |
cd30 ligand | A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member found primarily on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that binds specifically to CD30 ANTIGEN. It may play a role in INFLAMMATION and immune regulation. |
cd3 complex | Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the ... |
cd40 antigens | Members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. They are found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES, some EPITHELIAL CELLS; and lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. ... |
cd40 ligand | A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to CD40 ANTIGENS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and induces their proliferation. Mutation of the gene for CD40 ligand is a cause of HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 1. |
cd4 antigens | 55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. They are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the hel... |
cd4 immunoadhesins | Chimeric molecules resulting from the fusion of recombinant soluble CD4 to the Fc portion of immunoglobulins. These have potential use in the therapy of AIDS since they possess both the gp120-binding and HIV-blocking properties of rCD4 as well as the long plasma half-life and Fc receptor-binding functions of immunoglob... |
cd52 antigen | A small GPI-linked glycoprotein expressed on the surface of normal and malignant B-CELLS; T-CELLS; MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; NK CELLS; and GRANULOCYTES. It is expressed densely and without modulation in many malignant T-cell neoplasms and therefore a target for antibody therapies (e.g., ALEMTUZUMAB). |
cd56 antigen | The 140 kDa isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors. |
cd57 antigens | Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK CELLS and T-CELLS. They are expressed at high levels in terminally differentiated or senescent cells with reduced proliferative capacity; however, their role in the immune response is poorly understood. |
cd5 antigens | Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156) |
cd68 molecule | A single-pass type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein that localizes to LYSOSOMES; ENDOSOMES; and cell surface CELL MEMBRANES. It is a member of the lysosomal associated membrane glycoprotein family and the scavenger receptor family. The highly glycosylated extracellular domain binds to tissue- and organ-specific LECTINS or ... |
cd83 antigen | A glycoprotein member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is primarily expressed on the surface of DENDRITIC CELLS. It is believed to play a role in ANTIGEN PRESENTATION and CELL-TO-CELL INTERACTION following LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION. |
cd8 antigens | Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. T8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions. |
ceacam1 protein | A cell adhesion protein that is cross-reactive with CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN, involved in regulating VEGFR2 signaling pathway and insulin functions. Also, play a role as coinhibitory receptor in immune response and as an activator during angiogenesis. |
cecropins | Antimicrobial peptides that form channels in membranes that are more permeable to anions than cations. They resemble MAGAININS, with their N-terminal region forming a positively charged amphipathic alpha helix, but containing an additional C-terminal segment. |
cefaclor | Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN. |
cefadroxil | Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative. |
cefamandole | Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate. |
cefatrizine | Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity. |
cefazolin | A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. |
cefdinir | A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin. |
cefepime | A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA. |
cefiderocol | A siderophore cephalosporin with enhanced activity against GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA. |
cefixime | A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. |
cefmenoxime | A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of ... |
cefmetazole | A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted. |
cefonicid | A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections. |
cefoperazone | Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections. |
cefotaxime | Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin. |
cefotetan | A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. |
cefotiam | One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. |
cefoxitin | A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. |
cefozopran | A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Cefozopran has a 1-methyltetrazolethiol (MTT) moiety at C-3 of its cephalosporin core. |
cefpirome | A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent. Appears to be more active in vitro against Staphylococci, some Enterococci, some ENTEROBACTERIACEAE, and PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA.Cefpirome has a pyridinium group attached to C-3 position of its cephalosporin core. |
cefpodoxime | A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Cefpodoxime contains a methoxy group at C-3 of its cephalosporin core. |
cefpodoxime proxetil | A prodrug of its active metabolite CEFPODOXIME. |
cefprozil | A second-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent. Cefprozil has a phenyl ring at the C-3 position of its cephalosporin core. |
cefsulodin | A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients. |
ceftaroline | A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat skin infections caused by bacteria in adults and newborns. Ceftaroline has a 1,3-thiazolidine ring attached to the C-7 position of its cephalosporin core. |
ceftazidime | Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients. |
ceftibuten | A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections. |
ceftizoxime | A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to b... |
ceftriaxone | A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears. |
cefuroxime | Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS. |
celecoxib | A pyrazole derivative and selective CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR that is used to treat symptoms associated with RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS and JUVENILE ARTHRITIS, as well as the management of ACUTE PAIN. |
celiprolol | A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION. |
cell adhesion molecule-1 | A cell adhesion molecule that contains extracellular immunoglobulin V and C2 domains. It mediates homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion independently of calcium, and acts as a tumor suppressor in NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER (NSCLC) cells. Its interaction with NATURAL KILLER CELLS is important for their cytotoxi... |
cell adhesion molecules | Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis. |
cell adhesion molecules, neuronal | Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and ... |
cell adhesion molecules, neuron-glia | Cell adhesion molecules that mediate neuron-neuron adhesion and neuron-astrocyte adhesion. They are expressed on neurons and Schwann cells, but not astrocytes and are involved in neuronal migration, neurite fasciculation, and outgrowth. Ng-CAM is immunologically and structurally distinct from NCAM. |
cellobiose | A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. |
cell-penetrating peptides | Peptides that have the ability to enter cells by crossing the plasma membrane directly, or through uptake by the endocytotic pathway. |
cellulose | A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical prepara... |
cellulose, oxidized | A cellulose of varied carboxyl content retaining the fibrous structure. It is commonly used as a local hemostatic and as a matrix for normal blood coagulation. |
centchroman | A non-steroidal anti-fertility agent with anti-hormonal properties. |
central nervous system agents | A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms. They can be divided into specific agents, e.g., affecting an identifiable molecular mechanism unique to target cells bearing receptors for that agent, and nonspecific agents, those producing effects on different tar... |
central nervous system depressants | A very loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The major groups included here are ethyl alcohol, anesthetics, hypnotics and sedatives, narcotics, and tranquilizing agents (antipsychotics and antianxiety agents). |
central nervous system stimulants | A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to increase behavioral alertness, agitation, or excitation. They work by a variety of mechanisms, but usually not by direct excitation of neurons. The many drugs that have such actions as side effects to their main therapeutic use are not included here. |
centromere protein a | A 17 kDa, centromeric, poly(ADP)-ribose binding protein that is structurally similar to HISTONE H3 and localizes to NUCLEOSOMES within the CENTROMERE; specifically within the region that binds KINETOCHORES, where it replaces histone H3. It plays a critical role in recruiting kinetochore proteins and progression through... |
centromere protein b | A DNA-binding protein that interacts with a 17-base pair sequence known as the CENP-B box motif. The protein is localized constitutively to the CENTROMERE and plays an important role in its maintenance. |
cephacetrile | A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. |
cephalexin | A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. |
cephaloglycin | A cephalorsporin antibiotic. |
cephaloridine | A cephalosporin antibiotic. |
cephalosporins | A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. |
cephalothin | A cephalosporin antibiotic. |
cephamycins | Naturally occurring family of beta-lactam cephalosporin-type antibiotics having a 7-methoxy group and possessing marked resistance to the action of beta-lactamases from gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. |
cephapirin | Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. |
cephradine | A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic. |
ceramides | Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE. |
cerebrosides | Neutral glycosphingolipids that contain a monosaccharide, normally glucose or galactose, in 1-ortho-beta-glycosidic linkage with the primary alcohol of an N-acyl sphingoid (ceramide). In plants the monosaccharide is normally glucose and the sphingoid usually phytosphingosine. In animals, the monosaccharide is usually g... |
cerium | An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. |
cerium isotopes | Stable cerium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cerium, but differ in atomic weight. Ce-136, 138, and 142 are stable cerium isotopes. |
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