ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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calgranulin b | A 13.2-kDa member of the S-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with CALGRANULIN A and a variety of other proteins. The calgranulin A/B heterodimer is known as LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX. Calgranulin B is expressed at high concentrations in GRANULOCYTES during early monocyte differentiation, and serum calgranulin B levels are elevated in many inflammatory disorders such as CYSTIC FIBROSIS. |
calicheamicins | Enediyne aminoglycosides derived from the bacterium MICROMONOSPORA ECHINOSPORA that are used as antineoplastic antibiotics. They bind to DNA in both healthy and tumor cells, resulting in strand scission and cell death. |
californium | A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy. |
calixarenes | Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings. |
calponins | A family of actin binding proteins mostly in smooth muscle. Calponins include most abundant alpha-calponin (h1 or basic); beta-calponin; neutral calponin (h2 calponin); acidic calponin, SM22, and transgelin. Calponin family members have N-terminal single Calponin Homology (CH) domain and multiple C-terminus 23-amino acids long calponin-like repeats called CLICK-23. Calponins participate in modulation of smooth muscle contraction by binding to ACTINS (F- and G-Actins), CALMODULIN and TROPOMYSIN. |
cambendazole | A nematocide effective against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle, sheep, and horses. |
camphanes | Crystalline saturated MONOTERPENES, precursors of borneols and CAMPHENE. |
camphor | A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. |
camptothecin | An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. |
canagliflozin | A glucoside-derived SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 inhibitor that stimulates urinary excretion of glucose by suppressing renal glucose reabsorption. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES. |
cancer vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced. |
candicidin | Mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides from Streptomyces griseus or Actinomyces levoris used topically in candidiasis. The antibiotic complex is composed of candicidins A, B, C, and D, of which D is the major component. |
cannabidiol | Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. |
cannabinoid receptor agonists | Compounds that interact with and stimulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. |
cannabinoid receptor antagonists | Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. |
cannabinoid receptor modulators | Compounds that interact with and modulate the activity of CANNABINOID RECEPTORS. |
cannabinoids | Compounds having the cannabinoid structure. They were originally extracted from Cannabis sativa L. The most pharmacologically active constituents are TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL; CANNABINOL; and CANNABIDIOL. |
cannabinol | A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L. |
canrenoic acid | A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity. |
canrenone | A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity. |
cantharidin | A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally. |
canthaxanthin | A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy. |
capecitabine | A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER. |
capreomycin | Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus. |
caproates | Derivatives of caproic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated six carbon aliphatic structure. |
caprolactam | Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation. |
caprylates | Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure. |
capsaicin | An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS. |
captan | One of the phthalimide fungicides. |
captopril | A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. |
capz actin capping protein | An actin capping protein that binds to the barbed-ends of ACTIN filaments. It is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit. It regulates actin assembly by stabilizing actin oligomers for elongation. In SKELETAL MUSCLE, CapZ is localized to the Z-disk. |
carbachol | A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS. |
carbadox | An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125) |
carbamates | Derivatives of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH. Included under this heading are N-substituted and O-substituted carbamic acids. In general carbamate esters are referred to as urethanes, and polymers that include repeating units of carbamate are referred to as POLYURETHANES. Note however that polyurethanes are derived from the polymerization of ISOCYANATES and the singular term URETHANE refers to the ethyl ester of carbamic acid. |
carbamazepine | A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties. |
carbamide peroxide | A urea peroxide compound that is commonly used in tooth whitening agents; topical anti-infective agents, and earwax remover. |
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase i activators | Substances and drugs that stimulate the synthesis or increase the activity of CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE I. Drugs in this class of compounds have been used to treat the genetic disorder, CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE I DEFICIENCY DISEASE. |
carbamyl phosphate | The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING). |
carbanilides | Compounds consisting of two phenyl groups joined by a urea. Derivatives may be used as ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS. |
carbapenems | A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain. |
carbaryl | A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries. |
carbasugars | Sugar analogs in which the ring oxygen is replaced by a methylene (CH2) carbon. |
carbazilquinone | An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients. |
carbazoles | Benzo-indoles similar to CARBOLINES which are pyrido-indoles. In plants, carbazoles are derived from indole and form some of the INDOLE ALKALOIDS. |
carbenicillin | Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function. |
carbenoxolone | An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. |
carbidopa | An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself. |
carbimazole | An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity. |
carbocyanines | Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials. |
carbocysteine | A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action. |
carbodiimides | Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group. |
carbofuran | A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
carbohydrates | A class of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n. The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. |
carbolines | A group of pyrido-indole compounds. Included are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds. These are similar to CARBAZOLES which are benzo-indoles. |
carbon | A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel. |
carbonated water | Water naturally or artificially infused with CARBON DIOXIDE. |
carbonates | Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
carbon compounds, inorganic | Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons. |
carbon dioxide | A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. |
carbon disulfide | A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects. |
carbon fiber | Fiber with a diameter of approximately 5 to 10 micrometers that is composed mostly of carbon atoms. It has a variety of applications. |
carbonic acid | Carbonic acid (H2C03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) |
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | A class of compounds that reduces the secretion of H+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of CARBONIC ANHYDRASES. |
carbonic anhydrase ix | A carbonic anhydrase and transmembrane protein that consists of an N-terminal PROTEOGLYCAN-like domain, a catalytic region, a single-pass transmembrane domain, and a short intracellular tail. It functions as a dimer and is expressed primarily by cells of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; BILE DUCT EPITHELIUM; and GALL BLADDER. It is expressed at high levels in many solid tumors, especially CLEAR CELL RENAL CARCINOMA, in response to CELL HYPOXIA. |
carbon isotopes | Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope. |
carbon monoxide | Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
carbon radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes. |
carbon tetrachloride | A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed) |
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone | A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes. |
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone | A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies. |
carboplatin | An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. |
carboprost | A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY. |
carboranes | Molecules that include CARBON, BORON and HYDROGEN and typically form into a polygonal structure. |
carboxin | A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent. |
carboxylic acids | Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. |
carboxymethylcellulose sodium | A cellulose derivative which is a beta-(1,4)-D-glucopyranose polymer. It is used as a bulk laxative and as an emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and as a stabilizer for reagents. |
carbutamide | A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277) |
carcinoembryonic antigen | A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment. |
carcinogens | Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. |
carcinogens, environmental | Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment. |
cardanolides | The aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES. The ring structure is basically a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus attached to a lactone ring at the C-17 position. |
cardenolides | C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include DIGITOXIN and DIGOXIN and their derivatives and the STROPHANTHINS. |
cardiac glycosides | Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 5- or 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and SUGARS attached at the 3-position. Plants they come from have long been used in congestive heart failure. They increase the force of cardiac contraction without significantly affecting other parameters, but are very toxic at larger doses. Their mechanism of action usually involves inhibition of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE and they are often used in cell biological studies for that purpose. |
cardiac myosins | Myosin type II isoforms found in cardiac muscle. |
cardiolipins | Acidic phospholipids composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol. They occur primarily in mitochondrial inner membranes and in bacterial plasma membranes. They are the main antigenic components of the Wassermann-type antigen that is used in nontreponemal SYPHILIS SERODIAGNOSIS. |
cardioplegic solutions | Solutions which, upon administration, will temporarily arrest cardiac activity. They are used in the performance of heart surgery. |
cardiotonic agents | Agents that have a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. They may be CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES; SYMPATHOMIMETICS; or other drugs. They are used after MYOCARDIAL INFARCT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; in SHOCK; or in congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE). |
cardiotoxins | Agents that have a damaging effect on the HEART. Such damage can occur from ALKYLATING AGENTS; FREE RADICALS; or metabolites from OXIDATIVE STRESS and in some cases is countered by CARDIOTONIC AGENTS. Induction of LONG QT SYNDROME or TORSADES DE POINTES has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins. |
cardiovascular agents | Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume. |
carfecillin | The phenyl ester of CARBENICILLIN that, upon oral administration, is broken down in the intestinal mucosa to the active antibacterial. It is used for urinary tract infections. |
cariostatic agents | Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed) |
carisoprodol | A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202) |
carmine | Coloring matter from the insect Coccus cacti L. It is used in foods, pharmaceuticals, toiletries, etc., as a dye, and also has use as a microscopic stain and biological marker. |
carmustine | A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
carnitine | A constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism. |
carnosine | A naturally occurring dipeptide neuropeptide found in muscles. |
carotenoids | The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons containing 4 terpene subunits. |
carrageenan | A water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from RED ALGAE. Chief sources are the Irish moss CHONDRUS CRISPUS (Carrageen), and Gigartina stellata. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending COCOA in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify BEVERAGES. |
carteolol | A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent. |
carticaine | A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE. |
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