ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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bromisovalum | A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects. |
bromobenzenes | Derivatives of benzene in which one or more hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring are replaced by bromine atoms. |
bromobenzoates | Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more bromine atoms. |
bromochlorofluorocarbons | A series of hydrocarbons containing BROMINE; CHLORINE and FLOURINE. |
bromocriptine | A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion. |
bromodeoxycytidine | 5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP. |
bromodeoxyuridine | A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors. |
bromosuccinimide | A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,). |
bromotrichloromethane | A potent liver poison. In rats, bromotrichloromethane produces about three times the degree of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation as does carbon tetrachloride. |
bromouracil | 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms. |
brompheniramine | Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria. |
bromphenol blue | A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain. |
bromthymol blue | A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions. |
bronchoconstrictor agents | Agents causing the narrowing of the lumen of a bronchus or bronchiole. |
bronchodilator agents | Agents that cause an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes. |
brucella vaccine | A bacterial vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in man and animal. Brucella abortus vaccine is used for the immunization of cattle, sheep, and goats. |
bryostatins | A group of 20-member macrolactones in which there are three remotely substituted pyran rings that are linked by a methylene bridge and an E-disubstituted alkene and have geminal dimethyls at C8 and C18 carbons. Some interact with PROTEIN KINASE C. |
bucladesine | A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
bucrylate | Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive also used to occlude blood vessels supplying neoplastic or other diseased tissue. |
budesonide | A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS. |
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination | A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. |
bufanolides | Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 6-membered lactone ring attached at the 17-position and SUGARS attached at the 3-position. They are found in BUFONIDAE and often possess cardiotonic properties. |
bufexamac | A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally. |
buformin | An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation. |
bufotenin | A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic. |
bumetanide | A sulfamyl diuretic. |
bunaftine | N-Butyl-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-1-naphthamide. A proposed antiarrhythmic that prolongs myocardial refractory period and stabilizes cell membranes. |
bungarotoxins | Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms. |
bunolol | A nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of glaucoma. |
bupivacaine | A widely used local anesthetic agent. |
bupranolol | An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic. |
buprenorphine | A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. |
buprenorphine, naloxone drug combination | A pharmaceutical preparation that combines buprenorphine, an OPIOID ANALGESICS with naloxone, a NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS to reduce the potential for NARCOTIC DEPENDENCE in the treatment of pain. It may also be used for OPIOID SUBSTITUTION THERAPY. |
bupropion | A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE. |
burimamide | An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers. |
buserelin | A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications. |
buspirone | An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM. |
busulfan | An alkylating agent having a selective immunosuppressive effect on BONE MARROW. It has been used in the palliative treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC), but although symptomatic relief is provided, no permanent remission is brought about. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), busulfan is listed as a known carcinogen. |
butaclamol | A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia. |
butadienes | Four carbon unsaturated hydrocarbons containing two double bonds. |
butanes | Four-carbon alkanes with the formula C4H10. |
butanols | Isomeric forms and derivatives of butanol (C4H9OH). |
butanones | Derivatives of butanone, also known as methyl ethyl ketone (with structural formula CH3COC2H5). |
buthionine sulfoximine | A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7) |
butirosin sulfate | A water-soluble aminoglycosidic antibiotic complex isolated from fermentation filtrates of Bacillus circulans. Two components (A and B) have been separated from the complex. Both are active against many gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. |
butorphanol | A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain. |
butoxamine | A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS. |
butter | The fatty portion of milk, separated as a soft yellowish solid when milk or cream is churned. It is processed for cooking and table use. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) |
butylamines | Isomeric amines of butane, where an amino group replaces a hydrogen on one of the four carbons. They include isobutylamine, n-Butylamine, sec-Butylamine, and tert-Butylamine. |
butylated hydroxyanisole | Mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. |
butylated hydroxytoluene | A di-tert-butyl PHENOL with antioxidant properties. |
butylene glycols | 4-carbon straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbons substituted with two hydroxyl groups. The hydroxyl groups cannot be on the same carbon atom. |
butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine | A substituted carcinogenic nitrosamine. |
butylscopolammonium bromide | Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract. |
butyrates | Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxypropane structure. |
butyric acid | A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. |
butyrophenones | Compounds containing phenyl-1-butanone. |
butyrylthiocholine | A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity. |
ca-125 antigen | A carbohydrate antigen that occurs in tumors of the ovary as well as in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. While it is tumor-associated, it is not tumor-specific and may have a protective function against particles and infectious agents at mucosal surfaces. |
ca-19-9 antigen | Sialylated Lewis(a) blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors. |
cabergoline | An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE. |
cacodylic acid | An arsenical that has been used as a dermatologic agent and as an herbicide. |
cadaverine | A foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial DECARBOXYLATION of LYSINE. It is also an intermediate secondary metabolite in lysine-derived alkaloid biosynthetic pathways (e.g., QUINOLIZIDINES and LYCOPODIUM). |
cadherins | Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body. |
cadmium | An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING. |
cadmium chloride | A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed) |
cadmium compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain cadmium as an integral part of the molecule. |
caffeic acids | A class of phenolic acids related to chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, etc., which are found in plant tissues. It is involved in plant growth regulation. |
caffeine | A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. |
calcifediol | The major circulating metabolite of VITAMIN D3. It is produced in the LIVER and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of RICKETS and OSTEOMALACIA, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. |
calcimimetic agents | Small organic molecules that act as allosteric activators of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) in the PARATHYROID GLANDS and other tissues. They lower the threshold for CaSR activation by extracellular calcium ions and diminish PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) release from parathyroid cells. |
calcimycin | An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems. |
calcineurin inhibitors | Compounds that inhibit or block the PHOSPHATASE activity of CALCINEURIN. |
calcitonin | A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. |
calcitonin gene-related peptide | A 37-amino acid peptide derived from the calcitonin gene. It occurs as a result of alternative processing of mRNA from the calcitonin gene. The neuropeptide is widely distributed in the brain, gut, perivascular nerves, and other tissue. The peptide produces multiple biological effects and has both circulatory and neurotransmitter modes of action. In particular, it is a potent endogenous vasodilator. |
calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists | Pharmacologic agents that block NOCICEPTIVE PAIN signaling from CALCITONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE RECEPTORS. They may be useful for the treatment of pain associated with MIGRAINE DISORDERS and OSTEOARTHRITIS. |
calcitriol | The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. |
calcium | A basic element found in nearly all tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. |
calcium aluminosilicate | Aluminosilicate salts of calcium, the most common of which are CaAl2Si2O8 and Ca2Al2SiO7; a naturally occurring form in CLAY may be used to treat DIARRHEA. |
calcium carbonate | Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. |
calcium channel agonists | Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture. |
calcium channel blockers | A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes. |
calcium chelating agents | Substances that bind to and sequester CALCIUM ions. |
calcium chloride | A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. |
calcium citrate | A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) |
calcium compounds | Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule. |
calcium, dietary | Calcium compounds in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS or in food that supply the body with calcium. |
calcium dobesilate | A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. |
calcium fluoride | Calcium fluoride. Occurring in nature as the mineral fluorite or fluorspar. It is the primary source of fluorine and its compounds. Pure calcium fluoride is used as a catalyst in dehydration and dehydrogenation and is used to fluoridate drinking water. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
calcium gluconate | The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states. |
calcium hydroxide | A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling. |
calcium ionophores | Chemical agents that increase the permeability of CELL MEMBRANES to CALCIUM ions. |
calcium isotopes | Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes. |
calcium oxalate | The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. |
calcium phosphates | Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements. |
calcium pyrophosphate | An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably HYPOPHOSPHATASIA and pseudogout (CHONDROCALCINOSIS). |
calcium radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of calcium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ca atoms with atomic weights 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, and 50 are radioactive calcium isotopes. |
calcium-regulating hormones and agents | Hormones and molecules with calcium-regulating hormone-like actions that modulate OSTEOLYSIS and other extra-skeletal activities to maintain calcium homeostasis. |
calcium sulfate | A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum. |
calgranulin a | A 10.8-kDa member of the S-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with CALGRANULIN B and a variety of other proteins. The calgranulin A/B heterodimer is known as LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX. Calgranulin A is found in many cell types including GRANULOCYTES; KERATINOCYTES; and myelomonocytes, and has been shown to act as a chemotactic substance for NEUTROPHILS. Because it is present in acute inflammation but absent in chronic inflammation, it is a useful biological marker for a number of pathological conditions. |
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