ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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clemastine | A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness. |
clenbuterol | A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma. |
clindamycin | An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN. |
clioquinol | A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide. |
clobazam | A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY. |
clobetasol | A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression. |
clodronic acid | A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification. |
clofarabine | An adenine arabinonucleoside derivative that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It is used in the treatment of ACUTE LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA in pediatric patients who have relapsed. |
clofazimine | A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619) |
clofenapate | An oral hypolipemic agent primarily used in DOGS and RATS. |
clofibrate | A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III and severe HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986) |
clofibric acid | An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE. |
clomiphene | A triphenyl ethylene stilbene derivative which is an estrogen agonist or antagonist depending on the target tissue. Note that ENCLOMIPHENE and ZUCLOMIPHENE are the (E) and (Z) isomers of Clomiphene respectively. |
clomipramine | A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. |
clonazepam | An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses. |
clonidine | An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION. |
clonixin | Anti-inflammatory analgesic. |
clopamide | A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic. |
clopenthixol | A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. |
clopidogrel | A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION. |
clopidol | A very effective anticoccidial agent used in poultry. |
cloprostenol | A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle. |
clorazepate dipotassium | A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions. |
clorgyline | An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE. |
clotrimazole | An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal CELL MEMBRANES. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. |
clove oil | An oil from flower buds of SYZYGIUM trees which contains large amounts of EUGENOL. |
cloxacillin | A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN. |
clozapine | A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. |
cnidarian venoms | Venoms from jellyfish; CORALS; SEA ANEMONES; etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neuro-toxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine. |
coagulants | Agents that cause clotting. |
coal | A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. |
coal ash | Residue generated from combustion of coal or petroleum. |
coal tar | A by-product of the destructive distillation of coal used as a topical antieczematic. It is an antipruritic and keratoplastic agent used also in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin conditions. Occupational exposure to soots, tars, and certain mineral oils is known to be carcinogenic according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985) (Merck Index, 11th ed). |
cobalt | A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. |
cobalt isotopes | Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope. |
cobalt radioisotopes | Unstable isotopes of cobalt that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Co atoms with atomic weights of 54-64, except 59, are radioactive cobalt isotopes. |
cobicistat | A carbamate and thiazole derivative that functions as a CYTOCHROME P450 CYP3A INHIBITOR to enhance the concentration of ANTI-HIV AGENTS, with which it is used in combination, for the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS. |
cobra cardiotoxin proteins | Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis. |
cobra neurotoxin proteins | Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms. |
cocaine | An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. |
cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein | Neuropeptide that functions with NEUROPEPTIDE Y and LEPTIN in the regulation of APPETITE. It also plays a role in neural development and is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and stress control. |
coccidioidin | A sterile solution containing the by-products of growth products of COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS, injected intracutaneously as a test for COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS. |
coccidiostats | Agents useful in the treatment or prevention of COCCIDIOSIS in man or animals. |
coconut oil | Oil derived from fruits of the coconut plant, COCOS NUCIFERA. |
codeine | An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. |
cod liver oil | Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of VITAMIN A and VITAMIN D. |
coenzymes | Small molecules that are required for the catalytic function of ENZYMES. Many VITAMINS are coenzymes. |
coffee | A beverage made from ground COFFEA beans (SEEDS) infused in hot water. It generally contains CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE unless it is decaffeinated. |
cofilin 1 | Cofilin 1 is a member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in non-muscle CELLS. It has ACTIN depolymerization activity that is dependent on HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION. |
cofilin 2 | A member of the cofilin family of proteins that is expressed in MUSCLE CELLS. It has ACTIN depolymerization activity that is dependent on HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION. |
coformycin | A ribonucleoside antibiotic synergist and adenosine deaminase inhibitor isolated from Nocardia interforma and Streptomyces kaniharaensis. It is proposed as an antineoplastic synergist and immunosuppressant. |
coke | A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. |
colchicine | A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE). |
colesevelam hydrochloride | An allylamine derivative that binds BILE ACIDS in the intestine and is used as an ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT in the treatment of HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. |
colestipol | Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels. |
colforsin | Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. |
colistin | Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. |
collagen | A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH). |
collagen type i | The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains. |
collagen type i, alpha 1 chain | A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in BONE and SKIN. |
collagen type ii | A fibrillar collagen found predominantly in CARTILAGE and vitreous humor. It consists of three identical alpha1(II) chains. |
collagen type iii | A fibrillar collagen consisting of three identical alpha1(III) chains that is widely distributed in many tissues containing COLLAGEN TYPE I. It is particularly abundant in BLOOD VESSELS and may play a role in tissues with elastic characteristics. |
collagen type v | A fibrillar collagen found widely distributed as a minor component in tissues that contain COLLAGEN TYPE I and COLLAGEN TYPE III. It is a heterotrimeric molecule composed of alpha1(V), alpha2(V) and alpha3(V) subunits. Several forms of collagen type V exist depending upon the composition of the subunits that form the trimer. |
collagen type xi | A fibrillar collagen found primarily in interstitial CARTILAGE. Collagen type XI is heterotrimer containing alpha1(XI), alpha2(XI) and alpha3(XI) subunits. |
collagen type xvii | A 220 kDa non-fibrillar collagen and basement membrane component. It is involved in healing wounds of the EPITHELIUM, CORNEAL. |
colloids | Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other. |
colony-stimulating factors | Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3; (IL-3); GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (G-CSF); MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (M-CSF); and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (GM-CSF). |
coloring agents | Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS. |
complement c1 inactivator proteins | Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits. |
complement c1 inhibitor protein | An endogenous 105-kDa plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the LIVER and MONOCYTES. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA TYPES I AND II. |
complement inactivating agents | Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. |
complex mixtures | Mixtures of many components in inexact proportions, usually natural, such as PLANT EXTRACTS; VENOMS; and MANURE. These are distinguished from DRUG COMBINATIONS which have only a few components in definite proportions. |
compomers | Composite materials composed of an ion-leachable glass embedded in a polymeric matrix. They differ from GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS in that partially silanized glass particles are used to provide a direct bond to the resin matrix and the matrix is primarily formed by a light-activated, radical polymerization reaction. |
composite resins | Synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry. |
cone opsins | Photosensitive proteins expressed in the CONE PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of cone photopigments. Cone opsins are classified by their peak absorption wavelengths. |
congo red | An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS. |
connective tissue growth factor | A CCN protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. It is found in hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES where it may play a role in CHONDROGENESIS and endochondral ossification. |
conotoxins | Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed) |
contactin 1 | A contactin subtype that is predominantly expressed in the CEREBELLUM; HIPPOCAMPUS; NEOCORTEX; and HYPOTHALAMUS. |
contactin 2 | A contactin subtype that plays a role in axon outgrowth, axon fasciculation, and neuronal migration. |
contactins | A family of immunoglobulin-related cell adhesion molecules that are involved in NERVOUS SYSTEM patterning. |
contact lens solutions | Sterile solutions used to clean and disinfect contact lenses. |
contraceptive agents | Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION. |
contraceptive agents, female | Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading. |
contraceptive agents, hormonal | Contraceptive agents that act on the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. |
contraceptive agents, male | Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading. |
contraceptives, oral | Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both. |
contraceptives, oral, combined | Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes. |
contraceptives, oral, hormonal | Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations. |
contraceptives, oral, sequential | Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes. |
contraceptives, oral, synthetic | Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations. |
contraceptives, postcoital | Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS. |
contraceptives, postcoital, hormonal | Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations. |
contraceptives, postcoital, synthetic | Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations. |
contrast media | Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues. |
convulsants | Substances that act in the brain stem or spinal cord to produce tonic or clonic convulsions, often by removing normal inhibitory tone. They were formerly used to stimulate respiration or as antidotes to barbiturate overdose. They are now most commonly used as experimental tools. |
coordination complexes | Neutral or negatively charged ligands bonded to metal cations or neutral atoms. The number of ligand atoms to which the metal center is directly bonded is the metal cation's coordination number, and this number is always greater than the regular valence or oxidation number of the metal. A coordination complex can be negative, neutral, or positively charged. |
copper | A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55. |
copper sulfate | A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae. |
coproporphyrinogens | Porphyrinogens which are intermediates in the heme biosynthesis. They have four methyl and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Coproporphyrinogens I and III are formed in the presence of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from the corresponding uroporphyrinogen. They can yield coproporphyrins by autooxidation or protoporphyrin by oxidative decarboxylation. |
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