ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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coproporphyrins | Porphyrins with four methyl and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Elevated levels of Coproporphyrin III in the urine and feces are major findings in patients with HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA. |
cord factors | Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals. |
corn oil | Oil from ZEA MAYS or corn plant. |
coronavirus protease inhibitors | Protease inhibitors that specifically inhibit one or more of the proteases that are produced by CORONAVIRUSES. |
corrinoids | Cyclic TETRAPYRROLES based on the corrin skeleton. |
cortactin | A microfilament protein that interacts with F-ACTIN and regulates cortical actin assembly and organization. It is also an SH3 DOMAIN containing phosphoprotein, and it mediates tyrosine PHOSPHORYLATION based SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(C-SRC). |
corticosterone | An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437) |
corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide | A peptide derived from the cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, found primarily in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY but also in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of basal HYPOTHALAMUS. Its sequence is identical to the C-terminal 22-amino acids of ACTH or ACTH 18-39. |
corticotropin-releasing hormone | A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS. |
cortisone | A naturally occurring glucocorticoid that has been used in replacement therapy for ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive; it is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726) |
cortodoxone | 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities. |
cosmeceuticals | COSMETICS that are associated with therapeutic effects. |
cosmetics | Substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. Included in this definition are skin creams, lotions, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. (U.S. Food & Drug Administration Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition Office of Cosmetics Fact Sheet (web page) Feb 1995) |
cosmic dust | Finely divided solid matter with particle sizes smaller than a micrometeorite, thus with diameters much smaller than a millimeter, moving in interplanetary space. (NASA Thesaurus, 1994) |
cosyntropin | A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX. |
cotinine | The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties. |
cottonseed oil | Oil obtained from the seeds of Gossypium herbaceum L., the cotton plant. It is used in dietary products such as oleomargarine and many cooking oils. Cottonseed oil is commonly used in soaps and cosmetics. |
coumaphos | A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide. |
coumaric acids | Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants. |
coumarins | Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the delta-lactone of coumarinic acid. |
coumestrol | A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity. |
covid-19 vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing SARS-CoV-2 component antigens, genetic materials, or inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus, and designed to prevent COVID-19. |
coxsackie and adenovirus receptor-like membrane protein | An Ig superfamily transmembrane protein that localizes to junctional complexes that occur between ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and EPTHELIAL CELLS. The protein may play a role in cell-cell adhesion and is the primary site for the attachment of ADENOVIRUSES during infection. |
c-peptide | The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin. |
crack cocaine | The purified, alkaloidal, extra-potent form of cocaine. It is smoked (free-based), injected intravenously, and orally ingested. Use of crack results in alterations in function of the cardiovascular system, the autonomic nervous system, the central nervous system, and the gastrointestinal system. The slang term crack was derived from the crackling sound made upon igniting of this form of cocaine for smoking. |
creatine | An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine. |
creatinine | A waste product produced by dietary protein digestion and breakdown product of CREATINE PHOSPHATE in muscle. Creatinine levels in the blood can be an indicator of KIDNEY function. |
creosote | A greasy substance with a smoky odor and burned taste created by high temperature treatment of BEECH and other WOOD; COAL TAR; or resin of the CREOSOTE BUSH. It contains CRESOLS and POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS which are CARCINOGENS. It has been widely used as wood preservative and in PESTICIDES and had former use medicinally in DISINFECTANTS; LAXATIVES; and DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS. |
cresols | Any of three isomeric crystalline aromatic methylphenols, also known as hydroxytoluenes. |
crizotinib | A piperidine and aminopyridine derivative that acts as an inhibitor of RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES, including ANAPLASTIC LYMPHOMA KINASE (ALK) and HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (HGFR; c-Met). It is used in the treatment of NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. |
cromakalim | A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352) |
cromolyn sodium | A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack. |
crotalid venoms | Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized. |
crotonates | Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID that include a double bond between carbon 2 and 3 of the aliphatic structure. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include the aminobutryrate structure. |
croton oil | Viscous, nauseating oil obtained from the shrub Croton tiglium (Euphorbaceae). It is a vesicant and skin irritant used as pharmacologic standard for skin inflammation and allergy and causes skin cancer. It was formerly used as an emetic and cathartic with frequent mortality. |
crotoxin | A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic. |
crown compounds | Macrocyclic organic ring compounds that include repeating non-carbon elements such as OXYGEN, NITROGEN, or SULFUR. The alternating crown structure conveys the ability of the compounds to act as CHELATING AGENTS. |
crown ethers | Macrocyclic polyethers with the repeating unit of (-CH2-CH2-O)n where n is greater than 2 and some oxygens may be replaced by nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus. These compounds are useful for coordinating CATIONS. The nomenclature uses a prefix to indicate the size of the ring and a suffix for the number of heteroatoms. |
cryogels | Macroporous hydrogels that are produced at subzero temperatures. Cryogels have pores that are produced by growing ice crystals and have been developed with a tissue-like elasticity that is suitable for cell immunization experiments. |
cryoprotective agents | Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures. |
cryptoxanthins | Mono-hydroxylated xanthophylls formed from the hydroxylation of BETA-CAROTENE. Isomers include: beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin, and zeinoxanthin. The alpha- and beta-cryptoxanthin are provitamin A precursors. |
ctla-4 antigen | An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. |
cucurbitacins | Triterpenes that derive from LANOSTEROL by a shift of the C19 methyl to the C9 position. They are found in seeds and roots of CUCURBITACEAE and other plants and are noted for intense bitterness. |
cuprizone | Copper chelator that inhibits monoamine oxidase and causes liver and brain damage. |
curare | Plant extracts from several species, including genera STRYCHNOS and Chondodendron, which contain TETRAHYDROISOQUINOLINES that produce PARALYSIS of skeletal muscle. These extracts are toxic and must be used with the administration of artificial respiration. |
curcumin | A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. |
curium | A radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cm, and atomic number 96. Thirteen curium isotopes have been produced with mass numbers ranging from 238-250. Its valence can be +3 or +4. It is intensely radioactive and decays by alpha-emission. |
cyanamide | A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism. |
cyanates | Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical. |
cyanides | Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical. |
cyanoacrylates | A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties. |
cyanobacteria toxins | Toxic secondary metabolites produced CYANOBACTERIA. |
cyanogen bromide | Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes. |
cyanoketone | 2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity. |
cycasin | Carcinogenic and neurotoxic glycoside occurring in a number of plant species, including Cycas revoluta. |
cyclacillin | A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID. |
cyclamates | Salts and esters of cyclamic acid. |
cyclams | Compounds made of fourteen-member tetraamine macrocycles which bind strongly to a wide range of metal ions. |
cyclandelate | A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS. |
cyclazocine | An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties. |
cyclic adp-ribose | A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE. |
cyclic amp | An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH. |
cyclic cmp | A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions. |
cyclic gmp | Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
cyclic imp | Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. |
cyclic n-oxides | Heterocyclic compounds in which an oxygen is attached to a cyclic nitrogen. |
cyclitols | Cycloalkanes containing three or more hydroxyl groups on the ring atoms. Some polyhydroxypiperidines (PIPERIDINES) are called iminocyclitols or aza-sugars. |
cyclizine | A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935) |
cyclobutanes | Four carbon cycloparaffin cyclobutane (the structural formula (CH2)4) and its derivatives. |
cyclodecanes | Compounds with a 10-carbon ring. |
cyclodextrins | A homologous group of cyclic GLUCANS consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. |
cyclofenil | A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE. |
cycloheptanes | Seven-carbon cycloparaffin cycloheptane (the structural formula (CH2)7) and its derivatives. |
cyclohexanecarboxylic acids | Carboxylic acid derivatives of cyclohexane. |
cyclohexane monoterpenes | Monoterpenes that include a cyclohexane ring in their structure. |
cyclohexanes | Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons. |
cyclohexanols | Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers. |
cyclohexanones | Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position. |
cyclohexenes | Six-carbon alicyclic hydrocarbons which contain one or more double bonds in the ring. The cyclohexadienes are not aromatic, in contrast to BENZOQUINONES which are sometimes called 2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diones. |
cycloheximide | Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis. |
cyclohexylamines | A family of alicyclic hydrocarbons containing an amine group with the general formula R-C6H10NH2. |
cycloleucine | An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities. |
cyclooctanes | A group of compounds with an 8-carbon ring. They may be saturated or unsaturated. |
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors | A subclass of cyclooxygenase inhibitors with specificity for CYCLOOXYGENASE-2. |
cyclooxygenase inhibitors | Compounds or agents that combine with cyclooxygenase (PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES) and thereby prevent its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. |
cycloparaffins | Alicyclic hydrocarbons in which three or more of the carbon atoms in each molecule are united in a ring structure and each of the ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are cyclopropane (C3H6), cyclobutane (C4H8), cyclohexane (C6H12), and derivatives of these such as methylcyclohexane (C6H11CH3). (From Sax, et al., Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) |
cyclopentane monoterpenes | Monoterpenes that include a cyclopentane ring in their structure. |
cyclopentanes | A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9. |
cyclopenthiazide | Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent. |
cyclopentolate | A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia. |
cyclophanes | Hydrocarbons consisting of aromatic unit(s) and cross-linked ansa chain(s), derived from two nonadjacent positions of the aromatic ring(s), e.g., p-cyclophane and m-cyclophane. |
cyclophosphamide | Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. |
cyclopropanes | Three-carbon cycloparaffin cyclopropane (the structural formula (CH2)3) and its derivatives. |
cycloserine | Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus. |
cyclosporine | A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). |
cyclosporins | A group of closely related cyclic undecapeptides from the fungi Trichoderma polysporum and Cylindocarpon lucidum. They have some antineoplastic and antifungal action and significant immunosuppressive effects. Cyclosporins have been proposed as adjuvants in tissue and organ transplantation to suppress graft rejection. |
cyclosteroids | Steroid derivatives in which one or more bridges is formed between carbon atoms at any locant in any of the rings. |
cyclotides | A continuous circle of peptide bonds, typically of 2-3 dozen AMINO ACIDS, so there is no free N- or C-terminus. They are further characterized by six conserved CYSTEINE residues that form CYSTINE KNOT MOTIFS. |
cymarine | A cardiotonic cardiac glycoside found in STROPHANTHUS. The aglycone is STROPHANTHIN. |
cymenes | A subclass of monoterpenes that contain a single benzene ring structure with an isopropyl group and one or more methyl groups. |
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