ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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cyproheptadine | A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc. |
cyproterone | An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. |
cyproterone acetate | An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites. |
cystamine | A radiation-protective agent that interferes with sulfhydryl enzymes. It may also protect against carbon tetrachloride liver damage. |
cystaphos | Proposed as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy; may have radiation protective properties. |
cystathionine | Sulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE. |
cysteamine | A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS. |
cysteic acid | Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather. |
cysteine | A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE. |
cysteine proteinase inhibitors | Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES. |
cysteine-rich protein 61 | A CCN protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. It may play an important role in the development of branched CAPILLARIES during EMBRYOGENESIS. |
cysteinyldopa | Found in large amounts in the plasma and urine of patients with malignant melanoma. It is therefore used in the diagnosis of melanoma and for the detection of postoperative metastases. Cysteinyldopa is believed to be formed by the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of 5-S-glutathionedopa found in melanin-producing cells. |
cystine | A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. |
cystine depleting agents | Compounds and drugs that react with CYSTINE and convert it into a compound that can be more easily metabolized or intracellularly transported. Drugs in this class have been used to treat CYSTINOSIS. |
cystine-knot miniproteins | A structurally-related family of small proteins that form a stable tertiary fold pattern which is supported by a series of disulfide bonds. The arrangement of disulfide bonds between the CYSTEINE moieties results in a knotted structure which is unique to this family of proteins. |
cytarabine | A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472) |
cytidine | A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE. |
cytidine diphosphate | Cytidine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonyms: CRPP; cytidine pyrophosphate. |
cytidine diphosphate choline | Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides. |
cytidine diphosphate diglycerides | The ester of diacylglycerol with the terminal phosphate of cytidine diphosphate. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine in bacteria. |
cytidine monophosphate | Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position. |
cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid | A nucleoside monophosphate sugar which donates N-acetylneuraminic acid to the terminal sugar of a ganglioside or glycoprotein. |
cytidine triphosphate | Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. |
cytochalasin b | A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS. |
cytochalasin d | A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release. |
cytochalasins | 11- to 14-membered macrocyclic lactones with a fused isoindolone. Members with INDOLES attached at the C10 position are called chaetoglobosins. They are produced by various fungi. Some members interact with ACTIN and inhibit CYTOKINESIS. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp1a2 inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP1A2. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp1a2 inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP1A2. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2b6 inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2B6. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2b6 inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2B6. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2c19 inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2C19. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2c19 inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2C19. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2c8 inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2C8. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2c8 inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2C8. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2c9 inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2C9. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2c9 inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2C9. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2d6 inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2D6. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2d6 inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2D6. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2e1 inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2E1. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2e1 inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP2E1. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp2j2 | A cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in oxidizing POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFA) to PUFA epoxides which function as potent lipid mediators. This enzyme, encoded by CYP2J2 gene, metabolizes ARACHIDONIC ACID to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) which produce biological effects including VASODILATION. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp3a inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A. |
cytochrome p-450 cyp3a inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A. |
cytochrome p-450 enzyme inducers | Drugs and compounds that induce the synthesis of CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYMES. |
cytochrome p-450 enzyme inhibitors | Drugs and compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or actions of CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYMES. |
cytokines | Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. |
cytokine tweak | A proteolytically-cleaved membrane glycoprotein and member of the TNF superfamily that is highly expressed in a variety of tissues including heart, pancreas, brain, and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The secreted extracellular form is a weak inducer of APOPTOSIS for some cell types and a ligand for the FN14 RECEPTOR. It mediates activation of NF-KAPPA-B and promotes ANGIOGENESIS and proliferation of ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, as well as expression of cytokines involved in INFLAMMATION. |
cytokinins | Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives. |
cytomegalovirus vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS. |
cytosine | A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. |
cytosine nucleotides | A group of pyrimidine NUCLEOTIDES which contain CYTOSINE. |
cytostatic agents | Compounds that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of CELLS. |
cytotoxins | Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS. |
dabigatran | A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. |
dacarbazine | An antineoplastic agent. It has significant activity against melanomas. (from Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p564) |
dactinomycin | A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) |
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin | A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone. |
dalteparin | A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
dammaranes | Tetracyclic triterpenes named after dammar resin, a natural resin first isolated from tropical trees of the DIPTEROCARPACEAE family. |
danazol | A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. |
dansyl compounds | Compounds that contain a 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl group. |
dantrolene | Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants. |
dapsone | A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8) |
daptomycin | A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA. |
darunavir | An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS. |
dasatinib | A pyrimidine and thiazole derived ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT and PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR of BCR-ABL KINASE. It is used in the treatment of patients with CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA who are resistant or intolerant to IMATINIB. |
d-aspartic acid | The D-isomer of ASPARTIC ACID. |
daunorubicin | A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS. |
ddt | A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
deae-cellulose | Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications. |
deae-dextran | Used as a support for ion-exchange chromatography. |
deamino arginine vasopressin | A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. |
deanol | An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood. |
debrisoquin | An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism. |
decamethonium compounds | Compounds that contain the decamethylenebis(trimethyl)ammonium radical. These compounds frequently act as neuromuscular depolarizing agents. |
decanoates | Salts and esters of the 10-carbon monocarboxylic acid-decanoic acid. |
decanoic acids | 10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids. |
decitabine | An azacitidine derivative and antineoplastic antimetabolite. It inhibits DNA methyltransferase to re-activate silent genes, limiting METASTASIS and NEOPLASM DRUG RESISTANCE. Decitabine is used in the treatment of MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROMES, and ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA. |
decoquinate | A coccidiostat for poultry. |
decorin | A small leucine-rich proteoglycan that interacts with FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and modifies the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX structure of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. Decorin has also been shown to play additional roles in the regulation of cellular responses to GROWTH FACTORS. The protein contains a single glycosaminoglycan chain and is similar in structure to BIGLYCAN. |
deep eutectic solvents | A fluid that is generally composed of two or three safe (cheap, non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable) components that are capable of self-association, often through hydrogen bond interactions, to form a liquid close to the eutectic composition, i.e., the molar ratio of the components which has the lowest melting point (eutectic point). |
deet | A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin. |
defensins | Family of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in humans, animals, and plants. They are thought to play a role in host defenses against infections, inflammation, wound repair, and acquired immunity. |
deferasirox | A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA. |
deferiprone | A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA. |
deferoxamine | Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form. |
defoliants, chemical | Herbicides that remove leaves from trees and growing plants. They may be either organic or inorganic. Several of the more persistent types have been used in military operations and many are toxic. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed) |
dehydroascorbic acid | The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion. |
dehydrocholesterols | Cholesterol derivatives having an additional double bond in any position. The prevalent isomer 7-dehydrocholesterol is a precursor of cholesterol and of vitamin D3. |
dehydrocholic acid | A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid. |
dehydroepiandrosterone | A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion. |
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate | The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. |
delavirdine | A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. |
deltaretrovirus antigens | Antigens associated with the DELTARETROVIRUS; HTLV-I ANTIGENS and HTLV-II ANTIGENS belong to this group. |
delta sleep-inducing peptide | A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal. |
demeclocycline | A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time. |
demecolcine | An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic. |
demulcents | Compounds that form soothing films on the surface of MUCOUS MEMBRANES. They are generally used as agents to protect the integrity of internal EPITHELIUM. |
dendrimers | Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS. |
dengue vaccines | Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with DENGUE VIRUS. These include live-attenuated, subunit, DNA, and inactivated vaccines. |
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