ChemicalName stringlengths 3 104 | Definition stringlengths 12 791 |
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dinitrocresols | Derivatives of CRESOLS containing two nitro groups. |
dinitrofluorobenzene | Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups. |
dinitrophenols | Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol. |
dinoprost | A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions. |
dinoprostone | The most common and most biologically active of the mammalian prostaglandins. It exhibits most biological activities characteristic of prostaglandins and has been used extensively as an oxytocic agent. The compound also displays a protective effect on the intestinal mucosa. |
dinucleoside phosphates | A group of compounds which consist of a nucleotide molecule to which an additional nucleoside is attached through the phosphate molecule(s). The nucleotide can contain any number of phosphates. |
dioctyl sulfosuccinic acid | All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt. |
diosgenin | A spirostan found in DIOSCOREA and other plants. The 25S isomer is called yamogenin. Solasodine is a natural derivative formed by replacing the spiro-ring with a nitrogen, which can rearrange to SOLANINE. |
diosmin | A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls. |
dioxanes | Compounds that contain the structure 1,4-dioxane. |
dioxins | A family of compounds that contain the 1,4-dioxin structure. Many specific dioxin derivatives are listed as CARCINOGENS; TERATOGENS; or MUTAGENS. |
dioxins and dioxin-like compounds | A group of toxic chemical compounds that share chemical structures and biological characteristics that are related to the potent carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. |
dipeptides | Peptides composed of two amino acid units. |
dipeptidyl peptidase 4 | A serine protease that catalyses the release of an N-terminal dipeptide. Several biologically-active peptides have been identified as dipeptidyl peptidase 4 substrates including INCRETINS; NEUROPEPTIDES; and CHEMOKINES. The protein is also found bound to ADENOSINE DEAMINASE on the T-CELL surface and is believed to play... |
dipeptidyl-peptidase iv inhibitors | Compounds that suppress the degradation of INCRETINS by blocking the action of DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV. This helps to correct the defective INSULIN and GLUCAGON secretion characteristic of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS by stimulating insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon release. |
diphenhydramine | A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects. |
diphenoxylate | A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity. |
diphenylacetic acids | Monocarboxylic acid derivatives of acetic acids, where the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by two phenyl groups. |
diphenylamine | In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning. |
diphenylcarbazide | Used as an indicator in titrating iron and for the colorimetric determination of chromium and the detection of cadmium, mercury, magnesium, aldehydes, and emetine. |
diphenylhexatriene | A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids. |
diphenyl sulfone compounds | Compounds that include two phenyl groups joined by the sulfur atom of Sulfur Dioxide |
diphosphates | Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. |
diphosphoglyceric acids | Glyceric acids where two of the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by phosphates. |
diphosphonates | Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents. |
diphtheria antitoxin | An antitoxin produced against the toxin of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that is used for the treatment of DIPHTHERIA. |
diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines | Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines. |
diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine | A vaccine consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and whole-cell PERTUSSIS VACCINE. The vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough. |
diphtheria-tetanus vaccine | A combined vaccine used to prevent infection with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. This is used in place of DTP vaccine (DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS VACCINE) when PERTUSSIS VACCINE is contraindicated. |
diphtheria toxin | An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 t... |
diphtheria toxoid | The formaldehyde-inactivated toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is generally used in mixtures with TETANUS TOXOID and PERTUSSIS VACCINE; (DTP); or with tetanus toxoid alone (DT for pediatric use and Td, which contains 5- to 10-fold less diphtheria toxoid, for other use). Diphtheria toxoid is used for the preventi... |
diprenorphine | A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine. |
dipyridamole | A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752) |
dipyrone | A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE. |
diquat | A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) |
disaccharides | Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond. |
disinfectants | Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are... |
disintegrins | A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors. |
disopyramide | A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties. |
dissolved organic matter | A heterogeneous class of water-soluble compounds containing covalently bound CARBON that are derived from a variety of biological and geological sources during the biogeochemical cycling of carbon (CARBON CYCLE). |
distamycins | Oligopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces distallicus. Their binding to DNA inhibits synthesis of nucleic acids. |
disulfides | Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties. |
disulfiram | A carbamate derivative used as an alcohol deterrent. It is a relatively nontoxic substance when administered alone, but markedly alters the intermediary metabolism of alcohol. When alcohol is ingested after administration of disulfiram, blood acetaldehyde concentrations are increased, followed by flushing, systemic vas... |
disulfoton | An organothiophosphate insecticide. |
diterpene alkaloids | Alkaloids derived from diterpenes (e.g., KAURANES; CLERODANES) often containing the nitrogen bridge structures. These alkaloids may be divided into C18-, C19-, C20- and bis-diterpene types depending on the number of carbon atoms in their central framework. They are found most often in RANUNCULACEAE (e.g., ACONITUM and ... |
diterpenes | Twenty-carbon compounds derived from MEVALONIC ACID or deoxyxylulose phosphate. |
diterpenes, clerodane | A group of DITERPENES cyclized into 2-rings with a side-chain. |
diterpenes, kaurane | A group of DITERPENES cyclized into four rings. |
dithiazanine | 3-Ethyl-2-(5-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)-1,3- pentadienyl)benzothiazolium. A benzothiazole that was formerly used as an antinematodal agent and is currently used as a fluorescent dye. |
dithioerythritol | A compound that, along with its isomer, Cleland's reagent (DITHIOTHREITOL), is used for the protection of sulfhydryl groups against oxidation to disulfides and for the reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryl groups. |
dithionite | Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts. |
dithionitrobenzoic acid | A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate. |
dithiothreitol | A reagent commonly used in biochemical studies as a protective agent to prevent the oxidation of SH (thiol) groups and for reducing disulphides to dithiols. |
dithizone | Chelating agent used for heavy metal poisoning and assay. It causes diabetes. |
ditiocarb | A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM. |
diuretics | Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function. |
diuretics, osmotic | Compounds that increase urine volume by increasing the amount of osmotically active solute in the urine. Osmotic diuretics also increase the osmolarity of plasma. |
diuretics, potassium sparing | A subclass of diuretics that limits the secretion of POTASSIUM into the URINE. |
diuron | A pre-emergent herbicide. |
diynes | Compounds with two triple bonds. Some of them are CYTOTOXINS. |
dizocilpine maleate | A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and ti... |
dna, catenated | CIRCULAR DNA that is interlaced together as links in a chain. It is used as an assay for the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASES. Catenated DNA is attached loop to loop in contrast to CONCATENATED DNA which is attached end to end. |
dna primers | Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques. |
dna probes | Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional tech... |
dna probes, hla | DNA probes specific for the human leukocyte antigen genes, which represent the major histocompatibility determinants in humans. The four known loci are designated as A, B, C, and D. Specific antigens are identified by a locus notation and number, e.g., HLA-A11. The inheritance of certain HLA alleles is associated with ... |
dna probes, hpv | DNA probes specific for the identification of human papilloma virus. |
dobutamine | A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY. |
docetaxel | A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. |
docosahexaenoic acids | C22-unsaturated fatty acids found predominantly in FISH OILS. |
dodecanol | A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed) |
dolichol monophosphate mannose | A lipophilic glycosyl carrier of the monosaccharide mannose in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide phospholipids and glycoproteins. |
dolichol phosphates | Phosphoric acid esters of dolichol. |
dolichols | A class of polyprenols which contain approximately 20 isoprene residues. Although considered ISOPRENOIDS, they terminate with an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group at the hydroxy end of the molecule. |
dom 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine | A psychedelic phenyl isopropylamine derivative, commonly called DOM, whose mood-altering effects and mechanism of action may be similar to those of LSD. |
domperidone | A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms. |
donepezil | An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. |
dopamine | One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action. |
dopamine agents | Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. |
dopamine agonists | Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors. |
dopamine antagonists | Drugs that bind to but do not activate DOPAMINE RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists. Many drugs used in the treatment of psychotic disorders (ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) are dopamine antagonists, although their therapeutic effects may be due to long-term adjustments of the brain rather t... |
dopamine d2 receptor antagonists | Compounds and drugs that bind to and inhibit or block the activation of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS. |
dopamine uptake inhibitors | Drugs that block the transport of DOPAMINE into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS also inhibit dopamine uptake. |
doripenem | A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections... |
dothiepin | A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action. |
doxapram | A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225) |
doxazosin | A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker. |
doxepin | A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and ... |
doxorubicin | Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN. |
doxycycline | A synthetic tetracycline derivative with similar antimicrobial activity. |
doxylamine | Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM. |
drinking water | Water that is intended to be ingested. |
dronabinol | A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. |
dronedarone | A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA. |
droperidol | A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as ... |
droxidopa | A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. |
drugs, chinese herbal | Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China. |
dry ice | A solid form of carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant. |
duffy blood-group system | A blood group consisting mainly of the antigens Fy(a) and Fy(b), determined by allelic genes, the frequency of which varies profoundly in different human groups; amorphic genes are common. |
duloxetine hydrochloride | A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA. |
duocarmycins | A group of pyrroloindole compounds often with additional spirocyclic unit(s) and their analogs originally isolated from STREPTOMYCES. They bind DNA minor grooves with adenine-N3 alkylation activity. |
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